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"content": "\u003ch3>Environmental DNA Questions Answered\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\nEnvironmental DNA or eDNA is a surveillance tool used by scientists at the University of Notre Dame in conjunction with the Nature Conservancy to determine whether silver carp and bighead carp are present in rivers, lakes and waterways. Because there may only be a few of the carp in a large body of water, this process allows the scientists to determine the presence of these invasive species without positive visual identification. Take a look at these links for more information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.lrc.usace.army.mil/AsianCarp/background.htm\">Background & Risks of Asian Carp\u003c/a> \u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This US Army Corps of Engineers page is a good place to get answers to questions about Asian carp. Find out why this species was imported to the United States, why the carp are a problem, and how you can help to keep them from spreading to other locations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://asiancarp.org/\">Asian Carp Control\u003c/a>: The official website of the Asian Carp Regional Coordinating Committee\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spend some time clicking around on this site—it’s a treasure trove of information. You’ll find the schedule for the sampling locations and results from previous trips. There is a handy list of all the state and federal agencies involved with the Asian carp project. There’s even a poster to help you identify an Asian carp with instructions on what to do if you find one and much, much more.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cbr>\nEnvironmental DNA Research in the Center for Aquatic Conservation at the University of Notre Dame\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the homepage of the eDNA research center QUEST Wisconsin visited for the story. Find out about other research going on in the field, meet the scientists and see what they’ve published on the subject.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cbr>\nEnvironmental DNA Elicits Rapid Response, \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/FWSJournal/regmap.cfm?arskey=30221\">US Fish and Wildlife\u003c/a> journal entry\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heather Calkins writes about her experience assisting the EPA and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers by searching for silver carp after a positive “hit” of eDNA in Lake Calumet.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1755-263X.2010.00158.x/pdf\">“Sight-unseen” detection of rare aquatic species using environmental DNA\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dig in deep with this scholarly letter written by the University of Notre Dame scientists in the forefront of eDNA research. Christopher Jerde, Andrew Mahon, Lindsay Chatterton, and David Lodge discuss their detailed game plan for finding elusive Asian carp in the Chicago area waterways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.lrc.usace.army.mil/AsianCarp/eDNA.htm\">eDNA Monitoring results\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This US Army Corps of Engineer site links you to the results from specific eDNA sample collecting trips. The Surveillance Status Map indicates where there was Asian carp eDNA found in each of the locations visited and whether it was silver or bighead carp.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cbr>\nFor more information, view our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/cool-critters-lake-erie-water-snake\">Cool Critters: Lake Erie Water Snake\u003c/a> video segment. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Share additional websites you’ve found helpful in the comment section.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"disqusTitle": "Back from the Brink of Extinction: Habitat Map for the Lake Erie Watersnake",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msid=208024940467549961124.0004aef4d7bca01f23305&msa=0&ie=UTF8&t=p&vpsrc=6&ll=41.708804,-82.76001&spn=0.246051,0.438766&z=11&output=embed\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\nView \u003ca href=\"http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msid=208024940467549961124.0004aef4d7bca01f23305&msa=0&ie=UTF8&t=p&vpsrc=6&ll=41.708804,-82.76001&spn=0.246051,0.438766&z=11&source=embed\">Lake Erie watersnake Habitat\u003c/a> in a larger map\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Article by \u003ca title=\"George Viebranz\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/gviebranz/\" target=\"_blank\">George Viebranz\u003c/a> of \u003ca title=\"QUEST Ohio\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/stations/ohio/\" target=\"_blank\">QUEST Ohio\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“Snakes! Why’d it have to be snakes?”\u003c/em> – Indiana Jones\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On August 16, 2011 the Lake Erie watersnake became only the 23\u003csup>rd\u003c/sup> species to ever be removed, or “de-listed,” from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s list of endangered and threatened wildlife. For the nearly 2,500 species on the list, the odds are stacked against recovery once a species starts a rapid decrease in numbers. So how did the \u003ca href=\"http://www.doi.gov/news/pressreleases/loader.cfm?csModule=security/getfile&pageid=255809\">Lake Erie watersnake\u003c/a>, or LEWS, beat the odds? It took some scientists, a plan, and quite a bit of unexpected luck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the Lake Erie Islands were commercially developed for recreational water sports and vacation homes, the snakes’ shoreline habitat and much of its food source were drastically altered. Because the snakes have one of the smallest geographic ranges in the world – only found in about 100 square miles of Lake Erie in the U.S. and Canada – their survival was threatened. Their summer basking areas and winter hibernation places were disturbed, as was their food supply of bottom dwelling fishes. Add to that peoples’ general dislike of snakes, and a desire to remove them from the Lake Erie resort area, and you can see why these animals were in trouble. In the early 1990s the snakes’ population had been estimated at fewer than 2,000. They were first placed on the \u003ca href=\"http://ecos.fws.gov/tess_public/pub/boxScore.jsp\">Federal Endangered and Threatened Species List\u003c/a> in 1999.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Placement on the list meant that a monitoring and recovery plan had to be implemented. Kristin Stanford, a herpetologist with Northern Illinois University, became the Recovery Plan Coordinator for the LEWS. For the first several years of the recovery plan the focus was on answering several unknowns about the snake. Were the populations still decreasing? How much shoreline habitat do Lake Erie watersnakes need? Where do they hibernate in the winter? Despite the intensive efforts of the scientists assigned to the recovery project, the outlook for the LEWS was still uncertain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then a remarkable change took place. By monitoring the populations, the scientists began to find more and more of a relatively new non-native fish species, the Eurasian \u003ca href=\"http://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/factsheet.aspx?SpeciesID=713\">round goby\u003c/a> (\u003cem>Neogobius melanstomus\u003c/em>), in the snakes’ diet. The gobies accidentally came to Lake Erie in the ballast water of ocean-going cargo ships during the mid-1990s. To navigate the St. Lawrence Seaway and Great Lakes, cargo ships had to pump out ballast water to float higher in the shallow waters. With the ballast came the gobies. The gobies had been taken up when the ships pumped in ballast water from ports in the Caspian and Black Seas. The ballast water helped to stabilize the ships as they navigated the rougher and deeper Atlantic Ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The round gobies’ diet consisted of the non-native zebra mussels, but also native fish eggs and small fry (very young fish). The Western Basin of Lake Erie, filled with yellow perch, smallmouth bass, walleye, and other native game fish, became a favorite eating stop for the gobies. Schools of gobies were capable of devouring entire nests of unprotected eggs in less than a half-hour, and the future of the native sport fish was being threatened by this new invader. In just 5 years, the Lake Erie water snakes were able to adapt to the changing conditions in the lake and they put the gobies on \u003cem>their\u003c/em> dinner table! In fact, more than 90% of the Lake Erie watersnakes diet is now made up of round gobies!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2004, the Lake Erie water snakes have thrived because of their protected status and the abundant food source that the gobies provided. They increased their survivorship rate, their reproduction rate, their physical growth rate, and their population numbers – now estimated at 12,000 – 15,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what next for the LEWS? They will be monitored for at least five more years under a “post de-listing” monitoring plan. More than 300 miles of Lake Erie shoreline has been marked as protected nature preserve. And their new neighbors – humans – are learning to ‘Respect the Snake’ after they came back from the brink of extinction.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msid=208024940467549961124.0004aef4d7bca01f23305&msa=0&ie=UTF8&t=p&vpsrc=6&ll=41.708804,-82.76001&spn=0.246051,0.438766&z=11&output=embed\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\nView \u003ca href=\"http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msid=208024940467549961124.0004aef4d7bca01f23305&msa=0&ie=UTF8&t=p&vpsrc=6&ll=41.708804,-82.76001&spn=0.246051,0.438766&z=11&source=embed\">Lake Erie watersnake Habitat\u003c/a> in a larger map\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Article by \u003ca title=\"George Viebranz\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/gviebranz/\" target=\"_blank\">George Viebranz\u003c/a> of \u003ca title=\"QUEST Ohio\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/stations/ohio/\" target=\"_blank\">QUEST Ohio\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“Snakes! Why’d it have to be snakes?”\u003c/em> – Indiana Jones\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On August 16, 2011 the Lake Erie watersnake became only the 23\u003csup>rd\u003c/sup> species to ever be removed, or “de-listed,” from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s list of endangered and threatened wildlife. For the nearly 2,500 species on the list, the odds are stacked against recovery once a species starts a rapid decrease in numbers. So how did the \u003ca href=\"http://www.doi.gov/news/pressreleases/loader.cfm?csModule=security/getfile&pageid=255809\">Lake Erie watersnake\u003c/a>, or LEWS, beat the odds? It took some scientists, a plan, and quite a bit of unexpected luck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the Lake Erie Islands were commercially developed for recreational water sports and vacation homes, the snakes’ shoreline habitat and much of its food source were drastically altered. Because the snakes have one of the smallest geographic ranges in the world – only found in about 100 square miles of Lake Erie in the U.S. and Canada – their survival was threatened. Their summer basking areas and winter hibernation places were disturbed, as was their food supply of bottom dwelling fishes. Add to that peoples’ general dislike of snakes, and a desire to remove them from the Lake Erie resort area, and you can see why these animals were in trouble. In the early 1990s the snakes’ population had been estimated at fewer than 2,000. They were first placed on the \u003ca href=\"http://ecos.fws.gov/tess_public/pub/boxScore.jsp\">Federal Endangered and Threatened Species List\u003c/a> in 1999.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Placement on the list meant that a monitoring and recovery plan had to be implemented. Kristin Stanford, a herpetologist with Northern Illinois University, became the Recovery Plan Coordinator for the LEWS. For the first several years of the recovery plan the focus was on answering several unknowns about the snake. Were the populations still decreasing? How much shoreline habitat do Lake Erie watersnakes need? Where do they hibernate in the winter? Despite the intensive efforts of the scientists assigned to the recovery project, the outlook for the LEWS was still uncertain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then a remarkable change took place. By monitoring the populations, the scientists began to find more and more of a relatively new non-native fish species, the Eurasian \u003ca href=\"http://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/factsheet.aspx?SpeciesID=713\">round goby\u003c/a> (\u003cem>Neogobius melanstomus\u003c/em>), in the snakes’ diet. The gobies accidentally came to Lake Erie in the ballast water of ocean-going cargo ships during the mid-1990s. To navigate the St. Lawrence Seaway and Great Lakes, cargo ships had to pump out ballast water to float higher in the shallow waters. With the ballast came the gobies. The gobies had been taken up when the ships pumped in ballast water from ports in the Caspian and Black Seas. The ballast water helped to stabilize the ships as they navigated the rougher and deeper Atlantic Ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The round gobies’ diet consisted of the non-native zebra mussels, but also native fish eggs and small fry (very young fish). The Western Basin of Lake Erie, filled with yellow perch, smallmouth bass, walleye, and other native game fish, became a favorite eating stop for the gobies. Schools of gobies were capable of devouring entire nests of unprotected eggs in less than a half-hour, and the future of the native sport fish was being threatened by this new invader. In just 5 years, the Lake Erie water snakes were able to adapt to the changing conditions in the lake and they put the gobies on \u003cem>their\u003c/em> dinner table! In fact, more than 90% of the Lake Erie watersnakes diet is now made up of round gobies!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2004, the Lake Erie water snakes have thrived because of their protected status and the abundant food source that the gobies provided. They increased their survivorship rate, their reproduction rate, their physical growth rate, and their population numbers – now estimated at 12,000 – 15,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what next for the LEWS? They will be monitored for at least five more years under a “post de-listing” monitoring plan. More than 300 miles of Lake Erie shoreline has been marked as protected nature preserve. And their new neighbors – humans – are learning to ‘Respect the Snake’ after they came back from the brink of extinction.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Asian Carp: Threat to Great Lakes",
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"content": "\u003cp>“You’re taking your life in your own hands if you go waterskiing on some parts of the Illinois River,” observes aquatic invasive species expert \u003ca href=\"http://www.seagrant.wisc.edu/home/Default.aspx?tabid=538\">Phil Moy\u003c/a> of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.seagrant.wisc.edu/home/Default.aspx?tabid=538\">University of Wisconsin Sea Grant\u003c/a>. He’s talking about the Silver Asian Carp that have infiltrated much of the Mississippi River System.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The threat to life and limb comes from the carp leaping out of the water when startled by loud noise, like the roar of an engine. It’s changed life and culture in communities along the Illinois River south of Peoria. Bath, Illinois, hosts an annual \u003ca href=\"http://www.redneckfishingtournament.net/\">Redneck Fishing Tournament\u003c/a> where fisherman compete for the largest haul of Silver Carp either by catching them mid-air with a net or just letting them flop into the boat. The most recent competition netted nearly nine thousand of the invasive fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The changes in the river have been much more dramatic, and destructive, for native species. The Silver carp and the related Bighead carp are crowding out more desirable fish. “They are quite prolific and they can compete directly with other fish that eat the plant plankton or animal plankton. And animal plankton forms the first food for essentially every sport fish species,” says Moy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That voracious appetite for plankton is the reason Asian carp were first imported to the United States. Commercial catfish farmers in the South employed them to keep their ponds clean and clear. But flooding allowed the fish entry into the Mississippi ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Asian_Carp_300.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-24927\" title=\"Asian_Carp_300\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Asian_Carp_300-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"asian carp\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>As carp populations have expanded northward, the fish have gotten closer and closer to Lake Michigan. If they become established in the Great Lakes, they have the potential to wipe out a seven billion dollar fishery. “The commercial fishery regularly refers to itself as the largest fresh water fishery in the world” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.greatlakeswaterwars.com/about.htm\">Peter Annin\u003c/a>, author of \u003ca href=\"http://greatlakeswaterwars.com/\">The Great Lakes Water Wars\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once the toothpaste is outside the tube, it's really hard to put it back in. And so, there's a lot of effort, energy going into preventing these Asian carp from ever entering the Great Lakes,” says Annin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most direct route for the carp to reach Lake Michigan is through the Chicago Sanitary and Shipping Canal which connects to the Des Plaines River which flows into the Illinois. The canal is a man-made link between the Mississippi and Great Lakes water systems constructed over one hundred years ago. It was a way for Chicago to flush its sewage away from Lake Michigan, the source of its drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To create a chokepoint to prevent the fish from getting any closer, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.lrc.usace.army.mil/\">US Army Corps of Engineers\u003c/a> has maintained an electric barrier on the canal. “Like a cattle fence that keeps those fish from moving to the next basin,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu/fieldstations/ltrm/kevin.html\">Kevin Irons\u003c/a> of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dnr.illinois.gov/Pages/default.aspx\">Illinois Department of Natural Resources\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The barrier works by sending electrical waves into the water that repel fish. While it has been proven effective on test fish with transmitters, evidence of Asian carp upstream of the barrier has raised questions and a call to close the canal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For years, environmentalists have called for the closure of the Chicago artificial connection,” says Annin. “They were kind of laughed away. The laughter has subsided somewhat in recent years because of the threat of the Asian carp knocking on the door of the Great Lakes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The invasive Asian carp has wreaked havoc in the Mississippi River system. The voracious plankton eaters have out-competed native fish and have become the dominant species in many locations. If the carp reach the Great Lakes, they pose a threat to its $7 billion fishery, so a battle against them is taking place on many fronts.",
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"description": "The invasive Asian carp has wreaked havoc in the Mississippi River system. The voracious plankton eaters have out-competed native fish and have become the dominant species in many locations. If the carp reach the Great Lakes, they pose a threat to its $7 billion fishery, so a battle against them is taking place on many fronts.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>“You’re taking your life in your own hands if you go waterskiing on some parts of the Illinois River,” observes aquatic invasive species expert \u003ca href=\"http://www.seagrant.wisc.edu/home/Default.aspx?tabid=538\">Phil Moy\u003c/a> of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.seagrant.wisc.edu/home/Default.aspx?tabid=538\">University of Wisconsin Sea Grant\u003c/a>. He’s talking about the Silver Asian Carp that have infiltrated much of the Mississippi River System.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The threat to life and limb comes from the carp leaping out of the water when startled by loud noise, like the roar of an engine. It’s changed life and culture in communities along the Illinois River south of Peoria. Bath, Illinois, hosts an annual \u003ca href=\"http://www.redneckfishingtournament.net/\">Redneck Fishing Tournament\u003c/a> where fisherman compete for the largest haul of Silver Carp either by catching them mid-air with a net or just letting them flop into the boat. The most recent competition netted nearly nine thousand of the invasive fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The changes in the river have been much more dramatic, and destructive, for native species. The Silver carp and the related Bighead carp are crowding out more desirable fish. “They are quite prolific and they can compete directly with other fish that eat the plant plankton or animal plankton. And animal plankton forms the first food for essentially every sport fish species,” says Moy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That voracious appetite for plankton is the reason Asian carp were first imported to the United States. Commercial catfish farmers in the South employed them to keep their ponds clean and clear. But flooding allowed the fish entry into the Mississippi ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Asian_Carp_300.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-24927\" title=\"Asian_Carp_300\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Asian_Carp_300-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"asian carp\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>As carp populations have expanded northward, the fish have gotten closer and closer to Lake Michigan. If they become established in the Great Lakes, they have the potential to wipe out a seven billion dollar fishery. “The commercial fishery regularly refers to itself as the largest fresh water fishery in the world” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.greatlakeswaterwars.com/about.htm\">Peter Annin\u003c/a>, author of \u003ca href=\"http://greatlakeswaterwars.com/\">The Great Lakes Water Wars\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once the toothpaste is outside the tube, it's really hard to put it back in. And so, there's a lot of effort, energy going into preventing these Asian carp from ever entering the Great Lakes,” says Annin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most direct route for the carp to reach Lake Michigan is through the Chicago Sanitary and Shipping Canal which connects to the Des Plaines River which flows into the Illinois. The canal is a man-made link between the Mississippi and Great Lakes water systems constructed over one hundred years ago. It was a way for Chicago to flush its sewage away from Lake Michigan, the source of its drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To create a chokepoint to prevent the fish from getting any closer, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.lrc.usace.army.mil/\">US Army Corps of Engineers\u003c/a> has maintained an electric barrier on the canal. “Like a cattle fence that keeps those fish from moving to the next basin,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu/fieldstations/ltrm/kevin.html\">Kevin Irons\u003c/a> of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dnr.illinois.gov/Pages/default.aspx\">Illinois Department of Natural Resources\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The barrier works by sending electrical waves into the water that repel fish. While it has been proven effective on test fish with transmitters, evidence of Asian carp upstream of the barrier has raised questions and a call to close the canal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For years, environmentalists have called for the closure of the Chicago artificial connection,” says Annin. “They were kind of laughed away. The laughter has subsided somewhat in recent years because of the threat of the Asian carp knocking on the door of the Great Lakes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Cool Critters: Lake Erie Water Snake",
"title": "Cool Critters: Lake Erie Water Snake",
"headTitle": "Cool Critters | QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Article by \u003ca title=\"Jean O'Malley\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/jeanomalley/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jean O'Malley\u003c/a> of \u003ca title=\"QUEST Ohio\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/stations/ohio/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">QUEST Ohio\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within and along the waters of Lake Erie (one of the five Great Lakes), there is a daily struggle for survival between natives and unwelcome invasive species. Most times, these unwanted invaders have negative consequences for the lake’s long-standing residents. However, there are rare occasions when the \u003cem>native\u003c/em> actually benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kristin Stanford, herpetologist, researcher, and snake lover from Northern Illinois University, has been observing this struggle for over ten years as the Recovery Plan Coordinator for the Lake Erie water snake. She works out of \u003ca href=\"http://stonelab.osu.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ohio State University’s Stone Laboratory\u003c/a> on South Bass Island in western Lake Erie. An expert on these snakes, Kristin, aka “The Island Snake Lady,” works hard to educate students and the public about them, and encourages the islanders to co-exist peacefully with their slithery neighbors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23858\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 395px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-23858 \" title=\"Lake Erie Water Snake (LEWS)\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/LEWS4-395x253.jpg\" alt=\"Lake Erie Water Snake (LEWS)\" width=\"395\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lake Erie Water Snake (LEWS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of six species of snake found on South Bass Island, \u003ca href=\"http://respectthesnake.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lake Erie water snakes\u003c/a> (or LEWS for short) are a species found only in the western basin of Lake Erie, in Ohio and southern Ontario, Canada. The reason the water snakes were listed as a state endangered, federally threatened species in 1999 was due to three primary threats to their population – low population size, habitat destruction, and human persecution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.visitputinbay.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">South Bass Island\u003c/a> is a very popular spot for vacationers, with homes built along the shore, boats in the harbor, and hundreds of visitors rattling around the island on golf carts every day. It’s not too far across the water from nearby Cedar Point Amusement Park. Kristin invited us out to the island, one of a series of three small islands – South, Middle and North Bass Islands – to search for snakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, how does one count snakes? Kristin takes a group of five to ten hardy volunteers to fourteen different study sites on the island, to – as she says – “scour the shore line” for all of the adult snakes that they are able to catch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kristin’s prime hunting ground is the Scheeff East Point Nature Preserve on the northern point of the island. Our production crew arrived on a hot and humid June morning to find that \u003ca href=\"http://www.mayflynews.net/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mayflies \u003c/a>had invaded the island, adding to the gross factor of our visit. These insects flew up out of the grass and covered our heads, clothes, and equipment. Luckily, they don’t bite as they don’t even have mouths! Their only career goal is to mate, lay eggs in the lake and die within three days. Once we got used to the mayflies, we turned our attention to snakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23855\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 270px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-23855\" title=\"Hunting for LEWS\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/LEWS3-270x360.jpg\" alt=\"Hunting for LEWS\" width=\"270\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hunting for LEWS\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At some of their study sites, the researchers place heavy black mats on the ground. The snakes love to snuggle under the mats to keep warm. Kristin warned us that one mat in particular has been doing really well. “When I lift it up, there’s probably going to be about forty snakes underneath.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>YIKES! She wasn’t kidding. There were a bunch, and she gamely grabbed two handfuls of the writhing reptiles. Normally she has several people to help her. Today, she struggled by herself, and managed to get a few into a pillowcase she had brought along as a snake catching bag. And yes, they bite, but they’re not poisonous. She does get bitten in the course of gathering snakes, but they’re usually gone by the next day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kristin and her colleagues estimate the number of water snakes by utilizing “mark and recapture techniques.” They insert a small microchip called a pit tag under the skin of the adult snakes they capture, and use the ratio of marked animals to unmarked animals to generate population and density estimates for the Lake Erie water snake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kristin plucks a snake out of the grass near the lake shore, and points out the green mark on its back that means it’s been captured and given a pit tag recently. “So what we can do then is scan it and get the pit tag number and re-release it relatively quickly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“After we catch the animals, we take some appropriate and annual regular data on them including snout to vent length, mass, we score them for sex and color pattern, and then we also look for the presence of recently consumed prey items. And all that involves is looking for a little bulge inside the snake’s belly. When we see that, we slowly and gently regurgitate that and then we will bring those samples back to the laboratory for further analysis and we identify them to species and that’s how we’re able to determine that the water snakes are eating about 90% round gobies now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What are\u003ca href=\"http://www.glsc.usgs.gov/main.php?content=research_invasive_goby&\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> round gobies\u003c/a>? No, they’re not fancy marbles. They are a small invasive fish species to Lake Erie, from the Black and Caspian Seas, arriving in the ballast of cargo ships about the mid-1990s. They are considered a very harmful species because they are voracious nest predators for many of Lake Erie’s bottom-dwelling fish and game fish. They gobble up all of the eggs and fry in a very short period of time. And there are BILLIONS of them in Lake Erie now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-large wp-image-23854\" title=\"LEWS sign on South Bass Island\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/LEWS2-270x360.jpg\" alt=\"LEWS sign on South Bass Island\" width=\"270\" height=\"360\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, normally there is not much good to say about an invasive species. But Kristin explained, “It was about the mid to late 1990s when we started seeing gobies pop up in Lake Erie water snake diet samples.” As they continued to study the snakes, they started seeing more and more gobies popping up in their diet samples, and now, Kristin tells us, round gobies are about 90% of the water snake’s diet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And what effect is this new menu item having on the Lake Erie water snake? Kristin and her colleagues have been able to show that, since the water snakes have been eating round gobies, “they have increased their growth rate, they’ve increased their maximum body size, so they can grow bigger than they ever could before, they’ve increased their reproductive rate, as well as their survival rate, and population growth rate.” The result – a population explosion of water snakes on the Lake Erie Islands, and also the nearby mainland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Due in part to the impact of the round gobies, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/midwest/endangered/reptiles/lews/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service\u003c/a> announced on August 15 that the Lake Erie water snake has been removed from the federal list of threatened and endangered wildlife. And that is – at least from the point of view of the snakes AND the Island Snake Lady – “a really great ending to our story.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Within and along the waters of Lake Erie (one of the five Great Lakes), there is a daily struggle for survival between natives and unwelcomed invasive species. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Article by \u003ca title=\"Jean O'Malley\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/jeanomalley/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jean O'Malley\u003c/a> of \u003ca title=\"QUEST Ohio\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/stations/ohio/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">QUEST Ohio\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within and along the waters of Lake Erie (one of the five Great Lakes), there is a daily struggle for survival between natives and unwelcome invasive species. Most times, these unwanted invaders have negative consequences for the lake’s long-standing residents. However, there are rare occasions when the \u003cem>native\u003c/em> actually benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kristin Stanford, herpetologist, researcher, and snake lover from Northern Illinois University, has been observing this struggle for over ten years as the Recovery Plan Coordinator for the Lake Erie water snake. She works out of \u003ca href=\"http://stonelab.osu.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ohio State University’s Stone Laboratory\u003c/a> on South Bass Island in western Lake Erie. An expert on these snakes, Kristin, aka “The Island Snake Lady,” works hard to educate students and the public about them, and encourages the islanders to co-exist peacefully with their slithery neighbors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23858\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 395px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-23858 \" title=\"Lake Erie Water Snake (LEWS)\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/LEWS4-395x253.jpg\" alt=\"Lake Erie Water Snake (LEWS)\" width=\"395\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lake Erie Water Snake (LEWS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of six species of snake found on South Bass Island, \u003ca href=\"http://respectthesnake.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lake Erie water snakes\u003c/a> (or LEWS for short) are a species found only in the western basin of Lake Erie, in Ohio and southern Ontario, Canada. The reason the water snakes were listed as a state endangered, federally threatened species in 1999 was due to three primary threats to their population – low population size, habitat destruction, and human persecution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.visitputinbay.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">South Bass Island\u003c/a> is a very popular spot for vacationers, with homes built along the shore, boats in the harbor, and hundreds of visitors rattling around the island on golf carts every day. It’s not too far across the water from nearby Cedar Point Amusement Park. Kristin invited us out to the island, one of a series of three small islands – South, Middle and North Bass Islands – to search for snakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, how does one count snakes? Kristin takes a group of five to ten hardy volunteers to fourteen different study sites on the island, to – as she says – “scour the shore line” for all of the adult snakes that they are able to catch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kristin’s prime hunting ground is the Scheeff East Point Nature Preserve on the northern point of the island. Our production crew arrived on a hot and humid June morning to find that \u003ca href=\"http://www.mayflynews.net/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mayflies \u003c/a>had invaded the island, adding to the gross factor of our visit. These insects flew up out of the grass and covered our heads, clothes, and equipment. Luckily, they don’t bite as they don’t even have mouths! Their only career goal is to mate, lay eggs in the lake and die within three days. Once we got used to the mayflies, we turned our attention to snakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23855\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 270px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-23855\" title=\"Hunting for LEWS\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/LEWS3-270x360.jpg\" alt=\"Hunting for LEWS\" width=\"270\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hunting for LEWS\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At some of their study sites, the researchers place heavy black mats on the ground. The snakes love to snuggle under the mats to keep warm. Kristin warned us that one mat in particular has been doing really well. “When I lift it up, there’s probably going to be about forty snakes underneath.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>YIKES! She wasn’t kidding. There were a bunch, and she gamely grabbed two handfuls of the writhing reptiles. Normally she has several people to help her. Today, she struggled by herself, and managed to get a few into a pillowcase she had brought along as a snake catching bag. And yes, they bite, but they’re not poisonous. She does get bitten in the course of gathering snakes, but they’re usually gone by the next day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kristin and her colleagues estimate the number of water snakes by utilizing “mark and recapture techniques.” They insert a small microchip called a pit tag under the skin of the adult snakes they capture, and use the ratio of marked animals to unmarked animals to generate population and density estimates for the Lake Erie water snake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kristin plucks a snake out of the grass near the lake shore, and points out the green mark on its back that means it’s been captured and given a pit tag recently. “So what we can do then is scan it and get the pit tag number and re-release it relatively quickly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“After we catch the animals, we take some appropriate and annual regular data on them including snout to vent length, mass, we score them for sex and color pattern, and then we also look for the presence of recently consumed prey items. And all that involves is looking for a little bulge inside the snake’s belly. When we see that, we slowly and gently regurgitate that and then we will bring those samples back to the laboratory for further analysis and we identify them to species and that’s how we’re able to determine that the water snakes are eating about 90% round gobies now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What are\u003ca href=\"http://www.glsc.usgs.gov/main.php?content=research_invasive_goby&\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> round gobies\u003c/a>? No, they’re not fancy marbles. They are a small invasive fish species to Lake Erie, from the Black and Caspian Seas, arriving in the ballast of cargo ships about the mid-1990s. They are considered a very harmful species because they are voracious nest predators for many of Lake Erie’s bottom-dwelling fish and game fish. They gobble up all of the eggs and fry in a very short period of time. And there are BILLIONS of them in Lake Erie now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-large wp-image-23854\" title=\"LEWS sign on South Bass Island\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/LEWS2-270x360.jpg\" alt=\"LEWS sign on South Bass Island\" width=\"270\" height=\"360\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, normally there is not much good to say about an invasive species. But Kristin explained, “It was about the mid to late 1990s when we started seeing gobies pop up in Lake Erie water snake diet samples.” As they continued to study the snakes, they started seeing more and more gobies popping up in their diet samples, and now, Kristin tells us, round gobies are about 90% of the water snake’s diet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And what effect is this new menu item having on the Lake Erie water snake? Kristin and her colleagues have been able to show that, since the water snakes have been eating round gobies, “they have increased their growth rate, they’ve increased their maximum body size, so they can grow bigger than they ever could before, they’ve increased their reproductive rate, as well as their survival rate, and population growth rate.” The result – a population explosion of water snakes on the Lake Erie Islands, and also the nearby mainland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Sanctuary for Whales, Sanctuary for Sharks ",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/sharksantuary640.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-26250\" title=\"sharksanctuary640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/sharksantuary640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"sharksanctuary\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>Yesterday I led another expedition out into the Gulf of the Farallones on the Outer Limits with Captain Jimmy. These wildlife tours transit the waters of the \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://farallones.noaa.gov/\" href=\"http://farallones.noaa.gov/\">Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary\u003c/a> and visit the southeast Farallon Island, then continue on to the continental shelf where the coastal plane drops into the abyss of the deep sea. Primarily billed as whale watching, these trips are really about the entire ecosystem, and when I’m aboard, we talk shark, because sharks are what I love, study, advocate and protect through my non-profit Sea Stewards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m always amazed at how many San Franciscans are aboard and who have never been on the waters of the Sanctuary, much less out to the islands. The trips start with some trepidation about the weather, the wind and waves and the 27-mile transit to the islands. The nervousness fades as we immediately see several small harbor porpoises before we even cross beneath the Golden Gate. There are more of these shy cetaceans than I have ever seen, and local researcher \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://www.ggcetacean.org/\" href=\"http://www.ggcetacean.org/\">Bill Keener of Golden Gate Cetacean Research\u003c/a> confirms that the small dolphins have returned to the San Francisco Bay after an absence of approximately 65 years. Their recent foraging in the bay may be an indicator of the health of the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clearing Point Bonita, we enter the shipping channel and begin our search for whales, but it is the pelagic seabirds that first greet us. We are currently experiencing a changing of the guard in the transition between seasons. The productive ecosystem off the coast of California has three oceanographic seasons: upwelling season in the spring and early summer; relaxation in the late summer and fall; the storm season in winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the upwelling season (March-July), strong northwest winds and the south flowing California current combine with the earth's rotation to drive surface waters away from the shore. These surface waters are replaced by an upwelling of nutrient-rich deeper water from offshore. The nutrients become available for surface dwelling phytoplankton (microscopic marine algae). Phytoplankton form the foundation of this oceanic food web and the combination of nutrients and increased sunlight in spring initiates a bloom of life that radiates up the food web from small shrimp called krill to the great whales. An abundance of phytoplankton, zooplankton, and young fish are food for animals at higher levels of the marine food web. During the summer months endangered blue, humpback and other species of whales visit our National Marine Sanctuaries of Monterey, the Gulf of the Farallones and the Cordell Bank to feed on this abundance of krill. Here's a video from a summer trip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/qfNu54GBOHU\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the season is in the relaxation mode, and the calm seas and sunny skies help relax the passengers as we watch pelagic and double-crested cormorants, arctic terns and marbled murrelets wing past. The islands are in sight, but no whales so far. With less food, the humpback whales are making their exit as the California gray whales enter our waters in their annual migration from the feeding grounds near Alaska to the warm lagoons of Baja California Mexico where they calve. The gray whale is a success story. Hunted to extinction in the Atlantic, and with a few hundred individuals in the eastern Pacific, protections afforded under the Marine Mammal Protection Act has allowed this population to increase to well over 20,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mid-channel, we are alerted by another vessel, The Salty Lady, that they are onto humpback whales. Captain Jimmy turns back towards the mainland and we see four humpback whales slowly swimming south. After a half hour, we head back to the islands and soon sea a California gray whale engaging in what looks like feeding near the south side of the Island. Nearby are two \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://www.greatwhiteadventures.com/\" href=\"http://www.greatwhiteadventures.com/\">shark-watching\u003c/a> boats and I wonder if the divers inside the cage witness the whale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Out near the continental shelf, we are joined by over one hundred Pacific white-sided dolphins and among them northern right whale dolphins. The large pod of dolphins swim alongside us, surfing the bow wave as they head north past Middle Rock and north Farallon Islands towards Point Reyes and the \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://cordellbank.noaa.gov/welcome.html\" href=\"http://cordellbank.noaa.gov/welcome.html\">Cordell Bank\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just as the great whales migrate, so too do the great white sharks which visit the islands during this season to feed. As we discuss sharks on our way back to San Francisco, I reflect that like the whales. We can protect them in our sanctuary, but we can't protect them as they transit the open sea in their great migrations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like the whales, sharks need protection locally and internationally and require shark sanctuaries, protection from fisheries on the high seas and at home, and shark finning banned worldwide. Perhaps one of the most important things we can do is to protect sharks that are reproducing and to protect nurseries like the southern California bight for white sharks and the San Francisco Bay for sevengill sharks, soupfin sharks and the smaller hound sharks that pup there. Through our Shark Steward program with \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://www.tirn.net/\" href=\"http://www.tirn.net/\">The Turtle Island Restoration Network\u003c/a>, we are now developing a \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://seastewards.org/projects/shark-sanctuary-san-francisco/\" href=\"http://seastewards.org/projects/shark-sanctuary-san-francisco/\">San Francisco Shark Sanctuary\u003c/a> to protect local sharks reproducing in the bay so that sharks will continue to swim the waters of California.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/sharksantuary640.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-26250\" title=\"sharksanctuary640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/sharksantuary640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"sharksanctuary\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>Yesterday I led another expedition out into the Gulf of the Farallones on the Outer Limits with Captain Jimmy. These wildlife tours transit the waters of the \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://farallones.noaa.gov/\" href=\"http://farallones.noaa.gov/\">Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary\u003c/a> and visit the southeast Farallon Island, then continue on to the continental shelf where the coastal plane drops into the abyss of the deep sea. Primarily billed as whale watching, these trips are really about the entire ecosystem, and when I’m aboard, we talk shark, because sharks are what I love, study, advocate and protect through my non-profit Sea Stewards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m always amazed at how many San Franciscans are aboard and who have never been on the waters of the Sanctuary, much less out to the islands. The trips start with some trepidation about the weather, the wind and waves and the 27-mile transit to the islands. The nervousness fades as we immediately see several small harbor porpoises before we even cross beneath the Golden Gate. There are more of these shy cetaceans than I have ever seen, and local researcher \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://www.ggcetacean.org/\" href=\"http://www.ggcetacean.org/\">Bill Keener of Golden Gate Cetacean Research\u003c/a> confirms that the small dolphins have returned to the San Francisco Bay after an absence of approximately 65 years. Their recent foraging in the bay may be an indicator of the health of the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clearing Point Bonita, we enter the shipping channel and begin our search for whales, but it is the pelagic seabirds that first greet us. We are currently experiencing a changing of the guard in the transition between seasons. The productive ecosystem off the coast of California has three oceanographic seasons: upwelling season in the spring and early summer; relaxation in the late summer and fall; the storm season in winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the upwelling season (March-July), strong northwest winds and the south flowing California current combine with the earth's rotation to drive surface waters away from the shore. These surface waters are replaced by an upwelling of nutrient-rich deeper water from offshore. The nutrients become available for surface dwelling phytoplankton (microscopic marine algae). Phytoplankton form the foundation of this oceanic food web and the combination of nutrients and increased sunlight in spring initiates a bloom of life that radiates up the food web from small shrimp called krill to the great whales. An abundance of phytoplankton, zooplankton, and young fish are food for animals at higher levels of the marine food web. During the summer months endangered blue, humpback and other species of whales visit our National Marine Sanctuaries of Monterey, the Gulf of the Farallones and the Cordell Bank to feed on this abundance of krill. Here's a video from a summer trip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/qfNu54GBOHU\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the season is in the relaxation mode, and the calm seas and sunny skies help relax the passengers as we watch pelagic and double-crested cormorants, arctic terns and marbled murrelets wing past. The islands are in sight, but no whales so far. With less food, the humpback whales are making their exit as the California gray whales enter our waters in their annual migration from the feeding grounds near Alaska to the warm lagoons of Baja California Mexico where they calve. The gray whale is a success story. Hunted to extinction in the Atlantic, and with a few hundred individuals in the eastern Pacific, protections afforded under the Marine Mammal Protection Act has allowed this population to increase to well over 20,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mid-channel, we are alerted by another vessel, The Salty Lady, that they are onto humpback whales. Captain Jimmy turns back towards the mainland and we see four humpback whales slowly swimming south. After a half hour, we head back to the islands and soon sea a California gray whale engaging in what looks like feeding near the south side of the Island. Nearby are two \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://www.greatwhiteadventures.com/\" href=\"http://www.greatwhiteadventures.com/\">shark-watching\u003c/a> boats and I wonder if the divers inside the cage witness the whale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Out near the continental shelf, we are joined by over one hundred Pacific white-sided dolphins and among them northern right whale dolphins. The large pod of dolphins swim alongside us, surfing the bow wave as they head north past Middle Rock and north Farallon Islands towards Point Reyes and the \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://cordellbank.noaa.gov/welcome.html\" href=\"http://cordellbank.noaa.gov/welcome.html\">Cordell Bank\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just as the great whales migrate, so too do the great white sharks which visit the islands during this season to feed. As we discuss sharks on our way back to San Francisco, I reflect that like the whales. We can protect them in our sanctuary, but we can't protect them as they transit the open sea in their great migrations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like the whales, sharks need protection locally and internationally and require shark sanctuaries, protection from fisheries on the high seas and at home, and shark finning banned worldwide. Perhaps one of the most important things we can do is to protect sharks that are reproducing and to protect nurseries like the southern California bight for white sharks and the San Francisco Bay for sevengill sharks, soupfin sharks and the smaller hound sharks that pup there. Through our Shark Steward program with \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://www.tirn.net/\" href=\"http://www.tirn.net/\">The Turtle Island Restoration Network\u003c/a>, we are now developing a \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://seastewards.org/projects/shark-sanctuary-san-francisco/\" href=\"http://seastewards.org/projects/shark-sanctuary-san-francisco/\">San Francisco Shark Sanctuary\u003c/a> to protect local sharks reproducing in the bay so that sharks will continue to swim the waters of California.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Pitchers and serious baseball fan knows that brand-new balls are never used in professional play. The shiny coating applied in the factory makes it too hard for pitchers to get a good grip, so \u003ca href=\"http://www.newsworks.org/index.php/health-science/item/27929-joy-in-mudville-all-major-league-baseballs-get-treatment-from-south-jersey-grime\">equipment managers in clubhouses around the country rub that sheen off\u003c/a> every ball before games. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What do they use? Mud. Yes, mud. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not just any mud. For more than 60 years, all the mud used in major league baseball has been harvested from the same secret spot in southern New Jersey. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jim Bintliff, the third-generation owner of \u003ca href=\"http://baseballrubbingmud.com/\">Lena Blackburne Baseball Rubbing Mud\u003c/a>, gets it from the banks of a tributary of the Delaware River.\u003cbr>\nLegend has it rubbing down new baseballs started after a wild pitch killed a batter in the 1920s. Bintliff said players and umpires tried tobacco juice and infield dirt to remove the factory sheen. What ended up working best was mud drawn from near the favorite fishing spot of a friend of Bintliff’s grandfather.\u003cbr>\nWhat makes his mud so special? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's the texture,\" said Bintliff, who described it as a mixture of cold cream and chocolate pudding. \"If it's too gritty, it can damage the leather on the ball. It can scratch it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bintliff runs the mud through a series of screens before packaging it, aging it (like fine wine, he says), and shipping it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Baseball is a sport of tradition and superstition, and many chalk up the sport’s fidelity to this particular mud to just that. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> “To do it is a good idea,” said Robert Adair, a former Yale professor who wrote \u003ca href=\"http://www.harpercollins.com/books/Physics-Baseball-Robert-K-Adair/?isbn=9780060084363%20\">The Physics of Baseball\u003c/a>. “To use this particular mud and everything is (one of the) charming traditions that connect us to our grandparents.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Adair acknowledges that there is some science behind Bintliff’s main selling point – his product’s smooth texture. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Let's say you scuff or scar the ball on one side, that can produce asymmetric forces on the ball,\" Adair said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the ball is really scratched up, the air going over the marred side would have a different pattern than air going over the smooth side and the ball would curve toward the roughed-up side, Adair said. \"If you threw the ball just any old way, you wouldn't get much of an effect, because the scarred spot would rotate,” he said. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a sneaky pitcher is good, though, he throws the ball so the scarring is always on the same side. Adair estimated serious scratches could make the ball veer six inches one way or the other. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mud’s origin in a tidal tributary rather than the larger Delaware River, then, is key. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"(In) the main-stem Delaware, a lot of the bottom sediment is coarser grain material,\" said David Velinksy, a marine biogeochemist with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ansp.org/\">Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fine-grain sediments stay suspended in the rushing water of major rivers. In slower-moving tributaries, they have a chance to settle out, Velinksy said. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, Jim Bintliff adds a secret ingredient to the mud after harvesting, so it’s not just Mother Nature who is responsible for the magic mud. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>To see additional video from QUEST Philadelphia for this story, see: \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=flrWvnhPmng\">Baseball's dirty little secret\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bintliff runs the mud through a series of screens before packaging it, aging it (like fine wine, he says), and shipping it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Baseball is a sport of tradition and superstition, and many chalk up the sport’s fidelity to this particular mud to just that. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> “To do it is a good idea,” said Robert Adair, a former Yale professor who wrote \u003ca href=\"http://www.harpercollins.com/books/Physics-Baseball-Robert-K-Adair/?isbn=9780060084363%20\">The Physics of Baseball\u003c/a>. “To use this particular mud and everything is (one of the) charming traditions that connect us to our grandparents.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Adair acknowledges that there is some science behind Bintliff’s main selling point – his product’s smooth texture. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Let's say you scuff or scar the ball on one side, that can produce asymmetric forces on the ball,\" Adair said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the ball is really scratched up, the air going over the marred side would have a different pattern than air going over the smooth side and the ball would curve toward the roughed-up side, Adair said. \"If you threw the ball just any old way, you wouldn't get much of an effect, because the scarred spot would rotate,” he said. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a sneaky pitcher is good, though, he throws the ball so the scarring is always on the same side. Adair estimated serious scratches could make the ball veer six inches one way or the other. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mud’s origin in a tidal tributary rather than the larger Delaware River, then, is key. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"(In) the main-stem Delaware, a lot of the bottom sediment is coarser grain material,\" said David Velinksy, a marine biogeochemist with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ansp.org/\">Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fine-grain sediments stay suspended in the rushing water of major rivers. In slower-moving tributaries, they have a chance to settle out, Velinksy said. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, Jim Bintliff adds a secret ingredient to the mud after harvesting, so it’s not just Mother Nature who is responsible for the magic mud. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>To see additional video from QUEST Philadelphia for this story, see: \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=flrWvnhPmng\">Baseball's dirty little secret\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "\"A Big, Captivating Idea\": The Bay Area Ridge Trail",
"title": "\"A Big, Captivating Idea\": The Bay Area Ridge Trail",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/10/2011-10-24-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26185\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Sierra-Vista-TRail_adj.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Sierra-Vista-TRail_adj-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Sierra Vista TRail_adj\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-26185\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sierra Vista Open Space Preserve adds five miles of hiking and biking trails to the Bay Area Ridge Trail. (Photo courtesy of Stephen Joseph)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When it's complete, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ridgetrail.org/\">Bay Area Ridge Trail\u003c/a> will stretch 550 miles around the Bay Area. It'll link the redwood forests of the Santa Cruz Mountains to the Golden Gate Bridge, the vineyards of Napa and Sonoma to the Eucalyptus groves of Tilden Park in Oakland. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as often as possible, it'll give hikers, mountain bikers, and horseback riders a view of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/the-amazing-transformation-of-san-franciscos-sludge-puddle/\">the bay\u003c/a> that is the \"centralizing feature\" of this region, says Janet McBride, executive director of the non-profit \u003ca href=\"http://www.ridgetrail.org/\">Bay Area Ridge Trail Council\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/ridgetrailoverviewmapsep09.pdf\">See the full map of the Bay Area Ridge Trail (pdf).\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nMcBride and her staff of six work out of a cluttered office in San Francisco’s Presidio district. It’s an incongruously small operation for such a vast project. So far, it's taken 20 years to complete the first 332 miles of the Bay Ridge trail. McBride predicts it'll be another 20 years before it's complete. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think of it as an Appalachian Trail for the current crop of two-year olds. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Toddlers today who are just beginning to walk, when they celebrate their 21st birthday, they could travel continuously along the ridge trail route,\" says McBride. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/TrailMap_Cropped.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/TrailMap_Cropped-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"TrailMap_Cropped\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-26184\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A New, Five-Mile Addition \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On October 22nd, McBride and others will be at the Sierra Vista Open Space Preserve \u003ca href=\"http://www.openspaceauthority.org/\">celebrating\u003c/a> the latest addition to the Bay Trail: The \u003ca href=\"http://www.openspaceauthority.org/trails/sierra.html\">Sierra Vista Open Space Preserve\u003c/a>. Sierra Vista's five miles of trails constitute the biggest section of Bay Area Ridge trail to open up on four years. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, the trail is reachable from Alum Rock Park -- one of the oldest parks in California -- by a steep climb up grassy slopes and through oak woodlands to an altitude of 2500 feet. The reward is a spectacular view over Silicon Valley, clear across to the Santa Cruz Mountains. You can actually look \u003cem>down\u003c/em> at planes taking off from San Jose. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next step is to build a staging area at the top, with a small parking lot, restrooms and some informational signs, so that people can come here directly, without having to hike all the way up from the valley floor. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Historically, this is ranch land. But today, Sierra Vista's only permanent residents are Corriente cattle, here to do absolutely nothing but munch on grass, to keep the risk of wildfires down and help maintain wildlife habitat. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dana Litwin, a volunteer coordinator for the Santa Clara Open Space Authority, points out that the peace and quiet up on Sierra Vista are in stark contrast to what's going on below, in the valley. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26183\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/LItwin_Mackenzie_adj.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/LItwin_Mackenzie_adj-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"LItwin_Mackenzie_adj\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-26183\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Santa Clara Open Space Authority's Dana Litwin and Andrea Mackenzie helped secure the latest chunk of the Ridge Trail, overlooking San Jose.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"If you want to get away from a screen for a while, you can come up here and get that break and be reminded that there are things that have value that were here long before any of us.\"\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nAn Expensive, Time-Consuming Process\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obtaining this land took about five years of negotiations with a handful of landowners, descendants of ranching families. Much – though not all – of the money came from a $12 dollar parcel tax on every home in Santa Clara County. The planned staging area will cost about $400,000. Then, there will be the costs of maintenance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These kinds of calculations \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/bay-area-ridge-trail/ci_15159951\">are being carried out\u003c/a> in all nine Bay Area counties, as local open space districts try to figure out how to make their respective chunks of the Ridge Trail a reality. The negotiations are often complicated and can last years. Some landowners are willing to put easements on their land that protect the trail in perpetuity; others sell the land outright. Many landowners worry about trespassing, trash, and property values. Sometimes they can be convinced, other times the trail must be re-routed around them. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It all costs money. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to what counties have been able to raise independently, much of the money is from the state: open space bonds approved by California voters. But most of that money runs out in two years. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Janet McBride says in a tight economic climate, it’s hard to know when is the right time to come back to voters to ask for more money. But she's optimistic. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I’m confident that Californians, and especially residents in the Bay Area are not going to walk away from their parks and open spaces,\" McBride says. \"It’s just too important to our quality of life.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26182\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Downhill_CREDIT-OSA-STAFF_adj.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Downhill_CREDIT-OSA-STAFF_adj-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Downhill_CREDIT OSA STAFF_adj\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-26182\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Sierra Vista trail (photo courtesy of Open Space Authority staff)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/10/2011-10-24-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26185\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Sierra-Vista-TRail_adj.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Sierra-Vista-TRail_adj-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Sierra Vista TRail_adj\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-26185\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sierra Vista Open Space Preserve adds five miles of hiking and biking trails to the Bay Area Ridge Trail. (Photo courtesy of Stephen Joseph)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When it's complete, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ridgetrail.org/\">Bay Area Ridge Trail\u003c/a> will stretch 550 miles around the Bay Area. It'll link the redwood forests of the Santa Cruz Mountains to the Golden Gate Bridge, the vineyards of Napa and Sonoma to the Eucalyptus groves of Tilden Park in Oakland. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as often as possible, it'll give hikers, mountain bikers, and horseback riders a view of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/the-amazing-transformation-of-san-franciscos-sludge-puddle/\">the bay\u003c/a> that is the \"centralizing feature\" of this region, says Janet McBride, executive director of the non-profit \u003ca href=\"http://www.ridgetrail.org/\">Bay Area Ridge Trail Council\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/ridgetrailoverviewmapsep09.pdf\">See the full map of the Bay Area Ridge Trail (pdf).\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nMcBride and her staff of six work out of a cluttered office in San Francisco’s Presidio district. It’s an incongruously small operation for such a vast project. So far, it's taken 20 years to complete the first 332 miles of the Bay Ridge trail. McBride predicts it'll be another 20 years before it's complete. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think of it as an Appalachian Trail for the current crop of two-year olds. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Toddlers today who are just beginning to walk, when they celebrate their 21st birthday, they could travel continuously along the ridge trail route,\" says McBride. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/TrailMap_Cropped.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/TrailMap_Cropped-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"TrailMap_Cropped\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-26184\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A New, Five-Mile Addition \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On October 22nd, McBride and others will be at the Sierra Vista Open Space Preserve \u003ca href=\"http://www.openspaceauthority.org/\">celebrating\u003c/a> the latest addition to the Bay Trail: The \u003ca href=\"http://www.openspaceauthority.org/trails/sierra.html\">Sierra Vista Open Space Preserve\u003c/a>. Sierra Vista's five miles of trails constitute the biggest section of Bay Area Ridge trail to open up on four years. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, the trail is reachable from Alum Rock Park -- one of the oldest parks in California -- by a steep climb up grassy slopes and through oak woodlands to an altitude of 2500 feet. The reward is a spectacular view over Silicon Valley, clear across to the Santa Cruz Mountains. You can actually look \u003cem>down\u003c/em> at planes taking off from San Jose. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next step is to build a staging area at the top, with a small parking lot, restrooms and some informational signs, so that people can come here directly, without having to hike all the way up from the valley floor. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Historically, this is ranch land. But today, Sierra Vista's only permanent residents are Corriente cattle, here to do absolutely nothing but munch on grass, to keep the risk of wildfires down and help maintain wildlife habitat. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dana Litwin, a volunteer coordinator for the Santa Clara Open Space Authority, points out that the peace and quiet up on Sierra Vista are in stark contrast to what's going on below, in the valley. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26183\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/LItwin_Mackenzie_adj.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/LItwin_Mackenzie_adj-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"LItwin_Mackenzie_adj\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-26183\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Santa Clara Open Space Authority's Dana Litwin and Andrea Mackenzie helped secure the latest chunk of the Ridge Trail, overlooking San Jose.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"If you want to get away from a screen for a while, you can come up here and get that break and be reminded that there are things that have value that were here long before any of us.\"\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nAn Expensive, Time-Consuming Process\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obtaining this land took about five years of negotiations with a handful of landowners, descendants of ranching families. Much – though not all – of the money came from a $12 dollar parcel tax on every home in Santa Clara County. The planned staging area will cost about $400,000. Then, there will be the costs of maintenance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These kinds of calculations \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/bay-area-ridge-trail/ci_15159951\">are being carried out\u003c/a> in all nine Bay Area counties, as local open space districts try to figure out how to make their respective chunks of the Ridge Trail a reality. The negotiations are often complicated and can last years. Some landowners are willing to put easements on their land that protect the trail in perpetuity; others sell the land outright. Many landowners worry about trespassing, trash, and property values. Sometimes they can be convinced, other times the trail must be re-routed around them. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It all costs money. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to what counties have been able to raise independently, much of the money is from the state: open space bonds approved by California voters. But most of that money runs out in two years. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Janet McBride says in a tight economic climate, it’s hard to know when is the right time to come back to voters to ask for more money. But she's optimistic. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I’m confident that Californians, and especially residents in the Bay Area are not going to walk away from their parks and open spaces,\" McBride says. \"It’s just too important to our quality of life.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26182\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Downhill_CREDIT-OSA-STAFF_adj.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Downhill_CREDIT-OSA-STAFF_adj-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Downhill_CREDIT OSA STAFF_adj\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-26182\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Sierra Vista trail (photo courtesy of Open Space Authority staff)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26000\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Eucalyptus.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-26000\" title=\"Eucalyptus\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Eucalyptus-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The eucalyptus grove on the Berkeley campus. Photo: {link url=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/aidanmorgan/2073661175/\"}John-Morgan{/link}.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Twenty years ago this week, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201110141630/c\">fire\u003c/a> ripped through the Oakland and Berkeley hills, taking 25 lives and burning more than 3,000 homes. \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus\">Eucalyptus trees\u003c/a>, leaf litter, and long peels of bark were fuel for the fire. The Park Service estimates that eucalyptus was responsible for 70% of the energy released though combustion of vegetation. The trees, leaves, and bark are packed with phenolic compounds that burn hot, and the trees’ tall stature, proximity to homes, and long, swaying branches helped propagate the fire. To minimize future fires, the Park Service and others call for the removal of eucalyptus leaf litter and even whole trees—which is expensive and sometimes controversial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eucalyptus trees are relatively new to California. Originally from Australia, the species most common in the Bay Area, Eucalyptus globulus, or blue gum, was planted in the 1850s following the gold rush, with the hope that the timber could be used for railroad ties. Old-growth eucalyptus forests in Australia provided excellent timber. But while eucalyptus grew quickly in California, the young trees made awful timber. The wood twisted and split as it dried. So eucalyptus trees were instead used as windbreaks, to mark property boundaries, and to prevent erosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trees quickly spread. Eucalyptus grow like crazy in the California climate, growing much taller than they do in their native Australia. Once eucalyptus become established, they can take over. Their Australian competitors did not come to California with them. Their dense canopy blocks light from entering the understory. As the fallen leaves decompose, they make the soil more acidic, and other plants can’t grow there. In California, eucalyptus often form a monoculture, devoid of other species. And the trees take up huge amounts of water. In some areas of the world, people planted eucalyptus to drain swamps and reduce the habitat for mosquito larvae, thereby eradicating malaria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The blue gum eucalyptus evolved in a fire-prone environment, and the species has many fire adaptations. Their seeds are extremely resistant to heat. After a fire, trees that are relatively intact will quickly drop their seeds. And trees that have burned can re-sprout from their stumps and root systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To prevent eucalyptus from fueling future fires, the bark peelings and leaves need to be removed from the understory. \u003ca href=\"http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/files/repositoryfiles/ca2709p13-64054.pdf\">A study conducted in the 1970s\u003c/a> estimated 10-40% of the leaves that fall each year decompose in that year; fuel builds up quickly. Sometimes, entire trees need to be removed. After the 1991 fire, approximately 400 acres of eucalyptus were removed from the East Bay Regional Park District. Removing trees is even more difficult and expensive than removing litter, as the trees are huge and they re-sprout from the stump. To prevent re-sprouting, stumps need to be treated with chemical herbicides or covered in sheets of black plastic, so sunlight does not reach them. Another option is to topple the trees—knock them over so their roots are torn up from the ground. In addition to being a lot of work, removing trees is often controversial; neighbors don’t like it. Several large eucalyptus trees were recently removed from a Department of Motor Vehicles property in Oakland, \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandnorth.net/2011/08/16/neighbors-concerned-over-tree-removal-at-claremont-dmv/\">resulting in neighborhood outrage\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Removing eucalyptus trees is labor intensive and expensive. But then, so are fires.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26000\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Eucalyptus.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-26000\" title=\"Eucalyptus\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Eucalyptus-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The eucalyptus grove on the Berkeley campus. Photo: {link url=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/aidanmorgan/2073661175/\"}John-Morgan{/link}.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Twenty years ago this week, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201110141630/c\">fire\u003c/a> ripped through the Oakland and Berkeley hills, taking 25 lives and burning more than 3,000 homes. \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus\">Eucalyptus trees\u003c/a>, leaf litter, and long peels of bark were fuel for the fire. The Park Service estimates that eucalyptus was responsible for 70% of the energy released though combustion of vegetation. The trees, leaves, and bark are packed with phenolic compounds that burn hot, and the trees’ tall stature, proximity to homes, and long, swaying branches helped propagate the fire. To minimize future fires, the Park Service and others call for the removal of eucalyptus leaf litter and even whole trees—which is expensive and sometimes controversial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eucalyptus trees are relatively new to California. Originally from Australia, the species most common in the Bay Area, Eucalyptus globulus, or blue gum, was planted in the 1850s following the gold rush, with the hope that the timber could be used for railroad ties. Old-growth eucalyptus forests in Australia provided excellent timber. But while eucalyptus grew quickly in California, the young trees made awful timber. The wood twisted and split as it dried. So eucalyptus trees were instead used as windbreaks, to mark property boundaries, and to prevent erosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trees quickly spread. Eucalyptus grow like crazy in the California climate, growing much taller than they do in their native Australia. Once eucalyptus become established, they can take over. Their Australian competitors did not come to California with them. Their dense canopy blocks light from entering the understory. As the fallen leaves decompose, they make the soil more acidic, and other plants can’t grow there. In California, eucalyptus often form a monoculture, devoid of other species. And the trees take up huge amounts of water. In some areas of the world, people planted eucalyptus to drain swamps and reduce the habitat for mosquito larvae, thereby eradicating malaria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The blue gum eucalyptus evolved in a fire-prone environment, and the species has many fire adaptations. Their seeds are extremely resistant to heat. After a fire, trees that are relatively intact will quickly drop their seeds. And trees that have burned can re-sprout from their stumps and root systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To prevent eucalyptus from fueling future fires, the bark peelings and leaves need to be removed from the understory. \u003ca href=\"http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/files/repositoryfiles/ca2709p13-64054.pdf\">A study conducted in the 1970s\u003c/a> estimated 10-40% of the leaves that fall each year decompose in that year; fuel builds up quickly. Sometimes, entire trees need to be removed. After the 1991 fire, approximately 400 acres of eucalyptus were removed from the East Bay Regional Park District. Removing trees is even more difficult and expensive than removing litter, as the trees are huge and they re-sprout from the stump. To prevent re-sprouting, stumps need to be treated with chemical herbicides or covered in sheets of black plastic, so sunlight does not reach them. Another option is to topple the trees—knock them over so their roots are torn up from the ground. In addition to being a lot of work, removing trees is often controversial; neighbors don’t like it. Several large eucalyptus trees were recently removed from a Department of Motor Vehicles property in Oakland, \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandnorth.net/2011/08/16/neighbors-concerned-over-tree-removal-at-claremont-dmv/\">resulting in neighborhood outrage\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "The Amazing Transformation of San Francisco's \"Sludge Puddle\"",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/10/2011-10-17-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifty years ago, the shoreline of the San Francisco Bay was almost entirely privately owned. Even if you’d wanted to go down and sit by the water, you couldn’t have. And you probably wouldn't have wanted to in the first place, says David Lewis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The bay was choked with sewage and toxic waste. There were no environmental laws, no regulations. The bay was really dying before our eyes.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25953\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 350px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/bayside-junk.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-25953\" title=\"bayside junk\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/bayside-junk-350x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"350\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The SF Bay was a convenient place fo dump garbage.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lewis is executive director of Save the Bay. For decades, he says, the bay had functioned as official and unofficial trash dump for nearly every city on its perimeter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nSan Francisco Bay's Grim Future\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dumping garbage into the bay wasn’t only convenient, it served the larger goal of getting rid of the bay entirely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There was a proposal by the Rockefeller brothers,\" says Lewis, \"to actually chop down the top of San Bruno Mountain and move it by conveyor belt to the west side of the bay, creating more fill the size of Manhattan out in the bay.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Richard Walker, a professor of geography at UC Berkeley, this was the ethos of the day: The bay served no purpose. To fill it up was to make it useful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We’d had the depression, the war. There was lot of money to be made in expanding cities, expanding highways, building bridges,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1959, the United States Army Corps of Engineers released a study showing that 70 percent of the San Francisco Bay could be filled and transformed into usable land. The City of Berkeley, meanwhile, had proposed to double its size by extending three miles into the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25954\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Esther-Kay-Sylvia_adj.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-25954\" title=\"Esther Kay Sylvia_adj\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Esther-Kay-Sylvia_adj-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Save the Bay's founders: Kay Kerr, Sylvia McLaughlin, and Esther Gulick\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This caught the attention of three Berkeley women: \u003ca href=\"http://articles.sfgate.com/2003-10-05/living/17512857_1_berkeley-hills-point-molate-shoreline\">Sylvia McLaughlin\u003c/a>, Catherine \"Kay\" Kerr, and Esther Gulick. Married to prominent UC Berkeley faculty members, the women had strong political connections in the area, as well as to local groups such as the Sierra Club.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They decided to call a meeting of local conservationists (the word \"environmentalist\" didn't exist yet). Once those activists found out about the plans for the bay, surely they'd swing into action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they didn't.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They were all busy doing their own things,\" recalls McLaughlin, who is now 94 and lives in the Berkeley hills. \"They were saving the redwoods, this and that. They said they they understood the need but they were too busy to help.\"\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nA New Movement Takes Shape\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And so, in 1961, Save the Bay was born as a campaign to stop cities from filling in the Bay. McLaughlin says it was not always a popular position to take. \"I got called all kinds of names, not very complementary,\" she recalls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But while developers complained, Save the Bay was growing as an organization, in ways that other groups hadn’t thought to do in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Warning-sign_adj.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-25956\" title=\"Warning sign_adj\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Warning-sign_adj-297x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"297\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They very wisely turned themselves into a mass organization by charging $1 for membership,\" says UC Berkeley's Walker. \"And they very quickly had thousands, even tens of thousands of members within two years.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to its vast membership, Save the Bay rallied the media. Pete Seeger even wrote \u003ca href=\"http://new.music.yahoo.com/pete-seeger/tracks/70-miles--177241411\">a song about the Bay\u003c/a>, calling it a \"sludge puddle, sad and gray.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until this point, says Walker, environmentalism had been a small, elite movement. But Save the Bay changed that. It resembled other major movements of the day, civil rights, free speech, and, eventually, the anti-war movement: Popular movements of ordinary people, trying to change policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Save the Bay is absolutely there at the birth of that kind of popular environmentalism,\" says Walker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It Worked.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIn 1965, California passed the McAteer Petris Act, which created a new agency, the Bay Conservation and Development Commission, which has the power to stop development on the Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thanks to that, to the 1972 Clean Water Act and other laws, the bay is much cleaner. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/10/2011-10-17-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifty years ago, the shoreline of the San Francisco Bay was almost entirely privately owned. Even if you’d wanted to go down and sit by the water, you couldn’t have. And you probably wouldn't have wanted to in the first place, says David Lewis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The bay was choked with sewage and toxic waste. There were no environmental laws, no regulations. The bay was really dying before our eyes.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25953\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 350px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/bayside-junk.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-25953\" title=\"bayside junk\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/bayside-junk-350x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"350\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The SF Bay was a convenient place fo dump garbage.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lewis is executive director of Save the Bay. For decades, he says, the bay had functioned as official and unofficial trash dump for nearly every city on its perimeter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nSan Francisco Bay's Grim Future\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dumping garbage into the bay wasn’t only convenient, it served the larger goal of getting rid of the bay entirely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There was a proposal by the Rockefeller brothers,\" says Lewis, \"to actually chop down the top of San Bruno Mountain and move it by conveyor belt to the west side of the bay, creating more fill the size of Manhattan out in the bay.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Richard Walker, a professor of geography at UC Berkeley, this was the ethos of the day: The bay served no purpose. To fill it up was to make it useful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We’d had the depression, the war. There was lot of money to be made in expanding cities, expanding highways, building bridges,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1959, the United States Army Corps of Engineers released a study showing that 70 percent of the San Francisco Bay could be filled and transformed into usable land. The City of Berkeley, meanwhile, had proposed to double its size by extending three miles into the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25954\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Esther-Kay-Sylvia_adj.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-25954\" title=\"Esther Kay Sylvia_adj\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Esther-Kay-Sylvia_adj-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Save the Bay's founders: Kay Kerr, Sylvia McLaughlin, and Esther Gulick\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This caught the attention of three Berkeley women: \u003ca href=\"http://articles.sfgate.com/2003-10-05/living/17512857_1_berkeley-hills-point-molate-shoreline\">Sylvia McLaughlin\u003c/a>, Catherine \"Kay\" Kerr, and Esther Gulick. Married to prominent UC Berkeley faculty members, the women had strong political connections in the area, as well as to local groups such as the Sierra Club.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They decided to call a meeting of local conservationists (the word \"environmentalist\" didn't exist yet). Once those activists found out about the plans for the bay, surely they'd swing into action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they didn't.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They were all busy doing their own things,\" recalls McLaughlin, who is now 94 and lives in the Berkeley hills. \"They were saving the redwoods, this and that. They said they they understood the need but they were too busy to help.\"\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nA New Movement Takes Shape\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And so, in 1961, Save the Bay was born as a campaign to stop cities from filling in the Bay. McLaughlin says it was not always a popular position to take. \"I got called all kinds of names, not very complementary,\" she recalls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But while developers complained, Save the Bay was growing as an organization, in ways that other groups hadn’t thought to do in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Warning-sign_adj.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-25956\" title=\"Warning sign_adj\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Warning-sign_adj-297x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"297\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They very wisely turned themselves into a mass organization by charging $1 for membership,\" says UC Berkeley's Walker. \"And they very quickly had thousands, even tens of thousands of members within two years.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to its vast membership, Save the Bay rallied the media. Pete Seeger even wrote \u003ca href=\"http://new.music.yahoo.com/pete-seeger/tracks/70-miles--177241411\">a song about the Bay\u003c/a>, calling it a \"sludge puddle, sad and gray.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until this point, says Walker, environmentalism had been a small, elite movement. But Save the Bay changed that. It resembled other major movements of the day, civil rights, free speech, and, eventually, the anti-war movement: Popular movements of ordinary people, trying to change policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Save the Bay is absolutely there at the birth of that kind of popular environmentalism,\" says Walker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It Worked.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIn 1965, California passed the McAteer Petris Act, which created a new agency, the Bay Conservation and Development Commission, which has the power to stop development on the Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thanks to that, to the 1972 Clean Water Act and other laws, the bay is much cleaner. And after decades of shrinking, it’s getting bigger, thanks to wetland restoration. That leaves a host of new challenges, including sea level rise and invasive species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But we’re starting from a different place now than we were in the sixties. And that is thanks to the deceptively simple idea that occurred to Sylvia McLaughlin, while looking out of her window, half a century ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is something we don’t have a lot of other places,\" she says \"and we have to take care of it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You can watch excerpts of the wonderful, four-part documentary \"Saving the Bay,\" on \u003ca href=\"http://www.savingthebay.org/\">the show's website\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/saving_the_bay_slideshow/_files/iframe.html?noscale=640x423\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"640\" height=\"423\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Guadalupe Island: Protecting Sharks through Ecotourism",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/WSAngle.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/WSAngle-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"WSAngle\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-25893\">\u003c/a>The shark slides effortlessly upwards, the gunmetal back blending imperceptibly from the backdrop of the deep blue sea. It isn’t until the animal turns sideways, revealing the broad fin and the great white grin that I realize a white shark is upon me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first time I visited Guadalupe Island-aka The Island of the great white shark-was under sail in the early nineteen eighties. A rugged and desert island one hundred fifty miles off the coast of Baja California, the island itself was then only inhabited by goats and a fish camp. The deepwater anchorage provided little shelter from the swell and above water the island felt remote and spooky. But beneath the surface I experienced a rich marine ecosystem from abalone to giant kelp to Guadalupe Fur Seals. During that voyage we didn’t experience a white shark, but on a recent last trip aboard a Mexican ecotourism boat we experienced five in one dive. Like the Farrallon Islands off San Francisco, Guadalupe is as an aggregation site for white sharks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week I joined four Italian photographers, three Japanese and six Americans on a \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_jTtKDFYkWw&feature=youtu.be\">Mexican Shark watching vessel\u003c/a> to enter cages and experience what it is like to be in the water with a great white shark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All trained SCUBA divers, I was surprised at how little my fellow passengers- all educated and experienced divers- knew about sharks, threats to sharks and shark conservation. During our five days aboard I was able to raise awareness via video and shorts talks peppered by the real action in the water. Seeing a white shark swim is like nothing else and the sharks made a clear impression on us all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can look at the statistics. For example, millions of sharks are killed each year for their fins. Countless millions of others harks are killed as bycatch in longline fishery. As many as ninety percent of some pelagic sharks are now missing from the ocean, and one third of these are on the IUCN Red List and threatened with extinction. Great white sharks are one of the few species internationally protected with trade restrictions, yet white shark fins are coveted and the Pacific population hovers around 1000 individuals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet sharks get a bad rap. My colleague at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\">California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a>, Dr. John McCosker points out that in the last one hundred years, there have been round 100 white shark attacks in our State waters, with a 10% fatality. The odds of getting killed (if you even enter the water) are greater by simply crossing the street.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How many people actually ever get to see a white shark?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Statistics pale when watching a white shark swim. You are left with the feeling that these sharks belong and we are the interlopers. Unless we reconsider our views on sharks, white sharks could easily go extinct in our lifetimes. But tourists like these might hold the hope. Click, click, the shutters fire as sharks swim past an arm’s reach. Click click fire the synapses as the mind wonders at the size and power of this amazingly adapted beast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Risks\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interacting with wildlife, especially top predators can be thrilling, but can it also be dangerous.\u003cbr>\nWildlife tourism has been long established in the terrestrial environment, but not without problems. Animals and tourists have been killed through negligence and greed. Eventually, guidelines have been established in many regions to protect both the tourists and the wildlife such as tigers and elephants from harm. Many have strict rules like the tours lead through \u003ca href=\"http://www.seethewild.org/57/see-wild-cats.html\">SEEtheWILD\u003c/a>. Profits raised through the tourism are directed towards enforcement or conservation but just as important, local jobs are created. Some of these jobs go to the very people who once harvested or poached the animals after protective laws were established. In Baja, Grey Whale Expeditions lead by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.acs-sfbay.org/index.html\">American Cetacean Society\u003c/a> or events lead by local naturalists of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ocr.org/\">Ocean Conservation Society\u003c/a> allow people an enjoyable first hand experience and provides a valuable economic influx to areas without other options outside of fishing.\u003cbr>\nLast year I accompanied a sea turtle operation lead through \u003ca href=\"http://www.seeturtles.org/\">SEE Turtles\u003c/a> tagging and tracking sea turtles in Baja. \u003ca href=\"http://youtu.be/KWvGVZTyQmY\">The tourists\u003c/a> benefit from hands on experience and learn about the ecology of the animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The guides benefit by employment. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.seaturtles.org/\">turtle populations\u003c/a> benefit by more eyes and hearts looking out for their population. Scientists benefit through more data provided by the citizen scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More Valuable Alive the Dead\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like the terrestrial analogue, shark watching operations have experienced a few glitches along the way. These include an over saturation of operations in South Africa leading to overuse of chum and feed impacting the local ecology, altering the shark’s behavior, impacts of sharks with cages and boats and allegations of increased shark attacks. Some non-cage operations in the Bahamas have lead to the accidental death of photographers by Tiger sharks. This has lead to serious restrictions/elimination of chumming and shark/object interactions. However, through government and self regulation my experience at the Farallones and Guadalupe Island is that operators are cleaning up their acts and working for shark conservation. Increasingly via first- hand experience people are observing the beauty and power of sharks, and understanding their importance through shark and shark cage diving. Today, \u003ca href=\"http://www.greatwhiteadventures.com/farallon_details.html\">white shark watching\u003c/a> occurs off the Farallon Islands under permit by the Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary requiring trained naturalists and using strict best watching practices. Many countries like Palau and the Bahamas are banning not only shark finning, but all shark fishing and are benefiting form shark tourism. Sharks are worth more alive than dead. A recent study on the economics of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/02/science/earth/02shark.html\">shark tourism\u003c/a> suggests one reef shark may bring up to two million dollars in its lifetime through tourism.\u003cbr>\nOn my recent trip to Guadalupe Island, the crew was entirely Mexican and their families helped with activities like provisioning and the vessel preparation. We also helped a local shark scientist \u003ca href=\"http://www.tiburonblanco.org/aboutus.html\">Mauricio Hoyos\u003c/a> who is engaged in research on the island, and the cage operators contribute to his non profit Tiburon Blanco. Our international team of divers were as amazed by the beauty of the sharks as they were incredulous of the travesty sharks are experiencing worldwide. Each walked away with increased respect both for the majesty of the shark and also for the need to protect them. In our home waters, white sharks are returning to the Sanctuary after migrating thousands of miles and tourists are starting to head west to visit them. We call it \u003ca href=\"http://seastewards.org/news/sharktober-celebrating-sharks/\">Sharktober\u003c/a> and all month Sea Stewards and partners will be celebrating sharks and all wildlife. More on learning about and celebrating the shark can be found at \u003ca href=\"http://www.seastewards.org/\">Sea Stewards\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let sharks live.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet sharks get a bad rap. My colleague at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\">California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a>, Dr. John McCosker points out that in the last one hundred years, there have been round 100 white shark attacks in our State waters, with a 10% fatality. The odds of getting killed (if you even enter the water) are greater by simply crossing the street.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How many people actually ever get to see a white shark?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Statistics pale when watching a white shark swim. You are left with the feeling that these sharks belong and we are the interlopers. Unless we reconsider our views on sharks, white sharks could easily go extinct in our lifetimes. But tourists like these might hold the hope. Click, click, the shutters fire as sharks swim past an arm’s reach. Click click fire the synapses as the mind wonders at the size and power of this amazingly adapted beast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Risks\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interacting with wildlife, especially top predators can be thrilling, but can it also be dangerous.\u003cbr>\nWildlife tourism has been long established in the terrestrial environment, but not without problems. Animals and tourists have been killed through negligence and greed. Eventually, guidelines have been established in many regions to protect both the tourists and the wildlife such as tigers and elephants from harm. Many have strict rules like the tours lead through \u003ca href=\"http://www.seethewild.org/57/see-wild-cats.html\">SEEtheWILD\u003c/a>. Profits raised through the tourism are directed towards enforcement or conservation but just as important, local jobs are created. Some of these jobs go to the very people who once harvested or poached the animals after protective laws were established. In Baja, Grey Whale Expeditions lead by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.acs-sfbay.org/index.html\">American Cetacean Society\u003c/a> or events lead by local naturalists of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ocr.org/\">Ocean Conservation Society\u003c/a> allow people an enjoyable first hand experience and provides a valuable economic influx to areas without other options outside of fishing.\u003cbr>\nLast year I accompanied a sea turtle operation lead through \u003ca href=\"http://www.seeturtles.org/\">SEE Turtles\u003c/a> tagging and tracking sea turtles in Baja. \u003ca href=\"http://youtu.be/KWvGVZTyQmY\">The tourists\u003c/a> benefit from hands on experience and learn about the ecology of the animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The guides benefit by employment. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.seaturtles.org/\">turtle populations\u003c/a> benefit by more eyes and hearts looking out for their population. Scientists benefit through more data provided by the citizen scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More Valuable Alive the Dead\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like the terrestrial analogue, shark watching operations have experienced a few glitches along the way. These include an over saturation of operations in South Africa leading to overuse of chum and feed impacting the local ecology, altering the shark’s behavior, impacts of sharks with cages and boats and allegations of increased shark attacks. Some non-cage operations in the Bahamas have lead to the accidental death of photographers by Tiger sharks. This has lead to serious restrictions/elimination of chumming and shark/object interactions. However, through government and self regulation my experience at the Farallones and Guadalupe Island is that operators are cleaning up their acts and working for shark conservation. Increasingly via first- hand experience people are observing the beauty and power of sharks, and understanding their importance through shark and shark cage diving. Today, \u003ca href=\"http://www.greatwhiteadventures.com/farallon_details.html\">white shark watching\u003c/a> occurs off the Farallon Islands under permit by the Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary requiring trained naturalists and using strict best watching practices. Many countries like Palau and the Bahamas are banning not only shark finning, but all shark fishing and are benefiting form shark tourism. Sharks are worth more alive than dead. A recent study on the economics of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/02/science/earth/02shark.html\">shark tourism\u003c/a> suggests one reef shark may bring up to two million dollars in its lifetime through tourism.\u003cbr>\nOn my recent trip to Guadalupe Island, the crew was entirely Mexican and their families helped with activities like provisioning and the vessel preparation. We also helped a local shark scientist \u003ca href=\"http://www.tiburonblanco.org/aboutus.html\">Mauricio Hoyos\u003c/a> who is engaged in research on the island, and the cage operators contribute to his non profit Tiburon Blanco. Our international team of divers were as amazed by the beauty of the sharks as they were incredulous of the travesty sharks are experiencing worldwide. Each walked away with increased respect both for the majesty of the shark and also for the need to protect them. In our home waters, white sharks are returning to the Sanctuary after migrating thousands of miles and tourists are starting to head west to visit them. We call it \u003ca href=\"http://seastewards.org/news/sharktober-celebrating-sharks/\">Sharktober\u003c/a> and all month Sea Stewards and partners will be celebrating sharks and all wildlife. More on learning about and celebrating the shark can be found at \u003ca href=\"http://www.seastewards.org/\">Sea Stewards\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25851\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Meter.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-25851\" title=\"Meter\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Meter-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A PG&E SmartMeter on a Bay Area home. (Photo: Lauren Sommer)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Smart meters have arrived for many Californians. More than 11 million have been installed by electric utilities in the state, with PG&E leading the way. The new meters digitally track a household's energy use. So, for the first time, we can see our daily and even hourly data online (with a one-day lag before it's posted).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies have shown that consumers reduce their energy use when they have access to this information. But as PG&E and other utilities have discovered, raw energy data doesn't mean much to most of us (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/in-a-sea-of-energy-data-utilities-try-to-inspire-conservation/\">including me in this week's QUEST story\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A number of clean tech start-ups and major corporations are jumping into this space, trying to bridge the gap between hardware (meter) and well, \"soft\"-ware (consumers).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting busy people to change their behavior is no simple task. So I spoke to two companies that have worked with PG&E and other utilities on this problem. Both \u003ca href=\"http://opower.com/\">Opower \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://www.silverspringnet.com/\">Silver Springs Networks\u003c/a> have designed the web portals that consumers see when they log into their utility accounts. They're designed not just to make us understand, but to inspire us to use less energy in our daily lives. I asked Dan Yates of Opower and Eric Dresselhuys of Silver Spring Networks what lessons they've learned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lesson 1: Keep Up with the Joneses \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might think that saving the planet would be enough of a reason to guilt us into energy conservation. But it turns out that our competitive streak is a bigger motivator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The companies' websites show customers how their energy use compares to similar houses in their neighborhood. Don't worry - they're not publishing exactly how much electricity the Smiths use down the street. But the companies say knowing how you compare to others is a powerful motivation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not shame,\" says Yates of Opower. \"It is really just recognizing an addressable opportunity to reduce usage. If I have a $250 utility bill, I don't really know how much I can save. But as soon as I know that a similar home in my neighborhood is paying $150, suddenly I feel like I have an addressable gap of $100 that I want to pay attention.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's called \"normative comparison\" in the behavioral science world. And Dresselhuys agrees. \"People don't like to lose. People start to wonder why they use so much more than their neighbor does and they start to dig into it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opower is rolling out new social features later this year that allow customers to compare themselves to friends on Facebook. \"It puts the information in a context that's relevant to people. We've seen the power of the neighbor comparison and we're taking it to the next level with the friend comparison,\" says Yates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lesson 2: Provide Concrete Advice\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once you get people's attention, they need specific recommendations to take action on – and those recommendations need to be doable, say Yates. \"People don't want data, they want insights.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I always joke that my mom is my litmus test. And I know that she would never spend a minute looking at raw energy data. But what she would love to find out is that her freezer is very energy intensive and it would be worth it to buy a new one,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opower is working with PG&E to roll out a new web portal to customers by the end of the year. Using smart meter data, they can analyze a household's energy use and break it into four categories: heating, cooling, base load (like refrigerator and DVR) and everything else (like lighting and TV watching).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heating and cooling makes up half of a home's energy use on average. Yates says reducing your heating and cooling load is one of the easiest ways to save energy and reduce your bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lesson 3: Get Information Out There\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The average customer isn't getting up in the morning and checking their energy use data,\" says Yates. Emails, text messages and plain old snail mail are crucial for getting customers to pay attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eric Dresselhuys says mobile devices, including iPhone apps, are making it much easier. \"You can get a text if your electricity usage is getting high. Or the utility can send a message on peak days when they need customers to conserve energy,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Letting customers know what their bill will be is also a good way to get their attention. \"Today, getting your utility bill is like shopping for groceries all month long and never seeing a bill until the end of the month,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lesson 4: Set a Goal\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember those gold stars in elementary school? It turns out we still like to be rewarded when we achieve something.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we see is that getting people to go after a goal, even 5%, has a big impact,\" says Yates. When they track a customer's progress towards a goal, Yates says it helps them save energy, no matter the size of the goal. \"It's applicable even if you're at the very bottom of the pile and use a ton of energy,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lesson 5: Tell People When They Do Well but Don't Overdo it\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Say you're super energy efficient, turning off lights and power strips in your house with unrelenting dedication. If your utility tells you that you're head and shoulders above everyone else, chances are you'll stop trying so hard. \"This was a concerning outcome of earlier studies we did,\" says Yates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's been seen in other scenarios. There was an anti-drinking campaign called ‘two beers is enough' at college campuses. There were non-drinkers who started thinking ‘if the campus is telling me two is enough, maybe I should drink more beer,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We've designed our reports so everyone has a goal in front of them,\" says Yates. It's always good to reward people for doing a good job, but Yates says they stay away from telling people if they're achieving way above expectations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lesson 6: The Smart Grid is Probably Smarter without Consumers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Home automation, as its known, is almost a holy grail for utilities. If technology can take care of energy conservation, then customers don't have do remember to do it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is that on peak days, when the utility needs to conserve energy, it can send a message to a customer's smart meter. The meter is connected to the thermostat over a Home Area Network, so the thermostat adjusts itself by a few degrees to conserve electricity. Customers can opt-out anytime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both the carrot and stick in this case comes in the form of a varied pricing plan. During hot afternoons or so-called \"peak events,\" electricity would be more expensive. So the customer has the potential to save money by shifting their energy use later in the evening when power is cheaper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dresselhuys says they saw the potential of this in a pilot with Oklahoma Gas & Electric customers. \"The more automation in the home, the higher the level of savings. Using that home automation about doubles the amount of money they can save,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/Radio6-2-EnergyBehavior2//_files/iframe.html?noscale=640x423\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"640\" height=\"423\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25851\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Meter.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-25851\" title=\"Meter\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Meter-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A PG&E SmartMeter on a Bay Area home. (Photo: Lauren Sommer)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Smart meters have arrived for many Californians. More than 11 million have been installed by electric utilities in the state, with PG&E leading the way. The new meters digitally track a household's energy use. So, for the first time, we can see our daily and even hourly data online (with a one-day lag before it's posted).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies have shown that consumers reduce their energy use when they have access to this information. But as PG&E and other utilities have discovered, raw energy data doesn't mean much to most of us (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/in-a-sea-of-energy-data-utilities-try-to-inspire-conservation/\">including me in this week's QUEST story\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A number of clean tech start-ups and major corporations are jumping into this space, trying to bridge the gap between hardware (meter) and well, \"soft\"-ware (consumers).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting busy people to change their behavior is no simple task. So I spoke to two companies that have worked with PG&E and other utilities on this problem. Both \u003ca href=\"http://opower.com/\">Opower \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://www.silverspringnet.com/\">Silver Springs Networks\u003c/a> have designed the web portals that consumers see when they log into their utility accounts. They're designed not just to make us understand, but to inspire us to use less energy in our daily lives. I asked Dan Yates of Opower and Eric Dresselhuys of Silver Spring Networks what lessons they've learned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lesson 1: Keep Up with the Joneses \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might think that saving the planet would be enough of a reason to guilt us into energy conservation. But it turns out that our competitive streak is a bigger motivator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The companies' websites show customers how their energy use compares to similar houses in their neighborhood. Don't worry - they're not publishing exactly how much electricity the Smiths use down the street. But the companies say knowing how you compare to others is a powerful motivation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not shame,\" says Yates of Opower. \"It is really just recognizing an addressable opportunity to reduce usage. If I have a $250 utility bill, I don't really know how much I can save. But as soon as I know that a similar home in my neighborhood is paying $150, suddenly I feel like I have an addressable gap of $100 that I want to pay attention.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's called \"normative comparison\" in the behavioral science world. And Dresselhuys agrees. \"People don't like to lose. People start to wonder why they use so much more than their neighbor does and they start to dig into it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opower is rolling out new social features later this year that allow customers to compare themselves to friends on Facebook. \"It puts the information in a context that's relevant to people. We've seen the power of the neighbor comparison and we're taking it to the next level with the friend comparison,\" says Yates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lesson 2: Provide Concrete Advice\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once you get people's attention, they need specific recommendations to take action on – and those recommendations need to be doable, say Yates. \"People don't want data, they want insights.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I always joke that my mom is my litmus test. And I know that she would never spend a minute looking at raw energy data. But what she would love to find out is that her freezer is very energy intensive and it would be worth it to buy a new one,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opower is working with PG&E to roll out a new web portal to customers by the end of the year. Using smart meter data, they can analyze a household's energy use and break it into four categories: heating, cooling, base load (like refrigerator and DVR) and everything else (like lighting and TV watching).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heating and cooling makes up half of a home's energy use on average. Yates says reducing your heating and cooling load is one of the easiest ways to save energy and reduce your bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lesson 3: Get Information Out There\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The average customer isn't getting up in the morning and checking their energy use data,\" says Yates. Emails, text messages and plain old snail mail are crucial for getting customers to pay attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eric Dresselhuys says mobile devices, including iPhone apps, are making it much easier. \"You can get a text if your electricity usage is getting high. Or the utility can send a message on peak days when they need customers to conserve energy,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Letting customers know what their bill will be is also a good way to get their attention. \"Today, getting your utility bill is like shopping for groceries all month long and never seeing a bill until the end of the month,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lesson 4: Set a Goal\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember those gold stars in elementary school? It turns out we still like to be rewarded when we achieve something.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we see is that getting people to go after a goal, even 5%, has a big impact,\" says Yates. When they track a customer's progress towards a goal, Yates says it helps them save energy, no matter the size of the goal. \"It's applicable even if you're at the very bottom of the pile and use a ton of energy,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lesson 5: Tell People When They Do Well but Don't Overdo it\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Say you're super energy efficient, turning off lights and power strips in your house with unrelenting dedication. If your utility tells you that you're head and shoulders above everyone else, chances are you'll stop trying so hard. \"This was a concerning outcome of earlier studies we did,\" says Yates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's been seen in other scenarios. There was an anti-drinking campaign called ‘two beers is enough' at college campuses. 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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/10/2011-10-10-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25820\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Smart-home-640.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-25820\" title=\"Smart-home-640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Smart-home-640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A \"smart\" demonstration home set up by Southern California Edison. (Photo: Lauren Sommer)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California's electric utilities have installed more than 11 million smart meters in homes and businesses around the state. Which means for the first time, customers can see how much electricity they're using every hour, instead of once-a-month when the bill comes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consumers use less energy, studies have shown, when they can see that real-time data. But getting customers to pay attention in the first place may be the biggest hurdle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Digital smart meters provide a stream of energy use data, which industry analysts say has the potential to remake our homes. That's evident just outside of Los Angeles, where \u003ca href=\"http://www.sce.com/default.htm\">Southern California Edison\u003c/a> has set up a \"smart\" demonstration home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Above us we have photovoltaic solar panels to the left used for generating electricity and a solar thermal water heating system,\" says Cynthia Miller as she leads a tour of the \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.sce.com/b-sb/energy-centers/ctac/tour-ctac/smart-energy-experience.htm\">Smart Energy Experience\u003c/a>.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You might notice that we have some nice appliances,\" she says, pointing to the kitchen. The house is a green gadget-lovers dream. There's an electric car in the garage, LED lights, and a \"smart\" washing machine that communicates with the dryer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They're able to talk to each other so the washer can tell the dryer what its washing and the dryer can determine the optimal heat setting for that particular load of laundry,\" Miller says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's also a small screen in the kitchen that shows how much power the house is using at any given moment. Miller demonstrates what happens when you turn the toaster on. \"And we'll see a jump here... and there we go. The jump happened and it's 1.7 kilowatts at 41 cents per hour.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The real intelligence of this house is its ability to communicate with the electric grid through its \u003ca href=\"http://www.sdge.com/smartmeter/homeAreaNetwork.shtml\">Home Area Network\u003c/a>. So on a hot summer day, when SCE is cranking out power, the utility could send a message to your house that kicks your home into conservation mode.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You notice my lights have dimmed, the ceiling fan turned on, the shades are coming down,\" says Miller. The thermostat turns up to 73 degrees and the air-conditioning shuts off. SCE would offer this as a voluntary program with financial incentives to sweeten the deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You know, what we anticipate is the awareness is really going to drive a change in behavior for our customers because this information is compelling,\" says Miller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Swimming in a Sea of Data\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, our homes today aren't quite as advanced. That's evident every time I log into my \u003ca href=\"http://www.pge.com/smartmeter/\">PG&E SmartMeter account\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25873\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/PGE-current21.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-25873\" title=\"PGE current2\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/PGE-current21.jpg\" alt=\"My home energy use on PG&E's website.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">My home energy use on PG&E's website.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>My account shows charts of my home's daily and hourly energy use. But, for the average consumer like me, it doesn't tell me a lot. I see a few spikes in the chart where clearly my husband and I used more electricity, but what caused it? Neither of us could figure it out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For most people, including for me, that really is not very useful information,\" says Jim Sweeney, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://peec.stanford.edu/index.php\">Precourt Energy Efficiency Center\u003c/a> at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies have shown that consumers reduce their energy use by as much as 10 percent when they have smart meter data like mine. Sweeney says they also studied that with a group of Google employees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The results have been very disappointing. In the first month, there was a significant reduction of energy use, but by end of three or four months, they were back to the same amount. This becomes an interesting toy or gimmick for people at first, but then they get tired of doing it and they revert right back to the old behavior patterns,\" Sweeney says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No One Said Change Was Easy\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sweeney says using electricity in our homes is a lot like going grocery shopping in a store with no price tags. \"There are flank steak and chuck steak and hamburger. But you've never seen a price tag ever in a grocery store. How good a shopper would you be with that little information?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are reasons to pay attention to energy, whether it's to reduce your carbon footprint or save money on your utility bill. But even though electricity may seem expensive, Sweeney says it's only a small part of the average household's income.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We use 2.3 percent of our disposable personal income for electricity, natural gas and all other energy in the house. So if you have work hard to save that, you're probably not going to do it,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sweeney believes the key is to attach a price tag to the decisions we make the second we make them. So, if you turn up your air conditioning, the thermostat tells you how much more you're spending.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technology to do that isn't far away. Today's smart meters already have the capability to talk to your house through a home area network. The California Public Utilities Commission also \u003ca href=\"http://docs.cpuc.ca.gov/published/News_release/140316.htm\">recently ruled\u003c/a> that utilities must make customers' energy use data available to third-party companies that sell home energy management systems, if a customer purchases one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But utilities have a long way to go to get customers to think this way. Only 20 percent of PG&E customers have set up online accounts. And according to one study, consumers interact with their utilities for only six minutes a year on average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Clean Tech Companies Search for the Secret Recipe\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have to get it right when we have those six minutes,\" says Dan Yates, CEO of \u003ca href=\"http://opower.com/\">Opower\u003c/a>, a smart grid technology company that's trying to find the secret sauce of behavioral change. PG&E has hired Opower to redesign the website I was looking at. (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/07/what-makes-us-conserve-energy-6-lessons-from-the-smart-grid/\">Check out a preview here\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People don't want data, they want insights. So, I always joke that my mom is my litmus test. And I know that she would never spend a minute looking at raw energy data. But what she would love to find out is that her freezer is very energy intensive,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working with other utilities, Opower says their program has helped households cut their energy use by one to three percent and the change sticks. They do that by showing customers how their energy use compares to similar homes in their neighborhood. (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/07/what-makes-us-conserve-energy-6-lessons-from-the-smart-grid/\">More about what motivates us\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not shame. It is really just recognizing an addressable opportunity to reduce usage. And then when you start to have people's attention, the key comes down to have relevant, targeting insights,\" says Yates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yates says for utilities that are used to dealing with hardware, working with behavioral science is a new challenge. But it's one with the potential to remake the way we consume energy. PG&E's redesigned SmartMeter website will be available by the end of the year.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Smart meters are providing California households with their hourly and daily energy use information for the first time. Consumers use less electricity, studies have shown, when they can see that data. But getting them to pay attention to energy in the first place may be the biggest hurdle.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/10/2011-10-10-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25820\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Smart-home-640.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-25820\" title=\"Smart-home-640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Smart-home-640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A \"smart\" demonstration home set up by Southern California Edison. (Photo: Lauren Sommer)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California's electric utilities have installed more than 11 million smart meters in homes and businesses around the state. Which means for the first time, customers can see how much electricity they're using every hour, instead of once-a-month when the bill comes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consumers use less energy, studies have shown, when they can see that real-time data. But getting customers to pay attention in the first place may be the biggest hurdle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Digital smart meters provide a stream of energy use data, which industry analysts say has the potential to remake our homes. That's evident just outside of Los Angeles, where \u003ca href=\"http://www.sce.com/default.htm\">Southern California Edison\u003c/a> has set up a \"smart\" demonstration home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Above us we have photovoltaic solar panels to the left used for generating electricity and a solar thermal water heating system,\" says Cynthia Miller as she leads a tour of the \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.sce.com/b-sb/energy-centers/ctac/tour-ctac/smart-energy-experience.htm\">Smart Energy Experience\u003c/a>.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You might notice that we have some nice appliances,\" she says, pointing to the kitchen. The house is a green gadget-lovers dream. There's an electric car in the garage, LED lights, and a \"smart\" washing machine that communicates with the dryer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They're able to talk to each other so the washer can tell the dryer what its washing and the dryer can determine the optimal heat setting for that particular load of laundry,\" Miller says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's also a small screen in the kitchen that shows how much power the house is using at any given moment. Miller demonstrates what happens when you turn the toaster on. \"And we'll see a jump here... and there we go. The jump happened and it's 1.7 kilowatts at 41 cents per hour.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The real intelligence of this house is its ability to communicate with the electric grid through its \u003ca href=\"http://www.sdge.com/smartmeter/homeAreaNetwork.shtml\">Home Area Network\u003c/a>. So on a hot summer day, when SCE is cranking out power, the utility could send a message to your house that kicks your home into conservation mode.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You notice my lights have dimmed, the ceiling fan turned on, the shades are coming down,\" says Miller. The thermostat turns up to 73 degrees and the air-conditioning shuts off. SCE would offer this as a voluntary program with financial incentives to sweeten the deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You know, what we anticipate is the awareness is really going to drive a change in behavior for our customers because this information is compelling,\" says Miller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Swimming in a Sea of Data\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, our homes today aren't quite as advanced. That's evident every time I log into my \u003ca href=\"http://www.pge.com/smartmeter/\">PG&E SmartMeter account\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25873\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/PGE-current21.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-25873\" title=\"PGE current2\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/PGE-current21.jpg\" alt=\"My home energy use on PG&E's website.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">My home energy use on PG&E's website.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>My account shows charts of my home's daily and hourly energy use. But, for the average consumer like me, it doesn't tell me a lot. I see a few spikes in the chart where clearly my husband and I used more electricity, but what caused it? Neither of us could figure it out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For most people, including for me, that really is not very useful information,\" says Jim Sweeney, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://peec.stanford.edu/index.php\">Precourt Energy Efficiency Center\u003c/a> at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies have shown that consumers reduce their energy use by as much as 10 percent when they have smart meter data like mine. Sweeney says they also studied that with a group of Google employees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The results have been very disappointing. In the first month, there was a significant reduction of energy use, but by end of three or four months, they were back to the same amount. This becomes an interesting toy or gimmick for people at first, but then they get tired of doing it and they revert right back to the old behavior patterns,\" Sweeney says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No One Said Change Was Easy\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sweeney says using electricity in our homes is a lot like going grocery shopping in a store with no price tags. \"There are flank steak and chuck steak and hamburger. But you've never seen a price tag ever in a grocery store. How good a shopper would you be with that little information?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are reasons to pay attention to energy, whether it's to reduce your carbon footprint or save money on your utility bill. But even though electricity may seem expensive, Sweeney says it's only a small part of the average household's income.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We use 2.3 percent of our disposable personal income for electricity, natural gas and all other energy in the house. So if you have work hard to save that, you're probably not going to do it,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sweeney believes the key is to attach a price tag to the decisions we make the second we make them. So, if you turn up your air conditioning, the thermostat tells you how much more you're spending.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technology to do that isn't far away. Today's smart meters already have the capability to talk to your house through a home area network. The California Public Utilities Commission also \u003ca href=\"http://docs.cpuc.ca.gov/published/News_release/140316.htm\">recently ruled\u003c/a> that utilities must make customers' energy use data available to third-party companies that sell home energy management systems, if a customer purchases one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But utilities have a long way to go to get customers to think this way. Only 20 percent of PG&E customers have set up online accounts. And according to one study, consumers interact with their utilities for only six minutes a year on average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Clean Tech Companies Search for the Secret Recipe\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have to get it right when we have those six minutes,\" says Dan Yates, CEO of \u003ca href=\"http://opower.com/\">Opower\u003c/a>, a smart grid technology company that's trying to find the secret sauce of behavioral change. PG&E has hired Opower to redesign the website I was looking at. (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/07/what-makes-us-conserve-energy-6-lessons-from-the-smart-grid/\">Check out a preview here\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People don't want data, they want insights. So, I always joke that my mom is my litmus test. And I know that she would never spend a minute looking at raw energy data. But what she would love to find out is that her freezer is very energy intensive,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working with other utilities, Opower says their program has helped households cut their energy use by one to three percent and the change sticks. They do that by showing customers how their energy use compares to similar homes in their neighborhood. (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/07/what-makes-us-conserve-energy-6-lessons-from-the-smart-grid/\">More about what motivates us\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not shame. It is really just recognizing an addressable opportunity to reduce usage. And then when you start to have people's attention, the key comes down to have relevant, targeting insights,\" says Yates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"imageAlt": "KQED The California Report",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/26099305-72af-4542-9dde-ac1807fe36d5/kqed-s-the-california-report",
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}
},
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"id": "californiareportmagazine",
"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Magazine-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/tcrmag/feed/podcast"
}
},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.cityarts.net/",
"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
"subscribe": {
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/City-Arts-and-Lectures-p692/",
"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
"title": "Close All Tabs",
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"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/CAT_2_Tile-scaled.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
"link": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
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"link": "/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy",
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},
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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}
},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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},
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
}
},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
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"here-and-now": {
"id": "here-and-now",
"title": "Here & Now",
"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
"id": "how-i-built-this",
"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
"meta": {
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/6c3dd23c-93fb-4aab-97ba-1725fa6315f1/hyphenaci%C3%B3n",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC2275451163"
}
},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
"meta": {
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/0OLWoyizopu6tY1XiuX70x",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-Our-Watch-p1436229/",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
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