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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/01/2012-01-23-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29622\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/IMG_4428.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/IMG_4428-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"IMG_4428\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-29622\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The new all-electric Nissan Leaf. (Photo: Josh Cassidy)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This week, California officials are voting on the toughest new regulations in the country to promote cleaner cars. If passed, by 2025, 15% of new cars and trucks sold in the state would have to be powered by batteries, hydrogen fuel cells or other technology that produces little or no air pollution. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These kind of tough mandates have been tried before and they failed. But officials are confident that era of electric vehicle as finally arrived in California. That’s becoming the case in the Bay Area, which has been a strong market for advanced cars since the first Prius came out a decade ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a Prius V,” says Joe Testa at Downtown Toyota in Oakland, showing one of \u003ca href=\"http://www.toyota.com/prius-hybrid-family/\">several new Prius models\u003c/a> that Toyota is releasing this year. “It’s the longer, wagon style, so it has a little more room.” Testa says there’s already a waiting list for the new Prius Plug-in, which comes out in March. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Toyota came out with hybrids ahead of other carmakers, maybe because the company anticipated changes in the market. Or, as some believe, it was due to a California state agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have been at the forefront of encouraging, and some would people would say forcing, new technologies. The Prius hybrid electric vehicle is an example of that,” says Tom Cackette. Chief Deputy Director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/homepage.htm\">California Air Resources Board\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California’s Clean Car History \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cackette says to see California’s legacy of shaping national car policy, you have to go back to 1975. The state had a growing smog problem, so the air board required cars to have catalytic converters. The federal government followed. California then \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/html/brochure/history.htm\">tightened air pollution rules\u003c/a> for cars. And tightened them again. “And almost in every case, the federal government would follow two, three, four, five years later.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, new cars emit 99 percent less smog than cars did in the 1960s. “It’s probably the most successful environmental program in the world,” says Cackette.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[box size=small align=right color=white]\u003cstrong>Clean car diaries\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s it like to drive an electric car on an everyday basis? \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/clean-car-diaries/\">Check out our new blog\u003c/a> with lessons from early adopters.[/box]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, California has a new goal: dramatically \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/cleanenergy/cleanenergy.htm\">cutting greenhouse gas emissions\u003c/a> to fight climate change. Transportation accounts for 40% of the state’s emissions. “The number one strategy to reduce greenhouse gases is these car standards,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/consumer_info/advanced_clean_cars/consumer_acc.htm\">The proposed standards\u003c/a> would cut greenhouse gas emissions from new cars in half by 2025. “We actually worked very closely under the federal government under the Obama Administration and we’ve jointly developed the standards. So they won’t just apply in California. But they’ll apply nationwide.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meeting these tougher standards will raise car prices by about $1900, but Cackette says those costs would be offset by fuel savings. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jumpstarting Electric Car Sales\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On top of that, California is taking an even bolder step, requiring automakers to sell increasing numbers of clean cars in the state. By 2025, they’d have to sell almost a million and half vehicles that run on electricity or hydrogen fuel cells. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The thing is – California has tried this before. And it didn’t work. “I guess I would call it a little too visionary perhaps,” says Cackette. In 1990, the Air Resources Board mandated that 10 percent of new car sales be “\u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/consumer_info/advanced_clean_cars/consumer_acc_technology.htm\">zero emission\u003c/a>” cars by 2003.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Obviously that didn’t happen. The price of gas was cheap in those times. The price of the technologies were high,” he says. The air board loosened the rules to include hybrid cars and cleaner gasoline engines, which he says drove carmakers to develop them faster. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, Cackette believes that technology has come of age. Nissan is selling the all-electric Leaf and Chevy is selling the Volt, a plug-in hybrid. And there’s another big difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Automakers Onboard \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The car manufacturers were adamantly opposed to the concept of government telling them they needed to build a new type of technology. That’s changed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You are seeing more agreement between automakers and California and the federal government,” agrees Gloria Bergquist, a spokeswoman for the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers in Washington DC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Automakers have invested billions of dollars in these technologies. And so in some ways we have similar interests. Our interest in recouping our investment is now aligned with the societal imperative to get more of these vehicles on the road,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bergquist says meeting the mandate calling for carmakers to sell a certain number of clean vehicles will ultimately depend on consumers. “There’s still a concern about what the consumer acceptance of these technologies is going to be and that can make a mandate very scary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Groups Push for Tougher Rules\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think California could be bolder,” says Don Anair is with the Union of Concerned Scientists, a non-profit group that supports even stronger clean car rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need that technology to advance for the technology cost to come down and make these vehicles accessible to more and more consumers. By having a more aggressive standard, that gives more certainty to investors that California is committed.” Anair wants to see tougher standards sooner rather than later, since it takes 15 years on average for the entire fleet of cars on the road to turn over. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the new rules are successful, electric cars could be adopted at a much faster pace. Tom Cackette of the Air Resources Board says they’re doing all they can to encourage consumers to buy them, including funding a popular rebate program and working with companies to build an electric car charging infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right now, you’ve got to sort of have a jumpstart to this whole process and in the absence of a jumpstart, there’s a chance that it will fail,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29644\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/ARB-chart.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/ARB-chart.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"ARB-chart\" width=\"600\" height=\"318\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29644\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/ARB-chart.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/ARB-chart-400x212.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A projection of how zero emissions vehicles like electric cars will be 87% of all cars on the road in California by 2025. Source: California Air Resources Board.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have been at the forefront of encouraging, and some would people would say forcing, new technologies. The Prius hybrid electric vehicle is an example of that,” says Tom Cackette. Chief Deputy Director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/homepage.htm\">California Air Resources Board\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California’s Clean Car History \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cackette says to see California’s legacy of shaping national car policy, you have to go back to 1975. The state had a growing smog problem, so the air board required cars to have catalytic converters. The federal government followed. California then \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/html/brochure/history.htm\">tightened air pollution rules\u003c/a> for cars. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right now, you’ve got to sort of have a jumpstart to this whole process and in the absence of a jumpstart, there’s a chance that it will fail,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29644\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/ARB-chart.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/ARB-chart.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"ARB-chart\" width=\"600\" height=\"318\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29644\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/ARB-chart.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/ARB-chart-400x212.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A projection of how zero emissions vehicles like electric cars will be 87% of all cars on the road in California by 2025. Source: California Air Resources Board.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>One of the first big lessons I learned as an electric car early adopter didn't happen out on the road but rather in my tax guy’s office. The lesson was this: if you are going to buy a clean car vehicle, plan ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like many folks, I was counting on a number of tax credits and rebates to help me afford the Nissan Leaf. I have already received the state of \u003ca href=\"https://energycenter.org/index.php/incentive-programs/clean-vehicle-rebate-project\">California’s 2,500 dollar rebate\u003c/a> (it took a little over two months). Also, Nissan sent me a $700 rebate to pay me back for having a fast charging port installed on my Leaf. Although there are no fast chargers out there yet, I guess it’s going to come in handy one day. But what I might not get is the federal tax credit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/19/life-with-the-leaf-missing-out-on-the-federal-tax-credit/finaltaxcredit/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29560\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-29560\" title=\"2011 EV tax credit\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/finaltaxcredit.jpg\" alt=\"2011 EV tax credit\" width=\"400\" height=\"220\">\u003c/a>I thought the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/taxevb.shtml\">clean car federal tax credit of $7,500 for EVs\u003c/a> was like the home buyers' credit from last year or like California’s solar panel credit -- but it is not a refund credit. You have to set it up so you owe the federal government an amount, then they will take if off. I didn’t do that so after an early December tax appointment I rushed to increase my exemptions for my last two paychecks of the year. I scrambled to see where I could get some other income. Anyway, I am probably not going to even get half the credit which makes my Leaf much more expensive than I originally planned for. I blame myself for not researching this but it’s all a bit confusing. I also had not planned ahead on a home charger. I had \u003ca href=\"http://www.pge.com/includes/docs/pdfs/mybusiness/customerservice/otherrequests/newconstruction/servicerequirements/electric_vehicle_bulletin.pdf\">PG&E come out to do a required EV inspection \u003c/a>but I did not buy a charger before I bought the car. Thus my new shiny Leaf sat in my driveway, unused, for a few weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Monday I’ll explain how I picked my home charger and how I got it and the installation for free\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See other posts from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/clean-car-diaries/\">this series\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "It's best to plan ahead when buying an electric car or you might miss out on important tax credits. Find out more from QUEST's new blog series, \"Life With The Leaf.\"",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>One of the first big lessons I learned as an electric car early adopter didn't happen out on the road but rather in my tax guy’s office. The lesson was this: if you are going to buy a clean car vehicle, plan ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like many folks, I was counting on a number of tax credits and rebates to help me afford the Nissan Leaf. I have already received the state of \u003ca href=\"https://energycenter.org/index.php/incentive-programs/clean-vehicle-rebate-project\">California’s 2,500 dollar rebate\u003c/a> (it took a little over two months). Also, Nissan sent me a $700 rebate to pay me back for having a fast charging port installed on my Leaf. Although there are no fast chargers out there yet, I guess it’s going to come in handy one day. But what I might not get is the federal tax credit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/19/life-with-the-leaf-missing-out-on-the-federal-tax-credit/finaltaxcredit/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29560\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-29560\" title=\"2011 EV tax credit\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/finaltaxcredit.jpg\" alt=\"2011 EV tax credit\" width=\"400\" height=\"220\">\u003c/a>I thought the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/taxevb.shtml\">clean car federal tax credit of $7,500 for EVs\u003c/a> was like the home buyers' credit from last year or like California’s solar panel credit -- but it is not a refund credit. You have to set it up so you owe the federal government an amount, then they will take if off. I didn’t do that so after an early December tax appointment I rushed to increase my exemptions for my last two paychecks of the year. I scrambled to see where I could get some other income. Anyway, I am probably not going to even get half the credit which makes my Leaf much more expensive than I originally planned for. I blame myself for not researching this but it’s all a bit confusing. I also had not planned ahead on a home charger. I had \u003ca href=\"http://www.pge.com/includes/docs/pdfs/mybusiness/customerservice/otherrequests/newconstruction/servicerequirements/electric_vehicle_bulletin.pdf\">PG&E come out to do a required EV inspection \u003c/a>but I did not buy a charger before I bought the car. Thus my new shiny Leaf sat in my driveway, unused, for a few weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Monday I’ll explain how I picked my home charger and how I got it and the installation for free\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See other posts from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/clean-car-diaries/\">this series\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Six Bay Area Cities Play the Waiting Game",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/01/2012-01-16-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/LBNL.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/LBNL.jpg\" alt=\"LBNL\" title=\"LBNL\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-29456\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/LBNL.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/LBNL-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This month may be the moment of truth for six Bay Area communities. Each one is vying to be the new home of a high-profile national research center. But when it comes to development in the Bay Area, there are no easy answers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oakland, Alameda, and Berkeley, Emeryville, Albany, and Richmond are the six cities in the running for what you might call the 2012 Cadillac of Bay Area Development Projects: A \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/community/second-campus/index.html\">new, second campus for the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bcdc.ca.gov/staff_roster.shtml\">Will Travis\u003c/a> – who, until recently, headed the Bay Conservation and Development Commission, a state agency that regulates building around the bay – says, sure, big development projects happen all the time in the Bay Area. But Lawrence Berkeley labs is what he calls \"a platinum level, marquee\" project. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since it was founded in 1931, thirteen Nobel prizes have been won on work done here. Sixteen elements added to the periodic table. World-famous innovations in medical science, alternative energy and atomic research that helped win World War II. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It reflects who we are as a society, a knowledge-based society,\" says Travis, \"and this is the epitome of that.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With a staff of \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/LBL-PID/Lab_Facts/index.html\">4,000 and a budget of more than $800 million\u003c/a>, the Lawrence Berkeley Lab has been overflowing its headquarters in the Berkeley Hills for some time. Research on \u003ca href=\"http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/news/news_detail.cfm/news_id=17669\">biofuels\u003c/a> and other fields has spilled over to satellite offices in Emeryville and Walnut Creek. The idea is to consolidate those operations into a second campus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For several Bay Area cities, this seems like a dream opportunity. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a blindingly sunny day in November, Alameda city development manager Jennifer Ott took me on a tour of Alameda's contender in the race: a 50-acre waterfront property in the Alameda Naval Air Station. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gesturing to what now looks like a concrete wasteland – albeit with a spectacular Bay view – Ott described a bustling campus and waterfront promenade. Retail shops and restaurants, a jogging path. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says when the Navy decommissioned the Air Station 15 years ago, the city lost thousands of jobs. The lab would be a chance to bring this area back to life. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cityofalamedaca.gov/City-Hall/Lawrence-Berkeley-National-Lab-Request-for-Qualification\">Alameda is offering the site\u003c/a> to the lab for free, which says a lot, especially when you consider that – as because it’s a national lab – the campus will contribute nothing in local property taxes \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ott says It’s still worth it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They will shop in our stores,\" says Ott, \"eat in our restaurants. And we also believe that they will attract other private development to the area that will bring tax revenue into the city and jobs.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The need for jobs unites all six of the possible sites. But here’s something else many of them have in common: They're flat and by the water. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that presents a problem that no one has much experience dealing with says Will Travis. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The fact that these areas are low-lying and vulnerable to sea level rise isn't something that's been integrated into regulatory process yet.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco Bay waters \u003ca href=\"http://www.bcdc.ca.gov/planning/climate_change/index_map.shtml\">are expected to rise\u003c/a> steadily in coming years: 16 inches by 2050, up to 55 inches by the end of the century. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the more imminent threat, says Travis, is storms. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The scientists are telling us that we will have more extreme events more often. And we’re seeing it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Travis believes that sea-level rise is something that can be designed around with stilts, or artificial hills, setbacks. His former agency, the BCDC is charged with writing those guidelines. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But at a certain point, says Heather Cooley, of the Oakland-based Pacific Institute, there will be places simply not worth developing. Places we will just abandon to the rising waters. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We will need to have those sorts of conversations,\" says Cooley. But she adds that nobody in the Bay Area seems quite ready to have them yet. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other hard conversations are taking place just north, near the Albany/Berkeley border at Golden Gate Fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the day I visited, a thoroughbred named \"I'm Tops\" is getting a pedicure, his hooves filed down and shiny new aluminum shoes fitted with nails and a hammer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is a dying art,\" said Peter Tunney, my guide and a member of the Stronach Group, the private racing firm that owns this racetrack and others. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tunney has been in the racing business most of his adult life. But he said betting had declined in recent years. Sometime, the grandstands were only half-full. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Horse racing, said Tunney, \"has become a television sport. We have all learned that we don’t need grandstands anymore.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Lawrence Berkeley \u003ca href=\"http://www.eastbayexpress.com/92510/archives/2011/03/08/golden-gate-fields-submits-bid-for-lawrence-berkeley-lab\">chooses this spot\u003c/a> to put its new campus, the racetrack, built in 1941, would be torn down. The lab would either buy the property, or lease it from the Stronach Group. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Racing would continue, said Tunney, just somewhere smaller inland like Pleasanton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're in the racing business. We’ll stay in the racing biz. We’re just following this through as a potential option.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the lab chooses \u003ca href=\"http://albany.patch.com/articles/new-berkeley-lab-design-comes-monday-from-golden-gate-fields\">Albany\u003c/a>, there will be some hurdles. Birders say the construction could damage precious habitat near the track.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And losing the track would cost the city of Albany about a million and a half tax dollars that it takes in from the track each year, money that funds its schools, among other things. By law, residents here would have the right to vote on whether to allow the lab or not, which could add time and risk to the process\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are no easy answers, says the BCDC's Will Travis. \"And I think that’s what’s taking so long. We have a series of imperfect alternatives.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://richmondconfidential.org/2011/05/10/richmond-named-as-finalist-in-lawrence-berkeley-national-lab-campus-bid/\">One final option \u003c/a>is to build out the Richmond Field Station, off of I-580, and just north of the racetrack. The Field station, which Lawrence Berkeley Lab already owns, currently houses several scientific projects, including an earthquake simulator and UC Berkeley's Forest Products Lab. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokesman for the lab says a decision should be out within the month. They hope to have the new facilities up and running by 2016. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/01/2012-01-16-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/LBNL.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/LBNL.jpg\" alt=\"LBNL\" title=\"LBNL\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-29456\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/LBNL.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/LBNL-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This month may be the moment of truth for six Bay Area communities. Each one is vying to be the new home of a high-profile national research center. But when it comes to development in the Bay Area, there are no easy answers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oakland, Alameda, and Berkeley, Emeryville, Albany, and Richmond are the six cities in the running for what you might call the 2012 Cadillac of Bay Area Development Projects: A \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/community/second-campus/index.html\">new, second campus for the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bcdc.ca.gov/staff_roster.shtml\">Will Travis\u003c/a> – who, until recently, headed the Bay Conservation and Development Commission, a state agency that regulates building around the bay – says, sure, big development projects happen all the time in the Bay Area. But Lawrence Berkeley labs is what he calls \"a platinum level, marquee\" project. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since it was founded in 1931, thirteen Nobel prizes have been won on work done here. Sixteen elements added to the periodic table. World-famous innovations in medical science, alternative energy and atomic research that helped win World War II. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It reflects who we are as a society, a knowledge-based society,\" says Travis, \"and this is the epitome of that.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With a staff of \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/LBL-PID/Lab_Facts/index.html\">4,000 and a budget of more than $800 million\u003c/a>, the Lawrence Berkeley Lab has been overflowing its headquarters in the Berkeley Hills for some time. Research on \u003ca href=\"http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/news/news_detail.cfm/news_id=17669\">biofuels\u003c/a> and other fields has spilled over to satellite offices in Emeryville and Walnut Creek. The idea is to consolidate those operations into a second campus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For several Bay Area cities, this seems like a dream opportunity. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a blindingly sunny day in November, Alameda city development manager Jennifer Ott took me on a tour of Alameda's contender in the race: a 50-acre waterfront property in the Alameda Naval Air Station. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gesturing to what now looks like a concrete wasteland – albeit with a spectacular Bay view – Ott described a bustling campus and waterfront promenade. Retail shops and restaurants, a jogging path. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says when the Navy decommissioned the Air Station 15 years ago, the city lost thousands of jobs. The lab would be a chance to bring this area back to life. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cityofalamedaca.gov/City-Hall/Lawrence-Berkeley-National-Lab-Request-for-Qualification\">Alameda is offering the site\u003c/a> to the lab for free, which says a lot, especially when you consider that – as because it’s a national lab – the campus will contribute nothing in local property taxes \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ott says It’s still worth it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They will shop in our stores,\" says Ott, \"eat in our restaurants. And we also believe that they will attract other private development to the area that will bring tax revenue into the city and jobs.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The need for jobs unites all six of the possible sites. But here’s something else many of them have in common: They're flat and by the water. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that presents a problem that no one has much experience dealing with says Will Travis. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The fact that these areas are low-lying and vulnerable to sea level rise isn't something that's been integrated into regulatory process yet.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco Bay waters \u003ca href=\"http://www.bcdc.ca.gov/planning/climate_change/index_map.shtml\">are expected to rise\u003c/a> steadily in coming years: 16 inches by 2050, up to 55 inches by the end of the century. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the more imminent threat, says Travis, is storms. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The scientists are telling us that we will have more extreme events more often. And we’re seeing it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Travis believes that sea-level rise is something that can be designed around with stilts, or artificial hills, setbacks. His former agency, the BCDC is charged with writing those guidelines. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But at a certain point, says Heather Cooley, of the Oakland-based Pacific Institute, there will be places simply not worth developing. Places we will just abandon to the rising waters. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We will need to have those sorts of conversations,\" says Cooley. But she adds that nobody in the Bay Area seems quite ready to have them yet. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other hard conversations are taking place just north, near the Albany/Berkeley border at Golden Gate Fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the day I visited, a thoroughbred named \"I'm Tops\" is getting a pedicure, his hooves filed down and shiny new aluminum shoes fitted with nails and a hammer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is a dying art,\" said Peter Tunney, my guide and a member of the Stronach Group, the private racing firm that owns this racetrack and others. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tunney has been in the racing business most of his adult life. But he said betting had declined in recent years. Sometime, the grandstands were only half-full. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Horse racing, said Tunney, \"has become a television sport. We have all learned that we don’t need grandstands anymore.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Lawrence Berkeley \u003ca href=\"http://www.eastbayexpress.com/92510/archives/2011/03/08/golden-gate-fields-submits-bid-for-lawrence-berkeley-lab\">chooses this spot\u003c/a> to put its new campus, the racetrack, built in 1941, would be torn down. The lab would either buy the property, or lease it from the Stronach Group. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Racing would continue, said Tunney, just somewhere smaller inland like Pleasanton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're in the racing business. We’ll stay in the racing biz. We’re just following this through as a potential option.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the lab chooses \u003ca href=\"http://albany.patch.com/articles/new-berkeley-lab-design-comes-monday-from-golden-gate-fields\">Albany\u003c/a>, there will be some hurdles. Birders say the construction could damage precious habitat near the track.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And losing the track would cost the city of Albany about a million and a half tax dollars that it takes in from the track each year, money that funds its schools, among other things. By law, residents here would have the right to vote on whether to allow the lab or not, which could add time and risk to the process\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are no easy answers, says the BCDC's Will Travis. \"And I think that’s what’s taking so long. We have a series of imperfect alternatives.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://richmondconfidential.org/2011/05/10/richmond-named-as-finalist-in-lawrence-berkeley-national-lab-campus-bid/\">One final option \u003c/a>is to build out the Richmond Field Station, off of I-580, and just north of the racetrack. The Field station, which Lawrence Berkeley Lab already owns, currently houses several scientific projects, including an earthquake simulator and UC Berkeley's Forest Products Lab. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokesman for the lab says a decision should be out within the month. They hope to have the new facilities up and running by 2016. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29306\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/12/life-with-the-leaf-lessons-from-an-early-adopter/nissan5/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29306\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/Nissan5.jpg\" alt=\"Test driving the Nissan Leaf\" title=\"Test driving the Nissan Leaf\" width=\"640\" height=\"365\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29306\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/Nissan5.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/Nissan5-400x228.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Test driving the Nissn Leaf. Photo: Josh Cassidy\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I never thought I would buy an electric car. But here I am, two months after purchase, zipping around in \u003ca href=\"http://www.nissanusa.com/leaf-electric-car/index#/leaf-electric-car/index\">Nissan’s all-electric Leaf\u003c/a> with not too many regrets. Sure, there have been some rude awakenings, wild mileage swings, the painful details of the federal tax credit, waiting for special diamond lane stickers and a disappointingly slow roll out of charging stations around the Bay Area. Over the next several months, I'll post regular updates on my experiences and invite other owners and would-be green car drivers to chime in. Here is my quick story to get us started.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>My Story\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in 2010, as I got ready to trade in my old, leaky Honda, I explored cleaner alternatives. As an editor and reporter on the environmental beat at KQED, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/series/130535115/a-mainstream-push-for-electric-cars\">I had a chance to test drive several types of upcoming green cars\u003c/a>, clean diesel, biodiesel, plug-in hybrids and all-electric cars. After all that research and test driving, here is what I came up with: Electric cars are totally cool and green, have this very smooth drive and quick acceleration but still too expensive with no information on resale value or any real charging infrastructure. Like many people, I had range anxiety before I even knew what the actual range would be. There were also alternatives. Why not wait for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.toyota.com/prius-plug-in/\">Plug-In Prius\u003c/a> or the upcoming \u003ca href=\"http://news.cnet.com/8301-11128_3-57342921-54/ford-focus-electric-to-hit-over-100-mpg-equivalent/?tag=mncol;txt\">all-electric Ford Focus\u003c/a> or go \u003ca href=\"http://auto.howstuffworks.com/fuel-efficiency/alternative-fuels/how-clean-diesel-fuel-works.htm\">clean diesel\u003c/a> or even \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiesel\">biodiesel\u003c/a> which would allow me to carry my fuel with me? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Clean Car Sticker\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have been commuting from my house in Oakland to San Francisco for 12 years. It takes an hour whether I drive or ride BART. The Bay Bridge is the bane of my existence. For years I have coveted those clean air stickers that allow drivers to go solo in the carpool lane. Since all solo hybrid drivers were kicked out of the diamond lane last year, all-electric, compressed natural gas and hydrogen fuel cell cars are the only ones under state law that qualify right now for a \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/carpool/carpool.htm\">clean vehicle white sticker.\u003c/a> Super clean plug-in-hybrids will qualify for a clean vehicle sticker starting this year. \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29388\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 352px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/12/life-with-the-leaf-lessons-from-an-early-adopter/nissan1-4/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29388\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/Nissan13.jpg\" alt=\"Negotiating for the Nissan Leaf\" title=\"Negotiating for the Nissan Leaf\" width=\"352\" height=\"235\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29388\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Negotiating for the Nissan Leaf. Photo: Nancy Warren\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I first made an online reservation with Nissan back in September of 2010. I filled out the specs that I thought I would like and put down a refundable $99 reservation fee. Finally, by last April my name had reached the top of the Nissan Leaf waiting list and I decided to place an order. Since I didn't have to pay until I picked up the car, I could still back out. More months went by as I tried to make a decision. I had never bought a new car before. Even with state and federal incentives, an electric car is a lot of money. By September I had two friends happily driving Leafs. The price and release date for the new plug-in Prius was not set and I had doubts about the price of clean diesel staying affordable. I also had doubts about hydrogen-powered cars. I am still waiting for the much touted, “Hydrogen Highway.” I couldn't afford the extended drive \u003ca href=\"http://www.chevrolet.com/volt-electric-car/\">Chevy Volt\u003c/a> or the high priced \u003ca href=\"http://www.teslamotors.com/\">Tesla Roadster\u003c/a>. And unlike the Volt, or the \u003ca href=\"http://www.caranddriver.com/reviews/2009-2010-volkswagen-golf-vi-20-tdi-diesel-first-drive-review\">VW clean Diesel\u003c/a> Golf or even used hybrids, the Leaf was the only one in that group, other than other electric cars, that would garner a carpool sticker. I jumped.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nCan I Make It Home From the Dealer?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In October, I was notified that my shiny black Leaf had arrived at my chosen dealer.\u003cbr>\nA friend had recommended North Bay Nissan in Petaluma because they seemed the most informed on the Leaf and offered a small discount off the final price. My first consideration was whether I could make it back to my home in the Oakland hills. The car was fully charged to 105 miles. It turned out that real-world driving got me home with 19 miles to spare. But first, I spent three hours learning how to drive the car, charge the car, service the car -- the ins and outs of the \u003ca href=\"http://reviews.cnet.com/coupe-hatchback/2011-nissan-leaf/4505-10867_7-33995888-2.html?tag=mncol;rvwBody\">Car Wings telematics system\u003c/a>, not to mention filling out endless paperwork. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29255\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 360px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/12/life-with-the-leaf-lessons-from-an-early-adopter/nissan2-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29255\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/Nissan21.jpg\" alt=\"Charging the Nissan Leaf\" title=\"Charging the Nissan Leaf\" width=\"360\" height=\"250\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29255\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">My first time charging the Nissan Leaf. Photo: Nancy Warren\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When all is said and done my Leaf cost $36,989.76. This included closing costs, delivery, taxes, my discount and a $700 Nissan rebate for a high-speed charging port. I received the rebate less than one month after buying the car. In just over two months I got my $2,500 rebate from the state. Now at $33,500, I expected another $7,500 back from the federal government to bring my grand total down to $26,000. I was in for a surprise.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cbr>\nStay tuned next week for my first big shock, the details about the federal tax credit and also how I chose my home charger. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See other posts from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/clean-car-diaries/\">this series\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29306\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/12/life-with-the-leaf-lessons-from-an-early-adopter/nissan5/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29306\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/Nissan5.jpg\" alt=\"Test driving the Nissan Leaf\" title=\"Test driving the Nissan Leaf\" width=\"640\" height=\"365\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29306\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/Nissan5.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/Nissan5-400x228.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Test driving the Nissn Leaf. Photo: Josh Cassidy\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I never thought I would buy an electric car. But here I am, two months after purchase, zipping around in \u003ca href=\"http://www.nissanusa.com/leaf-electric-car/index#/leaf-electric-car/index\">Nissan’s all-electric Leaf\u003c/a> with not too many regrets. Sure, there have been some rude awakenings, wild mileage swings, the painful details of the federal tax credit, waiting for special diamond lane stickers and a disappointingly slow roll out of charging stations around the Bay Area. Over the next several months, I'll post regular updates on my experiences and invite other owners and would-be green car drivers to chime in. Here is my quick story to get us started.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>My Story\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in 2010, as I got ready to trade in my old, leaky Honda, I explored cleaner alternatives. As an editor and reporter on the environmental beat at KQED, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/series/130535115/a-mainstream-push-for-electric-cars\">I had a chance to test drive several types of upcoming green cars\u003c/a>, clean diesel, biodiesel, plug-in hybrids and all-electric cars. After all that research and test driving, here is what I came up with: Electric cars are totally cool and green, have this very smooth drive and quick acceleration but still too expensive with no information on resale value or any real charging infrastructure. Like many people, I had range anxiety before I even knew what the actual range would be. There were also alternatives. Why not wait for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.toyota.com/prius-plug-in/\">Plug-In Prius\u003c/a> or the upcoming \u003ca href=\"http://news.cnet.com/8301-11128_3-57342921-54/ford-focus-electric-to-hit-over-100-mpg-equivalent/?tag=mncol;txt\">all-electric Ford Focus\u003c/a> or go \u003ca href=\"http://auto.howstuffworks.com/fuel-efficiency/alternative-fuels/how-clean-diesel-fuel-works.htm\">clean diesel\u003c/a> or even \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiesel\">biodiesel\u003c/a> which would allow me to carry my fuel with me? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Clean Car Sticker\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have been commuting from my house in Oakland to San Francisco for 12 years. It takes an hour whether I drive or ride BART. The Bay Bridge is the bane of my existence. For years I have coveted those clean air stickers that allow drivers to go solo in the carpool lane. Since all solo hybrid drivers were kicked out of the diamond lane last year, all-electric, compressed natural gas and hydrogen fuel cell cars are the only ones under state law that qualify right now for a \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/carpool/carpool.htm\">clean vehicle white sticker.\u003c/a> Super clean plug-in-hybrids will qualify for a clean vehicle sticker starting this year. \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29388\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 352px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/12/life-with-the-leaf-lessons-from-an-early-adopter/nissan1-4/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29388\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/Nissan13.jpg\" alt=\"Negotiating for the Nissan Leaf\" title=\"Negotiating for the Nissan Leaf\" width=\"352\" height=\"235\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29388\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Negotiating for the Nissan Leaf. Photo: Nancy Warren\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I first made an online reservation with Nissan back in September of 2010. I filled out the specs that I thought I would like and put down a refundable $99 reservation fee. Finally, by last April my name had reached the top of the Nissan Leaf waiting list and I decided to place an order. Since I didn't have to pay until I picked up the car, I could still back out. More months went by as I tried to make a decision. I had never bought a new car before. Even with state and federal incentives, an electric car is a lot of money. By September I had two friends happily driving Leafs. The price and release date for the new plug-in Prius was not set and I had doubts about the price of clean diesel staying affordable. I also had doubts about hydrogen-powered cars. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In October, I was notified that my shiny black Leaf had arrived at my chosen dealer.\u003cbr>\nA friend had recommended North Bay Nissan in Petaluma because they seemed the most informed on the Leaf and offered a small discount off the final price. My first consideration was whether I could make it back to my home in the Oakland hills. The car was fully charged to 105 miles. It turned out that real-world driving got me home with 19 miles to spare. But first, I spent three hours learning how to drive the car, charge the car, service the car -- the ins and outs of the \u003ca href=\"http://reviews.cnet.com/coupe-hatchback/2011-nissan-leaf/4505-10867_7-33995888-2.html?tag=mncol;rvwBody\">Car Wings telematics system\u003c/a>, not to mention filling out endless paperwork. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29255\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 360px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/12/life-with-the-leaf-lessons-from-an-early-adopter/nissan2-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29255\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/Nissan21.jpg\" alt=\"Charging the Nissan Leaf\" title=\"Charging the Nissan Leaf\" width=\"360\" height=\"250\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29255\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">My first time charging the Nissan Leaf. Photo: Nancy Warren\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When all is said and done my Leaf cost $36,989.76. This included closing costs, delivery, taxes, my discount and a $700 Nissan rebate for a high-speed charging port. I received the rebate less than one month after buying the car. In just over two months I got my $2,500 rebate from the state. Now at $33,500, I expected another $7,500 back from the federal government to bring my grand total down to $26,000. I was in for a surprise.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cbr>\nStay tuned next week for my first big shock, the details about the federal tax credit and also how I chose my home charger. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See other posts from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/clean-car-diaries/\">this series\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29087\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/09/the-benefits-of-radioactive-fallout/wolves/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29087\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/Wolves.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Wolves\" width=\"640\" height=\"362\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29087\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/Wolves.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/Wolves-400x226.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Animals are doing surprisingly well in the radioactive areas around Chernobyl.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Imagine people’s worst fears are realized and the nuclear power plant at \u003ca href=\"http://www.pge.com/myhome/edusafety/systemworks/dcpp/\">Diablo Canyon\u003c/a> here in California has a Chernobyl-style meltdown. The effects on people are obvious: high rates of thyroid and other cancers, permanent resettlement elsewhere, increased rates of birth defects and so on. But as the area around Chernobyl is showing, the effects on the environment may be more subtle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the break I watched a Nature special called, \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/episodes/radioactive-wolves/introduction/7108/\">Radioactive Wolves\u003c/a>\". This is a documentary about wildlife in a radioactive exclusion zone around Chernobyl.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though the area around Chernobyl is still so contaminated that humans can only go in for limited amounts of time, the wildlife appears to be doing surprisingly well. Birth defects are higher than in surrounding areas but life is thriving. Wolves are doing great, beavers have returned and everything looks hunky dory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This seemed strange to me. I would think that so much radiation should be having pretty severe effects on these animals. And as noted in this \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20002049\">in this NIH study\u003c/a>, for certain individuals it definitely is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The difference is in perspective. For the individual, the area around Chernobyl is terrible. Your kids have a higher rate of being stillborn or having birth defects, you have a much higher rate of developing various cancers, and so on. But for the species as a whole, things aren’t so bad. The higher background radiation appears to hardly be affecting their numbers at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now this isn’t to say that the initial fallout wasn’t catastrophic to wildlife. It was. Untold numbers of animals died a terrible death in Chernobyl’s aftermath.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the lucky survivors and new immigrants, though, Chernobyl is a different story. It is a chance to live a life without human interference. At least for now it looks like the high background radiation is preferable to man for these animals. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is important that scientists keep studying this ecosystem though. The DNA of the animals in this area are under constant attack from the radiation. There may come a tipping point where the genetic burden becomes too high and populations start to crash. We’ll have to wait and see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additional Reading: \u003ca href=\"http://tv.nytimes.com/2011/10/19/arts/television/radioactive-wolves-on-pbs-review.html\">NY Times Review of Radioactive Wolves\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now this isn’t to say that the initial fallout wasn’t catastrophic to wildlife. It was. Untold numbers of animals died a terrible death in Chernobyl’s aftermath.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the lucky survivors and new immigrants, though, Chernobyl is a different story. It is a chance to live a life without human interference. At least for now it looks like the high background radiation is preferable to man for these animals. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is important that scientists keep studying this ecosystem though. The DNA of the animals in this area are under constant attack from the radiation. There may come a tipping point where the genetic burden becomes too high and populations start to crash. We’ll have to wait and see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additional Reading: \u003ca href=\"http://tv.nytimes.com/2011/10/19/arts/television/radioactive-wolves-on-pbs-review.html\">NY Times Review of Radioactive Wolves\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/01/2012-01-02-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/bird-count-101.jpg\" alt=\"Kevin McKereghan, Audubon volunteer\" title=\"Kevin McKereghan, Audubon volunteer\" width=\"275\" height=\"191\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-28862\">In the final days of the holiday season, when shoppers were crowding malls and searching the internet for sales, Kevin McKereghan was also looking for a last-minute find. “Oop, there it is, all teed up for us, a peregrine,” exclaimed McKereghan. Bundled up in a heavy brown parka and a red and gold wool hat, he has just spotted a peregrine falcon on a wire.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nStarting at Dawn\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco audio engineer rose early to spend a cold December Sunday taking part in \u003ca href=\"http://birds.audubon.org/get-involved-christmas-bird-count\">the annual Audubon Christmas Bird Count\u003c/a>. During the last two weeks of every year, rain or shine, volunteers looking for birds spread out over 22,000 locations including such countries as Peru, Guam, Haiti, the U.S. and Canada. The count is one of the oldest, and largest, citizen science events in the world. \u003ca href=\"http://birds.audubon.org/history-christmas-bird-count\">The tradition\u003c/a> has been taking place since 1900, when birders proposed a ‘kinder’ alternative to an annual bird hunt – a bird survey that scientists now rely on to determine how bird populations are changing. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.goldengateaudubon.org/birding-resources/christmas-bird-counts/\"> \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28913\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/a-census-for-the-birds/oyster-catcher-3/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-28913\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/Oyster-catcher2.jpg\" alt=\"Oyster catcher. Photo, Alan Krakauer\" title=\"Oyster catcher. Photo, Alan Krakauer\" width=\"300\" height=\"205\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28913\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oyster catcher. Photo, Alan Krakauer\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This year, as part of \u003ca href=\"http://www.goldengateaudubon.org/birding-resources/christmas-bird-counts/\" target=\"_blank\">Oakland’s 71st count\u003c/a>, group leader McKereghan and seven volunteers are surveying an urbanized swath of shore along I-80 from Emeryville to Albany. “We’ve got to cover everything, the good and the bad. We will spend a lot of time in parking lots and roadways,” explains McKereghan. A 10 a.m. check-in confirms the group already has spotted more than 30 species including six ruddy ducks, six mallards one great egret and one oyster catcher. McKereghan takes the numbers down on a new iPhone app, the first time he’s not using a pen and paper check list.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nTips for Counting Birds\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now you might wonder, as I did, how one actually counts birds. I mean, it’s not like they are exactly… cooperative. “Certain things like eagles, you take note of the direction and time they are headed. You have to assume that we are missing a huge number of birds so I think it sort of averages itself out nicely,” says McKereghan. He says that when it comes to large flocks, like black birds on a wire next to Golden Gate Fields race track, it’s best to count in groups of ten, rather than individuals. \u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/bird-count-111.jpg\" alt=\"Counting birds at Golden Gate Fields\" title=\"Counting birds at Golden Gate Fields\" width=\"300\" height=\"205\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-28879\">Part of McKereghan’s count area includes the horse track, and his group is given access each year prior to race time. As jockeys put their horses through early morning runs, these bird watchers gather at the top of the bleachers -- oblivious to the race horses below. Peering through scopes and binoculars, all eyes are trained on the edge of one of two ponds in the middle of the track. A small brown marsh bird known as a Wilson’s snipe has been spotted. “It has little stripes on its head, oh I have a good view,” exclaims one birder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Popular Hobby\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You may have noticed birders get really excited over things that non-birders would not even notice. But these folks are definitely not alone. \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/birds/\">The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service estimates\u003c/a> there are about 48 million birders in the U.S. - that’s more than twice as large as the television audience for the World Series. These hobbyists obsess over birds the way some fans obsess about sports. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28884\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 229px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/Phila-2.jpg\" alt=\"Phila Rogers, Audubon volunteer\" title=\"Phila Rogers, Audubon volunteer\" width=\"229\" height=\"300\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28884\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Audubon volunteer Phila Rogers. Photo Credit, Nancy Warren\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>80-year-old Phila Rogers has been birding since she was eight. She explains the hobby as a kind of ‘madness.’ “You know, I took time off to have children and have love affairs but the birding was always there it was ready to bubble up from everything else,” says Rogers. The long time birder has served her time slogging through rain and chilly temperatures to complete the Christmas Count. Now Rogers participates as one of a few feeder watchers who observe birds, in her case, from her living room through a window onto her backyard deck, high in the Berkeley hills. You would think Rogers has seen it all but this year offered something really exciting. “For the first time in almost sixty years of watching birds at these feeders on this hill I see a white-throated sparrow. This is so big. So I actually took pictures. For me it was really exciting because it’s count day,” she says. Rogers could hardly wait to share her find at the area count compilation dinner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Compilation Dinner\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About one hundred birders gather in the community hall of a church in north Berkeley. Tired and hungry from a long day in the field, the volunteers turn in their check lists and warm up on hot chocolate. Although these birders skewed older, there were a few counters under 12, one already asleep on his dad’s lap. I caught up with two members of my group from earlier, Kevin McKereghan and Alan Krakauer, both excited over their high species count for the day, 110 total. Says Krakauer, \"We had nice weather which is sort of a double bonus. For me Wild Turkeys were a big surprise to see way down into the flats and the urban area.” Kevin McKereghan thinks for a moment about what sighting most surprised him, “I think the white-throated swift and the pygmy nuthatch.” This year was even more special for the local birders because of the release of the long-awaited \u003ca href=\"http://www.ohloneaudubon.org/index.php/birding/breeding-bird-atlas\">Alameda County Breeding Bird Atlas\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28969\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/turkeys.jpg\" alt=\"Wild turkeys\" title=\"Wild Turkeys\" width=\"300\" height=\"229\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28969\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wild turkeys. Photo, Alan Krakauer\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the evening went on, Oakland Count leaders Bob Lewis and Dave Quady, who both got up at 2:30 in the morning to count owls, ran through a check list of common birds. Next, presentations were given on special sightings and omissions. While some species like peregrine falcons and wild turkeys have been growing in number, the bird count also has shown some troubling trends. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.audubon.org/\">National Audubon Society\u003c/a> has documented a 40 percent drop in migratory birds over the past four decades, some common bird numbers have dropped by half, and there has been a move by some species north which could be an indicator of climate change. With the data, Audubon tries to take steps to mitigate some of the changes. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Grab your binoculars and checklist! The annual Audubon Christmas Bird Count is under way. During the last two weeks of the year, from dawn to dusk volunteers spread out over 22,000 count areas, including Peru, Haiti, the U.S. and Canada. Their tally is used by scientists to understand changes in bird populations.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/01/2012-01-02-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/bird-count-101.jpg\" alt=\"Kevin McKereghan, Audubon volunteer\" title=\"Kevin McKereghan, Audubon volunteer\" width=\"275\" height=\"191\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-28862\">In the final days of the holiday season, when shoppers were crowding malls and searching the internet for sales, Kevin McKereghan was also looking for a last-minute find. “Oop, there it is, all teed up for us, a peregrine,” exclaimed McKereghan. Bundled up in a heavy brown parka and a red and gold wool hat, he has just spotted a peregrine falcon on a wire.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nStarting at Dawn\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco audio engineer rose early to spend a cold December Sunday taking part in \u003ca href=\"http://birds.audubon.org/get-involved-christmas-bird-count\">the annual Audubon Christmas Bird Count\u003c/a>. During the last two weeks of every year, rain or shine, volunteers looking for birds spread out over 22,000 locations including such countries as Peru, Guam, Haiti, the U.S. and Canada. The count is one of the oldest, and largest, citizen science events in the world. \u003ca href=\"http://birds.audubon.org/history-christmas-bird-count\">The tradition\u003c/a> has been taking place since 1900, when birders proposed a ‘kinder’ alternative to an annual bird hunt – a bird survey that scientists now rely on to determine how bird populations are changing. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.goldengateaudubon.org/birding-resources/christmas-bird-counts/\"> \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28913\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/a-census-for-the-birds/oyster-catcher-3/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-28913\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/Oyster-catcher2.jpg\" alt=\"Oyster catcher. Photo, Alan Krakauer\" title=\"Oyster catcher. Photo, Alan Krakauer\" width=\"300\" height=\"205\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28913\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oyster catcher. Photo, Alan Krakauer\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This year, as part of \u003ca href=\"http://www.goldengateaudubon.org/birding-resources/christmas-bird-counts/\" target=\"_blank\">Oakland’s 71st count\u003c/a>, group leader McKereghan and seven volunteers are surveying an urbanized swath of shore along I-80 from Emeryville to Albany. “We’ve got to cover everything, the good and the bad. We will spend a lot of time in parking lots and roadways,” explains McKereghan. A 10 a.m. check-in confirms the group already has spotted more than 30 species including six ruddy ducks, six mallards one great egret and one oyster catcher. McKereghan takes the numbers down on a new iPhone app, the first time he’s not using a pen and paper check list.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nTips for Counting Birds\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now you might wonder, as I did, how one actually counts birds. I mean, it’s not like they are exactly… cooperative. “Certain things like eagles, you take note of the direction and time they are headed. You have to assume that we are missing a huge number of birds so I think it sort of averages itself out nicely,” says McKereghan. He says that when it comes to large flocks, like black birds on a wire next to Golden Gate Fields race track, it’s best to count in groups of ten, rather than individuals. \u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/bird-count-111.jpg\" alt=\"Counting birds at Golden Gate Fields\" title=\"Counting birds at Golden Gate Fields\" width=\"300\" height=\"205\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-28879\">Part of McKereghan’s count area includes the horse track, and his group is given access each year prior to race time. As jockeys put their horses through early morning runs, these bird watchers gather at the top of the bleachers -- oblivious to the race horses below. Peering through scopes and binoculars, all eyes are trained on the edge of one of two ponds in the middle of the track. A small brown marsh bird known as a Wilson’s snipe has been spotted. “It has little stripes on its head, oh I have a good view,” exclaims one birder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Popular Hobby\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You may have noticed birders get really excited over things that non-birders would not even notice. But these folks are definitely not alone. \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/birds/\">The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service estimates\u003c/a> there are about 48 million birders in the U.S. - that’s more than twice as large as the television audience for the World Series. These hobbyists obsess over birds the way some fans obsess about sports. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28884\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 229px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/Phila-2.jpg\" alt=\"Phila Rogers, Audubon volunteer\" title=\"Phila Rogers, Audubon volunteer\" width=\"229\" height=\"300\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28884\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Audubon volunteer Phila Rogers. Photo Credit, Nancy Warren\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>80-year-old Phila Rogers has been birding since she was eight. She explains the hobby as a kind of ‘madness.’ “You know, I took time off to have children and have love affairs but the birding was always there it was ready to bubble up from everything else,” says Rogers. The long time birder has served her time slogging through rain and chilly temperatures to complete the Christmas Count. Now Rogers participates as one of a few feeder watchers who observe birds, in her case, from her living room through a window onto her backyard deck, high in the Berkeley hills. You would think Rogers has seen it all but this year offered something really exciting. “For the first time in almost sixty years of watching birds at these feeders on this hill I see a white-throated sparrow. This is so big. So I actually took pictures. For me it was really exciting because it’s count day,” she says. Rogers could hardly wait to share her find at the area count compilation dinner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Compilation Dinner\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About one hundred birders gather in the community hall of a church in north Berkeley. Tired and hungry from a long day in the field, the volunteers turn in their check lists and warm up on hot chocolate. Although these birders skewed older, there were a few counters under 12, one already asleep on his dad’s lap. I caught up with two members of my group from earlier, Kevin McKereghan and Alan Krakauer, both excited over their high species count for the day, 110 total. Says Krakauer, \"We had nice weather which is sort of a double bonus. For me Wild Turkeys were a big surprise to see way down into the flats and the urban area.” Kevin McKereghan thinks for a moment about what sighting most surprised him, “I think the white-throated swift and the pygmy nuthatch.” This year was even more special for the local birders because of the release of the long-awaited \u003ca href=\"http://www.ohloneaudubon.org/index.php/birding/breeding-bird-atlas\">Alameda County Breeding Bird Atlas\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28969\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/turkeys.jpg\" alt=\"Wild turkeys\" title=\"Wild Turkeys\" width=\"300\" height=\"229\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28969\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wild turkeys. Photo, Alan Krakauer\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the evening went on, Oakland Count leaders Bob Lewis and Dave Quady, who both got up at 2:30 in the morning to count owls, ran through a check list of common birds. Next, presentations were given on special sightings and omissions. While some species like peregrine falcons and wild turkeys have been growing in number, the bird count also has shown some troubling trends. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.audubon.org/\">National Audubon Society\u003c/a> has documented a 40 percent drop in migratory birds over the past four decades, some common bird numbers have dropped by half, and there has been a move by some species north which could be an indicator of climate change. With the data, Audubon tries to take steps to mitigate some of the changes. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Got Mercury? The New EPA Ruling And The San Francisco Bay",
"title": "Got Mercury? The New EPA Ruling And The San Francisco Bay",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/got-mercury.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-28694\" title=\"got mercury\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/got-mercury-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"got mercury\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>This week, after decades of legal delays and foot dragging by the coal and power industry, the \u003ca href=\"http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/1e5ab1124055f3b28525781f0042ed40/bd8b3f37edf5716d8525796d005dd086!OpenDocument\" target=\"_blank\">EPA unveiled a new rule\u003c/a> protecting public health from mercury and other toxins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/mats/\" target=\"_blank\">Mercury and Air Toxic Standards\u003c/a> announced by \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/lisa-p-jackson/mercury-emissions-standards_b_1162892.html?ref=green\" target=\"_blank\">EPA administrator Lisa Jackson\u003c/a> on December 21st require the electrical industry to limit stack emissions of mercury, arsenic and other toxic pollutants that originate from coal and oil-fired power plants and end up in America's air, water and food. Power plants are the largest source of mercury emissions at around 50 tons of mercury pollution annually. Because the particles are heavier than air, the mercury eventually falls back down and is deposited in rivers, lakes and oceans where it is converted into a more toxic form called methylmercury. This builds up in the food chain, meaning that fish at the top, such as striped bass, blue fin tuna and shark, carry the highest levels of the toxin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA estimates that 11,000 premature deaths and 130,000 cases of aggravated asthma among children annually by 2016 will be prevented, as well as other health benefits. Women, children and the developing fetus are most at risk for serious health problems resulting from mercury exposure. Between 300,000 and 600,000 of the 4 million babies born in the U.S. each year are exposed to significant amounts of the neurotoxin while in the womb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using scrubbers and other well-demonstrated technology, the rule requires power companies install equipment or shut down old plants by 2014 with the possibility of an extension into a fourth year. Seventeen states have already required the industry to apply the clean technology. These older US plants, operating mostly in the Midwest and East, can affect our Bay Area waterways and we will benefit from the new rule. However, most of the mercury in the San Francisco Bay enters from spills, the air, or water runoff from land from natural sources and historical mining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mercury levels will remain high in many species of San Francisco Bay and some ocean fish as well as other toxins like PCBs. The California Office of Environmental Health and Hazard Assessment (\u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/fish/general/sfbaydelta.html\" target=\"_blank\">OEHHA\u003c/a>) monitored contaminants in chemical contaminants in fish from the San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the EPA rule is good news for Americans, we must be cautious about what fish and how much fish we consume. Some fish from San Francisco Bay like rockfish and smelt are low in mercury and can be safely eaten. Others like wild king salmon are high in Omega-3s that have been demonstrated to be beneficial to human health. Others like sharks, striped bass and other top predators like swordfish and tuna bio-concentrate mercury and should be avoided, especially by women 18-45 and children under 7 years. The point is to ask where your fish is coming from, how was it caught and how much can you eat. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.gotmercury.org/article.php?list=type&type=75\" target=\"_blank\">mercury calculator\u003c/a> on the \"Got Mercury?\" website allows one to calculate how much mercury they are consuming and if it exceeds advisory guidelines produced by the EPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \"Got Mercury\" Campaign, a project of the Turtle Island Restoration network based in Marin County, is building awareness about toxic mercury in commonly eaten seafood. To reduce risk from mercury exposure, \"Got Mercury\" is asking the government to increase health advisories and reduce action levels for mercury in fish. The program is also petitioning the FDA to lower the legal mercury action level from 1 part per million (ppm) to 0.5 ppm to be in line with the Environmental Protection Agency’s mercury standards for recreationally caught fish and to require seafood sellers to post mercury in fish warning signs.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/got-mercury.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-28694\" title=\"got mercury\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/got-mercury-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"got mercury\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>This week, after decades of legal delays and foot dragging by the coal and power industry, the \u003ca href=\"http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/1e5ab1124055f3b28525781f0042ed40/bd8b3f37edf5716d8525796d005dd086!OpenDocument\" target=\"_blank\">EPA unveiled a new rule\u003c/a> protecting public health from mercury and other toxins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/mats/\" target=\"_blank\">Mercury and Air Toxic Standards\u003c/a> announced by \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/lisa-p-jackson/mercury-emissions-standards_b_1162892.html?ref=green\" target=\"_blank\">EPA administrator Lisa Jackson\u003c/a> on December 21st require the electrical industry to limit stack emissions of mercury, arsenic and other toxic pollutants that originate from coal and oil-fired power plants and end up in America's air, water and food. Power plants are the largest source of mercury emissions at around 50 tons of mercury pollution annually. Because the particles are heavier than air, the mercury eventually falls back down and is deposited in rivers, lakes and oceans where it is converted into a more toxic form called methylmercury. This builds up in the food chain, meaning that fish at the top, such as striped bass, blue fin tuna and shark, carry the highest levels of the toxin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA estimates that 11,000 premature deaths and 130,000 cases of aggravated asthma among children annually by 2016 will be prevented, as well as other health benefits. Women, children and the developing fetus are most at risk for serious health problems resulting from mercury exposure. Between 300,000 and 600,000 of the 4 million babies born in the U.S. each year are exposed to significant amounts of the neurotoxin while in the womb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using scrubbers and other well-demonstrated technology, the rule requires power companies install equipment or shut down old plants by 2014 with the possibility of an extension into a fourth year. Seventeen states have already required the industry to apply the clean technology. These older US plants, operating mostly in the Midwest and East, can affect our Bay Area waterways and we will benefit from the new rule. However, most of the mercury in the San Francisco Bay enters from spills, the air, or water runoff from land from natural sources and historical mining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mercury levels will remain high in many species of San Francisco Bay and some ocean fish as well as other toxins like PCBs. The California Office of Environmental Health and Hazard Assessment (\u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/fish/general/sfbaydelta.html\" target=\"_blank\">OEHHA\u003c/a>) monitored contaminants in chemical contaminants in fish from the San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the EPA rule is good news for Americans, we must be cautious about what fish and how much fish we consume. Some fish from San Francisco Bay like rockfish and smelt are low in mercury and can be safely eaten. Others like wild king salmon are high in Omega-3s that have been demonstrated to be beneficial to human health. Others like sharks, striped bass and other top predators like swordfish and tuna bio-concentrate mercury and should be avoided, especially by women 18-45 and children under 7 years. The point is to ask where your fish is coming from, how was it caught and how much can you eat. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.gotmercury.org/article.php?list=type&type=75\" target=\"_blank\">mercury calculator\u003c/a> on the \"Got Mercury?\" website allows one to calculate how much mercury they are consuming and if it exceeds advisory guidelines produced by the EPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \"Got Mercury\" Campaign, a project of the Turtle Island Restoration network based in Marin County, is building awareness about toxic mercury in commonly eaten seafood. To reduce risk from mercury exposure, \"Got Mercury\" is asking the government to increase health advisories and reduce action levels for mercury in fish. The program is also petitioning the FDA to lower the legal mercury action level from 1 part per million (ppm) to 0.5 ppm to be in line with the Environmental Protection Agency’s mercury standards for recreationally caught fish and to require seafood sellers to post mercury in fish warning signs.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/nano.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/nano-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"nano\" title=\"nano\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-28041\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From hackerspaces to banana slugs, flying telescopes to cheese — it’s been a quite a diverse year of storytelling here at QUEST. Here’s a round-up of the top 10 video and audio stories and blog posts (based on page views) that you’ve enjoyed from the past year. Please let us know what other stories you’ve enjoyed in the comments section below, and if there’s anything you’d like to see in the coming season!\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/stem-cell-gold-rush/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stem Cell Gold Rush \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-banana-slugs-unpeeled/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science on the SPOT: Banana Slugs Unpeeled \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/dark-energy/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Berkeley Lab Physicist Shares Nobel\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-open-source-creativity-hackerspaces/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science on the SPOT: Open Source Creativity – Hackerspaces\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/super-laser-at-the-national-ignition-facility/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Super Laser at the National Ignition Facility\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-worlds-most-powerful-microscope/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The World’s Most Powerful Microscope \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-science-art-of-cheese/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Science & Art of Cheese \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/mt-umunhum-return-to-the-summit/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mt. Umunhum: Return to the Summit\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-fierce-humboldt-squid/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Fierce Humboldt Squid \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>AUDIO:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/up-all-night-on-nasas-flying-telescope/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Up All Night on NASA’s Flying Telescope/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/the-lost-lagoon/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Lost Lagoon\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"/quest/audio/energy-saving-windows-get-smarter/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Energy-Saving Windows Get Smarter \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/the-amazing-transformation-of-san-franciscos-sludge-puddle/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Amazing Transformation of San Francisco’s “Sludge Puddle” \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/06/24/supercomputing-draft/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Supercomputers Hit an Energy Wall \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/from-tunnel-to-tap-quake-proofing-our-water-supply/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">From Tunnel to Tap: Quake-Proofing Our Water Supply \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/a-big-captivating-idea-the-bay-area-ridge-trail/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“A Big, Captivating Idea”: The Bay Area Ridge Trail \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/architecture-for-the-birds/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Architecture for the Birds \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/gulls-threaten-south-bay-salt-pond-restoration-work/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gulls Threaten South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Work \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/in-a-sea-of-energy-data-utilities-try-to-inspire-conservation/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">In a Sea of Energy Data, Utilities Try to Inspire Conservation \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>BLOG:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/03/17/explosive-hypothesis-about-humans-lack-of-genetic-diversity/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Explosive hypothesis about humans’ lack of genetic diversity \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/01/diet-sodas-may-not-be-as-harmless-as-you-think/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Diet Sodas May Not Be As Harmless As You Think\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/13/health-officials-to-consider-tightening-vaccine-exemptions/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Health Officials to Consider Tightening Vaccine Exemptions\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/02/18/scientists-understand-heart-disease-better-still-give-bad-advice/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Scientists Understand Heart Disease Better, Still Give Bad Advice\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/06/24/the-megalodons-descendents/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Megalodon’s Descendants \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/02/20/famous-african-american-scientists-innovators-part-ii/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Famous African American Scientists & Innovators: Part II\u003cbr>\n\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/04/30/swine-flu-a-virus-or-a-bacteria/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Swine Flu – A Virus or a Bacteria? \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/11/16/dont-get-hacked-by-firesheep-over-open-wi-fi/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cyber Wolves in (Fire)Sheep Clothing\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/07/05/why-mosquitoes-buzz-in-peoples-ears/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Why Do Mosquitoes Buzz in People’s Ears?\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/01/19/15-months-later-rediscovered-san-francisco-plant-thrives/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">15 Months Later, Rediscovered San Francisco Plant Thrives\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/nano.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/nano-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"nano\" title=\"nano\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-28041\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From hackerspaces to banana slugs, flying telescopes to cheese — it’s been a quite a diverse year of storytelling here at QUEST. Here’s a round-up of the top 10 video and audio stories and blog posts (based on page views) that you’ve enjoyed from the past year. Please let us know what other stories you’ve enjoyed in the comments section below, and if there’s anything you’d like to see in the coming season!\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/stem-cell-gold-rush/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stem Cell Gold Rush \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-banana-slugs-unpeeled/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science on the SPOT: Banana Slugs Unpeeled \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/dark-energy/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Berkeley Lab Physicist Shares Nobel\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-open-source-creativity-hackerspaces/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science on the SPOT: Open Source Creativity – Hackerspaces\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/super-laser-at-the-national-ignition-facility/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Super Laser at the National Ignition Facility\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-worlds-most-powerful-microscope/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The World’s Most Powerful Microscope \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-science-art-of-cheese/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Science & Art of Cheese \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/mt-umunhum-return-to-the-summit/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mt. Umunhum: Return to the Summit\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-fierce-humboldt-squid/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Fierce Humboldt Squid \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>AUDIO:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/up-all-night-on-nasas-flying-telescope/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Up All Night on NASA’s Flying Telescope/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/Christmas-Tree-Farm.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/Christmas-Tree-Farm-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Christmas Tree Farm\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-28617\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, I went to buy a Christmas tree at the \u003ca href=\"http://cnr.berkeley.edu/forestryclub/\">Cal Forestry Club\u003c/a>’s annual tree sale fundraiser, and instead of full, lush conifers that tapered to a perfect pointy crown, I found only short little trees, with trunks that meandered left and right and branches that were sparse and uneven. These weren’t the picked-over remains—all the trees the club had sold that week resembled Charlie Brown’s tree. The Berkeley students from the Forestry Club described these trees as “free range,” in contrast to trees from Christmas tree farms, which are painstakingly grown to be perfect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Members of the Cal Forestry Club had chopped these trees down themselves, in the Sierra Nevada Mountains. The trees would have been chopped down anyway, Berkeley student and Forestry Club member Jamie Richards explained. They were growing in clumps that had to be thinned out to reduce competition between trees. Sierra Pacific Industries owned the land and donated the trees for the fundraiser. A handful of students packed 463 trees into a 24-foot U-Haul and steered it down an icy Highway 50 towards Berkeley. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trees they were selling were red firs, white firs, and incense cedars. I figured they didn’t look like typical Christmas trees because they were the wrong species. Jamie said that most Christmas trees are indeed different species—noble firs, grand firs, Douglas firs, and spruce are popular choices—but their perfect structure has more to do with the way they’re grown than their genetic makeup. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a Christmas tree farm, it takes a lot of work to get the trees to grow. The trees are “hedged” or pruned so they grow full and bushy, and their trunks are trained to grow straight. Most conifer species grow at high elevations, but most Christmas tree farms are at lower elevations; the trees need to be nurtured with fertilizer so they’ll grow in soil and weather conditions that are not the same as the conditions where they evolved. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jamie pointed out that farmed trees are not as hearty as they would be in their native environment, and they’re more susceptible to diseases and damage from pests. Tree farms must apply pesticides and fungicides to prevent damage that could turn the needles yellow and make the trees un-sellable. Depending on the species and the environmental conditions, it takes 6-10 years for a Christmas tree to grow; some of the diseases that can afflict Christmas trees don’t develop until the tree is 4-5 years old, at which point the growers have already invested a lot of work. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Christmas trees came into fashion in the early 1900s. People usually chopped a wild-growing tree, until Christmas tree farms grew in numbers the 1930s and 1940s. Today, \u003ca href=\"http://urbanext.illinois.edu/trees/facts.cfm\">98 percent\u003c/a> of non-artificial Christmas trees sold worldwide come from Christmas tree farms. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trees sold by the Cal Forestry Club are the two percent. They grew wild, and they look it. Nevertheless, I bought one. The tree barely reached my shoulder and had only a few branches, so it was easy take it home in the trunk of my tiny car. Once I added a string of lights and a few ornaments, though it wasn’t a perfect Christmas tree shape, it looked perfectly festive.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/Christmas-Tree-Farm.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/Christmas-Tree-Farm-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Christmas Tree Farm\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-28617\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, I went to buy a Christmas tree at the \u003ca href=\"http://cnr.berkeley.edu/forestryclub/\">Cal Forestry Club\u003c/a>’s annual tree sale fundraiser, and instead of full, lush conifers that tapered to a perfect pointy crown, I found only short little trees, with trunks that meandered left and right and branches that were sparse and uneven. These weren’t the picked-over remains—all the trees the club had sold that week resembled Charlie Brown’s tree. The Berkeley students from the Forestry Club described these trees as “free range,” in contrast to trees from Christmas tree farms, which are painstakingly grown to be perfect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Members of the Cal Forestry Club had chopped these trees down themselves, in the Sierra Nevada Mountains. The trees would have been chopped down anyway, Berkeley student and Forestry Club member Jamie Richards explained. They were growing in clumps that had to be thinned out to reduce competition between trees. Sierra Pacific Industries owned the land and donated the trees for the fundraiser. A handful of students packed 463 trees into a 24-foot U-Haul and steered it down an icy Highway 50 towards Berkeley. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trees they were selling were red firs, white firs, and incense cedars. I figured they didn’t look like typical Christmas trees because they were the wrong species. Jamie said that most Christmas trees are indeed different species—noble firs, grand firs, Douglas firs, and spruce are popular choices—but their perfect structure has more to do with the way they’re grown than their genetic makeup. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a Christmas tree farm, it takes a lot of work to get the trees to grow. The trees are “hedged” or pruned so they grow full and bushy, and their trunks are trained to grow straight. Most conifer species grow at high elevations, but most Christmas tree farms are at lower elevations; the trees need to be nurtured with fertilizer so they’ll grow in soil and weather conditions that are not the same as the conditions where they evolved. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jamie pointed out that farmed trees are not as hearty as they would be in their native environment, and they’re more susceptible to diseases and damage from pests. Tree farms must apply pesticides and fungicides to prevent damage that could turn the needles yellow and make the trees un-sellable. Depending on the species and the environmental conditions, it takes 6-10 years for a Christmas tree to grow; some of the diseases that can afflict Christmas trees don’t develop until the tree is 4-5 years old, at which point the growers have already invested a lot of work. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Christmas trees came into fashion in the early 1900s. People usually chopped a wild-growing tree, until Christmas tree farms grew in numbers the 1930s and 1940s. Today, \u003ca href=\"http://urbanext.illinois.edu/trees/facts.cfm\">98 percent\u003c/a> of non-artificial Christmas trees sold worldwide come from Christmas tree farms. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trees sold by the Cal Forestry Club are the two percent. They grew wild, and they look it. Nevertheless, I bought one. The tree barely reached my shoulder and had only a few branches, so it was easy take it home in the trunk of my tiny car. Once I added a string of lights and a few ornaments, though it wasn’t a perfect Christmas tree shape, it looked perfectly festive.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Algae…Soylent Green…and the Future of Biofuel",
"title": "Algae…Soylent Green…and the Future of Biofuel",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28602\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/Emma_Valdez_algae640marquee.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-28602\" title=\"Emma_Valdez_algae640marquee\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/Emma_Valdez_algae640marquee-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Emma Valdez, a Sapphire Energy technician, holds a petri dish with 1 million algae cells. Algae is grown and scaled up to 20-liter containers in about one week.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Emma Valdez, a Sapphire Energy technician, holds a petri dish with 1 million algae cells. Algae is grown and scaled up to 20-liter containers in about one week.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With more and more cars on roadways worldwide – and fossil fuel supplies running low, can renewable fuels really replace crude oil?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Nebraska, the alternative of choice is ethanol because corn is the mainstay of our economy. But corn, along with many other crops, takes lots of land…and huge amounts of water. As important as it is to Nebraska, ethanol, at best, is a 10% additive, not a future fuel in its own right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what’s a \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">real\u003c/span> alternative? Research shows one promising alternative seems the least obvious – algae (see \u003ca href=\"http://quest.netnebraska.org/2011/07/algae-for-fuel.html\">QUEST Nebraska: Algae for Fuel\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Algae is a microscopic plant-like marine organism. There are billions of them in our world, and they exist all around us. Algae are found in ponds, lakes, streams – all types of bodies of water…even in your bathtub if it’s not cleaned regularly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s green and a bit slimy to the touch. For the most part, we avoid contact with algae – but it just may be the key to our energy future. How’s that? Companies like \u003ca href=\"http://www.sapphireenergy.com/\">Sapphire Energy\u003c/a> in San Diego, CA are working with universities, including the University of Nebraska to make microscopic algae into the fuel for the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Algae conjures up thoughts about Soylent Green, the 1973 sci-fi movie thriller that depicts human survival dependent upon on a green food ration made of “high protein plankton.” Algae are a type of plankton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>SPOILER ALERT: Do not read the next sentence if you’ve never \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">seen\u003c/span> this movie. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there was more to the content of Soylent Green. Charlton Heston solves the riddle with a horrific warning: \u003cem>Soylent Green is PEOPLE!\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember when I said algae are slimy? There’s a reason for that. If Charlton Heston was warning us, he’d exclaim: \u003cem>Algae is OIL!\u003c/em> Not exactly – but oil we use for our fuel today is actually made from ancient, ancient algae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“Each algae contains up to 50% oil,”\u003c/em> says University of Nebraska-Lincoln biologist George Oyler. Over millions of years, billions of algae die, collect, and over time are chemically altered through pressure and heat that converts algae oil into “crude oil” which we seek and drill for to energize our world. Finding a way to convert algae into oil faster than nature would create an almost endless supply of oil. \u003cem>“We want to accelerate that process into a single year.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2009, a QUEST video \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/algae-power/\">Algae Power\u003c/a>, surveyed algae biofuel as a grand experiment, “not ready for prime time.” The problem was scaling up to industrial production. Now, Sapphire Energy is leading the way towards industrial production. It’s no longer a survey experiment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The process begins as Sapphire technician Emma Valdez swipes a metal loop over an algae filled petri plate (culture dish) and transfers cells to a new plate. \u003cem>“Algae is one of the fastest growing plant on the planet. This plate contains millions of algae cells. I can take this plate and make multiple copies.” \u003c/em> Pointing to a stack of petri dishes, she explains that these plates are added to water to make a dense culture, giving rise to 20-liter glass carboy containers. \u003cem>“I can grow this to scale in a little over a week.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The carboy containers are then added to long oval test pools in a greenhouse, creating larger concentrations of promising algae species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing algae outdoors is a huge challenge. But that’s exactly Sapphire’s goal – creating algae farms. But algae is a wild plant. \u003cem>“No one’s taken a wild plant and just grown it to scale,”\u003c/em> says Mike Mendez, Sapphire’s former VP of Technology (now a research professor at UC-San Diego). \u003cem>“Algae isn’t an industry. It’s a commodity, like corn. We have to think like a farmer and grow algae as a crop.” \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But plants like corn haven’t become crops overnight. Mendez says, \u003cem>“It took 7,000 years to get corn where it is today. I’m gonna have to do whatever it takes to speed up the process.”\u003c/em> Sapphire wants to plant, harvest and process algae oil in real time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28604\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/AlgaeBlog-NET-marqueeImageCropped2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-28604\" title=\"AlgaeBlog-NET-marqueeImageCropped2\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/AlgaeBlog-NET-marqueeImageCropped2-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Algae ponds at Sapphire Energy's test farm in Las Cruces, New Mexico.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Algae ponds at Sapphire Energy's test farm in Las Cruces, New Mexico.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So, Sapphire has created a 20-acre aquatic test farm in arid Las Cruces, New Mexico. Why here? New Mexico has an abundance of sunlight and a rich supply of salt water beneath the dry sands that can’t be used for farming or drinking, but is perfect for growing algae. Nonetheless, the algae has to survive stress, disease, summer heat and winter freeze. For two years, scientists and technicians have been successful in scaling up algae from the carboys to 40-foot, then 100-foot, and finally 300-foot oval ponds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the algae mature in the ponds, it’s sent to an industrial centrifuge that separates the algae from the water, creating a thick algae paste. That paste is fed into a test pilot extractor that uses eco-friendly solvents to crack open the algae cells and release oil – green crude.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sapphire will soon open a 300-acre in 2012. It will be the largest algae biofuel test plant in the nation. They expect to produce 1 million gallons of algae biofuel per year – an industry record. Once Sapphire can create even larger quantities of green crude, they believe the cost of creating an algae fuel will begin approaching the cost of oil. Stay tuned to see if their plan creates a viable renewable fuel for our future.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28602\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/Emma_Valdez_algae640marquee.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-28602\" title=\"Emma_Valdez_algae640marquee\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/Emma_Valdez_algae640marquee-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Emma Valdez, a Sapphire Energy technician, holds a petri dish with 1 million algae cells. Algae is grown and scaled up to 20-liter containers in about one week.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Emma Valdez, a Sapphire Energy technician, holds a petri dish with 1 million algae cells. Algae is grown and scaled up to 20-liter containers in about one week.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With more and more cars on roadways worldwide – and fossil fuel supplies running low, can renewable fuels really replace crude oil?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Nebraska, the alternative of choice is ethanol because corn is the mainstay of our economy. But corn, along with many other crops, takes lots of land…and huge amounts of water. As important as it is to Nebraska, ethanol, at best, is a 10% additive, not a future fuel in its own right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what’s a \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">real\u003c/span> alternative? Research shows one promising alternative seems the least obvious – algae (see \u003ca href=\"http://quest.netnebraska.org/2011/07/algae-for-fuel.html\">QUEST Nebraska: Algae for Fuel\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Algae is a microscopic plant-like marine organism. There are billions of them in our world, and they exist all around us. Algae are found in ponds, lakes, streams – all types of bodies of water…even in your bathtub if it’s not cleaned regularly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s green and a bit slimy to the touch. For the most part, we avoid contact with algae – but it just may be the key to our energy future. How’s that? Companies like \u003ca href=\"http://www.sapphireenergy.com/\">Sapphire Energy\u003c/a> in San Diego, CA are working with universities, including the University of Nebraska to make microscopic algae into the fuel for the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Algae conjures up thoughts about Soylent Green, the 1973 sci-fi movie thriller that depicts human survival dependent upon on a green food ration made of “high protein plankton.” Algae are a type of plankton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>SPOILER ALERT: Do not read the next sentence if you’ve never \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">seen\u003c/span> this movie. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there was more to the content of Soylent Green. Charlton Heston solves the riddle with a horrific warning: \u003cem>Soylent Green is PEOPLE!\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember when I said algae are slimy? There’s a reason for that. If Charlton Heston was warning us, he’d exclaim: \u003cem>Algae is OIL!\u003c/em> Not exactly – but oil we use for our fuel today is actually made from ancient, ancient algae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“Each algae contains up to 50% oil,”\u003c/em> says University of Nebraska-Lincoln biologist George Oyler. Over millions of years, billions of algae die, collect, and over time are chemically altered through pressure and heat that converts algae oil into “crude oil” which we seek and drill for to energize our world. Finding a way to convert algae into oil faster than nature would create an almost endless supply of oil. \u003cem>“We want to accelerate that process into a single year.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2009, a QUEST video \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/algae-power/\">Algae Power\u003c/a>, surveyed algae biofuel as a grand experiment, “not ready for prime time.” The problem was scaling up to industrial production. Now, Sapphire Energy is leading the way towards industrial production. It’s no longer a survey experiment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The process begins as Sapphire technician Emma Valdez swipes a metal loop over an algae filled petri plate (culture dish) and transfers cells to a new plate. \u003cem>“Algae is one of the fastest growing plant on the planet. This plate contains millions of algae cells. I can take this plate and make multiple copies.” \u003c/em> Pointing to a stack of petri dishes, she explains that these plates are added to water to make a dense culture, giving rise to 20-liter glass carboy containers. \u003cem>“I can grow this to scale in a little over a week.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The carboy containers are then added to long oval test pools in a greenhouse, creating larger concentrations of promising algae species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing algae outdoors is a huge challenge. But that’s exactly Sapphire’s goal – creating algae farms. But algae is a wild plant. \u003cem>“No one’s taken a wild plant and just grown it to scale,”\u003c/em> says Mike Mendez, Sapphire’s former VP of Technology (now a research professor at UC-San Diego). \u003cem>“Algae isn’t an industry. It’s a commodity, like corn. We have to think like a farmer and grow algae as a crop.” \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But plants like corn haven’t become crops overnight. Mendez says, \u003cem>“It took 7,000 years to get corn where it is today. I’m gonna have to do whatever it takes to speed up the process.”\u003c/em> Sapphire wants to plant, harvest and process algae oil in real time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28604\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/AlgaeBlog-NET-marqueeImageCropped2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-28604\" title=\"AlgaeBlog-NET-marqueeImageCropped2\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/AlgaeBlog-NET-marqueeImageCropped2-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Algae ponds at Sapphire Energy's test farm in Las Cruces, New Mexico.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Algae ponds at Sapphire Energy's test farm in Las Cruces, New Mexico.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So, Sapphire has created a 20-acre aquatic test farm in arid Las Cruces, New Mexico. Why here? New Mexico has an abundance of sunlight and a rich supply of salt water beneath the dry sands that can’t be used for farming or drinking, but is perfect for growing algae. Nonetheless, the algae has to survive stress, disease, summer heat and winter freeze. For two years, scientists and technicians have been successful in scaling up algae from the carboys to 40-foot, then 100-foot, and finally 300-foot oval ponds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the algae mature in the ponds, it’s sent to an industrial centrifuge that separates the algae from the water, creating a thick algae paste. That paste is fed into a test pilot extractor that uses eco-friendly solvents to crack open the algae cells and release oil – green crude.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sapphire will soon open a 300-acre in 2012. It will be the largest algae biofuel test plant in the nation. They expect to produce 1 million gallons of algae biofuel per year – an industry record. Once Sapphire can create even larger quantities of green crude, they believe the cost of creating an algae fuel will begin approaching the cost of oil. Stay tuned to see if their plan creates a viable renewable fuel for our future.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/12/2011-12-19-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28569\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/DSC00009.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-28569\" title=\"DSC00009\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/DSC00009-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A woody grass called Miscanthus is one of the biofuel feedstocks being examined.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Despite all the buzz around biofuels, commercial production has been slow to scale up. As a result, the EPA scaled back its goals for advanced biofuels earlier this year. Still, some Bay Area scientists recently made a breakthrough that could move us one step closer to a day when our cars run on fuels from plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea behind biofuels is pretty simple. Plants take sunlight and use that energy to make sugars. The biofuels industry wants to transform those sugars into fuel. That requires some molecular rearranging, so they’re looking to microbes to do the job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the \u003ca href=\"http://www.jbei.org/\">Joint BioEnergy Institute\u003c/a> (JBEI) in Emeryville, e.coli is the microbe of choice. Researcher Greg Bokinsky shows me racks of glass tubes that are home to e.coli cultures that have been biologically engineered. They’ve created e.coli that munch on a woody plant called \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panicum_virgatum\">switchgrass\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’ve heard anything about biofuels, you’ve probably heard about ethanol that’s made from corn, which you can buy at gas stations today. But ethanol can’t be transported long distances because it corrodes pipelines. And using corn for fuel has also raised some concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Corn is used extensively to feed animals. Corn is also used for some food as well, human consumption. So we want to be very careful about using corn itself,” says Jay Keasling, CEO of JBEI.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Engineering Microbes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JBEI was founded 5 years ago with a $125 million grant from the Department of Energy. It’s a partnership between UC Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab and other groups with the mission of creating biofuels from plants that aren’t used for food – also known as cellulosic biofuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Switchgrass is one that gets mentioned a lot,” says Keasling. “Switchgrass is a native to much of the Midwest. It grows without a lot of water and fertilizer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But unlocking the energy inside switchgrass is no easy task. “Plants have evolved to be tough. There are beetles, there are fungi that want to attack them all the time and get access to those sugars. So they’ve evolved defense mechanisms,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/DSC00005-2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-28582\" title=\"DSC00005-2\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/DSC00005-2.jpg\" alt=\"A jar of ground-up switchgrass at the Joint BioEnergy Institute.\" width=\"240\" height=\"194\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first line of defense is like a barbed wire fence. Plants protect their sugars with a tough material called lignin. Keasling’s team breaks through it using a liquid salt solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once it’s gone, the sugars still have to be broken down further. Most companies use industrial enzymes to do that. But this is where Keasling’s \u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.lbl.gov/news-releases/2011/11/29/e-coli-make-three-fuels/\">engineered e.coli\u003c/a> comes in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’ve done is we’ve gone to places like the rainforest in Puerto Rico and to compost piles. We’ve sequenced the organisms that are breaking down that biomass and then cloned those genes into e.coli,” Keasling says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The e.coli break down the sugars for themselves, saving an expensive step in the process. Using the sugars, they produce fuels. “Really they’re pooping out fuels,” says Keasling. “And these are fuels that can be put directly into gasoline engines, diesel engines or jet engines.” These microbes are an exciting breakthrough for Keasling, since they could help bring down the cost of production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Federal Goals Scale Back\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government was once excited about cellulosic biofuels, too. In 2006, former President George W Bush included them in his State of the Union address, saying “we'll also fund additional research in cutting-edge methods of producing ethanol, not just from corn but from wood chips and stalks or switchgrass. Our goal is to make this new kind of ethanol practical and competitive within 6 years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Congress set up tax credits for cellulosic biofuels with a goal of seeing 500 million gallons produced in 2012. Since then, the industry has faced a harsh reality. The \u003ca href=\"http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/1e5ab1124055f3b28525781f0042ed40/477321f362225aac852578b60068bf16!OpenDocument\">goal for next year\u003c/a> has been cut back to just 12 million gallons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was oversold. There was a lot of hype around it. It’s a tough problem. We can’t expect this to happen overnight,” says Keasling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keasling says if there’s anything that casts a shadow over biofuels, it’s the price of their biggest competitor. “If oil is under $100 a barrel, we’re not going to see many advanced biofuels on the market. They’re just not going to be able to compete. It’s virtually impossible,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chris Somerville, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.energybiosciencesinstitute.org/\">Energy Biosciences Institute\u003c/a> (EBI), agrees. “The costs are still not where we need them to be.” EBI is also run by UC Berkeley and Berkeley Lab, among other collaborators. It was started with a $500 million grant from BP.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like JBEI, EBI’s mission is also engineering cellulosic biofuels. They’ve developed specially engineered yeast that eat feedstocks like miscanthus. “It’s going to be another 10 years before it really scales up. And it’s not because there’s a big problem. It’s just takes time to build and bring online big industrial facilities that are first of a kind.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Companies, including BP, are now building commercial-scale biofuel plants. But the science is evolving so quickly, Somerville says it’s hard for companies to commit. “If you’re a company that has to lay down some hundreds of millions of dollars for a new facility and you look around and everyday, there’s new advances, you think, well maybe I’ll wait until next week and build a better facility.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although some in Congress are impatient over the progress of advanced biofuels, Somerville is confident that it’s just a matter of time before the industry scales up. “What we’re really trying to do is change the world. And we have this huge entrenched energy sector. And so there’s lots of entrenched players that don’t welcome change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And he says, if we care about addressing climate change, we won’t be able to do it without remaking the fuels that go in our cars.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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There are beetles, there are fungi that want to attack them all the time and get access to those sugars. So they’ve evolved defense mechanisms,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/DSC00005-2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-28582\" title=\"DSC00005-2\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/DSC00005-2.jpg\" alt=\"A jar of ground-up switchgrass at the Joint BioEnergy Institute.\" width=\"240\" height=\"194\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first line of defense is like a barbed wire fence. Plants protect their sugars with a tough material called lignin. Keasling’s team breaks through it using a liquid salt solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once it’s gone, the sugars still have to be broken down further. Most companies use industrial enzymes to do that. 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"link": "/radio/program/bbc-world-service",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/",
"rss": "https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"
}
},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/26099305-72af-4542-9dde-ac1807fe36d5/kqed-s-the-california-report",
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}
},
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"id": "californiareportmagazine",
"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Magazine-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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}
},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.cityarts.net/",
"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
"subscribe": {
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/City-Arts-and-Lectures-p692/",
"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy",
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},
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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}
},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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},
"freakonomics-radio": {
"id": "freakonomics-radio",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
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"here-and-now": {
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"info": "One of public radio's most dynamic voices, Sam Sanders helped launch The NPR Politics Podcast and hosted NPR's hit show It's Been A Minute. Now, the award-winning host returns with something brand new, The Sam Sanders Show. Every week, Sam Sanders and friends dig into the culture that shapes our lives: what's driving the biggest trends, how artists really think, and even the memes you can't stop scrolling past. Sam is beloved for his way of unpacking the world and bringing you up close to fresh currents and engaging conversations. The Sam Sanders Show is smart, funny and always a good time.",
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