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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57421\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Salvage-Yard-Montana-1942-16-9.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-57421\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Salvage-Yard-Montana-1942-16-9-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Lee, Russell, 1903-1986, photographer.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">World War II salvage site in Butte, Montana. Photo by Russell Lee, 1942.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57422\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 164px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/SaveYourCans.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-57422\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/SaveYourCans-164x253.jpg\" alt=\"By McClelland Barclay for War Production Board, Salvage Division, 1941–1942\" width=\"164\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">WWII poster by McClelland Barclay for War Production Board, Salvage Division, 1941–1942. Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">Community Contributor |\u003c/span>\u003c/strong> Matt Shipman - Raleigh, NC\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The United States was very good at recycling during World War II. It was our patriotic duty. Families brought everything from scrap metal to old tires in to collection centers where they were used to make supplies for the war effort. But when the war ended, so did recycling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the late 1940s to the early 1970s, Americans were making (and buying) things but not recycling them. We made refrigerators the size of cars and cars the size of boats. And when a product was broken, or even if it wasn’t, it was thrown away. Used cars, refrigerators, mountains of cans, and countless other household products found their way into junkyards and landfills. Now, we may want them back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s why: resources, such as metals, are becoming more and more expensive. A pound of copper set you back less than a dollar in 2000. Since then, copper prices have more than tripled, reaching a high of $3.92 per pound in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is likely that, in the distant future, landfills will become very valuable sources of many raw materials,” says Jamie Caswell, a spokesperson for the National Mining Association. “We are not there yet, though -- at least not in the U.S.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But other countries \u003cstrong>are \u003c/strong>there. The Belgian waste management company Group Machiels has \u003ca href=\"http://www.machiels.com/company-detail.aspx?ID=885c55e0-f3b6-4fe6-aa25-1fa7bfc312dd\">announced plans\u003c/a> to mine a landfill east of Brussels. Group Machiels estimates that 45 percent of the material in the landfill can be recycled, with the remainder to be converted into gas that can be used as a fuel source -- calling to mind images of \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3HYoq6vIVXc\">Doc Brown fueling his time machine\u003c/a> in the film \u003cstrong>Back to the Future\u003c/strong>\u003cem>.\u003c/em> The process, called \u003ca href=\"http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/energy/plasma-converter.htm\">plasmification\u003c/a>, uses extremely high temperatures to break organic material down into a sort of synthetic version of natural gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57448\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Mt_Trashmore_kingkog911.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-57448\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Mt_Trashmore_kingkog911-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Mt. Trashmore encompasses 165 acres in Virginia Beach, VA. Photo courtesy: King Kong 911 (link to flickr page: http://www.flickr.com/photos/sonypic/\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mount Trashmore Park encompasses 165 acres in Virginia Beach, VA. Photo courtesy: \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/sonypic/\">King Kong 911\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What obstacles exist to landfill mining in the United States? For one thing, many older landfill sites have been developed, making them essentially inaccessible for mining operations. For example, in the 1970s, a landfill in Virginia Beach, Virginia was turned into a popular 165-acre recreation area called \u003ca href=\"http://www.vbgov.com/government/departments/parks-recreation/parks-trails/city-parks/Pages/mount-trashmore-park.aspx\">Mount Trashmore Park. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another challenge is the lack of precedent: with no federal landfill-mining laws on the books, there is uncertainty about how the process might be regulated. And companies hate uncertainty -- it’s hard to plan for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And finally, as any fan of \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storage_Wars\">\u003cstrong>Storage Wars\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cem> \u003c/em>will tell you, there is always a risk when bidding on something sight unseen. Companies want assurance that they will turn a profit, and that depends on what exactly is buried in a landfill. If it contains a lot of metal, it might be a good investment. If it’s full of old sofas and polystyrene fast-food containers, it is more likely to lose money. And if the mining uncovers asbestos or other hazardous materials, a company could find itself saddled with the costly task of disposing of hazardous waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem is that we don’t have a lot of information about what exactly is in our landfills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is only in recent years that accurate knowledge, and then only in broad terms, is available to assess what wastes a landfill site may contain,” according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCsQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iswa.org%2Findex.php%3FeID%3Dtx_iswaknowledgebase_download%26documentUid%3D3154&ei=RFK7UbmTOY3w8ATiiYCIAQ&usg=AFQjCNERHnQyaTPdML4wUfOagculUy4swg&sig2=y_S9E-f\">an issue paper\u003c/a> on landfill mining released by the International Solid Waste Association. And since those evaluation techniques are essential to estimate both profit and risk, they may need to improve before companies opt to pursue landfill mining in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, if the cost of metals continues to rise, some companies may decide the risk is worth it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We made use of old materials in the 1940s because it was the patriotic thing to do. We may do the same in the 21st century because it is the practical thing to do. It might even be profitable, and there’s nothing more American than that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57451\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 535px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/UN-Landfill-image.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-57451 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/UN-Landfill-image-535x360.jpg\" alt=\"UN Photo/Evan Schneider\" width=\"535\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Americans generate 250 million tons of trash each year, according to the EPA. United Nations photo by Evan Schneider\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But other countries \u003cstrong>are \u003c/strong>there. The Belgian waste management company Group Machiels has \u003ca href=\"http://www.machiels.com/company-detail.aspx?ID=885c55e0-f3b6-4fe6-aa25-1fa7bfc312dd\">announced plans\u003c/a> to mine a landfill east of Brussels. Group Machiels estimates that 45 percent of the material in the landfill can be recycled, with the remainder to be converted into gas that can be used as a fuel source -- calling to mind images of \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3HYoq6vIVXc\">Doc Brown fueling his time machine\u003c/a> in the film \u003cstrong>Back to the Future\u003c/strong>\u003cem>.\u003c/em> The process, called \u003ca href=\"http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/energy/plasma-converter.htm\">plasmification\u003c/a>, uses extremely high temperatures to break organic material down into a sort of synthetic version of natural gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57448\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Mt_Trashmore_kingkog911.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-57448\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Mt_Trashmore_kingkog911-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Mt. Trashmore encompasses 165 acres in Virginia Beach, VA. Photo courtesy: King Kong 911 (link to flickr page: http://www.flickr.com/photos/sonypic/\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mount Trashmore Park encompasses 165 acres in Virginia Beach, VA. Photo courtesy: \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/sonypic/\">King Kong 911\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What obstacles exist to landfill mining in the United States? For one thing, many older landfill sites have been developed, making them essentially inaccessible for mining operations. For example, in the 1970s, a landfill in Virginia Beach, Virginia was turned into a popular 165-acre recreation area called \u003ca href=\"http://www.vbgov.com/government/departments/parks-recreation/parks-trails/city-parks/Pages/mount-trashmore-park.aspx\">Mount Trashmore Park. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another challenge is the lack of precedent: with no federal landfill-mining laws on the books, there is uncertainty about how the process might be regulated. And companies hate uncertainty -- it’s hard to plan for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And finally, as any fan of \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storage_Wars\">\u003cstrong>Storage Wars\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cem> \u003c/em>will tell you, there is always a risk when bidding on something sight unseen. Companies want assurance that they will turn a profit, and that depends on what exactly is buried in a landfill. If it contains a lot of metal, it might be a good investment. 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"disqusTitle": "Sustainable Spirits: Liquor for the Locavore",
"title": "Sustainable Spirits: Liquor for the Locavore",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-56782\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/deaths-door-bottle-620-340.jpg\" alt=\"deaths door bottle\" width=\"640\" height=\"320\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/deaths-door-bottle-620-340.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/deaths-door-bottle-620-340-400x200.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">Liquor may not be the first thing that comes to mind when you hear the term \"eating local.\" But distilleries in the Madison, Wisconsin area are helping to expand our notions of what can be made and consumed locally. These artisanal distillers are crafting spirits using locally-sourced ingredients like wheat for whiskey, apples for brandy and juniper for gin. Similar to area chefs that seek out homegrown foods for their recipes or the organizers of Madison's bustling farmers market, these spirit-makers are committed to supporting the region's small agricultural producers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even knowing that, I was surprised to find a booth promoting community-supported agriculture at one of these distilleries during a recent visit. But there it was, right next to the kombucha stand, at \u003ca href=\"http://deathsdoorspirits.com/\">Death’s Door Distillery \u003c/a>in Middleton, WI. The occasion was the one year anniversary party for this state of the art facility that makes fine alcohols from locally-sourced organic grains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’ve just been a really big supporter of our farms and of our organization as we try to connect growers and eaters,” Erika Jones of \u003ca href=\"http://www.csacoalition.org/\">Fair Share CSA Coalition \u003c/a>told me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And drinkers!” she added when I reminded her of the setting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56786\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 144px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Brian-Ellison001.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-56786\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Brian-Ellison001-144x169.jpg\" alt=\"Brian Ellison, Founder, Death's Door Distillery\" width=\"144\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brian Ellison, Founder, Death's Door Distillery\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Supporting local farms is at the heart of Death’s Door’s mission. “My background is in economic development — rural economic development,” explains founder Brian Ellison. “I got involved in this project to help restore agriculture back to Washington Island as part of a sustainable economy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Washington Island lies just off the tip of Wisconsin’s Door County Peninsula, the “thumb” of Wisconsin that juts into Lake Michigan. Death’s Door is the name of the sometimes treacherous passage between the two. Door County is sometimes called Wisconsin’s Cape Cod, which makes Washington Island something like Nantucket. And like that more famous island, Washington Island’s economy has become ever more dependent on tourism. But it wasn’t always this way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56792\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 186px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/250px-DEATHS_DOOR1.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-56792\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/250px-DEATHS_DOOR1-186x169.png\" alt=\"Death's Door passage, Washington Island, Wisconsin\" width=\"186\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Death's Door passage, Washington Island, Wisconsin\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At one time, the island had a thriving agricultural economy based on potatoes that were well known up and down the Lake Michigan coast. As transportation systems improved and produce was moved easily and cheaply across country, the island-grown potatoes couldn’t compete. The potato fields became vacation home lots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are at least 1,200 acres that won’t go into development anytime soon, however. Those are the fields where brothers Tom and Ken Koyne, fifth-generation islanders, grow organic red wheat for use in Death’s Door whiskey, gin and vodka.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using organic ingredients for alcohol presents special challenges according to chief distiller John Jeffrey, “Because it’s organic, it tends to come in with a much higher microbial load than commercial grain.” Without the chemical pesticides used on many commercial crops, microbes are free to flourish. Those microbes sometimes compete with Death's Door's signature yeast, which is added to a mash made of island wheat and other grains during the fermentation process. It’s the yeast’s job to feast on the sugars in the grain mash and produce ethanol, the chemical compound that gives liquor its intoxicating punch. But other microbes may also be eating those sugars, making it more difficult for the mixture to reach the required alcohol content.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56785\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 258px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/graph001.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-56785\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/graph001-258x169.jpg\" alt=\" Liquid chromatography measures ethanol and sugar peaks during fermentation. Click to enlarge.\" width=\"258\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Liquid chromatography measures ethanol and sugar peaks during fermentation. Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To ensure the consistency of each batch, Jeffrey carefully monitors the process using liquid chromatography, a chemistry technique that allows him to separate and measure each chemical component of the fermenting mixture. “We’re watching our ethanol peak go up and our sugar peak go down and making decisions about whether it’s time to pull it out because the bacteria are out-competing our yeast,” Jeffrey explains. “We run that line in every fermentation because we’re committed to this grain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s that commitment to Washington Island grain that founder Ellison says sets Death’s Door apart. There are artisanal distilleries sprouting up all over the country, many of which are using locally-sourced ingredients. But it’s unlikely that many have such a strong association with a particular place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People are relieved when they hear that Death’s Door is named after a real place and that there’s real people involved and real farming,” says Ellison. “It’s a story of real growth and a story of real rebirth in a rural place in America.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57338\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC03370-e1372446698711.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-57338\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC03370-e1372446698711.jpg\" alt=\"Wheat growing on Washington Island\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC03370-e1372446698711.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC03370-e1372446698711-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wheat growing on Washington Island. Photo Courtesy of Death's Door Distillery.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Find out how an artisanal distillery is using locally-sourced ingredients to craft liquors that support a legacy of small agricultural producers on a storied Wisconsin Island.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-56782\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/deaths-door-bottle-620-340.jpg\" alt=\"deaths door bottle\" width=\"640\" height=\"320\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/deaths-door-bottle-620-340.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/deaths-door-bottle-620-340-400x200.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">Liquor may not be the first thing that comes to mind when you hear the term \"eating local.\" But distilleries in the Madison, Wisconsin area are helping to expand our notions of what can be made and consumed locally. These artisanal distillers are crafting spirits using locally-sourced ingredients like wheat for whiskey, apples for brandy and juniper for gin. Similar to area chefs that seek out homegrown foods for their recipes or the organizers of Madison's bustling farmers market, these spirit-makers are committed to supporting the region's small agricultural producers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even knowing that, I was surprised to find a booth promoting community-supported agriculture at one of these distilleries during a recent visit. But there it was, right next to the kombucha stand, at \u003ca href=\"http://deathsdoorspirits.com/\">Death’s Door Distillery \u003c/a>in Middleton, WI. The occasion was the one year anniversary party for this state of the art facility that makes fine alcohols from locally-sourced organic grains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’ve just been a really big supporter of our farms and of our organization as we try to connect growers and eaters,” Erika Jones of \u003ca href=\"http://www.csacoalition.org/\">Fair Share CSA Coalition \u003c/a>told me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And drinkers!” she added when I reminded her of the setting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56786\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 144px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Brian-Ellison001.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-56786\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Brian-Ellison001-144x169.jpg\" alt=\"Brian Ellison, Founder, Death's Door Distillery\" width=\"144\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brian Ellison, Founder, Death's Door Distillery\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Supporting local farms is at the heart of Death’s Door’s mission. “My background is in economic development — rural economic development,” explains founder Brian Ellison. “I got involved in this project to help restore agriculture back to Washington Island as part of a sustainable economy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Washington Island lies just off the tip of Wisconsin’s Door County Peninsula, the “thumb” of Wisconsin that juts into Lake Michigan. Death’s Door is the name of the sometimes treacherous passage between the two. Door County is sometimes called Wisconsin’s Cape Cod, which makes Washington Island something like Nantucket. And like that more famous island, Washington Island’s economy has become ever more dependent on tourism. But it wasn’t always this way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56792\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 186px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/250px-DEATHS_DOOR1.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-56792\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/250px-DEATHS_DOOR1-186x169.png\" alt=\"Death's Door passage, Washington Island, Wisconsin\" width=\"186\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Death's Door passage, Washington Island, Wisconsin\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At one time, the island had a thriving agricultural economy based on potatoes that were well known up and down the Lake Michigan coast. As transportation systems improved and produce was moved easily and cheaply across country, the island-grown potatoes couldn’t compete. The potato fields became vacation home lots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are at least 1,200 acres that won’t go into development anytime soon, however. Those are the fields where brothers Tom and Ken Koyne, fifth-generation islanders, grow organic red wheat for use in Death’s Door whiskey, gin and vodka.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using organic ingredients for alcohol presents special challenges according to chief distiller John Jeffrey, “Because it’s organic, it tends to come in with a much higher microbial load than commercial grain.” Without the chemical pesticides used on many commercial crops, microbes are free to flourish. Those microbes sometimes compete with Death's Door's signature yeast, which is added to a mash made of island wheat and other grains during the fermentation process. It’s the yeast’s job to feast on the sugars in the grain mash and produce ethanol, the chemical compound that gives liquor its intoxicating punch. But other microbes may also be eating those sugars, making it more difficult for the mixture to reach the required alcohol content.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56785\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 258px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/graph001.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-56785\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/graph001-258x169.jpg\" alt=\" Liquid chromatography measures ethanol and sugar peaks during fermentation. Click to enlarge.\" width=\"258\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Liquid chromatography measures ethanol and sugar peaks during fermentation. Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To ensure the consistency of each batch, Jeffrey carefully monitors the process using liquid chromatography, a chemistry technique that allows him to separate and measure each chemical component of the fermenting mixture. “We’re watching our ethanol peak go up and our sugar peak go down and making decisions about whether it’s time to pull it out because the bacteria are out-competing our yeast,” Jeffrey explains. “We run that line in every fermentation because we’re committed to this grain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s that commitment to Washington Island grain that founder Ellison says sets Death’s Door apart. There are artisanal distilleries sprouting up all over the country, many of which are using locally-sourced ingredients. But it’s unlikely that many have such a strong association with a particular place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People are relieved when they hear that Death’s Door is named after a real place and that there’s real people involved and real farming,” says Ellison. “It’s a story of real growth and a story of real rebirth in a rural place in America.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57338\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC03370-e1372446698711.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-57338\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC03370-e1372446698711.jpg\" alt=\"Wheat growing on Washington Island\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC03370-e1372446698711.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC03370-e1372446698711-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wheat growing on Washington Island. Photo Courtesy of Death's Door Distillery.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "The Living Machine: A Flush Worth Following",
"headTitle": "The Living Machine: A Flush Worth Following | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56673\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Living-Machine-045_21.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-56673 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Living-Machine-045_21.jpg\" alt=\"Living Machine 045_2\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Living-Machine-045_21.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Living-Machine-045_21-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Greenhouse plants are used to help filter wastewater from toilets at an Oberlin College building.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On the small liberal arts campus of Oberlin College in Northeast Ohio, you would expect to see some funky hairdos, a smattering of fixed-gear bikes, and certainly some people strolling barefoot to class. But you might not expect to find their bathroom stalls peppered with “Poop Haikus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the \u003ca href=\"http://buildingdashboard.net/oberlin/ajlc/#/oberlin/ajlc////\">Adam Joseph Lewis Center for Environmental Studies\u003c/a>, musings on human excrement dominate the toilet landscape.\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Living-Machine-033-e1371132935788.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-56672\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Living-Machine-033-e1371132935788-233x169.jpg\" alt=\"Living Machine 033\" width=\"233\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">One student writes:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"padding-left: 20pt;padding-right: 20pt;line-height: 110%\">\u003cem>“Normally I hate\u003cbr>\nPooping in a public place\u003cbr>\nHere I feel proud”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">Why the sense of pride? Because the building is a \u003ca href=\"http://www.livingmachines.com/About-Living-Machine/Water-Reuse.aspx\">Living Machine\u003c/a>. Literally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">It’s an in-house wastewater treatment and reuse system that mimics the processes of natural wetlands. Student (and faculty) poop fuels the machine, and the water used to flush it down is recycled over and over, after passing through an elaborate cleaning system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">An \u003ca href=\"http://buildingdashboard.net/oberlin/ajlc/#/oberlin/ajlc////\">electronic dashboard\u003c/a> displays the amount of recycled vs. city water used at any given moment in the building.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I toured “the machine” with biologist John Peterson and building manager Sean Hayes. We set out to follow the flush.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first stop is an underground tank, full of—you guessed it—poop.“I think I just saw something coming in!” exclaimed Peterson after lifting the lid of the tank, and Hayes crouched down to confirm the turd sighting. This first tank is where the anaerobic action happens—microbes that don’t dig oxygen live here and start breaking down and converting the organic waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the sludge travels to another underground tank, this one with a bubbler that aerates the system. A different set of bacteria hang out here and greedily munch on the carbs and proteins, further breaking down the mess. They’re also helping convert a key element, nitrogen, into a plant-friendly form.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56725\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Living-Machine-054.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-56725\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Living-Machine-054-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Biologist John Peterson describes how the tropical plants suck up nitrogen and house beneficial bacteria in their roots. \" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Biologist John Peterson describes how the tropical plants suck up nitrogen and house beneficial bacteria in their roots.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After this, the mixture heads indoors, into a series of open tanks in a greenhouse. You can watch the greenhouse live on a \u003ca href=\"http://buildingdashboard.net/oberlin/ajlc/#/oberlin/ajlc////\">webcam\u003c/a> (though I can’t say it’s compelling television). Big tropical plants sprout from the tanks; Calla Lilies are in bloom during my visit. The plants suck up nitrogen and their roots house more beneficial bacteria. In addition to burning up organic matter and removing pathogens, it’s important for \u003ca href=\"http://water.worldbank.org/shw-resource-guide/infrastructure/menu-technical-options/wastewater-treatment\">wastewater treatment\u003c/a> schemes to remove nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorous, which if released into the environment, contribute to harmful \u003ca href=\"http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/res/Centers/HABS/faqs_causes_habs.html\">algal blooms.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next stop is a gurgle through the clarifier basin—where the sludge settles and is sent back to the underground tanks to keep the microbe levels high—and then the clear water is piped underneath the gravel bed of the greenhouse. This is referred to as the “marsh.” Here, more anaerobic microbes finish the cleaning job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a toilet needs refilling—or the landscaping needs watering—the clean, treated water is passed through an ultraviolet light to kill any lingering pathogens, and then it’s put into action.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">The water in the building’s toilets is slightly brown, but Peterson says it’s cleaner than much of the world’s drinking water.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The water in the building’s toilets is slightly brown, but Peterson says it’s cleaner than much of the world’s drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Living Machine technology was invented by biologist John Todd in the late nineties (\u003ca href=\"http://permaculturenews.org/2013/04/29/john-todd-living-machines-lecture/\">hear\u003c/a> him talk about it), and versions of it are now in place in several buildings across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The usefulness of the technology here in Oberlin, where water isn’t scarce, is less about its practical benefits and more about the educational ones. Local schools organize field trips to see the machine at work, and college students organize campaigns to promote on-campus pooping. Even internet gazers get involved with interactive tools and webcams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It introduces the concept of internal recycling and systems-thinking, says Peterson. “It challenges people to think: what’s waste vs. what’s resource?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peterson says coming to this building is an experience—an experience that starts with a trip to the bathroom. As a friend of mine who had visited the campus proudly told me, “Yep, I made a contribution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Explore a waterless way to deal with human excrement: \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://tlc.howstuffworks.com/home/composting-toilet1.htm\">\u003cem>the composting toilet\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56673\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Living-Machine-045_21.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-56673 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Living-Machine-045_21.jpg\" alt=\"Living Machine 045_2\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Living-Machine-045_21.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Living-Machine-045_21-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Greenhouse plants are used to help filter wastewater from toilets at an Oberlin College building.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On the small liberal arts campus of Oberlin College in Northeast Ohio, you would expect to see some funky hairdos, a smattering of fixed-gear bikes, and certainly some people strolling barefoot to class. But you might not expect to find their bathroom stalls peppered with “Poop Haikus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the \u003ca href=\"http://buildingdashboard.net/oberlin/ajlc/#/oberlin/ajlc////\">Adam Joseph Lewis Center for Environmental Studies\u003c/a>, musings on human excrement dominate the toilet landscape.\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Living-Machine-033-e1371132935788.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-56672\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Living-Machine-033-e1371132935788-233x169.jpg\" alt=\"Living Machine 033\" width=\"233\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">One student writes:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"padding-left: 20pt;padding-right: 20pt;line-height: 110%\">\u003cem>“Normally I hate\u003cbr>\nPooping in a public place\u003cbr>\nHere I feel proud”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">Why the sense of pride? Because the building is a \u003ca href=\"http://www.livingmachines.com/About-Living-Machine/Water-Reuse.aspx\">Living Machine\u003c/a>. Literally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">It’s an in-house wastewater treatment and reuse system that mimics the processes of natural wetlands. Student (and faculty) poop fuels the machine, and the water used to flush it down is recycled over and over, after passing through an elaborate cleaning system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">An \u003ca href=\"http://buildingdashboard.net/oberlin/ajlc/#/oberlin/ajlc////\">electronic dashboard\u003c/a> displays the amount of recycled vs. city water used at any given moment in the building.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I toured “the machine” with biologist John Peterson and building manager Sean Hayes. We set out to follow the flush.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first stop is an underground tank, full of—you guessed it—poop.“I think I just saw something coming in!” exclaimed Peterson after lifting the lid of the tank, and Hayes crouched down to confirm the turd sighting. This first tank is where the anaerobic action happens—microbes that don’t dig oxygen live here and start breaking down and converting the organic waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the sludge travels to another underground tank, this one with a bubbler that aerates the system. A different set of bacteria hang out here and greedily munch on the carbs and proteins, further breaking down the mess. They’re also helping convert a key element, nitrogen, into a plant-friendly form.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56725\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Living-Machine-054.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-56725\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Living-Machine-054-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Biologist John Peterson describes how the tropical plants suck up nitrogen and house beneficial bacteria in their roots. \" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Biologist John Peterson describes how the tropical plants suck up nitrogen and house beneficial bacteria in their roots.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After this, the mixture heads indoors, into a series of open tanks in a greenhouse. You can watch the greenhouse live on a \u003ca href=\"http://buildingdashboard.net/oberlin/ajlc/#/oberlin/ajlc////\">webcam\u003c/a> (though I can’t say it’s compelling television). Big tropical plants sprout from the tanks; Calla Lilies are in bloom during my visit. The plants suck up nitrogen and their roots house more beneficial bacteria. In addition to burning up organic matter and removing pathogens, it’s important for \u003ca href=\"http://water.worldbank.org/shw-resource-guide/infrastructure/menu-technical-options/wastewater-treatment\">wastewater treatment\u003c/a> schemes to remove nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorous, which if released into the environment, contribute to harmful \u003ca href=\"http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/res/Centers/HABS/faqs_causes_habs.html\">algal blooms.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next stop is a gurgle through the clarifier basin—where the sludge settles and is sent back to the underground tanks to keep the microbe levels high—and then the clear water is piped underneath the gravel bed of the greenhouse. This is referred to as the “marsh.” Here, more anaerobic microbes finish the cleaning job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a toilet needs refilling—or the landscaping needs watering—the clean, treated water is passed through an ultraviolet light to kill any lingering pathogens, and then it’s put into action.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">The water in the building’s toilets is slightly brown, but Peterson says it’s cleaner than much of the world’s drinking water.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The water in the building’s toilets is slightly brown, but Peterson says it’s cleaner than much of the world’s drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Living Machine technology was invented by biologist John Todd in the late nineties (\u003ca href=\"http://permaculturenews.org/2013/04/29/john-todd-living-machines-lecture/\">hear\u003c/a> him talk about it), and versions of it are now in place in several buildings across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The usefulness of the technology here in Oberlin, where water isn’t scarce, is less about its practical benefits and more about the educational ones. Local schools organize field trips to see the machine at work, and college students organize campaigns to promote on-campus pooping. Even internet gazers get involved with interactive tools and webcams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It introduces the concept of internal recycling and systems-thinking, says Peterson. “It challenges people to think: what’s waste vs. what’s resource?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peterson says coming to this building is an experience—an experience that starts with a trip to the bathroom. As a friend of mine who had visited the campus proudly told me, “Yep, I made a contribution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Explore a waterless way to deal with human excrement: \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://tlc.howstuffworks.com/home/composting-toilet1.htm\">\u003cem>the composting toilet\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Work Begins on Largest Dam Removal Project in California History",
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"content": "\u003cp>CARMEL VALLEY -- A ceremonial groundbreaking in Carmel Valley on Friday marks the beginning of the end for the 92-year-old San Clemente Dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The largest \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanclementedamremoval.org/\">dam removal project\u003c/a> in California history comes nearly 20 years after state inspectors declared the 106-foot-tall concrete structure unsafe and at risk of collapse in an earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If an earthquake were to cause it to have any breaks it would collapse quickly,” said Trish Chapman, regional manager for the state \u003ca href=\"http://coastalconservancy.org/\">Coastal Conservancy\u003c/a>, which is helping fund the $84 million project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like most dams, the reservoir has accumulated sediment over the years, so much that it’s now 95 percent silted up and no longer provides water to the Monterey Peninsula. Altogether, 2.5 million cubic yards of sand, gravel and other sediment – enough to fill 767 Olympic swimming pools – has piled up behind the dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57020\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/steelhead-trout.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-57020 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/steelhead-trout-800x885.jpg\" alt=\"steelhead trout\" width=\"800\" height=\"885\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/steelhead-trout-800x885.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/steelhead-trout-400x442.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/steelhead-trout-1180x1305.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/steelhead-trout-960x1062.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/steelhead-trout.jpg 1188w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The dam’s owner, \u003ca href=\"http://www.amwater.com/caaw/\">California American Water Company\u003c/a>, based in Coronado, will pay $49 million toward the project, funded through rate increases on Monterey water customers that amount to about $2.55 a month for average residential users over the next 20 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dam demolition “is a similar situation to how you plan for decommissioning a nuclear plant,” said California American Water President Robert MacLean. “It’s a matter of ‘when’ not ‘if.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only will 1,500 homes and structures downstream be safer after the three-year project is completed, but removing the dam also will help restore habitat for red-legged frogs and steelhead trout whose numbers have plummeted in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A trout population that numbered 1,350 in 1965 has dwindled to 249 this year, in part because the dam blocks the fish’s migration to and from the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m excited because we’ve been relocating these frogs and fish—now we’re going to let nature take over and let her do what she does best,” said Brian Stranko, regional director for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.org/\">Nature Conservancy\u003c/a>, which contributed $1 million to the removal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the project, construction crews will permanently reroute the Carmel River for about half a mile around the sediment, then tear the dam down over two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57056\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/san_clemente_dam1_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-57056 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/san_clemente_dam1_800-800x716.jpg\" alt=\"Click to enlarge\" width=\"800\" height=\"716\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/san_clemente_dam1_800.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/san_clemente_dam1_800-400x358.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This project, which also received some funding from federal grants, is being watched as a possible model for other dam removals across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a good example of where the community came together and recognized there is a reason why people and river would benefit from taking [the dam] down,” said William Irvin, president of \u003ca href=\"www.americanrivers.org/%E2%80%8E\">American Rivers\u003c/a>, an environmental group based in Washington, D.C.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The largest dam removal project in the country was the demolition of the 108-foot \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/olym/naturescience/elwha-ecosystem-restoration.htm\">Elwha Dam\u003c/a> and the 210-foot \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/olym/naturescience/removal-of-the-glines-canyon-dam.htm\">Glines Canyon Dam\u003c/a> near Port Angeles, Washington, a project that began in 2011.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That demolition released more than 24 million cubic yards of silt and other debris downstream. Ecologists are still waiting to find out how it will affect fish and other wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Irvin said that projects like the San Clemente are part of a broader movement, one that favors dam removals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are approximately 79,000 dams in the U.S., according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.usace.army.mil\">Army Corps of Engineers\u003c/a>. Thousands of them are obsolete, silted up or otherwise suited for removal, although finding the funding to remove them and figuring out what to do with the millions of tons of sediment behind them often pose major challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For a while we were building dams all the time, but our understanding of rivers has evolved and we know the value of them,” Irvin said. “It’s a golden age for river restoration and we’re just at the beginning of it.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>CARMEL VALLEY -- A ceremonial groundbreaking in Carmel Valley on Friday marks the beginning of the end for the 92-year-old San Clemente Dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The largest \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanclementedamremoval.org/\">dam removal project\u003c/a> in California history comes nearly 20 years after state inspectors declared the 106-foot-tall concrete structure unsafe and at risk of collapse in an earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If an earthquake were to cause it to have any breaks it would collapse quickly,” said Trish Chapman, regional manager for the state \u003ca href=\"http://coastalconservancy.org/\">Coastal Conservancy\u003c/a>, which is helping fund the $84 million project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like most dams, the reservoir has accumulated sediment over the years, so much that it’s now 95 percent silted up and no longer provides water to the Monterey Peninsula. Altogether, 2.5 million cubic yards of sand, gravel and other sediment – enough to fill 767 Olympic swimming pools – has piled up behind the dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57020\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/steelhead-trout.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-57020 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/steelhead-trout-800x885.jpg\" alt=\"steelhead trout\" width=\"800\" height=\"885\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/steelhead-trout-800x885.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/steelhead-trout-400x442.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/steelhead-trout-1180x1305.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/steelhead-trout-960x1062.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/steelhead-trout.jpg 1188w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The dam’s owner, \u003ca href=\"http://www.amwater.com/caaw/\">California American Water Company\u003c/a>, based in Coronado, will pay $49 million toward the project, funded through rate increases on Monterey water customers that amount to about $2.55 a month for average residential users over the next 20 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dam demolition “is a similar situation to how you plan for decommissioning a nuclear plant,” said California American Water President Robert MacLean. “It’s a matter of ‘when’ not ‘if.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only will 1,500 homes and structures downstream be safer after the three-year project is completed, but removing the dam also will help restore habitat for red-legged frogs and steelhead trout whose numbers have plummeted in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A trout population that numbered 1,350 in 1965 has dwindled to 249 this year, in part because the dam blocks the fish’s migration to and from the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m excited because we’ve been relocating these frogs and fish—now we’re going to let nature take over and let her do what she does best,” said Brian Stranko, regional director for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.org/\">Nature Conservancy\u003c/a>, which contributed $1 million to the removal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the project, construction crews will permanently reroute the Carmel River for about half a mile around the sediment, then tear the dam down over two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57056\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/san_clemente_dam1_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-57056 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/san_clemente_dam1_800-800x716.jpg\" alt=\"Click to enlarge\" width=\"800\" height=\"716\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/san_clemente_dam1_800.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/san_clemente_dam1_800-400x358.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This project, which also received some funding from federal grants, is being watched as a possible model for other dam removals across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a good example of where the community came together and recognized there is a reason why people and river would benefit from taking [the dam] down,” said William Irvin, president of \u003ca href=\"www.americanrivers.org/%E2%80%8E\">American Rivers\u003c/a>, an environmental group based in Washington, D.C.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The largest dam removal project in the country was the demolition of the 108-foot \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/olym/naturescience/elwha-ecosystem-restoration.htm\">Elwha Dam\u003c/a> and the 210-foot \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/olym/naturescience/removal-of-the-glines-canyon-dam.htm\">Glines Canyon Dam\u003c/a> near Port Angeles, Washington, a project that began in 2011.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That demolition released more than 24 million cubic yards of silt and other debris downstream. Ecologists are still waiting to find out how it will affect fish and other wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Irvin said that projects like the San Clemente are part of a broader movement, one that favors dam removals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are approximately 79,000 dams in the U.S., according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.usace.army.mil\">Army Corps of Engineers\u003c/a>. Thousands of them are obsolete, silted up or otherwise suited for removal, although finding the funding to remove them and figuring out what to do with the millions of tons of sediment behind them often pose major challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For a while we were building dams all the time, but our understanding of rivers has evolved and we know the value of them,” Irvin said. “It’s a golden age for river restoration and we’re just at the beginning of it.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56427\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/IMG_2678.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-56427 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/IMG_2678-e1371242167794.jpg\" alt=\"Fuels of Fuel inspires discussion among Wisconsin college students. Image courtesy of Heather Heggemeier / Wisconsin Energy Institute. \" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/IMG_2678-e1371242167794.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/IMG_2678-e1371242167794-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fields of Fuel inspires discussion among Wisconsin college students. Image courtesy of Heather Heggemeier / Wisconsin Energy Institute.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For many people, the allure of video games is unparalleled. These games provide hours upon hours of entertainment for dedicated players, many of whom are enticed by the prospect of hunting zombies and defeating alien empires. But of course, video games aren't just about fun these days. Since the late 1980s, video games have been used as teaching tools in the classroom, at home, and in other informal education settings. More recently, there has been a surge in the development of games that are being used not only to educate students, but also to enlighten scientists, policy makers, and others who hope to make use of the players' collective brain-power to help solve real-world problems. Stepping into this arena, a group of scientists and educators from the Midwest are trying to harness some of that time spent battling otherworldly marauders, and refocus it around answering questions related to an important agricultural puzzle: how to sustainably manage a biofuel farm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although there is general agreement that we should be growing crops that can be turned into biofuels, scientists and farmers are still debating the best way to proceed. There are questions about which crops to grow and how to raise them sustainably —as well as the larger question of what it means to be “sustainable.” Is a sustainable farm one with the best soil quality, or one that produces the most fuel, or one that yields enough income to support its farmers?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_55747\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/FoF_screenshot-copy-e1370384995846.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-55747\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/FoF_screenshot-copy-e1370384968279-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"The fields on the left are populated by corn and switchgrass; at right, graphs show the farm's sustainability over time in terms of ecology, income, and energy production. \" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The fields on the left are populated by corn and switchgrass; at right, graphs show the farm's sustainability over time in terms of ecology, income, and energy production.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To answer some of these questions, scientists at the \u003ca href=\"http://wid.wisc.edu\">Wisconsin Institute for Discovery\u003c/a> (WID) and at the University of Wisconsin-Madison have teamed up with ecologists and educators to create a \u003ca href=\"http://wid.wisc.edu/featured-science/student-computer-game-simulates-biofuel-production/\">video game\u003c/a>. Their hope is that the game will lure players into channeling the kind of critical thinking used in entertainment based video games, which will in turn provide insights about the best way to grow biofuel crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the game, whose working title is \u003cem>Fields of Fuel,\u003c/em> players plant plots of energy-dense corn or more \u003ca href=\"http://www.uwex.edu/ces/forage/pubs/switchgrass.pdf\">eco-friendly switchgrass\u003c/a> — and then decide if they want to till the soil and whether or not to add fertilizer. After the virtual harvest, graphs display their income, energy production, and ecological impact, and compare those values to other players’ scores and to their own performance the previous year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Fields of Fuel\u003c/em> started as a student project in an interdisciplinary computer-science class taught by three WID scientists: Ben Shapiro, now a professor of engineering education at Tufts University; Michael Ferris, Professor of Computer Sciences at UW-Madison; and Steve Wangen, a postdoctoral researcher in UW-Madison’s department of Forestry and Wildlife Ecology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56682\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 168px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/switchgrass.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-56682\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/switchgrass-168x253.jpg\" alt=\"switchgrass\" width=\"168\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Switchgrass can be processed to yield cellulosic ethanol, which has a higher net energy yield and lower greenhouse-gas production than ethanol from corn.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When the \u003ca href=\"http://www.glbrc.org\">Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center \u003c/a>realized the project’s potential, they contributed funding to keep it going. Rosemary Russ, a professor in the department of Curriculum and Instruction at UW-Madison, came on board to study players’ learning strategies and apply that knowledge to future iterations of the game. \u003cem>Fields of Fuel\u003c/em> has been piloted in high-school classrooms and is slated to appear in courses at UW. During my conversation with the developers, they asked me to play it, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It doesn’t take long to figure out that maximizing your score isn’t straightforward. When I wondered why fertilizing switchgrass hadn’t increased its yield, Shapiro reminded me that no effect has a single cause: “it’s choices you’re making, it’s changes in the soil, it’s choices other players are making; there are all these things that make the mapping between cause and effect harder to think about.” For players, it quickly becomes apparent that the notion of “sustainability” is more complicated than they might have expected. Having to think critically about all of the options in order to make decisions is part of what gives video games an edge as a teaching tool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the simplicity of the interface, the game developers relied on complex computational modeling and ecological expertise to create a set of situations that resemble real-life scenarios. As a result, scientists can assess the players’ decision-making process, and use what they learn to better understand how real farmers make analogous decisions. For example, when players decide what to plant for the next season, on what data are they basing these decisions? Do they weigh their “environment” or “economy” scores more heavily?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56436\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 446px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/FoF_screenshot_planting-e1371130720375.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-56436\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/FoF_screenshot_planting-e1371130720375-446x253.png\" alt=\"This empty field can be planted with corn, a perennial grass like switchgrass, or a cover crop. \" width=\"446\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This empty field can be planted with corn, a perennial grass like switchgrass, or a cover crop.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Fields of Fue\u003c/em>l should be ready for roll-out in classrooms by this fall. And after they nail down the features they want to include in a broader release, the developers hope they’ll be able to make \u003cem>Fields of Fue\u003c/em>l publicly available. That could yield a huge volume of data about learning and decision-making, and a get a huge number of people thinking a little more deeply about sustainable choices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biofuels research isn’t the only area of study poised to benefit from these video games. Other games developed at the WID engage players in \u003ca href=\"http://www.eriainteractive.com/project_TrailsForward.php\">forest management\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.gameslearningsociety.org/citizen-science-civic-engagement-thats-more-than-a-game/\">algae remediation\u003c/a>. As for Ferris, Shapiro, Russ, and Wangen, they’re full of ideas for additions to their model (like utilizing fertilizer runoff from another player’s farm) and ways to improve the interface (like color-coding the field to show soil health).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their motivation to continue refining and expanding these games stems, in part, from the fact that \u003cem>Fields of Fuel\u003c/em> hits close to home for researchers based in the agricultural Midwest. As Shapiro explains, “One of the things that we’re really excited about is how we can have the courses we teach at the university produce tools and systems that have an impact on our community.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56427\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/IMG_2678.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-56427 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/IMG_2678-e1371242167794.jpg\" alt=\"Fuels of Fuel inspires discussion among Wisconsin college students. Image courtesy of Heather Heggemeier / Wisconsin Energy Institute. \" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/IMG_2678-e1371242167794.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/IMG_2678-e1371242167794-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fields of Fuel inspires discussion among Wisconsin college students. Image courtesy of Heather Heggemeier / Wisconsin Energy Institute.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For many people, the allure of video games is unparalleled. These games provide hours upon hours of entertainment for dedicated players, many of whom are enticed by the prospect of hunting zombies and defeating alien empires. But of course, video games aren't just about fun these days. Since the late 1980s, video games have been used as teaching tools in the classroom, at home, and in other informal education settings. More recently, there has been a surge in the development of games that are being used not only to educate students, but also to enlighten scientists, policy makers, and others who hope to make use of the players' collective brain-power to help solve real-world problems. Stepping into this arena, a group of scientists and educators from the Midwest are trying to harness some of that time spent battling otherworldly marauders, and refocus it around answering questions related to an important agricultural puzzle: how to sustainably manage a biofuel farm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although there is general agreement that we should be growing crops that can be turned into biofuels, scientists and farmers are still debating the best way to proceed. There are questions about which crops to grow and how to raise them sustainably —as well as the larger question of what it means to be “sustainable.” Is a sustainable farm one with the best soil quality, or one that produces the most fuel, or one that yields enough income to support its farmers?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_55747\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/FoF_screenshot-copy-e1370384995846.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-55747\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/FoF_screenshot-copy-e1370384968279-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"The fields on the left are populated by corn and switchgrass; at right, graphs show the farm's sustainability over time in terms of ecology, income, and energy production. \" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The fields on the left are populated by corn and switchgrass; at right, graphs show the farm's sustainability over time in terms of ecology, income, and energy production.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To answer some of these questions, scientists at the \u003ca href=\"http://wid.wisc.edu\">Wisconsin Institute for Discovery\u003c/a> (WID) and at the University of Wisconsin-Madison have teamed up with ecologists and educators to create a \u003ca href=\"http://wid.wisc.edu/featured-science/student-computer-game-simulates-biofuel-production/\">video game\u003c/a>. Their hope is that the game will lure players into channeling the kind of critical thinking used in entertainment based video games, which will in turn provide insights about the best way to grow biofuel crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the game, whose working title is \u003cem>Fields of Fuel,\u003c/em> players plant plots of energy-dense corn or more \u003ca href=\"http://www.uwex.edu/ces/forage/pubs/switchgrass.pdf\">eco-friendly switchgrass\u003c/a> — and then decide if they want to till the soil and whether or not to add fertilizer. After the virtual harvest, graphs display their income, energy production, and ecological impact, and compare those values to other players’ scores and to their own performance the previous year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Fields of Fuel\u003c/em> started as a student project in an interdisciplinary computer-science class taught by three WID scientists: Ben Shapiro, now a professor of engineering education at Tufts University; Michael Ferris, Professor of Computer Sciences at UW-Madison; and Steve Wangen, a postdoctoral researcher in UW-Madison’s department of Forestry and Wildlife Ecology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56682\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 168px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/switchgrass.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-56682\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/switchgrass-168x253.jpg\" alt=\"switchgrass\" width=\"168\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Switchgrass can be processed to yield cellulosic ethanol, which has a higher net energy yield and lower greenhouse-gas production than ethanol from corn.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When the \u003ca href=\"http://www.glbrc.org\">Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center \u003c/a>realized the project’s potential, they contributed funding to keep it going. Rosemary Russ, a professor in the department of Curriculum and Instruction at UW-Madison, came on board to study players’ learning strategies and apply that knowledge to future iterations of the game. \u003cem>Fields of Fuel\u003c/em> has been piloted in high-school classrooms and is slated to appear in courses at UW. During my conversation with the developers, they asked me to play it, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It doesn’t take long to figure out that maximizing your score isn’t straightforward. When I wondered why fertilizing switchgrass hadn’t increased its yield, Shapiro reminded me that no effect has a single cause: “it’s choices you’re making, it’s changes in the soil, it’s choices other players are making; there are all these things that make the mapping between cause and effect harder to think about.” For players, it quickly becomes apparent that the notion of “sustainability” is more complicated than they might have expected. Having to think critically about all of the options in order to make decisions is part of what gives video games an edge as a teaching tool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the simplicity of the interface, the game developers relied on complex computational modeling and ecological expertise to create a set of situations that resemble real-life scenarios. As a result, scientists can assess the players’ decision-making process, and use what they learn to better understand how real farmers make analogous decisions. For example, when players decide what to plant for the next season, on what data are they basing these decisions? Do they weigh their “environment” or “economy” scores more heavily?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56436\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 446px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/FoF_screenshot_planting-e1371130720375.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-56436\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/FoF_screenshot_planting-e1371130720375-446x253.png\" alt=\"This empty field can be planted with corn, a perennial grass like switchgrass, or a cover crop. \" width=\"446\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This empty field can be planted with corn, a perennial grass like switchgrass, or a cover crop.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Fields of Fue\u003c/em>l should be ready for roll-out in classrooms by this fall. And after they nail down the features they want to include in a broader release, the developers hope they’ll be able to make \u003cem>Fields of Fue\u003c/em>l publicly available. That could yield a huge volume of data about learning and decision-making, and a get a huge number of people thinking a little more deeply about sustainable choices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biofuels research isn’t the only area of study poised to benefit from these video games. Other games developed at the WID engage players in \u003ca href=\"http://www.eriainteractive.com/project_TrailsForward.php\">forest management\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.gameslearningsociety.org/citizen-science-civic-engagement-thats-more-than-a-game/\">algae remediation\u003c/a>. As for Ferris, Shapiro, Russ, and Wangen, they’re full of ideas for additions to their model (like utilizing fertilizer runoff from another player’s farm) and ways to improve the interface (like color-coding the field to show soil health).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their motivation to continue refining and expanding these games stems, in part, from the fact that \u003cem>Fields of Fuel\u003c/em> hits close to home for researchers based in the agricultural Midwest. As Shapiro explains, “One of the things that we’re really excited about is how we can have the courses we teach at the university produce tools and systems that have an impact on our community.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cdl>\n\u003cdd>\u003c/dd>\n\u003c/dl>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56236\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/img_0389_cropped.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-56236\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/img_0389_cropped.jpg\" alt=\"Anthony Titus, from Richmond Heights, Ohio, plants native grasses during an EPA-funded wetland restoration project.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/img_0389_cropped.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/img_0389_cropped-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Anthony Titus, from Richmond Heights, Ohio, plants native grasses during an EPA-funded wetland restoration project.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Think of a wetland like a kidney. Just as kidneys filter blood in the body, wetlands filter pollutants out of waterways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is an especially important task in some urban areas, where big storm events can overwhelm the sewers and cause an overflow into nearby creeks and streams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a 2009 Fish and Wildlife \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/wetlands/Documents/Status-and-Trends-of-Wetlands-in-the-Coastal-Watersheds-of-the-Eastern-United-States-1998-to-2004-News-Release.pdf\">report\u003c/a>, wetlands along eastern coastal areas, like the Great Lakes, are disappearing at a rapid clip, with yearly losses of nearly 60,000 acres. But projects are underway to restore some of these wetlands, including one federally-funded effort in Cleveland, Ohio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>QUEST Ohio’s Anne Glausser reports:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe style=\"width: 300px;height: 24px;border: 0;overflow: hidden\" src=\"http://www.ideastream.org/common/embed/audio.php?year=2013&program=wetland0515\" width=\"320\" height=\"240\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56251\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/volunteer__l_2013.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-56251\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/volunteer__l_2013-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Volunteers lend a hand to stabilize the streambank and restore Euclid Creek's damaged wetlands.\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Volunteers lend a hand to stabilize the streambank and restore Euclid Creek's damaged wetlands.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>TRANSCRIPT:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s planting day at Euclid Creek, near the Wildwood Marina in Cleveland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>GLAUSSER: What a beautiful day. POSIUS: I know, I know, we’re so lucky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m with Claire Posius of the Cuyahoga Soil and Water Conservation District who spearheads the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cuyahogaswcd.org/euclidcreekfiles/ec_lacustrinerefuge.htm\">wetland restoration project\u003c/a> underway here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re standing at a ledge overlooking the creek and thinking about how best to get down there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I realize – too late – that I’m not wearing the right shoes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>POSIUS: It’s a little treacherous getting down so I’m trying to figure out…so you don’t mind going through the creek? Or we can walk all the way around? GLAUSSER: No, let’s go through, I’m fine, I’ll…these shoes need to be washed a little anyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(Sound of wading through creek)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We wade through a newly-restored creek bed near where the stream meets Lake Erie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This whole area used to be an island, gnarled with invasive Japanese Knotweed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>POSIUS: It looked like a jungle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The island came about because of the nearby marina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During its development in the 30s, they needed somewhere to put all the dredged earth—so they dumped it into the creek and surrounding wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This created flooding problems upstream, so in the 80s the Army Corps came in and made a relief channel for the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a quick fix that solved the flooding problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it just channeled the water directly into Lake Erie, and did nothing to restore the wetland and its wildlife habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, says Posius, they’ve bulldozed the island, restored the wetland, and returned the creek to its natural, meandering state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>POSIUS: We’re just, we’re recreating what was here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Northeast Ohio was once almost 90% wetland, but now only patches remain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a 2009 Fish and Wildlife report, wetlands along eastern coastal areas, like the Great Lakes, are disappearing at a rapid clip, with yearly losses of nearly 60,000 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>POSIUS: It’s so rare that we find them now, that we haven’t developed on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a problem, says Posius.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>POSIUS: They are like the kidney of our natural systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wetlands filter pollutants from urban runoff, such as what comes from the pipe upstream from this creek mouth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>POSIUS: When we have these big storm events, the system becomes overburdened and then unfortunately our sanitary sewer and the stormwater combine in the same pipe and then come into the creeks and streams, unfortunately.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now with the wetland restored, that natural filter is back in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wetlands are also prime real-estate for biodiversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>GLAUSSER: Why do fish like wetlands, and little puddles and crannies? POSIUS: Well there’s lots of habitat here. So before, the island was about 6’ above the water level so the fish couldn’t get up to the habitat. And what we’ve done also is remove all the invasive plants that’s crowded out all the natives and diversity, and we’re planting hundreds of different species that are native to wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says they’ve attracted ducks, herons, creek chubs…even a toothy resident:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>POSIUS: We’ve got a beaver that’s the size of a yellow lab…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Euclid Creek is pretty unusual to get this kind of attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wetland restoration doesn’t come cheap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This project was backed by the \u003ca href=\"http://greatlakesrestoration.us/\">Great Lakes Restoration Initiative\u003c/a>, a federal program that’s funded nearly a billion dollars in cleanup projects since 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TITUS: Oh well, this one just crumbled. I don’t know how…(voice in the background: You can still plant it). Still plant it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anthony Titus is a sophomore at Richmond Heights and has an armful of native grasses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s one of thirty or so volunteers who have turned out on this sunny Saturday to help plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another is Pasa Barnett, who lives nearby and came out with his family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BARNETT: We hadn’t been here probably in a year and we were just amazed at the transformation that had taken place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barnett’s managed to keep his shoes pretty clean—unlike me—but his hands are definitely dirty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BARNETT: It’s just, it’s nice to be a part of this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anne Glausser, \u003ca href=\"http://www.wcpn.org/\">90.3\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdl>\n\u003cdd>\u003c/dd>\n\u003c/dl>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56236\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/img_0389_cropped.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-56236\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/img_0389_cropped.jpg\" alt=\"Anthony Titus, from Richmond Heights, Ohio, plants native grasses during an EPA-funded wetland restoration project.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/img_0389_cropped.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/img_0389_cropped-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Anthony Titus, from Richmond Heights, Ohio, plants native grasses during an EPA-funded wetland restoration project.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Think of a wetland like a kidney. Just as kidneys filter blood in the body, wetlands filter pollutants out of waterways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is an especially important task in some urban areas, where big storm events can overwhelm the sewers and cause an overflow into nearby creeks and streams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a 2009 Fish and Wildlife \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/wetlands/Documents/Status-and-Trends-of-Wetlands-in-the-Coastal-Watersheds-of-the-Eastern-United-States-1998-to-2004-News-Release.pdf\">report\u003c/a>, wetlands along eastern coastal areas, like the Great Lakes, are disappearing at a rapid clip, with yearly losses of nearly 60,000 acres. But projects are underway to restore some of these wetlands, including one federally-funded effort in Cleveland, Ohio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>QUEST Ohio’s Anne Glausser reports:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe style=\"width: 300px;height: 24px;border: 0;overflow: hidden\" src=\"http://www.ideastream.org/common/embed/audio.php?year=2013&program=wetland0515\" width=\"320\" height=\"240\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56251\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/volunteer__l_2013.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-56251\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/volunteer__l_2013-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Volunteers lend a hand to stabilize the streambank and restore Euclid Creek's damaged wetlands.\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Volunteers lend a hand to stabilize the streambank and restore Euclid Creek's damaged wetlands.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>TRANSCRIPT:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s planting day at Euclid Creek, near the Wildwood Marina in Cleveland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>GLAUSSER: What a beautiful day. POSIUS: I know, I know, we’re so lucky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m with Claire Posius of the Cuyahoga Soil and Water Conservation District who spearheads the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cuyahogaswcd.org/euclidcreekfiles/ec_lacustrinerefuge.htm\">wetland restoration project\u003c/a> underway here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re standing at a ledge overlooking the creek and thinking about how best to get down there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I realize – too late – that I’m not wearing the right shoes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>POSIUS: It’s a little treacherous getting down so I’m trying to figure out…so you don’t mind going through the creek? Or we can walk all the way around? GLAUSSER: No, let’s go through, I’m fine, I’ll…these shoes need to be washed a little anyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(Sound of wading through creek)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We wade through a newly-restored creek bed near where the stream meets Lake Erie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This whole area used to be an island, gnarled with invasive Japanese Knotweed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>POSIUS: It looked like a jungle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The island came about because of the nearby marina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During its development in the 30s, they needed somewhere to put all the dredged earth—so they dumped it into the creek and surrounding wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This created flooding problems upstream, so in the 80s the Army Corps came in and made a relief channel for the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a quick fix that solved the flooding problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it just channeled the water directly into Lake Erie, and did nothing to restore the wetland and its wildlife habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, says Posius, they’ve bulldozed the island, restored the wetland, and returned the creek to its natural, meandering state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>POSIUS: We’re just, we’re recreating what was here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Northeast Ohio was once almost 90% wetland, but now only patches remain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a 2009 Fish and Wildlife report, wetlands along eastern coastal areas, like the Great Lakes, are disappearing at a rapid clip, with yearly losses of nearly 60,000 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>POSIUS: It’s so rare that we find them now, that we haven’t developed on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a problem, says Posius.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>POSIUS: They are like the kidney of our natural systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wetlands filter pollutants from urban runoff, such as what comes from the pipe upstream from this creek mouth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>POSIUS: When we have these big storm events, the system becomes overburdened and then unfortunately our sanitary sewer and the stormwater combine in the same pipe and then come into the creeks and streams, unfortunately.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now with the wetland restored, that natural filter is back in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wetlands are also prime real-estate for biodiversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>GLAUSSER: Why do fish like wetlands, and little puddles and crannies? POSIUS: Well there’s lots of habitat here. So before, the island was about 6’ above the water level so the fish couldn’t get up to the habitat. And what we’ve done also is remove all the invasive plants that’s crowded out all the natives and diversity, and we’re planting hundreds of different species that are native to wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says they’ve attracted ducks, herons, creek chubs…even a toothy resident:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>POSIUS: We’ve got a beaver that’s the size of a yellow lab…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Euclid Creek is pretty unusual to get this kind of attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wetland restoration doesn’t come cheap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This project was backed by the \u003ca href=\"http://greatlakesrestoration.us/\">Great Lakes Restoration Initiative\u003c/a>, a federal program that’s funded nearly a billion dollars in cleanup projects since 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TITUS: Oh well, this one just crumbled. I don’t know how…(voice in the background: You can still plant it). Still plant it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anthony Titus is a sophomore at Richmond Heights and has an armful of native grasses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s one of thirty or so volunteers who have turned out on this sunny Saturday to help plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another is Pasa Barnett, who lives nearby and came out with his family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BARNETT: We hadn’t been here probably in a year and we were just amazed at the transformation that had taken place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barnett’s managed to keep his shoes pretty clean—unlike me—but his hands are definitely dirty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BARNETT: It’s just, it’s nice to be a part of this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anne Glausser, \u003ca href=\"http://www.wcpn.org/\">90.3\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "The Green Side of Drones: Science and Environmental Apps Abound",
"title": "The Green Side of Drones: Science and Environmental Apps Abound",
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"content": "\u003cp>It appears that “drones” are here to stay. And Silicon Valley drone makers are going beyond military and spy applications, creating new environmental uses for unmanned aerial vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Friday afternoons, you’ll usually find Chris Anderson out by the Berkeley Marina, tinkering with his squadron of drones. Looking up at the sky as one of his creations buzzes about, he can’t help blurting out, \"So that’s just freakin’ cool, right?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Anderson, this is serious stuff. He quit his job as editor-in-chief of Wired Magazine to build \u003ca href=\"http://3drobotics.com/\">3D Robotics\u003c/a>. The do-it-yourself drone company based in San Diego, won’t do military projects. That's part of a compact it has with about 40 thousand developers in its \u003ca href=\"http://diydrones.com/\">online community\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few of them are here today, testing a 2-pound fixed-wing airplane that’s carrying a pocket-sized near-infrared camera, which is nothing more than a regular point-and-shoot model, with the plastic filter popped off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our eyes are like the worst eyes in the animal kingdom,” Anderson says. “The cameras have been sort of crippled, to resemble the human eye. So we ‘un-cripple’ these cameras, to see the world the way an insect would see it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FpMn1-qgGQo\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Photo: Systems Program, UC Berkeley Engineering \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This mini-airplane with a 2-and-half foot wingspan is different from conventional remote-controlled planes because it’s flying without a human operator. It’s following GPS coordinates plugged in before take-off. Other drones track moving objects on the ground using sensors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The more autonomous, the more drone-like they are,\" Anderson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drone darts back and forth in a lawnmower pattern, 150 feet above the grass. It’s reporting its position to a laptop, and snapping pictures to stitch together a high-resolution map of the marina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That image may not be something the world desperately needs but Anderson says farmers could use this kind of data gathering and image processing for crop surveys, to figure out what plants need water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A healthy plant will absorb the red light, but reflect the infrared,” he explains. “But as chlorophyll is damaged, it'll start to reflect the red as well. So the ratio of the infrared and the red tells you the health of the plant.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The application isn’t quite ready to go wheels-up. Anderson is still working on getting his drones to tell up from down. The accelerators, the gyroscopes, the magnetometers and GPS have to get better at correcting each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, it's illegal to fly drones for profit. The Federal Aviation Administration is expected to issue regulations by 2015. Anderson points out that a camera on a drone is far more regulated than the one in his iPhone. \"We've seen what camera phones have done to spread cameras everywhere, except for in the sky. The sky's empty.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56016\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 415px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/3D-GPS-waypoints.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-56016\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/3D-GPS-waypoints-415x253.jpg\" alt=\"This drone above the Berkeley Marina follows GPS coordinates and takes pictures at specified points to create a terrestrial map. Photo courtesy of 3D Robotics\" width=\"415\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This drone above the Berkeley Marina follows GPS coordinates and takes pictures at specified points to create a terrestrial map. Photo: 3D Robotics\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Unforeseen Issues\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silicon Valley technology forecaster \u003ca href=\"http://www.saffo.com/\">Paul Saffo\u003c/a> says one man’s drone utopia could be another’s dystopia. \"There are going to be people upset enough by these drones, that they're going to figure out counter-measures,” he predicts, “whether it's shining lasers into their sensor systems, or perhaps a shotgun.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drones could be used for \u003ca href=\"http://techcrunch.com/2013/05/28/uvs-avia/\">search and rescue\u003c/a>, to \u003ca href=\"http://opencanada.org/features/the-think-tank/essays/the-case-for-humanitarian-drones/\">drop medicine in remote villages\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://marinedebrisblog.wordpress.com/2012/06/18/looking-for-debris-from-the-sky/\">to scout debris from tsunamis\u003c/a>, or to \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2013/04/25/179017548/from-battle-to-birds-drones-get-second-life-counting-critters\">count wildlife\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But environmental and scientific uses may end up \u003cstrong>not\u003c/strong> being the most popular. Saffo says drones could also be the next killer app for police spying on homes and teenage boys peeking into the girls' locker room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are already signs of civilian conflict. The animal rights group PETA is \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2013/04/11/us/animal-rights-drones\">shopping for drones\u003c/a> to prevent illegal hunting while hunters \u003ca href=\"http://westernfarmpress.com/blog/peta-drones-trophy-prize-us-hunters\">vow to shoot down\u003c/a> those eyes in the sky. Lawmakers in California and other states that embrace self-driving cars are \u003ca href=\"http://legiscan.com/CA/bill/SB15\">drafting bills\u003c/a> to limit self-driving aerial vehicles, out of privacy concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saffo isn't convinced just yet that privacy will emerge as the\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>main issue. He likens the current state of drones to when automobiles first arrived a century ago. “There were cities that required somebody walking in front of the automobile with a red flag, warning off horses and riders,” he recounted. “Turned out that wasn’t an issue. But traffic jams were an issue, and nobody imagined traffic jams.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Low-Cost Solution\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Raja Sengupta is the go-to drones professor at \u003ca href=\"http://c3uv.berkeley.edu/\">UC Berkeley’s engineering school\u003c/a>. On a recent day, he and three of his students gathered at Oakland’s Lake Merritt, to test a small drone that could help merchant ships avoid collisions with whales or icebergs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Just imagine if the Titanic had had a drone in front of it,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sengupta gets to skirt some of the tough issues like privacy, by taking his drones out to sea. His team did a project with Shell Oil using drones last year. Sengupta says drones could save oil companies a lot of money. “As I understand it, they pay people to sit in Cessnas and fly around and count whales,” he tells me, then adds, “I mean, this is some part of the money we are putting into the gas tank.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A leading industry group estimates that drones will generate \u003ca href=\"http://www.auvsi.org/econreport\">$82 billion and 100,000 jobs\u003c/a> in the decade after they go commercial. Sengupata says the more important number may be the cost of building a drone. It's relatively cheap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His student Hao Chen mounts a digital camera on a small, beat-up drone made of ice cream sticks and Styrofoam. “This whole thing is probably about 600 or 700 hundred dollars,” Chen estimates. And Sengupta estimates the data it collects is worth five thousand dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chen programs GPS coordinates into the drone and it takes off over the lake. Geese flutter away, sounding frazzled. And in two minutes, the drone vanishes. It’s completely out of sight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Fortunately it’s a very harmless drone,” Sengupta laughs. “It has no weapons system on it. It’s nothing like President Obama’s drones.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can sort of see the drone's position on Google maps. It's stuck in a tree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Science Foundation, which has invested $25 million in drone science over the last five years, gave Sengupta an NSF-sponsored graduate student. He climbs the tree to rescue the drone, as though it were a stranded cat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sengupta keeps laughing, \"This is exactly the kind of doctoral student one wants -- does everything from solving a differential equation to climbing a tree.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The propeller is broken. But the pictures -- the data -- survived. Sengupta says that's proof civilian drones will take off: crashing doesn't put a deep dent in anyone's wallet.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It appears that “drones” are here to stay. And Silicon Valley drone makers are going beyond military and spy applications, creating new environmental uses for unmanned aerial vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Friday afternoons, you’ll usually find Chris Anderson out by the Berkeley Marina, tinkering with his squadron of drones. Looking up at the sky as one of his creations buzzes about, he can’t help blurting out, \"So that’s just freakin’ cool, right?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Anderson, this is serious stuff. He quit his job as editor-in-chief of Wired Magazine to build \u003ca href=\"http://3drobotics.com/\">3D Robotics\u003c/a>. The do-it-yourself drone company based in San Diego, won’t do military projects. That's part of a compact it has with about 40 thousand developers in its \u003ca href=\"http://diydrones.com/\">online community\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few of them are here today, testing a 2-pound fixed-wing airplane that’s carrying a pocket-sized near-infrared camera, which is nothing more than a regular point-and-shoot model, with the plastic filter popped off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our eyes are like the worst eyes in the animal kingdom,” Anderson says. “The cameras have been sort of crippled, to resemble the human eye. So we ‘un-cripple’ these cameras, to see the world the way an insect would see it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FpMn1-qgGQo\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Photo: Systems Program, UC Berkeley Engineering \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This mini-airplane with a 2-and-half foot wingspan is different from conventional remote-controlled planes because it’s flying without a human operator. It’s following GPS coordinates plugged in before take-off. Other drones track moving objects on the ground using sensors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The more autonomous, the more drone-like they are,\" Anderson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drone darts back and forth in a lawnmower pattern, 150 feet above the grass. It’s reporting its position to a laptop, and snapping pictures to stitch together a high-resolution map of the marina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That image may not be something the world desperately needs but Anderson says farmers could use this kind of data gathering and image processing for crop surveys, to figure out what plants need water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A healthy plant will absorb the red light, but reflect the infrared,” he explains. “But as chlorophyll is damaged, it'll start to reflect the red as well. So the ratio of the infrared and the red tells you the health of the plant.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The application isn’t quite ready to go wheels-up. Anderson is still working on getting his drones to tell up from down. The accelerators, the gyroscopes, the magnetometers and GPS have to get better at correcting each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, it's illegal to fly drones for profit. The Federal Aviation Administration is expected to issue regulations by 2015. Anderson points out that a camera on a drone is far more regulated than the one in his iPhone. \"We've seen what camera phones have done to spread cameras everywhere, except for in the sky. The sky's empty.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56016\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 415px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/3D-GPS-waypoints.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-56016\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/3D-GPS-waypoints-415x253.jpg\" alt=\"This drone above the Berkeley Marina follows GPS coordinates and takes pictures at specified points to create a terrestrial map. Photo courtesy of 3D Robotics\" width=\"415\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This drone above the Berkeley Marina follows GPS coordinates and takes pictures at specified points to create a terrestrial map. Photo: 3D Robotics\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Unforeseen Issues\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silicon Valley technology forecaster \u003ca href=\"http://www.saffo.com/\">Paul Saffo\u003c/a> says one man’s drone utopia could be another’s dystopia. \"There are going to be people upset enough by these drones, that they're going to figure out counter-measures,” he predicts, “whether it's shining lasers into their sensor systems, or perhaps a shotgun.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drones could be used for \u003ca href=\"http://techcrunch.com/2013/05/28/uvs-avia/\">search and rescue\u003c/a>, to \u003ca href=\"http://opencanada.org/features/the-think-tank/essays/the-case-for-humanitarian-drones/\">drop medicine in remote villages\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://marinedebrisblog.wordpress.com/2012/06/18/looking-for-debris-from-the-sky/\">to scout debris from tsunamis\u003c/a>, or to \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2013/04/25/179017548/from-battle-to-birds-drones-get-second-life-counting-critters\">count wildlife\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But environmental and scientific uses may end up \u003cstrong>not\u003c/strong> being the most popular. Saffo says drones could also be the next killer app for police spying on homes and teenage boys peeking into the girls' locker room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are already signs of civilian conflict. The animal rights group PETA is \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2013/04/11/us/animal-rights-drones\">shopping for drones\u003c/a> to prevent illegal hunting while hunters \u003ca href=\"http://westernfarmpress.com/blog/peta-drones-trophy-prize-us-hunters\">vow to shoot down\u003c/a> those eyes in the sky. Lawmakers in California and other states that embrace self-driving cars are \u003ca href=\"http://legiscan.com/CA/bill/SB15\">drafting bills\u003c/a> to limit self-driving aerial vehicles, out of privacy concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saffo isn't convinced just yet that privacy will emerge as the\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>main issue. He likens the current state of drones to when automobiles first arrived a century ago. “There were cities that required somebody walking in front of the automobile with a red flag, warning off horses and riders,” he recounted. “Turned out that wasn’t an issue. But traffic jams were an issue, and nobody imagined traffic jams.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Low-Cost Solution\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Raja Sengupta is the go-to drones professor at \u003ca href=\"http://c3uv.berkeley.edu/\">UC Berkeley’s engineering school\u003c/a>. On a recent day, he and three of his students gathered at Oakland’s Lake Merritt, to test a small drone that could help merchant ships avoid collisions with whales or icebergs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Just imagine if the Titanic had had a drone in front of it,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sengupta gets to skirt some of the tough issues like privacy, by taking his drones out to sea. His team did a project with Shell Oil using drones last year. Sengupta says drones could save oil companies a lot of money. “As I understand it, they pay people to sit in Cessnas and fly around and count whales,” he tells me, then adds, “I mean, this is some part of the money we are putting into the gas tank.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A leading industry group estimates that drones will generate \u003ca href=\"http://www.auvsi.org/econreport\">$82 billion and 100,000 jobs\u003c/a> in the decade after they go commercial. Sengupata says the more important number may be the cost of building a drone. It's relatively cheap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His student Hao Chen mounts a digital camera on a small, beat-up drone made of ice cream sticks and Styrofoam. “This whole thing is probably about 600 or 700 hundred dollars,” Chen estimates. And Sengupta estimates the data it collects is worth five thousand dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chen programs GPS coordinates into the drone and it takes off over the lake. Geese flutter away, sounding frazzled. And in two minutes, the drone vanishes. It’s completely out of sight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Fortunately it’s a very harmless drone,” Sengupta laughs. “It has no weapons system on it. It’s nothing like President Obama’s drones.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can sort of see the drone's position on Google maps. It's stuck in a tree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Science Foundation, which has invested $25 million in drone science over the last five years, gave Sengupta an NSF-sponsored graduate student. He climbs the tree to rescue the drone, as though it were a stranded cat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sengupta keeps laughing, \"This is exactly the kind of doctoral student one wants -- does everything from solving a differential equation to climbing a tree.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Recycling a House",
"title": "Recycling a House",
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"content": "\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/recycling_featured1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-55762\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/recycling_featured1.jpg\" alt=\"recycling_featured\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/recycling_featured1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/recycling_featured1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you think about recycling, you may picture newspapers stacked neatly on your curb for pickup, or those ubiquitous blue bins around your office filled with bottles and cans. But items like papers, plastics and glass represent only a fraction of what we could be recycling. Across America, landfills are still expanding rapidly. One of the major culprits is the debris from housing construction and demolition—much of which could actually be recycled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People understand it’s not right to just throw things away,” says Robert Chapman, Executive Director of \u003ca href=\"http://www.warmtraining.org/wordpress/home/\">WARM Training Center\u003c/a>. “If you’re going to recycle a water bottle, how about recycling houses? It’s the same idea.” WARM Training Center is a Detroit-based nonprofit that trains building professionals and others in an effort to establish a local green-building workforce. In 2011, they founded \u003ca href=\"http://reclaimingdetroit.org/\">Reclaim Detroit\u003c/a>, a subsidiary nonprofit with a mission to divert construction and demolition material from landfills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_55765\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 381px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/salvaging_wood.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-55765 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/salvaging_wood.jpg\" alt=\"A worker from Reclaim Detroit salvages wood from a vacant home. Image Courtesy of Reclaim Detroit.\" width=\"381\" height=\"253\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/salvaging_wood.jpg 1600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/salvaging_wood-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/salvaging_wood-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/salvaging_wood-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/salvaging_wood-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/salvaging_wood-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 381px) 100vw, 381px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A worker from Reclaim Detroit removes wood from a vacant home. Image Courtesy of Reclaim Detroit.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In Detroit, a city that epitomizes the slow and steady decline of the U.S. manufacturing industry, the residential vacancy rate hovers near 30% and neighborhoods have been hollowed out. “Detroit, in 1960, was a city of almost 2 million people. Right now, it’s estimated around 750,000,” says Chapman. Left jobless by shuttered manufacturers, people fled, leaving tens of thousands of vacant homes in their wake. In this context, demolition is often seen as a welcome alternative to blight. But, according to Chapman, demolition is not the only solution. “There are a lot of homes that were built in the 1910s, 20s and 30s—when Detroit was really booming—that were really solidly built. Instead of pushing a house down and throwing it into a big hole, if we can take it apart carefully and find ways to reuse that, we can give them new life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/decon_graphic_final_6_3.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-55708 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/decon_graphic_final_6_3.jpg\" alt=\"What parts of a house can be recycled?\" width=\"576\" height=\"380\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/decon_graphic_final_6_3.jpg 1600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/decon_graphic_final_6_3-400x264.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/decon_graphic_final_6_3-800x528.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/decon_graphic_final_6_3-1440x950.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/decon_graphic_final_6_3-1180x779.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/decon_graphic_final_6_3-960x634.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 576px) 100vw, 576px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As opposed to demolition, which implies reducing a structure to rubble, the process that Chapman’s company employs is more like reverse assembly. It’s a careful and time-consuming approach, which is being dubbed as “deconstruction” by practitioners. “Deconstruction is more of a hands-on approach to razing a structure,” says Igor Rae. Rae owns\u003ca href=\"http://www.greendeconstructionservices.net/\"> Green Deconstruction\u003c/a> further south in Cleveland, a city which has also felt the effects of population loss. “It’s all being done by hand and you’re really kind of reverse-engineering a house. You’re taking things apart in a backwards way from how it was built.” Rae, who has worked in residential restoration and remodeling for 25 years, started Green Deconstruction for projects that range from “soft stripping” —salvaging a few prime architectural elements—to a full home deconstruction, which can recycle as much as 250-300 tons or 85-90% of a house. “This is a good way of handling old items without clogging up landfills. I’ve always hated, in the decades that I’ve been in the construction business, throwing out certain things,” says Rae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_55763\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 414px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/flooring.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-55763 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/flooring.jpg\" alt=\"flooring\" width=\"414\" height=\"277\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/flooring.jpg 1600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/flooring-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/flooring-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/flooring-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/flooring-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/flooring-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 414px) 100vw, 414px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Salvaged wood in the Reclaim Detroit warehouse. Image Courtesy of Reclaim Detroit.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One material that’s especially hard to part with is the old-growth lumber found in many older Rustbelt homes. “I heard someone say once that our old-growth forests are still standing, but they’re standing inside of houses,” says Robert Chapman. Rare timbers like Douglas fir, poplar, cherry and oak line windows, make up doors and often form the frames of older homes. According to Igor Rae, old-growth timbers are extremely stable dimensionally, are more rot-resistant and have a lifespan that far exceeds the fast-growth wood that is prevalent today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\" wp-image-55708 \">For the right person, these homes are a goldmine, but finding the right person—or, more accurately, the right \u003cem>people\u003c/em>—is still a challenge. Says Rae, “We’re doing our little part, but there’s a whole world out there. Frankly, we need more people that want things made out of old stuff or who want to recycle things. That’s what is, ultimately, going to drive the business.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Construction companies in the Rustbelt tackle the problem of old, abandoned houses with a new vision for recycling; board by board and brick by brick.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/recycling_featured1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-55762\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/recycling_featured1.jpg\" alt=\"recycling_featured\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/recycling_featured1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/recycling_featured1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you think about recycling, you may picture newspapers stacked neatly on your curb for pickup, or those ubiquitous blue bins around your office filled with bottles and cans. But items like papers, plastics and glass represent only a fraction of what we could be recycling. Across America, landfills are still expanding rapidly. One of the major culprits is the debris from housing construction and demolition—much of which could actually be recycled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People understand it’s not right to just throw things away,” says Robert Chapman, Executive Director of \u003ca href=\"http://www.warmtraining.org/wordpress/home/\">WARM Training Center\u003c/a>. “If you’re going to recycle a water bottle, how about recycling houses? It’s the same idea.” WARM Training Center is a Detroit-based nonprofit that trains building professionals and others in an effort to establish a local green-building workforce. In 2011, they founded \u003ca href=\"http://reclaimingdetroit.org/\">Reclaim Detroit\u003c/a>, a subsidiary nonprofit with a mission to divert construction and demolition material from landfills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_55765\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 381px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/salvaging_wood.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-55765 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/salvaging_wood.jpg\" alt=\"A worker from Reclaim Detroit salvages wood from a vacant home. Image Courtesy of Reclaim Detroit.\" width=\"381\" height=\"253\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/salvaging_wood.jpg 1600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/salvaging_wood-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/salvaging_wood-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/salvaging_wood-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/salvaging_wood-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/salvaging_wood-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 381px) 100vw, 381px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A worker from Reclaim Detroit removes wood from a vacant home. Image Courtesy of Reclaim Detroit.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In Detroit, a city that epitomizes the slow and steady decline of the U.S. manufacturing industry, the residential vacancy rate hovers near 30% and neighborhoods have been hollowed out. “Detroit, in 1960, was a city of almost 2 million people. Right now, it’s estimated around 750,000,” says Chapman. Left jobless by shuttered manufacturers, people fled, leaving tens of thousands of vacant homes in their wake. In this context, demolition is often seen as a welcome alternative to blight. But, according to Chapman, demolition is not the only solution. “There are a lot of homes that were built in the 1910s, 20s and 30s—when Detroit was really booming—that were really solidly built. Instead of pushing a house down and throwing it into a big hole, if we can take it apart carefully and find ways to reuse that, we can give them new life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/decon_graphic_final_6_3.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-55708 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/decon_graphic_final_6_3.jpg\" alt=\"What parts of a house can be recycled?\" width=\"576\" height=\"380\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/decon_graphic_final_6_3.jpg 1600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/decon_graphic_final_6_3-400x264.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/decon_graphic_final_6_3-800x528.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/decon_graphic_final_6_3-1440x950.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/decon_graphic_final_6_3-1180x779.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/decon_graphic_final_6_3-960x634.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 576px) 100vw, 576px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As opposed to demolition, which implies reducing a structure to rubble, the process that Chapman’s company employs is more like reverse assembly. It’s a careful and time-consuming approach, which is being dubbed as “deconstruction” by practitioners. “Deconstruction is more of a hands-on approach to razing a structure,” says Igor Rae. Rae owns\u003ca href=\"http://www.greendeconstructionservices.net/\"> Green Deconstruction\u003c/a> further south in Cleveland, a city which has also felt the effects of population loss. “It’s all being done by hand and you’re really kind of reverse-engineering a house. You’re taking things apart in a backwards way from how it was built.” Rae, who has worked in residential restoration and remodeling for 25 years, started Green Deconstruction for projects that range from “soft stripping” —salvaging a few prime architectural elements—to a full home deconstruction, which can recycle as much as 250-300 tons or 85-90% of a house. “This is a good way of handling old items without clogging up landfills. I’ve always hated, in the decades that I’ve been in the construction business, throwing out certain things,” says Rae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_55763\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 414px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/flooring.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-55763 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/flooring.jpg\" alt=\"flooring\" width=\"414\" height=\"277\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/flooring.jpg 1600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/flooring-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/flooring-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/flooring-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/flooring-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/flooring-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 414px) 100vw, 414px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Salvaged wood in the Reclaim Detroit warehouse. Image Courtesy of Reclaim Detroit.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One material that’s especially hard to part with is the old-growth lumber found in many older Rustbelt homes. “I heard someone say once that our old-growth forests are still standing, but they’re standing inside of houses,” says Robert Chapman. Rare timbers like Douglas fir, poplar, cherry and oak line windows, make up doors and often form the frames of older homes. According to Igor Rae, old-growth timbers are extremely stable dimensionally, are more rot-resistant and have a lifespan that far exceeds the fast-growth wood that is prevalent today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\" wp-image-55708 \">For the right person, these homes are a goldmine, but finding the right person—or, more accurately, the right \u003cem>people\u003c/em>—is still a challenge. Says Rae, “We’re doing our little part, but there’s a whole world out there. Frankly, we need more people that want things made out of old stuff or who want to recycle things. That’s what is, ultimately, going to drive the business.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Outsourcing Your Compost: Soil Without The Stink",
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"content": "\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/scrape4.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-55660\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/scrape4-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"scrape4\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thursday is trash/recycling day at my house. That means whatever is cleaned up in the kitchen after dinner goes right into the garbage and then out to the trash bin at the curb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_55664\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 338px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/bin3.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-55664 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/bin3-338x253.jpg\" alt='\"American families throw out approximately 25 percent of the food and beverages they buy,\" according to the NRDC' width=\"338\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\"American families throw out approximately 25 percent of the food and beverages they buy,\" according to the NRDC\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scraps of food from plates, pieces of fat from the meat, the hard part from the head of lettuce, the coffee filter filled with grounds, the “icky looking” piece of carrot the kids didn’t want, etc. It all goes into the trash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not like I was throwing away a lot of food scraps. But I’ve got to admit, as I rolled out the trash and recycling bins, I started wondering what else I could do with that food waste. My family already recycles. So do a lot of people in North Carolina. In fact, a new \u003ca title=\"Recycle North Carolina\" href=\"http://portal.ncdenr.org/c/document_library/get_file?p_l_id=4649434&folderId=9377383&name=DLFE-65922.pdf\">report \u003c/a>shows nearly 500,000 tons of household recyclables were diverted from North Carolina landfills last fiscal year. That’s about 300 pounds per capita.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But my family, and the state, could still do more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to food waste, composting is an option. But let’s face it; composting is more complicated than recycling. For home composting to be effective and turn food waste into soil, it needs to be turned and treated. There’s also the smell issue as the food waste decomposes. In addition, some food wastes, such as bones, just won’t break down in small compost piles in the backyard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apparently, people around the country have the same questions and companies are cropping up to provide answers—and solutions. From Atlanta to Brooklyn entrepreneurs are pioneering services that make it simpler for people to compost. Fortunately for me, there’s a company based near my home in Raleigh, NC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Bucket3HQ.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-55584\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Bucket3HQ-310x253.jpg\" alt=\"Bucket3HQ\" width=\"223\" height=\"182\">\u003c/a>It’s called \u003ca title=\"Compost Now\" href=\"http://compostnow.org\">CompostNow\u003c/a> and it is one of the first full-service, weekly doorstep compost services in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s how it works: For $25/month, CompostNow picks up its customers' compost once a week and drops off two clean compost bins . For every 100 pounds of compost picked up a customer earns 50 pounds of soil. Customers can track how much soil has been earned on the company’s website. If a customer doesn’t need the soil it can be donated to a local community garden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_55458\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 614px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/CN_HowItWorks.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-55458 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/CN_HowItWorks.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"614\" height=\"614\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/CN_HowItWorks.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/CN_HowItWorks-400x400.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/CN_HowItWorks-800x800.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/CN_HowItWorks-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/CN_HowItWorks-64x64.jpg 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/CN_HowItWorks-96x96.jpg 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/CN_HowItWorks-128x128.jpg 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/CN_HowItWorks-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 614px) 100vw, 614px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Images Courtesy CompostNow\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We’re here to intercept food scraps from going to the landfill where it truly becomes waste, and redirect it to create the rich soil people have a hard time finding,” co-founder Dominique Bischof told me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company estimates it has intercepted almost 50,000 pounds of compostable material since it launched about one year ago. That’s led to the creation of 25,000 pounds of Black Gold—or premium, nutrient-rich compost soil for its customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CompostNow has about 200 customers throughout North Carolina’s Triangle communities. And it is adding new customers every week. Bischof says the biggest challenge is explaining why composting is important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many people figure food scraps will decompose in a landfill so why bother to compost,” explained Bischof. “But landfill trash is so tightly compressed, food scraps won’t decompose properly. Without much air and water, food waste turns to methane gas, which is a major problem with green house emissions and global warming. ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, methane gas has five times the green house effect of carbon dioxide gas. Bischof adds that even if it the food scraps did decompose, all that nutrient rich soil is trapped in a landfill where it is lost forever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sDrD2fLwsKE?feature=player_detailpage]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for what can be composted, Natalie Ross, a soil scientist with North Carolina State University has a good rule to follow:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/compst.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-55658\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/compst-309x253.jpg\" alt=\"compst\" width=\"309\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>“If it came from life it can be composted.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means food scraps, fruit and vegetable skins, coffee grounds, paper towels, and tissues are all eligible to be dumped into the bins left by CompostNow drivers. An avid composter, Ross can personally vouch for the way compost soil makes her backyard garden grow. She also allays concerns about using soil made from household garbage:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Compost soil is moist and crumbly, it doesn’t smell and doesn’t contain any recognizable material, which is something people worry about,” says Ross.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/scrape4.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-55660\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/scrape4-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"scrape4\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thursday is trash/recycling day at my house. That means whatever is cleaned up in the kitchen after dinner goes right into the garbage and then out to the trash bin at the curb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_55664\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 338px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/bin3.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-55664 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/bin3-338x253.jpg\" alt='\"American families throw out approximately 25 percent of the food and beverages they buy,\" according to the NRDC' width=\"338\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\"American families throw out approximately 25 percent of the food and beverages they buy,\" according to the NRDC\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scraps of food from plates, pieces of fat from the meat, the hard part from the head of lettuce, the coffee filter filled with grounds, the “icky looking” piece of carrot the kids didn’t want, etc. It all goes into the trash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not like I was throwing away a lot of food scraps. But I’ve got to admit, as I rolled out the trash and recycling bins, I started wondering what else I could do with that food waste. My family already recycles. So do a lot of people in North Carolina. In fact, a new \u003ca title=\"Recycle North Carolina\" href=\"http://portal.ncdenr.org/c/document_library/get_file?p_l_id=4649434&folderId=9377383&name=DLFE-65922.pdf\">report \u003c/a>shows nearly 500,000 tons of household recyclables were diverted from North Carolina landfills last fiscal year. That’s about 300 pounds per capita.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But my family, and the state, could still do more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to food waste, composting is an option. But let’s face it; composting is more complicated than recycling. For home composting to be effective and turn food waste into soil, it needs to be turned and treated. There’s also the smell issue as the food waste decomposes. In addition, some food wastes, such as bones, just won’t break down in small compost piles in the backyard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apparently, people around the country have the same questions and companies are cropping up to provide answers—and solutions. From Atlanta to Brooklyn entrepreneurs are pioneering services that make it simpler for people to compost. Fortunately for me, there’s a company based near my home in Raleigh, NC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Bucket3HQ.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-55584\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Bucket3HQ-310x253.jpg\" alt=\"Bucket3HQ\" width=\"223\" height=\"182\">\u003c/a>It’s called \u003ca title=\"Compost Now\" href=\"http://compostnow.org\">CompostNow\u003c/a> and it is one of the first full-service, weekly doorstep compost services in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s how it works: For $25/month, CompostNow picks up its customers' compost once a week and drops off two clean compost bins . For every 100 pounds of compost picked up a customer earns 50 pounds of soil. Customers can track how much soil has been earned on the company’s website. If a customer doesn’t need the soil it can be donated to a local community garden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_55458\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 614px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/CN_HowItWorks.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-55458 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/CN_HowItWorks.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"614\" height=\"614\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/CN_HowItWorks.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/CN_HowItWorks-400x400.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/CN_HowItWorks-800x800.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/CN_HowItWorks-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/CN_HowItWorks-64x64.jpg 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/CN_HowItWorks-96x96.jpg 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/CN_HowItWorks-128x128.jpg 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/CN_HowItWorks-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 614px) 100vw, 614px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Images Courtesy CompostNow\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We’re here to intercept food scraps from going to the landfill where it truly becomes waste, and redirect it to create the rich soil people have a hard time finding,” co-founder Dominique Bischof told me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company estimates it has intercepted almost 50,000 pounds of compostable material since it launched about one year ago. That’s led to the creation of 25,000 pounds of Black Gold—or premium, nutrient-rich compost soil for its customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CompostNow has about 200 customers throughout North Carolina’s Triangle communities. And it is adding new customers every week. Bischof says the biggest challenge is explaining why composting is important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many people figure food scraps will decompose in a landfill so why bother to compost,” explained Bischof. “But landfill trash is so tightly compressed, food scraps won’t decompose properly. Without much air and water, food waste turns to methane gas, which is a major problem with green house emissions and global warming. ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, methane gas has five times the green house effect of carbon dioxide gas. Bischof adds that even if it the food scraps did decompose, all that nutrient rich soil is trapped in a landfill where it is lost forever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/sDrD2fLwsKE?feature=player_detailpage'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/sDrD2fLwsKE?feature=player_detailpage'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for what can be composted, Natalie Ross, a soil scientist with North Carolina State University has a good rule to follow:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/compst.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-55658\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/compst-309x253.jpg\" alt=\"compst\" width=\"309\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>“If it came from life it can be composted.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means food scraps, fruit and vegetable skins, coffee grounds, paper towels, and tissues are all eligible to be dumped into the bins left by CompostNow drivers. An avid composter, Ross can personally vouch for the way compost soil makes her backyard garden grow. She also allays concerns about using soil made from household garbage:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Compost soil is moist and crumbly, it doesn’t smell and doesn’t contain any recognizable material, which is something people worry about,” says Ross.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "The Terroir of Tap",
"headTitle": "The Terroir of Tap | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp align=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/tap_featured.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-55136 aligncenter\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/tap_featured.jpg\" alt=\"tap_featured\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/tap_featured.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/tap_featured-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>Dining at local restaurants is the usual strategy for exploring regional flavors, but it turns out that there’s another way to get a real taste for a place: turn on the tap. We know that tap water tastes different in different parts of the U.S., but what many of us don’t know is that the flavor variations are partly a reflection of local geology. And according to one Cleveland chef, the distinct make-up of regional waters doesn’t just impact the taste of the water we drink; it also plays an important role in shaping the taste of the local dishes themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_52503\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 389px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/1-STEVE.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\" wp-image-52503 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/1-STEVE-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"Chef Steve Schimoler of Crop Bistro, in front of his water filtration system.\" width=\"389\" height=\"259\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chef Steve Schimoler of Crop Bistro, in front of his water filtration system.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">“In many, many recipes, water is a key ingredient and many times it might be 90 percent of the recipe, so it becomes more important,” says Steve Schimoler, owner and chef at \u003ca href=\"http://cropbistro.com/\">CROP Bistro\u003c/a>, a hip eatery in the Ohio City neighborhood. “As a chef, I go out of my way to procure the best ingredients for our menu. How could you not want the best water?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">Despite the earthy connotation of the name CROP, it actually stands for something a bit more technological: “Custom Restaurant Operation Platform.” Schimoler, a former food scientist for industry titans like Nestle, opened CROP as a place to develop recipes that he tests on diners—and he uses the results to advise large restaurant chains. This year he’s turned his attention to taste-testing tap water.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“Whether it’s myth or legend, everyone says New York bagel dough and pizza dough is so good because of the New York City water,” says Schimoler.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Whether it’s myth or legend, everyone says New York bagel dough and pizza dough is so good because of the New York City water,” says Schimoler, a native New Yorker who grew up on the city’s iconic foods. So Schimoler put the myth to the test. He made three pizza doughs – one with Cleveland tap, one with New York tap, and one with Reverse Osmosis water (a heavily filtered water, which Schimoler calls “pure H20”) – and presented them to his customers without identifying them. He left it up to his customers to decide which water he should use in his pizza dough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">Schimoler refers to the variation in tap water flavor – the subtle difference between Cleveland tap and New York tap – with a rather high-brow culinary term: “You hear the word ‘terroir’ in wine and produce, where those ingredients are picking up the limey-ness, or the slate-ness, or whatever the environmental impact is within a region.” Schimoler believes water can have a slight, but powerful impact – one that can make or break the overall meal he serves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Deirdre Mueller of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.awwa.org/\">American Water Works Association\u003c/a> (AWWA), this “terroir” of tap is the result of a combination of factors, such as whether the source is surface water (e.g. a lake or river), or ground water (e.g. a deep aquifer). “If the water comes from an aquifer, it’s probably been deep underground for perhaps thousands of years and it’s buried in rock, so it could be more mineral-y. A lot of bottled water companies use aquifer water and say that it tastes fresher,” she says. That said, over the last few years, all of the winners of the AWWA’s annual \u003ca href=\"http://www.awwa.org/resources-tools/public-affairs/public-affairs-events/taste-test.aspx\">Tap Water Taste Tests\u003c/a> have been sourced from surface water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_55339\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 346px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\" wp-image-55339 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water.jpg\" alt=\"Untreated Lake Erie water in filtered at the Garrett A. Morgan Water Treatment Plant in Cleveland. \" width=\"346\" height=\"230\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water.jpg 2000w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 346px) 100vw, 346px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Untreated Lake Erie water is filtered at the Garrett A. Morgan Water Treatment Plant in Cleveland.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">Another factor affecting the taste of tap is a region’s location within a \u003ca href=\"http://water.epa.gov/type/watersheds/whatis.cfm\">watershed\u003c/a>. Cities that are positioned near the top of a watershed, like Denver, receive water straight from the snowpack of surrounding mountains. Being close to the source, this water does not require many disinfectants to make it potable. However, like all public drinking water in the U.S., it is treated and tested to limit the amount of certain naturally-occurring minerals and microorganisms, along with other chemicals added by the water departments (\u003ca href=\"http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/\">as mandated by the EPA\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">As water from the watershed heads downstream, its flavor often changes. “By the time water gets to cities in Southern California, for instance, it’s probably been through a handful of treatment processes in cities upstream,” says Mueller. The natural organic flavor in the water evolves into “more of a chemical taste.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">Some regions require more chemical additives disinfectants than others to meet the EPA’s guidelines. The amount needed depends on environmental factors (like pollution levels) and regional health directives . In Cleveland, where Chef Schimoler’s kitchen lab is, that list includes fluoride, mandated by the state of Ohio to prevent cavities; chlorine, to kill bacteria; and orthophosphate, to help control lead corrosion in pipes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"left\"> “Regarding the taste, chlorine is one of the things that, I think, many people have a sensitivity to,” says Alex Margevicius, Interim Commissioner of \u003ca href=\"http://www.clevelandwater.com/\">Cleveland Water\u003c/a>. The EPA allows up to \u003ca href=\"http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/disinfectants.cfm\">4 milligrams of chlorine per liter\u003c/a>. Cleveland Water, which sources its water from intake pipes 3-5 miles offshore in Lake Erie, currently adds 1 ½ milligrams per liter, to strike a balance between taste and safety. “Customers, in general, are more demanding than they were 20 years ago.” says Margevicius.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54263\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 242px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/22/drinking-local-the-taste-of-tap/figi-water_ad-3/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54263\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\" wp-image-54263 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/figi-water_ad2-302x360.jpg\" alt=\"This now-infamous Fiji Water ad caused quite a stir when is was published in 2006. \" width=\"242\" height=\"288\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Fiji Water ad published in 2006.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They’re more demanding because tap water has had some fierce competition: over 9 billion gallons of bottled water are sold in the U.S. every year. But simply because something costs more, doesn’t mean it’s a better product. When Fiji Water released an ad poking fun at Cleveland’s historic water troubles by proclaiming “The Label Says Fiji Because It’s Not Bottled in Cleveland,” Cleveland Water shot back. “We kind of took offense to that,” says Cleveland Water Quality Manager Maggie Rodgers, who went on to test Fiji Water side-by-side with Cleveland tap, and other bottled water brands. “Low and behold, Fiji Water came back with arsenic at higher levels than our water or the other national brands.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">Health concerns aside, when it comes down to what we prefer to eat and drink, it’s all about taste. Back in his kitchen laboratory, Chef Steve Schimoler assesses the results of his own tests: “Surprisingly, the pizza dough made with New York tap water didn’t win, although, it’s purported to be the best,” he says. The consumers chose the pizza made with the heavily-filtered reverse osmosis water. “They were tasting what they thought they should taste: says Schimoler, “the yeast, the sweetness of the dough, the browning.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">Does this mean that filtered water tastes better than tap? Not necessarily. Schimoler acknowledges that when it comes to water, many factors can impact people’s taste preference – even marketing, “Now, if we labeled it New York [pizza], I bet a lot of people would pick New York just because they knew it was New York. So, it’s a little subjective.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp align=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/tap_featured.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-55136 aligncenter\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/tap_featured.jpg\" alt=\"tap_featured\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/tap_featured.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/tap_featured-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>Dining at local restaurants is the usual strategy for exploring regional flavors, but it turns out that there’s another way to get a real taste for a place: turn on the tap. We know that tap water tastes different in different parts of the U.S., but what many of us don’t know is that the flavor variations are partly a reflection of local geology. And according to one Cleveland chef, the distinct make-up of regional waters doesn’t just impact the taste of the water we drink; it also plays an important role in shaping the taste of the local dishes themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_52503\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 389px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/1-STEVE.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\" wp-image-52503 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/1-STEVE-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"Chef Steve Schimoler of Crop Bistro, in front of his water filtration system.\" width=\"389\" height=\"259\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chef Steve Schimoler of Crop Bistro, in front of his water filtration system.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">“In many, many recipes, water is a key ingredient and many times it might be 90 percent of the recipe, so it becomes more important,” says Steve Schimoler, owner and chef at \u003ca href=\"http://cropbistro.com/\">CROP Bistro\u003c/a>, a hip eatery in the Ohio City neighborhood. “As a chef, I go out of my way to procure the best ingredients for our menu. How could you not want the best water?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">Despite the earthy connotation of the name CROP, it actually stands for something a bit more technological: “Custom Restaurant Operation Platform.” Schimoler, a former food scientist for industry titans like Nestle, opened CROP as a place to develop recipes that he tests on diners—and he uses the results to advise large restaurant chains. This year he’s turned his attention to taste-testing tap water.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“Whether it’s myth or legend, everyone says New York bagel dough and pizza dough is so good because of the New York City water,” says Schimoler.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Whether it’s myth or legend, everyone says New York bagel dough and pizza dough is so good because of the New York City water,” says Schimoler, a native New Yorker who grew up on the city’s iconic foods. So Schimoler put the myth to the test. He made three pizza doughs – one with Cleveland tap, one with New York tap, and one with Reverse Osmosis water (a heavily filtered water, which Schimoler calls “pure H20”) – and presented them to his customers without identifying them. He left it up to his customers to decide which water he should use in his pizza dough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">Schimoler refers to the variation in tap water flavor – the subtle difference between Cleveland tap and New York tap – with a rather high-brow culinary term: “You hear the word ‘terroir’ in wine and produce, where those ingredients are picking up the limey-ness, or the slate-ness, or whatever the environmental impact is within a region.” Schimoler believes water can have a slight, but powerful impact – one that can make or break the overall meal he serves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Deirdre Mueller of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.awwa.org/\">American Water Works Association\u003c/a> (AWWA), this “terroir” of tap is the result of a combination of factors, such as whether the source is surface water (e.g. a lake or river), or ground water (e.g. a deep aquifer). “If the water comes from an aquifer, it’s probably been deep underground for perhaps thousands of years and it’s buried in rock, so it could be more mineral-y. A lot of bottled water companies use aquifer water and say that it tastes fresher,” she says. That said, over the last few years, all of the winners of the AWWA’s annual \u003ca href=\"http://www.awwa.org/resources-tools/public-affairs/public-affairs-events/taste-test.aspx\">Tap Water Taste Tests\u003c/a> have been sourced from surface water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_55339\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 346px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\" wp-image-55339 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water.jpg\" alt=\"Untreated Lake Erie water in filtered at the Garrett A. Morgan Water Treatment Plant in Cleveland. \" width=\"346\" height=\"230\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water.jpg 2000w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 346px) 100vw, 346px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Untreated Lake Erie water is filtered at the Garrett A. Morgan Water Treatment Plant in Cleveland.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">Another factor affecting the taste of tap is a region’s location within a \u003ca href=\"http://water.epa.gov/type/watersheds/whatis.cfm\">watershed\u003c/a>. Cities that are positioned near the top of a watershed, like Denver, receive water straight from the snowpack of surrounding mountains. Being close to the source, this water does not require many disinfectants to make it potable. However, like all public drinking water in the U.S., it is treated and tested to limit the amount of certain naturally-occurring minerals and microorganisms, along with other chemicals added by the water departments (\u003ca href=\"http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/\">as mandated by the EPA\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">As water from the watershed heads downstream, its flavor often changes. “By the time water gets to cities in Southern California, for instance, it’s probably been through a handful of treatment processes in cities upstream,” says Mueller. The natural organic flavor in the water evolves into “more of a chemical taste.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">Some regions require more chemical additives disinfectants than others to meet the EPA’s guidelines. The amount needed depends on environmental factors (like pollution levels) and regional health directives . In Cleveland, where Chef Schimoler’s kitchen lab is, that list includes fluoride, mandated by the state of Ohio to prevent cavities; chlorine, to kill bacteria; and orthophosphate, to help control lead corrosion in pipes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"left\"> “Regarding the taste, chlorine is one of the things that, I think, many people have a sensitivity to,” says Alex Margevicius, Interim Commissioner of \u003ca href=\"http://www.clevelandwater.com/\">Cleveland Water\u003c/a>. The EPA allows up to \u003ca href=\"http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/disinfectants.cfm\">4 milligrams of chlorine per liter\u003c/a>. Cleveland Water, which sources its water from intake pipes 3-5 miles offshore in Lake Erie, currently adds 1 ½ milligrams per liter, to strike a balance between taste and safety. “Customers, in general, are more demanding than they were 20 years ago.” says Margevicius.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54263\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 242px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/22/drinking-local-the-taste-of-tap/figi-water_ad-3/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54263\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\" wp-image-54263 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/figi-water_ad2-302x360.jpg\" alt=\"This now-infamous Fiji Water ad caused quite a stir when is was published in 2006. \" width=\"242\" height=\"288\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Fiji Water ad published in 2006.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They’re more demanding because tap water has had some fierce competition: over 9 billion gallons of bottled water are sold in the U.S. every year. But simply because something costs more, doesn’t mean it’s a better product. When Fiji Water released an ad poking fun at Cleveland’s historic water troubles by proclaiming “The Label Says Fiji Because It’s Not Bottled in Cleveland,” Cleveland Water shot back. “We kind of took offense to that,” says Cleveland Water Quality Manager Maggie Rodgers, who went on to test Fiji Water side-by-side with Cleveland tap, and other bottled water brands. “Low and behold, Fiji Water came back with arsenic at higher levels than our water or the other national brands.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">Health concerns aside, when it comes down to what we prefer to eat and drink, it’s all about taste. Back in his kitchen laboratory, Chef Steve Schimoler assesses the results of his own tests: “Surprisingly, the pizza dough made with New York tap water didn’t win, although, it’s purported to be the best,” he says. The consumers chose the pizza made with the heavily-filtered reverse osmosis water. “They were tasting what they thought they should taste: says Schimoler, “the yeast, the sweetness of the dough, the browning.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">Does this mean that filtered water tastes better than tap? Not necessarily. Schimoler acknowledges that when it comes to water, many factors can impact people’s taste preference – even marketing, “Now, if we labeled it New York [pizza], I bet a lot of people would pick New York just because they knew it was New York. So, it’s a little subjective.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Debate Over on Climate Change, Says Chief UN Climate Negotiator ",
"title": "Debate Over on Climate Change, Says Chief UN Climate Negotiator ",
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"content": "\u003ch2>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_55193\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Frog-Golden-Toad-sized-correctly.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-55193\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Frog-Golden-Toad-sized-correctly.jpg\" alt=\"Photo by Tom Hawk\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Frog-Golden-Toad-sized-correctly.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Frog-Golden-Toad-sized-correctly-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Watching the golden toad disappear from Costa Rican rainforests had a lasting impression on Figueres. Photo by Tom Hawk\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">\u003cstrong>An Expert Opinion: \u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003cstrong>Christiana Figueres\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Hailing from a family with two former presidents of Costa Rica, Christiana Figueres was primed to tackle daunting political challenges, head on. Figueres first found her footing as the founder of the Center for Sustainable Development in the Americas. Now, as the executive secretary of the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://unfccc.int/2860.php\">\u003cem>United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>, she travels internationally helping countries agree upon strategies to limit greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>\u003cem> On \u003cstrong>\u003cem>a recent visit to San Francisco, she attended a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cvent.com/events/navigating-the-american-carbon-world/event-summary-370741f03c8c4363b1865ec6bb8e96c3.aspx?i=b980a317-eb6f-4eb5-b6bd-57c1a0437b45\">carbon market conference\u003c/a> to talk about California's cap and trade program, which went into effect last year.\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_55207\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 184px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Figueres-profile-resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-55207 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Figueres-profile-resized.jpg\" alt=\"Figueres profile resized\" width=\"184\" height=\"245\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Figueres-profile-resized.jpg 1417w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Figueres-profile-resized-400x534.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Figueres-profile-resized-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Figueres-profile-resized-1180x1574.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Figueres-profile-resized-960x1280.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 184px) 100vw, 184px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figueres has been the executive secretary of the UNFCCC since 2010\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is your role with the U.N. and what are in you in town for?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[My role is] to support governments in their ongoing efforts to reach agreements with each other about how they’re going to address climate change. I’m in California to recognize California’s leadership with their \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/cap-and-trade-101-how-californias-carbon-market-works/\">cap and trade program\u003c/a> because it is quite unique for the U.S. that a state has moved forward with a market-based solution to their climate policy. Covering 85 percent of the state's greenhouse gas emissions, and second in size only to the European Union system, the robustness of California's program cannot be denied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is the value of California’s leadership if there are so few followers? Isn’t there a danger that it’s all going to be too little too late?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, there is that danger but that’s not the only possibility. We have so many more extreme weather events that are really making this issue no longer a debate. Every single country is being affected and every single country is realizing that—in their own interest—they need to address this. There is no more compelling evidence of this than the joint working group between the United States and China. If you had asked anybody four years ago, three years ago, two years ago: will the United States and China ever come to the table on climate change to try to find joint collaborative solutions, it would have been a hard sell to say yes. Here we have a joint working group of the United States and China, not because they necessarily are looking at the global benefit, but because they are motivated by avoiding the national impacts that they are already seeing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So you think cap and trade can work as a policy? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_55248\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 362px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/goldenToadMap.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-55248 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/goldenToadMap.jpg\" alt=\"Last seen in 1989, the golden toad is thouught to be extinct due to climate change and disease. Photo courtesy of Conservation International\" width=\"362\" height=\"294\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/goldenToadMap.jpg 603w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/goldenToadMap-400x325.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 362px) 100vw, 362px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Last seen in 1989, the golden toad is thought to be extinct due to climate change and disease. Photo courtesy of Conservation International\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Absolutely, it has been proven to work in the \u003ca href=\"http://europa.eu/about-eu/index_en.htm\">European Union\u003c/a>, that is the oldest cap and trade system, and it is a model that is being experimented with in many other countries as well. So yes, I think it is a policy of choice that will be used by many countries, and many subnational governments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Many would suggest that with the pace of climate change, that there’s just no way we’re going to reign in warming at the two-degree level, what’s your take on that?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been, over the past 12 months, at least four studies that have looked at this issue and looked at the fact that greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise and that should this continue as a business as usual scenario, that it would be impossible to reach that two-degree target. However, every single one of those studies also says that there is no reason why we have to continue along that business as usual route. Every single one of those studies says we have number one, the technology, number two, the capital and number three, the human ingenuity to change business as usual and make a serious dent in addressing climate change. So I still am heartened that we will be able to do that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Was environmental sustainability something that you remember discussing around the family dinner table at an early age?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the dinner table--no, because I don’t think the concept of sustainability was something that was around in the 1960s and ’70s. That came later. What was always a discussion at the dinner table was how do you structure societies and economic systems in order to benefit those that are most vulnerable. That is not very different from what we’re doing in the climate arena. It’s very clear that there are a group of countries that are least responsible for climate change and they are the most vulnerable. The \u003ca href=\"http://aosis.org/\">low-lying island states\u003c/a> are those that have the least responsibility and they are the most vulnerable because of \u003ca href=\"http://www.csc.noaa.gov/digitalcoast/tools/slrviewer/\">sea level rise\u003c/a>. And so our progress and our success in meeting climate change needs to be measured against how well are we protecting the future of those that are most vulnerable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Climate change is unlike other environmental issues because it’s intangible. What’s—\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[INTERRUPTS]\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>Intangible? It is anything but intangible. Tangible is \u003ca href=\"http://www.srh.noaa.gov/mfl/?n=sandy\">[Hurricane] Sandy\u003c/a>, tangible is sea level rise that is completely swamping populations. Tangible is the fact that the farming belt in the United States went bankrupt last year and that had a huge \u003ca href=\"http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2012/08/30/severe-droughts-drive-food-prices-higher-threatening-poor\">spike in food prices\u003c/a> across the world. So it’s very tangible, it’s just very distributed across the world. In that sense it’s difficult to pinpoint with one single finger because the effects are not just seen in one single country, they are seen everywhere.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When was first time you feel like you really saw the impact of climate change?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was about 12 or 13 and my parents took me to a rainforest in Costa Rica where there was an endemic \u003ca href=\"http://ecos.fws.gov/speciesProfile/profile/speciesProfile.action?spcode=D00A\">golden frog\u003c/a> that was a beautiful species. By the time I was married and had children, the species of frog had disappeared because of the increasing temperatures [caused by climate change]. The fact that I have seen the disappearance of a species in my lifetime has left me marked. I now realize that the planet I am leaving to my children is visibly diminished from the planet I inherited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>To that point, what would you say to students—the generations that will inherit the problems we’re facing now?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re going to have to finish fixing this problem. The only things we oldies can do right now is identify the possibilities of what the solutions will be, but there is no doubt we’re handing over a very serious problem to the next generation and they’re going to have to step up and be the ones that finish the solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>*This interview has been condensed and edited. Science Editor Craig Miller contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A United Nations expert recalls the exact moment she first witnessed the impact of climate change–and sees a concerted global effort as the only way to turn down the heat.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003ch2>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_55193\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Frog-Golden-Toad-sized-correctly.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-55193\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Frog-Golden-Toad-sized-correctly.jpg\" alt=\"Photo by Tom Hawk\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Frog-Golden-Toad-sized-correctly.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Frog-Golden-Toad-sized-correctly-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Watching the golden toad disappear from Costa Rican rainforests had a lasting impression on Figueres. Photo by Tom Hawk\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">\u003cstrong>An Expert Opinion: \u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003cstrong>Christiana Figueres\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Hailing from a family with two former presidents of Costa Rica, Christiana Figueres was primed to tackle daunting political challenges, head on. Figueres first found her footing as the founder of the Center for Sustainable Development in the Americas. Now, as the executive secretary of the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://unfccc.int/2860.php\">\u003cem>United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>, she travels internationally helping countries agree upon strategies to limit greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>\u003cem> On \u003cstrong>\u003cem>a recent visit to San Francisco, she attended a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cvent.com/events/navigating-the-american-carbon-world/event-summary-370741f03c8c4363b1865ec6bb8e96c3.aspx?i=b980a317-eb6f-4eb5-b6bd-57c1a0437b45\">carbon market conference\u003c/a> to talk about California's cap and trade program, which went into effect last year.\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_55207\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 184px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Figueres-profile-resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-55207 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Figueres-profile-resized.jpg\" alt=\"Figueres profile resized\" width=\"184\" height=\"245\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Figueres-profile-resized.jpg 1417w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Figueres-profile-resized-400x534.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Figueres-profile-resized-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Figueres-profile-resized-1180x1574.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Figueres-profile-resized-960x1280.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 184px) 100vw, 184px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figueres has been the executive secretary of the UNFCCC since 2010\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is your role with the U.N. and what are in you in town for?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[My role is] to support governments in their ongoing efforts to reach agreements with each other about how they’re going to address climate change. I’m in California to recognize California’s leadership with their \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/cap-and-trade-101-how-californias-carbon-market-works/\">cap and trade program\u003c/a> because it is quite unique for the U.S. that a state has moved forward with a market-based solution to their climate policy. Covering 85 percent of the state's greenhouse gas emissions, and second in size only to the European Union system, the robustness of California's program cannot be denied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is the value of California’s leadership if there are so few followers? Isn’t there a danger that it’s all going to be too little too late?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, there is that danger but that’s not the only possibility. We have so many more extreme weather events that are really making this issue no longer a debate. Every single country is being affected and every single country is realizing that—in their own interest—they need to address this. There is no more compelling evidence of this than the joint working group between the United States and China. If you had asked anybody four years ago, three years ago, two years ago: will the United States and China ever come to the table on climate change to try to find joint collaborative solutions, it would have been a hard sell to say yes. Here we have a joint working group of the United States and China, not because they necessarily are looking at the global benefit, but because they are motivated by avoiding the national impacts that they are already seeing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So you think cap and trade can work as a policy? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_55248\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 362px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/goldenToadMap.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-55248 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/goldenToadMap.jpg\" alt=\"Last seen in 1989, the golden toad is thouught to be extinct due to climate change and disease. Photo courtesy of Conservation International\" width=\"362\" height=\"294\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/goldenToadMap.jpg 603w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/goldenToadMap-400x325.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 362px) 100vw, 362px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Last seen in 1989, the golden toad is thought to be extinct due to climate change and disease. Photo courtesy of Conservation International\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Absolutely, it has been proven to work in the \u003ca href=\"http://europa.eu/about-eu/index_en.htm\">European Union\u003c/a>, that is the oldest cap and trade system, and it is a model that is being experimented with in many other countries as well. So yes, I think it is a policy of choice that will be used by many countries, and many subnational governments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Many would suggest that with the pace of climate change, that there’s just no way we’re going to reign in warming at the two-degree level, what’s your take on that?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been, over the past 12 months, at least four studies that have looked at this issue and looked at the fact that greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise and that should this continue as a business as usual scenario, that it would be impossible to reach that two-degree target. However, every single one of those studies also says that there is no reason why we have to continue along that business as usual route. Every single one of those studies says we have number one, the technology, number two, the capital and number three, the human ingenuity to change business as usual and make a serious dent in addressing climate change. So I still am heartened that we will be able to do that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Was environmental sustainability something that you remember discussing around the family dinner table at an early age?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the dinner table--no, because I don’t think the concept of sustainability was something that was around in the 1960s and ’70s. That came later. What was always a discussion at the dinner table was how do you structure societies and economic systems in order to benefit those that are most vulnerable. That is not very different from what we’re doing in the climate arena. It’s very clear that there are a group of countries that are least responsible for climate change and they are the most vulnerable. The \u003ca href=\"http://aosis.org/\">low-lying island states\u003c/a> are those that have the least responsibility and they are the most vulnerable because of \u003ca href=\"http://www.csc.noaa.gov/digitalcoast/tools/slrviewer/\">sea level rise\u003c/a>. And so our progress and our success in meeting climate change needs to be measured against how well are we protecting the future of those that are most vulnerable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Climate change is unlike other environmental issues because it’s intangible. What’s—\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[INTERRUPTS]\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>Intangible? It is anything but intangible. Tangible is \u003ca href=\"http://www.srh.noaa.gov/mfl/?n=sandy\">[Hurricane] Sandy\u003c/a>, tangible is sea level rise that is completely swamping populations. Tangible is the fact that the farming belt in the United States went bankrupt last year and that had a huge \u003ca href=\"http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2012/08/30/severe-droughts-drive-food-prices-higher-threatening-poor\">spike in food prices\u003c/a> across the world. So it’s very tangible, it’s just very distributed across the world. In that sense it’s difficult to pinpoint with one single finger because the effects are not just seen in one single country, they are seen everywhere.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When was first time you feel like you really saw the impact of climate change?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was about 12 or 13 and my parents took me to a rainforest in Costa Rica where there was an endemic \u003ca href=\"http://ecos.fws.gov/speciesProfile/profile/speciesProfile.action?spcode=D00A\">golden frog\u003c/a> that was a beautiful species. By the time I was married and had children, the species of frog had disappeared because of the increasing temperatures [caused by climate change]. The fact that I have seen the disappearance of a species in my lifetime has left me marked. I now realize that the planet I am leaving to my children is visibly diminished from the planet I inherited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>To that point, what would you say to students—the generations that will inherit the problems we’re facing now?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re going to have to finish fixing this problem. The only things we oldies can do right now is identify the possibilities of what the solutions will be, but there is no doubt we’re handing over a very serious problem to the next generation and they’re going to have to step up and be the ones that finish the solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>*This interview has been condensed and edited. Science Editor Craig Miller contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_55023\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 628px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/22/fish-flight-recorders-aid-in-sustainability-efforts/3067134212_b217e2bd81_z-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-55023\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-55023\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/3067134212_b217e2bd81_z-e1369175284273.jpg\" alt=\"The rings on an otolith Photo courtesy of Flickr user Eustatic Creative Commons license\" width=\"628\" height=\"358\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/3067134212_b217e2bd81_z-e1369175284273.jpg 628w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/3067134212_b217e2bd81_z-e1369175284273-400x228.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 628px) 100vw, 628px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The rings on an otolith: photo courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/eustatic/3067134212/\">Eustatic\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ccode>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/code>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">Field Notes\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">\u003cstrong>:\u003c/strong> \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">Cathy Britt, The Burke Museum\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From salmon steaks and sushi, to fish nuggets and crab cakes, the world’s fisheries provide three billion people with nearly 15 percent of their average animal protein intake. The numerous fish, crab, shrimp, and shellfish that live in these cold, productive waters make Alaska and the Pacific Northwest essentially the biggest seafood market in the world. Pollock from the Bering Sea is a staple, found in fish sticks and fillets for fast-food sandwiches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To ensure that future generations will continue to enjoy the benefits of these fisheries, they must be sustainably managed. This is where science and management come into play.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As graduate researcher Jeremy Harris puts it, “We know what can happen to fish with too much fishing, but I want to learn if we can spot this when it’s first starting to happen and set limits and regulations that prevent it.” Harris, a University of Washington graduate researcher, is turning to a collection of pollock otoliths (A.K.A ear bones) at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.burkemuseum.org/\">Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture\u003c/a> for insights into how much fishing is too much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Finding Answers in Unexpected Places\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/22/fish-flight-recorders-aid-in-sustainability-efforts/jeremyholdingotolith/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54276\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-54276 alignleft\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/JeremyHoldingOtolith-e1368141930563-292x253.jpg\" alt=\"JeremyHoldingOtolith\" width=\"182\" height=\"157\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many people wonder why natural history museums hold onto \"all that old stuff\" in their research collections. Well sometimes, all that old stuff can hold information critical to understanding our world. It's just a question of waiting until science matures enough to decode the information they hold. The Burke Museum’s collection of pollock otoliths is a great example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Otoliths Archive Ocean Data\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Video Player Inline II\" mediaid=\"65346\"]\u003cbr>\nSimilar to the rings in a tree, otolith layers form rings that can be counted and measured to determine the fish’s age and growth over the years of its life. Most fish have three otoliths, commonly referred to as ear bones, at the rear of their skull to aid in balance, orientation and hearing. Otoliths are actually stone-like composites that develop layers of proteins and calcium carbonate from the fish’s birth until its death – offering a record of age, growth rate and reproductive age, as well as information about water conditions and climate change the fish experienced. Some fish, like rockfish, can live more than 100 years, giving researchers a rare glimpse into environments from more than a century ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/22/fish-flight-recorders-aid-in-sustainability-efforts/oldestotolith/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54481\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-54481\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/OldestOtolith-e1368141494119-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Oldest Otolith\" width=\"304\" height=\"202\">\u003c/a>Thomas Helser, program director at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.afsc.noaa.gov/default.htm\">NOAA’s Alaska Fisheries Science Center\u003c/a> (AFSC) \u003ca href=\"http://www.afsc.noaa.gov/REFM/Age/\">Age and Growth Program\u003c/a>, leads a team of experts in accessing the data within these fish “flight recorders,” as he describes them. Helser and his staff are collaborating with numerous governmental and academic colleagues in the fields of ecology, geology, evolutionary biology and archeology to explore cutting edge technologies that shed light on critical issues like climate change and overfishing. The team processes some otolith samples intensively for geochemical data. Others they cut in half, polish and lightly burn to enhance the rings, then count the rings to estimate age. Annual growth widths are measured to examine changes in growth over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Man-made evolution\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Video Player Inline II\" mediaid=\"65350\"]\u003cbr>\nFor his research into sustainable fishing levels, Jeremy plans to sample more than 500 Alaska pollock otoliths collected as far back as the 1960s to look for changes in age, growth rate and reproductive age of the fish over time. Overfishing can cause fish to mature faster and reproduce at a younger age as a means to compensate for loss of reproductive capacity. This may eventually cause an evolutionary change through removing genetic traits associated with older, larger, more valuable fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeremy will pair what he learns from the otolith collection with population and environmental data collected by a range of people and organizations, to gain a deeper understanding of the relationship between the size and age of mature fish, and the volume of fishing happening at the time. “I hope to put this issue on the radar so people start thinking about longer-term evolutionary impacts of fishing,” says Jeremy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thanks to a grant from the National Science Foundation, Jeremy is also helping to transfer more than two million otoliths collected by NOAA over the past 50 years to their new, permanent home as part of the Burke Museum’s fish collection. There they will be held safely, until the day that science finds a new way to unlock their precious data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/22/fish-flight-recorders-aid-in-sustainability-efforts/jeremyincollection/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54277\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-54277\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/JeremyInCollection-e1369175893578.jpg\" alt=\"Jeremy In Collection\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/JeremyInCollection-e1369175893578.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/JeremyInCollection-e1369175893578-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_55023\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 628px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/22/fish-flight-recorders-aid-in-sustainability-efforts/3067134212_b217e2bd81_z-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-55023\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-55023\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/3067134212_b217e2bd81_z-e1369175284273.jpg\" alt=\"The rings on an otolith Photo courtesy of Flickr user Eustatic Creative Commons license\" width=\"628\" height=\"358\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/3067134212_b217e2bd81_z-e1369175284273.jpg 628w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/3067134212_b217e2bd81_z-e1369175284273-400x228.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 628px) 100vw, 628px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The rings on an otolith: photo courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/eustatic/3067134212/\">Eustatic\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ccode>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/code>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">Field Notes\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">\u003cstrong>:\u003c/strong> \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">Cathy Britt, The Burke Museum\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From salmon steaks and sushi, to fish nuggets and crab cakes, the world’s fisheries provide three billion people with nearly 15 percent of their average animal protein intake. The numerous fish, crab, shrimp, and shellfish that live in these cold, productive waters make Alaska and the Pacific Northwest essentially the biggest seafood market in the world. Pollock from the Bering Sea is a staple, found in fish sticks and fillets for fast-food sandwiches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To ensure that future generations will continue to enjoy the benefits of these fisheries, they must be sustainably managed. This is where science and management come into play.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As graduate researcher Jeremy Harris puts it, “We know what can happen to fish with too much fishing, but I want to learn if we can spot this when it’s first starting to happen and set limits and regulations that prevent it.” Harris, a University of Washington graduate researcher, is turning to a collection of pollock otoliths (A.K.A ear bones) at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.burkemuseum.org/\">Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture\u003c/a> for insights into how much fishing is too much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Finding Answers in Unexpected Places\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/22/fish-flight-recorders-aid-in-sustainability-efforts/jeremyholdingotolith/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54276\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-54276 alignleft\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/JeremyHoldingOtolith-e1368141930563-292x253.jpg\" alt=\"JeremyHoldingOtolith\" width=\"182\" height=\"157\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many people wonder why natural history museums hold onto \"all that old stuff\" in their research collections. Well sometimes, all that old stuff can hold information critical to understanding our world. It's just a question of waiting until science matures enough to decode the information they hold. The Burke Museum’s collection of pollock otoliths is a great example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Otoliths Archive Ocean Data\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Video Player Inline II\" mediaid=\"65346\"]\u003cbr>\nSimilar to the rings in a tree, otolith layers form rings that can be counted and measured to determine the fish’s age and growth over the years of its life. Most fish have three otoliths, commonly referred to as ear bones, at the rear of their skull to aid in balance, orientation and hearing. Otoliths are actually stone-like composites that develop layers of proteins and calcium carbonate from the fish’s birth until its death – offering a record of age, growth rate and reproductive age, as well as information about water conditions and climate change the fish experienced. Some fish, like rockfish, can live more than 100 years, giving researchers a rare glimpse into environments from more than a century ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/22/fish-flight-recorders-aid-in-sustainability-efforts/oldestotolith/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54481\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-54481\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/OldestOtolith-e1368141494119-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Oldest Otolith\" width=\"304\" height=\"202\">\u003c/a>Thomas Helser, program director at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.afsc.noaa.gov/default.htm\">NOAA’s Alaska Fisheries Science Center\u003c/a> (AFSC) \u003ca href=\"http://www.afsc.noaa.gov/REFM/Age/\">Age and Growth Program\u003c/a>, leads a team of experts in accessing the data within these fish “flight recorders,” as he describes them. Helser and his staff are collaborating with numerous governmental and academic colleagues in the fields of ecology, geology, evolutionary biology and archeology to explore cutting edge technologies that shed light on critical issues like climate change and overfishing. The team processes some otolith samples intensively for geochemical data. Others they cut in half, polish and lightly burn to enhance the rings, then count the rings to estimate age. Annual growth widths are measured to examine changes in growth over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Man-made evolution\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Video Player Inline II\" mediaid=\"65350\"]\u003cbr>\nFor his research into sustainable fishing levels, Jeremy plans to sample more than 500 Alaska pollock otoliths collected as far back as the 1960s to look for changes in age, growth rate and reproductive age of the fish over time. Overfishing can cause fish to mature faster and reproduce at a younger age as a means to compensate for loss of reproductive capacity. This may eventually cause an evolutionary change through removing genetic traits associated with older, larger, more valuable fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeremy will pair what he learns from the otolith collection with population and environmental data collected by a range of people and organizations, to gain a deeper understanding of the relationship between the size and age of mature fish, and the volume of fishing happening at the time. “I hope to put this issue on the radar so people start thinking about longer-term evolutionary impacts of fishing,” says Jeremy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thanks to a grant from the National Science Foundation, Jeremy is also helping to transfer more than two million otoliths collected by NOAA over the past 50 years to their new, permanent home as part of the Burke Museum’s fish collection. 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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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