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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pnsn.org/HAZARDS/CASCADIA/tree_rings.html\" target=\"_blank\">Tree ring analysis\u003c/a>, or dendrochonology, is based on the fact that trees add new material each year: early, lighter-colored cells followed by darker cells. Each set is known as a tree, annual, or growth ring. Width depends on the climatic conditions with wider rings in a good growing season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yamaguchi found that the trees had wide rings right up until the time they died. This indicated that disease had not killed the trees. He and other researchers then compared the rings of the dead trees with those living nearby. These trees spanned nearly a thousand years of time, from 993 to 1986. Using this data, they tried to match the growth rings of the living trees with the growth ring of the dead trees. A match would tell when the ghost forest trees died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They had a problem, though. Erosion of the tree’s trunks had obliterated the final rings. Fortunately, in 1996, they dug up eight stumps whose roots had not decayed. In all but one case the rings showed the trees had died between August 1699 and May 1700. Narrowing the timing down to January 26 required another line of evidence, and the assistance of colleagues and documents from Japan.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Red Tide Rising: Harmful Phytoplankton Blooms",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/abalone.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/abalone-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"abalone\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-25647\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About a month ago, thousands of \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_abalone\">abalone\u003c/a> and other invertebrates \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2011/09/17/BA9J1L5B8P.DTL\">washed up along the Sonoma coast\u003c/a>, killed by what people thought was probably a red tide, a.k.a. a \u003ca href=\"http://www.whoi.edu/website/redtide/home\">harmful algal bloom\u003c/a>. Phytoplankton—photosynthetic organisms like algae and bacteria—can multiply in number, turning the water red with their bright-colored cells and wreaking havoc on marine organisms. An interdisciplinary team of researchers banded together to find out what was going on along the Sonoma coast. Within a few weeks, they’d figured it out: sure enough, it was a red tide.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was the first time a red tide had widespread impact on wildlife along the coast of California. From Bodega Bay to Salt Point, 50 miles north, invertebrates like abalone, urchins, and gumboot chitons were affected by the red tide. I talked with Laura Rogers-Bennett, Senior Biologist Specialist with the California Department of Fish and Game and the UC Davis Wildlife Health Center, who did surveys to quantify the extent of the damage. She and her colleagues surveyed several sites and found a lot of dead abalone. At \u003ca href=\"http://rrparks.mcn.org/fortross/\">Fort Ross\u003c/a>, 30% of the abalone had died. At \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/DEFAULT.ASP?page_id=453\">Salt Point\u003c/a>, abalone mortality was 12%, and at \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber_Cove,_California\">Timber Cove\u003c/a>, mortality was 25%. They took tissue samples from abalone and other invertebrates, and they conducted underwater surveys to look at the geographic distribution of affected organisms. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Red tides can kill marine life in two ways. The first way is by depleting the oxygen in the water, during the algal bloom and during the subsequent die-off and decomposition of the phytoplankton. With low levels of oxygen in the water, marine life suffocates. Red tide events that kill through oxygen depletion have particular characteristics. They are usually small and localized—the size of a large living room, says Rogers-Bennett. They often occur in areas with very little water movement, like the back of coves, and they affect all the organisms in the area, including the fish, which either die or swim away. Recent underwater surveys indicated that this red tide was not killing via oxygen depletion. For one, the area affected was far larger than a living room. And the red tide affected organisms in multiple patches, some of which were in very exposed areas, not just the still backwaters of coves. Plus, the fish did not seem to be affected. Because of this evidence, scientists suspected the phytoplankton bloom was releasing a biotoxin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To identify the biotoxin, the researchers sent water and tissue samples to Rita Horner at the University of Washington and David Crane at Fish and Game’s Office of Spill Prevention and Response. They determined that the most abundant phytoplankton species was a dinoflagellate called Gonyaulax spinifera, which releases a toxin called a \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yessotoxin\">Yessotoxin\u003c/a>. However, the dinoflagellate and the toxin are poorly understood, says Rogers-Bennett. Yessotoxin was present in very low amounts—about one part per billion—and we don’t know how much toxin must be present for an organism to suffer ill effects. So we don’t know for sure whether Gonyaulax spinifera and its Yessotoxin are responsible for the death of the invertebrates, or whether the true guilty party is some other, unidentified toxin. Rogers-Bennett and her colleagues are seeking funding to do additional tests of the Yessotoxin, its toxicity, and its effects on the invertebrates. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studying this red tide is a team effort, involving researchers from UC Davis, UC Santa Cruz, Sonoma State, the California Department of Public Health, and NOAA. Researchers have done bird surveys, which indicate that the toxin is not moving throughout the food web. And they’ve tested for \u003ca href=\"http://www.whoi.edu/redtide/page.do?pid=14279\">toxins that affect humans\u003c/a>, but thankfully none present. Next, researchers plan to look at archived satellite images of the red tide to see how it moved throughout the area, and they want to do more extensive subtidal surveys, to learn more about the geographic pattern of its effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of the recent mass mortality of abalone, the Fish and Game \u003ca href=\"http://cdfgnews.wordpress.com/2011/09/15/abalone-fishery-closure/\">closed the Sonoma abalone fishery\u003c/a> in September. Normally, recreational abalone collectors can take abalone from the coast through November, but because the population took a big hit, it needs some time to recover. Rogers-Bennett hopes that the fishery and its managers will keep this in mind as the next abalone season approaches in April. The abalone fishery is not a commercial fishery; it is illegal to buy and sell abalone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is now a new red tide off the Sonoma coast. This one, called \u003ca href=\"http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Ceratium\">Ceratium\u003c/a>, is not toxic, but it is lending the water a brownish red hue. Recent conditions have been perfect for a red tide: calm water and abundant sunshine, thanks to fog-free days. The conditions preceding last month’s deadly red tide were similar. Globally, red tides are on the rise, because of warmer sea surface temperatures and an increase nutrient in coastal waters because of human activity. However, neither of these red tides is tied to warm surface waters or higher-than-usual nutrient input. The causes of these recent red tides remain a mystery.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "About a month ago, thousands of abalone and other invertebrates washed up along the Sonoma coast, killed by what people thought was probably a red tide, a.k.a. a harmful algal bloom. An interdisciplinary team of researchers banded together to find out what was going on. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/abalone.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/abalone-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"abalone\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-25647\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About a month ago, thousands of \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_abalone\">abalone\u003c/a> and other invertebrates \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2011/09/17/BA9J1L5B8P.DTL\">washed up along the Sonoma coast\u003c/a>, killed by what people thought was probably a red tide, a.k.a. a \u003ca href=\"http://www.whoi.edu/website/redtide/home\">harmful algal bloom\u003c/a>. Phytoplankton—photosynthetic organisms like algae and bacteria—can multiply in number, turning the water red with their bright-colored cells and wreaking havoc on marine organisms. An interdisciplinary team of researchers banded together to find out what was going on along the Sonoma coast. Within a few weeks, they’d figured it out: sure enough, it was a red tide.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was the first time a red tide had widespread impact on wildlife along the coast of California. From Bodega Bay to Salt Point, 50 miles north, invertebrates like abalone, urchins, and gumboot chitons were affected by the red tide. I talked with Laura Rogers-Bennett, Senior Biologist Specialist with the California Department of Fish and Game and the UC Davis Wildlife Health Center, who did surveys to quantify the extent of the damage. She and her colleagues surveyed several sites and found a lot of dead abalone. At \u003ca href=\"http://rrparks.mcn.org/fortross/\">Fort Ross\u003c/a>, 30% of the abalone had died. At \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/DEFAULT.ASP?page_id=453\">Salt Point\u003c/a>, abalone mortality was 12%, and at \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber_Cove,_California\">Timber Cove\u003c/a>, mortality was 25%. They took tissue samples from abalone and other invertebrates, and they conducted underwater surveys to look at the geographic distribution of affected organisms. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Red tides can kill marine life in two ways. The first way is by depleting the oxygen in the water, during the algal bloom and during the subsequent die-off and decomposition of the phytoplankton. With low levels of oxygen in the water, marine life suffocates. Red tide events that kill through oxygen depletion have particular characteristics. They are usually small and localized—the size of a large living room, says Rogers-Bennett. They often occur in areas with very little water movement, like the back of coves, and they affect all the organisms in the area, including the fish, which either die or swim away. Recent underwater surveys indicated that this red tide was not killing via oxygen depletion. For one, the area affected was far larger than a living room. And the red tide affected organisms in multiple patches, some of which were in very exposed areas, not just the still backwaters of coves. Plus, the fish did not seem to be affected. Because of this evidence, scientists suspected the phytoplankton bloom was releasing a biotoxin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To identify the biotoxin, the researchers sent water and tissue samples to Rita Horner at the University of Washington and David Crane at Fish and Game’s Office of Spill Prevention and Response. They determined that the most abundant phytoplankton species was a dinoflagellate called Gonyaulax spinifera, which releases a toxin called a \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yessotoxin\">Yessotoxin\u003c/a>. However, the dinoflagellate and the toxin are poorly understood, says Rogers-Bennett. Yessotoxin was present in very low amounts—about one part per billion—and we don’t know how much toxin must be present for an organism to suffer ill effects. So we don’t know for sure whether Gonyaulax spinifera and its Yessotoxin are responsible for the death of the invertebrates, or whether the true guilty party is some other, unidentified toxin. Rogers-Bennett and her colleagues are seeking funding to do additional tests of the Yessotoxin, its toxicity, and its effects on the invertebrates. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studying this red tide is a team effort, involving researchers from UC Davis, UC Santa Cruz, Sonoma State, the California Department of Public Health, and NOAA. Researchers have done bird surveys, which indicate that the toxin is not moving throughout the food web. And they’ve tested for \u003ca href=\"http://www.whoi.edu/redtide/page.do?pid=14279\">toxins that affect humans\u003c/a>, but thankfully none present. Next, researchers plan to look at archived satellite images of the red tide to see how it moved throughout the area, and they want to do more extensive subtidal surveys, to learn more about the geographic pattern of its effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of the recent mass mortality of abalone, the Fish and Game \u003ca href=\"http://cdfgnews.wordpress.com/2011/09/15/abalone-fishery-closure/\">closed the Sonoma abalone fishery\u003c/a> in September. Normally, recreational abalone collectors can take abalone from the coast through November, but because the population took a big hit, it needs some time to recover. Rogers-Bennett hopes that the fishery and its managers will keep this in mind as the next abalone season approaches in April. The abalone fishery is not a commercial fishery; it is illegal to buy and sell abalone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is now a new red tide off the Sonoma coast. This one, called \u003ca href=\"http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Ceratium\">Ceratium\u003c/a>, is not toxic, but it is lending the water a brownish red hue. Recent conditions have been perfect for a red tide: calm water and abundant sunshine, thanks to fog-free days. The conditions preceding last month’s deadly red tide were similar. Globally, red tides are on the rise, because of warmer sea surface temperatures and an increase nutrient in coastal waters because of human activity. However, neither of these red tides is tied to warm surface waters or higher-than-usual nutrient input. The causes of these recent red tides remain a mystery.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Clean Tech Earns Its Stripes",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/10/2011-10-03-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25574\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 354px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/BEST-101022-N-6889J-107.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-25574\" title=\"A Riverine Command Boat running on a 50/50 blend of algae-based and traditional fuel.\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/BEST-101022-N-6889J-107-354x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"354\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Riverine Command Boat running on a 50/50 blend of algae-based and traditional fuel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here's a question: Who’s the largest energy user, by far, in the United States?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Answer: the U.S. Military. Its annual energy bill runs about $15 billion dollars a year, which is why the Department of Defense has developed a keen interest in finding other ways to meet its energy needs, including investing in alternative energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traditionally, the military has been deeply dependent on fossil fuels, which power its helicopters and ships, as well as over a hundred thousand diesel generators that keep tents air conditioned and batteries charged in places like Iraq and Afghanistan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But on the battlefield, oil can be a dangerous liability. Last year there were more than a thousand attacks on US military fuel convoys. US Navy Secretary Ray Mabus says in order to be an effective military force, you have to know what your own vulnerabilities are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"One of the ones that rose to the top was our dependence on fossil fuels,\" says Mabus.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nThe Price -- and Opportunity -- of Instability\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fossil fuels aren't just highly flammable, they can also require doing business with the very countries the US is often in conflict with. Political instability often leads to price spikes. Take, for example, the recent conflict in Libya.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Libya is a big oil producer, but not the biggest one,\" says Mabus. \"But simply the disruption in Libya caused the price of oil to go up almost $30 a barrel.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's no small hiccup for an organization that consumes 300,000 barrels of oil a day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even an increase of just one dollar a barrel can force a major reshuffling of funds, says Mabus. \"Every time the price of oil goes up a dollar a barrel it costs the Navy an extra $31 million in fuel costs.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The only place we have to get that is from our readiness account,\" he says, \"so [there are] fewer flying hours, less training.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This sensitivity to price spikes has sent the military in what might seem an unlikely direction: It’s become a major investor in alternative energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phyllis Cuttino directs the clean energy program for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewenvironment.org/campaigns/pew-energy-and-climate-campaign/id/8589935316\">Pew Charitable Trusts\u003c/a> and is author of a recent report on the military and alternative energy, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewenvironment.org/news-room/reports/from-barracks-to-battlefield-clean-energy-innovation-and-americas-armed-forces-85899364060\">From Barracks to the Battlefield: Clean Energy Innovation and America's Armed Forces\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says whatever the military can do to reduce fuel use, it's doing. According to the report, over the last four years the military has tripled its investment in technologies like biofuels, solar panels, and electric vehicles, to $1.2 billion a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The Department of Defense is not doing all this work in biofuels and efficiency, for example, because they are green, or because they are environmentalists,\" says Cuttino. \"They are doing it because they want to increase effectiveness and reduce costs.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New Partnerships in Silicon Valley\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s been a boon for people like Bob MacDonald, the CTO and co-founder of Skyline Solar, in Mountain View, California. Skyline's solar arrays are relatively low-tech, made from off-the-shelf components and are easy to assemble.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25579\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 189px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Bob-MacDonald-e1317365300647.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-25579\" title=\"Bob MacDonald helped get Skyline Solar its $1.58 million military contract\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Bob-MacDonald-e1317365300647-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bob MacDonald helped get Skyline Solar its $1.58 million military contract\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A few years ago, MacDonald saw that the military was looking for clean tech companies like his to partner with. He flew to Washington to present Skyline's product. He says it was a bit intimidating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There was a lot of brass,\" he recalls, \"literally, a lot of stripes and shoulder adornments around the table. I kept it simple. Sir, yes sir.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MacDonald soon realized his audience had a lot in common with the venture capitalists he does business with out here in California. The military officials liked that Skyline's components are easy to source and that they're portable. An added benefit is the stealth effect, says MacDonald: Solar panels are a lot quieter than a diesel generator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Macdonald has a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pv-tech.org/news/project_focus_skyline_solar_to_deploy_two_100kw_demo_systems_on_u.s._milita\">$1.58 million contract\u003c/a> to try out his arrays on two US military bases, one in Texas, one in Southern California. If the pilot is successful, he’d like to see his systems operating overseas, powering remote bases in Iraq and Afghanistan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solazyme, in South San Francisco, is also benefiting from military investment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company's algae-based biofuel is being tested in Seahawk helicopters, as well as Navy vessels in Virginia and other parts of the country. CEO Jonathan Wolfson says the $8 million military contract is less than a quarter of his company's revenue, but it sends a powerful message to other investors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25580\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/GOOD_WOLFSON-012.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-25580\" title=\"Jonathan Wolfson is CEO of Solazyme, which produces algae-based biofuel for the US Navy\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/GOOD_WOLFSON-012-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jonathan Wolfson is CEO of Solazyme, which produces algae-based biofuel for the US Navy\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"I mean, eight years ago we were five people with a completely delusional dream,\" says Wolfson. \"So go from that to [being partnered with] an entity like the military, which is very, very disciplined and demands an enormous level of discipline out of its suppliers. It does really good things to help a company like Solazyme.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bridging the \"Valley of Death\" Between Innovation and the Market\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wolfson says by the sheer force of its purchasing power, the military can transform a technology from cutting edge to mainstream. He points out that it's happened before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People forget that the Internet they go log onto every day was funded by the Department of Defense. They forget that the entire semiconductor industry was [built up] by they Defense Department. They were the ones that got the first orders and got the first plants built.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nThe Solyndra Effect\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lately, in Washington, the words “clean technology” have become \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_18887134\">a political flashpoint\u003c/a>. At a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/23/science/earth/23energy.html\">September 22 hearing\u003c/a> focused on the bankruptcy of Fremont-based solar panel maker Solyndra. Issa, who chairs the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee railed against the Obama Administration's investments in alternative technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The Obama Administration has systematically waged a war on carbon-based energy in pursuit of new green energy,\" said Issa. \"Jobs have not been produced in a sustained fashion or in the number promised and bills of taxpayer dollars have done little to truly stimulate the economy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Issa and other Republicans have argued government should avoid investing in clean tech all together. And this has put Navy Secretary Mabus in a curious position: A high level military official turned into one of clean tech’s most vocal defenders. He says as the head of the US Navy, that’s his job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We’re doing this to become a better military, to make us better war fighters. We’re doing this as a matter of security, of energy security and national security. The fundamental purpose of our doing this is so that we will be better at the mission that the US has given us.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mabus says \u003ca href=\"http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=56757\">his goal \u003c/a>is that by the year 2020, the Navy and Marine Corps will get at least half its fuel from non fossil-fuel sources.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The largest energy user in the United States is the U.S. Military. Its annual energy bill runs about $15 billion dollars a year, which is why the Department of Defense has developed a keen interest in finding other ways to meet its energy needs, including investing in alternative energy. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/10/2011-10-03-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25574\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 354px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/BEST-101022-N-6889J-107.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-25574\" title=\"A Riverine Command Boat running on a 50/50 blend of algae-based and traditional fuel.\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/BEST-101022-N-6889J-107-354x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"354\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Riverine Command Boat running on a 50/50 blend of algae-based and traditional fuel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here's a question: Who’s the largest energy user, by far, in the United States?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Answer: the U.S. Military. Its annual energy bill runs about $15 billion dollars a year, which is why the Department of Defense has developed a keen interest in finding other ways to meet its energy needs, including investing in alternative energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traditionally, the military has been deeply dependent on fossil fuels, which power its helicopters and ships, as well as over a hundred thousand diesel generators that keep tents air conditioned and batteries charged in places like Iraq and Afghanistan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But on the battlefield, oil can be a dangerous liability. Last year there were more than a thousand attacks on US military fuel convoys. US Navy Secretary Ray Mabus says in order to be an effective military force, you have to know what your own vulnerabilities are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"One of the ones that rose to the top was our dependence on fossil fuels,\" says Mabus.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nThe Price -- and Opportunity -- of Instability\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fossil fuels aren't just highly flammable, they can also require doing business with the very countries the US is often in conflict with. Political instability often leads to price spikes. Take, for example, the recent conflict in Libya.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Libya is a big oil producer, but not the biggest one,\" says Mabus. \"But simply the disruption in Libya caused the price of oil to go up almost $30 a barrel.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's no small hiccup for an organization that consumes 300,000 barrels of oil a day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even an increase of just one dollar a barrel can force a major reshuffling of funds, says Mabus. \"Every time the price of oil goes up a dollar a barrel it costs the Navy an extra $31 million in fuel costs.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The only place we have to get that is from our readiness account,\" he says, \"so [there are] fewer flying hours, less training.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This sensitivity to price spikes has sent the military in what might seem an unlikely direction: It’s become a major investor in alternative energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phyllis Cuttino directs the clean energy program for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewenvironment.org/campaigns/pew-energy-and-climate-campaign/id/8589935316\">Pew Charitable Trusts\u003c/a> and is author of a recent report on the military and alternative energy, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewenvironment.org/news-room/reports/from-barracks-to-battlefield-clean-energy-innovation-and-americas-armed-forces-85899364060\">From Barracks to the Battlefield: Clean Energy Innovation and America's Armed Forces\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says whatever the military can do to reduce fuel use, it's doing. According to the report, over the last four years the military has tripled its investment in technologies like biofuels, solar panels, and electric vehicles, to $1.2 billion a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The Department of Defense is not doing all this work in biofuels and efficiency, for example, because they are green, or because they are environmentalists,\" says Cuttino. \"They are doing it because they want to increase effectiveness and reduce costs.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New Partnerships in Silicon Valley\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s been a boon for people like Bob MacDonald, the CTO and co-founder of Skyline Solar, in Mountain View, California. Skyline's solar arrays are relatively low-tech, made from off-the-shelf components and are easy to assemble.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25579\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 189px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Bob-MacDonald-e1317365300647.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-25579\" title=\"Bob MacDonald helped get Skyline Solar its $1.58 million military contract\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Bob-MacDonald-e1317365300647-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bob MacDonald helped get Skyline Solar its $1.58 million military contract\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A few years ago, MacDonald saw that the military was looking for clean tech companies like his to partner with. He flew to Washington to present Skyline's product. He says it was a bit intimidating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There was a lot of brass,\" he recalls, \"literally, a lot of stripes and shoulder adornments around the table. I kept it simple. Sir, yes sir.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MacDonald soon realized his audience had a lot in common with the venture capitalists he does business with out here in California. The military officials liked that Skyline's components are easy to source and that they're portable. An added benefit is the stealth effect, says MacDonald: Solar panels are a lot quieter than a diesel generator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Macdonald has a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pv-tech.org/news/project_focus_skyline_solar_to_deploy_two_100kw_demo_systems_on_u.s._milita\">$1.58 million contract\u003c/a> to try out his arrays on two US military bases, one in Texas, one in Southern California. If the pilot is successful, he’d like to see his systems operating overseas, powering remote bases in Iraq and Afghanistan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solazyme, in South San Francisco, is also benefiting from military investment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company's algae-based biofuel is being tested in Seahawk helicopters, as well as Navy vessels in Virginia and other parts of the country. CEO Jonathan Wolfson says the $8 million military contract is less than a quarter of his company's revenue, but it sends a powerful message to other investors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25580\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/GOOD_WOLFSON-012.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-25580\" title=\"Jonathan Wolfson is CEO of Solazyme, which produces algae-based biofuel for the US Navy\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/GOOD_WOLFSON-012-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jonathan Wolfson is CEO of Solazyme, which produces algae-based biofuel for the US Navy\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"I mean, eight years ago we were five people with a completely delusional dream,\" says Wolfson. \"So go from that to [being partnered with] an entity like the military, which is very, very disciplined and demands an enormous level of discipline out of its suppliers. It does really good things to help a company like Solazyme.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bridging the \"Valley of Death\" Between Innovation and the Market\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wolfson says by the sheer force of its purchasing power, the military can transform a technology from cutting edge to mainstream. He points out that it's happened before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People forget that the Internet they go log onto every day was funded by the Department of Defense. They forget that the entire semiconductor industry was [built up] by they Defense Department. They were the ones that got the first orders and got the first plants built.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nThe Solyndra Effect\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lately, in Washington, the words “clean technology” have become \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_18887134\">a political flashpoint\u003c/a>. At a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/23/science/earth/23energy.html\">September 22 hearing\u003c/a> focused on the bankruptcy of Fremont-based solar panel maker Solyndra. Issa, who chairs the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee railed against the Obama Administration's investments in alternative technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The Obama Administration has systematically waged a war on carbon-based energy in pursuit of new green energy,\" said Issa. \"Jobs have not been produced in a sustained fashion or in the number promised and bills of taxpayer dollars have done little to truly stimulate the economy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Issa and other Republicans have argued government should avoid investing in clean tech all together. And this has put Navy Secretary Mabus in a curious position: A high level military official turned into one of clean tech’s most vocal defenders. He says as the head of the US Navy, that’s his job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We’re doing this to become a better military, to make us better war fighters. We’re doing this as a matter of security, of energy security and national security. The fundamental purpose of our doing this is so that we will be better at the mission that the US has given us.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mabus says \u003ca href=\"http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=56757\">his goal \u003c/a>is that by the year 2020, the Navy and Marine Corps will get at least half its fuel from non fossil-fuel sources.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "One Fish, Two Fish: Monitoring Marine Protected Areas",
"title": "One Fish, Two Fish: Monitoring Marine Protected Areas",
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"content": "\u003cp>I hesitatingly looked at the weather report the night before. I knew we might be in for it. No rain was forecast but the swell looked bigger than I hoped. So as the sun was rising over Pillar Point Harbor in Half Moon Bay, it was some trepidation that I sighed and boarded the fishing vessel Donna Kathleen. Morning coffees were passed out to those who wanted them and we cast off. As the plucky ship made its way beyond the break, I met with captain \u003ca href=\"http://artliveshere.org/profiles/tim_maricich_bio.html\">Tim Maricich\u003c/a>, the crew, and the two scientists we’d be profiling; Dirk Rosen from \u003ca href=\"http://www.maregroup.org/\">Marine Applied Research and Exploration\u003c/a>, the non-profit who builds and pilots the underwater remotely operated vehicles used to survey the sea floor, and Professor \u003ca href=\"http://sep.csumb.edu/staff/james/\">James Lindholm\u003c/a>, from the \u003ca href=\"http://sep.csumb.edu/ifame/index.php\">Institute of Applied Marine Ecology\u003c/a> at California State University Monterey Bay, who is in charge of chronicling and interpreting everything the ROV encounters. Their collective mission was to survey areas of the newly established Marine Protected Areas approximately 2 miles off the North-Central California coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/mlpa/\">Marine Protected Areas\u003c/a>, or “MPAs,” have recently been set aside up and down the coast of California. These are essentially restricted no-fishing zones that have been established to allow fish to breed and grow big with the idea that they will be able replenish State waters. This is different from the standard fishery management practices of the past in that it is aimed to protect entire ecosystems all of the time instead of managing one type of fish at certain times of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The science seems to back up the theory. In other parts of the world, marine protected areas have shown success in fish populations growing in both number and size. In one case in Mexico, this type of program has been scientifically proven to be successful in bringing back big fish in greater numbers. No-take zones in a Mexican national marine park that had previously been over fished became what they called “large-fish factories.” According to one report, “after 10 years, the area filled back up with big fish – 1,070 percent more fish.” As Dirk Rosen said on our trip, “We want places here where these BOFFs, Big Old Fat Females, can grow big and breed more.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Donna Kathleen neared its first survey spot and the energy picked up as the crew readied the ROV, named \u003ca href=\"http://www.mnn.com/local-reports/california/nature-conservancy/new-underwater-robot-named-beagle-in-honor-of-darwin%E2%80%99s\">“Beagle,”\u003c/a> for launch. As the boat came to a stop and tilt-a-whirl pitched in the rolling swell, QUEST Associate Producer Josh Cassidy, Audio Tech Eric Limcaoco and I each turned a shade of sea-green and quietly moved to the gunwales to “feed the fish.” We’d basically be out of commission for the rest of the voyage. Thankfully our iron-gutted cameraman, Blake McHugh was able to go on business as usual so were able to capture all the goings-on as the ROV was manhandled and dropped into the deep blue. In a short time it would begin sending amazing images of life on the sea floor back to the scientists watching on board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is an unusual crew, a blend of rough handed fishermen and conservation biologists working together. The object is to get a \u003ca href=\"http://montereybay.noaa.gov/research/\">baseline \u003c/a>of what is currently living in the MPAs and surrounding areas. In a couple years, and moving forward, scientists can return and survey the same areas to see how, or if, the MPAs are working. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this \u003ca href=\"http://montereybay.noaa.gov/resourcepro/resmanissues/lostgear.html\">partnership\u003c/a> of fishermen and scientists is something worth noting. These are two groups that have often been at odds during the establishment of the MPAs. But for fisherman Tim Maricich, temporarily converting his fishing boat into a research vessel now made sense. “So research-fishing, fishing-research, in our minds it’s the same. We treat the Beagle like we would a piece of fishing gear. It’s like a large crab trap... If the crab trap was maneuverable and had cameras.” The scientists have been able to access the fisherman's decades-long experience in these waters. And Captain Maricich has been able to have direct input on where data is collected and oversee the operation. “It’s very important for the fishing public to see that this kind of research is being done honestly. It’s imperative to build trust, you know?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This partnership is reflective in another taking place now further North in Ft. Bragg. \u003ca href=\"http://www.opc.ca.gov/2010/05/central-coast-groundfish-project/\">The Central Groundfish Project \u003c/a>is bringing conservationists and fisherman together to develop a new pooled quota system to improve fishery sustainability. The hope is to keep fishermen working while not over fishing. \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/northamerica/unitedstates/california/\">The Nature Conservancy \u003c/a>has been working with The Fort Bragg Groundfish Association and the Central Coast Sustainable Groundfish Association to provide scientific data and create a community-focused fishing agreement – called a risk pool – that takes a cooperative approach between local fishery stakeholders to help protect our marine resources. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly every fisherman will tell you the same thing; they want strong vibrant fisheries and a healthy environment. They will tell you they want to pass it on to the next generation and none of them want to contribute to a collapse. While there might be arguments about how to fix certain problems, or even if they need to be fixed, the new partnerships and the trust being established now may lead to better understanding. Some changes seem to be inevitable- whether it is less independence or the loss of a favorite fishing spot- but one thing probably wont ever change – and that’s the view I always have when leaning over the side.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "QUEST takes to the high seas with researchers Dirk Rosen, James Lindholm and their crew to study the underwater world off the California coast. In recent years, the state has established a network of marine protected areas to help fragile habitats and struggling fish populations bounce back. But are they working?",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>I hesitatingly looked at the weather report the night before. I knew we might be in for it. No rain was forecast but the swell looked bigger than I hoped. So as the sun was rising over Pillar Point Harbor in Half Moon Bay, it was some trepidation that I sighed and boarded the fishing vessel Donna Kathleen. Morning coffees were passed out to those who wanted them and we cast off. As the plucky ship made its way beyond the break, I met with captain \u003ca href=\"http://artliveshere.org/profiles/tim_maricich_bio.html\">Tim Maricich\u003c/a>, the crew, and the two scientists we’d be profiling; Dirk Rosen from \u003ca href=\"http://www.maregroup.org/\">Marine Applied Research and Exploration\u003c/a>, the non-profit who builds and pilots the underwater remotely operated vehicles used to survey the sea floor, and Professor \u003ca href=\"http://sep.csumb.edu/staff/james/\">James Lindholm\u003c/a>, from the \u003ca href=\"http://sep.csumb.edu/ifame/index.php\">Institute of Applied Marine Ecology\u003c/a> at California State University Monterey Bay, who is in charge of chronicling and interpreting everything the ROV encounters. Their collective mission was to survey areas of the newly established Marine Protected Areas approximately 2 miles off the North-Central California coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/mlpa/\">Marine Protected Areas\u003c/a>, or “MPAs,” have recently been set aside up and down the coast of California. These are essentially restricted no-fishing zones that have been established to allow fish to breed and grow big with the idea that they will be able replenish State waters. This is different from the standard fishery management practices of the past in that it is aimed to protect entire ecosystems all of the time instead of managing one type of fish at certain times of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The science seems to back up the theory. In other parts of the world, marine protected areas have shown success in fish populations growing in both number and size. In one case in Mexico, this type of program has been scientifically proven to be successful in bringing back big fish in greater numbers. No-take zones in a Mexican national marine park that had previously been over fished became what they called “large-fish factories.” According to one report, “after 10 years, the area filled back up with big fish – 1,070 percent more fish.” As Dirk Rosen said on our trip, “We want places here where these BOFFs, Big Old Fat Females, can grow big and breed more.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Donna Kathleen neared its first survey spot and the energy picked up as the crew readied the ROV, named \u003ca href=\"http://www.mnn.com/local-reports/california/nature-conservancy/new-underwater-robot-named-beagle-in-honor-of-darwin%E2%80%99s\">“Beagle,”\u003c/a> for launch. As the boat came to a stop and tilt-a-whirl pitched in the rolling swell, QUEST Associate Producer Josh Cassidy, Audio Tech Eric Limcaoco and I each turned a shade of sea-green and quietly moved to the gunwales to “feed the fish.” We’d basically be out of commission for the rest of the voyage. Thankfully our iron-gutted cameraman, Blake McHugh was able to go on business as usual so were able to capture all the goings-on as the ROV was manhandled and dropped into the deep blue. In a short time it would begin sending amazing images of life on the sea floor back to the scientists watching on board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is an unusual crew, a blend of rough handed fishermen and conservation biologists working together. The object is to get a \u003ca href=\"http://montereybay.noaa.gov/research/\">baseline \u003c/a>of what is currently living in the MPAs and surrounding areas. In a couple years, and moving forward, scientists can return and survey the same areas to see how, or if, the MPAs are working. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this \u003ca href=\"http://montereybay.noaa.gov/resourcepro/resmanissues/lostgear.html\">partnership\u003c/a> of fishermen and scientists is something worth noting. These are two groups that have often been at odds during the establishment of the MPAs. But for fisherman Tim Maricich, temporarily converting his fishing boat into a research vessel now made sense. “So research-fishing, fishing-research, in our minds it’s the same. We treat the Beagle like we would a piece of fishing gear. It’s like a large crab trap... If the crab trap was maneuverable and had cameras.” The scientists have been able to access the fisherman's decades-long experience in these waters. And Captain Maricich has been able to have direct input on where data is collected and oversee the operation. “It’s very important for the fishing public to see that this kind of research is being done honestly. It’s imperative to build trust, you know?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This partnership is reflective in another taking place now further North in Ft. Bragg. \u003ca href=\"http://www.opc.ca.gov/2010/05/central-coast-groundfish-project/\">The Central Groundfish Project \u003c/a>is bringing conservationists and fisherman together to develop a new pooled quota system to improve fishery sustainability. The hope is to keep fishermen working while not over fishing. \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/northamerica/unitedstates/california/\">The Nature Conservancy \u003c/a>has been working with The Fort Bragg Groundfish Association and the Central Coast Sustainable Groundfish Association to provide scientific data and create a community-focused fishing agreement – called a risk pool – that takes a cooperative approach between local fishery stakeholders to help protect our marine resources. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly every fisherman will tell you the same thing; they want strong vibrant fisheries and a healthy environment. They will tell you they want to pass it on to the next generation and none of them want to contribute to a collapse. While there might be arguments about how to fix certain problems, or even if they need to be fixed, the new partnerships and the trust being established now may lead to better understanding. Some changes seem to be inevitable- whether it is less independence or the loss of a favorite fishing spot- but one thing probably wont ever change – and that’s the view I always have when leaning over the side.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Fire is one of humankind’s first technologies. We have been staring into the proverbial campfire for thousands of years. Yet, surprisingly there seems to be much more to learn. And now it’s becoming even more important to our collective future that we know as much as we can about fire. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://eetd.lbl.gov/aet/premixed.html\">dark lab\u003c/a> at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, engineers and mathematicians are developing new burners and studying different flames in hopes of better understanding the power of fire and how to make the most efficient flame possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Combustion powers everything from cars to power plants. Improving the efficiency of those systems will help generate more power as well as reduce the amount of emissions produced by burning fossil fuels. In addition, today most power plants run on a single fuel type, say coal or gas. Power generators of the future will probably need to be more versatile and capable of running on multiple different types of fuels, such as hydrogen and natural gas, and move back and forth. Thus, the burners being developed here to study flame efficiency may also lead the way to more versatile power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robert Cheng, \u003ca href=\"https://ccse.lbl.gov/people/jbb/index.html\">John Bell \u003c/a> and the other team members have come together from different scientific disciplines; from mechanical engineering and mathematics to physics and chemistry, to develop these \u003ca href=\"http://eetd.lbl.gov/aet/combustion/LSC-Info/\">innovative burners \u003c/a> and amazing \u003ca href=\"https://ccse.lbl.gov/index.html\">three-dimensional combustion simulations\u003c/a> that take advantage of some of the largest super computers in the world. The results are incredibly beautiful and mesmerizing models that one can get lost in staring at…. Much as one might get only when staring at that old campfire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Fire is one of humankind’s first technologies. We have been staring into the proverbial campfire for thousands of years. Yet, surprisingly there seems to be much more to learn. And now it’s becoming even more important to our collective future that we know as much as we can about fire. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://eetd.lbl.gov/aet/premixed.html\">dark lab\u003c/a> at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, engineers and mathematicians are developing new burners and studying different flames in hopes of better understanding the power of fire and how to make the most efficient flame possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Combustion powers everything from cars to power plants. Improving the efficiency of those systems will help generate more power as well as reduce the amount of emissions produced by burning fossil fuels. In addition, today most power plants run on a single fuel type, say coal or gas. Power generators of the future will probably need to be more versatile and capable of running on multiple different types of fuels, such as hydrogen and natural gas, and move back and forth. Thus, the burners being developed here to study flame efficiency may also lead the way to more versatile power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robert Cheng, \u003ca href=\"https://ccse.lbl.gov/people/jbb/index.html\">John Bell \u003c/a> and the other team members have come together from different scientific disciplines; from mechanical engineering and mathematics to physics and chemistry, to develop these \u003ca href=\"http://eetd.lbl.gov/aet/combustion/LSC-Info/\">innovative burners \u003c/a> and amazing \u003ca href=\"https://ccse.lbl.gov/index.html\">three-dimensional combustion simulations\u003c/a> that take advantage of some of the largest super computers in the world. The results are incredibly beautiful and mesmerizing models that one can get lost in staring at…. Much as one might get only when staring at that old campfire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "The View from Coal Country in the Age of Green",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/09/2011-9-23-quest-philadelphia-coal.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Coal produces nearly half the electricity in the U.S., but the mercury, sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide it emits also make it one of the most controversial energy sources. New EPA regulations and a national Sierra Club \u003ca href=\"http://beyondcoal.org/\" target=\"_top\">campaign\u003c/a> to try to shutter the industry have added to rising anti-coal sentiment. For many environmental activists, coal represents an old, dirty source of power, but for coal-mining communities around the country, the story is different. Carolyn Beeler of WHYY reports for our special radio series, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/coal-at-the-crossroads/\">Coal at the Crossroads\u003c/a>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/WHYY-Image3-plant.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-24896\" title=\"WHYY Image3 - plant\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/WHYY-Image3-plant-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"coal plant\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>Coal still king in Greene County, Pa.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.co.greene.pa.us/\" target=\"_top\">Greene County\u003c/a> is in the far southwest corner of Pennsylvania. It is bordered on two sides by West Virginia, and outside of its towns, it is filled with winding country roads flanked by rolling hills. Here, coal still reigns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every summer, the county hosts the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kingcoalshow.org/\" target=\"_top\">King Coal Show\u003c/a>, a week-long festival with mine rescue contests, a parade, and the Pennsylvania Bituminous Coal Queen Pageant. On a stormy Sunday evening in August, high school girls in evening gowns touted their coal-mining pedigrees along with their good grades and volunteer work. Like many in the area, most could find a great-grandfather, uncle or father who worked in the mines to claim as their connection to the industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here, said County Commissioner Pam Snyder, coal is not a dirty four-letter word.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Coal means jobs, sustainability on our tax base, families being able to make a good living, raise their children, have decent health-care,” Snyder said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the coal patch towns that used to dot the county are a thing of the past, but one in five jobs in Greene County is still in mining, and Snyder said a third of the county’s general fund comes from taxes on coal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Snyder said she does not see anti-coal campaigns as an attack on her community’s way of life. Rather, it is more like a misunderstanding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think if you live in a part of the country where coal has no place and never existed, you \u003cem>are\u003c/em> just used to turning on your light switch,” Snyder said, “never giving thought to where that electricity’s being powered from or how it’s getting into (your) home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Snyder said she understands why people take their power for granted, but argues those who oppose coal as a power source need to realize how big a role it plays in the nation’s energy portfolio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/WHYY_coal_slideshow/_files/iframe.html?noscale=640x393\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"640\" height=\"393\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘You need to be mining coal to get paid’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greene County is home to four major underground mines, including two of the largest in the country, Enlow Fork and Bailey Mine, which together span 22 miles north to south and spill into neighboring West Virginia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/WHYY-Marquee-1-IMG_1305.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-24897\" title=\"WHYY Marquee 1 - IMG_1305\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/WHYY-Marquee-1-IMG_1305-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"coal mine\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>Miners at \u003ca href=\"http://www.consolenergy.com/\" target=\"_top\">Consol Energy\u003c/a>’s Bailey mine ride an elevator down 700 feet and take a half-hour-long ride on an underground trolley just to get to the job site. There, a massive automated shearing machine lumbers along an exposed wall of coal and slices away at the coal seam. Braces hold the ceiling up until the cutting drums have cleared, then re-position farther down the wall. Chunks periodically fall from the ceiling into a sludge of water and coal dust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Highly mechanized \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longwall_mining\" target=\"_top\">longwall mining\u003c/a> is a far cry from the days of pick-axes and canaries, but mining is still hard, dirty work. Yet, it pays well, an average of almost $90,000, much higher than the county average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August, the Obama administration put in place new rules designed to cut the amount of air pollution from coal-fired power plants by more than half, a move the EPA says would reduce asthma, bronchitis and heart attacks in 31 states. The EPA is drafting global warming rules that could hit coal even harder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tom Mills, who has been working in Cumberland Mine in Greene County for five years, said he sees new regulations as a threat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No matter what you always worry about your job,” Mills said. “You need to be mining coal to get paid. And if they shut these power plants down, these coal-fired power plants, what are they going to use the coal for?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like many in the industry, Mills said the future of energy lies in cleaner-burning coal, not in renewable sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Instead of the Sierra Club donating money to shut these places down, maybe they should have donated those millions of dollars to technology to make them burn cleaner,” Mills said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mills is not the only one feeling threatened. Billboards touting the reliability and affordability of coal over renewables pepper the highway in Southwestern Pennsylvania, paid for by a \u003ca href=\"http://www.families4pacoal.org/\" target=\"_top\">group\u003c/a> called “Families Organized to Represent the Coal Economy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New energy sources in coal’s backyard\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps a more immediate threat than new EPA regulations, though, is the natural gas boom. The tapping of huge reserves in the Marcellus Shale formation right in Greene County and across the region has driven down the price of natural gas and made it more competitive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/WHYY-Image2-IMG_1360.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-24895\" title=\"WHYY Image2 IMG_1360\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/WHYY-Image2-IMG_1360-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"coal billboard\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>Jimmy Brock, chief operating officer for coal for Consol Energy, which owns Bailey mine and also has natural gas operations, said natural gas and new regulations could cut into the market for coal. But if demand drops domestically, he said he is confident the international markets will make up the difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am not worried for the future of the coal,” Brock said. “I believe coal’s here today, I believe it’ll be here tomorrow, and I believe it’ll be here for many years to come.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greene County Commissioner Pam Snyder put it differently. Although she said a serious blow to the coal industry would cripple her county’s economy, “nobody’s pushing panic buttons yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The share of the nation's electricity generated by coal during the first quarter of this year was at its \u003ca href=\"http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=2391\" target=\"_top\">lowest\u003c/a> in more than 30 years, due largely to low natural gas prices. But with U.S. demand for electricity expected to grow by about a third in the next quarter century, the industry says King Coal is here to stay.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/09/2011-9-23-quest-philadelphia-coal.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Coal produces nearly half the electricity in the U.S., but the mercury, sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide it emits also make it one of the most controversial energy sources. New EPA regulations and a national Sierra Club \u003ca href=\"http://beyondcoal.org/\" target=\"_top\">campaign\u003c/a> to try to shutter the industry have added to rising anti-coal sentiment. For many environmental activists, coal represents an old, dirty source of power, but for coal-mining communities around the country, the story is different. Carolyn Beeler of WHYY reports for our special radio series, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/coal-at-the-crossroads/\">Coal at the Crossroads\u003c/a>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/WHYY-Image3-plant.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-24896\" title=\"WHYY Image3 - plant\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/WHYY-Image3-plant-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"coal plant\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>Coal still king in Greene County, Pa.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.co.greene.pa.us/\" target=\"_top\">Greene County\u003c/a> is in the far southwest corner of Pennsylvania. It is bordered on two sides by West Virginia, and outside of its towns, it is filled with winding country roads flanked by rolling hills. Here, coal still reigns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every summer, the county hosts the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kingcoalshow.org/\" target=\"_top\">King Coal Show\u003c/a>, a week-long festival with mine rescue contests, a parade, and the Pennsylvania Bituminous Coal Queen Pageant. On a stormy Sunday evening in August, high school girls in evening gowns touted their coal-mining pedigrees along with their good grades and volunteer work. Like many in the area, most could find a great-grandfather, uncle or father who worked in the mines to claim as their connection to the industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here, said County Commissioner Pam Snyder, coal is not a dirty four-letter word.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Coal means jobs, sustainability on our tax base, families being able to make a good living, raise their children, have decent health-care,” Snyder said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the coal patch towns that used to dot the county are a thing of the past, but one in five jobs in Greene County is still in mining, and Snyder said a third of the county’s general fund comes from taxes on coal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Snyder said she does not see anti-coal campaigns as an attack on her community’s way of life. Rather, it is more like a misunderstanding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think if you live in a part of the country where coal has no place and never existed, you \u003cem>are\u003c/em> just used to turning on your light switch,” Snyder said, “never giving thought to where that electricity’s being powered from or how it’s getting into (your) home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Snyder said she understands why people take their power for granted, but argues those who oppose coal as a power source need to realize how big a role it plays in the nation’s energy portfolio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/WHYY_coal_slideshow/_files/iframe.html?noscale=640x393\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"640\" height=\"393\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘You need to be mining coal to get paid’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greene County is home to four major underground mines, including two of the largest in the country, Enlow Fork and Bailey Mine, which together span 22 miles north to south and spill into neighboring West Virginia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/WHYY-Marquee-1-IMG_1305.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-24897\" title=\"WHYY Marquee 1 - IMG_1305\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/WHYY-Marquee-1-IMG_1305-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"coal mine\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>Miners at \u003ca href=\"http://www.consolenergy.com/\" target=\"_top\">Consol Energy\u003c/a>’s Bailey mine ride an elevator down 700 feet and take a half-hour-long ride on an underground trolley just to get to the job site. There, a massive automated shearing machine lumbers along an exposed wall of coal and slices away at the coal seam. Braces hold the ceiling up until the cutting drums have cleared, then re-position farther down the wall. Chunks periodically fall from the ceiling into a sludge of water and coal dust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Highly mechanized \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longwall_mining\" target=\"_top\">longwall mining\u003c/a> is a far cry from the days of pick-axes and canaries, but mining is still hard, dirty work. Yet, it pays well, an average of almost $90,000, much higher than the county average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August, the Obama administration put in place new rules designed to cut the amount of air pollution from coal-fired power plants by more than half, a move the EPA says would reduce asthma, bronchitis and heart attacks in 31 states. The EPA is drafting global warming rules that could hit coal even harder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tom Mills, who has been working in Cumberland Mine in Greene County for five years, said he sees new regulations as a threat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No matter what you always worry about your job,” Mills said. “You need to be mining coal to get paid. And if they shut these power plants down, these coal-fired power plants, what are they going to use the coal for?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like many in the industry, Mills said the future of energy lies in cleaner-burning coal, not in renewable sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Instead of the Sierra Club donating money to shut these places down, maybe they should have donated those millions of dollars to technology to make them burn cleaner,” Mills said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mills is not the only one feeling threatened. Billboards touting the reliability and affordability of coal over renewables pepper the highway in Southwestern Pennsylvania, paid for by a \u003ca href=\"http://www.families4pacoal.org/\" target=\"_top\">group\u003c/a> called “Families Organized to Represent the Coal Economy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New energy sources in coal’s backyard\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps a more immediate threat than new EPA regulations, though, is the natural gas boom. The tapping of huge reserves in the Marcellus Shale formation right in Greene County and across the region has driven down the price of natural gas and made it more competitive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/WHYY-Image2-IMG_1360.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-24895\" title=\"WHYY Image2 IMG_1360\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/WHYY-Image2-IMG_1360-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"coal billboard\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>Jimmy Brock, chief operating officer for coal for Consol Energy, which owns Bailey mine and also has natural gas operations, said natural gas and new regulations could cut into the market for coal. But if demand drops domestically, he said he is confident the international markets will make up the difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am not worried for the future of the coal,” Brock said. “I believe coal’s here today, I believe it’ll be here tomorrow, and I believe it’ll be here for many years to come.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greene County Commissioner Pam Snyder put it differently. Although she said a serious blow to the coal industry would cripple her county’s economy, “nobody’s pushing panic buttons yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The share of the nation's electricity generated by coal during the first quarter of this year was at its \u003ca href=\"http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=2391\" target=\"_top\">lowest\u003c/a> in more than 30 years, due largely to low natural gas prices. But with U.S. demand for electricity expected to grow by about a third in the next quarter century, the industry says King Coal is here to stay.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/09/2011-9-23-quest-ohio-coal.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Coal generates half of all the electricity in the U.S. It’s also the biggest source of global-warming emissions and other air pollution. The coal industry acknowledges this but says the answer is not to phase out coal, but instead to produce \"clean coal.\" Among the strategies for doing this is building carbon sequestration plants, where the carbon generated from burning coal is pumped underground. But despite years of promises, no carbon sequestration plants are in operation in the U.S. Anne Glausser of QUEST Ohio reports on the difficult path for clean coal for our special radio series, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/coal-at-the-crossroads/\">Coal at the Crossroads\u003c/a>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24539\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-24539\" title=\"wcpn_coal_marquee640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/wcpn_coal_marquee640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"wcpn coal marquee\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">taking measurements during carbon storage project in Canton, Ohio. Courtesy ODNR.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Coal generates half of all the electricity in the U.S. It’s also the biggest source of global-warming emissions and other air pollution. The coal industry acknowledges this but says the answer is not to phase out coal, but instead to produce “clean coal.” Among the strategies for doing this is building carbon sequestration plants, where the carbon generated from burning coal is pumped underground. But despite years of promises, no carbon sequestration plants are in operation in the U.S. Anne Glausser reports on the difficult path for clean coal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s noon on a humid Ohio summer day. About 10 miles southeast of the city of Canton, Chris Perry, a geologist with the Ohio Department of Natural Resources, is standing in a patch of woods next to an oil well. Over the chatter of cicadas, Perry explains why this well is of particular interest to him: “We did what we call a ‘huff and puff,’ or a cyclic CO2 test—we injected 80 tons of CO2.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24659\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 189px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-24659\" title=\"Chris Perry, geologist with the Ohio Dept of Natural Resources\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Chris-Perry-geologist-with-the-Ohio-Dept-of-Natural-Resources-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"Chris Perry, geologist with the Ohio Dept of Natural Resources\" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chris Perry, geologist with the Ohio Dept of Natural Resources, stands next to an oil well in Canton, Ohio where his research team injected CO2 for permanent storage.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Perry’s part of a \u003ca href=\"http://216.109.210.162/\">research team\u003c/a> that’s looking into how we can store carbon dioxide, in places like this oil well. The researchers “injected” carbon into this well, to test its ability to trap—or sequester—the potent greenhouse gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And on this small scale project, Perry’s group was successful. “The volume of CO2 we put in the well entered into the rock matrix, entered into that porous sandstone, so the CO2 was stored,” says Perry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Department of Energy has spent more than 4 billion dollars on clean coal projects like this, but despite the investment, none of them have really taken off. Early this summer one of the nation’s largest generators of electricity—Ohio-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.aep.com/newsroom/newsreleases/?id=1704\">American Electric Power\u003c/a>—decided to cancel a promising carbon storage project at its plant in West Virginia. “It was a huge blow,” says geologist Chris Perry, “because it was really perhaps the leading industrial funded Co2 sequestration study underway in the United States.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, why pull the plug? Nick Akins, president of American Electric Power, says that it just didn’t make economic sense, given the hefty price tag of carbon capture and storage, and waning political support for climate legislation. “The DOE had funded projects about 50%. And so it was left for us to look at that project and fund the other 50%. And this project was $664 million dollars. So not a small number,” says Akins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AEP had already spent 140-million dollars of its own funds on a smaller-scale pilot study, and state regulators wouldn’t let the company pass along the cost of developing the technology onto rate paying customers. “And that’s why we put it on the shelf,” says Akins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24657\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 305px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-24657\" title=\"Carbon storage process\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Carbon-storage-process-305x253.png\" alt=\"Carbon storage process\" width=\"305\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Carbon storage process. Courtesy ODNR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The company is also in the midst of trying to comply with a \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/airtransport/basic.html\">new federal rule\u003c/a> that requires coal plants to reduce emissions of two main components of smog. Operators will either have to spend money to upgrade plants or shut older plants down. “I think clean coal is definitely fighting a war, at this point,” says Akins, “I think there definitely is a view that coal should be shut down, that it needs to be taken offline to reduce emissions, but keep in mind, these plants produce 45-48% of the energy mix of this country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sandy Buchanan is Executive Director of \u003ca href=\"http://ohiocitizen.org/\">Ohio Citizen Action\u003c/a>, a non-profit organization that targets polluting industries and she is a “clean coal” skeptic. “The idea of clean coal has always been a way for the coal industry to try to prop itself up,” says Buchanan, “they’ve received in Ohio literally millions of dollars of tax-payer subsidies for research projects, all of which have turned out to be unproductive, extremely expensive, and have not worked.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Buchanan says the money should be put instead toward renewable energy and efficiency research, and that coal needs to be phased out. “The thing to do with coal is leave it in the ground,” says Buchanan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing Buchanan and American Electric Power President Nick Akins agree on: right now, “clean coal” isn’t delivering. The carbon storage process is just too expensive. But strict new regulations on burning coal could force the issue-- the Obama administration is writing \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/airquality/ghgsettlement.html\">new EPA rules\u003c/a> that would place mandatory national limits on greenhouse gas emissions. While environmentalists seek the end of coal, Akins says that’s just not feasible. “In order to continue feeding the insatiable desire of the electrification of this economy,” says Akins, “we need everything. And coal has to remain a part.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/09/2011-9-23-quest-ohio-coal.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Coal generates half of all the electricity in the U.S. It’s also the biggest source of global-warming emissions and other air pollution. The coal industry acknowledges this but says the answer is not to phase out coal, but instead to produce \"clean coal.\" Among the strategies for doing this is building carbon sequestration plants, where the carbon generated from burning coal is pumped underground. But despite years of promises, no carbon sequestration plants are in operation in the U.S. Anne Glausser of QUEST Ohio reports on the difficult path for clean coal for our special radio series, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/coal-at-the-crossroads/\">Coal at the Crossroads\u003c/a>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24539\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-24539\" title=\"wcpn_coal_marquee640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/wcpn_coal_marquee640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"wcpn coal marquee\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">taking measurements during carbon storage project in Canton, Ohio. Courtesy ODNR.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Coal generates half of all the electricity in the U.S. It’s also the biggest source of global-warming emissions and other air pollution. The coal industry acknowledges this but says the answer is not to phase out coal, but instead to produce “clean coal.” Among the strategies for doing this is building carbon sequestration plants, where the carbon generated from burning coal is pumped underground. But despite years of promises, no carbon sequestration plants are in operation in the U.S. Anne Glausser reports on the difficult path for clean coal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s noon on a humid Ohio summer day. About 10 miles southeast of the city of Canton, Chris Perry, a geologist with the Ohio Department of Natural Resources, is standing in a patch of woods next to an oil well. Over the chatter of cicadas, Perry explains why this well is of particular interest to him: “We did what we call a ‘huff and puff,’ or a cyclic CO2 test—we injected 80 tons of CO2.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24659\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 189px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-24659\" title=\"Chris Perry, geologist with the Ohio Dept of Natural Resources\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Chris-Perry-geologist-with-the-Ohio-Dept-of-Natural-Resources-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"Chris Perry, geologist with the Ohio Dept of Natural Resources\" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chris Perry, geologist with the Ohio Dept of Natural Resources, stands next to an oil well in Canton, Ohio where his research team injected CO2 for permanent storage.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Perry’s part of a \u003ca href=\"http://216.109.210.162/\">research team\u003c/a> that’s looking into how we can store carbon dioxide, in places like this oil well. The researchers “injected” carbon into this well, to test its ability to trap—or sequester—the potent greenhouse gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And on this small scale project, Perry’s group was successful. “The volume of CO2 we put in the well entered into the rock matrix, entered into that porous sandstone, so the CO2 was stored,” says Perry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Department of Energy has spent more than 4 billion dollars on clean coal projects like this, but despite the investment, none of them have really taken off. Early this summer one of the nation’s largest generators of electricity—Ohio-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.aep.com/newsroom/newsreleases/?id=1704\">American Electric Power\u003c/a>—decided to cancel a promising carbon storage project at its plant in West Virginia. “It was a huge blow,” says geologist Chris Perry, “because it was really perhaps the leading industrial funded Co2 sequestration study underway in the United States.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, why pull the plug? Nick Akins, president of American Electric Power, says that it just didn’t make economic sense, given the hefty price tag of carbon capture and storage, and waning political support for climate legislation. “The DOE had funded projects about 50%. And so it was left for us to look at that project and fund the other 50%. And this project was $664 million dollars. So not a small number,” says Akins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AEP had already spent 140-million dollars of its own funds on a smaller-scale pilot study, and state regulators wouldn’t let the company pass along the cost of developing the technology onto rate paying customers. “And that’s why we put it on the shelf,” says Akins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24657\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 305px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-24657\" title=\"Carbon storage process\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Carbon-storage-process-305x253.png\" alt=\"Carbon storage process\" width=\"305\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Carbon storage process. Courtesy ODNR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The company is also in the midst of trying to comply with a \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/airtransport/basic.html\">new federal rule\u003c/a> that requires coal plants to reduce emissions of two main components of smog. Operators will either have to spend money to upgrade plants or shut older plants down. “I think clean coal is definitely fighting a war, at this point,” says Akins, “I think there definitely is a view that coal should be shut down, that it needs to be taken offline to reduce emissions, but keep in mind, these plants produce 45-48% of the energy mix of this country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sandy Buchanan is Executive Director of \u003ca href=\"http://ohiocitizen.org/\">Ohio Citizen Action\u003c/a>, a non-profit organization that targets polluting industries and she is a “clean coal” skeptic. “The idea of clean coal has always been a way for the coal industry to try to prop itself up,” says Buchanan, “they’ve received in Ohio literally millions of dollars of tax-payer subsidies for research projects, all of which have turned out to be unproductive, extremely expensive, and have not worked.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Buchanan says the money should be put instead toward renewable energy and efficiency research, and that coal needs to be phased out. “The thing to do with coal is leave it in the ground,” says Buchanan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing Buchanan and American Electric Power President Nick Akins agree on: right now, “clean coal” isn’t delivering. The carbon storage process is just too expensive. But strict new regulations on burning coal could force the issue-- the Obama administration is writing \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/airquality/ghgsettlement.html\">new EPA rules\u003c/a> that would place mandatory national limits on greenhouse gas emissions. While environmentalists seek the end of coal, Akins says that’s just not feasible. “In order to continue feeding the insatiable desire of the electrification of this economy,” says Akins, “we need everything. And coal has to remain a part.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Mercury Rises on Coal Costs",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/09/2011-9-23-quest-nebraska-coal.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Half of the airborne mercury pollution in the US comes from coal-fired power plants. After years of study and debate, the Environmental Protection Agency is planning to announce new limits on mercury from coal plants in November. Meanwhile, utilities are scrambling to meet other new federal regulations and industry groups are asking the government to slow down. Grant Gerlock of NET Nebaska reports for our special radio series, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/coal-at-the-crossroads/\">Coal at the Crossroads\u003c/a>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25034\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/coal-nebraksa-inline640-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Bluestem Lake near Lincoln, Nebraska\" title=\"Bluestem Lake near Lincoln, Nebraska\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-25034\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bluestem Lake near Lincoln, Nebraska.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bluestem Lake near Lincoln, Nebraska is five miles north of a coal-fired power plant. It is also one of 85 bodies of water in the state under a consumption advisory because of fish found to have elevated levels of mercury in their tissues. Half of the airborne mercury pollution in the US comes from coal-fired power plants. After years of study and debate, the EPA is planning to announce new limits on mercury from coal plants in November. Ken Winston of the Nebraska Sierra Club believes the agency is doing the right thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you burn coal, mercury goes up into the atmosphere,” Winston said. “It comes down in the form of rain. Fish eat it. People eat the fish. It can be very damaging and have long term negative impact on the development of children. So it’s something we need to get out of the environment as much as possible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA says its proposed new mercury rules could reduce emissions across the country by 91%. Meanwhile, utilities are scrambling to meet other new federal regulations and industry groups are asking the government to slow down. The Nebraska Public Power District operates two coal plants. Under the proposed mercury rule Environmental Manager, Joe Citta, says the utility will need to install equipment that uses activated carbon in order to remove even more mercury than control systems already in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25033\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/coal-nebraksa640.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/coal-nebraksa640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"coal plant\" title=\"coal-nebraksa640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-25033\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sheldon Station coal fired power plant produces 140 pounds of mercury per year. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The system is several million dollars,” Citta said. “But what really makes it expensive is the operating cost because activated carbon is rather pricey.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPPD will spend 35 million dollars to meet another new regulation reducing smog-forming pollutants that cross state lines. That rule, the Cross-State Air Pollution Rule (CSAPR), was announced in July and takes effect in January. Citta says it requires more cuts than many in the industry expected for pollutants like nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulfur dioxide (SO2).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This caught our state, many other states also,” Citta said. When the final rule came out they had reduced those by an additional 40%. Then with only 6 months to comply…We felt the proposed rule was manageable. We would have had to do some things. But they were certainly more achievable than this additional 40% reduction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nebraska utilities feeling rushed by regulation are hoping to get some extra time. The Nebraska Attorney General’s office is working on a lawsuit against the interstate smog rule that a spokesperson says would protect utilities and consumers from costly federal overreach. A bill in the House of Representatives could slow things down by commissioning a study on the economic impact of the EPA’s emissions agenda. Steve Gates of the American Coalition for Clean Coal Energy says it is a reaction to a lot of regulation in a short period of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In a state like Nebraska where 65% of our electricity comes from coal, something is going to happen and the guess is electricity prices go up immediately,” Gates said. “You know, there’s just a lot of economic implications that really should be looked at before we jump into something that no one knows the outcome economically.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nebraska rails are a major thoroughfare from Wyoming to power plants in the Midwest and southern Plains. Gates says the state’s economic ties to coal show the advantage of having easy access to inexpensive energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re fortunate enough to be in the top ten lowest states for electricity in the country,” Gates said. “What we need to do is find a balance between reducing emissions the best we can while also keeping an eye on what we’re going to do to local economies if we enact something too quickly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA claims that the mercury rule will have a positive economic impact in the end by providing health savings of up to $140 billion from reduced asthma, heart disease and other serious ailments. Gates says the EPA underestimates the cumulative impact of multiple rules all coming down at once, particularly in a bad economy. The Sierra Club’s Ken Winston believes power companies are capable of covering costs that they have not paid in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They can absorb the cost of making these changes much more easily than a person can,” Winston said. “An individual whose child doesn’t develop appropriately because they’ve had mercury poisoning, that’s a life that’s destroyed and we can’t tolerate that.” \u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Additional Links\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nppd.com/\">Nebraska Public Power District (NPPD)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/airquality/powerplanttoxics/\">EPA mercury rule\u003c/a> \u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://sierranebraska.org/\">Nebraska Sierra Club\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sierraclub.org/coal/map/\">Sierra Club - Beyond Coal\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.deq.state.ne.us/SurfaceW.nsf/Pages/FCA\">Fish consumption advisories page\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/crossstaterule/\">Cross-State Air Pollution Rule (CSAPR)\u003c/a> \u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.chron.com/business/energy/article/Texas-sues-EPA-to-block-new-pollution-rule-2182573.php\">Houtson Chronicle - Texas sues EPA to block new pollution rule\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://journalstar.com/news/local/article_f3cf3df3-af06-5791-9e50-07b5b597e476.html\">Nebraska AG lawsuit story\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/white-house-threatens-veto-of-house-bill-to-delay-epa-pollution-rules/2011/09/21/gIQAk2pNlK_story.html\">Washington Post - White House threatens veto of House bill to delay EPA pollution rules\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://cleancoalusa.org/\">The American Coalition for Clean Coal Electricity (ACCCE)\u003c/a> \u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/09/2011-9-23-quest-nebraska-coal.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Half of the airborne mercury pollution in the US comes from coal-fired power plants. After years of study and debate, the Environmental Protection Agency is planning to announce new limits on mercury from coal plants in November. Meanwhile, utilities are scrambling to meet other new federal regulations and industry groups are asking the government to slow down. Grant Gerlock of NET Nebaska reports for our special radio series, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/coal-at-the-crossroads/\">Coal at the Crossroads\u003c/a>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25034\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/coal-nebraksa-inline640-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Bluestem Lake near Lincoln, Nebraska\" title=\"Bluestem Lake near Lincoln, Nebraska\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-25034\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bluestem Lake near Lincoln, Nebraska.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bluestem Lake near Lincoln, Nebraska is five miles north of a coal-fired power plant. It is also one of 85 bodies of water in the state under a consumption advisory because of fish found to have elevated levels of mercury in their tissues. Half of the airborne mercury pollution in the US comes from coal-fired power plants. After years of study and debate, the EPA is planning to announce new limits on mercury from coal plants in November. Ken Winston of the Nebraska Sierra Club believes the agency is doing the right thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you burn coal, mercury goes up into the atmosphere,” Winston said. “It comes down in the form of rain. Fish eat it. People eat the fish. It can be very damaging and have long term negative impact on the development of children. So it’s something we need to get out of the environment as much as possible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA says its proposed new mercury rules could reduce emissions across the country by 91%. Meanwhile, utilities are scrambling to meet other new federal regulations and industry groups are asking the government to slow down. The Nebraska Public Power District operates two coal plants. Under the proposed mercury rule Environmental Manager, Joe Citta, says the utility will need to install equipment that uses activated carbon in order to remove even more mercury than control systems already in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25033\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/coal-nebraksa640.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/coal-nebraksa640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"coal plant\" title=\"coal-nebraksa640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-25033\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sheldon Station coal fired power plant produces 140 pounds of mercury per year. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The system is several million dollars,” Citta said. “But what really makes it expensive is the operating cost because activated carbon is rather pricey.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPPD will spend 35 million dollars to meet another new regulation reducing smog-forming pollutants that cross state lines. That rule, the Cross-State Air Pollution Rule (CSAPR), was announced in July and takes effect in January. Citta says it requires more cuts than many in the industry expected for pollutants like nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulfur dioxide (SO2).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This caught our state, many other states also,” Citta said. When the final rule came out they had reduced those by an additional 40%. Then with only 6 months to comply…We felt the proposed rule was manageable. We would have had to do some things. But they were certainly more achievable than this additional 40% reduction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nebraska utilities feeling rushed by regulation are hoping to get some extra time. The Nebraska Attorney General’s office is working on a lawsuit against the interstate smog rule that a spokesperson says would protect utilities and consumers from costly federal overreach. A bill in the House of Representatives could slow things down by commissioning a study on the economic impact of the EPA’s emissions agenda. Steve Gates of the American Coalition for Clean Coal Energy says it is a reaction to a lot of regulation in a short period of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In a state like Nebraska where 65% of our electricity comes from coal, something is going to happen and the guess is electricity prices go up immediately,” Gates said. “You know, there’s just a lot of economic implications that really should be looked at before we jump into something that no one knows the outcome economically.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nebraska rails are a major thoroughfare from Wyoming to power plants in the Midwest and southern Plains. Gates says the state’s economic ties to coal show the advantage of having easy access to inexpensive energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re fortunate enough to be in the top ten lowest states for electricity in the country,” Gates said. “What we need to do is find a balance between reducing emissions the best we can while also keeping an eye on what we’re going to do to local economies if we enact something too quickly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA claims that the mercury rule will have a positive economic impact in the end by providing health savings of up to $140 billion from reduced asthma, heart disease and other serious ailments. Gates says the EPA underestimates the cumulative impact of multiple rules all coming down at once, particularly in a bad economy. The Sierra Club’s Ken Winston believes power companies are capable of covering costs that they have not paid in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They can absorb the cost of making these changes much more easily than a person can,” Winston said. “An individual whose child doesn’t develop appropriately because they’ve had mercury poisoning, that’s a life that’s destroyed and we can’t tolerate that.” \u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Additional Links\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nppd.com/\">Nebraska Public Power District (NPPD)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/airquality/powerplanttoxics/\">EPA mercury rule\u003c/a> \u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://sierranebraska.org/\">Nebraska Sierra Club\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sierraclub.org/coal/map/\">Sierra Club - Beyond Coal\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.deq.state.ne.us/SurfaceW.nsf/Pages/FCA\">Fish consumption advisories page\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/crossstaterule/\">Cross-State Air Pollution Rule (CSAPR)\u003c/a> \u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.chron.com/business/energy/article/Texas-sues-EPA-to-block-new-pollution-rule-2182573.php\">Houtson Chronicle - Texas sues EPA to block new pollution rule\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://journalstar.com/news/local/article_f3cf3df3-af06-5791-9e50-07b5b597e476.html\">Nebraska AG lawsuit story\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/white-house-threatens-veto-of-house-bill-to-delay-epa-pollution-rules/2011/09/21/gIQAk2pNlK_story.html\">Washington Post - White House threatens veto of House bill to delay EPA pollution rules\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://cleancoalusa.org/\">The American Coalition for Clean Coal Electricity (ACCCE)\u003c/a> \u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "As Renewables Boom, California Struggles to Quit Coal",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/09/2011-09-26-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California is known for its “green” reputation. Just look at all the new solar and wind farms popping up around the state. So it might be a surprise that residents in Southern California still depend on coal power when they turn on the lights. The region’s utilities are struggling to wean themselves off coal energy. As Lauren Sommer reports for our series \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/coal-at-the-crossroads/\">Coal at the Crossroads\u003c/a>, utilities around the country may soon be facing the same battle.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25095\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Coal-Plant.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-25095\" title=\"Coal Plant\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Coal-Plant-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The coal-fired San Juan Generating Station in New Mexico. (Photo: Matt Preusch)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Massive coal-fired power plants aren’t something you’ll find within California’s borders. To find the source of the state’s coal power, you have to go to places like northern New Mexico, where the San Juan Generating Station is located.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We currently have unit four offline, but units one, two and three are operating at full load,” says Pat Themig, Vice President of Generation for \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnm.com/\">PNM\u003c/a>, the New Mexico utility that runs the plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you see the line where the stack is, everything going behind that is scrubber,” he says, pointing past a towering smokestack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those scrubbers remove pollutants from the air emissions. But PNM has struggled to meet air quality standards and last month, the Environmental Protection Agency \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnmresources.com/press/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=606130\">ordered the plant\u003c/a> to install new pollution control equipment. Those costs are generally passed on to the power plant owners, which, in this case, are utilities in Arizona, New Mexico and California. The San Juan Generating Station \u003ca href=\"http://energyalmanac.ca.gov/powerplants/coal_plants_ownership.html\">supplies power to several California cities\u003c/a> and the Southern California Public Power Authority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People would be very surprised to know, particularly in Los Angeles, that historically, more of our electricity comes from coal fired power than from any other source,” says Evan Gillespie of the Sierra Club’s “Beyond Coal” campaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Several decades ago, Los Angeles made a number of bad bets on coal fired power plants – that that would be the way of the future. That has clearly turned out to not be the case,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gillespie is talking about one particular utility: the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ladwp.com/ladwp/homepage.jsp\">Los Angeles Department of Water and Power\u003c/a> (DWP). It’s the largest municipal utility in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Challenges for Los Angeles Utility \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We get about 40 percent today from coal and that is all out of state coal,” says General Manager Ron Nichols. It comes from two coal-fired power plants, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.srpnet.com/about/stations/navajo.aspx\">Navajo Generating Station\u003c/a> in Arizona and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipautah.com/\">Intermountain Power Project\u003c/a> in Utah.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Historically, coal has been attractive to utilities for two reasons: it’s reliable and cheap. “Coal tends to come around 5 to 6 cents a kilowatt hour. Our renewable portfolio today is around about 11 cents,” says Nichols.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that’s changing, according to Nichols and most of the energy industry. Renewable energy is getting cheaper, while coal is getting more expensive due to stricter air pollution rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two years ago, Los Angeles Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa set a goal for DWP. “I’m directing the CEO of the Department of Water and Power to take every action necessary to reach these goals and eliminate the use of coal by 2020.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meeting that 2020 goal isn’t something DWP managers have committed to. That’s because DWP’s contract with the Utah coal plant isn’t up until 2027. Nichols says ending it early is difficult because they have to negotiate with the plant’s many owners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But perhaps the bigger challenge is: that coal power has to be replaced with something else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Within a decade and a half, we’re going have replaced on the order of 70 percent of our total power supply. And for a utility that thinks in decades, that’s rocket fast,” says Nichols.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DWP must generate a third of its electricity from renewable sources by 2020, according to state law. But the problem with solar and wind power is that it fluctuates. The sun doesn’t shine all the time and the wind stops blowing. Utilities often use electricity from natural gas power plants to fill in power gaps. But DWP has a problem there too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Billion-Dollar Revamp for Natural Gas Plants \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DWP relies on three coastal natural gas power plants, including the Haynes Generating Station in Long Beach. The 1800-megawatt power plant was built more than 50 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we walk out here, I’ll show you how we get the ocean water,” says DWP projects manager Nazih Batarseh. “For these old power plants, we use ocean water for cooling. And then we return it back into the ocean.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technique is known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/ocean/cwa316/\">once-through-cooling\u003c/a>. Everyday, almost 700 million gallons of seawater is pumped through power plant. That water holds fish larvae and plankton that die in the process. So last year, the State Water Resources Control Board ruled that coastal power plants must switch to a new cooling method over the next decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a huge project. It is something that requires us to take plants down, plant by plant, and completely rebuild them. And those are plants that are key to our reliability,” says Nichols.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ron Nichols says rebuilding three natural gas plants will cost DWP $2.2 billion dollars. The utility recently convinced the water board to \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/ocean/cwa316/\">give it an extension to 2029\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Add that to investing in more renewable energy and moving away from coal power and it’s a challenging time for the utility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is a transition that every utility in the country will make says,” Evan Gillespie of the Sierra Club.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gillespie says Los Angeles’s challenges are a snapshot of what utilities around the country will be facing as the country gradually puts national global warming rules in place. And he says those that embrace renewable energy first will benefit the most.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of these investments, while they create a lot of jobs, jobs that we desperately need, these are also investments that are going to modernize the utility. And I think the opportunity here in Los Angeles is to help provide that roadmap to help these other utilities around the country manage that transition,” says Gillespie.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "California is known for its \"green\" reputation, so it might be a surprise that residents in Southern California still depend on coal power when they turn on the lights.",
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"description": "California is known for its "green" reputation, so it might be a surprise that residents in Southern California still depend on coal power when they turn on the lights.",
"title": "As Renewables Boom, California Struggles to Quit Coal | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/09/2011-09-26-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California is known for its “green” reputation. Just look at all the new solar and wind farms popping up around the state. So it might be a surprise that residents in Southern California still depend on coal power when they turn on the lights. The region’s utilities are struggling to wean themselves off coal energy. As Lauren Sommer reports for our series \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/coal-at-the-crossroads/\">Coal at the Crossroads\u003c/a>, utilities around the country may soon be facing the same battle.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25095\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Coal-Plant.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-25095\" title=\"Coal Plant\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Coal-Plant-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The coal-fired San Juan Generating Station in New Mexico. (Photo: Matt Preusch)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Massive coal-fired power plants aren’t something you’ll find within California’s borders. To find the source of the state’s coal power, you have to go to places like northern New Mexico, where the San Juan Generating Station is located.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We currently have unit four offline, but units one, two and three are operating at full load,” says Pat Themig, Vice President of Generation for \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnm.com/\">PNM\u003c/a>, the New Mexico utility that runs the plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you see the line where the stack is, everything going behind that is scrubber,” he says, pointing past a towering smokestack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those scrubbers remove pollutants from the air emissions. But PNM has struggled to meet air quality standards and last month, the Environmental Protection Agency \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnmresources.com/press/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=606130\">ordered the plant\u003c/a> to install new pollution control equipment. Those costs are generally passed on to the power plant owners, which, in this case, are utilities in Arizona, New Mexico and California. The San Juan Generating Station \u003ca href=\"http://energyalmanac.ca.gov/powerplants/coal_plants_ownership.html\">supplies power to several California cities\u003c/a> and the Southern California Public Power Authority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People would be very surprised to know, particularly in Los Angeles, that historically, more of our electricity comes from coal fired power than from any other source,” says Evan Gillespie of the Sierra Club’s “Beyond Coal” campaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Several decades ago, Los Angeles made a number of bad bets on coal fired power plants – that that would be the way of the future. That has clearly turned out to not be the case,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gillespie is talking about one particular utility: the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ladwp.com/ladwp/homepage.jsp\">Los Angeles Department of Water and Power\u003c/a> (DWP). It’s the largest municipal utility in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Challenges for Los Angeles Utility \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We get about 40 percent today from coal and that is all out of state coal,” says General Manager Ron Nichols. It comes from two coal-fired power plants, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.srpnet.com/about/stations/navajo.aspx\">Navajo Generating Station\u003c/a> in Arizona and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipautah.com/\">Intermountain Power Project\u003c/a> in Utah.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Historically, coal has been attractive to utilities for two reasons: it’s reliable and cheap. “Coal tends to come around 5 to 6 cents a kilowatt hour. Our renewable portfolio today is around about 11 cents,” says Nichols.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that’s changing, according to Nichols and most of the energy industry. Renewable energy is getting cheaper, while coal is getting more expensive due to stricter air pollution rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two years ago, Los Angeles Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa set a goal for DWP. “I’m directing the CEO of the Department of Water and Power to take every action necessary to reach these goals and eliminate the use of coal by 2020.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meeting that 2020 goal isn’t something DWP managers have committed to. That’s because DWP’s contract with the Utah coal plant isn’t up until 2027. Nichols says ending it early is difficult because they have to negotiate with the plant’s many owners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But perhaps the bigger challenge is: that coal power has to be replaced with something else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Within a decade and a half, we’re going have replaced on the order of 70 percent of our total power supply. And for a utility that thinks in decades, that’s rocket fast,” says Nichols.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DWP must generate a third of its electricity from renewable sources by 2020, according to state law. But the problem with solar and wind power is that it fluctuates. The sun doesn’t shine all the time and the wind stops blowing. Utilities often use electricity from natural gas power plants to fill in power gaps. But DWP has a problem there too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Billion-Dollar Revamp for Natural Gas Plants \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DWP relies on three coastal natural gas power plants, including the Haynes Generating Station in Long Beach. The 1800-megawatt power plant was built more than 50 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we walk out here, I’ll show you how we get the ocean water,” says DWP projects manager Nazih Batarseh. “For these old power plants, we use ocean water for cooling. And then we return it back into the ocean.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technique is known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/ocean/cwa316/\">once-through-cooling\u003c/a>. Everyday, almost 700 million gallons of seawater is pumped through power plant. That water holds fish larvae and plankton that die in the process. So last year, the State Water Resources Control Board ruled that coastal power plants must switch to a new cooling method over the next decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a huge project. It is something that requires us to take plants down, plant by plant, and completely rebuild them. And those are plants that are key to our reliability,” says Nichols.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ron Nichols says rebuilding three natural gas plants will cost DWP $2.2 billion dollars. The utility recently convinced the water board to \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/ocean/cwa316/\">give it an extension to 2029\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Add that to investing in more renewable energy and moving away from coal power and it’s a challenging time for the utility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is a transition that every utility in the country will make says,” Evan Gillespie of the Sierra Club.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gillespie says Los Angeles’s challenges are a snapshot of what utilities around the country will be facing as the country gradually puts national global warming rules in place. And he says those that embrace renewable energy first will benefit the most.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of these investments, while they create a lot of jobs, jobs that we desperately need, these are also investments that are going to modernize the utility. And I think the opportunity here in Los Angeles is to help provide that roadmap to help these other utilities around the country manage that transition,” says Gillespie.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Climate Change Could Mean Cloudy Future for Lake Tahoe",
"title": "Climate Change Could Mean Cloudy Future for Lake Tahoe",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/09/2011-09-19-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24562\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Lake-Tahoe.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-24562\" title=\"Lake Tahoe\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Lake-Tahoe-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Climate change and invasive species threaten Lake Tahoe just as restoration funding dwindles. (Photo: Lauren Sommer)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Over the last 15 years, more than a billion dollars has been spent to protect Lake Tahoe's clear waters from runoff and erosion. Now, new threats to lake's clarity are emerging, just as restoration funding is drying up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers from UC Davis are hot on the trail of one of those threats. On a recent late summer morning, Katie Webb and a team from UC Davis's \u003ca href=\"http://terc.ucdavis.edu/\">Tahoe Environmental Research Center\u003c/a> went looking for it on a boat near South Lake Tahoe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So what we're looking for is a metal clam corral,\" Webb says, pulling on her scuba gear. The \"clam corral\" is a wire basket that holds clams living on the lake bottom. Webb swims down to it and attaches a rope, so the team can pull it on board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The clams inside are \u003ca href=\"http://terc.ucdavis.edu/research/aquaticinvasives.html\">Asian clams\u003c/a>, an invasive species. They were not a welcome visitor when they were discovered in Lake Tahoe in 2002. Webb and her team are monitoring these corralled clams to see how fast the population is growing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So you can see this individual is number 11,\" she says, pointing to a tiny number super-glued on its shell. They use the numbers to track individuals over time. \"We can see how much they've grown since we checked them in February and it should be a lot. They grow a lot in the summertime,\" Webb says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What they do is somewhat disturbing,\" says Geoff Schladow, director of the Tahoe Environmental Research Center. Asian clams filter massive amounts of lake water and that's where the problem starts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Of everything they filter, they consume about 10 percent of it and 90 percent they excrete. So their excretions are like these huge nutrient bombs,\" Schladow says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24565\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 192px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Asianclam.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-24565\" title=\"Asianclam\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Asianclam-192x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"192\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UC Davis researcher Katie Webb holds an Asian clam from their population study. (Photo: Lauren Sommer)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With thousands of clams per square meter in some parts of the lake, their \"nutrient bombs\" help create algae blooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So you have this bright green, stringy algae, sort of clinging to the bottom, a few tens of yards from the beach. People would be astounded to see this cause it looks like any place but Tahoe,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the face of this invasion, a team from UC Davis has been experimenting with \u003ca href=\"http://terc.ucdavis.edu/research/aquaticinvasives.html\">rubber mats that suffocate Asian clams\u003c/a> on the lake bottom. So far, the treatment looks promising.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tahoe Basin Building Boom\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keeping the lake blue - and not green - has been a rallying cry for both environmental groups and Tahoe's tourism industry. Forty years ago, scientists could see 100 feet into the lake. Today, the clarity has decreased significantly to 64 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're essentially like a bowl and what happens on the land affects the water,\" says Julie Regan of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.trpa.org/\">Tahoe Regional Planning Agency\u003c/a>. The agency oversees development on both the California and Nevada sides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What happened on the land in the 50s, 60s and 70s is that we had a lot of development – rampant overdevelopment,\" she says. Tahoe hosted 1960 Winter Olympics at Squaw Valley. Casinos went up. Building was booming. And soon, the region had a runoff problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's driveways. It's houses. What you cover on the land then interferes with the soils ability to filter runoff. That's what's causing clarity loss,\" says Regan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the past 15 years, local agencies have tried to stop this decline with $1.5 billion of federal, state and local money. They've preserved open space and built projects to control erosion and filter runoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In 2008 we got the news from the scientific community that we had stopped the slide and decline of lake clarity. That was great news,\" says Regan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scientists See Climate Change Impacts\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010, however, researchers at UC Davis found the \u003ca href=\"http://terc.ucdavis.edu/images/SecchiDepthChart_1967-2010.jpg\">second worst clarity level ever recorded\u003c/a>. Geoff Schladow says runoff isn't the only culprit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we've had just in the last few years is this explosion, this large increase in algae and they seem to be concentrated right near the surface,\" says Schladow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These algae are invisible to the eye, but they're the right size to make the water look cloudier. Normally, they're competing with large algae near the surface. But Schladow says that's changing. Algae are heavier than water, so they gradually sink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The algae in the past tended to be mixed by the wind every few days. So if you're a large algae and you sank down 50 or 100 feet, you could be brought up again into the light by mixing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, the lake hasn't been mixing as much. The reason, Schladow thinks, is that the surface waters of the lake have gotten warmer with climate change. Warmer water is lighter than the cold, dense water at the bottom of the lake. So it's little bit like oil and water. The layers of the lake are more resistant to mixing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Now when we have less mixing, the large algae sink out. All we're left with are the small ones. And so their numbers are going up,\" says Schladow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After decades of conservation work to reduce runoff, a lot of people are disappointed to see climate change posing a new threat to Lake Tahoe's clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schladow thinks it's not hopeless. \"It's a call to redouble what we're doing, not to give up and walk away. It's now needed not just to restore clarity but to ward off what may be some pretty uncomfortable and disturbing features of climate change.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Restoration Funds Running Out\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After an unprecedented influx of restoration funding, resources are now running low. Senator Dianne Feinstein introduced the Lake Tahoe Restoration Act of 2011 in Congress to authorize more, but has said she's not optimistic about getting it passed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We know the funding picture could potentially be bleak, so we're looking to any strategy that we can to keep this momentum going in terms of restoration,\" says Julie Regan of TRPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On top of that, Nevada is threatening to end its forty-year partnership with California by pulling out of the Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, unless concessions are made about its voting power on new development. Regan says it's just one more challenge that will make the next few years a critical time for Lake Tahoe's future.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Over the last 15 years, more than a billion dollars has been spent to protect Lake Tahoe's clear waters from runoff and erosion. Now, new threats to lake's clarity are emerging, just as restoration funding is drying up. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/09/2011-09-19-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24562\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Lake-Tahoe.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-24562\" title=\"Lake Tahoe\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Lake-Tahoe-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Climate change and invasive species threaten Lake Tahoe just as restoration funding dwindles. (Photo: Lauren Sommer)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Over the last 15 years, more than a billion dollars has been spent to protect Lake Tahoe's clear waters from runoff and erosion. Now, new threats to lake's clarity are emerging, just as restoration funding is drying up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers from UC Davis are hot on the trail of one of those threats. On a recent late summer morning, Katie Webb and a team from UC Davis's \u003ca href=\"http://terc.ucdavis.edu/\">Tahoe Environmental Research Center\u003c/a> went looking for it on a boat near South Lake Tahoe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So what we're looking for is a metal clam corral,\" Webb says, pulling on her scuba gear. The \"clam corral\" is a wire basket that holds clams living on the lake bottom. Webb swims down to it and attaches a rope, so the team can pull it on board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The clams inside are \u003ca href=\"http://terc.ucdavis.edu/research/aquaticinvasives.html\">Asian clams\u003c/a>, an invasive species. They were not a welcome visitor when they were discovered in Lake Tahoe in 2002. Webb and her team are monitoring these corralled clams to see how fast the population is growing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So you can see this individual is number 11,\" she says, pointing to a tiny number super-glued on its shell. They use the numbers to track individuals over time. \"We can see how much they've grown since we checked them in February and it should be a lot. They grow a lot in the summertime,\" Webb says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What they do is somewhat disturbing,\" says Geoff Schladow, director of the Tahoe Environmental Research Center. Asian clams filter massive amounts of lake water and that's where the problem starts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Of everything they filter, they consume about 10 percent of it and 90 percent they excrete. So their excretions are like these huge nutrient bombs,\" Schladow says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24565\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 192px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Asianclam.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-24565\" title=\"Asianclam\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Asianclam-192x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"192\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UC Davis researcher Katie Webb holds an Asian clam from their population study. (Photo: Lauren Sommer)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With thousands of clams per square meter in some parts of the lake, their \"nutrient bombs\" help create algae blooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So you have this bright green, stringy algae, sort of clinging to the bottom, a few tens of yards from the beach. People would be astounded to see this cause it looks like any place but Tahoe,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the face of this invasion, a team from UC Davis has been experimenting with \u003ca href=\"http://terc.ucdavis.edu/research/aquaticinvasives.html\">rubber mats that suffocate Asian clams\u003c/a> on the lake bottom. So far, the treatment looks promising.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tahoe Basin Building Boom\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keeping the lake blue - and not green - has been a rallying cry for both environmental groups and Tahoe's tourism industry. Forty years ago, scientists could see 100 feet into the lake. Today, the clarity has decreased significantly to 64 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're essentially like a bowl and what happens on the land affects the water,\" says Julie Regan of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.trpa.org/\">Tahoe Regional Planning Agency\u003c/a>. The agency oversees development on both the California and Nevada sides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What happened on the land in the 50s, 60s and 70s is that we had a lot of development – rampant overdevelopment,\" she says. Tahoe hosted 1960 Winter Olympics at Squaw Valley. Casinos went up. Building was booming. And soon, the region had a runoff problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's driveways. It's houses. What you cover on the land then interferes with the soils ability to filter runoff. That's what's causing clarity loss,\" says Regan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the past 15 years, local agencies have tried to stop this decline with $1.5 billion of federal, state and local money. They've preserved open space and built projects to control erosion and filter runoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In 2008 we got the news from the scientific community that we had stopped the slide and decline of lake clarity. That was great news,\" says Regan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scientists See Climate Change Impacts\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010, however, researchers at UC Davis found the \u003ca href=\"http://terc.ucdavis.edu/images/SecchiDepthChart_1967-2010.jpg\">second worst clarity level ever recorded\u003c/a>. Geoff Schladow says runoff isn't the only culprit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we've had just in the last few years is this explosion, this large increase in algae and they seem to be concentrated right near the surface,\" says Schladow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These algae are invisible to the eye, but they're the right size to make the water look cloudier. Normally, they're competing with large algae near the surface. But Schladow says that's changing. Algae are heavier than water, so they gradually sink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The algae in the past tended to be mixed by the wind every few days. So if you're a large algae and you sank down 50 or 100 feet, you could be brought up again into the light by mixing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, the lake hasn't been mixing as much. The reason, Schladow thinks, is that the surface waters of the lake have gotten warmer with climate change. Warmer water is lighter than the cold, dense water at the bottom of the lake. So it's little bit like oil and water. The layers of the lake are more resistant to mixing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Now when we have less mixing, the large algae sink out. All we're left with are the small ones. And so their numbers are going up,\" says Schladow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After decades of conservation work to reduce runoff, a lot of people are disappointed to see climate change posing a new threat to Lake Tahoe's clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schladow thinks it's not hopeless. \"It's a call to redouble what we're doing, not to give up and walk away. It's now needed not just to restore clarity but to ward off what may be some pretty uncomfortable and disturbing features of climate change.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Restoration Funds Running Out\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After an unprecedented influx of restoration funding, resources are now running low. Senator Dianne Feinstein introduced the Lake Tahoe Restoration Act of 2011 in Congress to authorize more, but has said she's not optimistic about getting it passed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We know the funding picture could potentially be bleak, so we're looking to any strategy that we can to keep this momentum going in terms of restoration,\" says Julie Regan of TRPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On top of that, Nevada is threatening to end its forty-year partnership with California by pulling out of the Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, unless concessions are made about its voting power on new development. Regan says it's just one more challenge that will make the next few years a critical time for Lake Tahoe's future.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/plastic.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/plastic.jpg\" alt=\"plastic\" title=\"plastic\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-24505\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Surfers do more than surf. The \u003ca href=\"http://marin.surfrider.org/?page_id=26\">Surfrider Foundation\u003c/a>, originally formed to protect a surf beach and beach access, has developed into an international organization involved in multiple programs ranging from wildlife protection to ocean policy. As a surfer and a long term member of the foundation, I have been involved in countless beach clean-ups. We routinely walk the beaches pulling plastic bags, bottles and cigarette butts. Over the years, we have picked up tons of trash. Some of the beach clean-ups are organized, and sometimes I just pick up trash before or after surfing. This Saturday, September 17, Surfrider will join thousands of Californians for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.coastal.ca.gov/publiced/ccd/ccd.html\">California Coastal Cleanup Day\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As awareness increases, we are seeing fewer large pieces, but we still find countless cigarette butts, bottle caps and water bottles. We need to do more than just clean up, we need to stop it at the source. Our foundation has developed a plastics campaign called, \"Rise Above Plastics.\" We must stop the plastics before it hits the beach. It is easily done. A metal water bottle, reusable shopping bag and an ash tray would significantly reduce plastics in the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's the \"Rise Above Plastics Pledge\":\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a section of the Pacific Ocean twice the size of the continental United States called the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/plastic-in-the-pacific/\">Great Pacific Garbage Patch\u003c/a>. Within it, 100 million tons of plastic swirl in a vortex of currents. There is so much plastic in the water that it outnumbers zooplankton by six to one!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This plastic ends up in the stomachs of marine birds and animals. In fact, one million seabirds and 100,000 marine mammals die globally each year due to ingestion of or entanglement in plastics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plastic is forever, with virtually every piece of petroleum-based plastic ever made still in existence. That's why it's so critical to our oceans and beaches that we dramatically reduce our use of plastics, especially single-use plastics, starting today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can make a difference for our world's oceans, waves and beaches -- pledge to rise above plastics today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I commit to do my part to rise above plastics and protect the world's oceans, waves and beaches from plastic pollution. I will do this by:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>- Using reusable bottles for my water and other drinks. By using just one reusable bottle, I will keep 167 single-use plastic bottles from entering the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>- Using cloth bags for groceries and other purchases. For each reusable bag I use, I will save approximately 400 plastics from being used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>- Recycling the plastic bags and bottles I already have. For every thirteen plastic bags I don't use, I will save enough petroleum to drive a car one mile.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/plastic.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/plastic.jpg\" alt=\"plastic\" title=\"plastic\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-24505\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Surfers do more than surf. The \u003ca href=\"http://marin.surfrider.org/?page_id=26\">Surfrider Foundation\u003c/a>, originally formed to protect a surf beach and beach access, has developed into an international organization involved in multiple programs ranging from wildlife protection to ocean policy. As a surfer and a long term member of the foundation, I have been involved in countless beach clean-ups. We routinely walk the beaches pulling plastic bags, bottles and cigarette butts. Over the years, we have picked up tons of trash. Some of the beach clean-ups are organized, and sometimes I just pick up trash before or after surfing. This Saturday, September 17, Surfrider will join thousands of Californians for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.coastal.ca.gov/publiced/ccd/ccd.html\">California Coastal Cleanup Day\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As awareness increases, we are seeing fewer large pieces, but we still find countless cigarette butts, bottle caps and water bottles. We need to do more than just clean up, we need to stop it at the source. Our foundation has developed a plastics campaign called, \"Rise Above Plastics.\" We must stop the plastics before it hits the beach. It is easily done. A metal water bottle, reusable shopping bag and an ash tray would significantly reduce plastics in the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's the \"Rise Above Plastics Pledge\":\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a section of the Pacific Ocean twice the size of the continental United States called the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/plastic-in-the-pacific/\">Great Pacific Garbage Patch\u003c/a>. Within it, 100 million tons of plastic swirl in a vortex of currents. There is so much plastic in the water that it outnumbers zooplankton by six to one!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This plastic ends up in the stomachs of marine birds and animals. In fact, one million seabirds and 100,000 marine mammals die globally each year due to ingestion of or entanglement in plastics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plastic is forever, with virtually every piece of petroleum-based plastic ever made still in existence. That's why it's so critical to our oceans and beaches that we dramatically reduce our use of plastics, especially single-use plastics, starting today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can make a difference for our world's oceans, waves and beaches -- pledge to rise above plastics today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I commit to do my part to rise above plastics and protect the world's oceans, waves and beaches from plastic pollution. I will do this by:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>- Using reusable bottles for my water and other drinks. By using just one reusable bottle, I will keep 167 single-use plastic bottles from entering the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>- Using cloth bags for groceries and other purchases. For each reusable bag I use, I will save approximately 400 plastics from being used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>- Recycling the plastic bags and bottles I already have. For every thirteen plastic bags I don't use, I will save enough petroleum to drive a car one mile.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Making Better Land",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24480\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/15/making-better-land/madelandsfship/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-24480\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/madelandSFship.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"madelandSFship\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/madelandSFship.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/madelandSFship-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Gold Rush-era ship is excavated from historical fill at a San Francisco construction site in 2005. Photo by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Humans have been making land for thousands of years. Lately we have gotten better at it, but nature has a head start of a few billion years, and we don't work with nature's infinite care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the largest scale, land grows because volcanoes and tectonic movements elevate rocks above sea level. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/28/bay-area-volcanoes/\">The Bay Area has no volcanoes at present\u003c/a>, and the basic framework of our terrain is tectonism organized around the San Andreas fault system. On the scale of human history, that's too slow to be relevant. For growing new land, erosion and deposition matter more to us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New land grows naturally around the Bay as wetlands capture sediment washed in with the seawater. Unfortunately for builders, it's soft black mud and it's barely at sea level. And unfortunately for shippers, \"bay mud\" bars vessels from approaching the shore almost everywhere except around steep bodies of bedrock, like Yerba Buena and Alcatraz Islands. When Gold Rush settlers came here to stay, making bay mud into useful land—reclamation—was one of their chief concerns. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In San Francisco there were so many abandoned ships in the harbor that many were simply scuttled and buried in fill—dredged sand and mud from the Bay, mostly, along with waste rock and debris. We dig up the old ships occasionally while building around the Financial District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More land was made elsewhere simply by diking off sections of the Bay, letting it dry out, and putting it to use growing crops or harvesting sea salt. (Today the salt ponds of the South Bay are carefully being restored to working wetland.) In San Mateo County, levees were built to create Brewer's Island around the turn of the last century. The dry bay mud served as hayfields and salt ponds until T. Jack Foster set out to turn Brewer's Island into a complete planned city. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.fostercity.org/community_info/Creating-the-Land.cfm\">creation of Foster City\u003c/a> in the 1960s was overseen by geotechnical engineers, but the basic method was age-old: dredge, dump, drain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Geological Survey has mapped artificial land along with all the other geologic units around the Bay. The majority of this reclaimed land is in the central Bay, in San Francisco and Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/15/making-better-land/bayfillmap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-24479\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/bayfillmap-640x232.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"bayfillmap\" width=\"640\" height=\"232\" class=\"size-large wp-image-24479\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reclaimed land shows its weakness in earthquakes. In the 1906 quake it was widely noted that buildings placed on \"made land\" were prone to failure. Nonetheless the city's rubble was used for fill at the site of the 1915 Pan Pacific Exposition, which later became developed as the Marina district. In the 1989 Loma Prieta quake the Marina had the deadliest damage in the city. Likewise, the Cypress section of Interstate 880, in west Oakland, failed where it crossed old fill. In San Francisco the notorious Embarcadero Freeway, also built upon old fill, was torn down shortly after Loma Prieta, before it could fail. Our areas of fill, old and new, will continue to be tested by earthquakes while our reclamation practices continue to improve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For geology enthusiasts, Oakland's reclaimed land has given us an unexpected treat, seen in the new Middle Harbor Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24481\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/15/making-better-land/madelandtop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-24481\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/madelandtop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"madelandtop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24481\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/madelandtop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/madelandtop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A replica seawall recycles rock from an early land reclamation project: the port of Oakland. Photo by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1880s, early in the creation of Oakland's harbor, a pair of \"training walls\" was built to guide the tides into scouring the ship channel clean. The project required lots of large boulders, and every quarry along the Bay Area shoreline was recruited to supply the stones. When the old north training wall was demolished in 2001, some of the best rocks were set aside. These were made into \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/2011/07/05/oakland-stone-landmarks-middle-harbor-parks-replica-training-wall/\">a replica pier\u003c/a>, nicely laid down in drystone masonry, that displays excellent specimens of Bay Area rock types.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24480\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/15/making-better-land/madelandsfship/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-24480\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/madelandSFship.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"madelandSFship\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/madelandSFship.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/madelandSFship-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Gold Rush-era ship is excavated from historical fill at a San Francisco construction site in 2005. Photo by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Humans have been making land for thousands of years. Lately we have gotten better at it, but nature has a head start of a few billion years, and we don't work with nature's infinite care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the largest scale, land grows because volcanoes and tectonic movements elevate rocks above sea level. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/28/bay-area-volcanoes/\">The Bay Area has no volcanoes at present\u003c/a>, and the basic framework of our terrain is tectonism organized around the San Andreas fault system. On the scale of human history, that's too slow to be relevant. For growing new land, erosion and deposition matter more to us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New land grows naturally around the Bay as wetlands capture sediment washed in with the seawater. Unfortunately for builders, it's soft black mud and it's barely at sea level. And unfortunately for shippers, \"bay mud\" bars vessels from approaching the shore almost everywhere except around steep bodies of bedrock, like Yerba Buena and Alcatraz Islands. When Gold Rush settlers came here to stay, making bay mud into useful land—reclamation—was one of their chief concerns. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In San Francisco there were so many abandoned ships in the harbor that many were simply scuttled and buried in fill—dredged sand and mud from the Bay, mostly, along with waste rock and debris. We dig up the old ships occasionally while building around the Financial District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More land was made elsewhere simply by diking off sections of the Bay, letting it dry out, and putting it to use growing crops or harvesting sea salt. (Today the salt ponds of the South Bay are carefully being restored to working wetland.) In San Mateo County, levees were built to create Brewer's Island around the turn of the last century. The dry bay mud served as hayfields and salt ponds until T. Jack Foster set out to turn Brewer's Island into a complete planned city. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.fostercity.org/community_info/Creating-the-Land.cfm\">creation of Foster City\u003c/a> in the 1960s was overseen by geotechnical engineers, but the basic method was age-old: dredge, dump, drain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Geological Survey has mapped artificial land along with all the other geologic units around the Bay. The majority of this reclaimed land is in the central Bay, in San Francisco and Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/15/making-better-land/bayfillmap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-24479\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/bayfillmap-640x232.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"bayfillmap\" width=\"640\" height=\"232\" class=\"size-large wp-image-24479\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reclaimed land shows its weakness in earthquakes. In the 1906 quake it was widely noted that buildings placed on \"made land\" were prone to failure. Nonetheless the city's rubble was used for fill at the site of the 1915 Pan Pacific Exposition, which later became developed as the Marina district. In the 1989 Loma Prieta quake the Marina had the deadliest damage in the city. Likewise, the Cypress section of Interstate 880, in west Oakland, failed where it crossed old fill. In San Francisco the notorious Embarcadero Freeway, also built upon old fill, was torn down shortly after Loma Prieta, before it could fail. Our areas of fill, old and new, will continue to be tested by earthquakes while our reclamation practices continue to improve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For geology enthusiasts, Oakland's reclaimed land has given us an unexpected treat, seen in the new Middle Harbor Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24481\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/15/making-better-land/madelandtop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-24481\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/madelandtop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"madelandtop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24481\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/madelandtop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/madelandtop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A replica seawall recycles rock from an early land reclamation project: the port of Oakland. Photo by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1880s, early in the creation of Oakland's harbor, a pair of \"training walls\" was built to guide the tides into scouring the ship channel clean. The project required lots of large boulders, and every quarry along the Bay Area shoreline was recruited to supply the stones. When the old north training wall was demolished in 2001, some of the best rocks were set aside. These were made into \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/2011/07/05/oakland-stone-landmarks-middle-harbor-parks-replica-training-wall/\">a replica pier\u003c/a>, nicely laid down in drystone masonry, that displays excellent specimens of Bay Area rock types.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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},
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"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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