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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How can you tell when someone's smile is fake?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See if you can tell from the 2 images below:*\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"center\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2008/01/blog_amysmile2.jpg\" title=\"Is Amy keeping it real?\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/01/faceimages1.jpg\" alt=\"Is Amy keeping it real?\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A real, spontaneous smile incorporates tiny muscles around the eye that are nearly impossible to contract at will. You can see this for yourself in an exhibit called \"Polite Smile, Delight Smile\" part of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/visit/\">Exploratorium's new Mind exhibition\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This corners-of-the-eyes giveaway, as well as many other subtle, yet revealing, facial gestures, was discovered by \u003ca href=\"http://www.paulekman.com/\">Paul Ekman\u003c/a>, now a professor emeritus of psychology from the University of California, San Francisco. Ekman's been studying the universality of facial expressions and the secrets our faces reveal for over four decades. The notion that certain expressions of emotion are programmed into us wasn't so well received when he proposed it in the 1960s. At that time, social scientists believed facial expressions were cultural. Then, in 1967, Ekman embarked on an expedition to Papua New Guinea, where he asked people belonging to an indigenous tribe that had virtually no contact with the developed world to imitate the expressions they would have in certain situations, such as meeting an old friend or discovering a decaying animal. Ekman found that the ways these people's faces expressed sadness, fear, surprise, anger, and disgust involved the same eye and mouth muscle movements that people from Western cultures displayed. The collection of photos he took there will be on display at the Exploratorium from January 22 --April 27, 2008.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Ekman is lauded by psychologists. He's considered the leading expert on detecting deceit, and his ideas are used to train CIA, Homeland Security, and other law enforcement officers to detect when they are being lied to by someone they're questioning and to spot unusual behavior. He devised a tool known as the Facial Action Coding System (FACS), which catalogues the musculature behind thousands of facial expressions. Some of the most subtle of these Ekman calls \"microexpressions,\" fleeting muscle movements that reveal emotions the subject is trying to suppress. With the knowledge that these revealing expressions are universal, FACS allows a trained person to \"read\" someone's emotions by observing their facial muscles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Ekman's book \u003cem>Emotions Revealed\u003c/em> came out in 2003, I thought it would be great to master the subject matter. Who wouldn't benefit from learning to understand the fleeting messages people send oh-so-subtly? But the more I thought about it, the more uneasy I began to feel. Something didn't sit right with me about the practice of decoding people without their knowledge. Then again, isn't that what any of us do when we \"sense\" that someone was nervous or untruthful or secretly overjoyed? It's not like our microexpressions are hidden. We express them in plain sight. They may be the source of an intuitive person's \"sixth sense.\" But to formally study these expressions with the intent of detecting emotions that the subjects themselves are unaware of--is that a violation of privacy? Ekman would say no. He insists that he can't read minds, only emotions, and that leaves out most of the personal details. Still, there's something unsettling about the idea that feelings I've long considered private are written all over my face.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>* BTW, the real smile is image 1. Did you guess correctly? Leave a comment to tell us how you knew.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_robinm.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Robin Marks\u003c/strong> is a journalist and science writer who current serves as a Multimedia Projects Developer for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu\">Exploratorium\u003c/a> in San Francisco, CA.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\"> latitude: \u003cspan class=\"latitude\">37.8041\u003c/span>, longitude: \u003cspan class=\"longitude\">-122.448\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Ekman is lauded by psychologists. He's considered the leading expert on detecting deceit, and his ideas are used to train CIA, Homeland Security, and other law enforcement officers to detect when they are being lied to by someone they're questioning and to spot unusual behavior. He devised a tool known as the Facial Action Coding System (FACS), which catalogues the musculature behind thousands of facial expressions. Some of the most subtle of these Ekman calls \"microexpressions,\" fleeting muscle movements that reveal emotions the subject is trying to suppress. With the knowledge that these revealing expressions are universal, FACS allows a trained person to \"read\" someone's emotions by observing their facial muscles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Ekman's book \u003cem>Emotions Revealed\u003c/em> came out in 2003, I thought it would be great to master the subject matter. Who wouldn't benefit from learning to understand the fleeting messages people send oh-so-subtly? But the more I thought about it, the more uneasy I began to feel. Something didn't sit right with me about the practice of decoding people without their knowledge. Then again, isn't that what any of us do when we \"sense\" that someone was nervous or untruthful or secretly overjoyed? It's not like our microexpressions are hidden. We express them in plain sight. They may be the source of an intuitive person's \"sixth sense.\" But to formally study these expressions with the intent of detecting emotions that the subjects themselves are unaware of--is that a violation of privacy? Ekman would say no. He insists that he can't read minds, only emotions, and that leaves out most of the personal details. Still, there's something unsettling about the idea that feelings I've long considered private are written all over my face.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>* BTW, the real smile is image 1. Did you guess correctly? Leave a comment to tell us how you knew.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_robinm.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Robin Marks\u003c/strong> is a journalist and science writer who current serves as a Multimedia Projects Developer for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu\">Exploratorium\u003c/a> in San Francisco, CA.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\"> latitude: \u003cspan class=\"latitude\">37.8041\u003c/span>, longitude: \u003cspan class=\"longitude\">-122.448\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>I love my cell phone. We have a serious relationship. One that may be biologically predetermined.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/01/blog_iheartcell.jpg\">\u003c/span>Let me explain. On New Year's Eve I brought my phone with me to San Francisco's Ocean Beach, where I traditionally go, rain or shine, to watch the year's last sunset. I was by myself, but I wasn't alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oh no. I took snapshots of shimmering colors on the waves and sent them to faraway, landlocked friends who miss the sea. Another friend called to say she was also watching the sunset from her rooftop. Text messages flowed in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was connected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, duh,\" you could say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this \"duh\" is exactly what seemed kind of profound: we take communication for granted. Of course we can talk to each other and share things with each other. And of course we create new devices to make talking and sharing easier. Of course.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But why do we do this, seemingly to no end? And why is it that communication is such a vital and defining aspect of our experience as humans? Why, really, do I love my cell phone so much?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think it's genetic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's probably not news to most of you that we humans appear to be wired to talk to each other. We've got that \u003ca href=\"http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/doc_wtd004683.html\">FOXP2 gene\u003c/a> that keeps making the news, contributing to our linguistic capacity. In fact, many researchers believe that language was central to our success as a species and allowed a \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/exploring/language/language_article5.html\">small group of humans to expand across the globe\u003c/a> about 50,000 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our genetic design for interaction seems to go beyond talking amongst ourselves. A University of Michigan study slated to be published next month found that \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/10/071029172856.htm\">social interaction has a positive affect on memory and on cognitive functioning\u003c/a>. The people who had the most conversations with others seemed to be the sharpest, and this was particularly true among young people. This may mean that more socially-oriented humans had a bit of an advantage over those who tended to keep more to themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We may be such social animals that we're even hard-wired to simply need company. After all, isolation is one of the most universal methods of punishment. Another set of researchers at the University of Illinois at Chicago found that mice isolated from their comrades have lower levels of hormones that control anxiety, depression, and aggression. They believe that these responses are similar in humans. In other words, it's possible that our brains keep us happier and functioning better when they're interacting with other brains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It makes sense that our predecessors who figured out how to play well with others and share their thoughts were the ones who got the best shot at passing on their genes. And it's no wonder our species devotes such enormous reserves to inventions that make communication easier. The most basic systems of rock painting and alphabets have allowed groups to share stories or warn others of impending trouble. And creations that help disseminate these symbols--papyrus, the printing press, even the simple pen and paper--have had a major impact on how we exist with one another, as individuals and as societies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These days, many of our communication technologies have gone beyond \"watch for hungry bear\" or \"here's my idea\" into doing a kind of doubly-human duty. We not only use technology to convey thoughts, but also to extend our opportunities to create bonds with other people and to form social groups. Thus the popularity of the likes of Facebook, personals ads, and Flickr. In fact, if you leave a comment about this little ditty I've written, you've hopped on this double-duty train by becoming a part of Quest's blogging community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And so now, as my thumbs feverishly tap out text messages, I see my cell phone as more than a gadget. It's the latest cousin of cave drawings and hieroglyphics. What it says about my own evolution I'm not quite certain. But no doubt my wireless admiration results from something buried in my chromosomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_robinm.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Robin Marks\u003c/strong> is a journalist and science writer who current serves as a Multimedia Projects Developer for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu\">Exploratorium\u003c/a> in San Francisco, CA.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\"> latitude: \u003cspan class=\"latitude\">37.7595\u003c/span>, longitude: \u003cspan class=\"longitude\">-122.51\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.83305 -122.44222\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this \"duh\" is exactly what seemed kind of profound: we take communication for granted. Of course we can talk to each other and share things with each other. And of course we create new devices to make talking and sharing easier. Of course.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But why do we do this, seemingly to no end? And why is it that communication is such a vital and defining aspect of our experience as humans? Why, really, do I love my cell phone so much?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think it's genetic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's probably not news to most of you that we humans appear to be wired to talk to each other. We've got that \u003ca href=\"http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/doc_wtd004683.html\">FOXP2 gene\u003c/a> that keeps making the news, contributing to our linguistic capacity. In fact, many researchers believe that language was central to our success as a species and allowed a \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/exploring/language/language_article5.html\">small group of humans to expand across the globe\u003c/a> about 50,000 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our genetic design for interaction seems to go beyond talking amongst ourselves. A University of Michigan study slated to be published next month found that \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/10/071029172856.htm\">social interaction has a positive affect on memory and on cognitive functioning\u003c/a>. The people who had the most conversations with others seemed to be the sharpest, and this was particularly true among young people. This may mean that more socially-oriented humans had a bit of an advantage over those who tended to keep more to themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We may be such social animals that we're even hard-wired to simply need company. After all, isolation is one of the most universal methods of punishment. Another set of researchers at the University of Illinois at Chicago found that mice isolated from their comrades have lower levels of hormones that control anxiety, depression, and aggression. They believe that these responses are similar in humans. In other words, it's possible that our brains keep us happier and functioning better when they're interacting with other brains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It makes sense that our predecessors who figured out how to play well with others and share their thoughts were the ones who got the best shot at passing on their genes. And it's no wonder our species devotes such enormous reserves to inventions that make communication easier. The most basic systems of rock painting and alphabets have allowed groups to share stories or warn others of impending trouble. And creations that help disseminate these symbols--papyrus, the printing press, even the simple pen and paper--have had a major impact on how we exist with one another, as individuals and as societies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These days, many of our communication technologies have gone beyond \"watch for hungry bear\" or \"here's my idea\" into doing a kind of doubly-human duty. We not only use technology to convey thoughts, but also to extend our opportunities to create bonds with other people and to form social groups. Thus the popularity of the likes of Facebook, personals ads, and Flickr. In fact, if you leave a comment about this little ditty I've written, you've hopped on this double-duty train by becoming a part of Quest's blogging community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And so now, as my thumbs feverishly tap out text messages, I see my cell phone as more than a gadget. It's the latest cousin of cave drawings and hieroglyphics. What it says about my own evolution I'm not quite certain. But no doubt my wireless admiration results from something buried in my chromosomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_robinm.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Robin Marks\u003c/strong> is a journalist and science writer who current serves as a Multimedia Projects Developer for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu\">Exploratorium\u003c/a> in San Francisco, CA.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\"> latitude: \u003cspan class=\"latitude\">37.7595\u003c/span>, longitude: \u003cspan class=\"longitude\">-122.51\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.83305 -122.44222\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/01/blog_nyla.jpg\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Nyla - found safe and sound\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yesterday, a 10:00 a.m. Text Message from friend stated:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ccode>My Dog Nyla had disappeared. I could use some help.\u003c/code>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My reply:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ccode>Whatever you need.\u003c/code>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I know what it is like to have a missing pet. When my cat Tucker slipped out two years ago around the winter holidays, I was distraught. I feared he was stuck in the garage of a vacationing family, hit by a car, starving in an alley, wet, cold and crying for me somewhere in the streets. I did everything to find him, creating a 'CSI Oakland' headquarters at my house. Though I did not find Tucker, I did feel at peace with my efforts and felt able to advise my friend on his search. The trick is to turn your guilt, fear and sadness into positive energy and to take immediate action!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1. Reach out to Friends and Family:\u003c/strong> Right away, reach out and ask for help. You would be surprised who steps up and offers their time, so give them the chance to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. Create an e-mail list\u003c/strong> of your team and keep them updated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. Flyers, postcards and business cards:\u003c/strong> It is PR time. Arm yourself with the flyers, tape, staplers and tacks and hit up the neighborhood. Use your most current photo of your dog and create bright-colored flyers, as well as smaller postcards or business cards. Post your flyers right away and everywhere within 1 mile of where the pet went missing. Post in coffee shops, store windows, video stores, parks, pools, churches and local hangouts. State clearly, \"MISSING DOG\". Include what neighborhood the dog is missing from and when he/she was last seen, as well as your phone number and a description of the dog. If you are offering a reward leave out one detail of the description (eye color or odd patch on belly) in order to weed through responses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>4. Network:\u003c/strong> Set out in teams and talk to people. Give out the cards to your neighbors, dog walkers, bus drivers, taxi drivers, local police, neighborhood youth, the postman, garbage woman and everyone you meet. Give them away at the farmer's market, shopping center and BART station, wherever you can encounter the most local people. Almost everyone can relate to a lost pet and most will be sympathetic to your mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>5. Contact Pet Places:\u003c/strong> visit your local Animal Control, Humane Society, rescue places, veterinary offices, pet stores and pet supply places. Check their found dogs and give them flyers to post. With Animal Control, you must go in immediately and visit often. You can post in their Lost Dog binder and check the Found Dog one. Staff will show you current found dogs and, sadly, the police deceased animal cards. Bay Area Shelters are at www.animalservices.org/uploaded_files/shelterlist.pdf or www.labrescue.org/Pages/bayareashelters.htm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>6. Craigslist:\u003c/strong> As always, a fantastic resource. Use Craigslist to list your missing pet, but also use it to check for found dogs. Try the newspaper, as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>7. Call the Police:\u003c/strong> Most officers are quite willing to take a card and keep an eye out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>8. Look:\u003c/strong> With a friend, look for your dog in his/her favorite places, like a friends' yard or the local dog park. Call to them, rattle their leash, squeak their favorite toy or use an Acme dog whistle as you walk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>9. Stay Positive\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>and\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>10. Do Not Give Up!\u003c/strong> Pets have been known to find their way back home after being lost for several months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now for the good news: thanks to flyers (#2 above), someone called with a lead late last night and \u003cstrong>Nyla was found\u003c/strong>. Hey, it works!\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I know what it is like to have a missing pet. When my cat Tucker slipped out two years ago around the winter holidays, I was distraught. I feared he was stuck in the garage of a vacationing family, hit by a car, starving in an alley, wet, cold and crying for me somewhere in the streets. I did everything to find him, creating a 'CSI Oakland' headquarters at my house. Though I did not find Tucker, I did feel at peace with my efforts and felt able to advise my friend on his search. The trick is to turn your guilt, fear and sadness into positive energy and to take immediate action!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1. Reach out to Friends and Family:\u003c/strong> Right away, reach out and ask for help. You would be surprised who steps up and offers their time, so give them the chance to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. Create an e-mail list\u003c/strong> of your team and keep them updated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. Flyers, postcards and business cards:\u003c/strong> It is PR time. Arm yourself with the flyers, tape, staplers and tacks and hit up the neighborhood. Use your most current photo of your dog and create bright-colored flyers, as well as smaller postcards or business cards. Post your flyers right away and everywhere within 1 mile of where the pet went missing. Post in coffee shops, store windows, video stores, parks, pools, churches and local hangouts. State clearly, \"MISSING DOG\". Include what neighborhood the dog is missing from and when he/she was last seen, as well as your phone number and a description of the dog. If you are offering a reward leave out one detail of the description (eye color or odd patch on belly) in order to weed through responses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>4. Network:\u003c/strong> Set out in teams and talk to people. Give out the cards to your neighbors, dog walkers, bus drivers, taxi drivers, local police, neighborhood youth, the postman, garbage woman and everyone you meet. Give them away at the farmer's market, shopping center and BART station, wherever you can encounter the most local people. Almost everyone can relate to a lost pet and most will be sympathetic to your mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>5. Contact Pet Places:\u003c/strong> visit your local Animal Control, Humane Society, rescue places, veterinary offices, pet stores and pet supply places. Check their found dogs and give them flyers to post. With Animal Control, you must go in immediately and visit often. You can post in their Lost Dog binder and check the Found Dog one. Staff will show you current found dogs and, sadly, the police deceased animal cards. Bay Area Shelters are at www.animalservices.org/uploaded_files/shelterlist.pdf or www.labrescue.org/Pages/bayareashelters.htm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>6. Craigslist:\u003c/strong> As always, a fantastic resource. Use Craigslist to list your missing pet, but also use it to check for found dogs. Try the newspaper, as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>7. Call the Police:\u003c/strong> Most officers are quite willing to take a card and keep an eye out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>8. Look:\u003c/strong> With a friend, look for your dog in his/her favorite places, like a friends' yard or the local dog park. Call to them, rattle their leash, squeak their favorite toy or use an Acme dog whistle as you walk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>9. Stay Positive\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>and\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>10. Do Not Give Up!\u003c/strong> Pets have been known to find their way back home after being lost for several months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now for the good news: thanks to flyers (#2 above), someone called with a lead late last night and \u003cstrong>Nyla was found\u003c/strong>. Hey, it works!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/01/blog_cells.jpg\">\u003cem>Scientists can now turn skin cells into embryonic\u003cbr>\nstem cells like these.(Image: Nissim Benvenisty)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>It is amazing how fast stem cell research is accelerating. Six months ago, we had to destroy embryos to get at their precious embryonic stem (ES) cells. Or we had to at least \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=23\">steal them\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, as 2008 begins, we can turn skin cells into ES cells in \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=57\">mice\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=70\">humans\u003c/a>. This is huge and here's why:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1)\tNo embryos need to be destroyed\u003cbr>\n2)\tNo one needs to be \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=68\">cloned\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n3)\tES cells derived from skin cells won't be rejected by the body\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how'd the researchers do it? As with any important new finding, this one started out as basic research. And like many other findings, this one also started out not in humans but in an animal model system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Japanese group had been studying how a mouse ES cell eventually gets turned into a skin cell. In the end, they identified around 20 genes that were turned on to reprogram a skin cell into an ES cell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 20 genes the Japanese group identified are really \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=241\">master control genes\u003c/a>. They are responsible for affecting how lots of other genes work. So, all a scientist would have to do is turn on these 20 genes in a skin cell and you'd get back to an ES cell. Sounds simple, right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, scientists aren't very good at all at turning on a specific gene in a cell let alone 20. To get around this limitation, the scientists decided to add the genes to a skin cell using \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/09/17/the-6-billion-base-athlete/\">gene therapy\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, scientists can't easily add 20 genes to a cell with gene therapy either. This meant they had to find the bare minimum that might work. After much research, the group settled on four genes that could turn a skin cell into an ES cell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember, this was all in mice. Now this same group (and another from the U.S.) has accomplished the same thing with a \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=70\">human cell\u003c/a>. Both groups have taken a human skin cell, added four genes, and changed it into an ES cell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We aren't going to be curing diseases with these cells quite yet though. When the Japanese group put the mouse cells back into a mouse, 20% of them developed cancer. This is probably due to one of the genes they used (myc), as well as the way they did their gene therapy (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/09/17/the-6-billion-base-athlete/\">viral mediated\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. researchers who converted the human skin cell were able to do it without the myc gene. This tells us there are different sets of genes that can work in this process. Hopefully scientists can discover a set of genes and a way to get them into cells that won't cause cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All this work got me to thinking. I wonder if scientists would have worked this hard to make ES cells from skin cells without George Bush's ban on ES cell research. They certainly would have got there eventually but would they have gotten there so quickly?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_barry.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Dr. Barry Starr\u003c/strong> is a Geneticist-in-Residence at \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org\">The Tech Museum of Innovation\u003c/a> in San Jose, CA.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\">latitude \u003cspan class=\"latitude\">37.3316\u003c/span>, longitude \u003cspan class=\"longitude\">-121.89\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/01/blog_cells.jpg\">\u003cem>Scientists can now turn skin cells into embryonic\u003cbr>\nstem cells like these.(Image: Nissim Benvenisty)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>It is amazing how fast stem cell research is accelerating. Six months ago, we had to destroy embryos to get at their precious embryonic stem (ES) cells. Or we had to at least \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=23\">steal them\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, as 2008 begins, we can turn skin cells into ES cells in \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=57\">mice\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=70\">humans\u003c/a>. This is huge and here's why:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1)\tNo embryos need to be destroyed\u003cbr>\n2)\tNo one needs to be \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=68\">cloned\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n3)\tES cells derived from skin cells won't be rejected by the body\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how'd the researchers do it? As with any important new finding, this one started out as basic research. And like many other findings, this one also started out not in humans but in an animal model system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Japanese group had been studying how a mouse ES cell eventually gets turned into a skin cell. In the end, they identified around 20 genes that were turned on to reprogram a skin cell into an ES cell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 20 genes the Japanese group identified are really \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=241\">master control genes\u003c/a>. They are responsible for affecting how lots of other genes work. So, all a scientist would have to do is turn on these 20 genes in a skin cell and you'd get back to an ES cell. Sounds simple, right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, scientists aren't very good at all at turning on a specific gene in a cell let alone 20. To get around this limitation, the scientists decided to add the genes to a skin cell using \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/09/17/the-6-billion-base-athlete/\">gene therapy\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, scientists can't easily add 20 genes to a cell with gene therapy either. This meant they had to find the bare minimum that might work. After much research, the group settled on four genes that could turn a skin cell into an ES cell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember, this was all in mice. Now this same group (and another from the U.S.) has accomplished the same thing with a \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=70\">human cell\u003c/a>. Both groups have taken a human skin cell, added four genes, and changed it into an ES cell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We aren't going to be curing diseases with these cells quite yet though. When the Japanese group put the mouse cells back into a mouse, 20% of them developed cancer. This is probably due to one of the genes they used (myc), as well as the way they did their gene therapy (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/09/17/the-6-billion-base-athlete/\">viral mediated\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. researchers who converted the human skin cell were able to do it without the myc gene. This tells us there are different sets of genes that can work in this process. Hopefully scientists can discover a set of genes and a way to get them into cells that won't cause cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All this work got me to thinking. I wonder if scientists would have worked this hard to make ES cells from skin cells without George Bush's ban on ES cell research. They certainly would have got there eventually but would they have gotten there so quickly?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_barry.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Dr. Barry Starr\u003c/strong> is a Geneticist-in-Residence at \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org\">The Tech Museum of Innovation\u003c/a> in San Jose, CA.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\">latitude \u003cspan class=\"latitude\">37.3316\u003c/span>, longitude \u003cspan class=\"longitude\">-121.89\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What can DNA Ancestry Tests Really Tell You?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/12/blog_ug.jpg\">\u003c/span>A lot of DNA companies are now offering ancestry testing so you can find out more about your ancestors. Overall they can be useful if you have a specific question. But for an overall look at your family's history, they tend to fall short. Let's look at an example to get a feel for what you can and can't find out from most of these tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine you wanted to figure out if you were related to \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson\">Thomas Jefferson\u003c/a>. This is what descendants of Sally Hemmings wanted to do. Hemmings was one of Jefferson's slaves and there were rumors that he had fathered a son with her. Using DNA tests, scientists figured out that Thomas Jefferson (or at least one of his male relatives) and Sally Hemmings \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v396/n6706/full/396027a0.html\">did have kids\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This makes DNA testing sound very powerful. But in some ways, these folks got lucky. To be able to trace a line back that far, you need to have an unbroken line of males or females. In this case, there was an unbroken line of males to Thomas Jefferson's brother and an unbroken line of males to Sally Hemmings' son.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What this means is that Jefferson's brother had a son who had a son who had a son, etc. If anyone in that line had not had a son or if all the sons in a generation had died before they had kids, then the test would not have worked. Same thing for Sally Hemmings' family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why are these tests so picky?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What these tests look for are small DNA differences between people with different ancestors. These DNA differences exist because our DNA slowly builds up mutations over time. And these changes are specific to certain groups because there wasn't much mixing in the old days. So what changed in Europe, stayed in Europe. Or West Africa. Or Australia. Or…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where the trouble comes in is with something called recombination. Remember we all have two copies of most of our chromosomes--one from mom and one from dad. Before an egg or sperm is made, the two chromosomes in each pair mix and match pieces with each other. This is recombination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What this means is that your chromosome 1 from your mom is really a mix of both of her chromosome 1's. The same is true for most of the rest of her chromosomes. And for most of the chromosomes you got from your dad too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This sort of thing is wonderful for diversity and is one of the big reasons why each generation is different from the last. But it can wreak havoc on DNA ancestry testing. With each generation more and more DNA gets mixed up. What this means is that the genetic trail is lost pretty quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is why scientists often focus on the two kinds of chromosomes that don't recombine--mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and the Y chromosome. The mtDNA is found in a cell's mitochodrion instead of in the nucleus (where all the rest of our DNA is). This cool relic from our evolutionary past \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=165\">comes only from mom\u003c/a>. The Y chromosome is the only unpaired chromosome in the nucleus. If a person has a Y chromosome, they are almost always male. Which means this chromosome passes only from dad to sons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since neither of these chromosomes have a partner, there isn't any mixing between generations. This means you can really follow them back for long periods of time. In fact, this is how they found \u003ca href=\"http://www.chartsgraphsdiagrams.com/evolution/mitochondrial-eve.html\">ancestral Adam and Eve\u003c/a>--by following the trail back to the one person we all have an unbroken paternal or maternal link back to. (Remember, there were people before these folks, they just don't have an unbroken maternal or paternal line.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/12/blog_lineage.gif\">\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is all very cool but isn't necessarily that helpful if you want to learn about your ancestors. This is because you are really only learning about one ancestor (or a set along a very defined line). For example, in a Y test, you don't see any of the female relatives (or any of their male or female relatives). So the son of a European mom and an African-American dad would only see his dad's roots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think about what this means for the Hemmings. If they just did a DNA ancestry test with the Y chromosome, they would conclude that they were of European descent. While this is strictly true along one very specific line, after so many generations most of their other chromosomes are not. So what did they learn about their true ancestry?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_barry.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Dr. Barry Starr\u003c/strong> is a Geneticist-in-Residence at \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org\">The Tech Museum of Innovation\u003c/a> in San Jose, CA.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\">latitude \u003cspan class=\"latitude\">37.3316\u003c/span>, longitude \u003cspan class=\"longitude\">-121.89\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What can DNA Ancestry Tests Really Tell You?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/12/blog_ug.jpg\">\u003c/span>A lot of DNA companies are now offering ancestry testing so you can find out more about your ancestors. Overall they can be useful if you have a specific question. But for an overall look at your family's history, they tend to fall short. Let's look at an example to get a feel for what you can and can't find out from most of these tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine you wanted to figure out if you were related to \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson\">Thomas Jefferson\u003c/a>. This is what descendants of Sally Hemmings wanted to do. Hemmings was one of Jefferson's slaves and there were rumors that he had fathered a son with her. Using DNA tests, scientists figured out that Thomas Jefferson (or at least one of his male relatives) and Sally Hemmings \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v396/n6706/full/396027a0.html\">did have kids\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This makes DNA testing sound very powerful. But in some ways, these folks got lucky. To be able to trace a line back that far, you need to have an unbroken line of males or females. In this case, there was an unbroken line of males to Thomas Jefferson's brother and an unbroken line of males to Sally Hemmings' son.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What this means is that Jefferson's brother had a son who had a son who had a son, etc. If anyone in that line had not had a son or if all the sons in a generation had died before they had kids, then the test would not have worked. Same thing for Sally Hemmings' family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/11/blog_rosetta2.jpg\">\u003cem>Image source: \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Chris_73\">Chris 73\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>If you could know more about your DNA, would you want to? And if you want to know more, is now the time to find out?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might think so given the flurry of company launches in the last few days. These companies promise to help \"decode\" your genetics (\u003ca href=\"http://www.decodeme.com/\">deCODEme\u003c/a>). Or reveal vital information about your 23 chromosomes (\u003ca href=\"https://www.23andme.com/\">23andMe\u003c/a>). Or help you navigate your personal genomics (Navigenics).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What makes these companies different from older genetic testing companies is that they look at lots of DNA all at once instead of just a single gene. (They aren't looking at all of your DNA-- for that you need to contact \u003ca href=\"http://www.knome.com/\">Knome\u003c/a> who will do this for a mere $349,000.) This means they can look at many different genes and DNA markers at once giving a broader view of the genetic you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For around $1000, these companies will take this deep look at your DNA and tell you a bit about your ancestry. They will also be able to tell you a bit about your risk for some diseases. And maybe tell you how likely you are to have a child with blue eyes or red hair. They might even find a genetic reason why you hate Brussels sprouts (take that mom!).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given how little we know right now about our DNA, I am not sure if these results are worth $1000. A little bit of knowledge can be a dangerous thing. And scientists don't know much yet about our DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You'd think they'd know more given that they sequenced the human genome back in 2003. But just because we have the six billion letters, it doesn't mean we know what they do. Or how different bits influence each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our DNA right now is a little like Egyptian hieroglyphics were before the Rosetta stone was found. We know a bit about our DNA but not a whole lot. Scientists probably won't find a magic stone that unlocks the secrets of our DNA in one fell swoop. Instead they'll need to painstakingly create their own Rosetta stone. This will take time and we are not very far along yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately since we won't find a magic decoder ring, we will find things out in fits and starts. And results will change over time. This means that there may be times when the incompleteness of our information means we have the wrong information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One study might tell you that a certain version of gene X increases your risk for breast cancer. Later you find that you have a certain version of gene Y that cancels out that risk. So you were very worried before when you didn't need to be. And who knows if they’ll find gene Z that cancels out gene Y and puts you at risk again!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Possible results like these suggest to me that some of the older companies that look at single genes may be the best bet for now. It sounds stodgy, but if a strongly genetic disease runs in your family, then a genetic test that looks at a single gene may be right for you. Unless you want to do your bit for these new companies (and science).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These companies will learn from your DNA-- in essence you'll be funding their research. As they learn more, they'll be able to offer their customers (and hopefully science) more information. You'll need to decide if that combined with the broad but shallow information they offer is right for you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_barry.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Dr. Barry Starr\u003c/strong> is a Geneticist-in-Residence at \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org\">The Tech Museum of Innovation\u003c/a> in San Jose, CA.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\">latitude \u003cspan class=\"latitude\">37.3316\u003c/span>, longitude \u003cspan class=\"longitude\">-121.89\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/11/blog_rosetta2.jpg\">\u003cem>Image source: \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Chris_73\">Chris 73\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>If you could know more about your DNA, would you want to? And if you want to know more, is now the time to find out?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might think so given the flurry of company launches in the last few days. These companies promise to help \"decode\" your genetics (\u003ca href=\"http://www.decodeme.com/\">deCODEme\u003c/a>). Or reveal vital information about your 23 chromosomes (\u003ca href=\"https://www.23andme.com/\">23andMe\u003c/a>). Or help you navigate your personal genomics (Navigenics).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What makes these companies different from older genetic testing companies is that they look at lots of DNA all at once instead of just a single gene. (They aren't looking at all of your DNA-- for that you need to contact \u003ca href=\"http://www.knome.com/\">Knome\u003c/a> who will do this for a mere $349,000.) This means they can look at many different genes and DNA markers at once giving a broader view of the genetic you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For around $1000, these companies will take this deep look at your DNA and tell you a bit about your ancestry. They will also be able to tell you a bit about your risk for some diseases. And maybe tell you how likely you are to have a child with blue eyes or red hair. They might even find a genetic reason why you hate Brussels sprouts (take that mom!).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given how little we know right now about our DNA, I am not sure if these results are worth $1000. A little bit of knowledge can be a dangerous thing. And scientists don't know much yet about our DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You'd think they'd know more given that they sequenced the human genome back in 2003. But just because we have the six billion letters, it doesn't mean we know what they do. Or how different bits influence each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our DNA right now is a little like Egyptian hieroglyphics were before the Rosetta stone was found. We know a bit about our DNA but not a whole lot. Scientists probably won't find a magic stone that unlocks the secrets of our DNA in one fell swoop. Instead they'll need to painstakingly create their own Rosetta stone. This will take time and we are not very far along yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately since we won't find a magic decoder ring, we will find things out in fits and starts. And results will change over time. This means that there may be times when the incompleteness of our information means we have the wrong information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One study might tell you that a certain version of gene X increases your risk for breast cancer. Later you find that you have a certain version of gene Y that cancels out that risk. So you were very worried before when you didn't need to be. And who knows if they’ll find gene Z that cancels out gene Y and puts you at risk again!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Possible results like these suggest to me that some of the older companies that look at single genes may be the best bet for now. It sounds stodgy, but if a strongly genetic disease runs in your family, then a genetic test that looks at a single gene may be right for you. Unless you want to do your bit for these new companies (and science).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These companies will learn from your DNA-- in essence you'll be funding their research. As they learn more, they'll be able to offer their customers (and hopefully science) more information. You'll need to decide if that combined with the broad but shallow information they offer is right for you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_barry.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Dr. Barry Starr\u003c/strong> is a Geneticist-in-Residence at \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org\">The Tech Museum of Innovation\u003c/a> in San Jose, CA.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\">latitude \u003cspan class=\"latitude\">37.3316\u003c/span>, longitude \u003cspan class=\"longitude\">-121.89\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"soldout": {
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