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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone\" src=\"http://imgdev.unl.edu/aquifer/what_is_an_aquifer_640_wide.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"4437\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_auto_sidebar id=\"\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a pdf version of the Aquifer Infographic click \u003ca title=\"What is an Aquifer PDF visual resource\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/downloads/2014/03/what_is_an_aquifer.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aquifers are bodies of saturated rock and sediment through which water can move, and they provide 99% of our groundwater. Humans rely on aquifers for most of our drinking water. However, we are not only depleting this supply but are its biggest polluters as well. 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Describe them and how the water is stored or found in each.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What are some ways that an aquifer can be depleted, contaminated, and replenished?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What is the result when water is pumped faster from a well than the aquifer near the well can be recharged?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What are groundwater monitoring wells and why are they important?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Links to Learn More\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"USGS Groundwater Information\" href=\"http://water.usgs.gov/ogw/aquiferbasics/\" target=\"_blank\">Aquifer Basics\u003c/a>,\u003cstrong> USGS - \u003c/strong>A page from the USGS Groundwater Information series on their website.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"National Geographic\" href=\"http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/encyclopedia/aquifer/?ar_a=1\" target=\"_blank\">National Geographic Education: Aquifer\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>National Geographic\u003c/strong> - A very basic look at the “anatomy” of an aquifer.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"University of Nebraska School of Natural Resources Maps\" href=\"http://snr.unl.edu/data/water/groundwatermaps.asp\" target=\"_blank\">Ground-Level Changes in Nebraska\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>University of Nebraska-Lincoln, School of Natural Resources - \u003c/strong>Maps, maps, maps from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln’s School of Natural Resources! These are large, downloadable maps in different formats comparing groundwater levels during different periods of time.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"NET Documentary on the Price of Water\" href=\"http://netnebraska.org/basic-page/television/price-water\" target=\"_blank\">The Price of Water\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>NET -\u003c/strong>An NET Television documentary with segments on the Ogallala Aquifer, groundwater and tap water.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Tapping unsustainable groundwater stores for agricultural production in the \u003ca title=\"PNAS\" href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2013/08/14/1220351110\" target=\"_blank\">High Plains Aquifer\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>PNAS -\u003c/strong>This page provides an extended abstract for the 2013 article (based on four years of research) that created an outpouring of concern when the authors’ argued that “agriculture is tapping the High Plains Aquifer beyond natural replenishment rates to grow irrigated crops and livestock.” The abstract page links to the full text of the original article.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"The Washington Post article on Ground Water\" href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/09/12/how-long-before-the-midwest-runs-out-of-water/\" target=\"_blank\">How long before the Great Plains run out of water?\u003c/a> \u003cstrong>The Washington Post - \u003c/strong>A Washington Post article based on a recent major study of the Ogallala Aquifer.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"The New York Times Op Ed piece on aquifers\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/01/opinion/polluting-the-ogallala-aquifer.html?_r=1&\" target=\"_blank\">Running Dry on the Great Plains\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>The New York Times - \u003c/strong>A New York Times Op-Ed piece claiming that the aquifer is being wasted and polluted.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>NGSS Correlations\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation:\u003c/strong> Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence for how the uneven distributions of Earth’s mineral, energy, and groundwater resources are the result of past and current geoscience processes. 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Describe them and how the water is stored or found in each.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What are some ways that an aquifer can be depleted, contaminated, and replenished?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What is the result when water is pumped faster from a well than the aquifer near the well can be recharged?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What are groundwater monitoring wells and why are they important?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Links to Learn More\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"USGS Groundwater Information\" href=\"http://water.usgs.gov/ogw/aquiferbasics/\" target=\"_blank\">Aquifer Basics\u003c/a>,\u003cstrong> USGS - \u003c/strong>A page from the USGS Groundwater Information series on their website.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"National Geographic\" href=\"http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/encyclopedia/aquifer/?ar_a=1\" target=\"_blank\">National Geographic Education: Aquifer\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>National Geographic\u003c/strong> - A very basic look at the “anatomy” of an aquifer.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"University of Nebraska School of Natural Resources Maps\" href=\"http://snr.unl.edu/data/water/groundwatermaps.asp\" target=\"_blank\">Ground-Level Changes in Nebraska\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>University of Nebraska-Lincoln, School of Natural Resources - \u003c/strong>Maps, maps, maps from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln’s School of Natural Resources! 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"content": "\u003cp>This lighthearted animation takes us beneath the surface to see groundwater in action. Watch anthropomorphized drops of groundwater travel through this system. A smiling character with a shovel digs us down to the water table, allowing us to flow through the water cycle and thus making the process much easier to understand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This animation is part of a four-part educational series on \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/water-flows/\">\u003cstrong>Ground Water\u003c/strong>.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Pre-Discussion Questions for Ground Water\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What is water called beneath the surface?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What are some dangers facing aquifers and groundwater?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Post-Discussion Questions for Ground Water\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Why is groundwater so vital to us?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How does the water cycle operate?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Extension Activity\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Name as many parts of the water cycle as you can and describe the function of each.\u003cbr>\nPossible activity: Draw a water cycle with as many parts as you can to show how they all interact, and then replay the animation to check and fill in the rest.\u003cbr>\nCompare groundwater to aquifers. How are they alike and how are they different?\u003cbr>\nHow are aquifers replenished or depleted?\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Links to Learn More\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"USGS kids activities\" href=\"http://water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycle-kids-adv.html\" target=\"_blank\">Interactive Water Cycle Graphic\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>USGS -\u003c/strong> A fun interactive water cycle diagram that describes the moving and changing forms for water.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"USGS Water Science School \" href=\"http://water.usgs.gov/edu/sc1.html\" target=\"_blank\">The USGS Water Science School\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>USGS\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong> -\u003c/strong>Educational activity on how much water it takes to grow a hamburger.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"National Groundwater Association, Groundwater Facts\" href=\"http://www.ngwa.org/Fundamentals/use/Pages/Groundwater-facts.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Groundwater Facts\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>National Groundwater Association - \u003c/strong>53 Billion Gallons a day used for agriculture: \"Irrigation accounts for the largest use of groundwater in the United States. Some 53.5 billion gallons of groundwater are used daily for agricultural irrigation from 407,923 wells.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"Encyclopedia of the Great Plains, history and information\" href=\"http://plainshumanities.unl.edu/encyclopedia/doc/egp.wat.018\" target=\"_blank\">Size of High Plains Aquifer\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Encyclopedia of the Great Plains\u003c/strong> - History and information on the Ogallala Aquifer.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"National Geographic, groundwater interactions & resources\" href=\"http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/freshwater/freshwater-101-interactive/\" target=\"_blank\">A Fresh Water Story\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>National Geographic - \u003c/strong>Fun interactions on groundwater, surface water and other related resources.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>NGSS Correlations\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation:\u003c/strong> Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence for how the uneven distributions of Earth’s mineral, energy, and groundwater resources are the result of past and current geoscience processes. MS - ESS2, Earth & Science Systems: Earth's Systems\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea\u003c/strong>: The Role of Water in Earth’s Surface Processes Water continually cycles among land, ocean, and atmosphere via transpiration, evaporation, condensation and crystallization, and precipitation, as well as downhill flows on land. MS - ESS2.C\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Science & Engineering Practices:\u003c/strong> Constructing Explanations and Designing Solutions.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Ohio/Radio/Content/Vacant+to+vibrant/Stream/vacantstreamwfunders.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vacant lots are a big problem for cities that have lost a lot of their population, like Detroit and Cleveland. That’s got people tinkering with ways to do something meaningful with the space, such as plant an urban farm or create a neighborhood park. But those options take money, time, and maintenance, so researchers in Cleveland are testing a way to help revitalize an area -- and improve stormwater management -- without breaking the bank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city of Cleveland is home to 20,000 vacant lots. Last fall I trudged through one of them with Sandra Albro, a researcher with the Cleveland Botanical Garden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There used to be an abandoned building here, flanked by houses in the city’s\u003ca href=\"http://slavicvillage.org/\" target=\"_blank\"> Slavic Village\u003c/a> neighborhood. In its place Albro’s team is installing a rain garden amid rumbling Bobcats, bags of mulch, and plenty of mud. Galoshes were in short supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68248\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 202px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Slavic-Village-Vacant-to-Vibrant-046.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-68248\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Slavic-Village-Vacant-to-Vibrant-046-202x360.jpg\" alt=\"Sandra Albro plants her rain garden with greenery that will help mitigate stormwater problems. Credit: Anne Glausser. \" width=\"202\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sandra Albro plants the vacant lot with greenery that will help mitigate the city's stormwater problems. Credit: Anne Glausser.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Situated on a slope, at the base of the site is a big, bean-shaped indentation in the soil that will soon be planted with thirsty native grasses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we're hoping to accomplish with these beans, our little rain gardens, is to just slow the water down and capture it long enough to let it \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vmo0FRAVgkM&feature=youtu.be\" target=\"_blank\">infiltrate into the soil\u003c/a>,” Albro said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These “beans” are part of an \u003ca href=\"http://www2.epa.gov/urbanwaters\" target=\"_blank\">EPA-funded research study\u003c/a> looking at lower cost, lower maintenance ways to transform vacant land while benefiting communities and the environment. In the environmental engineering community, this kind of project is often called \u003ca href=\"http://water.epa.gov/infrastructure/greeninfrastructure/index.cfm\" target=\"_blank\">green infrastructure\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Albro has set up nine “beans” in this neighborhood and will be comparing their ability to capture stormwater runoff to control sites they’re also monitoring. Regardless of what the data yield, Albro said “greening” projects like this tend to benefit communities in many ways. “There's been a lot of evidence showing that intensive green in neighborhoods improves property values by about 30 percent,” she said. “It reduces violent crime and improves human health indicators. And then on the green infrastructure side, I mean, we do know that green infrastructure can absorb millions of gallons of stormwater every year, so we're hoping to achieve a mixture of those two things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stormwater is a big issue in cities like Cleveland. Heavy rains overwhelm the sewer system here, forcing \u003ca href=\"http://www.neorsd.org/cso_edu.php\" target=\"_blank\">raw sewage to discharge\u003c/a> into Lake Erie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68253\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 386px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Cleveland_vacants_8-15-131-e1394635400622.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-68253\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Cleveland_vacants_8-15-131-e1394635400622-453x360.jpg\" alt=\"Cleveland_vacants_8-15-13\" width=\"386\" height=\"306\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cleveland's vacant spaces, highlighted in orange, all present opportunities for green revitalization. Credit: Sandra Albro.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Albro hopes data from this study, and others like it, will help cities make smart land-use decisions. “We're definitely not promising this is the be all, end all of vacant land reuse and green infrastructure, but in two years we will be able to tell you exactly how it works and what the pros and cons are,” Albro said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right as Albro planted the site’s first seedling, an aster, the sky turned gray. I camped out under Marlane Weslian’s umbrella. Weslian is a longtime resident and works for the area development group. She said she joined the project because she cares about stormwater issues, but mostly to help her neighborhood get back on its feet. “I've actually been living in the neighborhood since 1972. I raised my kids here and I'm living here now with my partner and I'm not gonna leave. It's a great neighborhood. We'll weather all the ups and downs. We always have,” Weslian said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project’s plan is to tap into this sense of neighborhood pride, and recruit local volunteers to tend the rain gardens. Urban planners with whom I spoke, including Terry Schwarz with the Kent State Cleveland Urban Design Collaborative, say this kind of dual-purpose green infrastructure project could go a long way in helping Cleveland dust off and rebuild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you take a neighborhood that's on the -- maybe on the brink -- that has demolition and some vacant land but also has residents living there who would really like to see their neighborhood turn around, these individual vacant parcels become really important,” Albro said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we're hoping to accomplish with these beans, our little rain gardens, is to just slow the water down and capture it long enough to let it \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vmo0FRAVgkM&feature=youtu.be\" target=\"_blank\">infiltrate into the soil\u003c/a>,” Albro said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These “beans” are part of an \u003ca href=\"http://www2.epa.gov/urbanwaters\" target=\"_blank\">EPA-funded research study\u003c/a> looking at lower cost, lower maintenance ways to transform vacant land while benefiting communities and the environment. In the environmental engineering community, this kind of project is often called \u003ca href=\"http://water.epa.gov/infrastructure/greeninfrastructure/index.cfm\" target=\"_blank\">green infrastructure\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Albro has set up nine “beans” in this neighborhood and will be comparing their ability to capture stormwater runoff to control sites they’re also monitoring. Regardless of what the data yield, Albro said “greening” projects like this tend to benefit communities in many ways. “There's been a lot of evidence showing that intensive green in neighborhoods improves property values by about 30 percent,” she said. “It reduces violent crime and improves human health indicators. And then on the green infrastructure side, I mean, we do know that green infrastructure can absorb millions of gallons of stormwater every year, so we're hoping to achieve a mixture of those two things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stormwater is a big issue in cities like Cleveland. Heavy rains overwhelm the sewer system here, forcing \u003ca href=\"http://www.neorsd.org/cso_edu.php\" target=\"_blank\">raw sewage to discharge\u003c/a> into Lake Erie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68253\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 386px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Cleveland_vacants_8-15-131-e1394635400622.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-68253\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Cleveland_vacants_8-15-131-e1394635400622-453x360.jpg\" alt=\"Cleveland_vacants_8-15-13\" width=\"386\" height=\"306\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cleveland's vacant spaces, highlighted in orange, all present opportunities for green revitalization. Credit: Sandra Albro.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Albro hopes data from this study, and others like it, will help cities make smart land-use decisions. “We're definitely not promising this is the be all, end all of vacant land reuse and green infrastructure, but in two years we will be able to tell you exactly how it works and what the pros and cons are,” Albro said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right as Albro planted the site’s first seedling, an aster, the sky turned gray. I camped out under Marlane Weslian’s umbrella. Weslian is a longtime resident and works for the area development group. She said she joined the project because she cares about stormwater issues, but mostly to help her neighborhood get back on its feet. “I've actually been living in the neighborhood since 1972. I raised my kids here and I'm living here now with my partner and I'm not gonna leave. It's a great neighborhood. We'll weather all the ups and downs. We always have,” Weslian said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project’s plan is to tap into this sense of neighborhood pride, and recruit local volunteers to tend the rain gardens. Urban planners with whom I spoke, including Terry Schwarz with the Kent State Cleveland Urban Design Collaborative, say this kind of dual-purpose green infrastructure project could go a long way in helping Cleveland dust off and rebuild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you take a neighborhood that's on the -- maybe on the brink -- that has demolition and some vacant land but also has residents living there who would really like to see their neighborhood turn around, these individual vacant parcels become really important,” Albro said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>In the near future, when you reach for your favorite shirt or sweater – textile scientist Yiqi Yang wants you to thank CORN – not cotton – for that soft, comfortable feel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Corn? Yup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yang thinks part of the world’s most abundant grain may one day rival cotton as the future of textiles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yang develops sustainable bio-based textile fibers as a biochemical engineer at the University of Nebraska’s Department of Textiles, Merchandising and Fashion Design. “All clothing is created from fibers,” says Yang. Some are natural, from plants and animals, like cotton, linen, and wool. Others are manufactured from oil-based synthetics, including polyester, spandex, and nylon. The clothing we wear is determined by the supply and demand of natural and synthetic fibers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A radical change in global fibers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68428\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 930px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-68428 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/QuestTextileGraph11.jpg\" alt=\"QuestTextileGraph1\" width=\"930\" height=\"406\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/QuestTextileGraph11.jpg 1897w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/QuestTextileGraph11-400x175.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/QuestTextileGraph11-800x350.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/QuestTextileGraph11-1440x629.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/QuestTextileGraph11-1180x516.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/QuestTextileGraph11-960x420.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 930px) 100vw, 930px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The source of textile fibers - natural vs. synthetics - has shifted dramatically in the past 50 years. Graphic design: Scott Beachler/NET Television\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For more than 50 years, a radical shift has been taking place in the worldwide source of fibers. In the 1960s, 80% of fibers were natural, while 20% were oil-based synthetics. Today, synthetics dominate the market because petro-based fibers have been cheap and durable, while natural fibers require higher investments in land and water to grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68390\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 303px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-68390 \" style=\"border: 0.5px solid black\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/QuestTextileGraph3.jpg\" alt=\"QuestTextileGraph3\" width=\"303\" height=\"256\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Worldwide consumption of textile fibers has doubled in the past 15 years. It will double again in the next 10-15 years. Graphic design: Scott Beachler/NET Television\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But our changing world is impacting the textile supply. An oil shortage is causing petroleum prices to rise, increasing the cost of synthetics. And soaring global populations are competing for space traditionally used to grow crops and cotton – creating a critical need to both feed and clothe the spiraling masses with less available land. Yang fears a crisis is brewing that could create an uncertain future – one that pits growing food vs. clothing fibers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, the world’s annual demand for textile fibers is 85 million tons. Just 15 years ago, it was about \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">half\u003c/span> that figure. Yang cautions, “The consumption will double \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">again\u003c/span> in the next 10-15 years. So everyone in the fiber industry worries how we can get that much fiber for the unlimited demands of humankind?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Corn tops Yang’s list of new fiber options. “If you look at history, textiles are agriculture. And Nebraska is the place we have lots of corn,” says Yang. Corn is also grown worldwide. Most of that crop is used to feed people and animals – with some serving as a fuel additive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s not the corn kernels that interest Yang. It’s their husks he’s after – part of the farm waste left behind in the harvesting process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can farm waste become fiber?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68482\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 231px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/SuperdomeHighway1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-68482\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/SuperdomeHighway1-231x253.jpg\" alt=\"SuperdomeHighway\" width=\"231\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photos: Superdome interior - Scott Walker.\u003cbr>Superdome exterior - Photos.com.\u003cbr>Graphic design: Scott Beachler/NET Television\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Worldwide, the annual farm waste from corn is enormous, a whopping 400 million tons. That’s enough to fill 1,000 Superdomes each year! The stalks, leaves and husks are normally diced up during harvesting and left on the fields to decompose as fertilizer to enrich the soil for the next growing season. But where farmers see fodder for soil, Yang sees a new source of renewable natural fibers that could reduce our dependence on oil-based synthetics – and help meet the world’s textile needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, how can Yang’s corn husks become textiles? Corn husks, like cotton, contains cellulose, the building blocks of plant’s cell walls. Cotton is almost pure cellulose that is plucked from the plant’s flower. But corn husks, stalks, cobs, and leaves are made of \u003cstrong>lignocellulose\u003c/strong> – complex and woody biopolymers (lignen, cellulose, and hemicellulose) that are distributed throughout the plant. Many of the fibers in the stalks and leaves are too coarse for textiles. But finer fibers are embedded in the husks to protect the kernels throughout a long growing season. To make husks useful for textiles, Yang and his researchers separate the lignocellulose fibers from the husks in a patented biochemical process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Converting husks to fibers in the lab\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68464\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 228px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Yangs-LAB_893_8069_01.new_.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-68464\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Yangs-LAB_893_8069_01.new_-228x169.jpg\" alt=\"Yang's LAB_893_8069_01.new\" width=\"228\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Yang's graduate students operate a test lab to extract fibers from corn husks. Photo: Gary Hochman/NET Television\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Yang’s team designed a custom-built test lab for the process. “We use common, non-toxic chemicals in a mechanical and biochemical process to extract the fibers,” he says. Yang’s graduate students empty a trash can of husks into a stainless steel tumbling reactor and add a solution of simple chemicals (acetic acid, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide, surfactants, and softeners). Piping in hot water, the reactor rotates continuously for half an hour as the solution breaks down the rigid husk material, leaving behind clumps of coarse fibers. The fibers are then washed with water, and dried. Finally, another biochemical treatment reduces the diameter of the coarse fibers to make finer strands. Once the fine fibers are bleached, they can be spun into yarns and colored with common cotton dyes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68469\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 193px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/ECU-Husk-Fibers-2_893_8069_01.new_.01.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-68469\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/ECU-Husk-Fibers-2_893_8069_01.new_.01-193x169.jpg\" alt=\"ECU Husk Fibers 2_893_8069_01.new.01\" width=\"193\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lignocellulose fibers from corn husks. Photo: Gary Hochman/NET Television\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Although the husk fibers look similar to common textile fibers, Yang says they have different properties than cotton or linen. “Fibers from corn husks have much better stretchability compared to any other natural cellulose fibers. That makes it compatible to be spun together with synthetic fibers, like polyester, that are usually mixed with cotton in making textiles,” he explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lab has proved that husk fibers can be made on a small scale. So far, Yang’s team has made one prototype, a red sweater from a yarn mixed from corn husks and polyester fibers. By touch, it’s softer than linen, but similar to cotton. But making one sweater requires a single trash can of husks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can corn husks find a market?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get the process to work on an industrial scale will require massive volumes of husks. That’s no easy task. “Right now, it’s a challenge because there’s not a market for husks,” laments Yang. For the most part, the farming industry is set up to harvest corn for its kernels. Conventional harvesters shell the corn grain, but aren’t designed to separate the rest of the corn plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68486\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/AK-4_MVI_0010.MP4.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-68486\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/AK-4_MVI_0010.MP4-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"A&K 4_MVI_0010.MP4\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">High speed corn husking equipment designed by A&K Development Company separates husks from whole corn cobs at a sweet corn manufacturing plant. Courtesy: Sergio Holm/A&K Development Co.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Consulting industry experts, Yang found two exceptions – seed corn and sweet corn manufacturers. Both harvest full cobs, complete with husks. A&K Development Company in Eugene, Oregon manufactures high-speed automated corn husking assemblies that shred the husks off in the blink of an eye before shelling the kernels for seed or sweet corn. Most of these husks are sold to livestock breeders as feed for cattle. In time, these growers and manufacturers might become a source for husks. But it would take complex distribution to make it work – and transportation costs might make it unaffordable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68496\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 258px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Dux-students-4_Cropped.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-68496\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Dux-students-4_Cropped-258x169.jpg\" alt=\"Dux students 4_Cropped\" width=\"258\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mead High School teacher Thomas Dux and his student 4-H members harvest corn husks by hand\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For a while, it looked like the Yang might have to rely upon a century old solution – picking husks by hand. To help, the University of Nebraska-Lincoln enlisted the help of 4-H, the nation’s youth agricultural organization. Thomas Dux, Mead High School science teacher and 4-H leader, organized a class project to help Yang by having his students collect husks in trash bags. “Someday, we hope corn husks will be a commodity,” says Dux, as he bags a fistful of husks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But collecting husks by hand is impractical. A single barrel weighs under 10 pounds. Yang’s team needs 1,000 pounds to run a larger scale test to convince farmers, implement manufacturers and textile mill operators that husks are worth harvesting on an industrial scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dux hopes his class project inspires students to think about sustainable agriculture and new uses for crops. “Maybe one of our students will be the person who creates a part of a combine that actually separates the husk and stores them in a bin,” he adds hopefully.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68517\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 366px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Jay-and-Ty-2_Cropped.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-68517\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Jay-and-Ty-2_Cropped-366x253.jpg\" alt=\"Jay and Ty 2_Cropped\" width=\"366\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">FarMax agricultural engineers Jay and Ty Stukenholz are designing innovations in harvesting equipment that may create a commodity for corn husks.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Unbeknownst to the class, 40 miles away, two enterprising twins, Ty and Jay Stukenholtz, are closing in on a solution. The Stukenholz brothers are agricultural engineers who farm near Nebraska City. During the past 10 years, they’ve designed and custom-built three combines and formed a company, FarmMax, to create sustainable harvesting equipment. They began with a prototype harvester that separates cobs as a source for biochemicals and biofuels. “Over the years, we figured ways to clean the waste stream from a combine,” says Ty Stukenholtz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68794\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/FarmMax-Farm-Waste-Recovery-Device.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-68794\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/FarmMax-Farm-Waste-Recovery-Device-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"The FarmMax Farm Waste Recovery Device attaches onto existing corn harvesting combines.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The FarmMax Farm Waste Recovery Device attaches onto existing corn harvesting combines.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When the Stukenholtz brothers learned of Yang’s plan to harvest husks for textile fibers, they re-designed their harvester to separate kernels and cobs, grind the stalks as mulch for the field, and eject the husks out the back of the combine to collect in a bobcat. “There is literally no combine in the world that can do what this machine is doing right now,” adds Ty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, they’ve re-engineered a farm waste recovery device that attaches onto existing commercial combines. Jay adds, “We’ve designed it to fit any combine.” Soon, their invention will allow farmers to collect kernels, cobs, and husks in one pass, while unloading them “on-the-go,” rather than pulling a cart or making multiple passes to pick up discarded farm waste. Their single-pass system is a sustainable means of saving time and fuel, while enabling farmers to create additional revenue from corn byproducts. “I think it’s got great potential,” adds Ty. “If harvesting husks brings in a similar price to cotton, farmers would really think about the value of those husks.”\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Yiqi-Yang_Corn-WS.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-68542\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Yiqi-Yang_Corn-WS-255x169.jpg\" alt=\"Yiqi Yang_Corn WS\" width=\"255\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Stukenholtz farm waste recovery system may be a game changer for creating a commodity of husks. And although the market doesn’t yet exist, Yiqi Yang remains optimistic. “We have a strong agricultural industry. We’re using Ag wastes. It’s a perfect fit here in Nebraska, and there’s no reason we cannot develop a fiber industry right here at home,” said Yang.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In the near future, when you reach for your favorite shirt or sweater – textile scientist Yiqi Yang wants you to thank CORN – not cotton – for that soft, comfortable feel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Corn? Yup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yang thinks part of the world’s most abundant grain may one day rival cotton as the future of textiles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yang develops sustainable bio-based textile fibers as a biochemical engineer at the University of Nebraska’s Department of Textiles, Merchandising and Fashion Design. “All clothing is created from fibers,” says Yang. Some are natural, from plants and animals, like cotton, linen, and wool. Others are manufactured from oil-based synthetics, including polyester, spandex, and nylon. The clothing we wear is determined by the supply and demand of natural and synthetic fibers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A radical change in global fibers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68428\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 930px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-68428 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/QuestTextileGraph11.jpg\" alt=\"QuestTextileGraph1\" width=\"930\" height=\"406\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/QuestTextileGraph11.jpg 1897w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/QuestTextileGraph11-400x175.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/QuestTextileGraph11-800x350.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/QuestTextileGraph11-1440x629.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/QuestTextileGraph11-1180x516.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/QuestTextileGraph11-960x420.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 930px) 100vw, 930px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The source of textile fibers - natural vs. synthetics - has shifted dramatically in the past 50 years. Graphic design: Scott Beachler/NET Television\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For more than 50 years, a radical shift has been taking place in the worldwide source of fibers. In the 1960s, 80% of fibers were natural, while 20% were oil-based synthetics. Today, synthetics dominate the market because petro-based fibers have been cheap and durable, while natural fibers require higher investments in land and water to grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68390\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 303px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-68390 \" style=\"border: 0.5px solid black\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/QuestTextileGraph3.jpg\" alt=\"QuestTextileGraph3\" width=\"303\" height=\"256\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Worldwide consumption of textile fibers has doubled in the past 15 years. It will double again in the next 10-15 years. Graphic design: Scott Beachler/NET Television\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But our changing world is impacting the textile supply. An oil shortage is causing petroleum prices to rise, increasing the cost of synthetics. And soaring global populations are competing for space traditionally used to grow crops and cotton – creating a critical need to both feed and clothe the spiraling masses with less available land. Yang fears a crisis is brewing that could create an uncertain future – one that pits growing food vs. clothing fibers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, the world’s annual demand for textile fibers is 85 million tons. Just 15 years ago, it was about \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">half\u003c/span> that figure. Yang cautions, “The consumption will double \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">again\u003c/span> in the next 10-15 years. So everyone in the fiber industry worries how we can get that much fiber for the unlimited demands of humankind?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Corn tops Yang’s list of new fiber options. “If you look at history, textiles are agriculture. And Nebraska is the place we have lots of corn,” says Yang. Corn is also grown worldwide. Most of that crop is used to feed people and animals – with some serving as a fuel additive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s not the corn kernels that interest Yang. It’s their husks he’s after – part of the farm waste left behind in the harvesting process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can farm waste become fiber?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68482\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 231px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/SuperdomeHighway1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-68482\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/SuperdomeHighway1-231x253.jpg\" alt=\"SuperdomeHighway\" width=\"231\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photos: Superdome interior - Scott Walker.\u003cbr>Superdome exterior - Photos.com.\u003cbr>Graphic design: Scott Beachler/NET Television\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Worldwide, the annual farm waste from corn is enormous, a whopping 400 million tons. That’s enough to fill 1,000 Superdomes each year! The stalks, leaves and husks are normally diced up during harvesting and left on the fields to decompose as fertilizer to enrich the soil for the next growing season. But where farmers see fodder for soil, Yang sees a new source of renewable natural fibers that could reduce our dependence on oil-based synthetics – and help meet the world’s textile needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, how can Yang’s corn husks become textiles? Corn husks, like cotton, contains cellulose, the building blocks of plant’s cell walls. Cotton is almost pure cellulose that is plucked from the plant’s flower. But corn husks, stalks, cobs, and leaves are made of \u003cstrong>lignocellulose\u003c/strong> – complex and woody biopolymers (lignen, cellulose, and hemicellulose) that are distributed throughout the plant. Many of the fibers in the stalks and leaves are too coarse for textiles. But finer fibers are embedded in the husks to protect the kernels throughout a long growing season. To make husks useful for textiles, Yang and his researchers separate the lignocellulose fibers from the husks in a patented biochemical process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Converting husks to fibers in the lab\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68464\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 228px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Yangs-LAB_893_8069_01.new_.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-68464\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Yangs-LAB_893_8069_01.new_-228x169.jpg\" alt=\"Yang's LAB_893_8069_01.new\" width=\"228\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Yang's graduate students operate a test lab to extract fibers from corn husks. Photo: Gary Hochman/NET Television\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Yang’s team designed a custom-built test lab for the process. “We use common, non-toxic chemicals in a mechanical and biochemical process to extract the fibers,” he says. Yang’s graduate students empty a trash can of husks into a stainless steel tumbling reactor and add a solution of simple chemicals (acetic acid, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide, surfactants, and softeners). Piping in hot water, the reactor rotates continuously for half an hour as the solution breaks down the rigid husk material, leaving behind clumps of coarse fibers. The fibers are then washed with water, and dried. Finally, another biochemical treatment reduces the diameter of the coarse fibers to make finer strands. Once the fine fibers are bleached, they can be spun into yarns and colored with common cotton dyes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68469\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 193px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/ECU-Husk-Fibers-2_893_8069_01.new_.01.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-68469\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/ECU-Husk-Fibers-2_893_8069_01.new_.01-193x169.jpg\" alt=\"ECU Husk Fibers 2_893_8069_01.new.01\" width=\"193\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lignocellulose fibers from corn husks. Photo: Gary Hochman/NET Television\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Although the husk fibers look similar to common textile fibers, Yang says they have different properties than cotton or linen. “Fibers from corn husks have much better stretchability compared to any other natural cellulose fibers. That makes it compatible to be spun together with synthetic fibers, like polyester, that are usually mixed with cotton in making textiles,” he explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lab has proved that husk fibers can be made on a small scale. So far, Yang’s team has made one prototype, a red sweater from a yarn mixed from corn husks and polyester fibers. By touch, it’s softer than linen, but similar to cotton. But making one sweater requires a single trash can of husks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can corn husks find a market?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get the process to work on an industrial scale will require massive volumes of husks. That’s no easy task. “Right now, it’s a challenge because there’s not a market for husks,” laments Yang. For the most part, the farming industry is set up to harvest corn for its kernels. Conventional harvesters shell the corn grain, but aren’t designed to separate the rest of the corn plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68486\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/AK-4_MVI_0010.MP4.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-68486\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/AK-4_MVI_0010.MP4-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"A&K 4_MVI_0010.MP4\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">High speed corn husking equipment designed by A&K Development Company separates husks from whole corn cobs at a sweet corn manufacturing plant. Courtesy: Sergio Holm/A&K Development Co.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Consulting industry experts, Yang found two exceptions – seed corn and sweet corn manufacturers. Both harvest full cobs, complete with husks. A&K Development Company in Eugene, Oregon manufactures high-speed automated corn husking assemblies that shred the husks off in the blink of an eye before shelling the kernels for seed or sweet corn. Most of these husks are sold to livestock breeders as feed for cattle. In time, these growers and manufacturers might become a source for husks. But it would take complex distribution to make it work – and transportation costs might make it unaffordable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68496\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 258px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Dux-students-4_Cropped.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-68496\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Dux-students-4_Cropped-258x169.jpg\" alt=\"Dux students 4_Cropped\" width=\"258\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mead High School teacher Thomas Dux and his student 4-H members harvest corn husks by hand\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For a while, it looked like the Yang might have to rely upon a century old solution – picking husks by hand. To help, the University of Nebraska-Lincoln enlisted the help of 4-H, the nation’s youth agricultural organization. Thomas Dux, Mead High School science teacher and 4-H leader, organized a class project to help Yang by having his students collect husks in trash bags. “Someday, we hope corn husks will be a commodity,” says Dux, as he bags a fistful of husks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But collecting husks by hand is impractical. A single barrel weighs under 10 pounds. Yang’s team needs 1,000 pounds to run a larger scale test to convince farmers, implement manufacturers and textile mill operators that husks are worth harvesting on an industrial scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dux hopes his class project inspires students to think about sustainable agriculture and new uses for crops. “Maybe one of our students will be the person who creates a part of a combine that actually separates the husk and stores them in a bin,” he adds hopefully.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68517\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 366px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Jay-and-Ty-2_Cropped.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-68517\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Jay-and-Ty-2_Cropped-366x253.jpg\" alt=\"Jay and Ty 2_Cropped\" width=\"366\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">FarMax agricultural engineers Jay and Ty Stukenholz are designing innovations in harvesting equipment that may create a commodity for corn husks.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Unbeknownst to the class, 40 miles away, two enterprising twins, Ty and Jay Stukenholtz, are closing in on a solution. The Stukenholz brothers are agricultural engineers who farm near Nebraska City. During the past 10 years, they’ve designed and custom-built three combines and formed a company, FarmMax, to create sustainable harvesting equipment. They began with a prototype harvester that separates cobs as a source for biochemicals and biofuels. “Over the years, we figured ways to clean the waste stream from a combine,” says Ty Stukenholtz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68794\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/FarmMax-Farm-Waste-Recovery-Device.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-68794\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/FarmMax-Farm-Waste-Recovery-Device-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"The FarmMax Farm Waste Recovery Device attaches onto existing corn harvesting combines.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The FarmMax Farm Waste Recovery Device attaches onto existing corn harvesting combines.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When the Stukenholtz brothers learned of Yang’s plan to harvest husks for textile fibers, they re-designed their harvester to separate kernels and cobs, grind the stalks as mulch for the field, and eject the husks out the back of the combine to collect in a bobcat. “There is literally no combine in the world that can do what this machine is doing right now,” adds Ty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, they’ve re-engineered a farm waste recovery device that attaches onto existing commercial combines. Jay adds, “We’ve designed it to fit any combine.” Soon, their invention will allow farmers to collect kernels, cobs, and husks in one pass, while unloading them “on-the-go,” rather than pulling a cart or making multiple passes to pick up discarded farm waste. Their single-pass system is a sustainable means of saving time and fuel, while enabling farmers to create additional revenue from corn byproducts. “I think it’s got great potential,” adds Ty. “If harvesting husks brings in a similar price to cotton, farmers would really think about the value of those husks.”\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Yiqi-Yang_Corn-WS.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-68542\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Yiqi-Yang_Corn-WS-255x169.jpg\" alt=\"Yiqi Yang_Corn WS\" width=\"255\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Stukenholtz farm waste recovery system may be a game changer for creating a commodity of husks. And although the market doesn’t yet exist, Yiqi Yang remains optimistic. “We have a strong agricultural industry. We’re using Ag wastes. It’s a perfect fit here in Nebraska, and there’s no reason we cannot develop a fiber industry right here at home,” said Yang.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Dredging Up a Problem",
"title": "Dredging Up a Problem",
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"content": "\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Ohio/Radio/Content/Dredge/Stream/dredgewithfunders.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to maintain open navigation channels for ships, sediment buildup in waterways has to be scooped out periodically through a process known as dredging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68708\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 189px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/ideastream.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-68708\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/ideastream-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"Shipping activity on the Cuyahoga River. Every year nearly 13 million tons of iron ore, limestone, cement, and salt come through the Port of Cleveland. Photo by ideastream staff.\" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shipping activity on the Cuyahoga River. Every year nearly 13 million tons of iron ore, limestone, cement, and salt come through the Port of Cleveland. Photo by ideastream staff.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the Great Lakes states, 60 commercial ports rely on this practice. When dredged material is contaminated, it raises questions about how to dispose of it safely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/greatlakes/aoc/cuyahoga/\">Cuyahoga River\u003c/a> in northeast Ohio -- known for catching fire in the 1960s -- relies on frequent \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/region2/water/dredge/\">dredging. \u003c/a> The standard practice has been to put the river muck in confined disposal facilities (\u003ca href=\"http://www.iadc-dredging.com/ul/cms/fck-uploaded/documents/PDF%20Facts%20About/facts-about-confined-disposal-facilities.pdf\">CDFs\u003c/a>). But now there’s a controversial new \u003ca href=\"http://wwwapp.epa.state.oh.us/dsw/401Applications/CHD2014/134292-Cuyahoga2014Dredge401application.pdf\">proposal\u003c/a> on the table to dump the dredged material into Lake Erie, a source of drinking water for more than 11 million people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every year nearly 13 million tons of iron ore, limestone, cement, and salt are hauled into the \u003ca href=\"http://www.portofcleveland.com/\">Port of Cleveland\u003c/a> and unloaded. This commerce supports more than 17,000 jobs, all of which depend on the shipping channel remaining clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sediment naturally flows downstream with the current, and when it does it clogs things up. To keep the channel open, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.usace.army.mil/\">U.S. Army Corps of Engineers\u003c/a> removes enough sediment each year to fill a stadium (approximately 250,000 cubic yards).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The question is then what to do with the spoils, what to do with what you dredge up from the bottom. So we’ve constantly got this, not ‘Where’s Waldo?’ but ‘Where to Put Waldo?’” said Eric Fitch, an environmental science professor at Marietta College.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traditionally, it’s been put in confined disposal facilities near the Erie shore. Now the Army Corps, the agency charged with maintaining the nation’s navigation channels, wants to dump it into the open lake instead. Fitch said this might be a reasonable plan, though he’d like to see some pilot testing first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68714\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/March20.1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-68714\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/March20.1.jpg\" alt=\"The Cleveland Lakefront. Photo by ideastream staff.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/March20.1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/March20.1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Cleveland Lakefront. Photo by ideastream staff.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://glc.org/files/docs/2013BeneficialUse-online-FINAL.pdf\">Other Great Lakes harbors\u003c/a> already submerge their dredged material in fresh water. As much as 50 percent of dredged Great Lakes sediment is placed in the open lake, once it is determined to be largely free of contaminants. Some states, including Pennsylvania, Minnesota, and Wisconsin, have attempted to ban the practice due to concerns about lingering sediment contamination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some northeast Ohio residents, environmental groups, and politicians vocally oppose this idea of lake dumping and say it’s an ill-advised cost-cutting measure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have no idea at this point how it will contaminate the water process [or] what we’ll have to do to add additional chemicals and treatments,” said Cleveland council member Michael Polensek at a recent public hearing held by the Ohio EPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68706\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/dredge0307.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-68706\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/dredge0307-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Opponents testified against the Army Corps' plan to dump river dredgings into Lake Erie during a hearing held by the Ohio EPA. Photo by Anne Glausser.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Opponents testified against the Army Corps' plan to dump river dredgings into Lake Erie during a hearing held by the Ohio EPA. Photo by Anne Glausser.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Long-time resident George Havens also testified at the meeting. “I’ve been living in Cleveland for 89 years and drinking this water. I’d like to continue to drink it a little bit longer. Dumping anything into the lake is unscientific, unimaginative, uncivilized, and barbaric,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/greatlakes/sediments.html\">Great Lakes basin\u003c/a> has a long history of industrial pollution, and some of those pollutants, like \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/hazard/tsd/pcbs/about.htm\">PCBs\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/osw/hazard/wastemin/minimize/factshts/pahs.pdf\">PAHs\u003c/a>, heavy metals, DDT, and its metabolite DDE, persist in the buried sediment. Current urban and agricultural runoff also contributes to the problem. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.lrb.usace.army.mil/Portals/45/docs/CivilWorks/PublicReview/ClevelandOpenLakeEA-FinalDraft.pdf\">Army Corps says according to their tests on the Cuyahoga River, the sediment in the proposed dredging location is not as contaminated\u003c/a> as it used to be. But they have faced pushback not only from citizens and NGOs but also from the Ohio EPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At the end of the day they need to meet the Ohio EPA water quality standards,” said Ohio EPA Northeast Office District Chief Kurt Princic, “and we don’t feel that’s being met.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Ohio EPA has to sign off on the Army Corps proposal before it can move forward. Princic says they’re concerned because the dredged material would be dumped close to the city’s drinking water intake valves. Fish toxicity is another concern. They also question the methods by which the Army Corps arrived at their conclusion that the sediment is safe enough to put in the lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mike Asquith, dredging program manager for the Army Corps’s Buffalo District, said the sampling methods employed were appropriate for the situation. “All the material there is recent and storm-derived. It’s not a situation where you have legacy contamination over years of material being placed there,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>University of Akron geoscientist John Peck reviewed the Corps’s methodology, and is still on the fence about whether this is a good idea or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One outstanding question for him was why didn’t they take samples from deeper down, where they would be dredging? “I just wonder, because you’ll vary the floods, you’ll vary the type of sediment, you’ll vary the contaminants, maybe one should just take a sediment core,” Peck said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concerns like this have environmental groups calling for the Ohio EPA to put the brakes on the plan and allow for further review of the science and a discussion of other disposal options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68735\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 277px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/A-common-yellowthroat-at-Dike-14-in-Cleveland-Photo-by-Laura-Gooch-Flickr.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-68735\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/A-common-yellowthroat-at-Dike-14-in-Cleveland-Photo-by-Laura-Gooch-Flickr-277x253.jpg\" alt=\"A Common Yellowthroat perches on top of the Dike 14 Nature Preserve in Cleveland, Ohio, which is made up of repurposed dredge from the Cuyahoga River.\" width=\"277\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Common Yellowthroat perches on shrubbery at the Dike 14 Nature Preserve in Cleveland, Ohio, which is made up of repurposed dredge from the Cuyahoga River. Photo by Laura Gooch / Flickr.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While the Army Corps is required to deal with the material in the least expensive environmentally acceptable manner, there are other options for it. It could be stored more efficiently at the current confined disposal sites and eke out, by some estimates, another 20 years of storage. Or it could be \u003ca href=\"http://water.epa.gov/type/oceb/oceandumping/dredgedmaterial/upload/2004_08_20_oceans_regulatory_dumpdredged_framework_techframework.pdf\">remediated\u003c/a> and put to \u003ca href=\"http://glc.org/files/docs/2013BeneficialUse-online-FINAL.pdf\">beneficial use. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, Green Bay, Wisconsin, uses dredged material to reconstruct a series of barrier islands, creating habitat for pelicans, cormorants, and other species. Grand Haven, Michigan, mixes their dredged material with composted municipal yard waste to create topsoil. Chicago has also experimented with reuse with their “Mud to Parks” project. At the Port of Duluth-Superior in Minnesota and Wisconsin, dredged material replaces fill dirt on construction sites, and it’s also used in asphalt production. And even Cleveland has a history of putting it to beneficial use: \u003ca href=\"http://ohiodnr.com/Coastal_Main_Menu/PublicAccess/CU_ClevLakefrontNaturePreserve_Dike14/tabid/22784/Default.aspx\">Dike 14 Nature Preserve\u003c/a> is made up of material dredged from the Cuyahoga in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A decision is expected from Ohio EPA by the end of March as to whether material from the Cuyahoga River will be allowed in Lake Erie. Rejecting this proposal would send the Army Corps of Engineers back to the drawing board to find another place to put this season’s cache of muck.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The Cuyahoga River in northeast Ohio -- known for catching fire in the 1960s -- relies on frequent dredging to keep the shipping channels open. Now a controversial new proposal to dump the dredged material into Lake Erie has residents worried about contamination of the public water supply. ",
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"description": "The Cuyahoga River in northeast Ohio -- known for catching fire in the 1960s -- relies on frequent dredging to keep the shipping channels open. Now a controversial new proposal to dump the dredged material into Lake Erie has residents worried about contamination of the public water supply. ",
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"headline": "Dredging Up a Problem",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Ohio/Radio/Content/Dredge/Stream/dredgewithfunders.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to maintain open navigation channels for ships, sediment buildup in waterways has to be scooped out periodically through a process known as dredging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68708\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 189px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/ideastream.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-68708\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/ideastream-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"Shipping activity on the Cuyahoga River. Every year nearly 13 million tons of iron ore, limestone, cement, and salt come through the Port of Cleveland. Photo by ideastream staff.\" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shipping activity on the Cuyahoga River. Every year nearly 13 million tons of iron ore, limestone, cement, and salt come through the Port of Cleveland. Photo by ideastream staff.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the Great Lakes states, 60 commercial ports rely on this practice. When dredged material is contaminated, it raises questions about how to dispose of it safely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/greatlakes/aoc/cuyahoga/\">Cuyahoga River\u003c/a> in northeast Ohio -- known for catching fire in the 1960s -- relies on frequent \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/region2/water/dredge/\">dredging. \u003c/a> The standard practice has been to put the river muck in confined disposal facilities (\u003ca href=\"http://www.iadc-dredging.com/ul/cms/fck-uploaded/documents/PDF%20Facts%20About/facts-about-confined-disposal-facilities.pdf\">CDFs\u003c/a>). But now there’s a controversial new \u003ca href=\"http://wwwapp.epa.state.oh.us/dsw/401Applications/CHD2014/134292-Cuyahoga2014Dredge401application.pdf\">proposal\u003c/a> on the table to dump the dredged material into Lake Erie, a source of drinking water for more than 11 million people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every year nearly 13 million tons of iron ore, limestone, cement, and salt are hauled into the \u003ca href=\"http://www.portofcleveland.com/\">Port of Cleveland\u003c/a> and unloaded. This commerce supports more than 17,000 jobs, all of which depend on the shipping channel remaining clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sediment naturally flows downstream with the current, and when it does it clogs things up. To keep the channel open, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.usace.army.mil/\">U.S. Army Corps of Engineers\u003c/a> removes enough sediment each year to fill a stadium (approximately 250,000 cubic yards).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The question is then what to do with the spoils, what to do with what you dredge up from the bottom. So we’ve constantly got this, not ‘Where’s Waldo?’ but ‘Where to Put Waldo?’” said Eric Fitch, an environmental science professor at Marietta College.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traditionally, it’s been put in confined disposal facilities near the Erie shore. Now the Army Corps, the agency charged with maintaining the nation’s navigation channels, wants to dump it into the open lake instead. Fitch said this might be a reasonable plan, though he’d like to see some pilot testing first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68714\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/March20.1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-68714\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/March20.1.jpg\" alt=\"The Cleveland Lakefront. Photo by ideastream staff.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/March20.1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/March20.1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Cleveland Lakefront. Photo by ideastream staff.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://glc.org/files/docs/2013BeneficialUse-online-FINAL.pdf\">Other Great Lakes harbors\u003c/a> already submerge their dredged material in fresh water. As much as 50 percent of dredged Great Lakes sediment is placed in the open lake, once it is determined to be largely free of contaminants. Some states, including Pennsylvania, Minnesota, and Wisconsin, have attempted to ban the practice due to concerns about lingering sediment contamination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some northeast Ohio residents, environmental groups, and politicians vocally oppose this idea of lake dumping and say it’s an ill-advised cost-cutting measure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have no idea at this point how it will contaminate the water process [or] what we’ll have to do to add additional chemicals and treatments,” said Cleveland council member Michael Polensek at a recent public hearing held by the Ohio EPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68706\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/dredge0307.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-68706\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/dredge0307-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Opponents testified against the Army Corps' plan to dump river dredgings into Lake Erie during a hearing held by the Ohio EPA. Photo by Anne Glausser.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Opponents testified against the Army Corps' plan to dump river dredgings into Lake Erie during a hearing held by the Ohio EPA. Photo by Anne Glausser.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Long-time resident George Havens also testified at the meeting. “I’ve been living in Cleveland for 89 years and drinking this water. I’d like to continue to drink it a little bit longer. Dumping anything into the lake is unscientific, unimaginative, uncivilized, and barbaric,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/greatlakes/sediments.html\">Great Lakes basin\u003c/a> has a long history of industrial pollution, and some of those pollutants, like \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/hazard/tsd/pcbs/about.htm\">PCBs\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/osw/hazard/wastemin/minimize/factshts/pahs.pdf\">PAHs\u003c/a>, heavy metals, DDT, and its metabolite DDE, persist in the buried sediment. Current urban and agricultural runoff also contributes to the problem. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.lrb.usace.army.mil/Portals/45/docs/CivilWorks/PublicReview/ClevelandOpenLakeEA-FinalDraft.pdf\">Army Corps says according to their tests on the Cuyahoga River, the sediment in the proposed dredging location is not as contaminated\u003c/a> as it used to be. But they have faced pushback not only from citizens and NGOs but also from the Ohio EPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At the end of the day they need to meet the Ohio EPA water quality standards,” said Ohio EPA Northeast Office District Chief Kurt Princic, “and we don’t feel that’s being met.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Ohio EPA has to sign off on the Army Corps proposal before it can move forward. Princic says they’re concerned because the dredged material would be dumped close to the city’s drinking water intake valves. Fish toxicity is another concern. They also question the methods by which the Army Corps arrived at their conclusion that the sediment is safe enough to put in the lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mike Asquith, dredging program manager for the Army Corps’s Buffalo District, said the sampling methods employed were appropriate for the situation. “All the material there is recent and storm-derived. It’s not a situation where you have legacy contamination over years of material being placed there,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>University of Akron geoscientist John Peck reviewed the Corps’s methodology, and is still on the fence about whether this is a good idea or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One outstanding question for him was why didn’t they take samples from deeper down, where they would be dredging? “I just wonder, because you’ll vary the floods, you’ll vary the type of sediment, you’ll vary the contaminants, maybe one should just take a sediment core,” Peck said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concerns like this have environmental groups calling for the Ohio EPA to put the brakes on the plan and allow for further review of the science and a discussion of other disposal options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68735\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 277px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/A-common-yellowthroat-at-Dike-14-in-Cleveland-Photo-by-Laura-Gooch-Flickr.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-68735\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/A-common-yellowthroat-at-Dike-14-in-Cleveland-Photo-by-Laura-Gooch-Flickr-277x253.jpg\" alt=\"A Common Yellowthroat perches on top of the Dike 14 Nature Preserve in Cleveland, Ohio, which is made up of repurposed dredge from the Cuyahoga River.\" width=\"277\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Common Yellowthroat perches on shrubbery at the Dike 14 Nature Preserve in Cleveland, Ohio, which is made up of repurposed dredge from the Cuyahoga River. Photo by Laura Gooch / Flickr.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While the Army Corps is required to deal with the material in the least expensive environmentally acceptable manner, there are other options for it. It could be stored more efficiently at the current confined disposal sites and eke out, by some estimates, another 20 years of storage. Or it could be \u003ca href=\"http://water.epa.gov/type/oceb/oceandumping/dredgedmaterial/upload/2004_08_20_oceans_regulatory_dumpdredged_framework_techframework.pdf\">remediated\u003c/a> and put to \u003ca href=\"http://glc.org/files/docs/2013BeneficialUse-online-FINAL.pdf\">beneficial use. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, Green Bay, Wisconsin, uses dredged material to reconstruct a series of barrier islands, creating habitat for pelicans, cormorants, and other species. Grand Haven, Michigan, mixes their dredged material with composted municipal yard waste to create topsoil. Chicago has also experimented with reuse with their “Mud to Parks” project. At the Port of Duluth-Superior in Minnesota and Wisconsin, dredged material replaces fill dirt on construction sites, and it’s also used in asphalt production. And even Cleveland has a history of putting it to beneficial use: \u003ca href=\"http://ohiodnr.com/Coastal_Main_Menu/PublicAccess/CU_ClevLakefrontNaturePreserve_Dike14/tabid/22784/Default.aspx\">Dike 14 Nature Preserve\u003c/a> is made up of material dredged from the Cuyahoga in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A decision is expected from Ohio EPA by the end of March as to whether material from the Cuyahoga River will be allowed in Lake Erie. Rejecting this proposal would send the Army Corps of Engineers back to the drawing board to find another place to put this season’s cache of muck.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Dog Detectives: A Nose for Conservation",
"title": "Dog Detectives: A Nose for Conservation",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>If you’ve spent any time in the company of canines, you’ve probably observed their uncanny ability to sniff out the teeniest morsel of food on the kitchen floor, or locate the lone crumb lurking in the sliver of space beneath a couch. In many homes, dogs render an indispensable service every evening by searching out and “vacuuming” the fallen bits of dinner. Of course, dogs’ noses are being put to use for much greater good, such as detecting bombs, finding missing persons, and sniffing out drugs or other illicit objects. And now biologists have found yet another use for those cold, wet, miraculous noses: preserving biodiversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around the world canines are being enlisted to track rare wildlife, sleuth out invasive species, and detect otherwise imperceptible changes that could harm wilderness areas and watersheds. But are these canines really providing significant support to conservation efforts, or is it just another excuse to bring your dog to work?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68097\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 270px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Dog-Zambia1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-68097\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Dog-Zambia1-270x360.jpg\" alt=\"Wicket, one of WDC’s most accomplished dogs, worked with local wildlife authorities in Zambia as part of the world's first wire snare detection and removal program. Photo by WDC\" width=\"270\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wicket, a WDC dog trained to track more than 20 different scents, works with Zambian wildlife authorities to find wire snares set by poachers. Photo by \u003ca href=\"http://workingdogsforconservation.org/\">WDC\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>According to biologist Pete Coppolillo, putting dogs to work for conservation is not only effective but also an increasingly established methodology used by scientists and wilderness management authorities. As the executive director of a Montana-based nonprofit called \u003ca href=\"http://workingdogsforconservation.org/\">Working Dogs for Conservation (WDC)\u003c/a>, Coppolillo and his colleagues have trained and dispatched dogs across 18 states and 11 countries. These wonder dogs have helped eradicate invasive weeds threatening to edge out native plants in Montana’s grasslands, identify beetle-infested trees in Minnesota forests, and detect and remove illegal wire snares set by poachers in Zambia. In the name of preserving biodiversity, these bold canines have sallied forth in ATVs, helicopters, and even on the backs of elephants to traverse the muddy roads of Myanmar during monsoon season.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">So what makes a good conservation dog? “Frankly, it’s the crazy ones...”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp> But one of the most useful roles that dogs play in support of conservation is sniffing out scat (AKA animal poop). “Thanks to advances in technology and reduction of lab costs, analyses of scat can reveal not just what the animals are eating…but if they have elevated levels of hormones, and even genetic information,” said Coppolillo. Yielding important clues about life cycles, health, family groupings, and habitat range, these scatological portraits help us to better understand and protect wildlife. Scat analysis can also point to larger environmental problems, added Coppolillo, such as the presence of heavy metals, pharmaceuticals, and other toxins that can pervade both land and \u003ca href=\"http://workingdogsforconservation.org/projects/monitoring-aquatic-contaminants/\">aquatic ecosystems\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68099\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Dog-Data1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-68099\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Dog-Data1-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Seamus chews on his ball, a reward for finding an invasive plant called dyer's woad in Montana. For over a decade, humans were unable to reduce the plant's population, but in just four years dogs have helped reduce it by almost 60%.\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Seamus tracks an invasive plant called dyer's woad. After a decade of unsuccessful efforts to decrease the plant's population, dogs helped to reduce it by almost 60 per cent in just four years. Photo by \u003ca href=\"http://workingdogsforconservation.org/\">WDC\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Historically, the main methods for studying wildlife have required scientists to capture animals and outfit them with GPS collars for tracking or extract blood and tissue samples, invasive techniques that can pose threats to animals and researchers alike. Biologists and wildlife authorities have also gone to great expense to search for animals using small aircraft, with hope of determining things like population density and territorial range.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2013, the Bureau of Land Management successfully utilized WDC’s scat-tracking dogs to identify habitat for grizzly bears in Montana’s Centennial Mountains, enabling officials to act quickly to protect the area from development and save money that would have been spent on more expensive and less effective methods like captures, camera traps, and hair snares. “Without the dogs’ help the bears would have most likely gone undetected and development would have gone forward,” said Coppolillo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68113\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Tucker2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-68113\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Tucker2.jpg\" alt=\"Tucker heads out to sea in search of orca poop. Photo courtesy of Center for Whale Research \" width=\"1000\" height=\"665\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Tucker2.jpg 1000w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Tucker2-400x266.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Tucker2-800x532.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Tucker2-960x638.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A black lab mix named Tucker heads into Pacific Northwest waters, guiding researchers to data-rich orca poop. Photo courtesy of Center for Whale Research\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another \u003ca href=\"http://conservationbiology.uw.edu/conservation-canines/\">canine conservation group based at the University of Washington\u003c/a> even takes dogs out to sea. Perched on the boat’s bow, dogs have successfully led scientists to orca poop afloat in the salty waters in and around Puget Sound. Less dangerous and intrusive than having to sidle up to a killer whale (orca) to conduct a biopsy, the dogs enabled researchers to collect and analyze hundreds of fecal samples over a period of several years and determine that diminishing Chinook salmon populations -- the orcas’ favorite food -- presents the greatest threat to these much loved marine mammals. According to \u003ca href=\"http://earthfix.kcts9.org/flora-and-fauna/article/the-proof-is-in-the-poop-scientists-use-whale-poop/\">Dr. Sam Wasser, who heads up the study\u003c/a> and pioneered the dog-scat detection method in 1997, the findings made it clear that “if we really want to buy time for these killer whales, we need to figure out how to keep fish numbers up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While finding a single turd in a vast ocean or acres of wilderness is no small feat, time and again these intensely focused dogs have proven their ability to efficiently lead scientists to these treasure troves of information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68098\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 246px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Dog-Elephant1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-68098\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Dog-Elephant1-e1394141686982-246x360.jpg\" alt=\"As part of a pilot program for locating wild Asian elephant dung in Myanmar, Wicket traversed otherwise impassable roads on elephant back — a first for her and the elephants. Photo by S.Hedges/WCS\" width=\"246\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">As part of a pilot program for locating wild Asian elephant dung in Myanmar, Wicket traversed otherwise impassable roads on elephant back — a first for her and the elephants. Photo by S.Hedges/\u003ca href=\"http://wcs.org\">WCS\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So what makes a good conservation dog? “Frankly, it’s the crazy ones,” Coppolillo said with a laugh. “The high-energy ones who will look at you with the Frisbee and say ‘come on, let’s go’ again and again.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Selected from shelters around the country, the dogs undergo a temperament screening process -- a series of tests that WDC is trying to put into app form so that shelter volunteers can watch tutorials about how to conduct screenings and then upload videos of the dogs’ tests for evaluation. Only about one dog out of 1,500 makes the cut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The current pack, which includes a range of “working” breeds like labs, border collies, and German shepherds, have been trained using a distinct set of techniques that evolved from disciplines developed for dogs used in narcotic, forensic, and search-and-rescue operations. Most of the dogs under Coppolillo’s watch are currently based in Montana, with \u003ca href=\"http://workingdogsforconservation.org/san-joaquin-kit-fox-surveys/\">an outpost in California’s San Joaquin Valley\u003c/a>, but permanent dog teams will be established in Zambia later this year to help stop the trafficking of ivory and bushmeat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while not every dog has the right stuff to become a conservation detective, most have \u003ca href=\"http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/canine-corner/201101/do-some-dog-breeds-have-better-noses-and-scent-discrimination-others\">the ability to track\u003c/a> something as seemingly odorless as metal wire. So instead of training our pups to sit or roll over, perhaps their skills could be put to better use by teaching them to find that perpetually lost set of keys.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003cstrong>:\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>- \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/nature/dogs-sense-of-smell.html\">Find out how those miraculous canine noses work (PBS)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>- \u003ca href=\"http://earthfix.kcts9.org/flora-and-fauna/article/the-proof-is-in-the-poop-scientists-use-whale-poop/\">More about Tucker, the extraordinary black lab who works as an orca scat detective (KCTS)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>- See WDC dogs in action in Montana (TERRA video)\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you’ve spent any time in the company of canines, you’ve probably observed their uncanny ability to sniff out the teeniest morsel of food on the kitchen floor, or locate the lone crumb lurking in the sliver of space beneath a couch. In many homes, dogs render an indispensable service every evening by searching out and “vacuuming” the fallen bits of dinner. Of course, dogs’ noses are being put to use for much greater good, such as detecting bombs, finding missing persons, and sniffing out drugs or other illicit objects. And now biologists have found yet another use for those cold, wet, miraculous noses: preserving biodiversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around the world canines are being enlisted to track rare wildlife, sleuth out invasive species, and detect otherwise imperceptible changes that could harm wilderness areas and watersheds. But are these canines really providing significant support to conservation efforts, or is it just another excuse to bring your dog to work?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68097\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 270px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Dog-Zambia1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-68097\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Dog-Zambia1-270x360.jpg\" alt=\"Wicket, one of WDC’s most accomplished dogs, worked with local wildlife authorities in Zambia as part of the world's first wire snare detection and removal program. Photo by WDC\" width=\"270\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wicket, a WDC dog trained to track more than 20 different scents, works with Zambian wildlife authorities to find wire snares set by poachers. Photo by \u003ca href=\"http://workingdogsforconservation.org/\">WDC\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>According to biologist Pete Coppolillo, putting dogs to work for conservation is not only effective but also an increasingly established methodology used by scientists and wilderness management authorities. As the executive director of a Montana-based nonprofit called \u003ca href=\"http://workingdogsforconservation.org/\">Working Dogs for Conservation (WDC)\u003c/a>, Coppolillo and his colleagues have trained and dispatched dogs across 18 states and 11 countries. These wonder dogs have helped eradicate invasive weeds threatening to edge out native plants in Montana’s grasslands, identify beetle-infested trees in Minnesota forests, and detect and remove illegal wire snares set by poachers in Zambia. In the name of preserving biodiversity, these bold canines have sallied forth in ATVs, helicopters, and even on the backs of elephants to traverse the muddy roads of Myanmar during monsoon season.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">So what makes a good conservation dog? “Frankly, it’s the crazy ones...”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp> But one of the most useful roles that dogs play in support of conservation is sniffing out scat (AKA animal poop). “Thanks to advances in technology and reduction of lab costs, analyses of scat can reveal not just what the animals are eating…but if they have elevated levels of hormones, and even genetic information,” said Coppolillo. Yielding important clues about life cycles, health, family groupings, and habitat range, these scatological portraits help us to better understand and protect wildlife. Scat analysis can also point to larger environmental problems, added Coppolillo, such as the presence of heavy metals, pharmaceuticals, and other toxins that can pervade both land and \u003ca href=\"http://workingdogsforconservation.org/projects/monitoring-aquatic-contaminants/\">aquatic ecosystems\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68099\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Dog-Data1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-68099\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Dog-Data1-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Seamus chews on his ball, a reward for finding an invasive plant called dyer's woad in Montana. For over a decade, humans were unable to reduce the plant's population, but in just four years dogs have helped reduce it by almost 60%.\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Seamus tracks an invasive plant called dyer's woad. After a decade of unsuccessful efforts to decrease the plant's population, dogs helped to reduce it by almost 60 per cent in just four years. Photo by \u003ca href=\"http://workingdogsforconservation.org/\">WDC\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Historically, the main methods for studying wildlife have required scientists to capture animals and outfit them with GPS collars for tracking or extract blood and tissue samples, invasive techniques that can pose threats to animals and researchers alike. Biologists and wildlife authorities have also gone to great expense to search for animals using small aircraft, with hope of determining things like population density and territorial range.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2013, the Bureau of Land Management successfully utilized WDC’s scat-tracking dogs to identify habitat for grizzly bears in Montana’s Centennial Mountains, enabling officials to act quickly to protect the area from development and save money that would have been spent on more expensive and less effective methods like captures, camera traps, and hair snares. “Without the dogs’ help the bears would have most likely gone undetected and development would have gone forward,” said Coppolillo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68113\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Tucker2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-68113\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Tucker2.jpg\" alt=\"Tucker heads out to sea in search of orca poop. Photo courtesy of Center for Whale Research \" width=\"1000\" height=\"665\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Tucker2.jpg 1000w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Tucker2-400x266.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Tucker2-800x532.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Tucker2-960x638.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A black lab mix named Tucker heads into Pacific Northwest waters, guiding researchers to data-rich orca poop. Photo courtesy of Center for Whale Research\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another \u003ca href=\"http://conservationbiology.uw.edu/conservation-canines/\">canine conservation group based at the University of Washington\u003c/a> even takes dogs out to sea. Perched on the boat’s bow, dogs have successfully led scientists to orca poop afloat in the salty waters in and around Puget Sound. Less dangerous and intrusive than having to sidle up to a killer whale (orca) to conduct a biopsy, the dogs enabled researchers to collect and analyze hundreds of fecal samples over a period of several years and determine that diminishing Chinook salmon populations -- the orcas’ favorite food -- presents the greatest threat to these much loved marine mammals. According to \u003ca href=\"http://earthfix.kcts9.org/flora-and-fauna/article/the-proof-is-in-the-poop-scientists-use-whale-poop/\">Dr. Sam Wasser, who heads up the study\u003c/a> and pioneered the dog-scat detection method in 1997, the findings made it clear that “if we really want to buy time for these killer whales, we need to figure out how to keep fish numbers up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While finding a single turd in a vast ocean or acres of wilderness is no small feat, time and again these intensely focused dogs have proven their ability to efficiently lead scientists to these treasure troves of information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68098\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 246px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Dog-Elephant1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-68098\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Dog-Elephant1-e1394141686982-246x360.jpg\" alt=\"As part of a pilot program for locating wild Asian elephant dung in Myanmar, Wicket traversed otherwise impassable roads on elephant back — a first for her and the elephants. Photo by S.Hedges/WCS\" width=\"246\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">As part of a pilot program for locating wild Asian elephant dung in Myanmar, Wicket traversed otherwise impassable roads on elephant back — a first for her and the elephants. Photo by S.Hedges/\u003ca href=\"http://wcs.org\">WCS\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So what makes a good conservation dog? “Frankly, it’s the crazy ones,” Coppolillo said with a laugh. “The high-energy ones who will look at you with the Frisbee and say ‘come on, let’s go’ again and again.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Selected from shelters around the country, the dogs undergo a temperament screening process -- a series of tests that WDC is trying to put into app form so that shelter volunteers can watch tutorials about how to conduct screenings and then upload videos of the dogs’ tests for evaluation. Only about one dog out of 1,500 makes the cut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The current pack, which includes a range of “working” breeds like labs, border collies, and German shepherds, have been trained using a distinct set of techniques that evolved from disciplines developed for dogs used in narcotic, forensic, and search-and-rescue operations. Most of the dogs under Coppolillo’s watch are currently based in Montana, with \u003ca href=\"http://workingdogsforconservation.org/san-joaquin-kit-fox-surveys/\">an outpost in California’s San Joaquin Valley\u003c/a>, but permanent dog teams will be established in Zambia later this year to help stop the trafficking of ivory and bushmeat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while not every dog has the right stuff to become a conservation detective, most have \u003ca href=\"http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/canine-corner/201101/do-some-dog-breeds-have-better-noses-and-scent-discrimination-others\">the ability to track\u003c/a> something as seemingly odorless as metal wire. So instead of training our pups to sit or roll over, perhaps their skills could be put to better use by teaching them to find that perpetually lost set of keys.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003cstrong>:\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>- \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/nature/dogs-sense-of-smell.html\">Find out how those miraculous canine noses work (PBS)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>- \u003ca href=\"http://earthfix.kcts9.org/flora-and-fauna/article/the-proof-is-in-the-poop-scientists-use-whale-poop/\">More about Tucker, the extraordinary black lab who works as an orca scat detective (KCTS)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>- See WDC dogs in action in Montana (TERRA video)\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Building Better Forests",
"title": "Building Better Forests",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>\"Building Better Forests\" was produced by QUEST Wisconsin's Andy Soth.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trees grow slowly. The climate is changing quickly. That combination could be deadly for the nation’s forests -- but new research may show how to make those forests a little tougher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three-quarters of a billion acres in the United States are covered in forest. And it’s not just sitting there. Forests store and filter water, exchange the carbon dioxide we don’t want in the air for the oxygen we do, provide habitat for animals and smaller plants, and fuel the country’s $30 billion timber industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"http://forestandwildlifeecology.wisc.edu/staticsites/mladenofflab/\">David Mladenoff\u003c/a>, a professor of forest ecology at the University of Wisconsin who is featured in the video posted above, \u003ca href=\"http://video.wpt.org/video/1714105891/\">explains\u003c/a> that some key tree species -- especially those in northern forests -- might not be able to survive in warmer conditions. More heat-tolerant species could move northward to replace them, but climate change may outpace the ability of southern species to migrate to higher latitudes. If that happens, the total acreage of northern forests could drop dramatically by the end of the century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trees that survive these changes will still have to contend with invasive species and new diseases. Pests that used to be eradicated by cold winters will be more likely to infiltrate new territories, attacking trees already stressed by higher temperatures, drought, and storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there is still hope for these trees. Scientists believe that we might be able to bolster forests’ chances of survival if we can figure out how to create forests that are more resilient. As Mike Dombeck, a former chief of the U.S. Forest Service, explained, “That resilience is always in diversity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Diversity confers resilience because some tree species will weather climate change better than others. Some will succumb to invasive pests; others won’t. A diverse forest can hedge its bets: even if one species is lost, the forest will persist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68092\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 272px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Tree-marked001.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-68092 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Tree-marked001-272x253.jpg\" alt=\"In the Menominee forest, trees are only marked for harvest if their removal will bolster the forest's health.\" width=\"272\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In the Menominee forest, trees are only marked for harvest if their removal will improve the forest's health.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For a lesson in how to cultivate a diverse and resilient forest, scientists and forest managers have turned their attention to a 220,000-acre Wisconsin \u003ca href=\"http://www.americanforests.org/magazine/article/menominee-forest-keepers/\">forest\u003c/a> managed by the Menominee tribe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dombeck calls the Menominee enterprise “a real success story in forest management.” The Menominee have been harvesting wood from their forest for 150 years, but the reservation holds even more timber today than it did when they started logging. Young and old trees in a variety of species attest that the forest has retained its protective diversity, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tribe credits its success to its celebrated 19th-century chief Oshkosh, who advised the Menominee to harvest only sick trees, mature trees, dying trees -- leaving plenty of large, healthy ones behind. This strategy is called “selective harvest.” Forester David Mausel points out that it mimics nature’s method for culling the forest, where the weaker trees are the first to succumb to insects and disease. The forest, not the lumber market, determines which trees get cut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But most of Wisconsin’s forests did not reap the rewards of Oshkosh’s advice. Throughout the 19th century, the expanding U.S. timber industry pushed logging ever farther westward. By the turn of the 20th century, the Great Lakes states were being stripped of their old-growth forests in what Dombeck describes as “cut and run” forestry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The consequence, said Mladenoff, is that state is mostly left with 100-year-old forests -- barely out of babyhood by forestry standards. “Some have already been cut once or twice again so they're even younger. It means we have a very homogenous forest,” he explained. That homogeneity makes the forest vulnerable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mladenoff is investigating whether these newer, low-diversity forests can be persuaded to behave like the resilient old-growth forest the Menominee manage. They’ve targeted several features that could help young forests act a little older. “We know that old-growth forests have a very different structure than all our younger managed forests,” Mladenoff said. “They have large trees. They have different sized openings in the canopy. There's many more logs on the forest floor.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing large trees takes time, but the other changes are easier to make. At their study site in the Flambeau River State Forest about 150 miles northwest of the Menominee reservation, Mladenoff and his team cut down carefully selected trees to create gaps in the canopy, and leave old logs to rot slowly on the forest floor. The effect is similar to what the Menominee achieve with selective harvest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The experiment will run for 50 years, but some effects are already obvious. New, light-hungry tree species are springing up under the gaps in the canopy, increasing the forest’s biodiversity -- maybe this young forest’s best defense against a warmer future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68093\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Trunk-respiration001.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-68093 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Trunk-respiration001-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Trunk respiration001\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Special instruments help Mladenoff's team measure the carbon absorbed and released by the forest.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If the forests survive, they can help combat climate change at its source. Forests absorb \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/333/6045/988\">billions\u003c/a> of pounds of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> every year, sequestering it in leaves and branches and tree trunks. Carbon is also stored in tree debris on the forest floor and in the soil -- in fact, the soil holds \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112705004834\">more than half\u003c/a> the carbon locked up in the forest. Mladenoff’s experiment will measure how the new canopy gaps and extra logs affect the forest’s ability to store and release carbon, to determine if these diversity-enhancing strategies could also make the forest a better carbon sink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years scientists assumed that only young, quickly growing forests were good at storing carbon. But more \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature12914.html\">recent research\u003c/a> has suggested that old forests absorb significant amounts of carbon dioxide, too. Mladenoff explains that even though old trees grow more slowly, their greater mass means that they can still soak up a lot of carbon. A forest where some trees are allowed to reach a ripe old age, and where biodiversity is encouraged, could be both more resistant to climate change and one of our best weapons against it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most important thing,” Dombeck said, “is to take care of the goose that lays the golden eggs, and that's the forest.” Mladenoff’s results may one day help ecologists create a healthier and more resilient “goose” that can weather whatever changes lie ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Building-a-Better-Forest-2_25LLedit.docx\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_auto_sidebar id=\"gUBDxWgOAbEcmLFlTNZC1lpQMiD1zrF0\"]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Scientists in Wisconsin are drawing on both new research and traditional Native American knowledge to create forests that will be more resilient in the face of climate change.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>\"Building Better Forests\" was produced by QUEST Wisconsin's Andy Soth.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trees grow slowly. The climate is changing quickly. That combination could be deadly for the nation’s forests -- but new research may show how to make those forests a little tougher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three-quarters of a billion acres in the United States are covered in forest. And it’s not just sitting there. Forests store and filter water, exchange the carbon dioxide we don’t want in the air for the oxygen we do, provide habitat for animals and smaller plants, and fuel the country’s $30 billion timber industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"http://forestandwildlifeecology.wisc.edu/staticsites/mladenofflab/\">David Mladenoff\u003c/a>, a professor of forest ecology at the University of Wisconsin who is featured in the video posted above, \u003ca href=\"http://video.wpt.org/video/1714105891/\">explains\u003c/a> that some key tree species -- especially those in northern forests -- might not be able to survive in warmer conditions. More heat-tolerant species could move northward to replace them, but climate change may outpace the ability of southern species to migrate to higher latitudes. If that happens, the total acreage of northern forests could drop dramatically by the end of the century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trees that survive these changes will still have to contend with invasive species and new diseases. Pests that used to be eradicated by cold winters will be more likely to infiltrate new territories, attacking trees already stressed by higher temperatures, drought, and storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there is still hope for these trees. Scientists believe that we might be able to bolster forests’ chances of survival if we can figure out how to create forests that are more resilient. As Mike Dombeck, a former chief of the U.S. Forest Service, explained, “That resilience is always in diversity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Diversity confers resilience because some tree species will weather climate change better than others. Some will succumb to invasive pests; others won’t. A diverse forest can hedge its bets: even if one species is lost, the forest will persist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68092\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 272px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Tree-marked001.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-68092 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Tree-marked001-272x253.jpg\" alt=\"In the Menominee forest, trees are only marked for harvest if their removal will bolster the forest's health.\" width=\"272\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In the Menominee forest, trees are only marked for harvest if their removal will improve the forest's health.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For a lesson in how to cultivate a diverse and resilient forest, scientists and forest managers have turned their attention to a 220,000-acre Wisconsin \u003ca href=\"http://www.americanforests.org/magazine/article/menominee-forest-keepers/\">forest\u003c/a> managed by the Menominee tribe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dombeck calls the Menominee enterprise “a real success story in forest management.” The Menominee have been harvesting wood from their forest for 150 years, but the reservation holds even more timber today than it did when they started logging. Young and old trees in a variety of species attest that the forest has retained its protective diversity, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tribe credits its success to its celebrated 19th-century chief Oshkosh, who advised the Menominee to harvest only sick trees, mature trees, dying trees -- leaving plenty of large, healthy ones behind. This strategy is called “selective harvest.” Forester David Mausel points out that it mimics nature’s method for culling the forest, where the weaker trees are the first to succumb to insects and disease. The forest, not the lumber market, determines which trees get cut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But most of Wisconsin’s forests did not reap the rewards of Oshkosh’s advice. Throughout the 19th century, the expanding U.S. timber industry pushed logging ever farther westward. By the turn of the 20th century, the Great Lakes states were being stripped of their old-growth forests in what Dombeck describes as “cut and run” forestry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The consequence, said Mladenoff, is that state is mostly left with 100-year-old forests -- barely out of babyhood by forestry standards. “Some have already been cut once or twice again so they're even younger. It means we have a very homogenous forest,” he explained. That homogeneity makes the forest vulnerable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mladenoff is investigating whether these newer, low-diversity forests can be persuaded to behave like the resilient old-growth forest the Menominee manage. They’ve targeted several features that could help young forests act a little older. “We know that old-growth forests have a very different structure than all our younger managed forests,” Mladenoff said. “They have large trees. They have different sized openings in the canopy. There's many more logs on the forest floor.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing large trees takes time, but the other changes are easier to make. At their study site in the Flambeau River State Forest about 150 miles northwest of the Menominee reservation, Mladenoff and his team cut down carefully selected trees to create gaps in the canopy, and leave old logs to rot slowly on the forest floor. The effect is similar to what the Menominee achieve with selective harvest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The experiment will run for 50 years, but some effects are already obvious. New, light-hungry tree species are springing up under the gaps in the canopy, increasing the forest’s biodiversity -- maybe this young forest’s best defense against a warmer future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68093\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Trunk-respiration001.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-68093 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Trunk-respiration001-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Trunk respiration001\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Special instruments help Mladenoff's team measure the carbon absorbed and released by the forest.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If the forests survive, they can help combat climate change at its source. Forests absorb \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/333/6045/988\">billions\u003c/a> of pounds of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> every year, sequestering it in leaves and branches and tree trunks. Carbon is also stored in tree debris on the forest floor and in the soil -- in fact, the soil holds \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112705004834\">more than half\u003c/a> the carbon locked up in the forest. Mladenoff’s experiment will measure how the new canopy gaps and extra logs affect the forest’s ability to store and release carbon, to determine if these diversity-enhancing strategies could also make the forest a better carbon sink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years scientists assumed that only young, quickly growing forests were good at storing carbon. But more \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature12914.html\">recent research\u003c/a> has suggested that old forests absorb significant amounts of carbon dioxide, too. Mladenoff explains that even though old trees grow more slowly, their greater mass means that they can still soak up a lot of carbon. A forest where some trees are allowed to reach a ripe old age, and where biodiversity is encouraged, could be both more resistant to climate change and one of our best weapons against it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most important thing,” Dombeck said, “is to take care of the goose that lays the golden eggs, and that's the forest.” Mladenoff’s results may one day help ecologists create a healthier and more resilient “goose” that can weather whatever changes lie ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Building-a-Better-Forest-2_25LLedit.docx\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/ScienceofSnowpack_031314.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of the water that flows through the West originates high up in the mountains. Each winter, as snow accumulates there, hydrologists calculate how much of the water that melts from it will end up downstream. That information is critical to towns, power plants, and irrigators who depend on the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Near the summit of Interstate 80 in southeastern Wyoming, Matt Hoobler trudges through a scrubby open field on snowshoes, carrying a long hollow metal pipe. Reaching a marked spot near the trees, he carefully holds the metal tube perpendicular to the ground, then lets it drop through the snow, twists it, and pulls it out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68013\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 405px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-68013 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/mattwalk-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Matt Hoobler snowshoes to the manual snow survey course in Wyoming. (Photo by Peter Stegen, Platte Basin Timelapse)\" width=\"405\" height=\"228\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Matt Hoobler snowshoes to the manual snow survey course in Wyoming. (Photo by Peter Stegen, Platte Basin Timelapse)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hoobler, a snow surveyor with the Wyoming State Engineer’s Office, is taking a core sample of the snowpack. The specially calibrated cylinder measures snow depth, weight, and density.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water content at this site is 5.5 inches. That means if this snow was to melt instantaneously, there’d be 5.5 inches of water sitting in this meadow,” Hoobler said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hoobler collects snowpack information at sites throughout Wyoming, like his colleagues in 12 other Western states, including California, Washington and Alaska. Because these sites are often remote, they can travel up to 70 miles a day by snowshoe, skis, and snowmobiles on surveys, carrying survival equipment to protect them in the event of severe weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The main reason we’re up here for snow survey is for river forecasting. In other words, once it all turns to water, how much water is going to exist in our rivers and our reservoirs,” Hoobler said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68014\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 405px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-68014 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/pole-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"This specially-calibrated tube measures snow depth, weight and density. (Photo by Peter Stegen, Platte Basin Timelapse)\" width=\"405\" height=\"228\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This specially-calibrated tube measures snow depth, weight and density. (Photo by Peter Stegen, Platte Basin Timelapse)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The snow survey program started in the 1930s. Each year surveyors add new data to the collection, validating the record and improving accuracy. Hoobler said understanding the relationship between snowpack and water supply is critical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Society depends on water -- whether it’s growing the crops we’re going to eat or producing hydroelectric power. Fifty to eighty percent of flows of North Platte River depend on this white stuff -- snow,” Hoobler said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One hundred miles southwest, in the South Platte River basin, Mage Hultstrand skis through deep snow just off the highway to get to the Joe Wright SNOTEL site on the top of Cameron Pass in Colorado.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68015\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 405px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-68015 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/agnes-bit_10_11-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Joe Wright SNOTEL site on Cameron Pass, in Colorado. These sites collect and transmit snowpack and climate data from all over the western U.S. (Photo by Peter Stegen, Platte Basin Timelapse)\" width=\"405\" height=\"228\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Joe Wright SNOTEL site on Cameron Pass, in Colorado. (Photo by Peter Stegen, Platte Basin Timelapse)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>SNOTEL stands for “snowpack telemetry,” or remote data transmission. Hultstrand is a hydrologist with the Natural Resources Conservation Service’s snow survey program in Denver. Every year more than 700 remote stations like this one track snowpack and climate data, including snow depth and temperature, across the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We measure the water content of the snow here,” Hultstrand said, pointing out markers that border the snow pillow, an envelope filled with antifreeze that acts like a scale, weighing the snow and converting it to a measurement of total water content. SNOTEL data are combined with manual snow survey data, collected by people like Hoobler, and compiled into water supply forecasts. Hultstrand said those projections help water providers prepare for the season ahead, determining if they’ll have to apply restrictions in dry years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water providers and agricultural users start paying attention early in the season to what’s going on. This is the headwater state, so this is where all of your water is coming from, with the exception of whatever precipitation is received in spring and summer,” Hultstrand said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68016\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 405px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-68016 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/maggie-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Mage Hultstrand skis to the Joe Wright SNOTEL site near Cameron Pass, in Colorado. \" width=\"405\" height=\"228\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mage Hultstrand skis to the Joe Wright SNOTEL site near Cameron Pass, in Colorado. (Photo by Peter Stegen, Platte Basin Timelapse)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Downstream, Nebraska irrigators also rely on groundwater, which is affected by snowfall. But it takes time for that melted snow to travel through the underground aquifer and back to streams and reservoirs, which impacts central Nebraska irrigators. Tom Schwarz farms about 750 certified organic acres near Bertrand, Nebraska. In addition to row crops, he grows vegetables to supply supermarkets in Lincoln and Omaha.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schwarz uses groundwater on most of his fields, but also depends on Platte River water stored in Lake McConaughy. Schwarz said he keeps an eye on snowpack but knows there’s a delay in what he and other central Nebraska irrigators will actually receive from the mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When the snow falls this year, it fills up the reservoirs in the mountains. Irrigators in the Panhandle use that water and, in turn, that water goes down into the aquifer and, hopefully, into the river and down to Lake McConaughy for use the following year,” Schwarz said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That water is controlled by the Central Nebraska Public Power and Irrigation District. Spokesman Jeff Buettner said they take that delay into account and watch snowpack and river forecasts and levels at Wyoming reservoirs when planning their water supply. But inflows to Lake McConaughy have been declining for the last decade, partly due to groundwater development and conservation measures upstream. Buettner said 2014 will be the seventh time in the last 10 years that Central Irrigation’s customers will receive less than a full supply of water. This year’s allocation will only be half of what they could expect historically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Buettner said water conservation and efficiency is key. Some big snowpack years would help, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in Wyoming, Matt Hoobler reads the results of his snow survey report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68017\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&q=http://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/ftpref/data/water/wcs/earth/snotelwithlabels.kmz&sll=45.467836,-108.446045&sspn=5.369953,8.712158&ie=UTF8&t=h&z=4\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-68017 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/SnotelMAP-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Snowpack in the Platte Basin is above average in several locations. The full interactive map is produced by the Natural Resources Conservation Service.\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Snowpack in the Platte Basin is above average in several locations. Click on the image to see the full interactive map produced by the Natural Resources Conservation Service.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Last year at this time, we had 17 inches of snow; we have 31 this year. Last year we had 2.7 water content inches; we have 5.5 this year. And our 30-year average is 5.4, so we’re just a hair above average. Any time you can have average, that’s a great day,” Hoobler said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, most of the Platte River Basin snowpack reports are above average. But since it’s still midwinter, most water providers will wait to see what the April report brings before getting too excited.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/ScienceofSnowpack_031314.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of the water that flows through the West originates high up in the mountains. Each winter, as snow accumulates there, hydrologists calculate how much of the water that melts from it will end up downstream. That information is critical to towns, power plants, and irrigators who depend on the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Near the summit of Interstate 80 in southeastern Wyoming, Matt Hoobler trudges through a scrubby open field on snowshoes, carrying a long hollow metal pipe. Reaching a marked spot near the trees, he carefully holds the metal tube perpendicular to the ground, then lets it drop through the snow, twists it, and pulls it out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68013\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 405px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-68013 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/mattwalk-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Matt Hoobler snowshoes to the manual snow survey course in Wyoming. (Photo by Peter Stegen, Platte Basin Timelapse)\" width=\"405\" height=\"228\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Matt Hoobler snowshoes to the manual snow survey course in Wyoming. (Photo by Peter Stegen, Platte Basin Timelapse)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hoobler, a snow surveyor with the Wyoming State Engineer’s Office, is taking a core sample of the snowpack. The specially calibrated cylinder measures snow depth, weight, and density.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water content at this site is 5.5 inches. That means if this snow was to melt instantaneously, there’d be 5.5 inches of water sitting in this meadow,” Hoobler said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hoobler collects snowpack information at sites throughout Wyoming, like his colleagues in 12 other Western states, including California, Washington and Alaska. Because these sites are often remote, they can travel up to 70 miles a day by snowshoe, skis, and snowmobiles on surveys, carrying survival equipment to protect them in the event of severe weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The main reason we’re up here for snow survey is for river forecasting. In other words, once it all turns to water, how much water is going to exist in our rivers and our reservoirs,” Hoobler said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68014\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 405px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-68014 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/pole-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"This specially-calibrated tube measures snow depth, weight and density. (Photo by Peter Stegen, Platte Basin Timelapse)\" width=\"405\" height=\"228\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This specially-calibrated tube measures snow depth, weight and density. (Photo by Peter Stegen, Platte Basin Timelapse)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The snow survey program started in the 1930s. Each year surveyors add new data to the collection, validating the record and improving accuracy. Hoobler said understanding the relationship between snowpack and water supply is critical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Society depends on water -- whether it’s growing the crops we’re going to eat or producing hydroelectric power. Fifty to eighty percent of flows of North Platte River depend on this white stuff -- snow,” Hoobler said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One hundred miles southwest, in the South Platte River basin, Mage Hultstrand skis through deep snow just off the highway to get to the Joe Wright SNOTEL site on the top of Cameron Pass in Colorado.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68015\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 405px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-68015 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/agnes-bit_10_11-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Joe Wright SNOTEL site on Cameron Pass, in Colorado. These sites collect and transmit snowpack and climate data from all over the western U.S. (Photo by Peter Stegen, Platte Basin Timelapse)\" width=\"405\" height=\"228\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Joe Wright SNOTEL site on Cameron Pass, in Colorado. (Photo by Peter Stegen, Platte Basin Timelapse)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>SNOTEL stands for “snowpack telemetry,” or remote data transmission. Hultstrand is a hydrologist with the Natural Resources Conservation Service’s snow survey program in Denver. Every year more than 700 remote stations like this one track snowpack and climate data, including snow depth and temperature, across the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We measure the water content of the snow here,” Hultstrand said, pointing out markers that border the snow pillow, an envelope filled with antifreeze that acts like a scale, weighing the snow and converting it to a measurement of total water content. SNOTEL data are combined with manual snow survey data, collected by people like Hoobler, and compiled into water supply forecasts. Hultstrand said those projections help water providers prepare for the season ahead, determining if they’ll have to apply restrictions in dry years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water providers and agricultural users start paying attention early in the season to what’s going on. This is the headwater state, so this is where all of your water is coming from, with the exception of whatever precipitation is received in spring and summer,” Hultstrand said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68016\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 405px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-68016 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/maggie-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Mage Hultstrand skis to the Joe Wright SNOTEL site near Cameron Pass, in Colorado. \" width=\"405\" height=\"228\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mage Hultstrand skis to the Joe Wright SNOTEL site near Cameron Pass, in Colorado. (Photo by Peter Stegen, Platte Basin Timelapse)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Downstream, Nebraska irrigators also rely on groundwater, which is affected by snowfall. But it takes time for that melted snow to travel through the underground aquifer and back to streams and reservoirs, which impacts central Nebraska irrigators. Tom Schwarz farms about 750 certified organic acres near Bertrand, Nebraska. In addition to row crops, he grows vegetables to supply supermarkets in Lincoln and Omaha.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schwarz uses groundwater on most of his fields, but also depends on Platte River water stored in Lake McConaughy. Schwarz said he keeps an eye on snowpack but knows there’s a delay in what he and other central Nebraska irrigators will actually receive from the mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When the snow falls this year, it fills up the reservoirs in the mountains. Irrigators in the Panhandle use that water and, in turn, that water goes down into the aquifer and, hopefully, into the river and down to Lake McConaughy for use the following year,” Schwarz said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That water is controlled by the Central Nebraska Public Power and Irrigation District. Spokesman Jeff Buettner said they take that delay into account and watch snowpack and river forecasts and levels at Wyoming reservoirs when planning their water supply. But inflows to Lake McConaughy have been declining for the last decade, partly due to groundwater development and conservation measures upstream. Buettner said 2014 will be the seventh time in the last 10 years that Central Irrigation’s customers will receive less than a full supply of water. This year’s allocation will only be half of what they could expect historically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Buettner said water conservation and efficiency is key. Some big snowpack years would help, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in Wyoming, Matt Hoobler reads the results of his snow survey report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68017\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&q=http://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/ftpref/data/water/wcs/earth/snotelwithlabels.kmz&sll=45.467836,-108.446045&sspn=5.369953,8.712158&ie=UTF8&t=h&z=4\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-68017 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/SnotelMAP-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Snowpack in the Platte Basin is above average in several locations. The full interactive map is produced by the Natural Resources Conservation Service.\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Snowpack in the Platte Basin is above average in several locations. Click on the image to see the full interactive map produced by the Natural Resources Conservation Service.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Last year at this time, we had 17 inches of snow; we have 31 this year. Last year we had 2.7 water content inches; we have 5.5 this year. And our 30-year average is 5.4, so we’re just a hair above average. Any time you can have average, that’s a great day,” Hoobler said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, most of the Platte River Basin snowpack reports are above average. But since it’s still midwinter, most water providers will wait to see what the April report brings before getting too excited.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "QUEST TV: Highway to Hydrogen",
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"content": "\u003cp>Bill Holloway loves showing off the sporty metallic sedan he uses to brave a150-mile commute to his job or while running errands around town. The 62-year-old resident of Alameda, California, will even hand over his keys -- as he did with me -- to individuals curious about the car and how it handles on neighborhood roads and busy highways. But what really makes his Mercedes a conversation starter is the fuel it uses: compressed hydrogen gas that gets converted into electricity to power the car’s electric motor and travel roughly 200 miles per fill-up, with water vapor as the only tailpipe emission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67735\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/QBL_Hydrogen_SS_11.23.13_JV0A1417_2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-67735\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/QBL_Hydrogen_SS_11.23.13_JV0A1417_2.jpg\" alt=\"Bill Holloway, a 62 year-old resident of Alameda, California, thinks his Mercedes hydrogen fuel cell car is the best city car he has ever owned. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED Science\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/QBL_Hydrogen_SS_11.23.13_JV0A1417_2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/QBL_Hydrogen_SS_11.23.13_JV0A1417_2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bill Holloway, a 62 year-old resident of Alameda, California, thinks his Mercedes hydrogen fuel cell car is the best city car he has ever owned. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED Science\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When I took his hydrogen fuel cell vehicle for a spin, I had to agree that it was fun to drive and had that Ninja-quiet, electric car feel to it, much like a Toyota Prius. The comparison is apt, considering that in 2015, Toyota will release a new hydrogen car that can travel roughly 300 miles per fill-up, a range that is on par with conventional gasoline-powered cars. In spring 2014, Hyundai will release the \u003ca title=\"2015 Hyundai Tucson Fuel Cell | Hydrogen-Powered Vehicle | Hyundai\" href=\"https://www.hyundaiusa.com/tucsonfuelcell/\">Tucson Fuel Cell\u003c/a>, an SUV that runs on hydrogen, for Southern California motorists willing to put down $2999 and pay $499 a month for a three-year lease, fuel and maintenance included.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the commercial roll-out of new hydrogen cars is successful in California, the nation’s largest car market, the cars may then expand to other markets where concerns about CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> emissions and climate change resonate among voters and consumers. In October 2013, for example, seven other states joined California on an ambitious initiative to place more than three million zero-emission vehicles on the road by 2025, presenting both a challenge and an opportunity for hydrogen fuel cell vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even the federal government is showing renewed interest in fuel cell technology and the infrastructure the cars desperately need to take off. In May 2013, the Department of Energy launched H2USA, a public-private partnership that includes the American Gas Association, automakers and other industries working together to make the production and delivery of hydrogen fuel cheaper and more efficient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67734\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/QBL_Hydrogen_SS_11.20.13_JV0A1347_2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-67734\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/QBL_Hydrogen_SS_11.20.13_JV0A1347_2.jpg\" alt=\"Filling up a hydrogen fuel cell vehicle is similar to filling up a conventional gasoline-powered car. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED Science\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/QBL_Hydrogen_SS_11.20.13_JV0A1347_2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/QBL_Hydrogen_SS_11.20.13_JV0A1347_2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Filling up a hydrogen fuel cell vehicle takes a few minutes, much like refueling a conventional car with gasoline. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED Science\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But as Holloway told me, “If someone wants a fuel cell car, I would give them a rousing thumbs up for their decision as long as they can find somewhere to fill it.” Currently, there is only one public hydrogen refueling station in Northern California where he can fill up his \u003ca title=\"B-Class F-CELL Electric Car - Fuel Cell Technology | Mercedes-Benz\" href=\"http://www.mbusa.com/mercedes/benz/green/electric_car\">Mercedes B-Class F-Cell\u003c/a>, which he leases from Mercedes for $950 a month, hydrogen included. At the time of our filming, only a handful of other drivers were leasing a Mercedes F-Cell in the San Francisco Bay Area, and only one other auto maker -- Honda -- was also leasing its fuel cell sedan, the \u003ca title=\"Honda FCX Clarity Overview - Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle - Site\" href=\"http://fcx.honda.com/\">FCX Clarity\u003c/a>, to motorists based in Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With only 300 to 400 hydrogen fuel cell vehicles on the nation’s roads, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://cafcp.org/\">California Fuel Cell Partnership\u003c/a>, the lack of hydrogen refueling stations has been a major stumbling block. A decade after former governor Arnold Schwarzenegger’s failed plan to build hundreds of hydrogen refueling stations up and down the state, the California Fuel Cell Partnership is today promoting a “\u003ca href=\"http://m.cafcp.org/sites/files/20120814_Roadmapv(Overview).pdf\">road map\u003c/a>” to prioritize the construction of 68 new hydrogen refueling stations in five geographic regions, such as Silicon Valley and Santa Monica/West L.A.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even with 19 new hydrogen refueling stations already in development, which are being built with the help of public dollars, thanks to recent legislation signed by Governor Jerry Brown, it’s far from certain that drivers will enthusiastically get behind the wheel of hydrogen cars that already have some catching up to do with Nissan Leafs, Chevy Volts, and other zero-emission vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67747\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/JV0A1465_2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-67747\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/JV0A1465_2.jpg\" alt='A glimpse under the hood of the Mercedes F-Cell hydrogen fuel cell car. It looks like a conventional vehicle, except for the green \"H2\" gas sticker. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED Science' width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/JV0A1465_2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/JV0A1465_2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A glimpse under the hood of the Mercedes F-Cell which uses hydrogen instead of gasoline for fuel. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED Science\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But in a state where the Toyota Prius was the best-selling car in 2012 and 2013, hydrogen cars may still have a chance among drivers concerned about the environment and tech-savvy motorists like Bill Holloway, who leased his fuel cell car because it appealed to his inner geek.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back at his house, with his car parked in his driveway, Holloway lifted the hood to reveal a pretty conventional-looking array of car parts, such as a battery and an air compressor. “You open the hood and it’s a normal car,” he said. “You put the key in, you put it in drive, and away you go.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just don’t make a road trip out of it or you may hit a dead end trying to find a place to fill up - for now, at least.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Additional footage and imagery used in “Highway to Hydrogen” QUEST video courtesy of: \u003c/em>\u003cem>American Honda Motor Co., Inc.; California Fuel Cell Partnership; Hyundai Motor America; KQED Newsroom; Lun So; Marc Marshall, Schatz Energy Research Center, Humboldt State University; Mercedes-Benz USA; Toyota Motor Corporation; University of California- Davis News Service\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Although auto makers have spent decades and billions of dollars to develop hydrogen fuel cell cars, only a few hundred of them are on the nation's roads. With new refueling stations in development and new models recently unveiled, are these zero-emission vehicles finally ready to roll? ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Bill Holloway loves showing off the sporty metallic sedan he uses to brave a150-mile commute to his job or while running errands around town. The 62-year-old resident of Alameda, California, will even hand over his keys -- as he did with me -- to individuals curious about the car and how it handles on neighborhood roads and busy highways. But what really makes his Mercedes a conversation starter is the fuel it uses: compressed hydrogen gas that gets converted into electricity to power the car’s electric motor and travel roughly 200 miles per fill-up, with water vapor as the only tailpipe emission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67735\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/QBL_Hydrogen_SS_11.23.13_JV0A1417_2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-67735\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/QBL_Hydrogen_SS_11.23.13_JV0A1417_2.jpg\" alt=\"Bill Holloway, a 62 year-old resident of Alameda, California, thinks his Mercedes hydrogen fuel cell car is the best city car he has ever owned. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED Science\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/QBL_Hydrogen_SS_11.23.13_JV0A1417_2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/QBL_Hydrogen_SS_11.23.13_JV0A1417_2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bill Holloway, a 62 year-old resident of Alameda, California, thinks his Mercedes hydrogen fuel cell car is the best city car he has ever owned. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED Science\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When I took his hydrogen fuel cell vehicle for a spin, I had to agree that it was fun to drive and had that Ninja-quiet, electric car feel to it, much like a Toyota Prius. The comparison is apt, considering that in 2015, Toyota will release a new hydrogen car that can travel roughly 300 miles per fill-up, a range that is on par with conventional gasoline-powered cars. In spring 2014, Hyundai will release the \u003ca title=\"2015 Hyundai Tucson Fuel Cell | Hydrogen-Powered Vehicle | Hyundai\" href=\"https://www.hyundaiusa.com/tucsonfuelcell/\">Tucson Fuel Cell\u003c/a>, an SUV that runs on hydrogen, for Southern California motorists willing to put down $2999 and pay $499 a month for a three-year lease, fuel and maintenance included.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the commercial roll-out of new hydrogen cars is successful in California, the nation’s largest car market, the cars may then expand to other markets where concerns about CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> emissions and climate change resonate among voters and consumers. In October 2013, for example, seven other states joined California on an ambitious initiative to place more than three million zero-emission vehicles on the road by 2025, presenting both a challenge and an opportunity for hydrogen fuel cell vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even the federal government is showing renewed interest in fuel cell technology and the infrastructure the cars desperately need to take off. In May 2013, the Department of Energy launched H2USA, a public-private partnership that includes the American Gas Association, automakers and other industries working together to make the production and delivery of hydrogen fuel cheaper and more efficient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67734\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/QBL_Hydrogen_SS_11.20.13_JV0A1347_2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-67734\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/QBL_Hydrogen_SS_11.20.13_JV0A1347_2.jpg\" alt=\"Filling up a hydrogen fuel cell vehicle is similar to filling up a conventional gasoline-powered car. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED Science\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/QBL_Hydrogen_SS_11.20.13_JV0A1347_2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/QBL_Hydrogen_SS_11.20.13_JV0A1347_2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Filling up a hydrogen fuel cell vehicle takes a few minutes, much like refueling a conventional car with gasoline. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED Science\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But as Holloway told me, “If someone wants a fuel cell car, I would give them a rousing thumbs up for their decision as long as they can find somewhere to fill it.” Currently, there is only one public hydrogen refueling station in Northern California where he can fill up his \u003ca title=\"B-Class F-CELL Electric Car - Fuel Cell Technology | Mercedes-Benz\" href=\"http://www.mbusa.com/mercedes/benz/green/electric_car\">Mercedes B-Class F-Cell\u003c/a>, which he leases from Mercedes for $950 a month, hydrogen included. At the time of our filming, only a handful of other drivers were leasing a Mercedes F-Cell in the San Francisco Bay Area, and only one other auto maker -- Honda -- was also leasing its fuel cell sedan, the \u003ca title=\"Honda FCX Clarity Overview - Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle - Site\" href=\"http://fcx.honda.com/\">FCX Clarity\u003c/a>, to motorists based in Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With only 300 to 400 hydrogen fuel cell vehicles on the nation’s roads, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://cafcp.org/\">California Fuel Cell Partnership\u003c/a>, the lack of hydrogen refueling stations has been a major stumbling block. A decade after former governor Arnold Schwarzenegger’s failed plan to build hundreds of hydrogen refueling stations up and down the state, the California Fuel Cell Partnership is today promoting a “\u003ca href=\"http://m.cafcp.org/sites/files/20120814_Roadmapv(Overview).pdf\">road map\u003c/a>” to prioritize the construction of 68 new hydrogen refueling stations in five geographic regions, such as Silicon Valley and Santa Monica/West L.A.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even with 19 new hydrogen refueling stations already in development, which are being built with the help of public dollars, thanks to recent legislation signed by Governor Jerry Brown, it’s far from certain that drivers will enthusiastically get behind the wheel of hydrogen cars that already have some catching up to do with Nissan Leafs, Chevy Volts, and other zero-emission vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67747\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/JV0A1465_2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-67747\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/JV0A1465_2.jpg\" alt='A glimpse under the hood of the Mercedes F-Cell hydrogen fuel cell car. It looks like a conventional vehicle, except for the green \"H2\" gas sticker. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED Science' width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/JV0A1465_2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/JV0A1465_2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A glimpse under the hood of the Mercedes F-Cell which uses hydrogen instead of gasoline for fuel. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED Science\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But in a state where the Toyota Prius was the best-selling car in 2012 and 2013, hydrogen cars may still have a chance among drivers concerned about the environment and tech-savvy motorists like Bill Holloway, who leased his fuel cell car because it appealed to his inner geek.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back at his house, with his car parked in his driveway, Holloway lifted the hood to reveal a pretty conventional-looking array of car parts, such as a battery and an air compressor. “You open the hood and it’s a normal car,” he said. “You put the key in, you put it in drive, and away you go.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just don’t make a road trip out of it or you may hit a dead end trying to find a place to fill up - for now, at least.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Additional footage and imagery used in “Highway to Hydrogen” QUEST video courtesy of: \u003c/em>\u003cem>American Honda Motor Co., Inc.; California Fuel Cell Partnership; Hyundai Motor America; KQED Newsroom; Lun So; Marc Marshall, Schatz Energy Research Center, Humboldt State University; Mercedes-Benz USA; Toyota Motor Corporation; University of California- Davis News Service\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"radiolab": {
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},
"rightnowish": {
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"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"info": "The Snap Judgment radio show and podcast mixes real stories with killer beats to produce cinematic, dramatic radio. Snap's musical brand of storytelling dares listeners to see the world through the eyes of another. This is storytelling... with a BEAT!! Snap first aired on public radio stations nationwide in July 2010. Today, Snap Judgment airs on over 450 public radio stations and is brought to the airwaves by KQED & PRX.",
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"soldout": {
"id": "soldout",
"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
"info": "Sold Out: Rethinking Housing in America",
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