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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46826\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/09/nothing-fishy-about-sustainable-seafood/olympus-digital-camera-6/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46826\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-46826\" title=\"Rainbow Trout in Mobile Fish Exhibit, EBRPD\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/MFE-Rainbow-Trout.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fish are friends and sometimes food, like this rainbow trout in the Mobile Fish Exhibit. Image courtesy of East Bay Regional Park District.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of my favorite musical sequences is the opening scene from “Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy” when the dolphins sing, \u003ca title=\"HItchhikers Guide to the Galaxy excerpt\" href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ojydNb3Lrrs\" target=\"_blank\">“So long and thanks for all the fish!” \u003c/a>just before leaving the planet for better places. The catchy tune, wonderful dolphin footage, and impending doom to the Earth led me to consider \u003ca title=\"Sustainable Seafood definition, Wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_seafood\" target=\"_blank\">sustainable seafood\u003c/a> for this blog installation. Also, my small focus group (ok, I asked my husband and teenage son) indicated a general interest in why it’s important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monterey Bay Aquarium reports that a stunning 85% of the world’s fisheries are at capacity for fishing or are over fished. Their website provides the handy pocket guide \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/cr_seafoodwatch/sfw_aboutsfw.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Seafood Watch\u003c/a>\" -- which is also available as a mobile app -- to take with you to the store or restaurant to help you make informed choices. The seafood designated \"green\" are the best choices, \"yellow\" are good alternatives and red are the ones to avoid. You can also see information on their website about how their recommendations are made based on a wide range of research and extensive review by authorities in the field. All of this is condensed into the pocket guide, which is updated every six months and available specific to six regions around the USA. For those who’d like to do even more to choose seafood that’s sustainably harvested and low in toxins, there’s a \u003ca title='\"Super Green\" Healthy Seafood list, Monterey Bay Aquarium' href=\"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/cr_seafoodwatch/sfw_health.aspx\">\"Super Green Healthy Seafood\"\u003c/a> list on their website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46837\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/09/nothing-fishy-about-sustainable-seafood/olympus-digital-camera-7/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46837\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-46837\" title=\"Mobile Fish Exhibit on display\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/MFE-View-thru-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Families learn more about our local fish during a program at the Oakland Museum with East Bay Regional Park District's Mobile Fish Exhibit. Image courtesy of East Bay Regional Park District.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Diving deeper into the seafood conundrum, there are some thought-provoking books such as \u003ca title=\"Four Fish book website\" href=\"http://www.fourfish.org/why4.html\">\"Four Fish: the Future of the Last Wild Food\"\u003c/a> by Paul Greenberg that examines four popular seafood species: salmon, sea bass, cod, and tuna. His interview about the book includes insightful comments that, though the Seafood Watch intentions are good, large-scale initiatives such as creating new fishing reserves are necessary to allow depleted species to recover. There’s also a new video out, \u003ca title=\"Two Fish video, You Tube\" href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=um1DMRu6oOo\" target=\"_blank\">\"Two Fish\"\u003c/a>, which compares Mediterranean tuna and carp as examples of farmed fish. The video makes a case for eating lower on the food chain and makes me want to try fried carp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other resources on the web on eating seafood responsibly can be found on the websites for the \u003ca title=\"Natural Resources Defense Council website\" href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/health/effects/mercury/index.asp\" target=\"_blank\">Natural Resources Defense Council\u003c/a> (NRDC) and the \u003ca title=\"Seafood Watch recipes, Monterey Bay Aquarium\" href=\"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/cr_seafoodwatch/recipes/\" target=\"_blank\">Monterey Bay Aquarium\u003c/a>, which have some interesting recipes for cooking sustainable fish species. The NRDC also has a great webpage advising what you need to know about \u003ca title=\"America's Five Favorite Seafood Species Advice, NRDC\" href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/oceans/seafoodguide/page2.asp\" target=\"_blank\">America's five favorite seafood species.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46842\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/09/nothing-fishy-about-sustainable-seafood/mobile-education-programs-ebrpd/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46842\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-46842\" title=\"Mobile Education Programs, EBRPD\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/Mobile-Education-Programs-EBRPD-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Children get a close view of fish with Ranger James in the Mobile Education Programs with East Bay Regional Parks.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the East Bay Regional Parks new initiatives is a \u003ca title=\"Mobile Education Programs, East Bay Regional Park District\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/activities/educators/Mobile_Education_Outreach\" target=\"_blank\">Mobile Fish Exhibit\u003c/a>, a large aquarium on wheels, which goes out to schools, libraries, and parks to educate kids and families about local fish. As disconnected as many kids are to the environment, the fish program helps them see live fish up close and learn to care about them and their habitats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46597\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/31/frankenstein-vs-godzilla-what%e2%80%99s-in-your-cereal-bowl/godzillavsfrankenstein/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46597\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-46597\" title=\"GodzillaVsFrankenstein\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/GodzillaVsFrankenstein-640x355.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"355\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Why fear Frankenstein and not Godzilla?\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In all of the recent discussion about genetically modified (GM) foods here in California, we’ve overlooked regular foods and how new traits are found (or created) in them. There isn’t usually a monk lovingly breeding peas in the Austrian countryside somewhere. Instead, more often than not, there is someone blasting a seed with radiation and/or harmful chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See, new traits come from differences in a plant’s genes. Plant breeders often use chemicals or radiation to create lots of new DNA differences in the plant they are interested in. The idea is that the more you mutate a plant’s DNA, the more likely you are to stumble on the DNA difference(s) you’re looking for. And this approach has worked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, over 75% of the rice grown in California is a dwarf variety discovered this way. Same thing with different varieties of barley, peanuts, oats, wheat, and cocoa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes radiation or chemicals are used to strengthen a trait that is already there too. The red grapefruit started out as a natural variety that lost its pink color with time. After zapping this variety’s seeds, scientists found a few that kept a deeper color of red. Now 75% of the grapefruits grown in Texas are this variety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you can see, this method has yielded many wonderful crop varieties. In fact, a lot of what we eat today is created through this process. But at the DNA level, it is a very messy affair. The genomes of these plants are often riddled with DNA mutations as a result.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now I’m not bringing this up because this is bad. These foods have been around for a long time with no obvious side effects. No, I want to bring it up to contrast it with the way GM foods are made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of all the collateral genetic damage that comes with mutating the bejeezus out of a plant’s DNA, GM technology is much more elegant. A single gene is added to a plant’s DNA and the rest of its DNA is left untouched. This method gets around the potential problems of all of the mutational baggage caused by those chemicals and/or radiation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is why this debate about GM foods seems so weird. In one case we are all perfectly fine with food that has a large mutational load built into it but frightened or hesitant about the one with a single extra gene. We fear Frankenstein but are ok with Godzilla.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Again I am not saying that this mutated rice or barley or whatever is bad. I’m just saying that GM foods are, if anything, even more benign than these safe foods. If we follow the logic of Proposition 37 (which requires labeling of GM foods), should we also label these Godzilla foods as well? If Godzilla corn has more genetic damage than Frankencorn, which should be labeled?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Links:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2012/oct/25/business/la-fi-prop37-food-poll-20121024\">Recent Polling Suggests Prop 37 Could Go Either Way\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/28/science/28crop.html?_r=1&\">NY Times article: Useful Mutants, Bred With Radiation \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/04/26/greenpeace-or-golden-war/\">More About Golden Rice\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46597\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/31/frankenstein-vs-godzilla-what%e2%80%99s-in-your-cereal-bowl/godzillavsfrankenstein/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46597\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-46597\" title=\"GodzillaVsFrankenstein\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/GodzillaVsFrankenstein-640x355.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"355\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Why fear Frankenstein and not Godzilla?\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In all of the recent discussion about genetically modified (GM) foods here in California, we’ve overlooked regular foods and how new traits are found (or created) in them. There isn’t usually a monk lovingly breeding peas in the Austrian countryside somewhere. Instead, more often than not, there is someone blasting a seed with radiation and/or harmful chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See, new traits come from differences in a plant’s genes. Plant breeders often use chemicals or radiation to create lots of new DNA differences in the plant they are interested in. The idea is that the more you mutate a plant’s DNA, the more likely you are to stumble on the DNA difference(s) you’re looking for. And this approach has worked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, over 75% of the rice grown in California is a dwarf variety discovered this way. Same thing with different varieties of barley, peanuts, oats, wheat, and cocoa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes radiation or chemicals are used to strengthen a trait that is already there too. The red grapefruit started out as a natural variety that lost its pink color with time. After zapping this variety’s seeds, scientists found a few that kept a deeper color of red. Now 75% of the grapefruits grown in Texas are this variety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you can see, this method has yielded many wonderful crop varieties. In fact, a lot of what we eat today is created through this process. But at the DNA level, it is a very messy affair. The genomes of these plants are often riddled with DNA mutations as a result.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now I’m not bringing this up because this is bad. These foods have been around for a long time with no obvious side effects. No, I want to bring it up to contrast it with the way GM foods are made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of all the collateral genetic damage that comes with mutating the bejeezus out of a plant’s DNA, GM technology is much more elegant. A single gene is added to a plant’s DNA and the rest of its DNA is left untouched. This method gets around the potential problems of all of the mutational baggage caused by those chemicals and/or radiation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is why this debate about GM foods seems so weird. In one case we are all perfectly fine with food that has a large mutational load built into it but frightened or hesitant about the one with a single extra gene. We fear Frankenstein but are ok with Godzilla.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Again I am not saying that this mutated rice or barley or whatever is bad. I’m just saying that GM foods are, if anything, even more benign than these safe foods. If we follow the logic of Proposition 37 (which requires labeling of GM foods), should we also label these Godzilla foods as well? If Godzilla corn has more genetic damage than Frankencorn, which should be labeled?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Links:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2012/oct/25/business/la-fi-prop37-food-poll-20121024\">Recent Polling Suggests Prop 37 Could Go Either Way\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/28/science/28crop.html?_r=1&\">NY Times article: Useful Mutants, Bred With Radiation \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/04/26/greenpeace-or-golden-war/\">More About Golden Rice\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Playing Whack-a-Mole with Flame Retardants ",
"title": "Playing Whack-a-Mole with Flame Retardants ",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46550\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 572px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/31/playing-whack-a-mole-with-flame-retardants/house_fire/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46550\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/House_fire.jpg\" alt=\"burning house\" title=\"House_fire\" width=\"572\" height=\"321\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46550\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/House_fire.jpg 572w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/House_fire-400x224.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 572px) 100vw, 572px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Emerging research questions whether flame retardants used to meet California's flammability standard increase fire safety. Activists say fire-resistant fabric can protect furniture built to meet industry codes without the use of toxic flame retardants. (Image: Kpahor/Wikipedia)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Countless consumer products sold in California contain a flame retardant flagged as a possible carcinogen nearly 35 years ago. As of this week, finally, they must carry a warning that the chemical causes cancer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A year ago, the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment \u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/102811list.html\">listed chlorinated Tris\u003c/a> as a cancer-causing chemical under Proposition 65. Under that 1986 law, businesses using a listed chemical have one year to add a warning label to their products. So now, if you buy foam furniture, car seats, nursing pillows or other \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/18/business/18chemical.html?pagewanted=all&_r=1&\">baby products treated with chlorinated Tris\u003c/a>, you should see the warning: \"This product contains a chemical known to the state of California to cause cancer.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bad Characters\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nChlorinated Tris and most other flame retardants are \u003ca href=\"http://www.chemtopics.com/elements/halogen/halogen.htm\">halogenated chemicals\u003c/a>. They’re grouped together as halogens on the Periodic Table, which means they share structural and chemical properties and behave similarly. Halogens—which include the elements bromine, chlorine, fluorine, iodine and astatine—are highly reactive and can be extremely toxic at high enough doses. (Chlorine gas was one of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.vlib.us/medical/gaswar/chlorine.htm\">most feared weapons\u003c/a> used during World War I.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most flame retardants come in brominated and chlorinated forms. Brominated Tris (Tris-BP) was \u003ca href=\"http://www.arleneblum.com/pdfs/blum_77.pdf\">first identified as a possible carcinogen\u003c/a> in 1977 by UC Berkeley researchers Arlene Blum and Bruce Ames. Blum and Ames showed that Tris-BP acts as a mutagen—it damages DNA—with a high likelihood of causing cancer. A previous study had shown that adding Tris-BP to a goldfish tank at 1 ppm—that’s one unit of Tris-BP to a million parts of water—could kill the fish in just five days. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46555\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/31/playing-whack-a-mole-with-flame-retardants/arlene/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46555\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/arlene.jpeg\" alt=\"arlene blum\" title=\"arlene blum\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46555\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Arlene Blum, a biophysical chemist who led the first all-woman ascent of Denali in 1970, leads the call for safer flame retardants. She founded the Green Science Policy Institute after learning that a toxic chemical she helped remove from children’s pajamas in 1977 reappeared in foam furniture and baby products. (Photo courtesy of Steve McCaw/NIEHS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Thanks to Blum and Ames’ work, the Consumer Product Safety Commission banned Tris-BP from children’s pajamas in 1977. Manufacturers then switched to chlorinated Tris—formally called tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate, or TDCPP. Again, Blum, Ames and a colleague pegged the chlorinated form as a mutagen. This time, manufacturers voluntarily removed the toxic chemical from kids’ pajamas. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then six years ago, Blum discovered to her horror that manufacturers were using chlorinated Tris on polyurethane foam in furniture cushions, nursing pillows, car seats and other consumer products to meet California’s flammability standard (called Technical Bulletin 117). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Manufacturers switched to chlorinated Tris after phasing out another brominated chemical, called Penta, which along with its close cousin Octa were banned in California in 2003. \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/oppt/existingchemicals/pubs/qanda.html\">Both have now been phased out\u003c/a> in the United States, but persist in the environment and are building up in the tissues of wildlife and humans, as well as in women’s breast milk. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Manufacturers next turned to Firemaster 550, a proprietary formula that researchers have been scrambling to characterize. It’s now one of the most common replacements for banned flame retardants and a \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es801070p\">major component of house dust. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Evidence of Harm\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nReplacing one halogen with another does nothing to address the safety of these flame retardants, Blum told me. You’re just trading one toxic compound for another, she explained. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People are so worried about getting rid of bisphenol A,\" she said. \"But the halogenated flame retardants are far more dangerous and far more persistent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research in animals has linked halogenated flame retardants to a wide range of toxic effects, including liver, thyroid, reproductive and developmental damage, disrupted brain development and DNA damage. Human studies, though limited, point to lower IQ in children, reduced fertility, hormonal changes and altered onset of puberty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now \u003ca href=\"http://news.ncsu.edu/releases/wms-patisaul-firemaster/\">a preliminary study in rats\u003c/a> implicates Firemaster 550 as an endocrine disruptor and “obesogen,” a \u003ca href=\"http://www.uci.edu/features/2009/10/feature_obesogens_091019.php\">term coined by UCLA biologist Bruce Blumberg\u003c/a> to describe environmental chemicals that alter hormonal and metabolic processes and lead to obesity. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pilot study, led by \u003ca href=\"http://www4.ncsu.edu/~hbpatisa/\">Heather Patisaul\u003c/a>, an assistant professor of biology at North Carolina State University and expert in endocrine-disruption, exposed pregnant rats to flame retardants at low, high and zero levels (as controls). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In keeping with other flame retardant studies, exposure to Firemaster 500 altered the thyroid levels of pregnant rats. Maternal thyroid hormones play a critical role in the normal growth and development of the fetus. Changes in thyroid levels can wreak havoc on developing organs, particularly the brain. In this study, Firemaster increased thyroid levels in the mothers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After exposing pregnant rats to Firemaster, the researchers detected a component of the flame retardant, called TBB, in both exposed mothers and their babies, suggesting the babies either ingested the compound while nursing or absorbed it in utero (after it crossed the placenta). Both exposed male and female offspring showed extreme weight gain. But in the female offspring, obesity came with additional costs, including early onset of puberty, high anxiety and insulin resistance. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While taking care to point out that their findings are preliminary, Patisaul and her colleagues also note that endocrine-disrupting effects of prenatal exposure to Firemaster 550 occurred at levels “much lower” than that reported safe by the manufacturer—and that we likely encounter in our homes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fire Safety without Toxic Chemicals\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nResearchers don't understand exactly how diverse halogenated flame retardants cause damage. But they know that their shared chemical properties—which help them persist, accumulate in living tissue, and disrupt molecular processes—means that if one is toxic, the rest may be too. When it comes to this class of flame retardants, there appears to be no safer alternative. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Activists have long argued that regulations favor industry over public health by forcing consumers to prove that chemicals cause harm rather than requiring industry to demonstrate safety. It’s hard to find fault with that complaint when the Environmental Protection Agency \u003ca href=\"ftp://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/09-10/bill/sen/sb_0901-0950/sb_928_cfa_20100401_171410_sen_comm.html\">has tested just 200 out of some 85,000 chemicals\u003c/a> in commerce--and banned five--while the California Department of Toxic Substances Control notes that 45 percent of \u003ca href=\"http://www.dtsc.ca.gov/assessingrisk/emergingcontaminants.cfm#Related_Links\">some 2,500 high production volume compounds\u003c/a> lack adequate health and safety toxicity data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the flame retardant business growing—from $4.6 billion in 2011 to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.bccresearch.com/report/flame-retardant-chemicals-market-chm014k.html\">projected $6.1 billion in 2014\u003c/a>—manufacturers have a clear interest in protecting their investments. They \u003ca href=\"http://www.environmentalhealthnews.org/ehs/news/2011/money-to-burn\">spent more than $23 million\u003c/a> to defeat five bills to regulate their products before the California Legislature. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as a devastating \u003ca href=\"http://media.apps.chicagotribune.com/flames/index.html\">report from the Chicago Tribune\u003c/a> showed, the industry deceived the public about the safety and efficacy of their products. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blum thinks it’s time to end the whack-a-mole approach to regulating flame retardants. And so does Gov. Jerry Brown, judging from his June directive to the Bureau of Electronic Appliance Repair, Home Furnishing and Thermal Insulation, the bureau that controls the state’s flammability standards, to ensure fire safety without toxic flame retardants. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can have fire safety without toxicity, Blum says. She hopes the research documenting the toxic effects of flame retardants reaches parents just as the pajama studies did. When it does, she believes, they’ll demand safer products. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6IDlb4N-_u4]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46550\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 572px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/31/playing-whack-a-mole-with-flame-retardants/house_fire/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46550\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/House_fire.jpg\" alt=\"burning house\" title=\"House_fire\" width=\"572\" height=\"321\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46550\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/House_fire.jpg 572w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/House_fire-400x224.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 572px) 100vw, 572px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Emerging research questions whether flame retardants used to meet California's flammability standard increase fire safety. Activists say fire-resistant fabric can protect furniture built to meet industry codes without the use of toxic flame retardants. (Image: Kpahor/Wikipedia)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Countless consumer products sold in California contain a flame retardant flagged as a possible carcinogen nearly 35 years ago. As of this week, finally, they must carry a warning that the chemical causes cancer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A year ago, the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment \u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/102811list.html\">listed chlorinated Tris\u003c/a> as a cancer-causing chemical under Proposition 65. Under that 1986 law, businesses using a listed chemical have one year to add a warning label to their products. So now, if you buy foam furniture, car seats, nursing pillows or other \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/18/business/18chemical.html?pagewanted=all&_r=1&\">baby products treated with chlorinated Tris\u003c/a>, you should see the warning: \"This product contains a chemical known to the state of California to cause cancer.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bad Characters\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nChlorinated Tris and most other flame retardants are \u003ca href=\"http://www.chemtopics.com/elements/halogen/halogen.htm\">halogenated chemicals\u003c/a>. They’re grouped together as halogens on the Periodic Table, which means they share structural and chemical properties and behave similarly. Halogens—which include the elements bromine, chlorine, fluorine, iodine and astatine—are highly reactive and can be extremely toxic at high enough doses. (Chlorine gas was one of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.vlib.us/medical/gaswar/chlorine.htm\">most feared weapons\u003c/a> used during World War I.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most flame retardants come in brominated and chlorinated forms. Brominated Tris (Tris-BP) was \u003ca href=\"http://www.arleneblum.com/pdfs/blum_77.pdf\">first identified as a possible carcinogen\u003c/a> in 1977 by UC Berkeley researchers Arlene Blum and Bruce Ames. Blum and Ames showed that Tris-BP acts as a mutagen—it damages DNA—with a high likelihood of causing cancer. A previous study had shown that adding Tris-BP to a goldfish tank at 1 ppm—that’s one unit of Tris-BP to a million parts of water—could kill the fish in just five days. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46555\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/31/playing-whack-a-mole-with-flame-retardants/arlene/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46555\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/arlene.jpeg\" alt=\"arlene blum\" title=\"arlene blum\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46555\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Arlene Blum, a biophysical chemist who led the first all-woman ascent of Denali in 1970, leads the call for safer flame retardants. She founded the Green Science Policy Institute after learning that a toxic chemical she helped remove from children’s pajamas in 1977 reappeared in foam furniture and baby products. (Photo courtesy of Steve McCaw/NIEHS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Thanks to Blum and Ames’ work, the Consumer Product Safety Commission banned Tris-BP from children’s pajamas in 1977. Manufacturers then switched to chlorinated Tris—formally called tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate, or TDCPP. Again, Blum, Ames and a colleague pegged the chlorinated form as a mutagen. This time, manufacturers voluntarily removed the toxic chemical from kids’ pajamas. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then six years ago, Blum discovered to her horror that manufacturers were using chlorinated Tris on polyurethane foam in furniture cushions, nursing pillows, car seats and other consumer products to meet California’s flammability standard (called Technical Bulletin 117). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Manufacturers switched to chlorinated Tris after phasing out another brominated chemical, called Penta, which along with its close cousin Octa were banned in California in 2003. \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/oppt/existingchemicals/pubs/qanda.html\">Both have now been phased out\u003c/a> in the United States, but persist in the environment and are building up in the tissues of wildlife and humans, as well as in women’s breast milk. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Manufacturers next turned to Firemaster 550, a proprietary formula that researchers have been scrambling to characterize. It’s now one of the most common replacements for banned flame retardants and a \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es801070p\">major component of house dust. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Evidence of Harm\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nReplacing one halogen with another does nothing to address the safety of these flame retardants, Blum told me. You’re just trading one toxic compound for another, she explained. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People are so worried about getting rid of bisphenol A,\" she said. \"But the halogenated flame retardants are far more dangerous and far more persistent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research in animals has linked halogenated flame retardants to a wide range of toxic effects, including liver, thyroid, reproductive and developmental damage, disrupted brain development and DNA damage. Human studies, though limited, point to lower IQ in children, reduced fertility, hormonal changes and altered onset of puberty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now \u003ca href=\"http://news.ncsu.edu/releases/wms-patisaul-firemaster/\">a preliminary study in rats\u003c/a> implicates Firemaster 550 as an endocrine disruptor and “obesogen,” a \u003ca href=\"http://www.uci.edu/features/2009/10/feature_obesogens_091019.php\">term coined by UCLA biologist Bruce Blumberg\u003c/a> to describe environmental chemicals that alter hormonal and metabolic processes and lead to obesity. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pilot study, led by \u003ca href=\"http://www4.ncsu.edu/~hbpatisa/\">Heather Patisaul\u003c/a>, an assistant professor of biology at North Carolina State University and expert in endocrine-disruption, exposed pregnant rats to flame retardants at low, high and zero levels (as controls). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In keeping with other flame retardant studies, exposure to Firemaster 500 altered the thyroid levels of pregnant rats. Maternal thyroid hormones play a critical role in the normal growth and development of the fetus. Changes in thyroid levels can wreak havoc on developing organs, particularly the brain. In this study, Firemaster increased thyroid levels in the mothers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After exposing pregnant rats to Firemaster, the researchers detected a component of the flame retardant, called TBB, in both exposed mothers and their babies, suggesting the babies either ingested the compound while nursing or absorbed it in utero (after it crossed the placenta). Both exposed male and female offspring showed extreme weight gain. But in the female offspring, obesity came with additional costs, including early onset of puberty, high anxiety and insulin resistance. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While taking care to point out that their findings are preliminary, Patisaul and her colleagues also note that endocrine-disrupting effects of prenatal exposure to Firemaster 550 occurred at levels “much lower” than that reported safe by the manufacturer—and that we likely encounter in our homes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fire Safety without Toxic Chemicals\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nResearchers don't understand exactly how diverse halogenated flame retardants cause damage. But they know that their shared chemical properties—which help them persist, accumulate in living tissue, and disrupt molecular processes—means that if one is toxic, the rest may be too. When it comes to this class of flame retardants, there appears to be no safer alternative. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Activists have long argued that regulations favor industry over public health by forcing consumers to prove that chemicals cause harm rather than requiring industry to demonstrate safety. It’s hard to find fault with that complaint when the Environmental Protection Agency \u003ca href=\"ftp://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/09-10/bill/sen/sb_0901-0950/sb_928_cfa_20100401_171410_sen_comm.html\">has tested just 200 out of some 85,000 chemicals\u003c/a> in commerce--and banned five--while the California Department of Toxic Substances Control notes that 45 percent of \u003ca href=\"http://www.dtsc.ca.gov/assessingrisk/emergingcontaminants.cfm#Related_Links\">some 2,500 high production volume compounds\u003c/a> lack adequate health and safety toxicity data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the flame retardant business growing—from $4.6 billion in 2011 to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.bccresearch.com/report/flame-retardant-chemicals-market-chm014k.html\">projected $6.1 billion in 2014\u003c/a>—manufacturers have a clear interest in protecting their investments. They \u003ca href=\"http://www.environmentalhealthnews.org/ehs/news/2011/money-to-burn\">spent more than $23 million\u003c/a> to defeat five bills to regulate their products before the California Legislature. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as a devastating \u003ca href=\"http://media.apps.chicagotribune.com/flames/index.html\">report from the Chicago Tribune\u003c/a> showed, the industry deceived the public about the safety and efficacy of their products. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blum thinks it’s time to end the whack-a-mole approach to regulating flame retardants. And so does Gov. Jerry Brown, judging from his June directive to the Bureau of Electronic Appliance Repair, Home Furnishing and Thermal Insulation, the bureau that controls the state’s flammability standards, to ensure fire safety without toxic flame retardants. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can have fire safety without toxicity, Blum says. She hopes the research documenting the toxic effects of flame retardants reaches parents just as the pajama studies did. When it does, she believes, they’ll demand safer products. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Creepy Yet Compelling: Blood Vessels Blown in Glass",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46496\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/30/creepy-yet-compelling-blood-vessels-blown-in-glass/cerebral_angiography_arteria_vertebralis_sinister_injection/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46496\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/Cerebral_angiography_arteria_vertebralis_sinister_injection.jpg\" alt=\"Real blood vessels in a real brain\" title=\"Cerebral_angiography,_arteria_vertebralis_sinister_injection\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46496\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/Cerebral_angiography_arteria_vertebralis_sinister_injection.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/Cerebral_angiography_arteria_vertebralis_sinister_injection-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Real blood vessels in a real brain\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46485\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 216px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/30/creepy-yet-compelling-blood-vessels-blown-in-glass/plastic-skeleton/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46485\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/plastic-skeleton-216x360.jpg\" alt=\"Plastic Skeleton\" title=\"plastic skeleton\" width=\"216\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-46485\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plastic Skeleton from {link url=http://www.partycity.com/product/skeleton+5ft.do?sortby=ourPicks&pp=60&size=all&navSet=170566}Party City{/link} - Not Anatomically Correct\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Halloween means time for gore! Blood, bones, brains and more! Severed fingers, severed toes, eyeballs and organs galore!\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But how accurate are all these loose bits of human anatomy in our front yards, costumes and punch bowls? Can we use that skeleton in the corner to bone up for a biology exam--or are we missing out on a tremendous opportunity to learn medical science?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps we need to look past the Halloween superstores for a vendor who truly appreciates the beautiful complexity of the human body’s inner workings. \u003ca href=\"http://www.farlowsci.com/\" title=\"Farlow's Scientific Glassblowing\">Farlow's Scientific Glassblowing\u003c/a>, located in Grass Valley in the Sierra foothills, is the perfect alternative source for holiday decorations. Their anatomical glass sculptures are exquisitely accurate, based on measurements from real cadavers. The brain model, pictured below, is so beautiful you may have to restrain any zombies at your party from taking a bite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(Despite its recognizable shape, the model contains no gray matter at all--it's exclusively made up of arteries. They map out the cranial organ so nicely because the brain demands a massive amount of blood--\u003ca href=\"http://www.acnp.org/g4/gn401000064/ch064.html\" title=\"Brain Energy Metabolism\">15% of the total cardiac output\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46485\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 230px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/30/creepy-yet-compelling-blood-vessels-blown-in-glass/product_brain_cbam101/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46479\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/product_brain_cbam101.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"product_brain_cbam101\" width=\"230\" height=\"268\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-46479\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">{link url=http://www.farlowsci.com/products_brainlung.html}Glass Brain Vasculature{/link} from Farlow's - Anatomically Correct\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Of course, these glass models have a more serious purpose than mere festivity. \"Ideal for stent placement testing and tortuous testing as well as catheter testing,\" Farlow's proudly proclaims. \"These models may be customized with aneurysms.\" Well! Who wouldn't want that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farlow's primary customers are the companies who research and design medical devices. Stents, for example, are short tubes than can be used to treat aneurysm--the ballooning of a weak-walled blood vessel--as well as to keep blocked arteries open. Stents in turn are often deployed by catheters, much longer tubes that can be threaded through the body's natural ducts and vessels in order to ferry tiny devices, drugs, or even remotely operated surgical tools to any desired location.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46485\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 230px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/30/creepy-yet-compelling-blood-vessels-blown-in-glass/2_models/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46482\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/2_models-230x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"2_models\" width=\"230\" height=\"253\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-46482\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">{link url=http://www.farlowsci.com/products_fullsize.html}Mrs. Einstein{/link} from Farlow's - Anatomically Correct\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And that, I've learned, is where \u003cem>tortuous testing\u003c/em> comes in. Searching for the definition of this curious phrase, I found something hilarious: the \u003ca href=\"http://info.biocoat.com/default.aspx?Tag=tortuous%20path%20testing\" title=\"Hydrophilic Coatings Blog\">Hydrophilic Coatings Blog\u003c/a>. Why yes, of course such a thing exists! Hydrophilic Coatings informs me that tortuous testing is a way of making sure your device (probably a catheter) can turn all the necessary corners and angles to get where it needs to go. Glass models are just the thing for this--because they're transparent, you can see exactly where your catheter gets stuck or turns the wrong way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In all honesty, we'll probably have to leave the gorgeous glass models to the serious researchers. It's too last-minute (and too expensive) for most of us to bother classing up our Halloween celebrations. But maybe Farlow's remarkable craftsmanship can remind us to take a moment on Wednesday night, when handing candy to a little skeleton or dancing with a zombie, to appreciate the beauty as well as the gruesomeness of the human body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>h/t to \u003ca href=\"http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2012/10/artists-transform-molten-glass-into-anatomical-wonders/?pid=4825&viewall=true\" title=\"Wired - Heart of Glass\">Wired\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Halloween means time for gore! Blood, bones, brains and more! Severed fingers, severed toes, eyeballs and organs galore! But how accurate are all these loose bits of human anatomy in our front yards, costumes and punch bowls? Can we use that skeleton in the corner to bone up for a biology exam–or are we missing out on a tremendous opportunity to learn medical science?",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46496\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/30/creepy-yet-compelling-blood-vessels-blown-in-glass/cerebral_angiography_arteria_vertebralis_sinister_injection/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46496\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/Cerebral_angiography_arteria_vertebralis_sinister_injection.jpg\" alt=\"Real blood vessels in a real brain\" title=\"Cerebral_angiography,_arteria_vertebralis_sinister_injection\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46496\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/Cerebral_angiography_arteria_vertebralis_sinister_injection.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/Cerebral_angiography_arteria_vertebralis_sinister_injection-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Real blood vessels in a real brain\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46485\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 216px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/30/creepy-yet-compelling-blood-vessels-blown-in-glass/plastic-skeleton/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46485\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/plastic-skeleton-216x360.jpg\" alt=\"Plastic Skeleton\" title=\"plastic skeleton\" width=\"216\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-46485\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plastic Skeleton from {link url=http://www.partycity.com/product/skeleton+5ft.do?sortby=ourPicks&pp=60&size=all&navSet=170566}Party City{/link} - Not Anatomically Correct\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Halloween means time for gore! Blood, bones, brains and more! Severed fingers, severed toes, eyeballs and organs galore!\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But how accurate are all these loose bits of human anatomy in our front yards, costumes and punch bowls? Can we use that skeleton in the corner to bone up for a biology exam--or are we missing out on a tremendous opportunity to learn medical science?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps we need to look past the Halloween superstores for a vendor who truly appreciates the beautiful complexity of the human body’s inner workings. \u003ca href=\"http://www.farlowsci.com/\" title=\"Farlow's Scientific Glassblowing\">Farlow's Scientific Glassblowing\u003c/a>, located in Grass Valley in the Sierra foothills, is the perfect alternative source for holiday decorations. Their anatomical glass sculptures are exquisitely accurate, based on measurements from real cadavers. The brain model, pictured below, is so beautiful you may have to restrain any zombies at your party from taking a bite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(Despite its recognizable shape, the model contains no gray matter at all--it's exclusively made up of arteries. They map out the cranial organ so nicely because the brain demands a massive amount of blood--\u003ca href=\"http://www.acnp.org/g4/gn401000064/ch064.html\" title=\"Brain Energy Metabolism\">15% of the total cardiac output\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46485\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 230px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/30/creepy-yet-compelling-blood-vessels-blown-in-glass/product_brain_cbam101/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46479\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/product_brain_cbam101.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"product_brain_cbam101\" width=\"230\" height=\"268\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-46479\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">{link url=http://www.farlowsci.com/products_brainlung.html}Glass Brain Vasculature{/link} from Farlow's - Anatomically Correct\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Of course, these glass models have a more serious purpose than mere festivity. \"Ideal for stent placement testing and tortuous testing as well as catheter testing,\" Farlow's proudly proclaims. \"These models may be customized with aneurysms.\" Well! Who wouldn't want that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farlow's primary customers are the companies who research and design medical devices. Stents, for example, are short tubes than can be used to treat aneurysm--the ballooning of a weak-walled blood vessel--as well as to keep blocked arteries open. Stents in turn are often deployed by catheters, much longer tubes that can be threaded through the body's natural ducts and vessels in order to ferry tiny devices, drugs, or even remotely operated surgical tools to any desired location.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46485\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 230px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/30/creepy-yet-compelling-blood-vessels-blown-in-glass/2_models/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46482\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/2_models-230x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"2_models\" width=\"230\" height=\"253\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-46482\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">{link url=http://www.farlowsci.com/products_fullsize.html}Mrs. Einstein{/link} from Farlow's - Anatomically Correct\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And that, I've learned, is where \u003cem>tortuous testing\u003c/em> comes in. Searching for the definition of this curious phrase, I found something hilarious: the \u003ca href=\"http://info.biocoat.com/default.aspx?Tag=tortuous%20path%20testing\" title=\"Hydrophilic Coatings Blog\">Hydrophilic Coatings Blog\u003c/a>. Why yes, of course such a thing exists! Hydrophilic Coatings informs me that tortuous testing is a way of making sure your device (probably a catheter) can turn all the necessary corners and angles to get where it needs to go. Glass models are just the thing for this--because they're transparent, you can see exactly where your catheter gets stuck or turns the wrong way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In all honesty, we'll probably have to leave the gorgeous glass models to the serious researchers. It's too last-minute (and too expensive) for most of us to bother classing up our Halloween celebrations. But maybe Farlow's remarkable craftsmanship can remind us to take a moment on Wednesday night, when handing candy to a little skeleton or dancing with a zombie, to appreciate the beauty as well as the gruesomeness of the human body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>h/t to \u003ca href=\"http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2012/10/artists-transform-molten-glass-into-anatomical-wonders/?pid=4825&viewall=true\" title=\"Wired - Heart of Glass\">Wired\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Science Behind Vampire Myths",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46389\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/CountDracula_BelaLugosi1931Dracula_CreativeCommons_640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/CountDracula_BelaLugosi1931Dracula_CreativeCommons_640x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"CountDracula_BelaLugosi1931Dracula_CreativeCommons_640x360\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46389\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/CountDracula_BelaLugosi1931Dracula_CreativeCommons_640x360.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/CountDracula_BelaLugosi1931Dracula_CreativeCommons_640x360-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Count Dracula played by Bela Lugosi in the 1931 film Dracula, courtesy of Creative Commons license. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Many \u003ca href=\"http://science.howstuffworks.com/science-vs-myth/strange-creatures/vampire1.htm\" title=\"origin of vampire myths\">experts\u003c/a> believe that the origin of vampire folklore dates back at least 4,000 years to Ancient Greece, but legends of blood sucking creatures have existed around the world for millennia. Stories about vampires come from many different authors and filmmakers and from many different cultures. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So why have people around the world always been fascinated by vampires? Did vampire tales begin as a way to explain frightening phenomena actually witnessed? Although there is no scientific evidence for vampires, there is some scientific basis for vampire folklore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vampire has evolved over time in countless directions, moving in popular culture from a pure evil being to a conscience-bound but sexy seducer. The vampires of “Twilight” and “Vampire Diaries” act more human than Bram Stoker’s “Dracula.” However, in general vampires are predatory creatures in human form that survive by drinking the blood of the living through protruding fangs. They were once human, but they were bitten by a vampire, died and rose from the grave as one of the Undead. They are potentially immortal but they can be killed by a stake through the heart, direct sunlight, and beheading. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his book \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Vampires-Burial-Death-Folklore-Reality/dp/0300164815/ref=la_B001HD208E_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1350961536&sr=1-1\" title=\"Vampires, Burial and Death\">Vampires, Burial and Death\u003c/a>, Paul Barber argues that the belief in vampires came from pre-industrial society trying to explain the process of death and decomposition. People expected a body in the ground to decompose as quickly as one exposed to the elements. So they suspected vampirism when a cadaver looked unexpectedly well-preserved, bloated as though gorged with blood, with blood on its lips. But corpses naturally swell as gases from decomposition accumulate in the body, squeezing the lungs and forcing blood to ooze from the nose and mouth. In addition, the skin and gums contract to expose the teeth more prominently, making the canine teeth look perhaps a bit like fangs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barber’s theory is supported by the fact that outbreaks of \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/The-Science-Vampires-Katherine-Ramsland/dp/0425186164\" title=\"The Science of Vampires\">tuberculosis were associated with outbreaks of vampirism\u003c/a>. During a tuberculosis outbreak, people often blamed the first victim of the disease. Believing him to be a vampire, they would dig him up and drive a stake through his heart. The corpse would then appear to spring to life and cry out — scary! But staking a bloated, decomposing corpse forces the accumulated gases to escape the body. This produces a groan-like sound as the gases are forced past the vocal cords and out the throat. Even without staking, many corpses make moaning sounds — just ask funeral directors. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vampire behaviors can also be explained by medical conditions, such as the rare blood disease \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002188/\" title=\"PubMed on porphyria\">porphyria\u003c/a>. People with porphyria have an enzyme deficiency that interferes with the production of an important part of red blood cells, called heme. The skin of a porphyria sufferer burns, blisters and scars when exposed to sunlight, so they can only go out at night. This disease can also cause their mouth and urine to turn red, leading to the misbelief that they drink blood. And porphyria is hereditary, so there may have been concentrations of sufferers in certain areas throughout history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course science can’t fully explain vampire myths. Some supernatural magic is required to do that, which is generally more entertaining. So dress up as a vampire on Halloween and just enjoy scaring everyone.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46389\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/CountDracula_BelaLugosi1931Dracula_CreativeCommons_640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/CountDracula_BelaLugosi1931Dracula_CreativeCommons_640x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"CountDracula_BelaLugosi1931Dracula_CreativeCommons_640x360\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46389\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/CountDracula_BelaLugosi1931Dracula_CreativeCommons_640x360.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/CountDracula_BelaLugosi1931Dracula_CreativeCommons_640x360-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Count Dracula played by Bela Lugosi in the 1931 film Dracula, courtesy of Creative Commons license. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Many \u003ca href=\"http://science.howstuffworks.com/science-vs-myth/strange-creatures/vampire1.htm\" title=\"origin of vampire myths\">experts\u003c/a> believe that the origin of vampire folklore dates back at least 4,000 years to Ancient Greece, but legends of blood sucking creatures have existed around the world for millennia. Stories about vampires come from many different authors and filmmakers and from many different cultures. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So why have people around the world always been fascinated by vampires? Did vampire tales begin as a way to explain frightening phenomena actually witnessed? Although there is no scientific evidence for vampires, there is some scientific basis for vampire folklore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vampire has evolved over time in countless directions, moving in popular culture from a pure evil being to a conscience-bound but sexy seducer. The vampires of “Twilight” and “Vampire Diaries” act more human than Bram Stoker’s “Dracula.” However, in general vampires are predatory creatures in human form that survive by drinking the blood of the living through protruding fangs. They were once human, but they were bitten by a vampire, died and rose from the grave as one of the Undead. They are potentially immortal but they can be killed by a stake through the heart, direct sunlight, and beheading. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his book \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Vampires-Burial-Death-Folklore-Reality/dp/0300164815/ref=la_B001HD208E_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1350961536&sr=1-1\" title=\"Vampires, Burial and Death\">Vampires, Burial and Death\u003c/a>, Paul Barber argues that the belief in vampires came from pre-industrial society trying to explain the process of death and decomposition. People expected a body in the ground to decompose as quickly as one exposed to the elements. So they suspected vampirism when a cadaver looked unexpectedly well-preserved, bloated as though gorged with blood, with blood on its lips. But corpses naturally swell as gases from decomposition accumulate in the body, squeezing the lungs and forcing blood to ooze from the nose and mouth. In addition, the skin and gums contract to expose the teeth more prominently, making the canine teeth look perhaps a bit like fangs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barber’s theory is supported by the fact that outbreaks of \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/The-Science-Vampires-Katherine-Ramsland/dp/0425186164\" title=\"The Science of Vampires\">tuberculosis were associated with outbreaks of vampirism\u003c/a>. During a tuberculosis outbreak, people often blamed the first victim of the disease. Believing him to be a vampire, they would dig him up and drive a stake through his heart. The corpse would then appear to spring to life and cry out — scary! But staking a bloated, decomposing corpse forces the accumulated gases to escape the body. This produces a groan-like sound as the gases are forced past the vocal cords and out the throat. Even without staking, many corpses make moaning sounds — just ask funeral directors. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vampire behaviors can also be explained by medical conditions, such as the rare blood disease \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002188/\" title=\"PubMed on porphyria\">porphyria\u003c/a>. People with porphyria have an enzyme deficiency that interferes with the production of an important part of red blood cells, called heme. The skin of a porphyria sufferer burns, blisters and scars when exposed to sunlight, so they can only go out at night. This disease can also cause their mouth and urine to turn red, leading to the misbelief that they drink blood. And porphyria is hereditary, so there may have been concentrations of sufferers in certain areas throughout history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course science can’t fully explain vampire myths. Some supernatural magic is required to do that, which is generally more entertaining. So dress up as a vampire on Halloween and just enjoy scaring everyone.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Be HEARD: A Rare Disease Science Challenge To Find Cures",
"title": "Be HEARD: A Rare Disease Science Challenge To Find Cures",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46327\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/22/be-heard-a-rare-disease-challenge-to-find-cures/rare-disease-challenge-banner-blog/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46327\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/rare-disease-challenge-banner-blog.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"rare-disease-challenge-banner-blog\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46327\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/rare-disease-challenge-banner-blog.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/rare-disease-challenge-banner-blog-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A challenge to try to bypass Big Pharma's failure to tackle rare diseases.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Curing or even finding treatments for rare diseases is hard. Not necessarily because these diseases are any more complex than more common ones. It has more to do with the fact that there is very little profit to be made in helping people with these diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is why a new initiative, the \u003ca href=\"http://challenge.assaydepot.com/rare-disease-challenge/\">Rare Disease Science Challenge\u003c/a> (which was discussed at this weekend’s \u003ca href=\"http://opensciencesummit.com/\">Open Science Summit\u003c/a> at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.computerhistory.org/\">Computer History Museum\u003c/a> in Mountain View) is so exciting. It is trying to collect a critical mass of nonprofits, scientists, and families dealing with these diseases and to offer them seed money and free services to start to find treatments and/or cures. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I talked about in a recent \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/11/tackling-the-cause-of-cystic-fibrosis-one-mutation-at-a-time/\">blog\u003c/a>, this model has worked well recently with cystic fibrosis. At first you might think cystic fibrosis is too common to need something like this. But it isn’t. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are many ways to end up with cystic fibrosis, each of which might need a separate treatment or cure. A combination of nonprofits, scientists and families dealing with cystic fibrosis came together and brought Kalydeco to market. Even though it can only help ~4% of CF patients, it is a Godsend for these sufferers. Hopefully this new competition can spawn something similar for some other awful, rare diseases. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46256\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/22/be-heard-a-rare-disease-challenge-to-find-cures/kevinlustigassaydepot/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46256\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/KevinLustigAssayDepot.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"KevinLustigAssayDepot\" width=\"250\" height=\"309\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46256\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Kevin Lustig, President and CEO of Assay Depot\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This is such an important project that I wanted to talk with one of its sponsors. Here is my interview with Kevin Lustig, CEO and President of \u003ca href=\"https://www.assaydepot.com/?utm_source=Challenges&utm_medium=Link&utm_content=Post&utm_campaign=Rare%2BDisease%2BChallenge\">Assay Depot\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tell me more about the Rare Disease Science Challenge. What is it all about and why do we need it?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.assaydepot.com/\">Assay Depot\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.raregenomics.org/\">Rare Genomics Institute\u003c/a> are teaming up to sponsor the \u003ca href=\"http://challenge.assaydepot.com/rare-disease-challenge/\">Rare Disease Science Challenge\u003c/a> to accelerate rare disease research. Mainstream pharmaceutical companies have long ignored rare diseases. However, collectively rare diseases are not rare. The fact is that while a disease might be labeled as “rare,” the number of persons suffering from one of the thousands of rare diseases is estimated at 10% of the population, or approximately 30 million people in the United States and 350 million people globally. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the majority (greater than 95%) of the 7,000 rare diseases there is no FDA approved therapy. Perhaps the cruelest twist of rare diseases is that so many of the patients are young children with over 30% of them dying before their 5th birthday!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>There probably isn’t enough money in prizes to find a cure or even a treatment. What do you think is realistically possible with the competition?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ultimate aim of this challenge is to push rare disease studies at any phase of drug development and bring awareness to the current broken system for diagnosing, treating and curing rare diseases. Although the prizes themselves cannot find a cure, they reduce the barrier toward a solution for many diseases. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prizes for this challenge include $10,000 cash and greater than $400,000 of donated research services from 19 participating service providers; this is a great indicator that the life science industry wants to help treat rare disease. If we can improve the standard of care for just one rare disease, we will bring relief to thousands of people, very likely children, who currently suffer. We think that is a dream worth fighting for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Let’s say I have a child with a rare disease but I am not a scientist. How can I tap into this money to help my child?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Families with a child afflicted with a rare disease will have the opportunity to work with a network of academic researchers and use donated research services to develop research proposals tailored to their child’s needs. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46261\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/22/be-heard-a-rare-disease-challenge-to-find-cures/computerhistorymuseum/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46261\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/ComputerHistoryMuseum.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"ComputerHistoryMuseum\" width=\"250\" height=\"188\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46261\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Computer History Museum in Mountain View was the site of last weekend's Open Science Summit.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Rare Disease Science Challenge isn’t the first competition you’ve been part of. What are some of the other competitions and have they yielded any results yet?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our first \u003ca href=\"https://www.assaydepot.com/pages/challenge?utm_source=Challenges&utm_medium=Link&utm_content=Post&utm_campaign=Bay%2BArea%2BOpen%2BScience%2BChallenge\">Open Science Challenge\u003c/a> was open to all Bay Area residents who wanted to take their research ideas to the next level. There were two citizen scientist winners of the challenge: Ryan Bethencourt and Derek Jacoby. Both received one-year memberships to the BioCurious community lab space in Sunnyvale as well as $5,000 to fund their research project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bethencourt is currently working on developing new ALS therapeutics, and Jacoby is seeking to find a probiotic method of improving uric acid clearance to combat gout. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our second Open Science Challenge in the Tri-State (NY) area will be ending soon and we have ongoing high school science competitions in San Diego, Boston, and New York.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You participated in the \u003ca href=\"http://opensciencesummit.com/\">Open Science Summit\u003c/a> in Mountain View this past weekend. What is open science, and how is the work you do connected?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assay Depot has always operated on a mission of “empowering scientists.” What that boils down to is continuously asking ourselves “does this help scientists?” We started learning about the Open Science movement and realized the question is much more far-reaching than we thought. For the unfamiliar, Open Science is based on the concept that \u003ca href=\"http://www.pharmaphorum.com/2012/08/17/open-source-open-science/\">science can be done by anyone\u003c/a> and community collaboration is the key to innovation. Scientists, amateur or professional, were empowering themselves by having meet ups, organizing online discussion, pooling resources, and testing ideas outside of traditional laboratories. “Does this help scientists?” expanded beyond product design and became a question we asked of our community efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You run an online site called Assay Depot. Tell me a bit about the site and what you hope to accomplish with it.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not long ago, the barriers to conducting drug discovery research stood high. Today, thanks in part to the Internet and the advent of research marketplaces like Assay Depot, anyone with a laptop and access to funding can embark on the search for a cure. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assay Depot is now the world's leading provider of outsourced scientific services. The company operates a network of online research marketplaces that dramatically streamline purchases between scientists and more than 7,000 global research vendors. Assay Depot is changing the way life science research is done, one researcher, one vendor, one pharmaceutical customer at a time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>If I am a high school teacher and I’d like to run an experiment but don’t have the facilities, is Assay Depot available to me? Or is it just for professional and academic scientists?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, Assay Depot is empowering not only scientists and researchers, but also citizen scientists from any background, from artist to teacher to tinkerer. Assay Depot has recently helped start up a community lab in Carlsbad, CA, which should open early next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What did you do before starting the site? How did you come up with the idea?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have spent most of the past 28 years either managing research groups or running my own experiments at the lab bench. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My co-founders Chris Petersen, Andy Martin and I started Assay Depot with the idea of enabling personalized cancer research. We quickly realized though that we could fill a much more valuable and unique niche by creating a cloud-based marketplace that connects scientists with research providers, and Assay Depot was born.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prior to starting Assay Depot, I co-founded Kalypsys, a fully integrated drug discovery company that raised over $170 million in venture funding and put five drug candidates into human clinical trials in 2001. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prior to Kalypsys, I directed lead discovery at Tularik, a highly successful biopharmaceutical company purchased by Amgen for more than $2 billion. I carried out postdoctoral work in Cell Biology at Harvard Medical School after receiving a PhD degree from the Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF).\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Curing or even finding treatments for rare diseases is hard. Not necessarily because these diseases are any more complex than more common ones. It has more to do with the fact that there is very little profit to be made in helping people with these diseases.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46327\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/22/be-heard-a-rare-disease-challenge-to-find-cures/rare-disease-challenge-banner-blog/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46327\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/rare-disease-challenge-banner-blog.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"rare-disease-challenge-banner-blog\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46327\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/rare-disease-challenge-banner-blog.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/rare-disease-challenge-banner-blog-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A challenge to try to bypass Big Pharma's failure to tackle rare diseases.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Curing or even finding treatments for rare diseases is hard. Not necessarily because these diseases are any more complex than more common ones. It has more to do with the fact that there is very little profit to be made in helping people with these diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is why a new initiative, the \u003ca href=\"http://challenge.assaydepot.com/rare-disease-challenge/\">Rare Disease Science Challenge\u003c/a> (which was discussed at this weekend’s \u003ca href=\"http://opensciencesummit.com/\">Open Science Summit\u003c/a> at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.computerhistory.org/\">Computer History Museum\u003c/a> in Mountain View) is so exciting. It is trying to collect a critical mass of nonprofits, scientists, and families dealing with these diseases and to offer them seed money and free services to start to find treatments and/or cures. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I talked about in a recent \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/11/tackling-the-cause-of-cystic-fibrosis-one-mutation-at-a-time/\">blog\u003c/a>, this model has worked well recently with cystic fibrosis. At first you might think cystic fibrosis is too common to need something like this. But it isn’t. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are many ways to end up with cystic fibrosis, each of which might need a separate treatment or cure. A combination of nonprofits, scientists and families dealing with cystic fibrosis came together and brought Kalydeco to market. Even though it can only help ~4% of CF patients, it is a Godsend for these sufferers. Hopefully this new competition can spawn something similar for some other awful, rare diseases. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46256\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/22/be-heard-a-rare-disease-challenge-to-find-cures/kevinlustigassaydepot/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46256\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/KevinLustigAssayDepot.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"KevinLustigAssayDepot\" width=\"250\" height=\"309\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46256\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Kevin Lustig, President and CEO of Assay Depot\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This is such an important project that I wanted to talk with one of its sponsors. Here is my interview with Kevin Lustig, CEO and President of \u003ca href=\"https://www.assaydepot.com/?utm_source=Challenges&utm_medium=Link&utm_content=Post&utm_campaign=Rare%2BDisease%2BChallenge\">Assay Depot\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tell me more about the Rare Disease Science Challenge. What is it all about and why do we need it?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.assaydepot.com/\">Assay Depot\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.raregenomics.org/\">Rare Genomics Institute\u003c/a> are teaming up to sponsor the \u003ca href=\"http://challenge.assaydepot.com/rare-disease-challenge/\">Rare Disease Science Challenge\u003c/a> to accelerate rare disease research. Mainstream pharmaceutical companies have long ignored rare diseases. However, collectively rare diseases are not rare. The fact is that while a disease might be labeled as “rare,” the number of persons suffering from one of the thousands of rare diseases is estimated at 10% of the population, or approximately 30 million people in the United States and 350 million people globally. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the majority (greater than 95%) of the 7,000 rare diseases there is no FDA approved therapy. Perhaps the cruelest twist of rare diseases is that so many of the patients are young children with over 30% of them dying before their 5th birthday!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>There probably isn’t enough money in prizes to find a cure or even a treatment. What do you think is realistically possible with the competition?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ultimate aim of this challenge is to push rare disease studies at any phase of drug development and bring awareness to the current broken system for diagnosing, treating and curing rare diseases. Although the prizes themselves cannot find a cure, they reduce the barrier toward a solution for many diseases. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prizes for this challenge include $10,000 cash and greater than $400,000 of donated research services from 19 participating service providers; this is a great indicator that the life science industry wants to help treat rare disease. If we can improve the standard of care for just one rare disease, we will bring relief to thousands of people, very likely children, who currently suffer. We think that is a dream worth fighting for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Let’s say I have a child with a rare disease but I am not a scientist. How can I tap into this money to help my child?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Families with a child afflicted with a rare disease will have the opportunity to work with a network of academic researchers and use donated research services to develop research proposals tailored to their child’s needs. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46261\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/22/be-heard-a-rare-disease-challenge-to-find-cures/computerhistorymuseum/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46261\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/ComputerHistoryMuseum.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"ComputerHistoryMuseum\" width=\"250\" height=\"188\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46261\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Computer History Museum in Mountain View was the site of last weekend's Open Science Summit.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Rare Disease Science Challenge isn’t the first competition you’ve been part of. What are some of the other competitions and have they yielded any results yet?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our first \u003ca href=\"https://www.assaydepot.com/pages/challenge?utm_source=Challenges&utm_medium=Link&utm_content=Post&utm_campaign=Bay%2BArea%2BOpen%2BScience%2BChallenge\">Open Science Challenge\u003c/a> was open to all Bay Area residents who wanted to take their research ideas to the next level. There were two citizen scientist winners of the challenge: Ryan Bethencourt and Derek Jacoby. Both received one-year memberships to the BioCurious community lab space in Sunnyvale as well as $5,000 to fund their research project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bethencourt is currently working on developing new ALS therapeutics, and Jacoby is seeking to find a probiotic method of improving uric acid clearance to combat gout. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our second Open Science Challenge in the Tri-State (NY) area will be ending soon and we have ongoing high school science competitions in San Diego, Boston, and New York.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You participated in the \u003ca href=\"http://opensciencesummit.com/\">Open Science Summit\u003c/a> in Mountain View this past weekend. What is open science, and how is the work you do connected?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assay Depot has always operated on a mission of “empowering scientists.” What that boils down to is continuously asking ourselves “does this help scientists?” We started learning about the Open Science movement and realized the question is much more far-reaching than we thought. For the unfamiliar, Open Science is based on the concept that \u003ca href=\"http://www.pharmaphorum.com/2012/08/17/open-source-open-science/\">science can be done by anyone\u003c/a> and community collaboration is the key to innovation. Scientists, amateur or professional, were empowering themselves by having meet ups, organizing online discussion, pooling resources, and testing ideas outside of traditional laboratories. “Does this help scientists?” expanded beyond product design and became a question we asked of our community efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You run an online site called Assay Depot. Tell me a bit about the site and what you hope to accomplish with it.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not long ago, the barriers to conducting drug discovery research stood high. Today, thanks in part to the Internet and the advent of research marketplaces like Assay Depot, anyone with a laptop and access to funding can embark on the search for a cure. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assay Depot is now the world's leading provider of outsourced scientific services. The company operates a network of online research marketplaces that dramatically streamline purchases between scientists and more than 7,000 global research vendors. Assay Depot is changing the way life science research is done, one researcher, one vendor, one pharmaceutical customer at a time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>If I am a high school teacher and I’d like to run an experiment but don’t have the facilities, is Assay Depot available to me? Or is it just for professional and academic scientists?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, Assay Depot is empowering not only scientists and researchers, but also citizen scientists from any background, from artist to teacher to tinkerer. Assay Depot has recently helped start up a community lab in Carlsbad, CA, which should open early next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What did you do before starting the site? How did you come up with the idea?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have spent most of the past 28 years either managing research groups or running my own experiments at the lab bench. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My co-founders Chris Petersen, Andy Martin and I started Assay Depot with the idea of enabling personalized cancer research. We quickly realized though that we could fill a much more valuable and unique niche by creating a cloud-based marketplace that connects scientists with research providers, and Assay Depot was born.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prior to starting Assay Depot, I co-founded Kalypsys, a fully integrated drug discovery company that raised over $170 million in venture funding and put five drug candidates into human clinical trials in 2001. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prior to Kalypsys, I directed lead discovery at Tularik, a highly successful biopharmaceutical company purchased by Amgen for more than $2 billion. I carried out postdoctoral work in Cell Biology at Harvard Medical School after receiving a PhD degree from the Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF).\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Vaccine Waivers, Informed Consent and Public Health",
"title": "Vaccine Waivers, Informed Consent and Public Health",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46119\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/17/vaccine-waivers-informed-consent-and-public-health/measles-micrograph-carousel/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46119\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/measles-micrograph-carousel-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"measles virus virion\" title=\"measles micrograph carousel\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-46119\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This electron micrograph image shows the structure of a single virus particle, or “virion,” of measles virus. Before 1963, about 3 to 4 million people got measles each year and an average of 450 people died, mostly children. After the vaccine became available, the number of measles cases dropped by 98%. (Image: CDC/ Cynthia S. Goldsmith; William Bellini, PhD) \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown has made it just a little bit harder for parents to refuse or skip vaccinations for their children. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By signing AB 2109 into law last month, Brown strengthened one of the nation's most permissive school immunization requirements. Under existing law, California parents could choose which vaccinations to reject simply by signing a form saying \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/pubsforms/forms/ctrldforms/pm286b.pdf\">“all or some immunizations are contrary to my beliefs.”\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, at least, their beliefs will need to be informed by actual science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State laws require children entering private or public school to get immunized to reduce the risk of spreading infectious diseases to their classmates. All states allow medical exemptions for children with allergies, immunodeficiency or other conditions, and most allow exemptions on religious grounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is one of 20 states that allow parents to opt out of laws requiring children to get vaccinated before they enter school simply because they choose not to. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Costs of easy exemptions\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIn California, personal belief exemption rates rose slowly between 1996 and 2007, from half a percent to 1.5 percent. But between 2008 and 2010, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22698009\">study published in the American Journal of Public Health\u003c/a> in August, the number of children with one or more personal belief exemptions increased by 25%. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means more than 11,500 kids showed up in classrooms, playgrounds, and after-school activities without their vaccinations in 2010. Even more troubling, the number of kindergartners who attended schools with more than 20 exempted classmates more than doubled. Exempt children are clustering within the same schools, putting themselves—and their peers—at greater risk of an epidemic. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco Bay Area has among the highest clustering of exemptions in the state, while Santa Cruz County ranks in the top 10 counties for all three measures analyzed: prevalence (proportion of students with exemptions), exposure (the likelihood a child would interact with an exempt classmate) and vulnerability (a measure of the risk of disease outbreak resulting from compromised herd immunity).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46122\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 329px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/17/vaccine-waivers-informed-consent-and-public-health/nigeria-cropped/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46122\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/nigeria-cropped-329x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"nigeria measles victim\" width=\"329\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-46122\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"> This late 1960s photograph shows a Nigerian mother and her child, who was recovering from measles. The child’s skin is peeling as his measles infection heals. Measles victims in poor countries where other diseases are prevalent often require intensive nursing to avoid complications, including subsequent infections. (Image: CDC) \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The resurgence of vaccine-preventable diseases, from pertussis to measles, implicates exemptions in the outbreaks. But without data on the incidence of these vaccine-preventable diseases, says public health researcher Alison Buttenheim, “we can’t say for certain that more personal belief exemptions cause higher disease risk.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet Buttenheim, an assistant professor at the University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing who led the study, says there’s one thing she knows for sure. “Parents who choose not to vaccinate are free-riders, relying on herd immunity maintained by those who do vaccinate to protect their children.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though Buttenheim didn’t have the data to study the link, \u003ca href=\"http://www.kdheks.gov/testimony/download/HB2094_Testimony_DCHunt_2012.pdf\">other studies\u003c/a> have found that exemptions tend to cluster geographically, increasing the risk of local disease outbreaks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in a recent study in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc1209037\">New England Journal of Medicine\u003c/a>, states with looser exemption policies also had more cases of pertussis (or \"whooping cough\"), a bacterial infection that \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/outbreaks.html\">killed 10 infants in California\u003c/a> in 2010. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.whoopingcough.net/cough-child-muchwhooping.wav\">Anyone who thinks babies don't suffer from pertussis never heard this cough.\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Vaccine-preventable diseases are going to start in places where people are refusing,” says Roger Baxter, a physician, infectious disease expert and co-director of the Kaiser Permanente Vaccine Study Center in Oakland. “We have lots of evidence of that around the world. We’ve seen it. We know it will happen.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why some states are requiring parents to think through the risks of leaving their children—and their neighbors’ children—vulnerable to deadly pathogens by refusing some or all pediatric vaccinations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, \u003ca href=\"http://www.doh.wa.gov/CommunityandEnvironment/Schools/Immunization/Exemptions.aspx\">Washington\u003c/a> (and just last month \u003ca href=\"http://www.leg.state.vt.us/docs/2012/Acts/ACT157.pdf\">Vermont\u003c/a>) passed laws requiring parents to have a health care professional certify that they received information regarding the risks of immunization, as well as the risks of exposing their family and community to potentially deadly diseases by forgoing immunization. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under California's new law, starting January 2014, parents seeking personal belief exemptions must do the same. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill, sponsored by state Assemblyman Richard Pan (D-Sacramento), a pediatrician and director of the UC Davis Pediatric Residency Program, is little more than an \u003ca href=\"http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/physician-resources/legal-topics/patient-physician-relationship-topics/informed-consent.page\">informed consent law\u003c/a>. Anytime you undergo a medical procedure, your doctor is required by law to counsel you on its risks and benefits. The bill requires the same counseling for parents who want to avoid vaccination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In signing the bill, Brown noted that those “whose religious beliefs preclude vaccinations” don’t need a health care practitioner’s signature. Until the new law takes effect, the state’s philosophical and personal belief exemptions cover religious objections, and parents’ signatures are sufficient in either case. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The myth of 100% safety\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBut for Baxter, vaccine refusal has veered into religion, with people obsessed with “uber-protection” and vaccine safety. “There’s nothing in this world that’s 100 percent safe,” he says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With vaccines, we expect some reactions like fevers or sore arms. But for serious adverse events, where we might expect 1 in 1,000 for most medications, if we see 1 in 100,000 for vaccines, we think it’s too much. Yet many people are worried about things that happen as rarely as 1 in a million. The benefits of vaccines far outweigh that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a 1 to 2 in a million risk that the measles-controlling MMR vaccine will cause a serious adverse reaction like encephalitis or pneumonia. By contrast, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/measles/about/overview.html\">1 to 2 of every 1,000 measles cases\u003c/a> ends in death. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just as no vaccine is 100% safe, no vaccine is 100% effective. That’s why the concept of \u003ca href=\"http://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/herd-immunity-0\">“herd immunity”\u003c/a> is so important. When vaccination rates in a community reach a certain threshold (85% to 95% depending on the contagiousness of the disease), then those who can’t get vaccinated—because they’re too young, on immune-suppressing treatments like chemotherapy, or their immune system didn’t respond to the vaccine—are still protected. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But herd immunity relies on high-compliance with recommended pediatric vaccination schedules. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An the trouble is, you’re not likely to know if your child’s vaccination didn’t offer full protection until he comes home sick after going to school, soccer practice, or a play date with unvaccinated peers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Opportunistic pathogens\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIn February 2010, the SF Department of Public Health \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfbaypeds.com/storage/post-files/SFDPH_Measles%20Health%20Alert.2010.2.22.final.pdf\">issued a health alert\u003c/a> about a measles outbreak. How it started is unclear. But two years earlier, 11 cases of measles in San Diego were traced to a seven-year-old unvaccinated boy who had traveled to Switzerland with his parents and came home with the measles. Within 19 days, he had infected his two siblings, five classmates, and four children—including three infants who were too young to be vaccinated—at his pediatrician’s office. One of the infants had to be hospitalized for severe dehydration, which can be fatal for babies. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The child who started the epidemic went to a school where 36 of 376 children—nearly 1 in 10—had personal belief exemptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why some doctors have decided not to see families who shun vaccination. Some regularly treat very sick children and don’t want to risk exposing them to infections that could cause complications and even death. But most doctors that Baxter works with see the informed consent law as an opportunity to explain the risks to parents who didn’t really understand them. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46142\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 614px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/17/vaccine-waivers-informed-consent-and-public-health/rubella-poster-smaller2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46142\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/rubella-poster-smaller2-614x360.jpg\" alt=\"rubella vaccine poster\" title=\"rubella poster\" width=\"614\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-46142\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Typically a mild childhood illness, rubella (also known as “German measles”) can pose a serious threat to the developing fetus if the mother is infected during pregnancy. More than 20,000 babies were born with congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) during an outbreak in 1964-65, before the US vaccine was licensed in 1969. CRS can cause diverse symptoms ranging from deafness to seizures, encephalitis, and developmental delays. (Image: CDC)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Before Brown signed the bill, anti-vaccination activists led by ex-SNL cast member Rob Schneider fought against the bill on the grounds of parental rights, child safety, and a \u003ca href=\"http://scienceblogs.com/insolence/2012/06/29/makin-copies-of-antivaccine-nonsense-against-california-bill-ab-2019/\">list of myths too numerous\u003c/a> to go into here. Incredibly, Sacramento-based TV News Channel 10 \u003ca href=\"http://www.news10.net/video/1824491466001/1/Rob-Schneider-discusses-his-stance-on-AB-2109-with-News10\">gave Schneider 11 minutes\u003c/a> to spread his misinformation. He was joined by die-hard anti-vaccination activist Dawn Winkler and Tony Amador, a candidate for the Assembly seat held by the author of AB 2109, Richard Pan. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Activists like Winkler and Schneider tell people that vaccines are dangerous and parents should have the right to decide what’s best for their children. What’s really dangerous, though, is giving people like Schneider — who have little grasp of the facts about vaccines, immunology, or public health — a platform to spread their misinformed beliefs. Infectious disease experts know what Schneider can't seem to grasp. Infectious pathogens are remarkably adaptable and will readily exploit any weaknesses in herd immunity to make a roaring comeback.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2008, a pertussis outbreak at an El Sobrante Waldorf school forced public health officials to close the school temporarily. According to data filed with the California Department of Public Health, 68% of children attending that school have personal belief exemptions on file this year. Only 6% of children there are fully vaccinated. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco Waldorf School isn't far behind, with personal belief exemptions for 59% of children, leaving 22% of students without all their vaccinations. At the Greenwood School in Mill Valley, where 79% of students have personal belief exemptions, only 2% of children are fully vaccinated. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s bad enough that people who don’t want to vaccinate are putting they own children at risk, Baxter says. “But they’re also putting their children’s friends at risk, they’re putting little babies who are too young to be vaccinated at risk, they’re putting immune-compromised kids at risk, and they’re putting their classmates at risk.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People shouldn’t lull themselves into complacency thinking that high vaccination rates in general will protect their kids. “If there’s a pertussis outbreak,” Baxter says, “it’s going to start in schools with high personal exemption rates. Same with measles, varicella, any vaccine-preventable disease. They’re going to start in places where people are refusing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parents have the right to ask school administrators to disclose the exemption rates at their child’s school. You can also go to the California Department of Public Health’s web site to find each school’s exemption rates. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It would be a good thing if parents refused to send their kids to schools with high exemption rates, Baxter says, rather than choosing schools where “parental rights” are viewed as more important than public health. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, he adds, it takes a mandate to bring vaccinations up to the levels that can protect people from these diseases. “It’s the only thing that works because people are busy, or lazy—or have weird ideas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or, in too many cases, they're getting medical advice from the likes of Rob Schneider instead of a doctor.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Starting in 2014, California will require parents to see a health practitioner to learn the risks and benefits of vaccination before opting out of the state's immunization requirements. Public health officials hope that when parents learn the difference between science-based evidence and the uninformed myths so prevalent online and in the mainstream media, they'll decide to protect their children from the real risks of infectious disease, rather than worry about unfounded theoretical risks. ",
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"description": "Starting in 2014, California will require parents to see a health practitioner to learn the risks and benefits of vaccination before opting out of the state's immunization requirements. Public health officials hope that when parents learn the difference between science-based evidence and the uninformed myths so prevalent online and in the mainstream media, they'll decide to protect their children from the real risks of infectious disease, rather than worry about unfounded theoretical risks. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46119\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/17/vaccine-waivers-informed-consent-and-public-health/measles-micrograph-carousel/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46119\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/measles-micrograph-carousel-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"measles virus virion\" title=\"measles micrograph carousel\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-46119\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This electron micrograph image shows the structure of a single virus particle, or “virion,” of measles virus. Before 1963, about 3 to 4 million people got measles each year and an average of 450 people died, mostly children. After the vaccine became available, the number of measles cases dropped by 98%. (Image: CDC/ Cynthia S. Goldsmith; William Bellini, PhD) \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown has made it just a little bit harder for parents to refuse or skip vaccinations for their children. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By signing AB 2109 into law last month, Brown strengthened one of the nation's most permissive school immunization requirements. Under existing law, California parents could choose which vaccinations to reject simply by signing a form saying \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/pubsforms/forms/ctrldforms/pm286b.pdf\">“all or some immunizations are contrary to my beliefs.”\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, at least, their beliefs will need to be informed by actual science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State laws require children entering private or public school to get immunized to reduce the risk of spreading infectious diseases to their classmates. All states allow medical exemptions for children with allergies, immunodeficiency or other conditions, and most allow exemptions on religious grounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is one of 20 states that allow parents to opt out of laws requiring children to get vaccinated before they enter school simply because they choose not to. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Costs of easy exemptions\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIn California, personal belief exemption rates rose slowly between 1996 and 2007, from half a percent to 1.5 percent. But between 2008 and 2010, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22698009\">study published in the American Journal of Public Health\u003c/a> in August, the number of children with one or more personal belief exemptions increased by 25%. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means more than 11,500 kids showed up in classrooms, playgrounds, and after-school activities without their vaccinations in 2010. Even more troubling, the number of kindergartners who attended schools with more than 20 exempted classmates more than doubled. Exempt children are clustering within the same schools, putting themselves—and their peers—at greater risk of an epidemic. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco Bay Area has among the highest clustering of exemptions in the state, while Santa Cruz County ranks in the top 10 counties for all three measures analyzed: prevalence (proportion of students with exemptions), exposure (the likelihood a child would interact with an exempt classmate) and vulnerability (a measure of the risk of disease outbreak resulting from compromised herd immunity).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46122\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 329px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/17/vaccine-waivers-informed-consent-and-public-health/nigeria-cropped/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46122\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/nigeria-cropped-329x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"nigeria measles victim\" width=\"329\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-46122\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"> This late 1960s photograph shows a Nigerian mother and her child, who was recovering from measles. The child’s skin is peeling as his measles infection heals. Measles victims in poor countries where other diseases are prevalent often require intensive nursing to avoid complications, including subsequent infections. (Image: CDC) \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The resurgence of vaccine-preventable diseases, from pertussis to measles, implicates exemptions in the outbreaks. But without data on the incidence of these vaccine-preventable diseases, says public health researcher Alison Buttenheim, “we can’t say for certain that more personal belief exemptions cause higher disease risk.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet Buttenheim, an assistant professor at the University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing who led the study, says there’s one thing she knows for sure. “Parents who choose not to vaccinate are free-riders, relying on herd immunity maintained by those who do vaccinate to protect their children.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though Buttenheim didn’t have the data to study the link, \u003ca href=\"http://www.kdheks.gov/testimony/download/HB2094_Testimony_DCHunt_2012.pdf\">other studies\u003c/a> have found that exemptions tend to cluster geographically, increasing the risk of local disease outbreaks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in a recent study in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc1209037\">New England Journal of Medicine\u003c/a>, states with looser exemption policies also had more cases of pertussis (or \"whooping cough\"), a bacterial infection that \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/outbreaks.html\">killed 10 infants in California\u003c/a> in 2010. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.whoopingcough.net/cough-child-muchwhooping.wav\">Anyone who thinks babies don't suffer from pertussis never heard this cough.\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Vaccine-preventable diseases are going to start in places where people are refusing,” says Roger Baxter, a physician, infectious disease expert and co-director of the Kaiser Permanente Vaccine Study Center in Oakland. “We have lots of evidence of that around the world. We’ve seen it. We know it will happen.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why some states are requiring parents to think through the risks of leaving their children—and their neighbors’ children—vulnerable to deadly pathogens by refusing some or all pediatric vaccinations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, \u003ca href=\"http://www.doh.wa.gov/CommunityandEnvironment/Schools/Immunization/Exemptions.aspx\">Washington\u003c/a> (and just last month \u003ca href=\"http://www.leg.state.vt.us/docs/2012/Acts/ACT157.pdf\">Vermont\u003c/a>) passed laws requiring parents to have a health care professional certify that they received information regarding the risks of immunization, as well as the risks of exposing their family and community to potentially deadly diseases by forgoing immunization. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under California's new law, starting January 2014, parents seeking personal belief exemptions must do the same. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill, sponsored by state Assemblyman Richard Pan (D-Sacramento), a pediatrician and director of the UC Davis Pediatric Residency Program, is little more than an \u003ca href=\"http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/physician-resources/legal-topics/patient-physician-relationship-topics/informed-consent.page\">informed consent law\u003c/a>. Anytime you undergo a medical procedure, your doctor is required by law to counsel you on its risks and benefits. The bill requires the same counseling for parents who want to avoid vaccination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In signing the bill, Brown noted that those “whose religious beliefs preclude vaccinations” don’t need a health care practitioner’s signature. Until the new law takes effect, the state’s philosophical and personal belief exemptions cover religious objections, and parents’ signatures are sufficient in either case. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The myth of 100% safety\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBut for Baxter, vaccine refusal has veered into religion, with people obsessed with “uber-protection” and vaccine safety. “There’s nothing in this world that’s 100 percent safe,” he says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With vaccines, we expect some reactions like fevers or sore arms. But for serious adverse events, where we might expect 1 in 1,000 for most medications, if we see 1 in 100,000 for vaccines, we think it’s too much. Yet many people are worried about things that happen as rarely as 1 in a million. The benefits of vaccines far outweigh that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a 1 to 2 in a million risk that the measles-controlling MMR vaccine will cause a serious adverse reaction like encephalitis or pneumonia. By contrast, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/measles/about/overview.html\">1 to 2 of every 1,000 measles cases\u003c/a> ends in death. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just as no vaccine is 100% safe, no vaccine is 100% effective. That’s why the concept of \u003ca href=\"http://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/herd-immunity-0\">“herd immunity”\u003c/a> is so important. When vaccination rates in a community reach a certain threshold (85% to 95% depending on the contagiousness of the disease), then those who can’t get vaccinated—because they’re too young, on immune-suppressing treatments like chemotherapy, or their immune system didn’t respond to the vaccine—are still protected. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But herd immunity relies on high-compliance with recommended pediatric vaccination schedules. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An the trouble is, you’re not likely to know if your child’s vaccination didn’t offer full protection until he comes home sick after going to school, soccer practice, or a play date with unvaccinated peers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Opportunistic pathogens\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIn February 2010, the SF Department of Public Health \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfbaypeds.com/storage/post-files/SFDPH_Measles%20Health%20Alert.2010.2.22.final.pdf\">issued a health alert\u003c/a> about a measles outbreak. How it started is unclear. But two years earlier, 11 cases of measles in San Diego were traced to a seven-year-old unvaccinated boy who had traveled to Switzerland with his parents and came home with the measles. Within 19 days, he had infected his two siblings, five classmates, and four children—including three infants who were too young to be vaccinated—at his pediatrician’s office. One of the infants had to be hospitalized for severe dehydration, which can be fatal for babies. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The child who started the epidemic went to a school where 36 of 376 children—nearly 1 in 10—had personal belief exemptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why some doctors have decided not to see families who shun vaccination. Some regularly treat very sick children and don’t want to risk exposing them to infections that could cause complications and even death. But most doctors that Baxter works with see the informed consent law as an opportunity to explain the risks to parents who didn’t really understand them. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46142\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 614px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/17/vaccine-waivers-informed-consent-and-public-health/rubella-poster-smaller2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46142\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/rubella-poster-smaller2-614x360.jpg\" alt=\"rubella vaccine poster\" title=\"rubella poster\" width=\"614\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-46142\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Typically a mild childhood illness, rubella (also known as “German measles”) can pose a serious threat to the developing fetus if the mother is infected during pregnancy. More than 20,000 babies were born with congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) during an outbreak in 1964-65, before the US vaccine was licensed in 1969. CRS can cause diverse symptoms ranging from deafness to seizures, encephalitis, and developmental delays. (Image: CDC)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Before Brown signed the bill, anti-vaccination activists led by ex-SNL cast member Rob Schneider fought against the bill on the grounds of parental rights, child safety, and a \u003ca href=\"http://scienceblogs.com/insolence/2012/06/29/makin-copies-of-antivaccine-nonsense-against-california-bill-ab-2019/\">list of myths too numerous\u003c/a> to go into here. Incredibly, Sacramento-based TV News Channel 10 \u003ca href=\"http://www.news10.net/video/1824491466001/1/Rob-Schneider-discusses-his-stance-on-AB-2109-with-News10\">gave Schneider 11 minutes\u003c/a> to spread his misinformation. He was joined by die-hard anti-vaccination activist Dawn Winkler and Tony Amador, a candidate for the Assembly seat held by the author of AB 2109, Richard Pan. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Activists like Winkler and Schneider tell people that vaccines are dangerous and parents should have the right to decide what’s best for their children. What’s really dangerous, though, is giving people like Schneider — who have little grasp of the facts about vaccines, immunology, or public health — a platform to spread their misinformed beliefs. Infectious disease experts know what Schneider can't seem to grasp. Infectious pathogens are remarkably adaptable and will readily exploit any weaknesses in herd immunity to make a roaring comeback.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2008, a pertussis outbreak at an El Sobrante Waldorf school forced public health officials to close the school temporarily. According to data filed with the California Department of Public Health, 68% of children attending that school have personal belief exemptions on file this year. Only 6% of children there are fully vaccinated. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco Waldorf School isn't far behind, with personal belief exemptions for 59% of children, leaving 22% of students without all their vaccinations. At the Greenwood School in Mill Valley, where 79% of students have personal belief exemptions, only 2% of children are fully vaccinated. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s bad enough that people who don’t want to vaccinate are putting they own children at risk, Baxter says. “But they’re also putting their children’s friends at risk, they’re putting little babies who are too young to be vaccinated at risk, they’re putting immune-compromised kids at risk, and they’re putting their classmates at risk.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People shouldn’t lull themselves into complacency thinking that high vaccination rates in general will protect their kids. “If there’s a pertussis outbreak,” Baxter says, “it’s going to start in schools with high personal exemption rates. Same with measles, varicella, any vaccine-preventable disease. They’re going to start in places where people are refusing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parents have the right to ask school administrators to disclose the exemption rates at their child’s school. You can also go to the California Department of Public Health’s web site to find each school’s exemption rates. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It would be a good thing if parents refused to send their kids to schools with high exemption rates, Baxter says, rather than choosing schools where “parental rights” are viewed as more important than public health. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, he adds, it takes a mandate to bring vaccinations up to the levels that can protect people from these diseases. “It’s the only thing that works because people are busy, or lazy—or have weird ideas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Can Meditation Ease PTSD in Combat Vets?",
"title": "Can Meditation Ease PTSD in Combat Vets?",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/10/20121015scienceptsd.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/PTSD.Med-image-cropped.png\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/PTSD.Med-image-cropped-300x169.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"PTSD.Med image cropped\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-46057\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nAmong veterans, mental disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder are epidemic. The Department of Veterans Affairs estimates that one in every four Iraq or Afghanistan vets is suffering from PTSD. It’s one reason suicide is now the leading cause of death among active-duty soldiers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This crisis has led the VA to explore treatments that would have been considered decidedly from-the-fringes a generation ago. Some of that work is taking place at the Menlo Park division of the VA Palo Alto Medical Center.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\"My little safe zone\"\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Montgomery is a Vietnam vet with a bushy gray mustache and a tattoo of a scorpion on each forearm. During his time here in the residential PTSD program, he’s been thinking a lot about his life before the war. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were dirt farmer kids,” he tells me. “It was the summer of 1957. We were irrigating 80 acres of cotton. My brother was yelling off in the distance and I was just laying back on a haystack…” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Montgomery trails off for a moment, lost in the memory. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yeah, that's my little safe zone,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when he talks about Vietnam and what he saw there, something in his voice changes, ramps up. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The image he can’t shake – even now, nearly four decades after his return – is of Vietnamese children trying to kill him. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our society teaches us to go to school, live with our families and stuff, not to blow somebody else up,\" he says, as his voice grows louder. \"They were after you, you know?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, after what he calls decades of failed relationships and self-abuse, Montgomery is finally getting help for PTSD, a diagnosis he hadn’t even heard of until a few years ago. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of his treatment is a twice-weekly guided meditation session. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent afternoon, five men settle into armchairs arranged in a circle. One younger vet in board shorts and flip flops lies down on the floor. Two of the vets served in Vietnam; three younger men served in Iraq. A couple of therapy dogs, golden retrievers named Eldridge and Elaine, settle at their owners’ feet. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leah Weiss -- a meditation trainer from Stanford’s Center for Compassion and Altruism Research and Education -- begins to lead. “Let’s start with three deep cleansing breaths,” she tells the men. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An old approach, revisited\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s taking place in this room has been happening on a small scale for decades, says Stephen Xenakis. He’s a retired brigadier general who formerly oversaw the army’s medical system. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1970s, Xenakis worked as a psychiatrist with Vietnam vets at the former Letterman Army Medical Center, in San Francisco’s Presidio. He says meditation was one of several Eastern-inspired treatments he and others were experimenting with. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even back then, he says, it was clear that \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22669968\">meditation could help calm\u003c/a> the nervous systems of not just veterans, but prisoners and people suffering from trauma. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But getting the VA to integrate meditation into its standard treatment was tough, especially after the late 1980s, when drugs like Prozac came on the scene. The drugs were easy to study and prescribe, cheap to administer. For a lot of patients, they were very effective. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think in many ways,” he says,” these other options that we had learned were helpful back in the ‘70s kind of fell off to the wayside”. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, it’s become clear that drugs are no panacea. Side effects are common. And for about half of PTSD patients, the drugs don’t work at all. A recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.iom.edu/Reports/2012/Treatment-for-Posttraumatic-Stress-Disorder-in-Military-and-Veteran-Populations-Initial-Assessment.aspx\">report\u003c/a> from the Institute of Medicine concluded that \"the evidence is inadequate\" to demonstrate that SSRIs, like Prozac, are generally effective in treating PTSD. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those limitations have renewed interest in other approaches, such as meditation. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What meditation may do to the brain\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in the TV room at the Menlo Park VA, Weiss’s voice is calm, almost hypnotic. She tells the men to “bring to mind a stranger, maybe someone you pass by when you’re commuting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Consider,” she instructs them, “that just like me, this person has had ups and downs in his or her life. Just like me, this person has had goals and dreams. Just like me, this person knows what it’s like to be disappointed, or afraid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This particular meditation -– it’s called “\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21840289\">compassion meditation\u003c/a>” -- aims at a specific and widely held hypothesis about what is happening in the brain of someone like John Montgomery, the Vietnam vet. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is that in combat, a switch -- a fight-or-flight survival mode located in a part of the brain called the amygdala -- has been turned on, and become essentially stuck. Meanwhile, another part, the frontal cortex, takes the backseat. And that’s critical. Because this part of the brain helps us relate to other people. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The frontal cortex,” says Stephen Xenakis, “is what allows us to have relationships and families, what gives us a sense that there are rules of society and morality. It's part of what is different about our brains from even other primates, and clearly other mammals.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether or not this kind of meditation is effective in treating PTSD is, from a scientific standpoint, still unknown. Studies have shown that repeated sessions can increase \"positive affect\" and \"social connectedness,\" both of which are deficient in PTSD patients, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22669968\">2012 meta-analysis\u003c/a> on the efficacy of different kinds of meditation in treating PTSD. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meditation in general, wrote the authors, \"holds some promise\" as a treatment for PTSD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nAdvice from an older veteran\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After about 20 minutes, Weiss asks the men to open their eyes and to reflect on what the meditation made them feel. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of these men have been taking part in these sessions for a couple months now. They’ve been listening to CDs with Weiss’s voice back in their rooms. They say they feel calmer, more compassionate to other people. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But one of them, Esteban Brojas, is newer to this. Brojas served during the Iraq invasion in 2003. In some ways, he says, it’s like he’s still there. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coming back to civilian life has been “a culture shock,” he says. “You’re still with that adrenaline; you’re still hyper-vigilant.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brojas’s wife gave birth to their daughter while he was in Iraq. When he came back, he didn’t know how to hold her. “After taking someone's life? It’s hard,” he says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As he speaks, Brojas’s voice starts to tremble and speed up. He rubs his hands together quickly as he rocks back and forth in his armchair. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“After the fact that you're going into a building and there's a grenade being popped and there's a woman and a child in there? It's hard. To come home and hold your daughter in your hands?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doreen, the therapist steps in. “I would say…” she begins, tentatively. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it's John Montgomery, the Vietnam vet across the room, who knows what to do. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You're not there,” he tells Brojas, firmly. “You're right here. You're not there right now. You’re in it. It'll take time. It's like a wave coming. It’ll subside.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Montgomery’s doing something he thought he had forgotten how to do: feel compassion. In a few weeks, he’ll leave this program and go back to his family – a different man, he hopes, than he was when he came here. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/PTSD.Med-image-cropped.png\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/PTSD.Med-image-cropped-300x169.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"PTSD.Med image cropped\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-46057\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nAmong veterans, mental disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder are epidemic. The Department of Veterans Affairs estimates that one in every four Iraq or Afghanistan vets is suffering from PTSD. It’s one reason suicide is now the leading cause of death among active-duty soldiers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This crisis has led the VA to explore treatments that would have been considered decidedly from-the-fringes a generation ago. Some of that work is taking place at the Menlo Park division of the VA Palo Alto Medical Center.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\"My little safe zone\"\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Montgomery is a Vietnam vet with a bushy gray mustache and a tattoo of a scorpion on each forearm. During his time here in the residential PTSD program, he’s been thinking a lot about his life before the war. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were dirt farmer kids,” he tells me. “It was the summer of 1957. We were irrigating 80 acres of cotton. My brother was yelling off in the distance and I was just laying back on a haystack…” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Montgomery trails off for a moment, lost in the memory. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yeah, that's my little safe zone,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when he talks about Vietnam and what he saw there, something in his voice changes, ramps up. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The image he can’t shake – even now, nearly four decades after his return – is of Vietnamese children trying to kill him. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our society teaches us to go to school, live with our families and stuff, not to blow somebody else up,\" he says, as his voice grows louder. \"They were after you, you know?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, after what he calls decades of failed relationships and self-abuse, Montgomery is finally getting help for PTSD, a diagnosis he hadn’t even heard of until a few years ago. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of his treatment is a twice-weekly guided meditation session. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent afternoon, five men settle into armchairs arranged in a circle. One younger vet in board shorts and flip flops lies down on the floor. Two of the vets served in Vietnam; three younger men served in Iraq. A couple of therapy dogs, golden retrievers named Eldridge and Elaine, settle at their owners’ feet. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leah Weiss -- a meditation trainer from Stanford’s Center for Compassion and Altruism Research and Education -- begins to lead. “Let’s start with three deep cleansing breaths,” she tells the men. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An old approach, revisited\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s taking place in this room has been happening on a small scale for decades, says Stephen Xenakis. He’s a retired brigadier general who formerly oversaw the army’s medical system. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1970s, Xenakis worked as a psychiatrist with Vietnam vets at the former Letterman Army Medical Center, in San Francisco’s Presidio. He says meditation was one of several Eastern-inspired treatments he and others were experimenting with. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even back then, he says, it was clear that \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22669968\">meditation could help calm\u003c/a> the nervous systems of not just veterans, but prisoners and people suffering from trauma. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But getting the VA to integrate meditation into its standard treatment was tough, especially after the late 1980s, when drugs like Prozac came on the scene. The drugs were easy to study and prescribe, cheap to administer. For a lot of patients, they were very effective. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think in many ways,” he says,” these other options that we had learned were helpful back in the ‘70s kind of fell off to the wayside”. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, it’s become clear that drugs are no panacea. Side effects are common. And for about half of PTSD patients, the drugs don’t work at all. A recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.iom.edu/Reports/2012/Treatment-for-Posttraumatic-Stress-Disorder-in-Military-and-Veteran-Populations-Initial-Assessment.aspx\">report\u003c/a> from the Institute of Medicine concluded that \"the evidence is inadequate\" to demonstrate that SSRIs, like Prozac, are generally effective in treating PTSD. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those limitations have renewed interest in other approaches, such as meditation. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What meditation may do to the brain\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in the TV room at the Menlo Park VA, Weiss’s voice is calm, almost hypnotic. She tells the men to “bring to mind a stranger, maybe someone you pass by when you’re commuting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Consider,” she instructs them, “that just like me, this person has had ups and downs in his or her life. Just like me, this person has had goals and dreams. Just like me, this person knows what it’s like to be disappointed, or afraid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This particular meditation -– it’s called “\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21840289\">compassion meditation\u003c/a>” -- aims at a specific and widely held hypothesis about what is happening in the brain of someone like John Montgomery, the Vietnam vet. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is that in combat, a switch -- a fight-or-flight survival mode located in a part of the brain called the amygdala -- has been turned on, and become essentially stuck. Meanwhile, another part, the frontal cortex, takes the backseat. And that’s critical. Because this part of the brain helps us relate to other people. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The frontal cortex,” says Stephen Xenakis, “is what allows us to have relationships and families, what gives us a sense that there are rules of society and morality. It's part of what is different about our brains from even other primates, and clearly other mammals.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether or not this kind of meditation is effective in treating PTSD is, from a scientific standpoint, still unknown. Studies have shown that repeated sessions can increase \"positive affect\" and \"social connectedness,\" both of which are deficient in PTSD patients, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22669968\">2012 meta-analysis\u003c/a> on the efficacy of different kinds of meditation in treating PTSD. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meditation in general, wrote the authors, \"holds some promise\" as a treatment for PTSD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nAdvice from an older veteran\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After about 20 minutes, Weiss asks the men to open their eyes and to reflect on what the meditation made them feel. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of these men have been taking part in these sessions for a couple months now. They’ve been listening to CDs with Weiss’s voice back in their rooms. They say they feel calmer, more compassionate to other people. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But one of them, Esteban Brojas, is newer to this. Brojas served during the Iraq invasion in 2003. In some ways, he says, it’s like he’s still there. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coming back to civilian life has been “a culture shock,” he says. “You’re still with that adrenaline; you’re still hyper-vigilant.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brojas’s wife gave birth to their daughter while he was in Iraq. When he came back, he didn’t know how to hold her. “After taking someone's life? It’s hard,” he says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As he speaks, Brojas’s voice starts to tremble and speed up. He rubs his hands together quickly as he rocks back and forth in his armchair. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“After the fact that you're going into a building and there's a grenade being popped and there's a woman and a child in there? It's hard. To come home and hold your daughter in your hands?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doreen, the therapist steps in. “I would say…” she begins, tentatively. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it's John Montgomery, the Vietnam vet across the room, who knows what to do. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You're not there,” he tells Brojas, firmly. “You're right here. You're not there right now. You’re in it. It'll take time. It's like a wave coming. It’ll subside.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "SF Scientist Wins Nobel for Stem Cell Breakthrough",
"headTitle": "SF Scientist Wins Nobel for Stem Cell Breakthrough | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Reported for \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/\">KQEDnews.org\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shinya Yamanaka, a stem cell researcher at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.gladstone.ucsf.edu/\">Gladstone Institutes\u003c/a>, which is affiliated with the University of California, San Francisco, has won this year’s Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine jointly with English researcher John B. Gurdon. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yamanaka, who is also an investigator at Kyoto University, in Japan, and a professor of anatomy at UCSF, won the prize for developing a technology to create stem cells that can become any type of cell in the body. His method creates cells that are like embryonic stem cells, without using human embryos. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These so-called induced pluripotent stem cells, or IPS cells, could one day lead to cures for a wide range of diseases, from Parkinson’s to heart disease. And they bypass the ethical issues surrounding the use of human embryos for research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>IPS cells are like embryonic stem cells in that they can be coaxed into becoming any type of cell in the body. But unlike embryonic stem cells, which are created from human embryos, IPS cells are developed by introducing a few genes into common adult cells like skin cells. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We knew that embryonic stem cells and skin cells, although they are very different, have the same blueprint, which consists of approximately 30,000 genes,” Yamanaka told KQED News during an interview at the Gladstone Institutes in San Francisco in 2010. His method consisted in getting the skin cells to “read” the genes that give embryonic stem cells their qualities. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9072\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/10/Shinya-Yamanaka_9-14-10_JO_BEST_resized1.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Shinya Yamanaka, stem cell researcher at the Gladstone Institutes, in San Francisco, won the 2012 Nobel Prize in medicine. \" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9072\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Shinya Yamanaka, stem cell researcher at the Gladstone Institutes, in San Francisco, won the 2012 Nobel Prize in medicine. \u003ccite>(Jenny Oh)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In announcing the award today in Stockholm, Sweden, the Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine said that “These groundbreaking discoveries have completely changed our view of the development and cellular specialization. We now understand that the mature cell does not have to be confined forever to its specialized state.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yamanaka won the award jointly with John B. Gurdon, from the University of Cambridge and the Gurdon Institute, in Cambridge, England. The Nobel Committee recognized Gurdon for his pioneering work in animal cloning. In 1962, Gurdon discovered that “the specialization of cells into different tissues is reversible,” said the Committee. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yamanaka, who was an orthopedic surgeon before becoming a research scientist, became interested in stem cells as a way to potentially help patients suffering from spinal cord injuries, for which there are no treatments today. He decided to look for an alternative to embryonic stem cells in response to the controversy around the use of embryos for research. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What I’m hoping is that by using IPS cells, which are free from ethical issues, we can speed everything up,” he said. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though \u003ca href=\"http://www.cirm.ca.gov/\">funding is available in California \u003c/a>for researchers using embryonic stem cells, federal funds have been subject to the political pendulum. President George W. Bush restricted funding in 2001. On his first day in office in 2009, President Obama overturned Bush’s decision and made federal funding available for the research. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2006, Yamanaka was able to create IPS cells from mice adult cells. His big breakthrough came in 2007, when he created the embryonic-like cells from human skin cells. He then took these IPS cells, and using their ability to become any cell in the body, coaxed them into becoming heart cells. Proof of his success arrived in the form of an email from a researcher at his lab in Kyoto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was in San Francisco. He sent me a video showing beating heart cells,” Yamanaka said. “But those heart cells were not from a heart. They were actually from skin.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this 2008 \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/body/stem-cells-breakthrough.html\">NOVA ScienceNow video\u003c/a>, Yamanaka explains how he made his breakthrough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Treatments based on IPS cells would be based on their ability to become stem cells that could regenerate damaged cells in different organs. Yamanaka said that stem cell transplants on animals with spinal injuries have shown promising results in his lab. Clinical trials could be five years away, he said. He is also using IPS cells to test drugs against Lou Gehrig’s disease. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to bypassing the ethical issues, IPS cells have another advantage over embryonic stem cells. Because they’re created from patients’ own cells, they would be less likely to be rejected by their bodies. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since Yamanaka’s breakthrough, scientists have taken his cellular reprogramming techniques one step further and are now able to transform one type of adult cell directly into another, bypassing the stem cell stage altogether. Deepak Srivastava and his team at the Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-new-hope-for-heart-repair/\" title=\"New Hope for Heart Repair\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">have created beating heart muscle cells in mice\u003c/a> from another type of heart cell that normally becomes scar tissue after a heart attack. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yamanaka is only the second Japanese scientist to win the Nobel Prize in medicine. In 1987, Susumo Tonegawa, from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, received the award. Yamanaka said he plans to use his award money to fund young researchers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yamanaka, 50, spends a few days each month in San Francisco working at the Gladstone Institutes, where he began his research career in 1993 as a postdoctoral fellow. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He lives in Osaka with his wife, a dermatologist, and two daughters, aged 22 and 20, both of whom are in medical school. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m the least busy person in my house,” he joked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stem cell researcher Shinya Yamanaka talks about how he created embryonic-like stem cells from skin cells; when treatments might be available, and why researchers still need to study embryonic stem cells.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Reported for \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/\">KQEDnews.org\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shinya Yamanaka, a stem cell researcher at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.gladstone.ucsf.edu/\">Gladstone Institutes\u003c/a>, which is affiliated with the University of California, San Francisco, has won this year’s Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine jointly with English researcher John B. Gurdon. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yamanaka, who is also an investigator at Kyoto University, in Japan, and a professor of anatomy at UCSF, won the prize for developing a technology to create stem cells that can become any type of cell in the body. His method creates cells that are like embryonic stem cells, without using human embryos. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These so-called induced pluripotent stem cells, or IPS cells, could one day lead to cures for a wide range of diseases, from Parkinson’s to heart disease. And they bypass the ethical issues surrounding the use of human embryos for research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>IPS cells are like embryonic stem cells in that they can be coaxed into becoming any type of cell in the body. But unlike embryonic stem cells, which are created from human embryos, IPS cells are developed by introducing a few genes into common adult cells like skin cells. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We knew that embryonic stem cells and skin cells, although they are very different, have the same blueprint, which consists of approximately 30,000 genes,” Yamanaka told KQED News during an interview at the Gladstone Institutes in San Francisco in 2010. His method consisted in getting the skin cells to “read” the genes that give embryonic stem cells their qualities. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9072\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/10/Shinya-Yamanaka_9-14-10_JO_BEST_resized1.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Shinya Yamanaka, stem cell researcher at the Gladstone Institutes, in San Francisco, won the 2012 Nobel Prize in medicine. \" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9072\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Shinya Yamanaka, stem cell researcher at the Gladstone Institutes, in San Francisco, won the 2012 Nobel Prize in medicine. \u003ccite>(Jenny Oh)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In announcing the award today in Stockholm, Sweden, the Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine said that “These groundbreaking discoveries have completely changed our view of the development and cellular specialization. We now understand that the mature cell does not have to be confined forever to its specialized state.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yamanaka won the award jointly with John B. Gurdon, from the University of Cambridge and the Gurdon Institute, in Cambridge, England. The Nobel Committee recognized Gurdon for his pioneering work in animal cloning. In 1962, Gurdon discovered that “the specialization of cells into different tissues is reversible,” said the Committee. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yamanaka, who was an orthopedic surgeon before becoming a research scientist, became interested in stem cells as a way to potentially help patients suffering from spinal cord injuries, for which there are no treatments today. He decided to look for an alternative to embryonic stem cells in response to the controversy around the use of embryos for research. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What I’m hoping is that by using IPS cells, which are free from ethical issues, we can speed everything up,” he said. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though \u003ca href=\"http://www.cirm.ca.gov/\">funding is available in California \u003c/a>for researchers using embryonic stem cells, federal funds have been subject to the political pendulum. President George W. Bush restricted funding in 2001. On his first day in office in 2009, President Obama overturned Bush’s decision and made federal funding available for the research. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2006, Yamanaka was able to create IPS cells from mice adult cells. His big breakthrough came in 2007, when he created the embryonic-like cells from human skin cells. He then took these IPS cells, and using their ability to become any cell in the body, coaxed them into becoming heart cells. Proof of his success arrived in the form of an email from a researcher at his lab in Kyoto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was in San Francisco. He sent me a video showing beating heart cells,” Yamanaka said. “But those heart cells were not from a heart. They were actually from skin.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this 2008 \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/body/stem-cells-breakthrough.html\">NOVA ScienceNow video\u003c/a>, Yamanaka explains how he made his breakthrough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Treatments based on IPS cells would be based on their ability to become stem cells that could regenerate damaged cells in different organs. Yamanaka said that stem cell transplants on animals with spinal injuries have shown promising results in his lab. Clinical trials could be five years away, he said. He is also using IPS cells to test drugs against Lou Gehrig’s disease. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to bypassing the ethical issues, IPS cells have another advantage over embryonic stem cells. Because they’re created from patients’ own cells, they would be less likely to be rejected by their bodies. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since Yamanaka’s breakthrough, scientists have taken his cellular reprogramming techniques one step further and are now able to transform one type of adult cell directly into another, bypassing the stem cell stage altogether. Deepak Srivastava and his team at the Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-new-hope-for-heart-repair/\" title=\"New Hope for Heart Repair\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">have created beating heart muscle cells in mice\u003c/a> from another type of heart cell that normally becomes scar tissue after a heart attack. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yamanaka is only the second Japanese scientist to win the Nobel Prize in medicine. In 1987, Susumo Tonegawa, from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, received the award. Yamanaka said he plans to use his award money to fund young researchers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yamanaka, 50, spends a few days each month in San Francisco working at the Gladstone Institutes, where he began his research career in 1993 as a postdoctoral fellow. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He lives in Osaka with his wife, a dermatologist, and two daughters, aged 22 and 20, both of whom are in medical school. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m the least busy person in my house,” he joked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stem cell researcher Shinya Yamanaka talks about how he created embryonic-like stem cells from skin cells; when treatments might be available, and why researchers still need to study embryonic stem cells.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45716\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/08/who-is-qualified-to-decide-scientific-matters/votingbooth/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45716\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-45716\" title=\"VotingBooth\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/VotingBooth.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"365\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/VotingBooth.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/VotingBooth-400x228.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Do voters know enough to make good decisions about scientific issues?\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In November, California voters need to decide whether or not GM foods should be labeled as such. They are making this decision even though a recent study shows that 49% of the people surveyed think that GM foods have genes whereas regular foods do not. Is this any way to run a democracy?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine that 49% of people thought that the heart and not the brain runs the body. Now imagine that voters get to decide whether a new brain surgery to treat a mental illness is used or not. How would you vote if you thought the heart was where mental illness came from?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now this is probably too dramatic an example. After all, at least here in the U.S., GM foods aren’t a matter of life and death for anyone. They have pretty much been shown to be safe and they help farmers improve yield, but if they were eliminated, there’d be no immediate problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this may not always be true. And in fact, it isn’t really true in other parts of the world either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Between 250,000 and 500,000 kids go blind in the world each year because they don’t get enough vitamin A in their diet. I have seen statistics that suggest that half these kids die within a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These kids suffer because they eat mostly rice and rice has no vitamin A. So a kind hearted scientist (not an “evil” corporation) set out to create a rice that makes enough vitamin A to maybe help these kids from going blind and so keep them alive. Thus was \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/04/26/greenpeace-or-golden-war/\">golden rice\u003c/a> born.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately for kids in the developing world, roadblocks have been put up that prevent this crop from being planted. A few determined people have finally managed to push aside these barriers so that golden rice will be planted soon. It is too late for the millions of blind and dead kids, but at least many more might be saved in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45721\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/08/who-is-qualified-to-decide-scientific-matters/goldenrice/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45721\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-45721\" title=\"GoldenRice\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/GoldenRice.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"250\" height=\"182\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Could keep hundreds of thousands of kids from going blind each year.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A GM labeling law might hold back important advances like this. Again, so far we haven’t needed it here but imagine that global warming combined with irrigation creates saltier, drier valleys in California. A plant that has been modified to do well in such conditions may be just what the doctor ordered. Too bad people won’t eat it because of all those genes it has…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like I keep saying, this law probably isn’t a big deal here in the U.S. Our food will cost more without them but we can afford it. What worries me more is some other future initiative based on questionable internet-based science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I can imagine an initiative getting on the ballot that makes it easier for parents to opt out of vaccinating their kids. After all, depending on the survey, somewhere between 25% and 50% of parents believe or are unsure if vaccines contribute to autism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A vote that made it easier to opt out might have devastating consequences (sort of like denying golden rice to kids in the developing world). Once too few people are vaccinated, previously dormant diseases may erupt back onto the scene killing thousands. These unfortunate souls would die to keep kids from getting autism from something that doesn’t cause autism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I am not sure what we can do about this. A better-informed public might help but that is a long-term goal and we have short-term problems that need to be solved now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe something like a consumer protection agency for science might do the trick. It would need to be completely financially independent and the scientists on the board paid well enough that lobbying groups couldn’t bribe them into giving bad information. A tall and probably impossible order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe something equivalent to \u003ca href=\"http://factcheck.org/\">factcheck.org\u003c/a> except it is sciencechecker.com. It would have useful tutorials on how to tell good science from bad, put scientific jargon into terms everyone can understand, and maybe grade science down in key areas based on their quality and/or quantity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or maybe something even more grandiose. A \"science Supreme Court\" that hands down decisions on science based on facts and not ideologies. Of course, given how “successful” the real Supreme Court is at being non-ideological, I’m not sure this has much of a chance of working. And we couldn’t have Congress decide who goes on this court. Remember, Representative Akin (he of the “women’s bodies have ways of preventing pregnancy if they were legitimately raped”) is on the House Science Committee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m fresh out of ideas. Any of these ideas any good? Any other suggestions?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Stories:\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/politics/election2012/statepropositions-guide.jsp\">Handy Guide to California's Propositions\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/election2012/2012/10/04/the-food-fight-over-prop-37s-gmo-labeling/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=the-food-fight-over-prop-37s-gmo-labeling\">Debate Over Prop. 37′s GMO Labeling\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask334\">More about golden rice\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45716\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/08/who-is-qualified-to-decide-scientific-matters/votingbooth/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45716\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-45716\" title=\"VotingBooth\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/VotingBooth.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"365\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/VotingBooth.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/VotingBooth-400x228.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Do voters know enough to make good decisions about scientific issues?\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In November, California voters need to decide whether or not GM foods should be labeled as such. They are making this decision even though a recent study shows that 49% of the people surveyed think that GM foods have genes whereas regular foods do not. Is this any way to run a democracy?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine that 49% of people thought that the heart and not the brain runs the body. Now imagine that voters get to decide whether a new brain surgery to treat a mental illness is used or not. How would you vote if you thought the heart was where mental illness came from?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now this is probably too dramatic an example. After all, at least here in the U.S., GM foods aren’t a matter of life and death for anyone. They have pretty much been shown to be safe and they help farmers improve yield, but if they were eliminated, there’d be no immediate problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this may not always be true. And in fact, it isn’t really true in other parts of the world either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Between 250,000 and 500,000 kids go blind in the world each year because they don’t get enough vitamin A in their diet. I have seen statistics that suggest that half these kids die within a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These kids suffer because they eat mostly rice and rice has no vitamin A. So a kind hearted scientist (not an “evil” corporation) set out to create a rice that makes enough vitamin A to maybe help these kids from going blind and so keep them alive. Thus was \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/04/26/greenpeace-or-golden-war/\">golden rice\u003c/a> born.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately for kids in the developing world, roadblocks have been put up that prevent this crop from being planted. A few determined people have finally managed to push aside these barriers so that golden rice will be planted soon. It is too late for the millions of blind and dead kids, but at least many more might be saved in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45721\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/08/who-is-qualified-to-decide-scientific-matters/goldenrice/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45721\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-45721\" title=\"GoldenRice\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/GoldenRice.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"250\" height=\"182\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Could keep hundreds of thousands of kids from going blind each year.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A GM labeling law might hold back important advances like this. Again, so far we haven’t needed it here but imagine that global warming combined with irrigation creates saltier, drier valleys in California. A plant that has been modified to do well in such conditions may be just what the doctor ordered. Too bad people won’t eat it because of all those genes it has…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like I keep saying, this law probably isn’t a big deal here in the U.S. Our food will cost more without them but we can afford it. What worries me more is some other future initiative based on questionable internet-based science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I can imagine an initiative getting on the ballot that makes it easier for parents to opt out of vaccinating their kids. After all, depending on the survey, somewhere between 25% and 50% of parents believe or are unsure if vaccines contribute to autism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A vote that made it easier to opt out might have devastating consequences (sort of like denying golden rice to kids in the developing world). Once too few people are vaccinated, previously dormant diseases may erupt back onto the scene killing thousands. These unfortunate souls would die to keep kids from getting autism from something that doesn’t cause autism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I am not sure what we can do about this. A better-informed public might help but that is a long-term goal and we have short-term problems that need to be solved now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe something like a consumer protection agency for science might do the trick. It would need to be completely financially independent and the scientists on the board paid well enough that lobbying groups couldn’t bribe them into giving bad information. A tall and probably impossible order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe something equivalent to \u003ca href=\"http://factcheck.org/\">factcheck.org\u003c/a> except it is sciencechecker.com. It would have useful tutorials on how to tell good science from bad, put scientific jargon into terms everyone can understand, and maybe grade science down in key areas based on their quality and/or quantity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or maybe something even more grandiose. A \"science Supreme Court\" that hands down decisions on science based on facts and not ideologies. Of course, given how “successful” the real Supreme Court is at being non-ideological, I’m not sure this has much of a chance of working. And we couldn’t have Congress decide who goes on this court. Remember, Representative Akin (he of the “women’s bodies have ways of preventing pregnancy if they were legitimately raped”) is on the House Science Committee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m fresh out of ideas. Any of these ideas any good? Any other suggestions?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Stories:\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/politics/election2012/statepropositions-guide.jsp\">Handy Guide to California's Propositions\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/election2012/2012/10/04/the-food-fight-over-prop-37s-gmo-labeling/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=the-food-fight-over-prop-37s-gmo-labeling\">Debate Over Prop. 37′s GMO Labeling\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask334\">More about golden rice\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45412\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 270px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/03/think-pink-i%e2%80%99d-rather-raise-a-stink/breast_cancer_awareness_263497131/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45412\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Breast_Cancer_Awareness_263497131-270x360.jpg\" alt=\"breast cancer awareness ribbon\" title=\"Breast_Cancer_Awareness ribbon\" width=\"270\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-45412\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Giant pink ribbon on the corner of 5th and Market, downtown Louisville, KY. (Jason Meredith)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Just a generation ago, October belonged to the colors of fall, when “every green thing loves to die in bright colors,” as Henry Ward Beecher said. (Growing up back East, you read a lot of odes to fall foliage in school.) For years after moving to the Bay Area from Pennsylvania, I felt a twinge of melancholy when October rolled around, knowing the once-demure woodlands would let loose in a fleeting blaze of brash reds and orange-tinged yellows without me. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, of course, October belongs to all things pink, as high-profile outfits from \u003ca href=\"http://www.nfl.com/pink\">the NFL\u003c/a> to Ace Hardware set aside 31 days to raise awareness and money for \u003ca href=\"http://makingstrides.acsevents.org/site/PageServer?pagename=MSABC_FY13_National_Corporate_Supporters\">Breast Cancer Awareness Month\u003c/a>. (National Breast Cancer \u003ca href=\"http://www.panerabread.com/pinkribbonbagel/\">\u003c/a>Awareness Month was launched in 1985 by CancerCare, a nonprofit cancer support group, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierraclub.org/sierra/199909/cancer.asp\">cancer-drug maker AstraZeneca.\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as women’s health advocate Dr. Susan Love says, awareness of the disease isn’t the issue. “When the NFL is wearing pink gloves, I think you can say we’re aware,” \u003ca href=\"http://abcnews.go.com/Health/video/army-women-breast-cancer-14658777\">she said last year.\u003c/a> “But the awareness isn’t enough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even raising money isn’t enough. You have to ask \u003ca href=\"http://www.marieclaire.com/world-reports/news/breast-cancer-business-scams\">where that money is going.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a message that gets lost in an ocean of pink-ribbon products (from bagels and teddy bears to vodka and wine glasses), even though critics like the San Francisco-based nonprofit Breast Cancer Action have warned about “pinkwashing” for years, urging people to look behind the feel-good messages to see who’s really benefiting from the commercialization of cancer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Breast Cancer Action’s Think Before You Pink—Raise a Stink! campaign encourages consumers to think critically about pink products and \u003ca href=\"http://thinkbeforeyoupink.org/?page_id=13\">ask four simple questions\u003c/a> to find out what proportion of proceeds go to breast cancer programs and whether the products sold are safe. The group has especially targeted cosmetics companies for marketing pink merchandise even as they sell products with toxic ingredients. (For more information, download the \u003ca href=\"http://bcaction.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/2012-Think-Before-You-Pink-Toolkit.pdf\">group’s 30-page “toolkit”\u003c/a>.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group also urges companies to be more transparent and has long called out those it believes use a good cause to increase their bottom line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like Eureka, which donated a dollar for every vacuum cleaner sold in its “Clean for the Cure” campaign. Or American Express, which donated a penny per transaction in its “Charge for the Cure.” Both companies bowed out of the pink sweepstakes after Breast Cancer Action asked just how breast cancer patients were benefiting from the campaigns in a \u003ca href=\"http://thinkbeforeyoupink.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/NYTimesAd_cleaning4.pdf\">2002 ad in the New York Times. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45488\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/03/think-pink-i%e2%80%99d-rather-raise-a-stink/bca5/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45488\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/BCA5-450x193.jpg\" alt=\"Breast Cancer Action ad \" title=\"BCA breast cancer action new york times ad\" width=\"450\" height=\"193\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-45488\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In October 2000, the San Francisco-based advocacy group Breast Cancer Action ran a full page ad in the New York Times West Coast Edition with text (not shown) inviting readers to participate in its ”Stop Cancer Where It Starts” Campaign. The campaign criticized breast cancer awareness campaigns for pushing early detection and mammograms (without acknowledging their limitations) while ignoring prevention. (Image: Courtesy Breast Cancer Action)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Others, like KFC with its 2010 “Buckets for the Cure” campaign, climb on the pink bandwagon to peddle decidedly unhealthy products. \u003ca href=\"http://www.colbertnation.com/the-colbert-report-videos/308102/april-29-2010/tip-wag---scientists---kfc\">Stephen Colbert’s take\u003c/a> on the “pink bucket dilemma” shows just how ludicrous cause marketing has become. (Forward to 1:13.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even when money goes to breast cancer programs and not corporate coffers, is it going to the right place? Love (and several advocacy groups) has said for years that we need to shift our focus from cures to causes—and prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If we can develop a vaccine for cervical cancer, says Love, why not for breast cancer? Early results of a clinical trial show promising results for a \u003ca href=\"http://abcnews.go.com/Health/vaccine-targeting-her2-breast-cancer-shows-early-promise/story?id=16362507#.UGZz0o5iYRw\">vaccine designed to prevent recurrence\u003c/a> of one form of breast cancer. (The data were \u003ca href=\"http://www.cancernetwork.com/conference-reports/asco2012/breast-cancer/content/article/10165/2081997\">presented at a meeting\u003c/a> and have not yet gone through peer review.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/16/making-women-partners-in-breast-cancer-research/\">I wrote in May\u003c/a>, Love’s Research Foundation is looking for volunteers in her online Army of Women to identify potential causes in order to eradicate the disease. (\u003ca href=\"https://www.armyofwomen.org/getinvolved\">Anyone can sign up.\u003c/a>) \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45450\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 411px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/03/think-pink-i%e2%80%99d-rather-raise-a-stink/art-rage-us-cropped/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45450\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/art.rage_.us_.cropped.jpg\" alt=\"art.rage.us art and breast cancer\" title=\"art.rage.us. \" width=\"411\" height=\"475\" class=\"size-full wp-image-45450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/art.rage_.us_.cropped.jpg 411w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/art.rage_.us_.cropped-400x462.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 411px) 100vw, 411px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In the late 1990s, The Breast Cancer Fund, the American Cancer Society, and the Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation invited American artists and writers to submit work about their breast cancer experiences. The resulting exhibit (and book)—Art.Rage.Us.—opened in 1998 at San Francisco’s Main Library. At the time, project coordinator and Breast Cancer Action Co-founder Susan Claymon said, “Art.Rage.Us. presents deeply moving and beautiful expressions from women with breast cancer, along with intensely personal statements that provide a window into their hearts and minds.” Claymon died of breast cancer in 2000. She was 61.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Prevention is also a primary concern for the Athena Breast Health Network, a partnership of the five University of California medical centers that collects personalized data on breast cancer patients to optimize treatment and ultimately figure out how to stop cancer before it starts. The site also includes a comprehensive \u003ca href=\"http://athenacarenetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Quick_Links-Risk-Assessment-Talking-Points.pdf\">list of breast cancer risk factors.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent research suggests that the biology behind one of the listed risk factors, dense breast tissue, may be more complicated than previously thought. Earlier studies found that women with dense breasts had a higher risk of developing breast cancer. (And this finding led to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.patientpov.org/breast-cancer/are-dense-breast-right-to-know-laws-helpful\">“right to know” legislation\u003c/a> that Gov. Brown recently signed, requiring doctors to tell women if their mammograms show they have dense breasts.) But a recent study in the \u003ca href=\"http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/104/16/NP.7.full\">Journal of the National Cancer Institute\u003c/a> suggests that women with denser breasts are not more likely to die of breast cancer. The greatest risk was found for women who had the fattiest breast tissue, a condition linked to obesity. This suggests that if you have dense breast tissue, you may be more likely to get cancer—but not die of it. \u003ca href=\"http://blog.dslrf.org/?p=589\">Love’s blog\u003c/a> explained the significance of the findings:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The recent study on breast density showed us, yet again, that women who are obese when they are diagnosed with breast cancer are more likely to die of breast cancer than women who are not obese. Doctors need to do more than tell women about their breast density or remind them to get a mammogram. They need to be teaching women the importance of exercising, losing weight (if necessary) and eating a well-balanced diet—both before and after a breast cancer diagnosis.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45405\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 398px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/03/think-pink-i%e2%80%99d-rather-raise-a-stink/rubens_peter_paul_-_the_three_graces_detail/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45405\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Rubens_Peter_Paul_-_The_Three_Graces_detail.jpeg\" alt=\"breast cancer in Rubens\" title=\"Rubens,_Peter_Paul_-_The_Three_Graces_detail\" width=\"398\" height=\"419\" class=\"size-full wp-image-45405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A 2001 paper in the journal Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, argues that several paintings by the Baroque painter Peter Paul Rubens, including The Three Graces, Diana and Her Nymphs Pursued by Satyrs, and Orpheus and Euridice, show signs of breast cancer. In The Three Graces (above), the authors argue, “the model on the right has an open ulcer with reddening of the skin, nipple retraction, reduction of breast volume as well as axilar lymph nodes. This is a visual aspect of a locally advanced breast cancer.”\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As companies outdo each other trying to hitch their products to breast cancer, it’s worth remembering that more women die of heart disease than breast cancer. (And more women die of lung cancer than of breast cancer.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also worth remembering when you see all those pink ribbons that there’s a difference between being a “survivor” and being cured. If you’re alive five years after a diagnosis, you’re considered a survivor. It’s a useful time frame for clinicians to compare the effectiveness of different therapies. But that doesn’t mean you’re cured. And as \u003ca href=\"http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=192788\">a 2000 JAMA study points out\u003c/a>, when five-year-survival rates increase, it might be because more cases are being diagnosed, not because treatments are saving more lives. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Breast cancer death rates in the United States have declined over the past 20 years, though African American women still face a greater risk of death than any other group. It’s still the most common cancer among women. It’s still \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/dcpc/data/women.htm\">one of the leading causes of cancer death\u003c/a> among women. And \u003ca href=\"http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/educational/hearttruth/about/fear-doubled.htm\">it’s still the disease women fear most.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Close to 40,000 women are expected to die of breast cancer this year, about 3,000 fewer than died in 1991—the year my mom got her diagnosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She wore a little pink ribbon pin for a while. But after about five years, she grew weary of the pink propaganda. And though she’d never say so, she also grew weary of the seemingly endless rounds of tests, procedures, surgeries, and chemo. I know she grew tired of the pain. Ten years ago—a little more than five years after she was officially a “survivor”—she died of breast cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, when October rolls around, I feel no wistful melancholy for spectacles missed. I’ve got a much deeper loss to consider. And it makes me angry. I’m sick of the pink ribbons and the suggestion that bright colors can bathe cancer in a cheery, comforting glow. There’s nothing cheery about breast cancer. There’s a lot of pain, suffering, and fear. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When pink stands for taking real action against breast cancer, I might start to see October in a whole new light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>****\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Resources/Further Reading\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://athenacarenetwork.org/\">Athena Breast Health Network\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://bcaction.org/\">Breast Cancer Action.\u003c/a> Its latest campaign (“It’s an Epidemic, Stupid!”) \u003ca href=\"http://bcaction.org/the-2012-breast-cancer-action-mandate-for-government-action/\">calls on elected officials\u003c/a> to develop a series of actions against breast cancer, including developing tougher regulations on potential carcinogens and supporting research into root causes as well as less toxic therapies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.caring.com/articles/cancer-symptoms-in-women\">Breast Cancer Symptoms You’re Most Likely to Ignore\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.barbaraehrenreich.com/cancerland.htm\">Welcome to Cancerland,\u003c/a> author and journalist Barbara Ehrenreich’s devastating account of her experience with breast cancer and the breast cancer “marketplace.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=J2xY2cxto1M\">Pink Ribbons, Inc.\u003c/a> a feature documentary on breast cancer marketing campaigns.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Every October, high-profile outlets from Ace Hardware to the NFL sell pink products to raise awareness and money for Breast Cancer Awareness Month. Critics of \"pinkwashing\" urge consumers to ask just how much of that money goes to support breast cancer programs--and challenge us to move beyond awareness to action.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45412\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 270px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/03/think-pink-i%e2%80%99d-rather-raise-a-stink/breast_cancer_awareness_263497131/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45412\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Breast_Cancer_Awareness_263497131-270x360.jpg\" alt=\"breast cancer awareness ribbon\" title=\"Breast_Cancer_Awareness ribbon\" width=\"270\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-45412\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Giant pink ribbon on the corner of 5th and Market, downtown Louisville, KY. (Jason Meredith)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Just a generation ago, October belonged to the colors of fall, when “every green thing loves to die in bright colors,” as Henry Ward Beecher said. (Growing up back East, you read a lot of odes to fall foliage in school.) For years after moving to the Bay Area from Pennsylvania, I felt a twinge of melancholy when October rolled around, knowing the once-demure woodlands would let loose in a fleeting blaze of brash reds and orange-tinged yellows without me. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, of course, October belongs to all things pink, as high-profile outfits from \u003ca href=\"http://www.nfl.com/pink\">the NFL\u003c/a> to Ace Hardware set aside 31 days to raise awareness and money for \u003ca href=\"http://makingstrides.acsevents.org/site/PageServer?pagename=MSABC_FY13_National_Corporate_Supporters\">Breast Cancer Awareness Month\u003c/a>. (National Breast Cancer \u003ca href=\"http://www.panerabread.com/pinkribbonbagel/\">\u003c/a>Awareness Month was launched in 1985 by CancerCare, a nonprofit cancer support group, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierraclub.org/sierra/199909/cancer.asp\">cancer-drug maker AstraZeneca.\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as women’s health advocate Dr. Susan Love says, awareness of the disease isn’t the issue. “When the NFL is wearing pink gloves, I think you can say we’re aware,” \u003ca href=\"http://abcnews.go.com/Health/video/army-women-breast-cancer-14658777\">she said last year.\u003c/a> “But the awareness isn’t enough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even raising money isn’t enough. You have to ask \u003ca href=\"http://www.marieclaire.com/world-reports/news/breast-cancer-business-scams\">where that money is going.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a message that gets lost in an ocean of pink-ribbon products (from bagels and teddy bears to vodka and wine glasses), even though critics like the San Francisco-based nonprofit Breast Cancer Action have warned about “pinkwashing” for years, urging people to look behind the feel-good messages to see who’s really benefiting from the commercialization of cancer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Breast Cancer Action’s Think Before You Pink—Raise a Stink! campaign encourages consumers to think critically about pink products and \u003ca href=\"http://thinkbeforeyoupink.org/?page_id=13\">ask four simple questions\u003c/a> to find out what proportion of proceeds go to breast cancer programs and whether the products sold are safe. The group has especially targeted cosmetics companies for marketing pink merchandise even as they sell products with toxic ingredients. (For more information, download the \u003ca href=\"http://bcaction.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/2012-Think-Before-You-Pink-Toolkit.pdf\">group’s 30-page “toolkit”\u003c/a>.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group also urges companies to be more transparent and has long called out those it believes use a good cause to increase their bottom line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like Eureka, which donated a dollar for every vacuum cleaner sold in its “Clean for the Cure” campaign. Or American Express, which donated a penny per transaction in its “Charge for the Cure.” Both companies bowed out of the pink sweepstakes after Breast Cancer Action asked just how breast cancer patients were benefiting from the campaigns in a \u003ca href=\"http://thinkbeforeyoupink.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/NYTimesAd_cleaning4.pdf\">2002 ad in the New York Times. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45488\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/03/think-pink-i%e2%80%99d-rather-raise-a-stink/bca5/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45488\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/BCA5-450x193.jpg\" alt=\"Breast Cancer Action ad \" title=\"BCA breast cancer action new york times ad\" width=\"450\" height=\"193\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-45488\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In October 2000, the San Francisco-based advocacy group Breast Cancer Action ran a full page ad in the New York Times West Coast Edition with text (not shown) inviting readers to participate in its ”Stop Cancer Where It Starts” Campaign. The campaign criticized breast cancer awareness campaigns for pushing early detection and mammograms (without acknowledging their limitations) while ignoring prevention. (Image: Courtesy Breast Cancer Action)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Others, like KFC with its 2010 “Buckets for the Cure” campaign, climb on the pink bandwagon to peddle decidedly unhealthy products. \u003ca href=\"http://www.colbertnation.com/the-colbert-report-videos/308102/april-29-2010/tip-wag---scientists---kfc\">Stephen Colbert’s take\u003c/a> on the “pink bucket dilemma” shows just how ludicrous cause marketing has become. (Forward to 1:13.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even when money goes to breast cancer programs and not corporate coffers, is it going to the right place? Love (and several advocacy groups) has said for years that we need to shift our focus from cures to causes—and prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If we can develop a vaccine for cervical cancer, says Love, why not for breast cancer? Early results of a clinical trial show promising results for a \u003ca href=\"http://abcnews.go.com/Health/vaccine-targeting-her2-breast-cancer-shows-early-promise/story?id=16362507#.UGZz0o5iYRw\">vaccine designed to prevent recurrence\u003c/a> of one form of breast cancer. (The data were \u003ca href=\"http://www.cancernetwork.com/conference-reports/asco2012/breast-cancer/content/article/10165/2081997\">presented at a meeting\u003c/a> and have not yet gone through peer review.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/16/making-women-partners-in-breast-cancer-research/\">I wrote in May\u003c/a>, Love’s Research Foundation is looking for volunteers in her online Army of Women to identify potential causes in order to eradicate the disease. (\u003ca href=\"https://www.armyofwomen.org/getinvolved\">Anyone can sign up.\u003c/a>) \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45450\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 411px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/03/think-pink-i%e2%80%99d-rather-raise-a-stink/art-rage-us-cropped/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45450\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/art.rage_.us_.cropped.jpg\" alt=\"art.rage.us art and breast cancer\" title=\"art.rage.us. \" width=\"411\" height=\"475\" class=\"size-full wp-image-45450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/art.rage_.us_.cropped.jpg 411w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/art.rage_.us_.cropped-400x462.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 411px) 100vw, 411px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In the late 1990s, The Breast Cancer Fund, the American Cancer Society, and the Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation invited American artists and writers to submit work about their breast cancer experiences. The resulting exhibit (and book)—Art.Rage.Us.—opened in 1998 at San Francisco’s Main Library. At the time, project coordinator and Breast Cancer Action Co-founder Susan Claymon said, “Art.Rage.Us. presents deeply moving and beautiful expressions from women with breast cancer, along with intensely personal statements that provide a window into their hearts and minds.” Claymon died of breast cancer in 2000. She was 61.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Prevention is also a primary concern for the Athena Breast Health Network, a partnership of the five University of California medical centers that collects personalized data on breast cancer patients to optimize treatment and ultimately figure out how to stop cancer before it starts. The site also includes a comprehensive \u003ca href=\"http://athenacarenetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Quick_Links-Risk-Assessment-Talking-Points.pdf\">list of breast cancer risk factors.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent research suggests that the biology behind one of the listed risk factors, dense breast tissue, may be more complicated than previously thought. Earlier studies found that women with dense breasts had a higher risk of developing breast cancer. (And this finding led to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.patientpov.org/breast-cancer/are-dense-breast-right-to-know-laws-helpful\">“right to know” legislation\u003c/a> that Gov. Brown recently signed, requiring doctors to tell women if their mammograms show they have dense breasts.) But a recent study in the \u003ca href=\"http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/104/16/NP.7.full\">Journal of the National Cancer Institute\u003c/a> suggests that women with denser breasts are not more likely to die of breast cancer. The greatest risk was found for women who had the fattiest breast tissue, a condition linked to obesity. This suggests that if you have dense breast tissue, you may be more likely to get cancer—but not die of it. \u003ca href=\"http://blog.dslrf.org/?p=589\">Love’s blog\u003c/a> explained the significance of the findings:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The recent study on breast density showed us, yet again, that women who are obese when they are diagnosed with breast cancer are more likely to die of breast cancer than women who are not obese. Doctors need to do more than tell women about their breast density or remind them to get a mammogram. They need to be teaching women the importance of exercising, losing weight (if necessary) and eating a well-balanced diet—both before and after a breast cancer diagnosis.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45405\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 398px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/03/think-pink-i%e2%80%99d-rather-raise-a-stink/rubens_peter_paul_-_the_three_graces_detail/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45405\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Rubens_Peter_Paul_-_The_Three_Graces_detail.jpeg\" alt=\"breast cancer in Rubens\" title=\"Rubens,_Peter_Paul_-_The_Three_Graces_detail\" width=\"398\" height=\"419\" class=\"size-full wp-image-45405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A 2001 paper in the journal Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, argues that several paintings by the Baroque painter Peter Paul Rubens, including The Three Graces, Diana and Her Nymphs Pursued by Satyrs, and Orpheus and Euridice, show signs of breast cancer. In The Three Graces (above), the authors argue, “the model on the right has an open ulcer with reddening of the skin, nipple retraction, reduction of breast volume as well as axilar lymph nodes. This is a visual aspect of a locally advanced breast cancer.”\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As companies outdo each other trying to hitch their products to breast cancer, it’s worth remembering that more women die of heart disease than breast cancer. (And more women die of lung cancer than of breast cancer.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also worth remembering when you see all those pink ribbons that there’s a difference between being a “survivor” and being cured. If you’re alive five years after a diagnosis, you’re considered a survivor. It’s a useful time frame for clinicians to compare the effectiveness of different therapies. But that doesn’t mean you’re cured. And as \u003ca href=\"http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=192788\">a 2000 JAMA study points out\u003c/a>, when five-year-survival rates increase, it might be because more cases are being diagnosed, not because treatments are saving more lives. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Breast cancer death rates in the United States have declined over the past 20 years, though African American women still face a greater risk of death than any other group. It’s still the most common cancer among women. It’s still \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/dcpc/data/women.htm\">one of the leading causes of cancer death\u003c/a> among women. And \u003ca href=\"http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/educational/hearttruth/about/fear-doubled.htm\">it’s still the disease women fear most.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Close to 40,000 women are expected to die of breast cancer this year, about 3,000 fewer than died in 1991—the year my mom got her diagnosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She wore a little pink ribbon pin for a while. But after about five years, she grew weary of the pink propaganda. And though she’d never say so, she also grew weary of the seemingly endless rounds of tests, procedures, surgeries, and chemo. I know she grew tired of the pain. Ten years ago—a little more than five years after she was officially a “survivor”—she died of breast cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, when October rolls around, I feel no wistful melancholy for spectacles missed. I’ve got a much deeper loss to consider. And it makes me angry. I’m sick of the pink ribbons and the suggestion that bright colors can bathe cancer in a cheery, comforting glow. There’s nothing cheery about breast cancer. There’s a lot of pain, suffering, and fear. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When pink stands for taking real action against breast cancer, I might start to see October in a whole new light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>****\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Resources/Further Reading\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://athenacarenetwork.org/\">Athena Breast Health Network\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://bcaction.org/\">Breast Cancer Action.\u003c/a> Its latest campaign (“It’s an Epidemic, Stupid!”) \u003ca href=\"http://bcaction.org/the-2012-breast-cancer-action-mandate-for-government-action/\">calls on elected officials\u003c/a> to develop a series of actions against breast cancer, including developing tougher regulations on potential carcinogens and supporting research into root causes as well as less toxic therapies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.caring.com/articles/cancer-symptoms-in-women\">Breast Cancer Symptoms You’re Most Likely to Ignore\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.barbaraehrenreich.com/cancerland.htm\">Welcome to Cancerland,\u003c/a> author and journalist Barbara Ehrenreich’s devastating account of her experience with breast cancer and the breast cancer “marketplace.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=J2xY2cxto1M\">Pink Ribbons, Inc.\u003c/a> a feature documentary on breast cancer marketing campaigns.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45505\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/02/illustrating-science-translating-knowledge-into-pictures/akb_eyes/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45505\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/AKB_eyes.jpg\" alt=\"Blood vessel growth in a healthy (left) and diseased (right) eye - Allison Bruce\" title=\"AKB_eyes\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-45505\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/AKB_eyes.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/AKB_eyes-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blood vessel growth in a healthy (left) and diseased (right) eye - Allison Bruce\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.scifx.com/\" title=\"Allison Bruce Portfolio\">Allison Bruce\u003c/a> has a wonderful job: she spends all day making pictures for scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bruce started out in science herself, earning a chemistry degree from UC Davis. After college, she worked in an environmental lab, but she didn't enjoy it and turned to art classes \"to keep from losing my mind,\" she says. She'd always drawn, but never pursued it as a career until a friend suggested she apply for a temporary position as an artist at \u003ca href=\"http://www.gene.com/gene/index.jsp\" title=\"Genentech, Inc.\">Genentech\u003c/a>, the bay area's biotech behemoth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45502\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 282px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/02/illustrating-science-translating-knowledge-into-pictures/gdc-0941-illustration-nocallouts-mockup/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45502\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/AKB_CancerCellCover-282x360.jpg\" alt=\"Cancer Cell cover - cartoon cell\" title=\"GDC-0941 Illustration NoCallouts Mockup\" width=\"282\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-45502\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cover illustration of breast-cancer drug trastuzumab - Allison Bruce\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That was 18 years ago, and now Bruce is a Senior Graphics Specialist at Genentech. \"It's a lot of fun,\" she says. \"It's really cutting-edge what they do here.\" She gets to learn about research before it's even published, translating brand-new knowledge about the world from words into pictures. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The detail can be exquisite, as in an illustration of the eye's blood vessel growth (above), which shuttled back and forth many times between Bruce and the researcher to make sure each line was accurate. The result is an eerily beautiful representation of sickness and health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bruce's favorite projects, though, are journal covers, because they offer more flexibility to play around. To \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/cancer-cell/issue?pii=S1535-6108(09)X0005-X#\" title=\"Cancer Cell - Trastuzumab cover\">illustrate the action of trastuzumab\u003c/a>, a breast-cancer drug, she enlisted her nephew's help to cartoonify a cell, complete with classic ZAP! and POW!.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bruce also helps researchers with presentations, animations, and web design, and is constantly learning new tools. \"It's an unusual job, but there's a lot of demand for it,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45563\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/02/illustrating-science-translating-knowledge-into-pictures/bonemarrow/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45563\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/bonemarrow-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"bone marrow image from Kevin Ang\" title=\"bonemarrow\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-45563\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Storyboard image of bone marrow - Kevin Ang\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In fact, there's enough demand that Genentech sometimes hires freelancers, such as self-described \"gun-for-hire\" \u003ca href=\"http://www.bingkoland.com/\" title=\"Kevin Ang Portfolio\">Kevin Ang\u003c/a> (\"Wacom-tablet-for-hire\" might be slightly more accurate). Ang has also worked for Bayer, Intuit, and Google, among others. \"Around here, it's all either pharma or tech,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ang's art jobs range from graphic recording (a bit like \u003ca href=\"http://www.thersa.org/events/rsaanimate\" title=\"RSAnimate\">RSAnimate\u003c/a>, but done in real time during a meeting) to commercial storyboarding. He particularly enjoys illustrating sequences that depict drug delivery because, he says, \"There's a very cinematic aspect to the things that happen at that scale in our bodies. I think of it as something from \u003ca href=\"http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0060397/\" title=\"IMDB - Fantastic Voyage\">Fantastic Voyage\u003c/a>.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45511\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 282px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/02/illustrating-science-translating-knowledge-into-pictures/akb_persephone-cell-cover/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45511\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/AKB_Persephone-Cell-Cover-282x360.jpg\" alt='Cover illustration by Allison Bruce. \"Much like Persephone, Greek goddess of spring growth and queen of the underworld, some glioblastoma cells possess the capability for self-renewal.\"' title=\"AKB_Persephone Cell Cover\" width=\"282\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-45511\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cover illustration by Allison Bruce. \"Much like Persephone, Greek goddess of spring growth and queen of the underworld, some glioblastoma cells possess the capability for self-renewal.\"\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Unlike Bruce, Ang started out in art school. On his way to a BFA from UC Santa Cruz, his imagination was captured by a few natural science illustration courses. \"It was great to be surrounded by scientists,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bruce, too, loves working with and learning from scientists--perhaps in part because they often have their own idiosyncratic ideas. One of Bruce’s cover illustrations sprang from a researcher's suggestion that Persephone, Greek goddess of spring and the underworld, could \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/cancer-cell/issue?pii=S1535-6108(10)X0005-8\" title=\"Cancer Cell - Persephone cover\">represent a self-renewing cell line\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even that wasn't Bruce's strangest project. Once she was asked to create a life-size Ronald McDonald bearing the face of a researcher, to welcome him back from sabbatical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drawing for scientists: never a dull moment.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45505\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/02/illustrating-science-translating-knowledge-into-pictures/akb_eyes/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45505\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/AKB_eyes.jpg\" alt=\"Blood vessel growth in a healthy (left) and diseased (right) eye - Allison Bruce\" title=\"AKB_eyes\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-45505\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/AKB_eyes.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/AKB_eyes-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blood vessel growth in a healthy (left) and diseased (right) eye - Allison Bruce\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.scifx.com/\" title=\"Allison Bruce Portfolio\">Allison Bruce\u003c/a> has a wonderful job: she spends all day making pictures for scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bruce started out in science herself, earning a chemistry degree from UC Davis. After college, she worked in an environmental lab, but she didn't enjoy it and turned to art classes \"to keep from losing my mind,\" she says. She'd always drawn, but never pursued it as a career until a friend suggested she apply for a temporary position as an artist at \u003ca href=\"http://www.gene.com/gene/index.jsp\" title=\"Genentech, Inc.\">Genentech\u003c/a>, the bay area's biotech behemoth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45502\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 282px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/02/illustrating-science-translating-knowledge-into-pictures/gdc-0941-illustration-nocallouts-mockup/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45502\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/AKB_CancerCellCover-282x360.jpg\" alt=\"Cancer Cell cover - cartoon cell\" title=\"GDC-0941 Illustration NoCallouts Mockup\" width=\"282\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-45502\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cover illustration of breast-cancer drug trastuzumab - Allison Bruce\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That was 18 years ago, and now Bruce is a Senior Graphics Specialist at Genentech. \"It's a lot of fun,\" she says. \"It's really cutting-edge what they do here.\" She gets to learn about research before it's even published, translating brand-new knowledge about the world from words into pictures. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The detail can be exquisite, as in an illustration of the eye's blood vessel growth (above), which shuttled back and forth many times between Bruce and the researcher to make sure each line was accurate. The result is an eerily beautiful representation of sickness and health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bruce's favorite projects, though, are journal covers, because they offer more flexibility to play around. To \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/cancer-cell/issue?pii=S1535-6108(09)X0005-X#\" title=\"Cancer Cell - Trastuzumab cover\">illustrate the action of trastuzumab\u003c/a>, a breast-cancer drug, she enlisted her nephew's help to cartoonify a cell, complete with classic ZAP! and POW!.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bruce also helps researchers with presentations, animations, and web design, and is constantly learning new tools. \"It's an unusual job, but there's a lot of demand for it,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45563\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/02/illustrating-science-translating-knowledge-into-pictures/bonemarrow/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45563\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/bonemarrow-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"bone marrow image from Kevin Ang\" title=\"bonemarrow\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-45563\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Storyboard image of bone marrow - Kevin Ang\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In fact, there's enough demand that Genentech sometimes hires freelancers, such as self-described \"gun-for-hire\" \u003ca href=\"http://www.bingkoland.com/\" title=\"Kevin Ang Portfolio\">Kevin Ang\u003c/a> (\"Wacom-tablet-for-hire\" might be slightly more accurate). Ang has also worked for Bayer, Intuit, and Google, among others. \"Around here, it's all either pharma or tech,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ang's art jobs range from graphic recording (a bit like \u003ca href=\"http://www.thersa.org/events/rsaanimate\" title=\"RSAnimate\">RSAnimate\u003c/a>, but done in real time during a meeting) to commercial storyboarding. He particularly enjoys illustrating sequences that depict drug delivery because, he says, \"There's a very cinematic aspect to the things that happen at that scale in our bodies. I think of it as something from \u003ca href=\"http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0060397/\" title=\"IMDB - Fantastic Voyage\">Fantastic Voyage\u003c/a>.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45511\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 282px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/02/illustrating-science-translating-knowledge-into-pictures/akb_persephone-cell-cover/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45511\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/AKB_Persephone-Cell-Cover-282x360.jpg\" alt='Cover illustration by Allison Bruce. \"Much like Persephone, Greek goddess of spring growth and queen of the underworld, some glioblastoma cells possess the capability for self-renewal.\"' title=\"AKB_Persephone Cell Cover\" width=\"282\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-45511\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cover illustration by Allison Bruce. \"Much like Persephone, Greek goddess of spring growth and queen of the underworld, some glioblastoma cells possess the capability for self-renewal.\"\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Unlike Bruce, Ang started out in art school. On his way to a BFA from UC Santa Cruz, his imagination was captured by a few natural science illustration courses. \"It was great to be surrounded by scientists,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bruce, too, loves working with and learning from scientists--perhaps in part because they often have their own idiosyncratic ideas. One of Bruce’s cover illustrations sprang from a researcher's suggestion that Persephone, Greek goddess of spring and the underworld, could \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/cancer-cell/issue?pii=S1535-6108(10)X0005-8\" title=\"Cancer Cell - Persephone cover\">represent a self-renewing cell line\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even that wasn't Bruce's strangest project. Once she was asked to create a life-size Ronald McDonald bearing the face of a researcher, to welcome him back from sabbatical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drawing for scientists: never a dull moment.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"soldout": {
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