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"disqusTitle": "Out of Sight, Out of Mine",
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"content": "\u003cp>Ohio University professor \u003ca href=\"http://www.ohio.edu/biosci/profiles/johnson.html\" target=\"_blank\">Kelly Johnson\u003c/a> often finds herself knee deep in streams. Net in hand, she leads her biology students through lessons about life in southern Ohio’s waterways -- and the lack thereof.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In healthy waters, Johnson and her students kick up streambeds to free large insects; they sweep mayflies and caddisflies into nets and pour hundreds out on the ground for examination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But their adventure gets murkier in certain waterways where the toxic legacy of the coal-mining industry lives on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Students expecting to see clean blue streams instead run into crunchy waters thick with rusty buildup. When the crust is broken, Johnson said, streams looks orange, like “orange juice [that] someone poured some milk in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67639\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 403px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/photo_20110308_114717.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-67639 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/photo_20110308_114717-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Acid mine drainage, thick with metals, spills through a Southern Ohio stream. Credit: ODNR\" width=\"403\" height=\"302\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Acid mine drainage spills through an Ohio stream. Credit: ODNR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These waters are \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/05/13/coal-to-canvas-an-artist-turns-toxic-runoff-into-paints/\">colored by metals\u003c/a> like iron and nickel that coat and suffocate streambeds in glittering layers. Frothy plumes of aluminum make up the creamy haze in the water column above. Conspicuously missing are living things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ll do a kick and we might get four or five living things in the net,” Johnson said. “These streams are biologically dead.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It all looks wrong,” Johnson added. “You know this is not normal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thirty-two Ohio counties intersect the Appalachian Coal Basin, one of America’s largest coalfields. While many Midwestern mines ceased operation long ago, surrounding land and streams still feel their effects. Cascades of toxic waters seep daily from \u003ca href=\"http://abandonedmines.gov/\">abandoned mines across the country \u003c/a>and introduce leached metals and acidity into nearby streams, a process known as acid mine drainage (AMD). Throughout Ohio, \u003ca href=\"http://minerals.ohiodnr.gov/\">4,400 abandoned mines pollute at least 1,300 miles of once fresh water\u003c/a>, threatening biodiversity and natural resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.dep.wv.gov/WWE/getinvolved/sos/Pages/AMD12.aspx\">Remediation projects \u003c/a>exist but are hard to fund and maintain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists and activists claim that AMD is as damaging as it is little acknowledged. The \u003ca href=\"http://water.epa.gov/polwaste/nps/acid_mine.cfm\">EPA\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.fs.usda.gov/detail/whitemountain/landmanagement/projects/?cid=stelprdb5209652\">USDA\u003c/a> both recognize that AMD may present human health hazards, but confined to poorer rural areas, activists say it’s been difficult to attract dollars and ears to the issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an effort to tackle the daunting and costly task of remediating such a large problem, states like Pennsylvania \u003ca href=\"http://files.dep.state.pa.us/Mining/Abandoned%20Mine%20Reclamation/AbandonedMinePortalFiles/MIW/Final_MIW_White_Paper.pdf\">have gone so far as to encourage hydraulic fracturing companies to join the fight. The state is in discussion with fracking companies about the prospect of cleaning AMD\u003c/a> for use in place of fresh water, which is used to help blast through shale and free up natural gas and oil deposits. In January 2014, Pennsylvania \u003ca href=\"http://stateimpact.npr.org/pennsylvania/2014/01/14/senate-panel-approves-bill-encouraging-acid-mine-drainage-use-in-fracking/\">even relaxed environmental policies\u003c/a> to sweeten the deal. Fracking is divisive in the Midwest, and many \u003ca href=\"http://nicholas.duke.edu/news/acid-mine-drainage-reduces-radioactivity-fracking-waste\">worry that plans like this might contribute to other environmental issues\u003c/a>. Still, Mark Bruce of the Ohio Department of Natural Resources says researchers are looking into the safety of doing the same in Ohio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Deadly Chemistry\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67650\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 346px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/img_0565.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-67650 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/img_0565-480x360.jpg\" alt='Owing its coloring to iron precipitates,bright yellow drainage has earned the nickname \"Yellow Boy.\" Credit: ODNR' width=\"346\" height=\"259\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Owing its coloring to iron precipitates,bright yellow drainage has earned the nickname \"Yellow Boy.\" Credit: ODNR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>AMD is essentially acidic water filled with metals like iron pyrite. It results from mineral deposits’ exposure to air and water in mineshafts. \u003ca href=\"http://www.ei.lehigh.edu/envirosci/enviroissue/amd/links/science2.html\">When all three meet, metals become solvent in water and produce hydrogen-rich sulfuric acids\u003c/a>. As water pressure builds, the toxic cocktail dribbles out of mines and into nearby streams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most animals aren’t adapted for influxes of AMD. Healthy streams support 30 to 40 species, but acidic streams are lucky to have any.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some animals like the green sunfish and yellow perch can handle acidic waters, but that doesn’t mean they’ll survive them. Dissolved metals present other dangers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When AMD meets a less acidic stream, metals within it precipitate out. They crust over the water while gilding and clogging streambed habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even if (animals and insects) could tolerate the chemical stress, they have nowhere to sort of get down in and live and know where to feed,” Johnson said. Species sensitive to both AMD and habitat loss like mayflies, stoneflies, and caddisflies are the first to go and last to return.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Collectively, the impacts of AMD decay food webs -- and even hardy predators can’t survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67616\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1735px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/celldamage1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-67616\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/celldamage1.jpg\" alt=\"Credit: Hannah Weinberger, ideastream. Click to enlarge.\" width=\"1735\" height=\"907\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/celldamage1.jpg 1735w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/celldamage1-400x209.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/celldamage1-800x418.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/celldamage1-1440x753.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/celldamage1-1180x617.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/celldamage1-960x502.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1735px) 100vw, 1735px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Credit: Hannah Weinberger, ideastream. Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tricky Remedies\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It takes only minutes for acid mine drainage to infiltrate a stream, but getting rid of it is far more complicated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can have an effect on the water quality of our streams, but it's not something that will ever go away,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffrun.org/marissa%20intro\">Marissa Geib\u003c/a>, watershed coordinator for \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffrun.org/\">Huff Run Watershed Restoration P\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">artnership\u003c/span> in Mineral City, Ohio. “It was hard to swallow when I realized Huff Run is always going to be orange. There's no way that all of the dissolved metals will get out of the stream.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AMD is an opened can of worms -- reactions among metals, water, and air are hard to stop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By and large, the most effective thing is to prevent the water from going into the mine to start with, or prevent the water from coming out of the mine,” Johnson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67615\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1673px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/phscale21.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-67615\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/phscale21.jpg\" alt=\"Credit: Hannah Weinberger, ideastream. Click to enlarge. \" width=\"1673\" height=\"941\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/phscale21.jpg 1673w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/phscale21-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/phscale21-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/phscale21-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/phscale21-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/phscale21-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1673px) 100vw, 1673px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Credit: Hannah Weinberger, ideastream. Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But plugging mines to keep out new water can increase pressure and force new seepages, and regrading surrounding land to drain water away is no mean feat. Teams neutralize AMD by dumping basic materials like limestone chips into shafts and streams, or by installing devices that treat drainage as it comes out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Odds aside, a busy network of concerned parties is working to curb AMD. In Ohio, watershed groups like Geib’s work with the EPA and ODNR to acquire grant funding and complete remediation plans. Long-term monitoring -- cleaning valves, monitoring populations, and sampling water -- is left to volunteers, while ODNR engineers and contractors are in charge of project design and coordination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Streams that receive help can see dramatic improvements. When Huff Run volunteers started treatment in the mid-1990s, the only species in the 9.9-mile stretch of stream was the resilient green sunfish. Since then they’ve found 22 species in the stream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Together, Ohio remediation teams treat 10,886 pounds of acidity a day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67644\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 257px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Status-of-AMDAT-Plans-in-Ohio-2013.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-67644 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Status-of-AMDAT-Plans-in-Ohio-2013.jpg\" alt=\"To date, the Ohio Department of Natural Resources has partnered with watershed groups to complete 55 AMD projects. Credit: Ohio Department of Natural Resources\" width=\"257\" height=\"333\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Status-of-AMDAT-Plans-in-Ohio-2013.jpg 1102w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Status-of-AMDAT-Plans-in-Ohio-2013-400x518.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Status-of-AMDAT-Plans-in-Ohio-2013-800x1035.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Status-of-AMDAT-Plans-in-Ohio-2013-960x1242.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 257px) 100vw, 257px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">To date, the Ohio Department of Natural Resources has partnered with watershed groups to complete 55 AMD projects. Credit: Ohio Department of Natural Resources. Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But remediation is trial and error. “We've looked at restoration options with acid mine drainage and I can honestly say we have not seen too much success,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.indstate.edu/biology/faculty/simon.htm\">Thomas P. Simon\u003c/a>, a professor of ichthyology at Indiana University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We just kind of compound the problem sometimes,” Simon added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Mark Bruce, ODNR and restoration groups have spent $26 million completing \u003ca href=\"http://watersheddata.com/default.aspx\">55 remediation projects in seven Ohio watersheds\u003c/a>. Funding comes largely from \u003ca href=\"http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/30/1231\">federal \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/Portals/10/pdf/GeoFacts/geof15.pdf\">state excise taxes on mined coal\u003c/a>, paid by operating mining companies. Some worry this funding will dry up as energy companies turn toward natural gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Extending responsibility for remediation to Ohioans all across the state has been challenging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is ultimately a problem that's happening in Appalachian Ohio and oftentimes that doesn't get communicated up to Columbus,” said Ohio University professor \u003ca href=\"http://www.ohio.edu/voinovichschool/upload/Kruse-CV-January-2013.pdf\">Natalie Kruse\u003c/a>, who teaches environmental studies courses about watershed management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When problems are out of sight, they’re out of mind. But the thing about water is that it doesn't often stay in one place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everyone is part of a watershed,” Geib said, “and all watersheds connect at some point.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the face of all this, activists and scientists focus on the good they can do and perceived risks of doing nothing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you stop treating (AMD) and we just declare that these creeks are dead and that that's okay -- that it's okay that we kill creeks -- then that sets a very scary precedent to me,” Kruse said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Ohio University professor \u003ca href=\"http://www.ohio.edu/biosci/profiles/johnson.html\" target=\"_blank\">Kelly Johnson\u003c/a> often finds herself knee deep in streams. Net in hand, she leads her biology students through lessons about life in southern Ohio’s waterways -- and the lack thereof.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In healthy waters, Johnson and her students kick up streambeds to free large insects; they sweep mayflies and caddisflies into nets and pour hundreds out on the ground for examination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But their adventure gets murkier in certain waterways where the toxic legacy of the coal-mining industry lives on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Students expecting to see clean blue streams instead run into crunchy waters thick with rusty buildup. When the crust is broken, Johnson said, streams looks orange, like “orange juice [that] someone poured some milk in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67639\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 403px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/photo_20110308_114717.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-67639 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/photo_20110308_114717-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Acid mine drainage, thick with metals, spills through a Southern Ohio stream. Credit: ODNR\" width=\"403\" height=\"302\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Acid mine drainage spills through an Ohio stream. Credit: ODNR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These waters are \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/05/13/coal-to-canvas-an-artist-turns-toxic-runoff-into-paints/\">colored by metals\u003c/a> like iron and nickel that coat and suffocate streambeds in glittering layers. Frothy plumes of aluminum make up the creamy haze in the water column above. Conspicuously missing are living things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ll do a kick and we might get four or five living things in the net,” Johnson said. “These streams are biologically dead.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It all looks wrong,” Johnson added. “You know this is not normal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thirty-two Ohio counties intersect the Appalachian Coal Basin, one of America’s largest coalfields. While many Midwestern mines ceased operation long ago, surrounding land and streams still feel their effects. Cascades of toxic waters seep daily from \u003ca href=\"http://abandonedmines.gov/\">abandoned mines across the country \u003c/a>and introduce leached metals and acidity into nearby streams, a process known as acid mine drainage (AMD). Throughout Ohio, \u003ca href=\"http://minerals.ohiodnr.gov/\">4,400 abandoned mines pollute at least 1,300 miles of once fresh water\u003c/a>, threatening biodiversity and natural resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.dep.wv.gov/WWE/getinvolved/sos/Pages/AMD12.aspx\">Remediation projects \u003c/a>exist but are hard to fund and maintain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists and activists claim that AMD is as damaging as it is little acknowledged. The \u003ca href=\"http://water.epa.gov/polwaste/nps/acid_mine.cfm\">EPA\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.fs.usda.gov/detail/whitemountain/landmanagement/projects/?cid=stelprdb5209652\">USDA\u003c/a> both recognize that AMD may present human health hazards, but confined to poorer rural areas, activists say it’s been difficult to attract dollars and ears to the issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an effort to tackle the daunting and costly task of remediating such a large problem, states like Pennsylvania \u003ca href=\"http://files.dep.state.pa.us/Mining/Abandoned%20Mine%20Reclamation/AbandonedMinePortalFiles/MIW/Final_MIW_White_Paper.pdf\">have gone so far as to encourage hydraulic fracturing companies to join the fight. The state is in discussion with fracking companies about the prospect of cleaning AMD\u003c/a> for use in place of fresh water, which is used to help blast through shale and free up natural gas and oil deposits. In January 2014, Pennsylvania \u003ca href=\"http://stateimpact.npr.org/pennsylvania/2014/01/14/senate-panel-approves-bill-encouraging-acid-mine-drainage-use-in-fracking/\">even relaxed environmental policies\u003c/a> to sweeten the deal. Fracking is divisive in the Midwest, and many \u003ca href=\"http://nicholas.duke.edu/news/acid-mine-drainage-reduces-radioactivity-fracking-waste\">worry that plans like this might contribute to other environmental issues\u003c/a>. Still, Mark Bruce of the Ohio Department of Natural Resources says researchers are looking into the safety of doing the same in Ohio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Deadly Chemistry\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67650\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 346px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/img_0565.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-67650 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/img_0565-480x360.jpg\" alt='Owing its coloring to iron precipitates,bright yellow drainage has earned the nickname \"Yellow Boy.\" Credit: ODNR' width=\"346\" height=\"259\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Owing its coloring to iron precipitates,bright yellow drainage has earned the nickname \"Yellow Boy.\" Credit: ODNR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>AMD is essentially acidic water filled with metals like iron pyrite. It results from mineral deposits’ exposure to air and water in mineshafts. \u003ca href=\"http://www.ei.lehigh.edu/envirosci/enviroissue/amd/links/science2.html\">When all three meet, metals become solvent in water and produce hydrogen-rich sulfuric acids\u003c/a>. As water pressure builds, the toxic cocktail dribbles out of mines and into nearby streams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most animals aren’t adapted for influxes of AMD. Healthy streams support 30 to 40 species, but acidic streams are lucky to have any.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some animals like the green sunfish and yellow perch can handle acidic waters, but that doesn’t mean they’ll survive them. Dissolved metals present other dangers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When AMD meets a less acidic stream, metals within it precipitate out. They crust over the water while gilding and clogging streambed habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even if (animals and insects) could tolerate the chemical stress, they have nowhere to sort of get down in and live and know where to feed,” Johnson said. Species sensitive to both AMD and habitat loss like mayflies, stoneflies, and caddisflies are the first to go and last to return.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Collectively, the impacts of AMD decay food webs -- and even hardy predators can’t survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67616\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1735px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/celldamage1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-67616\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/celldamage1.jpg\" alt=\"Credit: Hannah Weinberger, ideastream. Click to enlarge.\" width=\"1735\" height=\"907\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/celldamage1.jpg 1735w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/celldamage1-400x209.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/celldamage1-800x418.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/celldamage1-1440x753.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/celldamage1-1180x617.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/celldamage1-960x502.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1735px) 100vw, 1735px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Credit: Hannah Weinberger, ideastream. Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tricky Remedies\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It takes only minutes for acid mine drainage to infiltrate a stream, but getting rid of it is far more complicated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can have an effect on the water quality of our streams, but it's not something that will ever go away,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffrun.org/marissa%20intro\">Marissa Geib\u003c/a>, watershed coordinator for \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffrun.org/\">Huff Run Watershed Restoration P\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">artnership\u003c/span> in Mineral City, Ohio. “It was hard to swallow when I realized Huff Run is always going to be orange. There's no way that all of the dissolved metals will get out of the stream.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AMD is an opened can of worms -- reactions among metals, water, and air are hard to stop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By and large, the most effective thing is to prevent the water from going into the mine to start with, or prevent the water from coming out of the mine,” Johnson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67615\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1673px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/phscale21.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-67615\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/phscale21.jpg\" alt=\"Credit: Hannah Weinberger, ideastream. Click to enlarge. \" width=\"1673\" height=\"941\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/phscale21.jpg 1673w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/phscale21-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/phscale21-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/phscale21-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/phscale21-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/phscale21-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1673px) 100vw, 1673px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Credit: Hannah Weinberger, ideastream. Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But plugging mines to keep out new water can increase pressure and force new seepages, and regrading surrounding land to drain water away is no mean feat. Teams neutralize AMD by dumping basic materials like limestone chips into shafts and streams, or by installing devices that treat drainage as it comes out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Odds aside, a busy network of concerned parties is working to curb AMD. In Ohio, watershed groups like Geib’s work with the EPA and ODNR to acquire grant funding and complete remediation plans. Long-term monitoring -- cleaning valves, monitoring populations, and sampling water -- is left to volunteers, while ODNR engineers and contractors are in charge of project design and coordination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Streams that receive help can see dramatic improvements. When Huff Run volunteers started treatment in the mid-1990s, the only species in the 9.9-mile stretch of stream was the resilient green sunfish. Since then they’ve found 22 species in the stream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Together, Ohio remediation teams treat 10,886 pounds of acidity a day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67644\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 257px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Status-of-AMDAT-Plans-in-Ohio-2013.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-67644 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Status-of-AMDAT-Plans-in-Ohio-2013.jpg\" alt=\"To date, the Ohio Department of Natural Resources has partnered with watershed groups to complete 55 AMD projects. Credit: Ohio Department of Natural Resources\" width=\"257\" height=\"333\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Status-of-AMDAT-Plans-in-Ohio-2013.jpg 1102w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Status-of-AMDAT-Plans-in-Ohio-2013-400x518.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Status-of-AMDAT-Plans-in-Ohio-2013-800x1035.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Status-of-AMDAT-Plans-in-Ohio-2013-960x1242.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 257px) 100vw, 257px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">To date, the Ohio Department of Natural Resources has partnered with watershed groups to complete 55 AMD projects. Credit: Ohio Department of Natural Resources. Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But remediation is trial and error. “We've looked at restoration options with acid mine drainage and I can honestly say we have not seen too much success,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.indstate.edu/biology/faculty/simon.htm\">Thomas P. Simon\u003c/a>, a professor of ichthyology at Indiana University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We just kind of compound the problem sometimes,” Simon added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Mark Bruce, ODNR and restoration groups have spent $26 million completing \u003ca href=\"http://watersheddata.com/default.aspx\">55 remediation projects in seven Ohio watersheds\u003c/a>. Funding comes largely from \u003ca href=\"http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/30/1231\">federal \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/Portals/10/pdf/GeoFacts/geof15.pdf\">state excise taxes on mined coal\u003c/a>, paid by operating mining companies. Some worry this funding will dry up as energy companies turn toward natural gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Extending responsibility for remediation to Ohioans all across the state has been challenging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is ultimately a problem that's happening in Appalachian Ohio and oftentimes that doesn't get communicated up to Columbus,” said Ohio University professor \u003ca href=\"http://www.ohio.edu/voinovichschool/upload/Kruse-CV-January-2013.pdf\">Natalie Kruse\u003c/a>, who teaches environmental studies courses about watershed management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When problems are out of sight, they’re out of mind. But the thing about water is that it doesn't often stay in one place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everyone is part of a watershed,” Geib said, “and all watersheds connect at some point.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the face of all this, activists and scientists focus on the good they can do and perceived risks of doing nothing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you stop treating (AMD) and we just declare that these creeks are dead and that that's okay -- that it's okay that we kill creeks -- then that sets a very scary precedent to me,” Kruse said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Cannabis has been in the news recently, with states like Colorado and Washington \u003ca href=\"http://www.governing.com/gov-data/state-marijuana-laws-map-medical-recreational.html\">legalizing\u003c/a> the recreational use of marijuana. But the cannabis plant is surprisingly versatile, and drugs aren’t the only thing produced from it. Paper, fabric, rope, animal bedding, and even building materials can all be made from cannabis that’s bred to have no drug value. This form of cannabis is called hemp, and one industry where it’s gaining a loyal following is food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Young entrepreneur Jeremy Koosed has built a business around hemp seeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tucked into a strip mall in Lyndhurst, Ohio, \u003ca href=\"https://www.plantkingdombakery.com/cleves-snaction-heroes-plant-kingdom-outpost-w-no-whey-vegan-chocolates\">Plant Kingdom Bakery and Snackery\u003c/a> doesn’t sell your typical snacks. Instead, the shelves are lined with items like Coconut Currant Hemp Bar, Lemon-Salted Hemp Seeds, and the popular Goo Ball.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67660\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 338px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Hemp-065.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-67660 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Hemp-065-e1392841584864-422x360.jpg\" alt=\"Plant Kingdom owner Jeremy Koosed and employee Laura B mix ingredients for hemp-based baked goods. Credit: Anne Glausser, ideastream\" width=\"338\" height=\"288\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plant Kingdom owner Jeremy Koosed and employee \u003cspan class=\"irc_su\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left\">Lauren Berlekamp mix ingredients for hemp-based baked goods. \u003cbr>\u003c/span>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hemp is at the heart of the operation here, and owner Koosed serves it up in baked goods as well as on its own. “We sell hemp seeds and toasted seeds and crunchy seeds, the seed oil and shelled hemp seeds and hemp protein,” said Koosed, who could go on at length about the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pinterest.com/hippiebutter/hemp-seed-recipes/\">various ways\u003c/a> to make use of hemp, such as on salads or in granola, pudding, dips, and smoothies. Once shelled, he says the seeds are really soft and pleasantly nutty. “It can really fit into any kind of dish -- salads or raw food preparations, or you can…mildly pan toast them with some potato salad, for instance. That’s really good.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another topic close to Koosed’s heart is the health \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2868018/\">benefits\u003c/a> of hemp. He calls them a protein powerhouse. “When the shell's taken off the seeds, it's 33% protein by volume and a source for those good omegas,” he said, referring to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/omega-3/\">omega-3 fatty acids\u003c/a> present in hemp seeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cleveland Clinic dietician \u003ca href=\"http://my.clevelandclinic.org/digestive_diseases/departments-centers/center-human-nutrition/nutrition-therapy.aspx\">Laura Jeffers\u003c/a> agrees. She sees patients with food intolerances like \u003ca href=\"http://celiac.org/\">celiac disease\u003c/a>. With their high protein content, healthy fats, fiber, and anti-inflammatory properties, she says hemp seeds are a good bang for your buck. “They’re a great way to get all that in easily, and there’s not a whole lot of calories or extra things that you have to worry about,” said Jeffers, who now recommends them to her patients with food sensitivities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The appetite for hemp products is on the rise, and for now foreign countries are filling the demand. The U.S. \u003ca href=\"http://www.votehemp.com/PDF/RL32725-20130724.pdf\">imported\u003c/a> more than $11 million worth of raw hemp materials -- mostly food -- in 2011, compared to just $2 million in 2000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67659\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 398px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Hemp-074.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-67659 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Hemp-074-e1392841796689-552x360.jpg\" alt=\"An assortment of Plant Kingdom snacks. Credit: Anne Glausser, ideastream.\" width=\"398\" height=\"259\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An assortment of Plant Kingdom snacks.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.examiner.com/article/dr-oz-explains-how-hemp-seed-boosts-memory-with-omegas-vegan-granola-recipe\">Dr. Oz\u003c/a> turned his followers on to the power of the hemp seed, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.costcoconnection.com/connection/201301?pg=42#pg42\">Costco\u003c/a> now sells them in bulk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But many contend that in addition to their health appeal, there are significant environmental benefits to hemp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a very robust crop,” said Jonathan Page, an adjunct professor at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ubc.ca/\">University of British Columbia\u003c/a> who \u003ca href=\"http://genomebiology.com/2011/12/10/R102\">studies\u003c/a> the cannabis plant. “It has a vitality that allows it to survive in difficult conditions with insects and fungi and other pests,” he said, adding that it’s such a fast-growing crop it can outcompete many weeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hemp dominates an area, said Page, and requires little herbicide or pesticide. It can grow in a\u003ca href=\"http://www.theecologist.org/blogs_and_comments/commentators/2221530/hemp_the_energy_and_industrial_crop_of_the_future.html\"> broad range of climates\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As to how it differs from its drug cousin, Page said they’re the same species -- \u003cstrong>Cannabis sativa\u003c/strong>. “The difference is purely chemical,” he said. Hemp has been bred to have very low levels of \u003ca href=\"http://adai.uw.edu/marijuana/factsheets/potency.htm\">THC\u003c/a>, which is the psychoactive ingredient in marijuana. So it’s impossible \u003ca href=\"http://www.drweil.com/drw/u/id/QAA345325\">to get high\u003c/a> from eating hemp seeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More people stateside are curious to tap into hemp’s potential, though efforts have been stymied by federal laws that prohibit hemp farming. Things are changing, however. The recently passed \u003ca href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp/2014/01/27/hemp-farm-raised-fish-food-labels-and-food-stamps-whats-in-the-farm-bill/\">farm bill\u003c/a> gives farmers the green light to grow hemp on pilot sites in \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/agriculture-and-rural-development/state-industrial-hemp-statutes.aspx\">states\u003c/a> that already have pro-hemp laws on the books. “Hemp is in a real resurgence, and it’s primarily on the food side,” said Page.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67661\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 389px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Cannabis_sativa_plant_10.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-67661 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Cannabis_sativa_plant_10-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cannabis_sativa_plant_%2810%29.JPG , http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Chmee2\" width=\"389\" height=\"259\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A close look at the cannabis plant. Credit: Petr Brož\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Many national farm groups support hemp legislation, including a recent endorsement from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kentucky.com/2014/01/22/3046585/american-farm-bureau-calls-for.html\">American Farm Bureau\u003c/a>. Here in Ohio supporters are hoping to bring the issue to voters as a ballot amendment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back at Plant Kingdom, owner Jeremy Koosed would like to source his product locally. He hopes the laws around American hemp production change because he thinks the plant could be useful to so many industries, not just food but textiles, body care, and biofuel. “We want this resource to be the subject of innovation,” said Koosed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for now his customers are happy to crunch on Canadian seeds in their newfound favorite snacks.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Cannabis has been in the news recently, with states like Colorado and Washington \u003ca href=\"http://www.governing.com/gov-data/state-marijuana-laws-map-medical-recreational.html\">legalizing\u003c/a> the recreational use of marijuana. But the cannabis plant is surprisingly versatile, and drugs aren’t the only thing produced from it. Paper, fabric, rope, animal bedding, and even building materials can all be made from cannabis that’s bred to have no drug value. This form of cannabis is called hemp, and one industry where it’s gaining a loyal following is food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Young entrepreneur Jeremy Koosed has built a business around hemp seeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tucked into a strip mall in Lyndhurst, Ohio, \u003ca href=\"https://www.plantkingdombakery.com/cleves-snaction-heroes-plant-kingdom-outpost-w-no-whey-vegan-chocolates\">Plant Kingdom Bakery and Snackery\u003c/a> doesn’t sell your typical snacks. Instead, the shelves are lined with items like Coconut Currant Hemp Bar, Lemon-Salted Hemp Seeds, and the popular Goo Ball.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67660\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 338px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Hemp-065.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-67660 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Hemp-065-e1392841584864-422x360.jpg\" alt=\"Plant Kingdom owner Jeremy Koosed and employee Laura B mix ingredients for hemp-based baked goods. Credit: Anne Glausser, ideastream\" width=\"338\" height=\"288\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plant Kingdom owner Jeremy Koosed and employee \u003cspan class=\"irc_su\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left\">Lauren Berlekamp mix ingredients for hemp-based baked goods. \u003cbr>\u003c/span>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hemp is at the heart of the operation here, and owner Koosed serves it up in baked goods as well as on its own. “We sell hemp seeds and toasted seeds and crunchy seeds, the seed oil and shelled hemp seeds and hemp protein,” said Koosed, who could go on at length about the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pinterest.com/hippiebutter/hemp-seed-recipes/\">various ways\u003c/a> to make use of hemp, such as on salads or in granola, pudding, dips, and smoothies. Once shelled, he says the seeds are really soft and pleasantly nutty. “It can really fit into any kind of dish -- salads or raw food preparations, or you can…mildly pan toast them with some potato salad, for instance. That’s really good.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another topic close to Koosed’s heart is the health \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2868018/\">benefits\u003c/a> of hemp. He calls them a protein powerhouse. “When the shell's taken off the seeds, it's 33% protein by volume and a source for those good omegas,” he said, referring to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/omega-3/\">omega-3 fatty acids\u003c/a> present in hemp seeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cleveland Clinic dietician \u003ca href=\"http://my.clevelandclinic.org/digestive_diseases/departments-centers/center-human-nutrition/nutrition-therapy.aspx\">Laura Jeffers\u003c/a> agrees. She sees patients with food intolerances like \u003ca href=\"http://celiac.org/\">celiac disease\u003c/a>. With their high protein content, healthy fats, fiber, and anti-inflammatory properties, she says hemp seeds are a good bang for your buck. “They’re a great way to get all that in easily, and there’s not a whole lot of calories or extra things that you have to worry about,” said Jeffers, who now recommends them to her patients with food sensitivities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The appetite for hemp products is on the rise, and for now foreign countries are filling the demand. The U.S. \u003ca href=\"http://www.votehemp.com/PDF/RL32725-20130724.pdf\">imported\u003c/a> more than $11 million worth of raw hemp materials -- mostly food -- in 2011, compared to just $2 million in 2000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67659\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 398px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Hemp-074.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-67659 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Hemp-074-e1392841796689-552x360.jpg\" alt=\"An assortment of Plant Kingdom snacks. Credit: Anne Glausser, ideastream.\" width=\"398\" height=\"259\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An assortment of Plant Kingdom snacks.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.examiner.com/article/dr-oz-explains-how-hemp-seed-boosts-memory-with-omegas-vegan-granola-recipe\">Dr. Oz\u003c/a> turned his followers on to the power of the hemp seed, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.costcoconnection.com/connection/201301?pg=42#pg42\">Costco\u003c/a> now sells them in bulk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But many contend that in addition to their health appeal, there are significant environmental benefits to hemp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a very robust crop,” said Jonathan Page, an adjunct professor at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ubc.ca/\">University of British Columbia\u003c/a> who \u003ca href=\"http://genomebiology.com/2011/12/10/R102\">studies\u003c/a> the cannabis plant. “It has a vitality that allows it to survive in difficult conditions with insects and fungi and other pests,” he said, adding that it’s such a fast-growing crop it can outcompete many weeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hemp dominates an area, said Page, and requires little herbicide or pesticide. It can grow in a\u003ca href=\"http://www.theecologist.org/blogs_and_comments/commentators/2221530/hemp_the_energy_and_industrial_crop_of_the_future.html\"> broad range of climates\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As to how it differs from its drug cousin, Page said they’re the same species -- \u003cstrong>Cannabis sativa\u003c/strong>. “The difference is purely chemical,” he said. Hemp has been bred to have very low levels of \u003ca href=\"http://adai.uw.edu/marijuana/factsheets/potency.htm\">THC\u003c/a>, which is the psychoactive ingredient in marijuana. So it’s impossible \u003ca href=\"http://www.drweil.com/drw/u/id/QAA345325\">to get high\u003c/a> from eating hemp seeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More people stateside are curious to tap into hemp’s potential, though efforts have been stymied by federal laws that prohibit hemp farming. Things are changing, however. The recently passed \u003ca href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp/2014/01/27/hemp-farm-raised-fish-food-labels-and-food-stamps-whats-in-the-farm-bill/\">farm bill\u003c/a> gives farmers the green light to grow hemp on pilot sites in \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/agriculture-and-rural-development/state-industrial-hemp-statutes.aspx\">states\u003c/a> that already have pro-hemp laws on the books. “Hemp is in a real resurgence, and it’s primarily on the food side,” said Page.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67661\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 389px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Cannabis_sativa_plant_10.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-67661 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Cannabis_sativa_plant_10-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cannabis_sativa_plant_%2810%29.JPG , http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Chmee2\" width=\"389\" height=\"259\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A close look at the cannabis plant. Credit: Petr Brož\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Many national farm groups support hemp legislation, including a recent endorsement from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kentucky.com/2014/01/22/3046585/american-farm-bureau-calls-for.html\">American Farm Bureau\u003c/a>. Here in Ohio supporters are hoping to bring the issue to voters as a ballot amendment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back at Plant Kingdom, owner Jeremy Koosed would like to source his product locally. He hopes the laws around American hemp production change because he thinks the plant could be useful to so many industries, not just food but textiles, body care, and biofuel. “We want this resource to be the subject of innovation,” said Koosed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for now his customers are happy to crunch on Canadian seeds in their newfound favorite snacks.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Bison and Cranes Reunited to Support Habitat Restoration",
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"content": "\u003cp>When you think of a quiet, sandy island, your mind probably drifts to a warm, tropical paradise. But forget your snorkel and flip-flops for a minute. Grab your binoculars and trail boots as we pay a visit to the islands of central Nebraska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wait. Nebraska?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s right. Over the eons and through the endless, flat landscape, the meandering Platte River has carved out acre upon acre of landmasses surrounded by the river’s north and south channels. These are not just large sandbars that wash away as quickly as they form. They are long, narrow swaths of sand and loam that support riparian forests, prairie grasses, and wetland ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quiet islands are popular neighborhoods for local fauna, but for well over a century now one old friend of the prairie has been noticeably absent: the American bison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the settlement of the Great Plains by European immigrants in the 1800s, the massive wild herds of bison were reduced to a few hundred animals in the Yellowstone area of the Rocky Mountains. But this year, thanks to the work of a nonprofit organization called \u003ca href=\"http://www.cranetrust.org/\">the Crane Trust\u003c/a>, a small group of the giant herbivores have made their triumphant return to \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/place/Shoemaker+Island/@40.777235,-98.5061781,13z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x879977c7f57b7f31:0xa3d83c878ce560ed\">Shoemaker Island\u003c/a>, an 11-mile-long, 1.25-mile-wide plot of grassy habitat surrounded by river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Morten, the Crane Trust’s land manager, said there are currently six bison on the island. They make up an “exhibition” herd, a herd that the public can easily access and view, but eventually a “wild” herd of 40 animals will arrive and wander 1,000 acres of the island at their own pace, eating what they want to eat, and behaving the way they want to behave in a natural grassland environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why bison? Why on an island? And why is an organization called the Crane Trust initiating an effort to manage a herd of big mammals?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 295px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/sandhillcranenesting712x4801.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/sandhillcranenesting712x4801-623x360.jpg\" alt=\"Sandhill Crane - US Fish and Wildlife Service\" width=\"295\" height=\"172\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">During the spring months, hundreds of thousands of Sandhill Cranes descend on the Platte River in central Nebraska before finishing their migration to summer nesting grounds further north. \u003cem>(Photo provided courtesy of the US Fish and Wildlife Service)\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We're a nonprofit organization dedicated to protecting habitat for whooping cranes, sandhill cranes, and other migratory birds, and we do that through land management, science, and outreach and education efforts,” said Mary Harner, the director of science for the Crane Trust. The group of scientists and conservationists manages approximately 10,000 acres of land around and on the Platte River in central Nebraska so that the annual arrival of approximately 550,000 birds goes off without a hitch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To date, the Crane Trust has accomplished this through a variety of actions that mimic the natural events that would have occurred on a pre-settled prairie landscape. For instance, controlled burns are utilized where there once would have been naturally occurring wildfires fostering the growth and diversity of prairie vegetation. Trees and overgrowth are removed with tractors and chainsaws to replicate the effects of the natural but catastrophic floods of the past, floods that are now stymied by river basin management and widespread irrigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s all done in an effort to keep the river exactly how the cranes have known it for centuries, and it turns out that bison have a big hand (or hoof) in maintaining a healthy, crane-friendly habitat. The Crane Trust has typically used cattle to mimic the presence of the enormous, thundering migratory bison herds of the past, but cows enjoy a different diet and don’t weigh as much as bison. They’re not a perfect replacement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greg Wright, the Crane Trust’s wildlife biologist, said, “We expect to see [the bison] graze differently and wallow and use the land differently than would a cattle substitute.” Little behaviors like these have been shown to have \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/09/05/revitalizing-grasslands-one-steak-at-a-time/\">big impacts on prairie landscapes\u003c/a>, and the Crane Trust team will be taking notes on how Shoemaker Island changes with the addition of the bison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some of the more rare, hard to find plants may respond differently to bison than they would another set-back process,” Wright said. “So the vegetation is probably our number one indicator, but we expect things like our grassland birds or small mammals or, further along, the snakes and lizards and those types of things to respond in some way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">There were millions and millions of bison and we want people to be able to see that, to be able to see the animals themselves.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>As the bison settle in, scientists at the Crane Trust will be measuring variables like species richness and species diversity in the island’s vegetation. The new herd will also help biologists learn more about the difference in the ways that cattle and bison affect grassland ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ll continue cattle grazing on other properties we have,” Harner said. “Some of those sites will provide the opportunity for comparative research.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to learn about the bison and their direct impact on grasslands compared to cattle,” Morton explained. “We also want to show that these were the original grazers out here on the Great Plains. There were millions and millions of bison and we want people to be able to see that, to be able to see the animals themselves.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while 40 head of bison is a far cry from the millions that once roamed the prairie, Wright said there is still a buzz in the air as locals prepare to see the majestic crane and the mighty bison reunited on this beloved river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Along the Platte River, this is probably the first time in over 100 years that bison and cranes have coexisted in these kinds of numbers,” Wright said, “The neat thing about it is that because it is a natural grassland, it will give people a glimpse…back in time to what things once looked like. So if you can…block out the fast food signs in the distance and the hum of the interstate and things like that, it'll give you an idea of what would have occurred.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When you think of a quiet, sandy island, your mind probably drifts to a warm, tropical paradise. But forget your snorkel and flip-flops for a minute. Grab your binoculars and trail boots as we pay a visit to the islands of central Nebraska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wait. Nebraska?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s right. Over the eons and through the endless, flat landscape, the meandering Platte River has carved out acre upon acre of landmasses surrounded by the river’s north and south channels. These are not just large sandbars that wash away as quickly as they form. They are long, narrow swaths of sand and loam that support riparian forests, prairie grasses, and wetland ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quiet islands are popular neighborhoods for local fauna, but for well over a century now one old friend of the prairie has been noticeably absent: the American bison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the settlement of the Great Plains by European immigrants in the 1800s, the massive wild herds of bison were reduced to a few hundred animals in the Yellowstone area of the Rocky Mountains. But this year, thanks to the work of a nonprofit organization called \u003ca href=\"http://www.cranetrust.org/\">the Crane Trust\u003c/a>, a small group of the giant herbivores have made their triumphant return to \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/place/Shoemaker+Island/@40.777235,-98.5061781,13z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x879977c7f57b7f31:0xa3d83c878ce560ed\">Shoemaker Island\u003c/a>, an 11-mile-long, 1.25-mile-wide plot of grassy habitat surrounded by river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Morten, the Crane Trust’s land manager, said there are currently six bison on the island. They make up an “exhibition” herd, a herd that the public can easily access and view, but eventually a “wild” herd of 40 animals will arrive and wander 1,000 acres of the island at their own pace, eating what they want to eat, and behaving the way they want to behave in a natural grassland environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why bison? Why on an island? And why is an organization called the Crane Trust initiating an effort to manage a herd of big mammals?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 295px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/sandhillcranenesting712x4801.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/sandhillcranenesting712x4801-623x360.jpg\" alt=\"Sandhill Crane - US Fish and Wildlife Service\" width=\"295\" height=\"172\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">During the spring months, hundreds of thousands of Sandhill Cranes descend on the Platte River in central Nebraska before finishing their migration to summer nesting grounds further north. \u003cem>(Photo provided courtesy of the US Fish and Wildlife Service)\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We're a nonprofit organization dedicated to protecting habitat for whooping cranes, sandhill cranes, and other migratory birds, and we do that through land management, science, and outreach and education efforts,” said Mary Harner, the director of science for the Crane Trust. The group of scientists and conservationists manages approximately 10,000 acres of land around and on the Platte River in central Nebraska so that the annual arrival of approximately 550,000 birds goes off without a hitch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To date, the Crane Trust has accomplished this through a variety of actions that mimic the natural events that would have occurred on a pre-settled prairie landscape. For instance, controlled burns are utilized where there once would have been naturally occurring wildfires fostering the growth and diversity of prairie vegetation. Trees and overgrowth are removed with tractors and chainsaws to replicate the effects of the natural but catastrophic floods of the past, floods that are now stymied by river basin management and widespread irrigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s all done in an effort to keep the river exactly how the cranes have known it for centuries, and it turns out that bison have a big hand (or hoof) in maintaining a healthy, crane-friendly habitat. The Crane Trust has typically used cattle to mimic the presence of the enormous, thundering migratory bison herds of the past, but cows enjoy a different diet and don’t weigh as much as bison. They’re not a perfect replacement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greg Wright, the Crane Trust’s wildlife biologist, said, “We expect to see [the bison] graze differently and wallow and use the land differently than would a cattle substitute.” Little behaviors like these have been shown to have \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/09/05/revitalizing-grasslands-one-steak-at-a-time/\">big impacts on prairie landscapes\u003c/a>, and the Crane Trust team will be taking notes on how Shoemaker Island changes with the addition of the bison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some of the more rare, hard to find plants may respond differently to bison than they would another set-back process,” Wright said. “So the vegetation is probably our number one indicator, but we expect things like our grassland birds or small mammals or, further along, the snakes and lizards and those types of things to respond in some way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">There were millions and millions of bison and we want people to be able to see that, to be able to see the animals themselves.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>As the bison settle in, scientists at the Crane Trust will be measuring variables like species richness and species diversity in the island’s vegetation. The new herd will also help biologists learn more about the difference in the ways that cattle and bison affect grassland ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ll continue cattle grazing on other properties we have,” Harner said. “Some of those sites will provide the opportunity for comparative research.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to learn about the bison and their direct impact on grasslands compared to cattle,” Morton explained. “We also want to show that these were the original grazers out here on the Great Plains. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Test your knowledge of ocean acidification. This multiple-choice game contains four questions in each of three categories: Ocean Dynamics, Ocean Chemistry, and Life in the Ocean. Students can test their knowledge as a pre-test or post-test, compiling points to see what they know. This game is part of our \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/ocean-acidification-2/\">\u003cstrong>Ocean Acidification Education\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> series.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://origin.kcts9.org/questnw/oa-awareness-game.html\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"640\" height=\"809\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Extension Activity\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Have students write a “news flash” about ocean acidification. They should communicate what is important for people to know about ocean acidification in 200 words or fewer.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Next Generation Science Standards\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation\u003c/strong>: Apply scientific principles to design a method for monitoring and minimizing a human impact on the environment. \u003cstrong>MS-ESS3-3\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea:\u003c/strong> Human activities have significantly altered the biosphere, sometimes damaging or destroying natural habitats and causing the extinction of other species. But changes to Earth’s environments can have different impacts (negative and positive) for different living things. \u003cstrong>ESS3.C Human Impacts on Earth’s Systems\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crosscutting Concept:\u003c/strong> Cause and effect\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>On Bainbridge Island, Washington, a transformation is occurring: 7.5 acres of shoreline previously starved of natural vegetation and organisms has begun to recover. Salt marsh vegetation is returning, juvenile salmon can safely swim along the banks, and the shore is reshaping itself into a gentle slope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This environmental success story hung on one family’s decision to remove their shoreline walls rather than replace them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Powel family has cared for this land for nearly five decades. In 1993, they signed a conservation easement with the \u003ca href=\"http://bi-landtrust.org/\">Bainbridge Island Land Trust\u003c/a> (BILT) for the land to be conserved regardless of the land owner. So when the family noticed their crumbling shoreline walls, they turned to BILT for an answer. After a careful study, the property was determined to be at a low risk for erosion and the family was encouraged to remove their shoreline walls rather than replace them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[gallery type=\"slideshow\" link=\"file\" ids=\"67102,66547,66552,66551,66550,66540,66539,66544,66543,66542,66541,66546,66545,66549,66548\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, for the first time in nearly 60 years, the Powel property has marine and terrestrial environments converging again. This project offers hope for the survival of intertidal coastline habitat being lost in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/sea/pugetsound/species/salmon.html\">Puget Sound\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://e360.yale.edu/feature/whats_damaging_marshes_on_us_coast_and_why_it_matters/2604/\">around the nation\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is critical that this is happening now,” says Jim Brennan, a marine biologist from Bainbridge Island who has worked on the Powel Project for three years. “This is very important habitat for salmon and many other fishes and wildlife.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Removing the walls will \u003ca href=\"http://seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2004409777_growth_shorelines15m1.html\">greatly expand shallow water and salt marsh areas\u003c/a>, creating refuge and migration corridors. When walls are replaced with gently sloped native vegetation, more of the insects important to juvenile Chinook salmon will become readily available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67148\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 363px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-67148 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Jim-Feature-image-02-e1392070535541.jpg\" alt=\"Jim Feature image 02\" width=\"363\" height=\"204\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Jim-Feature-image-02-e1392070535541.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Jim-Feature-image-02-e1392070535541-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 363px) 100vw, 363px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jim Brennan holds up images of shoreline walls around the Powel property on Bainbridge Island. Photo by Katie Jennings\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Plants create shade for the intertidal habitat,” says Brennan, “They help stabilize beaches and banks, moderate erosion, sedimentation, and contaminants. They produce insects that we now know juvenile salmon, particularly Chinook, eat. So vegetation is an important function for recovery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biologists and volunteers have replanted along the Powel property with pickelweed and salt grass that are adapted to the extreme conditions of a salt marsh ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Powel project aligns with Washington State’s salmon and shoreline restoration goals, overseen by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.psp.wa.gov/\">Puget Sound Partnership\u003c/a>, and was partially supported by grant funds through the state’s Puget Sound Acquisition and Restoration Fund. Martha Kongsgaard, chair of the Partnership, believes the Powel Project sets the gold standard for shoreline recovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This kind of a model shows what can happen when people listen to each other, get out of their desks, and come on site,” says Kongsgaard. “My hope is this project is one of a string of great stories that we can cobble together around the Puget Sound that’s going to add up to a full recovery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67188\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 335px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Brenda-giving-tour-e1392142507898.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-67188 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Brenda-giving-tour-e1392142507898.jpg\" alt=\"Brenda giving tour\" width=\"335\" height=\"312\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Brenda-giving-tour-e1392142507898.jpg 1146w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Brenda-giving-tour-e1392142507898-400x373.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Brenda-giving-tour-e1392142507898-800x746.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Brenda-giving-tour-e1392142507898-960x895.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 335px) 100vw, 335px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brenda Padgham gives a tour of the Powel Project. Photo by Katie Jennings\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>However, some private land owners raise concerns about the erosion of beaches and how removal of their shoreline walls would impact their property. Brenda Padgham, stewardship director for BILT and project manager for the Powel Project, wants these land owners to know that they have options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A restored shoreline could be a more resilient shoreline,” says Padgham. “Restored shorelines may not need to be maintained with heavy construction equipment and big checks written by landowners every 10 to 20 years. This project helps private land owners know that there are more options out there than the traditional ways of ‘protecting’ their property.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/plugged-in/2013/07/18/the-best-protection-against-storms-nature-herself/\">a shoreline wall may not be necessary for all\u003c/a> land owners, and the removal of shoreline walls could save them money in the future while improving habitat conditions. Padgham and Brennan hope the Powel family’s decision can be an inspiration to others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you can take incremental steps, neighbor by neighbor, then I think people will start to feel more open to a dialogue [about restoration] without feeling a loss to their property rights,” says Padgham. This is an example for others to look to on how people can live along their shoreline in a way that can contribute to the overall goal of recovery.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is critical that this is happening now,” says Jim Brennan, a marine biologist from Bainbridge Island who has worked on the Powel Project for three years. “This is very important habitat for salmon and many other fishes and wildlife.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Removing the walls will \u003ca href=\"http://seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2004409777_growth_shorelines15m1.html\">greatly expand shallow water and salt marsh areas\u003c/a>, creating refuge and migration corridors. When walls are replaced with gently sloped native vegetation, more of the insects important to juvenile Chinook salmon will become readily available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67148\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 363px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-67148 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Jim-Feature-image-02-e1392070535541.jpg\" alt=\"Jim Feature image 02\" width=\"363\" height=\"204\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Jim-Feature-image-02-e1392070535541.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Jim-Feature-image-02-e1392070535541-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 363px) 100vw, 363px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jim Brennan holds up images of shoreline walls around the Powel property on Bainbridge Island. Photo by Katie Jennings\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Plants create shade for the intertidal habitat,” says Brennan, “They help stabilize beaches and banks, moderate erosion, sedimentation, and contaminants. They produce insects that we now know juvenile salmon, particularly Chinook, eat. So vegetation is an important function for recovery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biologists and volunteers have replanted along the Powel property with pickelweed and salt grass that are adapted to the extreme conditions of a salt marsh ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Powel project aligns with Washington State’s salmon and shoreline restoration goals, overseen by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.psp.wa.gov/\">Puget Sound Partnership\u003c/a>, and was partially supported by grant funds through the state’s Puget Sound Acquisition and Restoration Fund. Martha Kongsgaard, chair of the Partnership, believes the Powel Project sets the gold standard for shoreline recovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This kind of a model shows what can happen when people listen to each other, get out of their desks, and come on site,” says Kongsgaard. “My hope is this project is one of a string of great stories that we can cobble together around the Puget Sound that’s going to add up to a full recovery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67188\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 335px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Brenda-giving-tour-e1392142507898.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-67188 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Brenda-giving-tour-e1392142507898.jpg\" alt=\"Brenda giving tour\" width=\"335\" height=\"312\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Brenda-giving-tour-e1392142507898.jpg 1146w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Brenda-giving-tour-e1392142507898-400x373.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Brenda-giving-tour-e1392142507898-800x746.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Brenda-giving-tour-e1392142507898-960x895.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 335px) 100vw, 335px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brenda Padgham gives a tour of the Powel Project. 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"content": "\u003cp>As the curtain of fog began to part, a ray of sunlight struck the small patch of earth where Sanjana Silva was replanting dozens of bright green barley seedlings. Silva lives and works in Sri Lanka, the tropical island nation that dangles from India’s southernmost tip. As part of his job as an officer with Sri Lanka’s Department of Agriculture, he searches for better ways to feed his country’s growing population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what is Silva doing \u003cem>here\u003c/em>, digging holes in a garden in Mendocino, California, on this chilly morning?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very cold here…but I can deal with it,” he said with a laugh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63312\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Silva-EA1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-63312 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Silva-EA1-e1386283868409-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Sri Lankan agricultural official Sanjana Silva plants barley seedlings at a test plot in Mendocino, CA.\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sri Lankan agricultural official Sanjana Silva plants barley seedlings at a test plot in Mendocino, CA. Click to enlarge. Image by Lisa Landers\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Luckily, he’s not here for the weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silva is part of a group of international farmers and gardeners from countries as far flung as Senegal, Nepal, and Argentina who journey every year to a network of research gardens on the northern California coast. They come to participate in six- to twelve-month training programs where they are schooled in the art of biointensive growing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The programs are offered through a nonprofit organization based in Willits, California called \u003ca title=\"Ecology Action\" href=\"http://www.growbiointensive.org/about_main.html\">Ecology Action\u003c/a>, dedicated to teaching people around the globe how to grow food in a sustainable way. The method they teach -- referred to as \u003ca title=\"Grow Biointensive\" href=\"http://www.growbiointensive.org/\">GROW BIOINTENSIVE\u003c/a> -- is the brainchild of Yale graduate and agricultural researcher \u003ca href=\"http://www.johnjeavons.info\">John Jeavons\u003c/a>, who since 1972 has been studying the results of small-scale, biologically intensive farming. The technique is largely based on the work of \u003ca href=\"http://casfs.ucsc.edu/about/history/farm-garden-projects\">Alan Chadwick\u003c/a>, the British Master Gardener who pioneered organic farming methods at the University of California-Santa Cruz in the 1960s.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">75 percent of the world’s people will be at risk because they may not have enough water to grow an adequate diet \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The goal of Jeavon’s trademarked method is to help farmers increase food yields using less land, less water, and without the chemical fertilizers and pesticides used in conventional farming techniques.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Worldwide we have a critical situation on our hands…,” Jeavons explained. “According to a recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.un.org/waterfor%20lifedecade/scarcity.shtml\">UN [FAO] report\u003c/a>, 75 percent of the world’s people will be at risk because they may not have enough water to grow an adequate diet. Also, so much of our agricultural land is no longer viable because farming has depleted the soil. So this method is designed -- based on millennia-old practices -- to enable people everywhere in the world to meet their own food needs and ‘grow’ their own soil using a fraction of the resources.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64687\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 347px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/kale3.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64687 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/kale3-347x253.jpg\" alt=\"Kale and other leafy greens grow in raised beds with soil loosened two feet down to support moisture retention and minimize erosion -- one of the key biointensive growing techniques. Image by Lisa Landers\" width=\"347\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Raised beds allow soil to be loosened two feet down to support moisture retention and minimize erosion -- one of the key biointensive growing techniques. Image by Lisa Landers\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So, what’s the magic formula? It’s a combination of soil that is continuously cultivated with a carbon-rich organic compost to maximize fertility, and seeds that are planted in a certain way. For example, crops are planted much closer together than usual so that more can be grown in a small space. Bunching the plants together also creates a leafy umbrella that shades the soil, which in turn reduces the need for water. It’s a recipe that can be used to grow seasonal foods year-round -- from winter squashes to summer berries -- outdoors or in greenhouses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>International trainees like Sanjana Silva spend their days engaged in hands-on fieldwork, classroom learning, and informal brainstorming sessions between farmers from different countries, all of whom face distinct challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64648\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 189px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/SS-2women-DSC04798.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64648 \" title=\"Teaching community gardeners in Sri Lanka about biointensive growing methods. Click to enlarge. Image courtesy of Sanjana Silva\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/SS-2women-DSC04798-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"Teaching community gardeners in Sri Lanka about biointensive growing methods. Image courtesy of Sanjana Silva\" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Teaching community gardeners in Sri Lanka about biointensive growing methods. Image courtesy of Sanjana Silva\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Silva enrolled in the program because he is searching for ways to support his government’s initiative to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers. “Sri Lanka is 70 percent rural, which means that they are basically all farming their own food. But the use of nationally subsidized chemical fertilizers caused the soil quality to become poor, making it harder to grow food.” Silva added that the shift away from chemical fertilizers was also spurred by their suspected \u003ca href=\"http://www.scidev.net/global/systems/feature/conflicting-reports-highlight-scientific-data-gaps-in-sri-lanka-s-chronic-kidney.html\">link to the chronic kidney disease\u003c/a> that plagues many Sri Lankans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although this brand of biointensive farming holds great promise for small community farms like those in Sri Lanka, questions remain about its scalability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For small-scale plots this method has proven to produce high yields,\" according to Christof Bernau, an instructor at the \u003ca href=\"http://casfs.ucsc.edu/about/index.html\">Center for Agroecology at the University of California, Santa Cruz\u003c/a>,\" but if you amplify it out to the multi-acre, tractor-scale model, it may require inputs of knowledge, labor, and resources that aren’t economically sustainable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around the globe scientists are \u003ca href=\"http://www.scidev.net/global/food-security/editorials/investing-in-people-and-evidence-for-sustainable-farming.html\">studying the effectiveness of a variety of innovative farming methods\u003c/a> aimed at addressing issues related to food security and dwindling resources, particularly in developing nations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's no one-size-fits-all method, acknowledged Ecology Action garden manager, Matt Drewno. Growing techniques have to be adjusted to account for variations in weather, topography, and other factors. “But we provide an adaptable toolkit and a framework,” explained Drewn, “so that no matter the climate, crop availability, and other specific local considerations, you can make it work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64302\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Kenya2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64302 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Kenya2-337x253.jpg\" alt='During a workshop near Mzuzu, Malawi, people learn how to \"grow\" more fertile soil. Photo courtesy of John Jeavons' width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">During a workshop near Mzuzu, Malawi, community members learn how to \"grow\" more fertile soil. Photo courtesy of John Jeavons\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Besides two people from Sri Lanka, this year’s group of 10 international participants (stationed at one of three California training sites) also included an emissary from a Mexican government agency working to improve and expand the capacity of floating farms on the outskirts of Mexico City, and a Kenyan who has set his sights on repairing the soil damage wrought by industrial tea farming, with the hope of restoring the farmers’ ability to nourish themselves from their land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most of these people really want to educate other people -- and that’s why they are coming here,” said Jeavons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here in the foggy Mendocino research garden, many crops are transformed into meals served at \u003ca href=\"http://www.ravensrestaurant.com/\">Ravens’ Restaurant\u003c/a>, a gourmet vegan eatery. The proprietors of the restaurant and \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanfordinn.com\">adjoining eco-resort\u003c/a> offer free use of their land for the research, as well as food and lodging for training program participants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63311\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 296px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Silva-EA-quinoa-e1386285537989.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-63311 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Silva-EA-quinoa-e1386285537989-296x253.jpg\" alt=\"Protein-packed quinoa plants are cultivated and harvested at Ecology Action's research garden in Mendocino, CA. Image by Lisa Landers\" width=\"296\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Protein-packed quinoa plants are cultivated and harvested at Ecology Action's research garden in Mendocino, CA. Image by Lisa Landers\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The trainees also get down in the dirt to help answer a question that has been motivating Jeavons for more than 40 years: what is the smallest amount of land on which a complete and balanced diet can be grown? This year’s test plot is filled with calorically and nutritionally dense crops, such as fava beans, potatoes, and towering quinoa plants, whose protein-packed clusters of ruby red seeds glisten in the misty morning light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throughout the year the results from this experimental garden will be collected, analyzed, and posted online, where they can be accessed by farmers, scientists, and the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once Silva and the other international participants complete their training, they will take what they learn back to their own communities, along with the hope of planting the seeds for a more sustainable farming future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I’ve taught workshops in places like East Africa and I tell them about the challenging situation we face, it doesn’t freak them out,” Jeavons recounted. “They say, ‘let’s do this’ and ‘if we don’t do this, our children are going to be toast.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Related links for further exploration:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.un.org/en/sustainablefuture/food.shtml\">United Nations: sustainable farming stories & stats from around the globet\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.scidev.net/global/agriculture/farming/\">SciDev \"Spotlight\" Series: Science for Sustainable Food\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://commongroundgarden.org\">Common Ground Garden (Ecology Action Bay Area Tours & Classes)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As the curtain of fog began to part, a ray of sunlight struck the small patch of earth where Sanjana Silva was replanting dozens of bright green barley seedlings. Silva lives and works in Sri Lanka, the tropical island nation that dangles from India’s southernmost tip. As part of his job as an officer with Sri Lanka’s Department of Agriculture, he searches for better ways to feed his country’s growing population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what is Silva doing \u003cem>here\u003c/em>, digging holes in a garden in Mendocino, California, on this chilly morning?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very cold here…but I can deal with it,” he said with a laugh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63312\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Silva-EA1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-63312 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Silva-EA1-e1386283868409-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Sri Lankan agricultural official Sanjana Silva plants barley seedlings at a test plot in Mendocino, CA.\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sri Lankan agricultural official Sanjana Silva plants barley seedlings at a test plot in Mendocino, CA. Click to enlarge. Image by Lisa Landers\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Luckily, he’s not here for the weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silva is part of a group of international farmers and gardeners from countries as far flung as Senegal, Nepal, and Argentina who journey every year to a network of research gardens on the northern California coast. They come to participate in six- to twelve-month training programs where they are schooled in the art of biointensive growing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The programs are offered through a nonprofit organization based in Willits, California called \u003ca title=\"Ecology Action\" href=\"http://www.growbiointensive.org/about_main.html\">Ecology Action\u003c/a>, dedicated to teaching people around the globe how to grow food in a sustainable way. The method they teach -- referred to as \u003ca title=\"Grow Biointensive\" href=\"http://www.growbiointensive.org/\">GROW BIOINTENSIVE\u003c/a> -- is the brainchild of Yale graduate and agricultural researcher \u003ca href=\"http://www.johnjeavons.info\">John Jeavons\u003c/a>, who since 1972 has been studying the results of small-scale, biologically intensive farming. The technique is largely based on the work of \u003ca href=\"http://casfs.ucsc.edu/about/history/farm-garden-projects\">Alan Chadwick\u003c/a>, the British Master Gardener who pioneered organic farming methods at the University of California-Santa Cruz in the 1960s.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">75 percent of the world’s people will be at risk because they may not have enough water to grow an adequate diet \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The goal of Jeavon’s trademarked method is to help farmers increase food yields using less land, less water, and without the chemical fertilizers and pesticides used in conventional farming techniques.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Worldwide we have a critical situation on our hands…,” Jeavons explained. “According to a recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.un.org/waterfor%20lifedecade/scarcity.shtml\">UN [FAO] report\u003c/a>, 75 percent of the world’s people will be at risk because they may not have enough water to grow an adequate diet. Also, so much of our agricultural land is no longer viable because farming has depleted the soil. So this method is designed -- based on millennia-old practices -- to enable people everywhere in the world to meet their own food needs and ‘grow’ their own soil using a fraction of the resources.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64687\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 347px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/kale3.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64687 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/kale3-347x253.jpg\" alt=\"Kale and other leafy greens grow in raised beds with soil loosened two feet down to support moisture retention and minimize erosion -- one of the key biointensive growing techniques. Image by Lisa Landers\" width=\"347\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Raised beds allow soil to be loosened two feet down to support moisture retention and minimize erosion -- one of the key biointensive growing techniques. Image by Lisa Landers\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So, what’s the magic formula? It’s a combination of soil that is continuously cultivated with a carbon-rich organic compost to maximize fertility, and seeds that are planted in a certain way. For example, crops are planted much closer together than usual so that more can be grown in a small space. Bunching the plants together also creates a leafy umbrella that shades the soil, which in turn reduces the need for water. It’s a recipe that can be used to grow seasonal foods year-round -- from winter squashes to summer berries -- outdoors or in greenhouses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>International trainees like Sanjana Silva spend their days engaged in hands-on fieldwork, classroom learning, and informal brainstorming sessions between farmers from different countries, all of whom face distinct challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64648\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 189px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/SS-2women-DSC04798.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64648 \" title=\"Teaching community gardeners in Sri Lanka about biointensive growing methods. Click to enlarge. Image courtesy of Sanjana Silva\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/SS-2women-DSC04798-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"Teaching community gardeners in Sri Lanka about biointensive growing methods. Image courtesy of Sanjana Silva\" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Teaching community gardeners in Sri Lanka about biointensive growing methods. Image courtesy of Sanjana Silva\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Silva enrolled in the program because he is searching for ways to support his government’s initiative to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers. “Sri Lanka is 70 percent rural, which means that they are basically all farming their own food. But the use of nationally subsidized chemical fertilizers caused the soil quality to become poor, making it harder to grow food.” Silva added that the shift away from chemical fertilizers was also spurred by their suspected \u003ca href=\"http://www.scidev.net/global/systems/feature/conflicting-reports-highlight-scientific-data-gaps-in-sri-lanka-s-chronic-kidney.html\">link to the chronic kidney disease\u003c/a> that plagues many Sri Lankans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although this brand of biointensive farming holds great promise for small community farms like those in Sri Lanka, questions remain about its scalability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For small-scale plots this method has proven to produce high yields,\" according to Christof Bernau, an instructor at the \u003ca href=\"http://casfs.ucsc.edu/about/index.html\">Center for Agroecology at the University of California, Santa Cruz\u003c/a>,\" but if you amplify it out to the multi-acre, tractor-scale model, it may require inputs of knowledge, labor, and resources that aren’t economically sustainable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around the globe scientists are \u003ca href=\"http://www.scidev.net/global/food-security/editorials/investing-in-people-and-evidence-for-sustainable-farming.html\">studying the effectiveness of a variety of innovative farming methods\u003c/a> aimed at addressing issues related to food security and dwindling resources, particularly in developing nations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's no one-size-fits-all method, acknowledged Ecology Action garden manager, Matt Drewno. Growing techniques have to be adjusted to account for variations in weather, topography, and other factors. “But we provide an adaptable toolkit and a framework,” explained Drewn, “so that no matter the climate, crop availability, and other specific local considerations, you can make it work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64302\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Kenya2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64302 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Kenya2-337x253.jpg\" alt='During a workshop near Mzuzu, Malawi, people learn how to \"grow\" more fertile soil. Photo courtesy of John Jeavons' width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">During a workshop near Mzuzu, Malawi, community members learn how to \"grow\" more fertile soil. Photo courtesy of John Jeavons\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Besides two people from Sri Lanka, this year’s group of 10 international participants (stationed at one of three California training sites) also included an emissary from a Mexican government agency working to improve and expand the capacity of floating farms on the outskirts of Mexico City, and a Kenyan who has set his sights on repairing the soil damage wrought by industrial tea farming, with the hope of restoring the farmers’ ability to nourish themselves from their land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most of these people really want to educate other people -- and that’s why they are coming here,” said Jeavons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here in the foggy Mendocino research garden, many crops are transformed into meals served at \u003ca href=\"http://www.ravensrestaurant.com/\">Ravens’ Restaurant\u003c/a>, a gourmet vegan eatery. The proprietors of the restaurant and \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanfordinn.com\">adjoining eco-resort\u003c/a> offer free use of their land for the research, as well as food and lodging for training program participants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63311\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 296px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Silva-EA-quinoa-e1386285537989.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-63311 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Silva-EA-quinoa-e1386285537989-296x253.jpg\" alt=\"Protein-packed quinoa plants are cultivated and harvested at Ecology Action's research garden in Mendocino, CA. Image by Lisa Landers\" width=\"296\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Protein-packed quinoa plants are cultivated and harvested at Ecology Action's research garden in Mendocino, CA. Image by Lisa Landers\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The trainees also get down in the dirt to help answer a question that has been motivating Jeavons for more than 40 years: what is the smallest amount of land on which a complete and balanced diet can be grown? This year’s test plot is filled with calorically and nutritionally dense crops, such as fava beans, potatoes, and towering quinoa plants, whose protein-packed clusters of ruby red seeds glisten in the misty morning light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throughout the year the results from this experimental garden will be collected, analyzed, and posted online, where they can be accessed by farmers, scientists, and the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once Silva and the other international participants complete their training, they will take what they learn back to their own communities, along with the hope of planting the seeds for a more sustainable farming future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I’ve taught workshops in places like East Africa and I tell them about the challenging situation we face, it doesn’t freak them out,” Jeavons recounted. “They say, ‘let’s do this’ and ‘if we don’t do this, our children are going to be toast.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Related links for further exploration:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.un.org/en/sustainablefuture/food.shtml\">United Nations: sustainable farming stories & stats from around the globet\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.scidev.net/global/agriculture/farming/\">SciDev \"Spotlight\" Series: Science for Sustainable Food\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://commongroundgarden.org\">Common Ground Garden (Ecology Action Bay Area Tours & Classes)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>World demand for seafood is rising, but many of the world’s oceans are already overfished. Now scientists are creating vegetarian diets for species like trout, which may lessen the strain on over-fished oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Read more in the original article, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/02/13/vegetarian-farmed-fish-may-be-key-to-sustainable-aquaculture/\">The Key to Sustainable Fish Farming? Vegetarian Fish\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>(click on the image below for the \u003ca class=\"nofancybox\" title=\"original graphic - (12M)\" href=\"http://u.s.kqed.net/2014/02/11/FFF.png\">original 12M poster file\u003c/a>)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca class=\"nofancybox\" title=\"original graphic - (12M)\" href=\"http://u.s.kqed.net/2014/02/11/FFF.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-67328\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/FFF-640.png\" alt=\"FFF-640\" width=\"640\" height=\"1834\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/FFF-640.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/FFF-640-400x1146.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>New York City made headlines this year with the news that its greenhouse gas emissions dropped by \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/30/us-newyorkcity-climate-idUSBRE9BT0QN20131230\">nearly 20 percent\u003c/a> over the past decade. Other \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/statelocalclimate/local/local-examples/action-plans.html\">cities and communities nationwide are also developing climate action plans\u003c/a> to reduce carbon dioxide (CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>) levels, but how will they measure their success?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66638\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 292px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284.png\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66638 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284.png\" alt=\"Stacy installing monitor\" width=\"292\" height=\"283\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284.png 2414w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284-400x387.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284-800x774.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284-1440x1394.png 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284-1180x1142.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284-960x929.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284-32x32.png 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 292px) 100vw, 292px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stacy Maenner and Chris Sabine helped install the CO2 monitor on top of the Space Needle. Photo courtesy of NOAA.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Off the foggy coast of the Pacific Ocean near Aberdeen, Washington, a small monitor sits on a buoy quietly measuring atmospheric CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>. Its sister, a monitor high atop Seattle's iconic Space Needle, does the same. The two monitors create a picture of the carbon emissions generated by our region's population. These monitors allow scientists -- and the public -- to see daily, monthly, and seasonal highs and lows in carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seven years ago scientists in Seattle installed this innovative system, which lets them analyze real-time data of changing atmospheric CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> levels and share this information with the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Washington, a state that relies primarily on hydroelectricity to fuel industry, carbon emissions come largely from transportation, industry and residential buildings. This contrasts with most parts of the country, where carbon comes mostly from power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66644\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 363px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66644 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-Emissions-Mobile.png.png\" alt=\"WA Emissions Mobile.png\" width=\"363\" height=\"281\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-Emissions-Mobile.png.png 1600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-Emissions-Mobile.png-400x309.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-Emissions-Mobile.png-800x618.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-Emissions-Mobile.png-1440x1112.png 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-Emissions-Mobile.png-1180x912.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-Emissions-Mobile.png-960x742.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 363px) 100vw, 363px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This map shows \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/WA+State+Emissions\">Washington State Emissions\u003c/a> from transportation sources. The dark red lines also correspond with Washington highways. Photo courtesy of Kevin Gurney. Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This makes Washington a perfect place for scientists to study the impacts of policy decisions on transportation, industrial and residential emissions, removing the influence of coal-burning power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Dr. Ellen Lettvin, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pacificsciencecenter.org/\">Pacific Science Center\u003c/a>'s Vice President for Science and Education, \"The Space Needle is tall enough and central enough to gather meaningful urban data about CO2, whereas the instrument on the buoy collects important observations of the remote marine environment.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With Dr. Christopher Sabine, Director of the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL), Lettvin arranged to install the Seattle \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/Methods+for+Space+Needle\">CO₂ monitoring station\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every five minutes, data from the Seattle monitor is collected and then summarized in daily, monthly, and seasonal graphs. The daily picture shows peaks at commute times, while the seasonal graphs show dips in the spring and summer when urban vegetation absorbs a portion of the CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>. But long-term results show a more disturbing trend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66646\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 744px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Seasonal-CO2.gif\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-66646 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Seasonal-CO2.gif\" alt=\"Seasonal CO2\" width=\"744\" height=\"312\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/Space+Needle\">PMEL's Seasonal CO2 graph\u003c/a> shows the CO2 emissions of the coast (green) and of downtown Seattle (blue). Photo courtesy of NOAA.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"The scary thing is that over the last seven years since we have been taking these measurements, the seasonal CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> low points keeps trending slightly higher each year due to human activity, in both the measurements from Seattle and from Aberdeen,\" says Lettvin. \"The CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> levels in our region keep climbing, year after year -- just as they are doing worldwide.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66639\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66639 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk.jpg\" alt=\"PSC kiosk\" width=\"250\" height=\"250\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-400x400.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-800x800.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-1440x1440.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-1180x1180.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-960x960.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-64x64.jpg 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-96x96.jpg 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-128x128.jpg 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pacific Science Center's shows data from the Space Needle's CO2 monitor. Photo courtesy of Pacific Science Center.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lettvin points out that businesses have much to gain from a better understanding of their CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> footprints, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fuel costs keep going up,” said Lettvin, “so if you’re a business or an individual, your CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> footprint is strongly related to the amount of money you are spending on fuel. Saving money and reducing our individual and collective contributions to climate change are both incentives to reducing energy use.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monitors like the one on top of the Space Needle help scientists understand the flow and flux of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> in major cities. Individuals, companies, and governments can now make more informed decisions about their emissions, and any progress toward climate mitigation will become clearer.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>New York City made headlines this year with the news that its greenhouse gas emissions dropped by \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/30/us-newyorkcity-climate-idUSBRE9BT0QN20131230\">nearly 20 percent\u003c/a> over the past decade. Other \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/statelocalclimate/local/local-examples/action-plans.html\">cities and communities nationwide are also developing climate action plans\u003c/a> to reduce carbon dioxide (CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>) levels, but how will they measure their success?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66638\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 292px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284.png\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66638 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284.png\" alt=\"Stacy installing monitor\" width=\"292\" height=\"283\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284.png 2414w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284-400x387.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284-800x774.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284-1440x1394.png 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284-1180x1142.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284-960x929.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284-32x32.png 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 292px) 100vw, 292px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stacy Maenner and Chris Sabine helped install the CO2 monitor on top of the Space Needle. Photo courtesy of NOAA.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Off the foggy coast of the Pacific Ocean near Aberdeen, Washington, a small monitor sits on a buoy quietly measuring atmospheric CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>. Its sister, a monitor high atop Seattle's iconic Space Needle, does the same. The two monitors create a picture of the carbon emissions generated by our region's population. These monitors allow scientists -- and the public -- to see daily, monthly, and seasonal highs and lows in carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seven years ago scientists in Seattle installed this innovative system, which lets them analyze real-time data of changing atmospheric CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> levels and share this information with the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Washington, a state that relies primarily on hydroelectricity to fuel industry, carbon emissions come largely from transportation, industry and residential buildings. This contrasts with most parts of the country, where carbon comes mostly from power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66644\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 363px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66644 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-Emissions-Mobile.png.png\" alt=\"WA Emissions Mobile.png\" width=\"363\" height=\"281\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-Emissions-Mobile.png.png 1600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-Emissions-Mobile.png-400x309.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-Emissions-Mobile.png-800x618.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-Emissions-Mobile.png-1440x1112.png 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-Emissions-Mobile.png-1180x912.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-Emissions-Mobile.png-960x742.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 363px) 100vw, 363px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This map shows \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/WA+State+Emissions\">Washington State Emissions\u003c/a> from transportation sources. The dark red lines also correspond with Washington highways. Photo courtesy of Kevin Gurney. Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This makes Washington a perfect place for scientists to study the impacts of policy decisions on transportation, industrial and residential emissions, removing the influence of coal-burning power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Dr. Ellen Lettvin, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pacificsciencecenter.org/\">Pacific Science Center\u003c/a>'s Vice President for Science and Education, \"The Space Needle is tall enough and central enough to gather meaningful urban data about CO2, whereas the instrument on the buoy collects important observations of the remote marine environment.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With Dr. Christopher Sabine, Director of the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL), Lettvin arranged to install the Seattle \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/Methods+for+Space+Needle\">CO₂ monitoring station\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every five minutes, data from the Seattle monitor is collected and then summarized in daily, monthly, and seasonal graphs. The daily picture shows peaks at commute times, while the seasonal graphs show dips in the spring and summer when urban vegetation absorbs a portion of the CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>. But long-term results show a more disturbing trend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66646\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 744px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Seasonal-CO2.gif\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-66646 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Seasonal-CO2.gif\" alt=\"Seasonal CO2\" width=\"744\" height=\"312\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/Space+Needle\">PMEL's Seasonal CO2 graph\u003c/a> shows the CO2 emissions of the coast (green) and of downtown Seattle (blue). Photo courtesy of NOAA.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"The scary thing is that over the last seven years since we have been taking these measurements, the seasonal CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> low points keeps trending slightly higher each year due to human activity, in both the measurements from Seattle and from Aberdeen,\" says Lettvin. \"The CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> levels in our region keep climbing, year after year -- just as they are doing worldwide.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66639\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66639 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk.jpg\" alt=\"PSC kiosk\" width=\"250\" height=\"250\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-400x400.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-800x800.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-1440x1440.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-1180x1180.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-960x960.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-64x64.jpg 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-96x96.jpg 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-128x128.jpg 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pacific Science Center's shows data from the Space Needle's CO2 monitor. Photo courtesy of Pacific Science Center.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lettvin points out that businesses have much to gain from a better understanding of their CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> footprints, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fuel costs keep going up,” said Lettvin, “so if you’re a business or an individual, your CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> footprint is strongly related to the amount of money you are spending on fuel. Saving money and reducing our individual and collective contributions to climate change are both incentives to reducing energy use.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monitors like the one on top of the Space Needle help scientists understand the flow and flux of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> in major cities. Individuals, companies, and governments can now make more informed decisions about their emissions, and any progress toward climate mitigation will become clearer.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>If you’re old enough to have childhood memories, chances are you’re old enough to have witnessed a land use change. Maybe the woods behind your parents’ home has morphed into rows of new houses. Maybe the creek where you caught your first fish now boasts a parking lot for a big box store. Maybe a particularly picturesque farmstead is now a collection of crumbling structures engulfed by overgrown weeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These landscape changes come big and small, and often so gradually that they go unnoticed. That said, many long-time residents of the Great Plains can and will tell you this much: where they once saw diverse prairie habitats, they now see cropland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies examining recent rates of grassland, wetland, and shrubland loss in the country’s midsection have revealed head-turning statistics. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3593829/#!po=31.2500\">research report\u003c/a> published by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/site/aboutpnas/index.xhtml\">\u003cstrong>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\u003c/strong> (PNAS)\u003c/a> in March 2013 concluded that grassland-to-cropland conversion rates across “significant portions of the US Western Corn Belt” from 2001 to 2011 were similar to rates of rainforest conversion in Brazil, Malaysia, and Indonesia during the 1980s and 1990s (1.0 to 5.4 percent annually).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report also suggested that, especially in Nebraska, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Click%20on%20image%20to%20zoom&p=PMC3&id=3593829_pnas.1215404110fig04.jpg\">noticeable fraction of the conversion occurs on marginal lands\u003c/a> that are poorly suited for crop production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Culprits, victims, and beneficiaries of this habitat loss are somewhat debatable, but what is uncontestable is the reality that the Great Plains’ landscapes have been drastically altered over the last century and a half. What was once a grassy wilderness is now a vast agro-industrial zone -- a place where the landscape struggles to support both biodiversity and the crop-based commodities that our times demand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not news to \u003ca href=\"http://snr.unl.edu/powell/\">Larkin Powell\u003c/a>, a professor of conservation biology and wildlife ecology at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Since his childhood days on a family farm in rural Iowa, Powell has been taking notice of the landscape changes around him -- and how easy it is to forget how things used to be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66781\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 336px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Kearney_fromnorthhill1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66781 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Kearney_fromnorthhill1-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Views of Kearney, Nebraska from the north hill. I’m always looking for evidence of landscape change. The amount of change to our urban areas is significant—especially in the amount of trees in our towns and cities. This series of images followed by a photo I took in 2013 is an effective reminder that Nebraska’s urban areas have grown and changed their landscapes at the same time the rural landscape has changed. (Caption by Larkin Powell. Top two photos: Buffalo County Historical Society Collection. Bottom photo: Larkin Powell.) \" width=\"336\" height=\"252\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click the photo for more information. (\u003cem>Buffalo County Historical Society Collection\u003c/em>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We drive around on our landscapes today and we’re only familiar with what we see today,” said Powell, who added, “We can kind of remember what was there last week. There’s this ‘landscape perception’ field of study that suggests that people don’t do well -- in our brains -- of keeping track of little changes that happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Powell these often forgettable landscape changes have resulted in big impacts on everything from local biodiversity to human diets to cultural and societal features like architecture, hobbies, and rural populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of Powell’s professional research is focused on the behaviors and what he calls the “life history” of prairie wildlife in changing landscapes. And while the data he gathers are useful from a scientific perspective, they don’t always help the public visualize -- or care about -- the tangible impacts of human activities on natural landscapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, more recently, Powell has set off on an effort to gather something else: the collective memories of prairie life. Specifically, he scours county historical societies and the Nebraska State Historical Museum archives for photographs and articles from relatively recent but nonetheless forgotten times. The end result will be a book that “makes people reflect a little bit, at least,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66776\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 327px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/10200v_SButcher_LofC_CliffTableNE_sodhouse_largeelkantlers1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66776 \" style=\"margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/10200v_SButcher_LofC_CliffTableNE_sodhouse_largeelkantlers1-467x360.jpg\" alt=\"Solomon Butcher photographed many pioneer families in Custer County prior to 1901. I like to look at the objects this family chose to present for the photographer. Were they sending a message to their relatives back East? Did the presence of elk antlers (no longer found in Custer County) tell their family and friends “we’ve got enough to eat”? (Caption by Larkin Powell. Photo by Solomon Butcher; Library of Congress Collection.)\" width=\"327\" height=\"252\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A family portrait from Custer County, Nebraska from sometime before 1901. Click the photo for more information. (\u003cem>Photo by Solomon Butcher; Library of Congress Collection\u003c/em>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A portrait of homesteaders showing off a stack of elk antlers where elk no longer exist; a photo of a butcher selling pronghorn for Christmas dinners; an image of a farmer installing an irrigation system with his sons; aerial photographs of farmsteads morphing into fields of row crops over time -- together these images become a biography of the landscape over the last 150 years, a recorded history of human pursuits and the way in which they have affected other species on the prairie. The goal is to fill in the gaps of memory loss, to “make cross-connections,” said Powell, between our behaviors and some of their unnoticed repercussions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve slowly been converting grasslands to cropland or modifying the way we farm, slowly over time,” he said. “So the question right now is, if that speed of conversion has gone up like statistics suggest, are we close to a tipping point with some of these species?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent flight to the Sandhills of western Nebraska, Powell said he looked out the window of the plane and wondered, “If I were a pheasant or a meadowlark…where would I go?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Powell’s project is coming together under the working title “The Best of Intentions,” which he said he chose because it’s important to acknowledge that people don’t alter the landscape because they have ill intentions for wildlife. It happens, he said, “out of the necessity to meet demands, and out of the desire to support a family.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I really think that sometimes -- as people who are interested in conservation -- we have a tendency to kind of point fingers and say, ‘Why don’t they get it?’” Powell said. “The point of it is, it just happens. It’s not a pointing-fingers book. This is what we’ve done as a society, and there are things that will happen, and this is how our landscape changes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Powell believes that the photographs and stories he has found could help landowners to recall the slow progression of changes that have impacted their land. “You can sit down with somebody and look at what the land looked like on their place and they’ll be like, ‘Yeah, I guess it really has changed more than I thought it did.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Will it alter the course of the future? I’m not sure,” said Powell. “But I think it makes us think, at least a little bit, about the impact we can have on the landscape. Learning from the past, learning from our history, looking at our landscape in a new way helps us see a future we might not have thought of.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Click a thumbnail below to open a slideshow of photographs and captions from Powell's collection.\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[gallery columns=\"2\" link=\"file\" ids=\"66788,66789,66791,66779,66780,66787,66784,66786\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See also:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/21/us/setting-the-table-for-a-fluttering-comeback-with-milkweed.html?_r=0\">A New York Times article with information about monarch butterfly conservation efforts as their food supply diminishes on the prairie.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://harvestpublicmedia.org/article/farmers-plowing-more-and-more-prairie\">This article from Harvest Public Media describing the loss of prairie to agricultural pursuits, and one family's effort to avoid the ethanol boom and save their grassland.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://journalstar.com/sports/local/outdoors/grasslands-under-siege-in-the-plains/article_7bcf969e-0fea-59ee-ba77-8ca1c1eb3023.html\">This editorial from Peter Berthelsen of Pheasants Forever published by the Lincoln Journal Star on December 29, 2013.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you’re old enough to have childhood memories, chances are you’re old enough to have witnessed a land use change. Maybe the woods behind your parents’ home has morphed into rows of new houses. Maybe the creek where you caught your first fish now boasts a parking lot for a big box store. Maybe a particularly picturesque farmstead is now a collection of crumbling structures engulfed by overgrown weeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These landscape changes come big and small, and often so gradually that they go unnoticed. That said, many long-time residents of the Great Plains can and will tell you this much: where they once saw diverse prairie habitats, they now see cropland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies examining recent rates of grassland, wetland, and shrubland loss in the country’s midsection have revealed head-turning statistics. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3593829/#!po=31.2500\">research report\u003c/a> published by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/site/aboutpnas/index.xhtml\">\u003cstrong>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\u003c/strong> (PNAS)\u003c/a> in March 2013 concluded that grassland-to-cropland conversion rates across “significant portions of the US Western Corn Belt” from 2001 to 2011 were similar to rates of rainforest conversion in Brazil, Malaysia, and Indonesia during the 1980s and 1990s (1.0 to 5.4 percent annually).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report also suggested that, especially in Nebraska, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Click%20on%20image%20to%20zoom&p=PMC3&id=3593829_pnas.1215404110fig04.jpg\">noticeable fraction of the conversion occurs on marginal lands\u003c/a> that are poorly suited for crop production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Culprits, victims, and beneficiaries of this habitat loss are somewhat debatable, but what is uncontestable is the reality that the Great Plains’ landscapes have been drastically altered over the last century and a half. What was once a grassy wilderness is now a vast agro-industrial zone -- a place where the landscape struggles to support both biodiversity and the crop-based commodities that our times demand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not news to \u003ca href=\"http://snr.unl.edu/powell/\">Larkin Powell\u003c/a>, a professor of conservation biology and wildlife ecology at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Since his childhood days on a family farm in rural Iowa, Powell has been taking notice of the landscape changes around him -- and how easy it is to forget how things used to be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66781\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 336px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Kearney_fromnorthhill1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66781 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Kearney_fromnorthhill1-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Views of Kearney, Nebraska from the north hill. I’m always looking for evidence of landscape change. The amount of change to our urban areas is significant—especially in the amount of trees in our towns and cities. This series of images followed by a photo I took in 2013 is an effective reminder that Nebraska’s urban areas have grown and changed their landscapes at the same time the rural landscape has changed. (Caption by Larkin Powell. Top two photos: Buffalo County Historical Society Collection. Bottom photo: Larkin Powell.) \" width=\"336\" height=\"252\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click the photo for more information. (\u003cem>Buffalo County Historical Society Collection\u003c/em>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We drive around on our landscapes today and we’re only familiar with what we see today,” said Powell, who added, “We can kind of remember what was there last week. There’s this ‘landscape perception’ field of study that suggests that people don’t do well -- in our brains -- of keeping track of little changes that happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Powell these often forgettable landscape changes have resulted in big impacts on everything from local biodiversity to human diets to cultural and societal features like architecture, hobbies, and rural populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of Powell’s professional research is focused on the behaviors and what he calls the “life history” of prairie wildlife in changing landscapes. And while the data he gathers are useful from a scientific perspective, they don’t always help the public visualize -- or care about -- the tangible impacts of human activities on natural landscapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, more recently, Powell has set off on an effort to gather something else: the collective memories of prairie life. Specifically, he scours county historical societies and the Nebraska State Historical Museum archives for photographs and articles from relatively recent but nonetheless forgotten times. The end result will be a book that “makes people reflect a little bit, at least,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66776\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 327px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/10200v_SButcher_LofC_CliffTableNE_sodhouse_largeelkantlers1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66776 \" style=\"margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/10200v_SButcher_LofC_CliffTableNE_sodhouse_largeelkantlers1-467x360.jpg\" alt=\"Solomon Butcher photographed many pioneer families in Custer County prior to 1901. I like to look at the objects this family chose to present for the photographer. Were they sending a message to their relatives back East? Did the presence of elk antlers (no longer found in Custer County) tell their family and friends “we’ve got enough to eat”? (Caption by Larkin Powell. Photo by Solomon Butcher; Library of Congress Collection.)\" width=\"327\" height=\"252\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A family portrait from Custer County, Nebraska from sometime before 1901. Click the photo for more information. (\u003cem>Photo by Solomon Butcher; Library of Congress Collection\u003c/em>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A portrait of homesteaders showing off a stack of elk antlers where elk no longer exist; a photo of a butcher selling pronghorn for Christmas dinners; an image of a farmer installing an irrigation system with his sons; aerial photographs of farmsteads morphing into fields of row crops over time -- together these images become a biography of the landscape over the last 150 years, a recorded history of human pursuits and the way in which they have affected other species on the prairie. The goal is to fill in the gaps of memory loss, to “make cross-connections,” said Powell, between our behaviors and some of their unnoticed repercussions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve slowly been converting grasslands to cropland or modifying the way we farm, slowly over time,” he said. “So the question right now is, if that speed of conversion has gone up like statistics suggest, are we close to a tipping point with some of these species?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent flight to the Sandhills of western Nebraska, Powell said he looked out the window of the plane and wondered, “If I were a pheasant or a meadowlark…where would I go?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Powell’s project is coming together under the working title “The Best of Intentions,” which he said he chose because it’s important to acknowledge that people don’t alter the landscape because they have ill intentions for wildlife. It happens, he said, “out of the necessity to meet demands, and out of the desire to support a family.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I really think that sometimes -- as people who are interested in conservation -- we have a tendency to kind of point fingers and say, ‘Why don’t they get it?’” Powell said. “The point of it is, it just happens. It’s not a pointing-fingers book. This is what we’ve done as a society, and there are things that will happen, and this is how our landscape changes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Powell believes that the photographs and stories he has found could help landowners to recall the slow progression of changes that have impacted their land. “You can sit down with somebody and look at what the land looked like on their place and they’ll be like, ‘Yeah, I guess it really has changed more than I thought it did.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Will it alter the course of the future? I’m not sure,” said Powell. “But I think it makes us think, at least a little bit, about the impact we can have on the landscape. Learning from the past, learning from our history, looking at our landscape in a new way helps us see a future we might not have thought of.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Click a thumbnail below to open a slideshow of photographs and captions from Powell's collection.\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See also:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/21/us/setting-the-table-for-a-fluttering-comeback-with-milkweed.html?_r=0\">A New York Times article with information about monarch butterfly conservation efforts as their food supply diminishes on the prairie.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://harvestpublicmedia.org/article/farmers-plowing-more-and-more-prairie\">This article from Harvest Public Media describing the loss of prairie to agricultural pursuits, and one family's effort to avoid the ethanol boom and save their grassland.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "From Screenwriter to Soil-Saver: The Double Legacy of Louis Bromfield",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“The problem of soil and water conservation is our gravest and most fundamental national problem.”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-- Louis Bromfield (1896-1956)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the heart of Ohio lies a one-of-a-kind state park that is also a working farm. Malabar Farm is the living legacy of an early and unlikely pioneer in sustainable agriculture: Pulitzer Prize-winning author Louis Bromfield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66581\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 325px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Geo-Petrovic-1994-01-01-8-Bromfield-with-dogs-Malabar-Farm-Archives.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-66581 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Geo-Petrovic-1994-01-01-8-Bromfield-with-dogs-Malabar-Farm-Archives-325x253.jpg\" alt=\"Louis Bromfield was especially fond of his four beloved boxers, Prince, Baby, Gina and Folly. Credit: Malabar Farm Archives\" width=\"325\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Louis Bromfield was especially fond of his four beloved boxers, Prince, Baby, Gina and Folly. Credit: Malabar Farm Archives\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Born in Mansfield, Ohio, in 1896, Bromfield was the son and grandson of farmers. In 1920, Bromfield began a career as a journalist and writer, which took him to New York City and then to the countryside of France, where he moved with his family. His career as a novelist and screenwriter brought him to California frequently, where he became friends with many Hollywood stars, such as Humphrey Bogart and Errol Flynn.*\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With war looming in Europe, Bromfield moved his wife and three children back to Ohio. In 1939, longing to get back to the land and put down roots, he purchased several adjacent farms in Happy Valley and named it \u003ca href=\"http://www.malabarfarm.org/\">Malabar Farm\u003c/a>. Now the owner of a thousand acres of Midwestern farmland, Bromfield wanted to do something untraditional with it, something other than just growing crops for profit. So he established Malabar Farm as a research and development site for scientific farming and became a pioneer in what he called “new agriculture.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66573\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 328px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Ferguson-Div-4219-9-farm-when-Bromfield-was-there-Malabar-Farm-Archives.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-66573 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Ferguson-Div-4219-9-farm-when-Bromfield-was-there-Malabar-Farm-Archives-481x360.jpg\" alt=\"Louis Bromfield planted his fields in several kinds of grasses, and practiced contour farming. Credit: Malabar Farm Archives\" width=\"328\" height=\"245\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">To enrich and protect crops, Bromfield planted nitrogen-fixating grasses like alfalfa and clover and used contour farming to avoid soil erosion. Credit: Malabar Farm Archives\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The primary objective of Louis Bromfield’s new agriculture was the conservation of soil and water. He believed that resource conservation was America’s greatest challenge, especially after the devastating years of the Dust Bowl. He planted his fields in several different kinds of grasses, including alfalfa and clover. These grasses put nitrogen and organic material back into the soil and became forage for his livestock. He did not use chemical fertilizers -- experimenting with natural “barnyard” fertilizers on his fields -- and he never used pesticides. Rather than straight rows and square fields, Bromfield practiced contour farming, a technique that prevents water erosion, and replaced fences with hedges, which helped to slow down wind erosion. He also created ponds and grass waterways to conserve water and prevent runoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-image-66573 \">Although Bromfield wasn’t the only farmer in America experimenting with sustainable methods in the 1940s, he was certainly the most famous at that time. And teaching others about saving our soil and farming without chemicals was as important to him as writing books. Conservationists and farmers visited his farm, as did some 20,000 tourists a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66599\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 387px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/2013-05-30_14-25-58-mud-runoff-from-EWG.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-66599 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/2013-05-30_14-25-58-mud-runoff-from-EWG-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"387\" height=\"218\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A deep gully snakes its way through this Iowa field, carrying away topsoil and farm chemicals. A grass waterway would have minimized erosion and runoff. Credit: Environmental Working Group\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Are the lessons taught at Malabar Farm relevant and useful to us today? We fast-forward to the heart of America’s Corn Belt in May 2013, where a story emerges about lessons learned -- and not learned, with devastating results. After a year of extreme drought in the Midwest, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/10/us/after-drought-rains-plaguing-midwest-farms.html?_r=2&\">several days of heavy rain eroded fields\u003c/a>, washing tons of precious topsoil and farm chemicals into streams and rivers, clogging waterways, and creating pollution further downstream. According to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/research/spring-storm-batter-midwest-soil-and-streams\">report \u003c/a>by the Environmental Working Group using an analysis by the University of Iowa, Iowa farms with poor conservation practices lost far more soil than did other farms. Farms with good conservation practices, such as no-till fields, contour strips, terraces, and grassed waterways, saw little to no erosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66579\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 297px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bogie-no-ID-Malabar-Farm-Archives.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-66579\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bogie-no-ID-Malabar-Farm-Archives-297x360.jpg\" alt=\"Malabar Farm hosted the wedding of Hollywood stars Humphrey Bogart and Lauren Bacall. Credit: Malabar Farm Archives\" width=\"297\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Malabar Farm hosted the wedding of Hollywood stars Humphrey Bogart and Lauren Bacall. Credit: Malabar Farm Archives\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Although Ohio was not subject to the extreme rains that plagued Iowa in 2013, the spring was wetter than usual. But aside from a wet campground, Malabar Farm weathered it just fine, according to farm and park manager Korre Boyer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bromfield was awarded the Audubon Medal for Conservationism in 1952, and in 1980 was posthumously inducted into the Ohio Agricultural Hall of Fame. Visitors can see his bust in the lobby of the Ohio Department of Agriculture’s headquarters in Reynoldsburg, Ohio. After Bromfield’s death in 1956, his children sold Malabar Farm to a conservation foundation, and it became a state park in 1976. It is still a working farm, open to the public, and hosting some 35,000 visitors a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many school groups make the trek to learn about the sustainable farming practices that were so important to its founder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>* Many of Hollywood’s brightest stars visited Malabar Farm over the years, including Errol Flynn, Edward G. Robinson, and George and Gracie Allen. James Cagney could be spotted selling vegetables at the farm’s produce stand. Any visitors had to earn their keep by doing farm chores. And on May 21, 1945, Malabar Farm hosted the wedding of long-time friend Humphrey Bogart to Lauren Bacall, with Louis Bromfield serving as best man -- a star-studded event for Happy Valley!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Links:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.malabarfarm.org/\">Malabar Farm Website\u003c/a> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt;line-height: normal\" href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U0HsYOutHmI\">Our Ohio video on Malabar Farm\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt;line-height: normal\" href=\"http://www.ohioana-authors.org/bromfield/highlights.php\">WOSU: Ohioana Authors – Louis Bromfield \u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bookthink.com/0078/78lb1.htm\">Louis Bromfield: The Man Behind the Farm\u003c/a> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/research/spring-storm-batter-midwest-soil-and-streams\">EWG Report: \u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/research/spring-storm-batter-midwest-soil-and-streams\">\u003cem> WASHOUT: Spring Storms Batter Poorly Protected Soil and Streams\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“The problem of soil and water conservation is our gravest and most fundamental national problem.”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-- Louis Bromfield (1896-1956)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the heart of Ohio lies a one-of-a-kind state park that is also a working farm. Malabar Farm is the living legacy of an early and unlikely pioneer in sustainable agriculture: Pulitzer Prize-winning author Louis Bromfield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66581\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 325px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Geo-Petrovic-1994-01-01-8-Bromfield-with-dogs-Malabar-Farm-Archives.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-66581 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Geo-Petrovic-1994-01-01-8-Bromfield-with-dogs-Malabar-Farm-Archives-325x253.jpg\" alt=\"Louis Bromfield was especially fond of his four beloved boxers, Prince, Baby, Gina and Folly. Credit: Malabar Farm Archives\" width=\"325\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Louis Bromfield was especially fond of his four beloved boxers, Prince, Baby, Gina and Folly. Credit: Malabar Farm Archives\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Born in Mansfield, Ohio, in 1896, Bromfield was the son and grandson of farmers. In 1920, Bromfield began a career as a journalist and writer, which took him to New York City and then to the countryside of France, where he moved with his family. His career as a novelist and screenwriter brought him to California frequently, where he became friends with many Hollywood stars, such as Humphrey Bogart and Errol Flynn.*\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With war looming in Europe, Bromfield moved his wife and three children back to Ohio. In 1939, longing to get back to the land and put down roots, he purchased several adjacent farms in Happy Valley and named it \u003ca href=\"http://www.malabarfarm.org/\">Malabar Farm\u003c/a>. Now the owner of a thousand acres of Midwestern farmland, Bromfield wanted to do something untraditional with it, something other than just growing crops for profit. So he established Malabar Farm as a research and development site for scientific farming and became a pioneer in what he called “new agriculture.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66573\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 328px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Ferguson-Div-4219-9-farm-when-Bromfield-was-there-Malabar-Farm-Archives.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-66573 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Ferguson-Div-4219-9-farm-when-Bromfield-was-there-Malabar-Farm-Archives-481x360.jpg\" alt=\"Louis Bromfield planted his fields in several kinds of grasses, and practiced contour farming. Credit: Malabar Farm Archives\" width=\"328\" height=\"245\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">To enrich and protect crops, Bromfield planted nitrogen-fixating grasses like alfalfa and clover and used contour farming to avoid soil erosion. Credit: Malabar Farm Archives\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The primary objective of Louis Bromfield’s new agriculture was the conservation of soil and water. He believed that resource conservation was America’s greatest challenge, especially after the devastating years of the Dust Bowl. He planted his fields in several different kinds of grasses, including alfalfa and clover. These grasses put nitrogen and organic material back into the soil and became forage for his livestock. He did not use chemical fertilizers -- experimenting with natural “barnyard” fertilizers on his fields -- and he never used pesticides. Rather than straight rows and square fields, Bromfield practiced contour farming, a technique that prevents water erosion, and replaced fences with hedges, which helped to slow down wind erosion. He also created ponds and grass waterways to conserve water and prevent runoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-image-66573 \">Although Bromfield wasn’t the only farmer in America experimenting with sustainable methods in the 1940s, he was certainly the most famous at that time. And teaching others about saving our soil and farming without chemicals was as important to him as writing books. Conservationists and farmers visited his farm, as did some 20,000 tourists a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66599\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 387px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/2013-05-30_14-25-58-mud-runoff-from-EWG.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-66599 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/2013-05-30_14-25-58-mud-runoff-from-EWG-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"387\" height=\"218\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A deep gully snakes its way through this Iowa field, carrying away topsoil and farm chemicals. A grass waterway would have minimized erosion and runoff. Credit: Environmental Working Group\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Are the lessons taught at Malabar Farm relevant and useful to us today? We fast-forward to the heart of America’s Corn Belt in May 2013, where a story emerges about lessons learned -- and not learned, with devastating results. After a year of extreme drought in the Midwest, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/10/us/after-drought-rains-plaguing-midwest-farms.html?_r=2&\">several days of heavy rain eroded fields\u003c/a>, washing tons of precious topsoil and farm chemicals into streams and rivers, clogging waterways, and creating pollution further downstream. According to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/research/spring-storm-batter-midwest-soil-and-streams\">report \u003c/a>by the Environmental Working Group using an analysis by the University of Iowa, Iowa farms with poor conservation practices lost far more soil than did other farms. Farms with good conservation practices, such as no-till fields, contour strips, terraces, and grassed waterways, saw little to no erosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66579\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 297px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bogie-no-ID-Malabar-Farm-Archives.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-66579\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bogie-no-ID-Malabar-Farm-Archives-297x360.jpg\" alt=\"Malabar Farm hosted the wedding of Hollywood stars Humphrey Bogart and Lauren Bacall. Credit: Malabar Farm Archives\" width=\"297\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Malabar Farm hosted the wedding of Hollywood stars Humphrey Bogart and Lauren Bacall. Credit: Malabar Farm Archives\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Although Ohio was not subject to the extreme rains that plagued Iowa in 2013, the spring was wetter than usual. But aside from a wet campground, Malabar Farm weathered it just fine, according to farm and park manager Korre Boyer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bromfield was awarded the Audubon Medal for Conservationism in 1952, and in 1980 was posthumously inducted into the Ohio Agricultural Hall of Fame. Visitors can see his bust in the lobby of the Ohio Department of Agriculture’s headquarters in Reynoldsburg, Ohio. After Bromfield’s death in 1956, his children sold Malabar Farm to a conservation foundation, and it became a state park in 1976. It is still a working farm, open to the public, and hosting some 35,000 visitors a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many school groups make the trek to learn about the sustainable farming practices that were so important to its founder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>* Many of Hollywood’s brightest stars visited Malabar Farm over the years, including Errol Flynn, Edward G. Robinson, and George and Gracie Allen. James Cagney could be spotted selling vegetables at the farm’s produce stand. Any visitors had to earn their keep by doing farm chores. And on May 21, 1945, Malabar Farm hosted the wedding of long-time friend Humphrey Bogart to Lauren Bacall, with Louis Bromfield serving as best man -- a star-studded event for Happy Valley!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Links:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.malabarfarm.org/\">Malabar Farm Website\u003c/a> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt;line-height: normal\" href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U0HsYOutHmI\">Our Ohio video on Malabar Farm\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt;line-height: normal\" href=\"http://www.ohioana-authors.org/bromfield/highlights.php\">WOSU: Ohioana Authors – Louis Bromfield \u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bookthink.com/0078/78lb1.htm\">Louis Bromfield: The Man Behind the Farm\u003c/a> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/research/spring-storm-batter-midwest-soil-and-streams\">EWG Report: \u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/research/spring-storm-batter-midwest-soil-and-streams\">\u003cem> WASHOUT: Spring Storms Batter Poorly Protected Soil and Streams\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003ch2>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">\u003cstrong>An Expert Opinion: \u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003cstrong>Dr. Diana Wall\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66060\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 168px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/0000022496-DrDianaWall_one-1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-66060\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/0000022496-DrDianaWall_one-1-168x253.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Diana Wall\" width=\"168\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Diana Wall\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem> “The Nation that destroys its soil destroys itself.”\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003cem> \u003ca href=\"http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=15373\">Franklin D\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=15373\">. Roosevelt\u003c/a>, February 26, 1937\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Civilizations and their economies can rise and fall based on the availability of fertile, healthy soils. Dr. Diana Wall, the winner of the 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.tylerprize.usc.edu/press/pr2013.html\">Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement\u003c/a>, has been instrumental in shaping our understanding of the hidden ecosystems that lie beneath our feet. We talked with Dr. Wall about her work and why soil health and human health are so fundamentally intertwined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\"Dirt\" or \"soil\" -- which term do you use?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>I like soil. Dirt gives the idea that there is nothing beautiful in soil, that it is “dirty” and “dead,” yet the many organisms in soil can be extraordinarily beautiful if you put them under a microscope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Your work in Antarctica and elsewhere has revealed we never really understood soil at all. How has our understanding changed?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Work in the Antarctic Dry Valleys, an extreme cold desert, has shown that tiny, microscopic invertebrates can be the top animals in the food web of this type of ecosystem. They are the “elephants and tigers” of the Dry Valleys even though they are hidden in soil. One species, a nematode roundworm [called] \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1oiggTr83jc\">Scottnema\u003c/a>, occupies the majority of the landscape and contributes about 7 percent to the valley soil carbon turnover, a needed contribution to regulating global carbon cycling. Soils in different locations have very different “communities” of organisms. It’s just like the life above ground -- a desert has very different species compared to a tropical forest. We have just begun to scratch the surface and explore soils to discover the exciting food webs under our feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66151\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Dry-Valley-Abbey-Road.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-66151\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Dry-Valley-Abbey-Road-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Wall and her team of scientists conduct research in the Antarctic to better understand the relation between biodiversity above and below ground. Photos courtesy Dr. Wall/nemablog\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Wall and her team of scientists conduct research in the Antarctic to better understand the relation between biodiversity above and below ground. Photos courtesy Dr. Wall/\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/nemablog/\">nemablog\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is biodiversity underground really as important as biodiversity above ground?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Absolutely! We wouldn’t see the diversity above ground if we didn’t have the diversity below ground. The species above ground, from the birds to the plant species, depend on specific communities of small organisms in the soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The organisms in the food webs below ground work for us cleansing our water, decaying leaves and trees, and returning nutrients to make soils fertile; detoxifying chemicals; stabilizing soils and preventing erosion; and as biocontrol agents, controlling diseases that affect animals, plants, and humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66154\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Worm-Farms.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-66154\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Worm-Farms-640x180.jpg\" alt=\"Worm Farms\" width=\"640\" height=\"180\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Worm farms in Antactica's McMurdo Dry Valley\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How will climate change impact life underground?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Climate change can have a huge impact on life underground. What’s surprising for many is that life underground can also have a huge impact on climate change. It’s a cycle.\u003cbr>\nClimate change can alter soil moisture through droughts or excessive rainfall or soil temperatures, which affects the soil habitat, the food that the organisms eat, and the physiology of the organisms. What we’re trying to do now is to learn more about where and when these changes in soil biodiversity will affect [our ability to] sustain our food, soils, air, and life above ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66063\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 405px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/0000022496-NatureGeosciences2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66063\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/0000022496-NatureGeosciences2-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"0000022496-NatureGeosciences2\" width=\"405\" height=\"228\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some of the “elephants and tigers” found in Antarctica's soil.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What's your favorite soil mini-beast and why?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Ahh… without a doubt it is Scottnema, the small, tough, resilient nematode roundworm from the driest desert on the earth, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=McMurdo+Dry+Valley&espv=210&es_sm=119&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=P6LVUueBN8rNsQTAlID4Bg&ved=0CDcQsAQ&biw=1136&bih=634\">McMurdo Dry Valleys in Antarctica\u003c/a>. It is hard to believe it survives in such a hostile environment, but it survives by changing its physiology from worm-like to a tiny “Cheerio” -- and then blows across the landscape with the cold winter winds. Despite this, this tough animal seems very sensitive to changes in temperature and to increasing soil moisture, which is a concern with increasing warming in Antarctica.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How can soil scientists help advance our land management practices?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Let’s face it -- soils are under threat. We need lots of fertile soils to sustain our populations for the future. Soil scientists have the training to appreciate the different soil habitats and the individual contributions that soil organisms make to fertile and stable soils. All scientists can help to integrate and transfer this new knowledge about soil biodiversity for improved soil health, for the health of us all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66165\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 331px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Breana-Diana-and-Ed-with-Penguin_2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66165 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Breana-Diana-and-Ed-with-Penguin_2-331x253.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Wall and her team encounter a Penguin on a field study in Antarctica in 2006.\" width=\"331\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Wall and her team encounter a Penguin on a field study in Antarctica in 2006.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>If everyone reading this interview committed to one thing to protect soil life, what should that one thing be?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>They can help us protect and conserve and restore our living, teeming soils just as we protect clean air and clean water. Soils are being degraded at a rapid rate. We can all work to address the causes: contamination and pollution, erosion, sealing of soils by concrete, climate change, invasive plant and animal species, and the decline of organic matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Follow Dr. Wall’s current Antarctic research endeavors at her blog,\u003ca href=\"http://nemablog.wordpress.com/\">The World of Nematodes\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003ch2>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">\u003cstrong>An Expert Opinion: \u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003cstrong>Dr. Diana Wall\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66060\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 168px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/0000022496-DrDianaWall_one-1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-66060\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/0000022496-DrDianaWall_one-1-168x253.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Diana Wall\" width=\"168\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Diana Wall\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem> “The Nation that destroys its soil destroys itself.”\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003cem> \u003ca href=\"http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=15373\">Franklin D\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=15373\">. Roosevelt\u003c/a>, February 26, 1937\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Civilizations and their economies can rise and fall based on the availability of fertile, healthy soils. Dr. Diana Wall, the winner of the 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.tylerprize.usc.edu/press/pr2013.html\">Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement\u003c/a>, has been instrumental in shaping our understanding of the hidden ecosystems that lie beneath our feet. We talked with Dr. Wall about her work and why soil health and human health are so fundamentally intertwined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\"Dirt\" or \"soil\" -- which term do you use?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>I like soil. Dirt gives the idea that there is nothing beautiful in soil, that it is “dirty” and “dead,” yet the many organisms in soil can be extraordinarily beautiful if you put them under a microscope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Your work in Antarctica and elsewhere has revealed we never really understood soil at all. How has our understanding changed?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Work in the Antarctic Dry Valleys, an extreme cold desert, has shown that tiny, microscopic invertebrates can be the top animals in the food web of this type of ecosystem. They are the “elephants and tigers” of the Dry Valleys even though they are hidden in soil. One species, a nematode roundworm [called] \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1oiggTr83jc\">Scottnema\u003c/a>, occupies the majority of the landscape and contributes about 7 percent to the valley soil carbon turnover, a needed contribution to regulating global carbon cycling. Soils in different locations have very different “communities” of organisms. It’s just like the life above ground -- a desert has very different species compared to a tropical forest. We have just begun to scratch the surface and explore soils to discover the exciting food webs under our feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66151\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Dry-Valley-Abbey-Road.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-66151\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Dry-Valley-Abbey-Road-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Wall and her team of scientists conduct research in the Antarctic to better understand the relation between biodiversity above and below ground. Photos courtesy Dr. Wall/nemablog\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Wall and her team of scientists conduct research in the Antarctic to better understand the relation between biodiversity above and below ground. Photos courtesy Dr. Wall/\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/nemablog/\">nemablog\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is biodiversity underground really as important as biodiversity above ground?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Absolutely! We wouldn’t see the diversity above ground if we didn’t have the diversity below ground. The species above ground, from the birds to the plant species, depend on specific communities of small organisms in the soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The organisms in the food webs below ground work for us cleansing our water, decaying leaves and trees, and returning nutrients to make soils fertile; detoxifying chemicals; stabilizing soils and preventing erosion; and as biocontrol agents, controlling diseases that affect animals, plants, and humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66154\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Worm-Farms.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-66154\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Worm-Farms-640x180.jpg\" alt=\"Worm Farms\" width=\"640\" height=\"180\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Worm farms in Antactica's McMurdo Dry Valley\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How will climate change impact life underground?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Climate change can have a huge impact on life underground. What’s surprising for many is that life underground can also have a huge impact on climate change. It’s a cycle.\u003cbr>\nClimate change can alter soil moisture through droughts or excessive rainfall or soil temperatures, which affects the soil habitat, the food that the organisms eat, and the physiology of the organisms. What we’re trying to do now is to learn more about where and when these changes in soil biodiversity will affect [our ability to] sustain our food, soils, air, and life above ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66063\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 405px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/0000022496-NatureGeosciences2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66063\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/0000022496-NatureGeosciences2-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"0000022496-NatureGeosciences2\" width=\"405\" height=\"228\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some of the “elephants and tigers” found in Antarctica's soil.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What's your favorite soil mini-beast and why?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Ahh… without a doubt it is Scottnema, the small, tough, resilient nematode roundworm from the driest desert on the earth, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=McMurdo+Dry+Valley&espv=210&es_sm=119&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=P6LVUueBN8rNsQTAlID4Bg&ved=0CDcQsAQ&biw=1136&bih=634\">McMurdo Dry Valleys in Antarctica\u003c/a>. It is hard to believe it survives in such a hostile environment, but it survives by changing its physiology from worm-like to a tiny “Cheerio” -- and then blows across the landscape with the cold winter winds. Despite this, this tough animal seems very sensitive to changes in temperature and to increasing soil moisture, which is a concern with increasing warming in Antarctica.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How can soil scientists help advance our land management practices?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Let’s face it -- soils are under threat. We need lots of fertile soils to sustain our populations for the future. Soil scientists have the training to appreciate the different soil habitats and the individual contributions that soil organisms make to fertile and stable soils. All scientists can help to integrate and transfer this new knowledge about soil biodiversity for improved soil health, for the health of us all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66165\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 331px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Breana-Diana-and-Ed-with-Penguin_2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66165 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Breana-Diana-and-Ed-with-Penguin_2-331x253.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Wall and her team encounter a Penguin on a field study in Antarctica in 2006.\" width=\"331\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Wall and her team encounter a Penguin on a field study in Antarctica in 2006.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>If everyone reading this interview committed to one thing to protect soil life, what should that one thing be?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>They can help us protect and conserve and restore our living, teeming soils just as we protect clean air and clean water. Soils are being degraded at a rapid rate. We can all work to address the causes: contamination and pollution, erosion, sealing of soils by concrete, climate change, invasive plant and animal species, and the decline of organic matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Follow Dr. Wall’s current Antarctic research endeavors at her blog,\u003ca href=\"http://nemablog.wordpress.com/\">The World of Nematodes\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Technologies Poised to Keep Asian Carp at Bay, Slowed by Challenges",
"headTitle": "Technologies Poised to Keep Asian Carp at Bay, Slowed by Challenges | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Listening to scientists discuss the challenges presented by invasive Asian carp, you could easily confuse these conversations for war-room strategy sessions. Through a series of verbal exchanges peppered with tactical-grade language and anxiety, the consensus is that methods used to prevent bighead and silver carp from establishing themselves in the Great Lakes have so far been insufficient. While some of the strategies and techniques were innovative, there are questions about whether they were introduced too slowly to be effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Asian carp enter the Great Lakes, the region risks threats to its biodiversity, its $7 billion fishing industry, and the tourism industry dependent upon it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.usgs.gov/newsroom/article.asp?ID=3270\">Desperate for solutions\u003c/a>, engineers have dreamed up everything from underwater electroshock barriers, to walls of carbon dioxide bubbles, to chemicals that would kill only carp when ingested. Some have even campaigned for \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/09/22/asian-carp-antihunger-pro_n_975647.html\">eating the bony fish out of existence\u003c/a> by \u003ca href=\"http://research.noaa.gov/News/NewsArchive/LatestNews/TabId/684/ArtMID/1768/ArticleID/10205/Invasive-Fish-Becomes-Nutritious-Dish-for-Haitians-in-Need.aspx\">donating them to the hungry\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Necessity is the mother of invention, right?” says \u003ca href=\"http://ohioseagrant.osu.edu/outreach/extension/tgabriel/\">Tory Gabriel\u003c/a>, fisheries outreach coordinator for \u003ca href=\"http://ohioseagrant.osu.edu/\">Ohio Sea Grant\u003c/a>. “It’s sad we’re at this point where it is so pressing, but we are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cleveland.com/nation/index.ssf/2011/08/asian_carp_ruling_appeals_cour.html\">Courts have been ruling against \u003c/a>drastic anti-carp measures for a while, saying that the fish weren’t close enough to the Great Lakes to require them. However, there are indications that some carp may have made it north to Chicago and Lake Erie. A few \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/midwest/fisheries/eDNA.html\">eDNA hits\u003c/a> — that is, DNA sifted from water samples — have shown up in places like Sandusky Bay and the Maumee River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regardless, the measures put in place so far throughout the water systems — permeable underwater wire gates and electroshock barriers being the most common — have been deemed insufficient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers recently released a 232-page report outlining eight strategies for controlling 13 aquatic nuisance species (ANS), including the carp. The report focused on the Chicago Area Water System (CAWS), where a man-made connection between the Mississippi and Great Lakes water systems presents the easiest pathway for carp into the Great Lakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66478\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 403px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/CAWS-allbarriers-2250pxw.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\" wp-image-66478 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/CAWS-allbarriers-2250pxw-448x360.jpg\" alt=\"The Chicago Area Waterway System, determined to be the easiest way for Asian carp to enter the Great Lakes. Credit: Greats Lakes Commission.\" width=\"403\" height=\"324\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Chicago Area Waterway System, determined to be the easiest way for Asian carp to enter the Great Lakes. Credit: Greats Lakes Commission. Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Even the least intensive option, a mix of chemical and biological technologies, would require 25 years and as much as a staggering $18 billion to complete, mostly due to costs involved with r\u003ca href=\"http://www.jsonline.com/news/opinion/closing-the-chicago-canal-is-still-the-best-option-for-great-lakes-b99179382z1-239185171.html\">edesigning sewage systems in Chicago\u003c/a>. Risk-reduction estimates at 5, 25, and even 50 years are speckled with asterisks showing that ANS colonies are still likely during earlier stages of construction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Twenty-five years is unacceptable,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.greatlakes.org/Document.Doc?id=1017\">Jared Teutsch\u003c/a> of the Alliance for the Great Lakes, a nonprofit collective of scientists and educators. “We need urgency and a process to move forward quickly to stop the spread of Asian carp and other aquatic invasive species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an unfortunate twist, the Army Corps’ long-awaited \u003ca href=\"http://glmris.anl.gov/documents/docs/glmrisreport/GLMRIS_Report.pdf\">Great Lakes and Mississippi River Interbasin Study\u003c/a> (GLMRIS) was released in the wake of \u003ca href=\"http://www.lrc.usace.army.mil/Portals/36/docs/projects/ans/docs/Fish-Barge%20Interaction%20and%20DIDSON%20at%20electric%20barriers%20-%2012202013.pdf\">reports from within its own department\u003c/a> that the last line of defense against the carps’ invasion of the Great Lakes — an \u003ca href=\"http://acwi.gov/monitoring/webinars/CAWS_AsianCarp_20111013.pdf\">electric dispersal barrier\u003c/a> at the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal in the CAWS — has been \u003ca href=\"http://www.cleveland.com/outdoors/index.ssf/2013/12/asian_carp_report_due_jan_6_bu.html\">ineffective\u003c/a> at keeping carp at bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Reel Big Problems: Anti-Carp Technology\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Great Lakes residents have watched apprehensively ever since the imported fish began heading north. The carp’s voracious appetite for algae and animal plankton made it an environmentally friendly cleanup tool for dirty fish farms along the Mississippi, but that same appetite makes it lethal to competing native fish species and the lakes themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asian carp eat low on the food chain but can weigh up to 100 pounds, outcompeting smaller fish. Worse, there are some indications the invasive fish could \u003ca href=\"http://www.miseagrant.umich.edu/downloads/ais/10-750-fs-asian-carp.pdf\">aggravate the harmful algal blooms\u003c/a> that \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/battling-the-bloom-lake-erie/\">plague many of the Great Lakes\u003c/a>. Some noxious blue-green algae have protective coatings that allow them to \u003ca href=\"http://seagrant.oregonstate.edu/sites/default/files/invasive-species/toolkit/asian-carp-factsheet.html\">survive the carps’ digestive process\u003c/a> while accessing nutrients picked up during filter feeding. Bighead and silver carp have no natural predators, and researchers estimate it would only take 10 of these carp to start a spawning population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asian carp \u003ca href=\"http://www.watershedcouncil.org/learn/aquatic%20invasive%20species/asian-carp/detailed-timeline/\">started creeping north\u003c/a> after escaping from fisheries along the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers during floods in 1993. Today, Asian carp make up 90 percent of the fish biomass in the Mississippi water system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They breed like mosquitos and eat like hogs,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.theoec.org/contact/kristy-meyer-ms\">Kristy Meyer\u003c/a>, managing director of agricultural and clean water programs for the Ohio Environmental Council.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of this is good news for Lake Erie, a lake whose history brims with biblically sized algal blooms and that produces \u003ca href=\"http://www.politifact.com/ohio/statements/2012/mar/22/marcy-kaptur/rep-marcy-kaptur-says-lake-erie-has-more-native-fi/\">over 50 percent of all Great Lakes game fish\u003c/a> — supporting an \u003ca href=\"http://www.theoec.org/LakeErie\">$11.5 billion tourism industry\u003c/a> and 117,000 jobs in Ohio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of this, engineers have been encouraged to develop just about any solution to keep carp at bay — or out of one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One such solution was the \u003ca href=\"http://www.detroitnews.com/article/20131223/METRO06/312230088\">electric barrier\u003c/a> in the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal, which was meant to keep Asian carp from swimming through the CAWS and into Lake Michigan. Of the identified 18 points of entry into the Great Lakes, the Army Corps believes the CAWS point is the most critical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The barrier consists of three electrodes arranged in a line. These electrodes power a barrier much like an electric fence for dogs. Fish swimming into it receive an electric shock sufficient enough to stun them and keep them out — in theory. According to a report issued by the Army Corps in December, 2013, the barrier is effective against adult carp, but \u003ca href=\"http://www.jsonline.com/news/wisconsin/report-fish-swim-past-electric-barrier-meant-to-block-asian-carp-b99170326z1-237051941.html\">smaller fish of two to four inches long were able to find a loophole.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66449\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1673px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/AbsolutelyFinalHannahCarp.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\" wp-image-66449\" title=\"Credit: Hannah Weinberger, ideastream\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/AbsolutelyFinalHannahCarp.jpg\" alt=\"AbsolutelyFinalHannahCarp\" width=\"1673\" height=\"941\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/AbsolutelyFinalHannahCarp.jpg 1673w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/AbsolutelyFinalHannahCarp-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/AbsolutelyFinalHannahCarp-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/AbsolutelyFinalHannahCarp-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/AbsolutelyFinalHannahCarp-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/AbsolutelyFinalHannahCarp-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1673px) 100vw, 1673px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Credit: Hannah Weinberger, ideastream. Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Every day, dozens of barges sweep up and down the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal; and when something as large, dense, and metallic as a barge passes through, the “electric fence” is temporarily disrupted. Disruptions have been significant enough that other fish species have been able to swim through the barrier alongside or in the wake of barges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same report notes the electrical field might not even be strong enough to incapacitate fish, despite the fact that its voltage had already been cranked up once before, in 2011. Also, power outages are a concern: an outage in 2012 put the barrier out of commission for 45 minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not the first time this kind of technology has failed. In the early 2000s it was used to try to get rid of gobies in the Great Lakes, another invasive aquatic species. But by the time the Army Corps of Engineers erected the barrier’s electrode system, the gobies had already infiltrated the Mississippi water system via Lake Michigan. Due to slow implementation, the barrier was never truly put to the test.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Debating the Best Defense\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>With carp gaining on our best defenses, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cleveland.com/opinion/index.ssf/2014/01/cleveland_to_corps_get_er_done.html\">many environmentalists are concerned\u003c/a> that the GLMRIS study wasn’t intended to lead to a decision directly, and that it’s still possible that nothing will be done to combat carp at the federal level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[The Corps’] task from Congress was just to come up with possible scenarios,” clarifies Christopher Winslow, assistant director of the Ohio Sea Grant program. “So even in the GLMRIS report, all they’re saying is, ‘these seem like logical and feasible approaches.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report, already years in the making, leaves room for ambiguity about actual execution of the plans — only 5 percent of each of the eight options has been designed. Meyer worries this will stagnate the construction process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t want to see them now say, ‘Okay, well, let’s select [a plan] and do a few more years of the study to make sure that it’s even feasible,’” Meyer says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a big risk to take when plans require billions in funding. Still, an appropriate plan may pay off in the long term. Recent studies suggest that controlling the spread of invasive species already present in the Great Lakes can cost \u003ca href=\"http://news.nd.edu/news/29875-new-paper-assigns-dollar-figure-to-cost-from-ship-borne-invasive-species-to-the-great-lakes/\">up to $800 million annually\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s just like in medicine — prevention is worth a pound of cure,” Winslow says. “Once they get in here … it might ultimately be less expensive to write that price tag off now than it would be to incur the annual upkeep.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmentalists aren’t endorsing irresponsibility, but they do want action, and they worry that now is not the time for strict protocol or evaluation of every possible technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of all the methods presented, the most experimental involves a device called the GLMRIS Lock. Barges traveling between water systems would enter a lock, have all the water with them drained, and then pass into a bed of treated, clean water. It’s also the plan that gives most pause to environmentalists like \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/northamerica/unitedstates/ohio/facesofconservation/john-stark.xml\">John Stark\u003c/a>, freshwater director of the Ohio arm of The Nature Conservancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66475\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 336px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/asian-jumping-fish.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\" wp-image-66475 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/asian-jumping-fish-420x360.jpg\" alt=\"Incredibly bony heavy, Asian carp have been known to injure boaters and waterskiiers when they jump from the water. Credit: Louisville USACE.\" width=\"336\" height=\"288\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Incredibly bony heavy, Asian carp have been known to injure boaters and water skiers when they jump from the water. Credit: Louisville USACE.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“My concern is, when you read the description of what they would have to do and the system that would supply it, it seems to me there’s all kinds of areas where that system could potentially fail,” Stark says. Between dependence on electricity, the prospect of mixing treatment chemicals incorrectly, and pipes breaking, Stark doesn’t see the lock as a sustainable choice.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Building Barriers that Work\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Two solutions proposed in the GLMRIS report reflect the calls of activists and some scientists by including a sought-after mechanism: complete division of the Mississippi and Great Lakes water systems at critical entry points.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not even just for Asian carp — you want to separate these two basins as much as possible for all invasives, ones that are there now and ones that might be in the future,” Tory Gabriel of Ohio Sea Grant says. “But ideally the best thing would be to physically separate the two watersheds, like they were naturally.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While technological prototypes abound, hydrologic separation calls for a simple earthen-and-concrete barrier built up between water systems. Locks, bubble jets, and electroshock barriers offer possibilities of migration, but it’s pretty hard to swim through solid ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barriers are much more sustainable and less involved than other suggested technologies, says The Nature Conservancy’s John Stark. They aren’t simple to build, but they don’t require as much upkeep or engineering as pipe systems and treatment plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The trick with the barrier itself is that they’ll have to physically move cargo from one side of the barrier to the other, and potentially boats,” Stark says. “Nothing is going to be absolutely 100 percent, but this [hydrologic] barrier’s probably as close as you can get.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to complete hydrologic separation in the CAWS — the most critical entry point between the Mississippi and Great Lakes — Chicago would have to \u003ca href=\"http://www.theatlanticcities.com/politics/2014/01/century-later-expensive-lesson-reversing-chicago-river/8069/\">redirect its entire septic and water system \u003c/a>back toward Lake Michigan. The only reason the two water systems connect at all is because the city redirected the flow a century ago for septic purposes. But with significant shipping interest in the city today, it has been difficult to pass barrier legislation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s easy to say that you could just go in and physically separate any water that connects the two basins, …but it’s never that easy,” Winslow says. “There’s always conflict of interest and different user groups, and money’s always an issue.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But one thing is clear: while people debate the pros and cons of creating new barriers, Asian carp continue to barrel through existing ones.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "In response to the major threats posed to the Great Lakes by invasive Asian carp, engineers have developed devices to keep them out, but delays in deciding how to implement them might give the fish an edge.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Listening to scientists discuss the challenges presented by invasive Asian carp, you could easily confuse these conversations for war-room strategy sessions. Through a series of verbal exchanges peppered with tactical-grade language and anxiety, the consensus is that methods used to prevent bighead and silver carp from establishing themselves in the Great Lakes have so far been insufficient. While some of the strategies and techniques were innovative, there are questions about whether they were introduced too slowly to be effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Asian carp enter the Great Lakes, the region risks threats to its biodiversity, its $7 billion fishing industry, and the tourism industry dependent upon it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.usgs.gov/newsroom/article.asp?ID=3270\">Desperate for solutions\u003c/a>, engineers have dreamed up everything from underwater electroshock barriers, to walls of carbon dioxide bubbles, to chemicals that would kill only carp when ingested. Some have even campaigned for \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/09/22/asian-carp-antihunger-pro_n_975647.html\">eating the bony fish out of existence\u003c/a> by \u003ca href=\"http://research.noaa.gov/News/NewsArchive/LatestNews/TabId/684/ArtMID/1768/ArticleID/10205/Invasive-Fish-Becomes-Nutritious-Dish-for-Haitians-in-Need.aspx\">donating them to the hungry\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Necessity is the mother of invention, right?” says \u003ca href=\"http://ohioseagrant.osu.edu/outreach/extension/tgabriel/\">Tory Gabriel\u003c/a>, fisheries outreach coordinator for \u003ca href=\"http://ohioseagrant.osu.edu/\">Ohio Sea Grant\u003c/a>. “It’s sad we’re at this point where it is so pressing, but we are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cleveland.com/nation/index.ssf/2011/08/asian_carp_ruling_appeals_cour.html\">Courts have been ruling against \u003c/a>drastic anti-carp measures for a while, saying that the fish weren’t close enough to the Great Lakes to require them. However, there are indications that some carp may have made it north to Chicago and Lake Erie. A few \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/midwest/fisheries/eDNA.html\">eDNA hits\u003c/a> — that is, DNA sifted from water samples — have shown up in places like Sandusky Bay and the Maumee River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regardless, the measures put in place so far throughout the water systems — permeable underwater wire gates and electroshock barriers being the most common — have been deemed insufficient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers recently released a 232-page report outlining eight strategies for controlling 13 aquatic nuisance species (ANS), including the carp. The report focused on the Chicago Area Water System (CAWS), where a man-made connection between the Mississippi and Great Lakes water systems presents the easiest pathway for carp into the Great Lakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66478\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 403px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/CAWS-allbarriers-2250pxw.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\" wp-image-66478 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/CAWS-allbarriers-2250pxw-448x360.jpg\" alt=\"The Chicago Area Waterway System, determined to be the easiest way for Asian carp to enter the Great Lakes. Credit: Greats Lakes Commission.\" width=\"403\" height=\"324\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Chicago Area Waterway System, determined to be the easiest way for Asian carp to enter the Great Lakes. Credit: Greats Lakes Commission. Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Even the least intensive option, a mix of chemical and biological technologies, would require 25 years and as much as a staggering $18 billion to complete, mostly due to costs involved with r\u003ca href=\"http://www.jsonline.com/news/opinion/closing-the-chicago-canal-is-still-the-best-option-for-great-lakes-b99179382z1-239185171.html\">edesigning sewage systems in Chicago\u003c/a>. Risk-reduction estimates at 5, 25, and even 50 years are speckled with asterisks showing that ANS colonies are still likely during earlier stages of construction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Twenty-five years is unacceptable,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.greatlakes.org/Document.Doc?id=1017\">Jared Teutsch\u003c/a> of the Alliance for the Great Lakes, a nonprofit collective of scientists and educators. “We need urgency and a process to move forward quickly to stop the spread of Asian carp and other aquatic invasive species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an unfortunate twist, the Army Corps’ long-awaited \u003ca href=\"http://glmris.anl.gov/documents/docs/glmrisreport/GLMRIS_Report.pdf\">Great Lakes and Mississippi River Interbasin Study\u003c/a> (GLMRIS) was released in the wake of \u003ca href=\"http://www.lrc.usace.army.mil/Portals/36/docs/projects/ans/docs/Fish-Barge%20Interaction%20and%20DIDSON%20at%20electric%20barriers%20-%2012202013.pdf\">reports from within its own department\u003c/a> that the last line of defense against the carps’ invasion of the Great Lakes — an \u003ca href=\"http://acwi.gov/monitoring/webinars/CAWS_AsianCarp_20111013.pdf\">electric dispersal barrier\u003c/a> at the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal in the CAWS — has been \u003ca href=\"http://www.cleveland.com/outdoors/index.ssf/2013/12/asian_carp_report_due_jan_6_bu.html\">ineffective\u003c/a> at keeping carp at bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Reel Big Problems: Anti-Carp Technology\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Great Lakes residents have watched apprehensively ever since the imported fish began heading north. The carp’s voracious appetite for algae and animal plankton made it an environmentally friendly cleanup tool for dirty fish farms along the Mississippi, but that same appetite makes it lethal to competing native fish species and the lakes themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asian carp eat low on the food chain but can weigh up to 100 pounds, outcompeting smaller fish. Worse, there are some indications the invasive fish could \u003ca href=\"http://www.miseagrant.umich.edu/downloads/ais/10-750-fs-asian-carp.pdf\">aggravate the harmful algal blooms\u003c/a> that \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/battling-the-bloom-lake-erie/\">plague many of the Great Lakes\u003c/a>. Some noxious blue-green algae have protective coatings that allow them to \u003ca href=\"http://seagrant.oregonstate.edu/sites/default/files/invasive-species/toolkit/asian-carp-factsheet.html\">survive the carps’ digestive process\u003c/a> while accessing nutrients picked up during filter feeding. Bighead and silver carp have no natural predators, and researchers estimate it would only take 10 of these carp to start a spawning population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asian carp \u003ca href=\"http://www.watershedcouncil.org/learn/aquatic%20invasive%20species/asian-carp/detailed-timeline/\">started creeping north\u003c/a> after escaping from fisheries along the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers during floods in 1993. Today, Asian carp make up 90 percent of the fish biomass in the Mississippi water system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They breed like mosquitos and eat like hogs,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.theoec.org/contact/kristy-meyer-ms\">Kristy Meyer\u003c/a>, managing director of agricultural and clean water programs for the Ohio Environmental Council.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of this is good news for Lake Erie, a lake whose history brims with biblically sized algal blooms and that produces \u003ca href=\"http://www.politifact.com/ohio/statements/2012/mar/22/marcy-kaptur/rep-marcy-kaptur-says-lake-erie-has-more-native-fi/\">over 50 percent of all Great Lakes game fish\u003c/a> — supporting an \u003ca href=\"http://www.theoec.org/LakeErie\">$11.5 billion tourism industry\u003c/a> and 117,000 jobs in Ohio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of this, engineers have been encouraged to develop just about any solution to keep carp at bay — or out of one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One such solution was the \u003ca href=\"http://www.detroitnews.com/article/20131223/METRO06/312230088\">electric barrier\u003c/a> in the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal, which was meant to keep Asian carp from swimming through the CAWS and into Lake Michigan. Of the identified 18 points of entry into the Great Lakes, the Army Corps believes the CAWS point is the most critical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The barrier consists of three electrodes arranged in a line. These electrodes power a barrier much like an electric fence for dogs. Fish swimming into it receive an electric shock sufficient enough to stun them and keep them out — in theory. According to a report issued by the Army Corps in December, 2013, the barrier is effective against adult carp, but \u003ca href=\"http://www.jsonline.com/news/wisconsin/report-fish-swim-past-electric-barrier-meant-to-block-asian-carp-b99170326z1-237051941.html\">smaller fish of two to four inches long were able to find a loophole.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66449\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1673px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/AbsolutelyFinalHannahCarp.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\" wp-image-66449\" title=\"Credit: Hannah Weinberger, ideastream\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/AbsolutelyFinalHannahCarp.jpg\" alt=\"AbsolutelyFinalHannahCarp\" width=\"1673\" height=\"941\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/AbsolutelyFinalHannahCarp.jpg 1673w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/AbsolutelyFinalHannahCarp-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/AbsolutelyFinalHannahCarp-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/AbsolutelyFinalHannahCarp-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/AbsolutelyFinalHannahCarp-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/AbsolutelyFinalHannahCarp-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1673px) 100vw, 1673px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Credit: Hannah Weinberger, ideastream. Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Every day, dozens of barges sweep up and down the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal; and when something as large, dense, and metallic as a barge passes through, the “electric fence” is temporarily disrupted. Disruptions have been significant enough that other fish species have been able to swim through the barrier alongside or in the wake of barges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same report notes the electrical field might not even be strong enough to incapacitate fish, despite the fact that its voltage had already been cranked up once before, in 2011. Also, power outages are a concern: an outage in 2012 put the barrier out of commission for 45 minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not the first time this kind of technology has failed. In the early 2000s it was used to try to get rid of gobies in the Great Lakes, another invasive aquatic species. But by the time the Army Corps of Engineers erected the barrier’s electrode system, the gobies had already infiltrated the Mississippi water system via Lake Michigan. Due to slow implementation, the barrier was never truly put to the test.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Debating the Best Defense\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>With carp gaining on our best defenses, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cleveland.com/opinion/index.ssf/2014/01/cleveland_to_corps_get_er_done.html\">many environmentalists are concerned\u003c/a> that the GLMRIS study wasn’t intended to lead to a decision directly, and that it’s still possible that nothing will be done to combat carp at the federal level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[The Corps’] task from Congress was just to come up with possible scenarios,” clarifies Christopher Winslow, assistant director of the Ohio Sea Grant program. “So even in the GLMRIS report, all they’re saying is, ‘these seem like logical and feasible approaches.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report, already years in the making, leaves room for ambiguity about actual execution of the plans — only 5 percent of each of the eight options has been designed. Meyer worries this will stagnate the construction process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t want to see them now say, ‘Okay, well, let’s select [a plan] and do a few more years of the study to make sure that it’s even feasible,’” Meyer says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a big risk to take when plans require billions in funding. Still, an appropriate plan may pay off in the long term. Recent studies suggest that controlling the spread of invasive species already present in the Great Lakes can cost \u003ca href=\"http://news.nd.edu/news/29875-new-paper-assigns-dollar-figure-to-cost-from-ship-borne-invasive-species-to-the-great-lakes/\">up to $800 million annually\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s just like in medicine — prevention is worth a pound of cure,” Winslow says. “Once they get in here … it might ultimately be less expensive to write that price tag off now than it would be to incur the annual upkeep.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmentalists aren’t endorsing irresponsibility, but they do want action, and they worry that now is not the time for strict protocol or evaluation of every possible technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of all the methods presented, the most experimental involves a device called the GLMRIS Lock. Barges traveling between water systems would enter a lock, have all the water with them drained, and then pass into a bed of treated, clean water. It’s also the plan that gives most pause to environmentalists like \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/northamerica/unitedstates/ohio/facesofconservation/john-stark.xml\">John Stark\u003c/a>, freshwater director of the Ohio arm of The Nature Conservancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66475\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 336px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/asian-jumping-fish.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\" wp-image-66475 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/asian-jumping-fish-420x360.jpg\" alt=\"Incredibly bony heavy, Asian carp have been known to injure boaters and waterskiiers when they jump from the water. Credit: Louisville USACE.\" width=\"336\" height=\"288\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Incredibly bony heavy, Asian carp have been known to injure boaters and water skiers when they jump from the water. Credit: Louisville USACE.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“My concern is, when you read the description of what they would have to do and the system that would supply it, it seems to me there’s all kinds of areas where that system could potentially fail,” Stark says. Between dependence on electricity, the prospect of mixing treatment chemicals incorrectly, and pipes breaking, Stark doesn’t see the lock as a sustainable choice.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Building Barriers that Work\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Two solutions proposed in the GLMRIS report reflect the calls of activists and some scientists by including a sought-after mechanism: complete division of the Mississippi and Great Lakes water systems at critical entry points.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not even just for Asian carp — you want to separate these two basins as much as possible for all invasives, ones that are there now and ones that might be in the future,” Tory Gabriel of Ohio Sea Grant says. “But ideally the best thing would be to physically separate the two watersheds, like they were naturally.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While technological prototypes abound, hydrologic separation calls for a simple earthen-and-concrete barrier built up between water systems. Locks, bubble jets, and electroshock barriers offer possibilities of migration, but it’s pretty hard to swim through solid ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barriers are much more sustainable and less involved than other suggested technologies, says The Nature Conservancy’s John Stark. They aren’t simple to build, but they don’t require as much upkeep or engineering as pipe systems and treatment plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The trick with the barrier itself is that they’ll have to physically move cargo from one side of the barrier to the other, and potentially boats,” Stark says. “Nothing is going to be absolutely 100 percent, but this [hydrologic] barrier’s probably as close as you can get.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to complete hydrologic separation in the CAWS — the most critical entry point between the Mississippi and Great Lakes — Chicago would have to \u003ca href=\"http://www.theatlanticcities.com/politics/2014/01/century-later-expensive-lesson-reversing-chicago-river/8069/\">redirect its entire septic and water system \u003c/a>back toward Lake Michigan. The only reason the two water systems connect at all is because the city redirected the flow a century ago for septic purposes. But with significant shipping interest in the city today, it has been difficult to pass barrier legislation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s easy to say that you could just go in and physically separate any water that connects the two basins, …but it’s never that easy,” Winslow says. “There’s always conflict of interest and different user groups, and money’s always an issue.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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"radiolab": {
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"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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"reveal": {
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"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
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