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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59714\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Savory6_GlobalWaterPartnership.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-59714\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Savory6_GlobalWaterPartnership.jpg\" alt=\"Savory6_GlobalWaterPartnership\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Savory6_GlobalWaterPartnership.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Savory6_GlobalWaterPartnership-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo courtesy of Global Water Partnership\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Two-thirds of the world’s land is turning to desert, thanks largely to the steak on your plate. That’s the conventional wisdom, anyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades people have pointed to overgrazing by cattle as the main cause of desertification. When animals overgraze, they strip the land of native grasses, leading to erosion of the topsoil from wind and storms. These parched landscapes become incapable of supporting the livestock or wild animals that once lived there -- a situation that has led to famine and conflict in developing nations around the globe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what if livestock could be used in a way that actually revitalizes landscapes and mitigates the impacts of climate change? It’s a counterintuitive and controversial idea that has the environmental community buzzing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59719\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 282px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Savory8_GlobalWaterPartnership.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-59719 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Savory8_GlobalWaterPartnership-451x360.jpg\" alt=\"desertification, Savory Institute, Allan Savory\" width=\"282\" height=\"225\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo courtesy of Global Water Partnership\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The idea’s unlikely champion is Allan Savory, a 77-year-old biologist, farmer, and former politician. In the 1950s, he was responsible for the slaughter of tens of thousands of wild African elephants. Like many ecologists of the time, Savory believed elephants were destroying the African savanna, and by thinning the herds the grasslands would rebound. So Savory persuaded the government of Rhodesia (today Zimbabwe) to cull more than 40,000 elephants, but the grasslands continued to wither.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through this tragic experiment Savory unlocked what he believes is the key to saving grasslands and reversing desertification. Savory’s method, known as holistic planned grazing, calls for managing livestock in ways that mimic the prehistoric herds that once roamed the earth, fortifying grasslands with the pounding of their hooves and nutrient-rich manure. The cattle’s natural movement patterns and activities, Savory claims, spur the regrowth of carbon-sequestering grasslands. And if done on a large enough scale, these grasses could not only absorb enough carbon to offset the methane produced by livestock but also help combat climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is no alternative to address the massive environmental malfunctioning over so much of the world that is desertifying,” Savory said. “Only livestock properly managed can do what is required.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59725\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 384px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Savory9_TimLindenbaum1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-59725 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Savory9_TimLindenbaum1.jpg\" alt=\"Savory9_TimLindenbaum\" width=\"384\" height=\"288\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Savory9_TimLindenbaum1.jpg 480w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Savory9_TimLindenbaum1-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 384px) 100vw, 384px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo courtesy of Tim Lindenbaum\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Savory, winner of the 2003 Banksia International Award and the 2010 Buckminster Fuller Challenge, runs the \u003ca href=\"http://www.savoryinstitute.com/\">Savory Institute\u003c/a>, a nonprofit dedicated to spreading the practice. But it wasn’t until \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vpTHi7O66pI\">Savory’s TED talk\u003c/a> in February 2013 that this method attracted mainstream attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planned grazing has its share of critics, with some claiming the practice doesn’t scale well and others questioning the research supporting it. Savory has faced this criticism for decades but remains unfazed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To rectify the damaging ways of agriculture we have all the knowledge we need,” he said. “And as more and more people adopt planned grazing practices, the tide is finally beginning to turn.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vpTHi7O66pI]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59714\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Savory6_GlobalWaterPartnership.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-59714\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Savory6_GlobalWaterPartnership.jpg\" alt=\"Savory6_GlobalWaterPartnership\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Savory6_GlobalWaterPartnership.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Savory6_GlobalWaterPartnership-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo courtesy of Global Water Partnership\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Two-thirds of the world’s land is turning to desert, thanks largely to the steak on your plate. That’s the conventional wisdom, anyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades people have pointed to overgrazing by cattle as the main cause of desertification. When animals overgraze, they strip the land of native grasses, leading to erosion of the topsoil from wind and storms. These parched landscapes become incapable of supporting the livestock or wild animals that once lived there -- a situation that has led to famine and conflict in developing nations around the globe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what if livestock could be used in a way that actually revitalizes landscapes and mitigates the impacts of climate change? It’s a counterintuitive and controversial idea that has the environmental community buzzing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59719\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 282px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Savory8_GlobalWaterPartnership.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-59719 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Savory8_GlobalWaterPartnership-451x360.jpg\" alt=\"desertification, Savory Institute, Allan Savory\" width=\"282\" height=\"225\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo courtesy of Global Water Partnership\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The idea’s unlikely champion is Allan Savory, a 77-year-old biologist, farmer, and former politician. In the 1950s, he was responsible for the slaughter of tens of thousands of wild African elephants. Like many ecologists of the time, Savory believed elephants were destroying the African savanna, and by thinning the herds the grasslands would rebound. So Savory persuaded the government of Rhodesia (today Zimbabwe) to cull more than 40,000 elephants, but the grasslands continued to wither.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through this tragic experiment Savory unlocked what he believes is the key to saving grasslands and reversing desertification. Savory’s method, known as holistic planned grazing, calls for managing livestock in ways that mimic the prehistoric herds that once roamed the earth, fortifying grasslands with the pounding of their hooves and nutrient-rich manure. The cattle’s natural movement patterns and activities, Savory claims, spur the regrowth of carbon-sequestering grasslands. And if done on a large enough scale, these grasses could not only absorb enough carbon to offset the methane produced by livestock but also help combat climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is no alternative to address the massive environmental malfunctioning over so much of the world that is desertifying,” Savory said. “Only livestock properly managed can do what is required.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59725\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 384px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Savory9_TimLindenbaum1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-59725 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Savory9_TimLindenbaum1.jpg\" alt=\"Savory9_TimLindenbaum\" width=\"384\" height=\"288\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Savory9_TimLindenbaum1.jpg 480w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Savory9_TimLindenbaum1-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 384px) 100vw, 384px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo courtesy of Tim Lindenbaum\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Savory, winner of the 2003 Banksia International Award and the 2010 Buckminster Fuller Challenge, runs the \u003ca href=\"http://www.savoryinstitute.com/\">Savory Institute\u003c/a>, a nonprofit dedicated to spreading the practice. But it wasn’t until \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vpTHi7O66pI\">Savory’s TED talk\u003c/a> in February 2013 that this method attracted mainstream attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planned grazing has its share of critics, with some claiming the practice doesn’t scale well and others questioning the research supporting it. Savory has faced this criticism for decades but remains unfazed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To rectify the damaging ways of agriculture we have all the knowledge we need,” he said. “And as more and more people adopt planned grazing practices, the tide is finally beginning to turn.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/vpTHi7O66pI'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/vpTHi7O66pI'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>It takes two days to train a cow to milk itself. This may sound like a farmer’s utopia, but at \u003ca href=\"http://www.ecodairy.ca/\">Bakerview EcoDairy\u003c/a>, a robotic milker is just one of many dairy farm innovations being put to use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59485\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 447px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-59485 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Bakerview-AD1.jpg\" alt=\"Bakerview AD\" width=\"447\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Bakerview-AD1.jpg 1533w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Bakerview-AD1-400x268.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Bakerview-AD1-800x535.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Bakerview-AD1-1440x964.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Bakerview-AD1-1180x790.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Bakerview-AD1-960x643.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 447px) 100vw, 447px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bakerview EcoDairy's anaerobic digester stretches 60 feet long and converts methane gas from cow manure into electricity for use on the farm.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bill Vanderkooi, president and CEO of the Bakerview EcoDairy farm, seeks out all of the latest technologies to help him run his operation, which hosts an onsite market and agricultural education center. Armed with a master’s degree in animal science, Vanderkooi opened the 80-acre farm near Abbotsford, British Columbia, in June of 2010. He has since established himself as a pioneer among small-scale, sustainable farm owners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An anaerobic digester is one of the key technologies that Vanderkooi uses in his quest to reduce his farm’s ecological footprint. This machine turns the methane gas released from cow manure into electricity. About \u003ca href=\"http://epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/gases/ch4.html\">65 percent\u003c/a> of cow manure is composed of methane, making it an abundant energy resource. Over the course of a year, Bakerview EcoDairy is able to offset a third of the energy needed to operate the farm, thanks to the digester and a small herd of 50 cows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/agstar/anaerobic/\">how does anaerobic digestion work\u003c/a>?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59466\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 276px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/AD-diagram-2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-59466 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/AD-diagram-2-276x360.jpg\" alt=\"AD diagram (2)\" width=\"276\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nethyenergy.co.uk/\">Nethy Energy\u003c/a>. Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Before entering the digester, manure is heated to 100 degrees Fahrenheit, the perfect temperature to prime the appetite of picky microorganisms. Pistons push the hot manure into the main chamber where the microorganisms feast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The manure breaks down into a biogas bubble and a mixture of solids and liquids. The bubble, mostly methane gas, can be harnessed and used to fuel an engine and generate electricity. The whole process takes 21 days. The leftover solids and liquids are filtered and used for cow bedding and fertilizer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Farmers in BC are very interested in anaerobic digestion,” says Peter Torenvliet, the farm’s operations manager. Torenvliet adds that Bakerview EcoDairy established “a first of its kind on-farm anaerobic digestion system that is designed to be integrated into commercial dairy farms.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Methane is a powerful greenhouse gas. Its contribution to the greenhouse effect is over 20 times more potent than that of carbon dioxide. On a typical farm, cow manure is spread on fields where the methane gas seeps out of the manure and into the atmosphere. Digesters can help combat methane release by burning the gas and converting it to carbon dioxide. The digester captures the methane before it has a chance to escape into the atmosphere in its pure form.These digesters do more than generate a sustainable source of electricity for commercial farms. They also reduce greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59431\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 456px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-59431 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Solid-by-product.jpg\" alt=\"Solid by-product\" width=\"456\" height=\"342\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Solid-by-product.jpg 1448w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Solid-by-product-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Solid-by-product-800x601.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Solid-by-product-1440x1081.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Solid-by-product-1180x886.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Solid-by-product-960x721.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 456px) 100vw, 456px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The digesting process creates an odorless, solid by-product. Bakerview EcoDairy uses this by-product for cow bedding.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There’s another perk, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides generating electricity and reducing greenhouse gas emissions, the anaerobic digestion process eliminates nearly all cow manure odors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many small farmers struggle to afford the new technology, but increased popularity and demand are helping make digesters more accessible. Soon more small farms like Bakerview EcoDairy should be able to take advantage of this technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am proud to see clean, on-site [electricity] generation for our demonstration dairy,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.el.bchydro.com/mediabulletins/bulletin/technology_innovation/abbotsford_home_to_canadas_first_onfarm_cowpowered_dairy\">says Vanderkooi\u003c/a>, “We pride ourselves on being a responsible and sustainable organization and I appreciate the opportunity we have to educate the public on environmentally and animal-friendly innovations in a fully operational farm.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It takes two days to train a cow to milk itself. This may sound like a farmer’s utopia, but at \u003ca href=\"http://www.ecodairy.ca/\">Bakerview EcoDairy\u003c/a>, a robotic milker is just one of many dairy farm innovations being put to use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59485\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 447px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-59485 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Bakerview-AD1.jpg\" alt=\"Bakerview AD\" width=\"447\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Bakerview-AD1.jpg 1533w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Bakerview-AD1-400x268.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Bakerview-AD1-800x535.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Bakerview-AD1-1440x964.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Bakerview-AD1-1180x790.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Bakerview-AD1-960x643.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 447px) 100vw, 447px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bakerview EcoDairy's anaerobic digester stretches 60 feet long and converts methane gas from cow manure into electricity for use on the farm.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bill Vanderkooi, president and CEO of the Bakerview EcoDairy farm, seeks out all of the latest technologies to help him run his operation, which hosts an onsite market and agricultural education center. Armed with a master’s degree in animal science, Vanderkooi opened the 80-acre farm near Abbotsford, British Columbia, in June of 2010. He has since established himself as a pioneer among small-scale, sustainable farm owners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An anaerobic digester is one of the key technologies that Vanderkooi uses in his quest to reduce his farm’s ecological footprint. This machine turns the methane gas released from cow manure into electricity. About \u003ca href=\"http://epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/gases/ch4.html\">65 percent\u003c/a> of cow manure is composed of methane, making it an abundant energy resource. Over the course of a year, Bakerview EcoDairy is able to offset a third of the energy needed to operate the farm, thanks to the digester and a small herd of 50 cows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/agstar/anaerobic/\">how does anaerobic digestion work\u003c/a>?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59466\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 276px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/AD-diagram-2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-59466 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/AD-diagram-2-276x360.jpg\" alt=\"AD diagram (2)\" width=\"276\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nethyenergy.co.uk/\">Nethy Energy\u003c/a>. Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Before entering the digester, manure is heated to 100 degrees Fahrenheit, the perfect temperature to prime the appetite of picky microorganisms. Pistons push the hot manure into the main chamber where the microorganisms feast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The manure breaks down into a biogas bubble and a mixture of solids and liquids. The bubble, mostly methane gas, can be harnessed and used to fuel an engine and generate electricity. The whole process takes 21 days. The leftover solids and liquids are filtered and used for cow bedding and fertilizer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Farmers in BC are very interested in anaerobic digestion,” says Peter Torenvliet, the farm’s operations manager. Torenvliet adds that Bakerview EcoDairy established “a first of its kind on-farm anaerobic digestion system that is designed to be integrated into commercial dairy farms.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Methane is a powerful greenhouse gas. Its contribution to the greenhouse effect is over 20 times more potent than that of carbon dioxide. On a typical farm, cow manure is spread on fields where the methane gas seeps out of the manure and into the atmosphere. Digesters can help combat methane release by burning the gas and converting it to carbon dioxide. The digester captures the methane before it has a chance to escape into the atmosphere in its pure form.These digesters do more than generate a sustainable source of electricity for commercial farms. They also reduce greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59431\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 456px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-59431 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Solid-by-product.jpg\" alt=\"Solid by-product\" width=\"456\" height=\"342\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Solid-by-product.jpg 1448w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Solid-by-product-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Solid-by-product-800x601.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Solid-by-product-1440x1081.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Solid-by-product-1180x886.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Solid-by-product-960x721.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 456px) 100vw, 456px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The digesting process creates an odorless, solid by-product. Bakerview EcoDairy uses this by-product for cow bedding.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There’s another perk, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides generating electricity and reducing greenhouse gas emissions, the anaerobic digestion process eliminates nearly all cow manure odors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many small farmers struggle to afford the new technology, but increased popularity and demand are helping make digesters more accessible. Soon more small farms like Bakerview EcoDairy should be able to take advantage of this technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am proud to see clean, on-site [electricity] generation for our demonstration dairy,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.el.bchydro.com/mediabulletins/bulletin/technology_innovation/abbotsford_home_to_canadas_first_onfarm_cowpowered_dairy\">says Vanderkooi\u003c/a>, “We pride ourselves on being a responsible and sustainable organization and I appreciate the opportunity we have to educate the public on environmentally and animal-friendly innovations in a fully operational farm.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Before I met \u003ca href=\"http://labs.russell.wisc.edu/gratton/\">Claudio Gratton\u003c/a>, an entomologist at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, my idea of a “bee” was a little striped insect that lives in a hive and makes honey, pollinating the flowers whose nectar it collects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But according to Gratton, the honeybee that I’m imagining is only one of a huge, diverse -- and largely unknown -- set of \u003ca href=\"http://www.usgs.gov/blogs/features/usgs_top_story/the-buzz-on-native-bees/\">bee species\u003c/a> on the planet. Despite their ubiquity in North America, honeybees are a European import.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot of other pollinators out there,” explains Gratton. The 500 or 600 wild bee species that live in Wisconsin are only a fraction of the 4,000 native to the United States. But because they tend to be solitary, aren’t easily managed, and don’t produce honey, they’ve mostly flown under the radar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I saw some of these native bees neatly pinned in glass cases in Gratton’s lab. They range from big, fluffy bumblebees to tiny creatures barely larger than the head of the pin skewering them. Some are iridescent -- almost otherworldly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59185\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 331px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/9198281922_320298e250_h.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-59185 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/9198281922_320298e250_h-414x360.jpg\" alt=\"Augochlorella aurata, one of the four thousand bee species native to the United States. Image by Sam Droege, USGS Native Bee Inventory and Monitoring Program. \" width=\"331\" height=\"288\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Augochlorella aurata, one of the four thousand bee species native to the United States. Image by Sam Droege, \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/usgsbiml/\">USGS Native Bee Inventory and Monitoring Program\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Much more than just eye-catching novelties, native bees could be the key to avoiding an impending agricultural crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We rely on honeybees to pollinate about three-quarters of the world’s food. Crops like almonds, apples, onions, and blueberries all need animals like insects and bats to ferry pollen from anther to stigma. Most commercial farmers rent honeybee hives each year to provide pollination services. But over the last decade the honeybee population has been devastated by an onslaught of agricultural chemicals, diseases, parasites, and climate-change-induced shifts in plant behavior. In combination, these forces cause \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/05/honeybee-decline.html\">Colony Collapse Disorder\u003c/a>, which has claimed a third of the nation’s honeybees every year for the last seven years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Could wild, native bees step into the breach and offer the same agricultural support long provided by honeybees?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Using native pollinators as a substitute for honeybees is something we’re looking at,” Gratton says. After all, before European settlers arrived with their straw beehives in the 17th century, wild bees and other native pollinators turned America’s flowers into food. Based on Gratton’s studies of cranberry farms in Wisconsin (the country’s largest cranberry producer), they may be doing it again. Some cranberry farmers can get a good yield without bringing in any honeybees at all. A study in New Jersey found similar results for watermelons. In fact, some recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/348685/description/Native_pollinators_boost_crop_yields_worldwide\">data\u003c/a> suggest that wild bees may be even more efficient pollinators than honeybees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how can farmers encourage wild bees to pollinate crops? \u003ca href=\"http://labs.russell.wisc.edu/gratton/files/2013/03/Ecology-Letters.pdf\">Studies\u003c/a> suggest that strategies like planting small patches of other flowering plants among crops, avoiding pesticides and herbicides, and planning crop rotations to ensure blossoms throughout the season can all encourage native-pollinator activity. But perhaps most critical, says Gratton, is keeping agricultural landscapes diverse. Because wild bees depend on natural landscapes for habitat and food, interspersing fields with uncultivated areas like grasslands and forests can actually increase crop yield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59053\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Gratton-05.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-59053 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Gratton-05-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Native bees, like these bumblebees visiting flowers in the University of Wisconsin Arboretum, may be able to replace some of the agricultural pollination services provided by honeybees, which are currently struggling. \" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Native bees, like these bumblebees visiting flowers in the University of Wisconsin Arboretum, may be able to replace some of the agricultural pollination services provided by honeybees, which are currently struggling.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As Gratton points out, “We often think of these areas as wastelands, as unproductive environments, when in fact they’re very productive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even if farmers are able to attract native bees, one of the key questions is whether or not these bees will be able to sidestep the challenges facing honeybees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer is “maybe.” In honeybee colonies, tens of thousands of bees pick up an array of pesticides and herbicides as the hives are trucked around the country chasing blooming crops. These chemicals get commingled and concentrated in the food fed to the queen bee and her young. This can create a toxic cocktail that wipes out generations of larvae. But most native bees tend to be loners. A single bee feeding only her own offspring might be able to avoid the disastrous effects of concentrating and combining agricultural chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these are new questions, and the answers won’t reveal themselves without much more data, which can be difficult for researchers to collect. Wild bees’ solitary habits make them especially challenging to study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the things I would love to do,” says Gratton, “is to have eyes everywhere in the landscape.” But even if you can find them, bee species are tricky to \u003ca href=\"http://www.yorku.ca/bugsrus/BFoW/Images/Introduction/Introduction.html\">tell apart\u003c/a> -- even for experts -- so Gratton is working with colleagues in the engineering department to develop a \u003ca href=\"http://idbee.ece.wisc.edu\">computer program\u003c/a> that can identify a bee’s species just by looking at the veins on its wings. He’s hoping that one day this technology will become a mobile app, so anyone anywhere could snap a cell phone picture and help entomologists like Gratton make sure that native pollinators keep on pollinating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, Gratton and his students troop into the landscape with low-tech equipment, trapping bees with insect nets, bowls of soapy water, and simulated nests made out of bamboo. They painstakingly catalog the insects they catch. And they hope that the data they collect will shed light on the promise that native pollinators can help build sustainable agricultural systems -- with or without honeybees.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The United States is home to some 4,000 native bee species. In this video, entomologist Claudio Gratton explores whether these wild pollinators can keep agriculture buzzing as honeybee populations struggle to survive. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Before I met \u003ca href=\"http://labs.russell.wisc.edu/gratton/\">Claudio Gratton\u003c/a>, an entomologist at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, my idea of a “bee” was a little striped insect that lives in a hive and makes honey, pollinating the flowers whose nectar it collects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But according to Gratton, the honeybee that I’m imagining is only one of a huge, diverse -- and largely unknown -- set of \u003ca href=\"http://www.usgs.gov/blogs/features/usgs_top_story/the-buzz-on-native-bees/\">bee species\u003c/a> on the planet. Despite their ubiquity in North America, honeybees are a European import.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot of other pollinators out there,” explains Gratton. The 500 or 600 wild bee species that live in Wisconsin are only a fraction of the 4,000 native to the United States. But because they tend to be solitary, aren’t easily managed, and don’t produce honey, they’ve mostly flown under the radar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I saw some of these native bees neatly pinned in glass cases in Gratton’s lab. They range from big, fluffy bumblebees to tiny creatures barely larger than the head of the pin skewering them. Some are iridescent -- almost otherworldly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59185\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 331px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/9198281922_320298e250_h.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-59185 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/9198281922_320298e250_h-414x360.jpg\" alt=\"Augochlorella aurata, one of the four thousand bee species native to the United States. Image by Sam Droege, USGS Native Bee Inventory and Monitoring Program. \" width=\"331\" height=\"288\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Augochlorella aurata, one of the four thousand bee species native to the United States. Image by Sam Droege, \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/usgsbiml/\">USGS Native Bee Inventory and Monitoring Program\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Much more than just eye-catching novelties, native bees could be the key to avoiding an impending agricultural crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We rely on honeybees to pollinate about three-quarters of the world’s food. Crops like almonds, apples, onions, and blueberries all need animals like insects and bats to ferry pollen from anther to stigma. Most commercial farmers rent honeybee hives each year to provide pollination services. But over the last decade the honeybee population has been devastated by an onslaught of agricultural chemicals, diseases, parasites, and climate-change-induced shifts in plant behavior. In combination, these forces cause \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/05/honeybee-decline.html\">Colony Collapse Disorder\u003c/a>, which has claimed a third of the nation’s honeybees every year for the last seven years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Could wild, native bees step into the breach and offer the same agricultural support long provided by honeybees?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Using native pollinators as a substitute for honeybees is something we’re looking at,” Gratton says. After all, before European settlers arrived with their straw beehives in the 17th century, wild bees and other native pollinators turned America’s flowers into food. Based on Gratton’s studies of cranberry farms in Wisconsin (the country’s largest cranberry producer), they may be doing it again. Some cranberry farmers can get a good yield without bringing in any honeybees at all. A study in New Jersey found similar results for watermelons. In fact, some recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/348685/description/Native_pollinators_boost_crop_yields_worldwide\">data\u003c/a> suggest that wild bees may be even more efficient pollinators than honeybees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how can farmers encourage wild bees to pollinate crops? \u003ca href=\"http://labs.russell.wisc.edu/gratton/files/2013/03/Ecology-Letters.pdf\">Studies\u003c/a> suggest that strategies like planting small patches of other flowering plants among crops, avoiding pesticides and herbicides, and planning crop rotations to ensure blossoms throughout the season can all encourage native-pollinator activity. But perhaps most critical, says Gratton, is keeping agricultural landscapes diverse. Because wild bees depend on natural landscapes for habitat and food, interspersing fields with uncultivated areas like grasslands and forests can actually increase crop yield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59053\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Gratton-05.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-59053 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Gratton-05-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Native bees, like these bumblebees visiting flowers in the University of Wisconsin Arboretum, may be able to replace some of the agricultural pollination services provided by honeybees, which are currently struggling. \" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Native bees, like these bumblebees visiting flowers in the University of Wisconsin Arboretum, may be able to replace some of the agricultural pollination services provided by honeybees, which are currently struggling.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As Gratton points out, “We often think of these areas as wastelands, as unproductive environments, when in fact they’re very productive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even if farmers are able to attract native bees, one of the key questions is whether or not these bees will be able to sidestep the challenges facing honeybees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer is “maybe.” In honeybee colonies, tens of thousands of bees pick up an array of pesticides and herbicides as the hives are trucked around the country chasing blooming crops. These chemicals get commingled and concentrated in the food fed to the queen bee and her young. This can create a toxic cocktail that wipes out generations of larvae. But most native bees tend to be loners. A single bee feeding only her own offspring might be able to avoid the disastrous effects of concentrating and combining agricultural chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these are new questions, and the answers won’t reveal themselves without much more data, which can be difficult for researchers to collect. Wild bees’ solitary habits make them especially challenging to study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the things I would love to do,” says Gratton, “is to have eyes everywhere in the landscape.” But even if you can find them, bee species are tricky to \u003ca href=\"http://www.yorku.ca/bugsrus/BFoW/Images/Introduction/Introduction.html\">tell apart\u003c/a> -- even for experts -- so Gratton is working with colleagues in the engineering department to develop a \u003ca href=\"http://idbee.ece.wisc.edu\">computer program\u003c/a> that can identify a bee’s species just by looking at the veins on its wings. He’s hoping that one day this technology will become a mobile app, so anyone anywhere could snap a cell phone picture and help entomologists like Gratton make sure that native pollinators keep on pollinating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, Gratton and his students troop into the landscape with low-tech equipment, trapping bees with insect nets, bowls of soapy water, and simulated nests made out of bamboo. They painstakingly catalog the insects they catch. And they hope that the data they collect will shed light on the promise that native pollinators can help build sustainable agricultural systems -- with or without honeybees.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Captive Breeding Program May Ensure Survival for African Frogs",
"title": "Captive Breeding Program May Ensure Survival for African Frogs",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Click PLAY to hear mating calls from Cameroonian frogs in quarantine at Cal Academy: \u003c/em>\u003c/strong>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Audio Player\" mediaid=\"59563\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent June evening, herpetologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/science/heroes/dblackburn/\">David Blackburn\u003c/a> of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\">California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a> was knee-deep in a west African lake hoping to capture a critically endangered frog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the cold, clear water of Cameroon’s Lake Oku, hundreds of brown and gray frogs with webbed feet were paddling around looking for food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Lake Oku clawed frog, found nowhere else but in this lake, is like other frogs across the globe that are fighting for survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thousands of frog species worldwide are losing habitat due to deforestation and an amphibian disease caused by a type of fungus called “\u003ca href=\"http://www.amphibianark.org/the-crisis/chytrid-fungus/\">\u003cem>chytrid fungus\u003c/em>\u003c/a>.” The fungus grows on the frogs’ skin and causes sloughing skin and extreme lethargy. The changes to the frogs’ skin can be deadly, because frogs absorb water, salts and other nutrients get through their skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than a third of the world's amphibians are threatened with extinction. The disease is a leading cause of frog population declines worldwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59629\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 258px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/dsc_1097.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-59629 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/dsc_1097.jpg\" alt=\"Researcher Rebecca Tarvin, joined Blackburn's team to collect novel data on African frogs' secretions to determine whether they have chemical defenses in their skins.\" width=\"258\" height=\"387\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/dsc_1097.jpg 1024w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/dsc_1097-400x600.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/dsc_1097-800x1200.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/dsc_1097-960x1440.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 258px) 100vw, 258px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researcher Rebecca Tarvin, joined Blackburn's team to collect novel data on African frogs' secretions to determine whether they have chemical defenses in their skins.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“\u003c/strong>Frogs are the canaries in the coal mine,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.environment.ucla.edu/ctr/staff/smith_thomas.html\">Tom Smith\u003c/a>, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.environment.ucla.edu/ctr/\">Center for Tropical Research\u003c/a> at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucla.edu/\">University of California - Los Angeles\u003c/a>. “They tell us about the health of ecosystems like no other organism. When their populations decline it’s time to pay attention because what is affecting frogs may ultimately affect us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of an expedition to the mountains of northern \u003ca href=\"https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cm.html\">Cameroon\u003c/a> this summer, Blackburn led a group of students and colleagues to collect the clawed frog and other species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers hoped the fragile amphibians would survive the 10,000-mile journey back to San Francisco where the team will breed the species in captivity at the California Academy of Sciences in \u003ca href=\"http://www.golden-gate-park.com/\">Golden Gate Park\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By breeding the amphibians and learning about the frogs’ biology and reproduction habits, Blackburn and his team expect to gain key insights that could help save the frogs – and other species like them – in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know so little about some of these species,” Blackburn said. “We'd like to figure out what it would take to be able to breed these frogs in captivity should they suddenly become under serious threat in the only place they're known to occur.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If an \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/contaminants/issues/invasivespecies.cfm\">invasive species\u003c/a> or predator entered the lake, it would be difficult for scientists to save the frogs because they don’t fully understand their lifecycle and what they need in order to survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blackburn and his team took video of their expedition. As he knelt close to the water and bagged 25 frogs, he said, “the clock started ticking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once they are out of the lake, we want them back at the Academy in clean and cool water as soon as possible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59631\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 344px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bamboutos_camp.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-59631\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bamboutos_camp.jpg\" alt=\"Bamboutos_camp\" width=\"344\" height=\"294\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bamboutos_camp.jpg 1194w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bamboutos_camp-400x343.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bamboutos_camp-800x686.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bamboutos_camp-1180x1012.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bamboutos_camp-960x823.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 344px) 100vw, 344px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">While Blackburn's team surveyed frogs in the highlands of Cameroon, they camped in the Bamboutos Mountains, a region with several endemic frog species.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In addition to the clawed frog, Blackburn and his colleagues also collected four other species: Riggenbach’s Reed Frog, Bamenda Reed Frog, Rio Benito Long-fingered Frog and the Black Long-fingered Frog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three of the species they brought back, including the clawed frogs, are considered threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tiny frogs, which are roughly the size of a quarter, were fed a diet of fish or termites before they were placed in a box aboard an international flight bound for San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In some cases, we had the frogs for two weeks before we traveled back so we had to feed them in the field,” said Cal Academy Senior Biologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/academy/exhibits/aquarium/staff/bfreiermuth/\">Brian Freiermuth\u003c/a>. “One of the things we actually did was use termites; we found nests and could break them open and feed the frogs. Termites are actually really high in fat so it’s good if you want to fatten up an animal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After more than 30 hours in transit, 54 of the 56 captured frogs survived and now sit in quarantine at the California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 60 percent of the frogs tested positive for \u003cem>chytrid fungus\u003c/em>, which Blackburn said he expected based on his studies of the same species in 2011.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It wasn’t a surprise to me to find [the fungus] in the frogs that we brought back,” Blackburn said. “It just reiterates why our work is so important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From late August to early September, the frogs will be treated with a fungicide that will work to clear the disease. After that, Blackburn and his team will begin breeding these species as Academy staff build an exhibit in the facility’s aquarium so the public can finally meet the frogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One huge part of our goal was public awareness,” Blackburn said. “We really can’t conserve what we don’t know. I’m excited that we can celebrate biodiversity at the Academy’s aquarium. That diversity is threatened and it’s exactly what we’re hoping to conserve.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Click PLAY to hear mating calls from Cameroonian frogs in quarantine at Cal Academy: \u003c/em>\u003c/strong>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Audio Player\" mediaid=\"59563\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent June evening, herpetologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/science/heroes/dblackburn/\">David Blackburn\u003c/a> of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\">California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a> was knee-deep in a west African lake hoping to capture a critically endangered frog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the cold, clear water of Cameroon’s Lake Oku, hundreds of brown and gray frogs with webbed feet were paddling around looking for food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Lake Oku clawed frog, found nowhere else but in this lake, is like other frogs across the globe that are fighting for survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thousands of frog species worldwide are losing habitat due to deforestation and an amphibian disease caused by a type of fungus called “\u003ca href=\"http://www.amphibianark.org/the-crisis/chytrid-fungus/\">\u003cem>chytrid fungus\u003c/em>\u003c/a>.” The fungus grows on the frogs’ skin and causes sloughing skin and extreme lethargy. The changes to the frogs’ skin can be deadly, because frogs absorb water, salts and other nutrients get through their skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than a third of the world's amphibians are threatened with extinction. The disease is a leading cause of frog population declines worldwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59629\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 258px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/dsc_1097.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-59629 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/dsc_1097.jpg\" alt=\"Researcher Rebecca Tarvin, joined Blackburn's team to collect novel data on African frogs' secretions to determine whether they have chemical defenses in their skins.\" width=\"258\" height=\"387\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/dsc_1097.jpg 1024w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/dsc_1097-400x600.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/dsc_1097-800x1200.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/dsc_1097-960x1440.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 258px) 100vw, 258px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researcher Rebecca Tarvin, joined Blackburn's team to collect novel data on African frogs' secretions to determine whether they have chemical defenses in their skins.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“\u003c/strong>Frogs are the canaries in the coal mine,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.environment.ucla.edu/ctr/staff/smith_thomas.html\">Tom Smith\u003c/a>, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.environment.ucla.edu/ctr/\">Center for Tropical Research\u003c/a> at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucla.edu/\">University of California - Los Angeles\u003c/a>. “They tell us about the health of ecosystems like no other organism. When their populations decline it’s time to pay attention because what is affecting frogs may ultimately affect us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of an expedition to the mountains of northern \u003ca href=\"https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cm.html\">Cameroon\u003c/a> this summer, Blackburn led a group of students and colleagues to collect the clawed frog and other species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers hoped the fragile amphibians would survive the 10,000-mile journey back to San Francisco where the team will breed the species in captivity at the California Academy of Sciences in \u003ca href=\"http://www.golden-gate-park.com/\">Golden Gate Park\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By breeding the amphibians and learning about the frogs’ biology and reproduction habits, Blackburn and his team expect to gain key insights that could help save the frogs – and other species like them – in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know so little about some of these species,” Blackburn said. “We'd like to figure out what it would take to be able to breed these frogs in captivity should they suddenly become under serious threat in the only place they're known to occur.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If an \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/contaminants/issues/invasivespecies.cfm\">invasive species\u003c/a> or predator entered the lake, it would be difficult for scientists to save the frogs because they don’t fully understand their lifecycle and what they need in order to survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blackburn and his team took video of their expedition. As he knelt close to the water and bagged 25 frogs, he said, “the clock started ticking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once they are out of the lake, we want them back at the Academy in clean and cool water as soon as possible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59631\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 344px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bamboutos_camp.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-59631\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bamboutos_camp.jpg\" alt=\"Bamboutos_camp\" width=\"344\" height=\"294\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bamboutos_camp.jpg 1194w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bamboutos_camp-400x343.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bamboutos_camp-800x686.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bamboutos_camp-1180x1012.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bamboutos_camp-960x823.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 344px) 100vw, 344px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">While Blackburn's team surveyed frogs in the highlands of Cameroon, they camped in the Bamboutos Mountains, a region with several endemic frog species.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In addition to the clawed frog, Blackburn and his colleagues also collected four other species: Riggenbach’s Reed Frog, Bamenda Reed Frog, Rio Benito Long-fingered Frog and the Black Long-fingered Frog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three of the species they brought back, including the clawed frogs, are considered threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tiny frogs, which are roughly the size of a quarter, were fed a diet of fish or termites before they were placed in a box aboard an international flight bound for San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In some cases, we had the frogs for two weeks before we traveled back so we had to feed them in the field,” said Cal Academy Senior Biologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/academy/exhibits/aquarium/staff/bfreiermuth/\">Brian Freiermuth\u003c/a>. “One of the things we actually did was use termites; we found nests and could break them open and feed the frogs. Termites are actually really high in fat so it’s good if you want to fatten up an animal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After more than 30 hours in transit, 54 of the 56 captured frogs survived and now sit in quarantine at the California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 60 percent of the frogs tested positive for \u003cem>chytrid fungus\u003c/em>, which Blackburn said he expected based on his studies of the same species in 2011.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It wasn’t a surprise to me to find [the fungus] in the frogs that we brought back,” Blackburn said. “It just reiterates why our work is so important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From late August to early September, the frogs will be treated with a fungicide that will work to clear the disease. After that, Blackburn and his team will begin breeding these species as Academy staff build an exhibit in the facility’s aquarium so the public can finally meet the frogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One huge part of our goal was public awareness,” Blackburn said. “We really can’t conserve what we don’t know. I’m excited that we can celebrate biodiversity at the Academy’s aquarium. That diversity is threatened and it’s exactly what we’re hoping to conserve.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Wind Energy and Wildlife: Nebraska Strives for Coexistence",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59170\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/brokenbow1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-59170 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/brokenbow1-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"brokenbow1\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A wind turbine towers above a typical Nebraska landscape near the small, centrally-located city of Broken Bow. Photo by Caroline Jezierski\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">Community Contributor |\u003c/span>\u003c/strong> Caroline Jezierski, Project Coordinator - Nebraska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wind energy development has increased substantially in the United States in recent years, from 2,742 megawatts (MW) of installed capacity in 1999 to more than 60,000 MW in 2012. You might expect that the windiest states would be the ones making the greatest strides in harnessing this renewable energy resource, but that isn’t always the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nebraska, in the center of the country and the heart of the Great Plains, ranks fourth nationally in terms of wind resources, but development has been noticeably slower than in neighboring states with fewer wind resources, such as Iowa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Department of Energy estimates that if Nebraska had 1,000 MW of wind energy (more than 500 large-scale wind turbines), the carbon dioxide (CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>) reduction would be 4.1 million tons per year. \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-resources/calculator.html\">That 4.1 million tons of CO\u003csub>2 \u003c/sub>is equivalent\u003c/a> to the annual greenhouse gas emissions from 854,167 passenger vehicles, or the amount of carbon sequestered annually by 3,360,656 acres of U.S. forests. Numbers like these make it easy to understand why concerned citizens of the world are advocating for more renewable energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But developing wind energy resources is a complicated process no matter where they are. A series of steps must be taken in order for a project to succeed, including identifying suitable wind resource and transmission capacity, contracting with landowners, signing power purchase agreements, securing financial backing, conducting environmental and historical preservation surveys, investigating zoning regulations, and more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Nebraska, developing a \u003ca href=\"http://snr.unl.edu/renewableenergy/wind/index.asp\">wind energy project\u003c/a> also depends on some unique variables.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59058\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/sidebyside.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-59058 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/sidebyside-640x239.png\" alt=\"sidebyside\" width=\"640\" height=\"239\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">On the left is a map of developed wind-generated megawatts of power per state (as of 2012), on the right is a map of average wind speeds 80 meters above ground-level. How much wind is your state harnessing for energy? Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Often, the ideal location for wind power facilities is in remote areas, and the energy produced needs to reach population centers that can be hundreds of miles away. Available transmission in these remote areas can be challenging to locate. Since Nebraska is the only state with 100 percent publicly owned power, the transmission lines are mostly constructed, owned, and operated by public entities. This makes for a very efficient grid with little excess capacity on the lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nebraska also hosts hundreds of resident and migratory wildlife species, some of which could be adversely impacted by wind energy development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59115\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 323px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/WhoopingCrane_WikimediaCommons_USDA.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-59115 \" style=\"margin: 5px 3px;border: 1px solid black\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/WhoopingCrane_WikimediaCommons_USDA-539x360.jpg\" alt=\"WhoopingCrane_WikimediaCommons_USDA\" width=\"323\" height=\"216\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This photograph from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/41284017@N08/6885949371\">US Department of Agriculture\u003c/a> shows the endangered whooping crane in flight. The population of this majestic bird has seen a resurgence since a brush with extinction in the 1940s, but wind farms on their migration routes through the Unites States' midsection could pose serious risks to their safety.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59035\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 323px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/windwildlife-impact-map.png\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-59035 \" style=\"margin: 20px 3px;border: 1px solid black\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/windwildlife-impact-map.png\" alt=\"wind:wildlife impact map\" width=\"323\" height=\"216\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This map from the \u003ca href=\"http://outdoornebraska.ne.gov/wildlife/pdfs/wildlifewind.pdf\">Nebraska Game and Parks Commission\u003c/a> shows biologically sensitive areas in the state. It was designed to assist developers as they determine environmentally prudent locations for potential wind energy facilities. Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wind and Wildlife\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The potential impacts of wind energy development and operation on wildlife and habitats are not fully understood. They vary greatly depending on the location of the facility. Some of the direct impacts include deaths that result when birds and bats collide with wind turbines, and habitat loss from the construction of roads, turbine pads, and other structures. According to a recent study, it’s estimated that more than 570,000 birds and 880,000 bats were killed in one year with 51,630 MW of installed wind energy capacity in the U.S. Indirect impacts can include the displacement of wildlife as a result of habitat fragmentation, or animals being forced to alter migration and/or movement patterns to avoid the turbines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wind energy development within the Central Flyway is a particular concern in Nebraska. The Flyway is a major international migratory corridor that passes through the center of the state. In the Rainwater Basin and on the Platte River to the north, millions of migrating waterfowl, cranes, and shorebirds rest and feed in the wetlands, croplands, and river channels during their biannual journeys. The sheer number of birds during the spring migration, including the endangered whooping crane (\u003cem>Grus americana\u003c/em>), makes developing wind energy in the area a great concern for conservation groups and fish and wildlife management agencies. Because whooping cranes are protected by the Endangered Species Act, killing them carries the threat of serious fines and/or imprisonment. This worries wind energy developers as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To minimize, and ideally avoid, collisions, developers are urged to meet with state and federal fish and wildlife agencies and not place turbines in areas heavily used by birds and bats. Researchers are also finding ways to help reduce the incidence of collisions in areas where bat fatalities occur. These include feathering the turbine blades when they aren’t producing energy and increasing the wind speed at which the turbines start to turn. This minimizes the amount of time the blades are turning at lower wind speeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Proceeding Carefully\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A transition from fossil fuel-based energy sources to renewable energy sources is being championed as a way to help minimize the impacts of climate change and save plant and wildlife species. However, development of these energy sources should proceed carefully. Research to evaluate the impacts of wind energy on wildlife has been conducted throughout the country. It can help inform wind energy development decisions in Nebraska and beyond. Through careful evaluation of the location and operation of each wind energy facility, this renewable resource can be developed while also protecting wildlife and habitats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59418\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/THORST10341.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-59418\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/THORST10341-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"THORST1034\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov\">US Fish and Wildlife Service\u003c/a> photograph shows migrating snow geese in central Nebraska. Together, Nebraskans and renewable energy developers are working to ensure that scenes like these are not disrupted by wind turbines.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Nebraska Wind Energy and Wildlife Project: \u003ca href=\"http://snr.unl.edu/renewableenergy/wind/index.asp\">http://snr.unl.edu/renewableenergy/wind/index.asp\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59170\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/brokenbow1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-59170 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/brokenbow1-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"brokenbow1\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A wind turbine towers above a typical Nebraska landscape near the small, centrally-located city of Broken Bow. Photo by Caroline Jezierski\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">Community Contributor |\u003c/span>\u003c/strong> Caroline Jezierski, Project Coordinator - Nebraska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wind energy development has increased substantially in the United States in recent years, from 2,742 megawatts (MW) of installed capacity in 1999 to more than 60,000 MW in 2012. You might expect that the windiest states would be the ones making the greatest strides in harnessing this renewable energy resource, but that isn’t always the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nebraska, in the center of the country and the heart of the Great Plains, ranks fourth nationally in terms of wind resources, but development has been noticeably slower than in neighboring states with fewer wind resources, such as Iowa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Department of Energy estimates that if Nebraska had 1,000 MW of wind energy (more than 500 large-scale wind turbines), the carbon dioxide (CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>) reduction would be 4.1 million tons per year. \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-resources/calculator.html\">That 4.1 million tons of CO\u003csub>2 \u003c/sub>is equivalent\u003c/a> to the annual greenhouse gas emissions from 854,167 passenger vehicles, or the amount of carbon sequestered annually by 3,360,656 acres of U.S. forests. Numbers like these make it easy to understand why concerned citizens of the world are advocating for more renewable energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But developing wind energy resources is a complicated process no matter where they are. A series of steps must be taken in order for a project to succeed, including identifying suitable wind resource and transmission capacity, contracting with landowners, signing power purchase agreements, securing financial backing, conducting environmental and historical preservation surveys, investigating zoning regulations, and more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Nebraska, developing a \u003ca href=\"http://snr.unl.edu/renewableenergy/wind/index.asp\">wind energy project\u003c/a> also depends on some unique variables.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59058\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/sidebyside.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-59058 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/sidebyside-640x239.png\" alt=\"sidebyside\" width=\"640\" height=\"239\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">On the left is a map of developed wind-generated megawatts of power per state (as of 2012), on the right is a map of average wind speeds 80 meters above ground-level. How much wind is your state harnessing for energy? Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Often, the ideal location for wind power facilities is in remote areas, and the energy produced needs to reach population centers that can be hundreds of miles away. Available transmission in these remote areas can be challenging to locate. Since Nebraska is the only state with 100 percent publicly owned power, the transmission lines are mostly constructed, owned, and operated by public entities. This makes for a very efficient grid with little excess capacity on the lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nebraska also hosts hundreds of resident and migratory wildlife species, some of which could be adversely impacted by wind energy development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59115\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 323px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/WhoopingCrane_WikimediaCommons_USDA.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-59115 \" style=\"margin: 5px 3px;border: 1px solid black\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/WhoopingCrane_WikimediaCommons_USDA-539x360.jpg\" alt=\"WhoopingCrane_WikimediaCommons_USDA\" width=\"323\" height=\"216\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This photograph from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/41284017@N08/6885949371\">US Department of Agriculture\u003c/a> shows the endangered whooping crane in flight. The population of this majestic bird has seen a resurgence since a brush with extinction in the 1940s, but wind farms on their migration routes through the Unites States' midsection could pose serious risks to their safety.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59035\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 323px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/windwildlife-impact-map.png\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-59035 \" style=\"margin: 20px 3px;border: 1px solid black\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/windwildlife-impact-map.png\" alt=\"wind:wildlife impact map\" width=\"323\" height=\"216\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This map from the \u003ca href=\"http://outdoornebraska.ne.gov/wildlife/pdfs/wildlifewind.pdf\">Nebraska Game and Parks Commission\u003c/a> shows biologically sensitive areas in the state. It was designed to assist developers as they determine environmentally prudent locations for potential wind energy facilities. Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wind and Wildlife\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The potential impacts of wind energy development and operation on wildlife and habitats are not fully understood. They vary greatly depending on the location of the facility. Some of the direct impacts include deaths that result when birds and bats collide with wind turbines, and habitat loss from the construction of roads, turbine pads, and other structures. According to a recent study, it’s estimated that more than 570,000 birds and 880,000 bats were killed in one year with 51,630 MW of installed wind energy capacity in the U.S. Indirect impacts can include the displacement of wildlife as a result of habitat fragmentation, or animals being forced to alter migration and/or movement patterns to avoid the turbines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wind energy development within the Central Flyway is a particular concern in Nebraska. The Flyway is a major international migratory corridor that passes through the center of the state. In the Rainwater Basin and on the Platte River to the north, millions of migrating waterfowl, cranes, and shorebirds rest and feed in the wetlands, croplands, and river channels during their biannual journeys. The sheer number of birds during the spring migration, including the endangered whooping crane (\u003cem>Grus americana\u003c/em>), makes developing wind energy in the area a great concern for conservation groups and fish and wildlife management agencies. Because whooping cranes are protected by the Endangered Species Act, killing them carries the threat of serious fines and/or imprisonment. This worries wind energy developers as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To minimize, and ideally avoid, collisions, developers are urged to meet with state and federal fish and wildlife agencies and not place turbines in areas heavily used by birds and bats. Researchers are also finding ways to help reduce the incidence of collisions in areas where bat fatalities occur. These include feathering the turbine blades when they aren’t producing energy and increasing the wind speed at which the turbines start to turn. This minimizes the amount of time the blades are turning at lower wind speeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Proceeding Carefully\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A transition from fossil fuel-based energy sources to renewable energy sources is being championed as a way to help minimize the impacts of climate change and save plant and wildlife species. However, development of these energy sources should proceed carefully. Research to evaluate the impacts of wind energy on wildlife has been conducted throughout the country. It can help inform wind energy development decisions in Nebraska and beyond. Through careful evaluation of the location and operation of each wind energy facility, this renewable resource can be developed while also protecting wildlife and habitats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59418\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/THORST10341.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-59418\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/THORST10341-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"THORST1034\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov\">US Fish and Wildlife Service\u003c/a> photograph shows migrating snow geese in central Nebraska. Together, Nebraskans and renewable energy developers are working to ensure that scenes like these are not disrupted by wind turbines.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Nebraska Wind Energy and Wildlife Project: \u003ca href=\"http://snr.unl.edu/renewableenergy/wind/index.asp\">http://snr.unl.edu/renewableenergy/wind/index.asp\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Triple Threat: Trees At Risk From Drought, Heat, And Fire ",
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"content": "\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/droughtheatfire8_12_1301.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Record-setting heat and dryness plagued many of the lower 48 states in 2012. While 2013 hasn’t been as extreme, half of the country continues to suffer from dry to exceptional drought, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/\">U.S. drought monitor\u003c/a>. It’s a trend that’s likely to continue as the global climate changes, and it could have big impacts on trees across the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58916\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/TreeDrought-007-edit-1500px.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58916\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/TreeDrought-007-edit-1500px-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"An Austrian pine tree suffering from diplodia blight, exacerbated by drought. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An Austrian pine tree suffering from diplodia blight, exacerbated by drought. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Near his office in Lincoln\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> Nebraska, Mark Harrell examines a brown-looking Eastern White Pine. He’s the Forest Health Program Leader for the Nebraska Forest Service. He points to dried resin on the bark. “That’s kind of a typical symptom of fungus disease affecting the branches,” he says. “And those are very common on trees stressed from drought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harrell says that because of disease—likely brought on by drought—the tree may not survive the summer. And it isn’t the only one. Foresters across the state say they’re losing trees not only to drought-induced disease and dehydration but also to heat that exacerbates the situation and increases the severity of wildfires. Drier, warmer weather has also given insects like bark beetles more time to populate and spread into climate-stressed trees where they destroy nutrient-bearing tissues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Fatal Thirst\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trees nourish themselves by pulling water up from the ground to the leaves. There it reacts with sunlight and carbon dioxide, converting that energy into food in the form of carbohydrates. But drought hampers that critical process, according to U.S. Geological Survey research ecologist Craig Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When there starts to be limited water available in the soil, it gets more difficult. It takes more tension to pull water out of the soil and get it into the tree and get it all the way up to where the leaves are in the canopy,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\"> But if the drought lasts for weeks, months, or even years, the trees can actually starve to death.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In fact, that tension can get so strong that the tissues in the tree—think of them as little straws—get air bubbles, or embolisms, which prevent water from moving up the trunk. Trees have many ways of dealing with periods of drought and other stress, which is one reason they can live so long, says Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By avoiding dehydrating to death, they can end up starving, essentially,” says Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Allen, who is based near Santa Fe, New Mexico, says the Southwest has been in a prolonged drought since about 2000. And warmer temperatures in the last 20 years have exacerbated the situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58982\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 404px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Slide2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58982\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Slide2-404x253.jpg\" alt=\"In summer 2002, pinyon pine trees in the Jemez Mountains near Santa Fe, N.M. began dying en masse from drought stress and associated bark beetle outbreak. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\" width=\"404\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In summer 2002, pinyon pine trees in the Jemez Mountains near Santa Fe, N.M. began dying en masse from drought stress and associated bark beetle outbreak. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The world is getting warmer, has been getting warmer in recent decades. And it appears there’s a signal that this is amplifying the drought stress on trees in many parts of the world. We’re starting to see more tree mortality in these areas,” says Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Higher temperatures—partly the result of more carbon dioxide in the air—means the atmosphere needs more water. Think of the warmer atmosphere as a sponge, increasing evaporation and pulling \u003cstrong>more\u003c/strong> water from leaves and the soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Allen, adding hotter temperatures to ongoing drought is often a fatal combination for trees. Many species around the world already toe the line of high temperatures they can withstand to maximize their ability to survive. And in many places, trees have already used up deeper reserves of subsoil moisture stored from previous wet periods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Svoboda, a climatologist with the National Drought Mitigation Center, says those places now need serious moisture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you get into the second or third year of drought, the cumulative impacts begin to ramp up, like we’re seeing particularly in Oklahoma, Texas, Colorado, Kansas. New Mexico has been very, very hard hit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You need well above sustained rains, not just a good month or a good week,” says Svoboda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More Intense Wildfires\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drier winters have also led to longer, more intense wildfires sweeping through western forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cumulatively, we’re seeing this much longer fire season in just a few decades, and the severity of fire seems to be related to\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58967\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Pacheco-Plume3_18june.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58967\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Pacheco-Plume3_18june-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"The Pacheco Fire, in June 2011, viewed from Santa Fe, N.M. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Pacheco Fire, in June 2011, viewed from Santa Fe, N.M. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>temperature as well, so we’re seeing more high-severity fire,” says Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These intensely hot fires can sometimes kill huge swaths of mature trees, rather than the spotty burn patterns of more normal wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, Allen and other forest researchers now worry about losing that native seed stock, and the trees’ ability to repopulate the landscape by distributing their seeds as they have after previous die-offs. The sudden absence of these trees would likely impact the ecosystem, including plant and animal biodiversity, as shrubs and grasses take over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along with efforts like thinning forests to reduce competition for water, researchers are searching for new species that can withstand the changing conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Search for Tougher Trees\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Justin Evertson, Green Infrastructure Coordinator for the Nebraska Forest Service, says they think they need to look south for trees that can withstand warmer temperatures and drier conditions, though he admits it’s hard to know just how things will change in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58968\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/arborteum_1-e1376411596757.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-58968\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/arborteum_1-e1376411596757-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"Inside one of the greenhouse at the Nebraska Statewide Arboretum in Lincoln, Neb. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Inside one of the greenhouses at the Nebraska Statewide Arboretum in Lincoln, Neb. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Evertson works with Bob Henrickson at the \u003ca href=\"http://arboretum.unl.edu/\">Nebraska Statewide Arboretum\u003c/a> in Lincoln. Along with nearly 100 affiliate sites around the state, Henrickson routinely gathers seeds from a wide range of trees—particularly native varieties—and cultivates and distributes them to determine what trees do best in the region’s variable and changing climate. With more drought and heat projected for the future, moving away from cooler-weather species might be an option for maintaining a healthy tree population in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the arboretum’s test garden, Evertson walks over to a dwarf chinkapin oak grown from acorns collected nearly a decade ago. He says this oak occurs on tough, gravelly soils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a tree that has proven itself to be tough and adaptable across the region,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Evertson says orders for chinkapin oak and other hardy trees routinely come in from\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58970\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/arborteum_3-e1376411762467.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-58970\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/arborteum_3-e1376411762467-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"Dwarf Chinkapin Oak tree starts, at the Nebraska Statewide Arboretum greenhouse. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dwarf Chinkapin Oak tree starts, at the Nebraska Statewide Arboretum greenhouse. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>numerous nearby states. The Nebraska Forest Service and Kansas Forest Service are starting a cooperative effort to collect and evaluate other tough trees that can handle changing climate conditions. Bob Henrickson says that’s exactly what he envisions for the arboretum’s future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of native trees and shrubs in Nebraska are native to other states but meet their natural range limit in our state,” he says. “So we feel we’re set up with some of the best seed sources in the country to distribute these plants throughout (the region) that can take these tough conditions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Distributing seeds to other states might be necessary if we lose a lot of the current forests in the Southwest as a result of the combined threat of drought, heat, and fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“It’s hard to imagine they’re going to survive beyond the middle of this century in the parts of the landscape where they are today,” says research ecologist Allen. \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>After reviewing thousands of years of historic tree-ring data in the Southwest, Allen and other researchers found there have been two other periods of extended, “mega-drought” that caused trees to die out on a large scale and likely forced native people to leave the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The current drought we’re seeing is approaching the severity of those two most severe mega-droughts in the last 1,000 years, and it’s because it’s warmer,” says Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Svoboda agrees but says it’s still too early to know if we’re at the beginning of another mega-drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s just no way to tell until you look back on it. But it’s certainly been shown that it’s very, very possible,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, Allen says we should expect change. “We’re in a period where the new normal is just a transition period -- we can’t see to what yet. But it looks like, for this century at least, there will be this climate changing and so the systems are changing as they must.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could mean cold-weather trees slowly repopulating in higher elevations, while lower areas shift to more scrub- and grass-based ecosystems. Only time—and the climate—will tell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58793\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/CochitiCanyon2-18aug-e1376414687120.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-58793\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/CochitiCanyon2-18aug-e1376414677138-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"The effects of the Las Conchas Fire in the Jemez Mountains in New Mexico in 2011. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The effects of the Las Conchas Fire in the Jemez Mountains in New Mexico in 2011. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "In the western U.S., trees are facing a triple threat of heat, drought and wildfire. Despite efforts to find more resilient tree species, some forests may not survive past mid-century.\r\n\r\n",
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"description": "In the western U.S., trees are facing a triple threat of heat, drought and wildfire. Despite efforts to find more resilient tree species, some forests may not survive past mid-century.\r\n\r\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/droughtheatfire8_12_1301.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Record-setting heat and dryness plagued many of the lower 48 states in 2012. While 2013 hasn’t been as extreme, half of the country continues to suffer from dry to exceptional drought, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/\">U.S. drought monitor\u003c/a>. It’s a trend that’s likely to continue as the global climate changes, and it could have big impacts on trees across the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58916\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/TreeDrought-007-edit-1500px.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58916\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/TreeDrought-007-edit-1500px-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"An Austrian pine tree suffering from diplodia blight, exacerbated by drought. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An Austrian pine tree suffering from diplodia blight, exacerbated by drought. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Near his office in Lincoln\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> Nebraska, Mark Harrell examines a brown-looking Eastern White Pine. He’s the Forest Health Program Leader for the Nebraska Forest Service. He points to dried resin on the bark. “That’s kind of a typical symptom of fungus disease affecting the branches,” he says. “And those are very common on trees stressed from drought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harrell says that because of disease—likely brought on by drought—the tree may not survive the summer. And it isn’t the only one. Foresters across the state say they’re losing trees not only to drought-induced disease and dehydration but also to heat that exacerbates the situation and increases the severity of wildfires. Drier, warmer weather has also given insects like bark beetles more time to populate and spread into climate-stressed trees where they destroy nutrient-bearing tissues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Fatal Thirst\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trees nourish themselves by pulling water up from the ground to the leaves. There it reacts with sunlight and carbon dioxide, converting that energy into food in the form of carbohydrates. But drought hampers that critical process, according to U.S. Geological Survey research ecologist Craig Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When there starts to be limited water available in the soil, it gets more difficult. It takes more tension to pull water out of the soil and get it into the tree and get it all the way up to where the leaves are in the canopy,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\"> But if the drought lasts for weeks, months, or even years, the trees can actually starve to death.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In fact, that tension can get so strong that the tissues in the tree—think of them as little straws—get air bubbles, or embolisms, which prevent water from moving up the trunk. Trees have many ways of dealing with periods of drought and other stress, which is one reason they can live so long, says Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By avoiding dehydrating to death, they can end up starving, essentially,” says Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Allen, who is based near Santa Fe, New Mexico, says the Southwest has been in a prolonged drought since about 2000. And warmer temperatures in the last 20 years have exacerbated the situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58982\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 404px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Slide2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58982\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Slide2-404x253.jpg\" alt=\"In summer 2002, pinyon pine trees in the Jemez Mountains near Santa Fe, N.M. began dying en masse from drought stress and associated bark beetle outbreak. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\" width=\"404\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In summer 2002, pinyon pine trees in the Jemez Mountains near Santa Fe, N.M. began dying en masse from drought stress and associated bark beetle outbreak. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The world is getting warmer, has been getting warmer in recent decades. And it appears there’s a signal that this is amplifying the drought stress on trees in many parts of the world. We’re starting to see more tree mortality in these areas,” says Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Higher temperatures—partly the result of more carbon dioxide in the air—means the atmosphere needs more water. Think of the warmer atmosphere as a sponge, increasing evaporation and pulling \u003cstrong>more\u003c/strong> water from leaves and the soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Allen, adding hotter temperatures to ongoing drought is often a fatal combination for trees. Many species around the world already toe the line of high temperatures they can withstand to maximize their ability to survive. And in many places, trees have already used up deeper reserves of subsoil moisture stored from previous wet periods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Svoboda, a climatologist with the National Drought Mitigation Center, says those places now need serious moisture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you get into the second or third year of drought, the cumulative impacts begin to ramp up, like we’re seeing particularly in Oklahoma, Texas, Colorado, Kansas. New Mexico has been very, very hard hit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You need well above sustained rains, not just a good month or a good week,” says Svoboda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More Intense Wildfires\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drier winters have also led to longer, more intense wildfires sweeping through western forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cumulatively, we’re seeing this much longer fire season in just a few decades, and the severity of fire seems to be related to\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58967\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Pacheco-Plume3_18june.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58967\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Pacheco-Plume3_18june-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"The Pacheco Fire, in June 2011, viewed from Santa Fe, N.M. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Pacheco Fire, in June 2011, viewed from Santa Fe, N.M. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>temperature as well, so we’re seeing more high-severity fire,” says Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These intensely hot fires can sometimes kill huge swaths of mature trees, rather than the spotty burn patterns of more normal wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, Allen and other forest researchers now worry about losing that native seed stock, and the trees’ ability to repopulate the landscape by distributing their seeds as they have after previous die-offs. The sudden absence of these trees would likely impact the ecosystem, including plant and animal biodiversity, as shrubs and grasses take over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along with efforts like thinning forests to reduce competition for water, researchers are searching for new species that can withstand the changing conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Search for Tougher Trees\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Justin Evertson, Green Infrastructure Coordinator for the Nebraska Forest Service, says they think they need to look south for trees that can withstand warmer temperatures and drier conditions, though he admits it’s hard to know just how things will change in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58968\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/arborteum_1-e1376411596757.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-58968\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/arborteum_1-e1376411596757-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"Inside one of the greenhouse at the Nebraska Statewide Arboretum in Lincoln, Neb. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Inside one of the greenhouses at the Nebraska Statewide Arboretum in Lincoln, Neb. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Evertson works with Bob Henrickson at the \u003ca href=\"http://arboretum.unl.edu/\">Nebraska Statewide Arboretum\u003c/a> in Lincoln. Along with nearly 100 affiliate sites around the state, Henrickson routinely gathers seeds from a wide range of trees—particularly native varieties—and cultivates and distributes them to determine what trees do best in the region’s variable and changing climate. With more drought and heat projected for the future, moving away from cooler-weather species might be an option for maintaining a healthy tree population in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the arboretum’s test garden, Evertson walks over to a dwarf chinkapin oak grown from acorns collected nearly a decade ago. He says this oak occurs on tough, gravelly soils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a tree that has proven itself to be tough and adaptable across the region,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Evertson says orders for chinkapin oak and other hardy trees routinely come in from\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58970\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/arborteum_3-e1376411762467.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-58970\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/arborteum_3-e1376411762467-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"Dwarf Chinkapin Oak tree starts, at the Nebraska Statewide Arboretum greenhouse. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dwarf Chinkapin Oak tree starts, at the Nebraska Statewide Arboretum greenhouse. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>numerous nearby states. The Nebraska Forest Service and Kansas Forest Service are starting a cooperative effort to collect and evaluate other tough trees that can handle changing climate conditions. Bob Henrickson says that’s exactly what he envisions for the arboretum’s future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of native trees and shrubs in Nebraska are native to other states but meet their natural range limit in our state,” he says. “So we feel we’re set up with some of the best seed sources in the country to distribute these plants throughout (the region) that can take these tough conditions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Distributing seeds to other states might be necessary if we lose a lot of the current forests in the Southwest as a result of the combined threat of drought, heat, and fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“It’s hard to imagine they’re going to survive beyond the middle of this century in the parts of the landscape where they are today,” says research ecologist Allen. \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>After reviewing thousands of years of historic tree-ring data in the Southwest, Allen and other researchers found there have been two other periods of extended, “mega-drought” that caused trees to die out on a large scale and likely forced native people to leave the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The current drought we’re seeing is approaching the severity of those two most severe mega-droughts in the last 1,000 years, and it’s because it’s warmer,” says Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Svoboda agrees but says it’s still too early to know if we’re at the beginning of another mega-drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s just no way to tell until you look back on it. But it’s certainly been shown that it’s very, very possible,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, Allen says we should expect change. “We’re in a period where the new normal is just a transition period -- we can’t see to what yet. But it looks like, for this century at least, there will be this climate changing and so the systems are changing as they must.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could mean cold-weather trees slowly repopulating in higher elevations, while lower areas shift to more scrub- and grass-based ecosystems. Only time—and the climate—will tell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58793\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/CochitiCanyon2-18aug-e1376414687120.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-58793\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/CochitiCanyon2-18aug-e1376414677138-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"The effects of the Las Conchas Fire in the Jemez Mountains in New Mexico in 2011. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The effects of the Las Conchas Fire in the Jemez Mountains in New Mexico in 2011. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Ohio’s Bald Eagle Comeback",
"title": "Ohio’s Bald Eagle Comeback",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58765\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-58765 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/QUEST-Bald-Eagle-family-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Photographer Al Freeman caught this bald eagle family at home in a tree behind Old Dutch Tavern in Sandusky, Ohio, near Lake Erie, in 2009. Credit: Al Freeman\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/QUEST-Bald-Eagle-family-640x360.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/QUEST-Bald-Eagle-family-640x360-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo Credit: \u003ca href=\"http://www.acfreeman.com/Wildlife/BALD-EAGLE/i-3qrs8f7\">Al Freeman\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The appearance of three new bald eagle nests made headlines in Ohio this summer. Why is this newsworthy?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you think of bald eagles, you might imagine these national birds diving into rivers in America’s Pacific Northwest or perched atop a tall pine tree in Florida. In Alaska, the giant raptors seem to be everywhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in Ohio and other parts of the Midwest that were once home to many of these majestic creatures, populations are a far cry from what they once were -- a remnant of the bald eagle’s brush with extinction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58766\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58766 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Quest-bald-eagle-on-cedar-point-causeway-erie-2013-al-freeman-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"An adult bald eagle takes a break in a tree on Cedar Point Causeway in Erie County, Ohio earlier this spring. Credit: Al Freeman\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An adult bald eagle takes a break in a tree on Cedar Point Causeway in Erie County, Ohio earlier this spring. Credit: Al Freeman\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Before settlers arrived, bald eagles were plentiful all along Ohio’s Lake Erie coast, but population growth on the shoreline took away habitat and reduced their numbers. In the 1970s bald eagles nearly disappeared from Ohio and the rest of the lower 48 states, mainly because of the insecticide DDT. As a result of years of heavy spraying, DDT built up in the environment and in small animals like rodents and fish. When the eagles ate these small animals, DDT accumulated in their bodies, too. As a result, female eagles laid eggs with very thin shells. The weight of the nesting bird would crack the eggs, killing the chicks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although DDT was banned in 1972, it took some time for eagle populations to rebound. Only four nesting pairs of bald eagles could be found in the Buckeye State in 1979.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 1995 the birds had recovered so well that they were removed from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/midwest/eagle/recovery/qandas.html\">Endangered Species List\u003c/a>. \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/midwest/midwestbird/eaglepermits/bagepa.html\">The Bald Eagle and Golden Eagle Protection Act\u003c/a>, first written in 1940 and amended many times since, continues to help ensure their survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58764\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 370px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58764 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/QUEST-bald-eagle-abundance-1999-2013-ODNR-370x253.jpg\" alt=\"This graph illustrates the growth in the estimated number of bald eagle nesting pairs in Ohio in the past fourteen years. Credit: ODNR\" width=\"370\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This graph illustrates the growth in the estimated number of bald eagle nesting pairs in Ohio in the past fourteen years. Credit: ODNR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ohio’s bald eagle population continues to grow steadily today, thanks to the careful management of habitat and protection of nests, but local wildlife experts remain vigilant. Each new nest is a cause for celebration among bird and nature lovers. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/Home/wild_resourcessubhomepage/ResearchandSurveys/resourceseagleeagleviewmap/BaldEagleResources/tabid/15488/Default.aspx\">Bald Eagle Nesting Survey\u003c/a> by the Ohio Division of Wildlife estimates that there are 190 nests in the state in 2013. Eagle watchers have always found the greatest number of these birds along the shore of Lake Erie and the adjacent marshes of northwest Ohio, but now the number of nests is increasing farther inland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of the new \u003ca href=\"http://www.ohio.com/news/new-bald-eagle-nests-confirmed-in-gorge-metro-park-clinton-conservation-area-bath-township-1.403382\">nests that made headlines\u003c/a> this summer are in Summit County, about 20 miles south of Lake Erie. It’s the home of Akron, Ohio’s fifth largest city with nearly 200,000 people. But the county also contains a large portion of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/cuva/planyourvisit/upload/Bald-Eagles-2011_for-web.pdf\">Cuyahoga Valley National Park\u003c/a> plus 9,000 acres of metropolitan parks. Park officials there say they knew about the new nests for months, but waited to announce the discoveries until nature disguised the locations with leaves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why the waiting period?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Mike Johnson, Chief of Natural Resources Management for \u003ca href=\"http://www.summitmetroparks.org/\">Metro Parks, Serving Summit County\u003c/a>, humans pose the greatest threat to the success of nesting eagles. The reason is simple. Eggs and hatchlings need to be kept warm, and babies need to be fed constantly. Curious humans who venture too close to a nest can keep the parents away from their duties, jeopardizing the health of the baby eagles. Too many humans nearby can even cause bald eagles to abandon a nest completely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58767\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 310px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58767 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/QUEST-bald-eagle-near-Columbus-Tim-Daniel-ODNR-310x253.jpg\" alt=\"This bald eagle family took up residence on a public golf course in Ohio's Pickaway County, not far from the state capital of Columbus, in 2008. Credit: Tim Daniel ODNR/Wildlife.\" width=\"310\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This bald eagle family took up residence on a public golf course in Ohio's Pickaway County, not far from the state capital of Columbus, in 2008. Credit: Tim Daniel ODNR/Wildlife.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The biggest challenge is a human challenge,” says Johnson, “trying to educate people about why we need to leave [the eagles] alone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While delivering a recent update, Johnson said that they saw bald eagles sitting on the nest in Gorge Metro Park, but they never saw chicks, and now that nest has been abandoned. But two chicks did make a recent appearance in a nest near a towpath in the town of Clinton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why did one nest do well while the other nest failed? Just as in real estate, the answer might be location, location, location. Gorge Metro Park is on the edge of Akron. It is a small park with many visitors and close to a noisy highway. Mike thought it was a bad site for bald eagles, although the birds did manage to pick the one spot that you couldn’t see from the trail. The Clinton nest is more rural and close to a water source and an abundant food supply. It is less frequented by people and a better fit for the eagles’ habitat needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although only one of the nests yielded chicks, park officials are thrilled. “Every new nest is a victory for conservation and recovery,” says Johnson. “It shows what can be achieved through recovery efforts -- the ultimate success story.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=6AK1YgSAlzs%3D&tabid=6542\">Ohio Division of Wildlife Life History Notes: Bald Eagle\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/midwest/eagle/population/chtofprs.html\">U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service: Chart and Table of Bald Eagle Breeding Pairs in Lower 48 States\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.baldeagleinfo.com/\">American Bald Eagle Information\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58765\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-58765 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/QUEST-Bald-Eagle-family-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Photographer Al Freeman caught this bald eagle family at home in a tree behind Old Dutch Tavern in Sandusky, Ohio, near Lake Erie, in 2009. Credit: Al Freeman\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/QUEST-Bald-Eagle-family-640x360.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/QUEST-Bald-Eagle-family-640x360-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo Credit: \u003ca href=\"http://www.acfreeman.com/Wildlife/BALD-EAGLE/i-3qrs8f7\">Al Freeman\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The appearance of three new bald eagle nests made headlines in Ohio this summer. Why is this newsworthy?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you think of bald eagles, you might imagine these national birds diving into rivers in America’s Pacific Northwest or perched atop a tall pine tree in Florida. In Alaska, the giant raptors seem to be everywhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in Ohio and other parts of the Midwest that were once home to many of these majestic creatures, populations are a far cry from what they once were -- a remnant of the bald eagle’s brush with extinction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58766\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58766 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Quest-bald-eagle-on-cedar-point-causeway-erie-2013-al-freeman-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"An adult bald eagle takes a break in a tree on Cedar Point Causeway in Erie County, Ohio earlier this spring. Credit: Al Freeman\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An adult bald eagle takes a break in a tree on Cedar Point Causeway in Erie County, Ohio earlier this spring. Credit: Al Freeman\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Before settlers arrived, bald eagles were plentiful all along Ohio’s Lake Erie coast, but population growth on the shoreline took away habitat and reduced their numbers. In the 1970s bald eagles nearly disappeared from Ohio and the rest of the lower 48 states, mainly because of the insecticide DDT. As a result of years of heavy spraying, DDT built up in the environment and in small animals like rodents and fish. When the eagles ate these small animals, DDT accumulated in their bodies, too. As a result, female eagles laid eggs with very thin shells. The weight of the nesting bird would crack the eggs, killing the chicks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although DDT was banned in 1972, it took some time for eagle populations to rebound. Only four nesting pairs of bald eagles could be found in the Buckeye State in 1979.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 1995 the birds had recovered so well that they were removed from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/midwest/eagle/recovery/qandas.html\">Endangered Species List\u003c/a>. \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/midwest/midwestbird/eaglepermits/bagepa.html\">The Bald Eagle and Golden Eagle Protection Act\u003c/a>, first written in 1940 and amended many times since, continues to help ensure their survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58764\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 370px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58764 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/QUEST-bald-eagle-abundance-1999-2013-ODNR-370x253.jpg\" alt=\"This graph illustrates the growth in the estimated number of bald eagle nesting pairs in Ohio in the past fourteen years. Credit: ODNR\" width=\"370\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This graph illustrates the growth in the estimated number of bald eagle nesting pairs in Ohio in the past fourteen years. Credit: ODNR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ohio’s bald eagle population continues to grow steadily today, thanks to the careful management of habitat and protection of nests, but local wildlife experts remain vigilant. Each new nest is a cause for celebration among bird and nature lovers. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/Home/wild_resourcessubhomepage/ResearchandSurveys/resourceseagleeagleviewmap/BaldEagleResources/tabid/15488/Default.aspx\">Bald Eagle Nesting Survey\u003c/a> by the Ohio Division of Wildlife estimates that there are 190 nests in the state in 2013. Eagle watchers have always found the greatest number of these birds along the shore of Lake Erie and the adjacent marshes of northwest Ohio, but now the number of nests is increasing farther inland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of the new \u003ca href=\"http://www.ohio.com/news/new-bald-eagle-nests-confirmed-in-gorge-metro-park-clinton-conservation-area-bath-township-1.403382\">nests that made headlines\u003c/a> this summer are in Summit County, about 20 miles south of Lake Erie. It’s the home of Akron, Ohio’s fifth largest city with nearly 200,000 people. But the county also contains a large portion of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/cuva/planyourvisit/upload/Bald-Eagles-2011_for-web.pdf\">Cuyahoga Valley National Park\u003c/a> plus 9,000 acres of metropolitan parks. Park officials there say they knew about the new nests for months, but waited to announce the discoveries until nature disguised the locations with leaves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why the waiting period?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Mike Johnson, Chief of Natural Resources Management for \u003ca href=\"http://www.summitmetroparks.org/\">Metro Parks, Serving Summit County\u003c/a>, humans pose the greatest threat to the success of nesting eagles. The reason is simple. Eggs and hatchlings need to be kept warm, and babies need to be fed constantly. Curious humans who venture too close to a nest can keep the parents away from their duties, jeopardizing the health of the baby eagles. Too many humans nearby can even cause bald eagles to abandon a nest completely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58767\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 310px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58767 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/QUEST-bald-eagle-near-Columbus-Tim-Daniel-ODNR-310x253.jpg\" alt=\"This bald eagle family took up residence on a public golf course in Ohio's Pickaway County, not far from the state capital of Columbus, in 2008. Credit: Tim Daniel ODNR/Wildlife.\" width=\"310\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This bald eagle family took up residence on a public golf course in Ohio's Pickaway County, not far from the state capital of Columbus, in 2008. Credit: Tim Daniel ODNR/Wildlife.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The biggest challenge is a human challenge,” says Johnson, “trying to educate people about why we need to leave [the eagles] alone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While delivering a recent update, Johnson said that they saw bald eagles sitting on the nest in Gorge Metro Park, but they never saw chicks, and now that nest has been abandoned. But two chicks did make a recent appearance in a nest near a towpath in the town of Clinton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why did one nest do well while the other nest failed? Just as in real estate, the answer might be location, location, location. Gorge Metro Park is on the edge of Akron. It is a small park with many visitors and close to a noisy highway. Mike thought it was a bad site for bald eagles, although the birds did manage to pick the one spot that you couldn’t see from the trail. The Clinton nest is more rural and close to a water source and an abundant food supply. It is less frequented by people and a better fit for the eagles’ habitat needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although only one of the nests yielded chicks, park officials are thrilled. “Every new nest is a victory for conservation and recovery,” says Johnson. “It shows what can be achieved through recovery efforts -- the ultimate success story.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=6AK1YgSAlzs%3D&tabid=6542\">Ohio Division of Wildlife Life History Notes: Bald Eagle\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/midwest/eagle/population/chtofprs.html\">U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service: Chart and Table of Bald Eagle Breeding Pairs in Lower 48 States\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.baldeagleinfo.com/\">American Bald Eagle Information\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Farmers Fight Back Against Toxic Algal Blooms",
"title": "Farmers Fight Back Against Toxic Algal Blooms",
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"content": "\u003cp>Lakes are an important source of drinking water and tourism dollars in many places across the country. That’s why late summer toxic algal blooms are more than just an eyesore -- they’re a threat to public health, the economy, and the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nutrient runoff from farms is often a big driver of these harmful blooms. Now a group of Ohio scientists is trying to figure out how to keep nutrients on the farm and out of Lake Erie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58595\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Terry-marquee.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58595\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Terry-marquee.jpg\" alt=\"Ohio farmer Terry McClure volunteered to be a test site for researchers studying how farm runoff fuels harmful algal blooms in Lake Erie.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Terry-marquee.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Terry-marquee-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ohio farmer Terry McClure volunteered to be a test site for researchers studying how farm runoff fuels harmful algal blooms in Lake Erie.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On a wheat field in Paulding County, Ohio, USDA researcher Kevin King shows off water sampling gear to a group of agricultural leaders and experts. His team has placed this machinery on nearly 30 Ohio farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal of the research is to track nutrient runoff from the farm field. Farmers add these nutrients (fertilizer, primarily composed of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) to help the crops grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This study is important because these nutrients drive the harmful algal blooms that kill fish, sicken pets, and taint drinking water for the millions who depend on Lake Erie and other affected waterways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study’s lead investigator, Libby Dayton from Ohio State University, says they’re naming this project “On Field Ohio.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58117\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Terry-McClure-farm-visit-032.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58117\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Terry-McClure-farm-visit-032-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Ohio State's Libby Dayton explains how her team's research gear takes periodic water samples to test for nutrient runoff.\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ohio State's Libby Dayton explains how her team's research gear takes periodic water samples to test for nutrient runoff.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp style=\"padding-left: 20pt;padding-right: 20pt;line-height: 110%\">\u003cem>“The premise and heart of it is we want to figure out how to keep nutrients on the field, and we want to figure out how to keep water on the field. We think that if we keep what needs to be on the field on the field it will reduce the transport off the field, and that will be a big help toward improving water quality.”\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dayton and colleagues have three years and two million dollars to determine a sort of “best practices” guide for keeping nutrients on the farm field. Specifically, they are looking to contain phosphorus, the key driver of freshwater algal blooms. Ohio farmers, along with the United States Department of Agriculture, are footing the bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lake’s algae problem isn’t new. Back in the 1970s, discharge from sewage treatment plants was largely to blame. Sewage contains many of the same nutrients found in fertilizer runoff. In order to mitigate the problem, cities upgraded their filtering systems and companies reformulated detergents and other products to choke off the nutrient supply. The lake got better as a result.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And then that’s when agricultural businesses started to shift,” says chemical engineer and former EPA researcher Steve Duirk from the University of Akron, “and that’s the reason we started to see these blooms come back, and as bad as they were in the ’70s. And it’s almost solely attributed to agriculture.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"If you might be a part of the problem, you ought to be part of the solution,\" says McClure.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.ohio.gov/dsw/lakeerie/index.aspx\">Findings\u003c/a> from the state’s Lake Erie Phosphorus Task Force concur with this, but \u003ca href=\"http://wi.water.usgs.gov/rna/9km30/\">sewage\u003c/a> remains an issue as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one knows for sure what changed in agriculture, but \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2013/03/28/1216006110.abstract\">research\u003c/a> suggests heavy rains plus certain fertilizer and soil management techniques widely adopted over the last decade have spurred the blooms. This is exactly what Dayton and her team are investigating on the farm. They’re taking samples from some of the 70,000 farms engaged in all sorts of management practices along the Erie shore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Terry McClure is a fifth generation Ohio farmer who owns the 3,800-acre farm that researchers and ag experts now gather around. “This is soft red winter wheat,” says McClure. “So think crackers, think Triscuits, think doughnuts. That’s what we make.” He calls his farm “rotational no-till,” which means they don’t disturb the soil structure with deep plowing. McClure also uses \u003ca href=\"http://www.mccc.msu.edu/\">cover crops\u003c/a>, plants grown for the purposing of maintaining soil quality. They’re known to reduce runoff and help keep nutrients on the field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a lot of questions about why agriculture may be to blame for the algal blooms in Lake Erie. That’s why McClure is participating in this study. “If you might be a part of the problem,\" says McClure, \"you ought to be part of the solution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58474\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Terry-McClure-farm-visit-025.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58474\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Terry-McClure-farm-visit-025-337x253.jpg\" alt='Many farms rely on \"tile drainage,\" a series of underground pipes that drain water from the field into a ditch, as shown above. Nutrient runoff into these ditches feed toxic algae blooms downstream.' width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Many farms rely on \"tile drainage,\" a series of underground pipes that drain water from the field into a ditch, as shown above. Nutrient runoff into these ditches feed toxic algae blooms downstream.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>McClure notes that farmers have been saying for years that the lake’s algae issues can’t possibly be their problem because they know they’ve been using less and less phosphate. “Something’s going on here that we don’t understand,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dayton and other researchers point to a specific water-soluble type of phosphorus that is behind the blooms. “We’re having issues now where the dissolved portion of the phosphorus has been creeping up, and so that’s one of the things that we’re looking at,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Algae love dissolved phosphorus. It’s a ready meal. Even tiny amounts of the runoff are problematic. USDA’s Kevin King explains that what’s causing the problem is only about half a pound of phosphorus runoff per acre of agricultural land. “When a farmer applies 30 to 40 pounds per acre and they’re only losing a half a pound to a pound, but that’s what’s causing the problem, that’s…what we’re working with here,” says King. “It is a very narrow window.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s too early for answers, but study researchers say the combination of no-till and cover crops, like this wheat field of McClure’s, looks like a promising way to rein in the dissolved phosphorus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s the good news: Akron scientist Steve Duirk says since Lake Erie is so shallow, if ag experts get this right, and the weather cooperates, it would only take about two years for the lake to flush out and rebound -- again.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Agricultural runoff is the leading cause of recurring algal blooms in Lake Erie. Now farmers are inviting researchers onto their fields to figure out why -- and what they can do about it.\r\n\r\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Lakes are an important source of drinking water and tourism dollars in many places across the country. That’s why late summer toxic algal blooms are more than just an eyesore -- they’re a threat to public health, the economy, and the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nutrient runoff from farms is often a big driver of these harmful blooms. Now a group of Ohio scientists is trying to figure out how to keep nutrients on the farm and out of Lake Erie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58595\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Terry-marquee.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58595\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Terry-marquee.jpg\" alt=\"Ohio farmer Terry McClure volunteered to be a test site for researchers studying how farm runoff fuels harmful algal blooms in Lake Erie.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Terry-marquee.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Terry-marquee-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ohio farmer Terry McClure volunteered to be a test site for researchers studying how farm runoff fuels harmful algal blooms in Lake Erie.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On a wheat field in Paulding County, Ohio, USDA researcher Kevin King shows off water sampling gear to a group of agricultural leaders and experts. His team has placed this machinery on nearly 30 Ohio farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal of the research is to track nutrient runoff from the farm field. Farmers add these nutrients (fertilizer, primarily composed of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) to help the crops grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This study is important because these nutrients drive the harmful algal blooms that kill fish, sicken pets, and taint drinking water for the millions who depend on Lake Erie and other affected waterways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study’s lead investigator, Libby Dayton from Ohio State University, says they’re naming this project “On Field Ohio.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58117\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Terry-McClure-farm-visit-032.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58117\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Terry-McClure-farm-visit-032-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Ohio State's Libby Dayton explains how her team's research gear takes periodic water samples to test for nutrient runoff.\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ohio State's Libby Dayton explains how her team's research gear takes periodic water samples to test for nutrient runoff.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp style=\"padding-left: 20pt;padding-right: 20pt;line-height: 110%\">\u003cem>“The premise and heart of it is we want to figure out how to keep nutrients on the field, and we want to figure out how to keep water on the field. We think that if we keep what needs to be on the field on the field it will reduce the transport off the field, and that will be a big help toward improving water quality.”\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dayton and colleagues have three years and two million dollars to determine a sort of “best practices” guide for keeping nutrients on the farm field. Specifically, they are looking to contain phosphorus, the key driver of freshwater algal blooms. Ohio farmers, along with the United States Department of Agriculture, are footing the bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lake’s algae problem isn’t new. Back in the 1970s, discharge from sewage treatment plants was largely to blame. Sewage contains many of the same nutrients found in fertilizer runoff. In order to mitigate the problem, cities upgraded their filtering systems and companies reformulated detergents and other products to choke off the nutrient supply. The lake got better as a result.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And then that’s when agricultural businesses started to shift,” says chemical engineer and former EPA researcher Steve Duirk from the University of Akron, “and that’s the reason we started to see these blooms come back, and as bad as they were in the ’70s. And it’s almost solely attributed to agriculture.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"If you might be a part of the problem, you ought to be part of the solution,\" says McClure.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.ohio.gov/dsw/lakeerie/index.aspx\">Findings\u003c/a> from the state’s Lake Erie Phosphorus Task Force concur with this, but \u003ca href=\"http://wi.water.usgs.gov/rna/9km30/\">sewage\u003c/a> remains an issue as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one knows for sure what changed in agriculture, but \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2013/03/28/1216006110.abstract\">research\u003c/a> suggests heavy rains plus certain fertilizer and soil management techniques widely adopted over the last decade have spurred the blooms. This is exactly what Dayton and her team are investigating on the farm. They’re taking samples from some of the 70,000 farms engaged in all sorts of management practices along the Erie shore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Terry McClure is a fifth generation Ohio farmer who owns the 3,800-acre farm that researchers and ag experts now gather around. “This is soft red winter wheat,” says McClure. “So think crackers, think Triscuits, think doughnuts. That’s what we make.” He calls his farm “rotational no-till,” which means they don’t disturb the soil structure with deep plowing. McClure also uses \u003ca href=\"http://www.mccc.msu.edu/\">cover crops\u003c/a>, plants grown for the purposing of maintaining soil quality. They’re known to reduce runoff and help keep nutrients on the field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a lot of questions about why agriculture may be to blame for the algal blooms in Lake Erie. That’s why McClure is participating in this study. “If you might be a part of the problem,\" says McClure, \"you ought to be part of the solution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58474\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Terry-McClure-farm-visit-025.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58474\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Terry-McClure-farm-visit-025-337x253.jpg\" alt='Many farms rely on \"tile drainage,\" a series of underground pipes that drain water from the field into a ditch, as shown above. Nutrient runoff into these ditches feed toxic algae blooms downstream.' width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Many farms rely on \"tile drainage,\" a series of underground pipes that drain water from the field into a ditch, as shown above. Nutrient runoff into these ditches feed toxic algae blooms downstream.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>McClure notes that farmers have been saying for years that the lake’s algae issues can’t possibly be their problem because they know they’ve been using less and less phosphate. “Something’s going on here that we don’t understand,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dayton and other researchers point to a specific water-soluble type of phosphorus that is behind the blooms. “We’re having issues now where the dissolved portion of the phosphorus has been creeping up, and so that’s one of the things that we’re looking at,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Algae love dissolved phosphorus. It’s a ready meal. Even tiny amounts of the runoff are problematic. USDA’s Kevin King explains that what’s causing the problem is only about half a pound of phosphorus runoff per acre of agricultural land. “When a farmer applies 30 to 40 pounds per acre and they’re only losing a half a pound to a pound, but that’s what’s causing the problem, that’s…what we’re working with here,” says King. “It is a very narrow window.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s too early for answers, but study researchers say the combination of no-till and cover crops, like this wheat field of McClure’s, looks like a promising way to rein in the dissolved phosphorus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s the good news: Akron scientist Steve Duirk says since Lake Erie is so shallow, if ag experts get this right, and the weather cooperates, it would only take about two years for the lake to flush out and rebound -- again.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Troubled Waters: Lake Erie's Plastic Problem",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58310\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/BeachTrash.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-58310\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/BeachTrash.jpg\" alt=\"Plastic trash is making its way into Lake Erie, where researchers have found a higher density of plastics than any other body of water. Credit: WCPN ideastream\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/BeachTrash.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/BeachTrash-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Credit: WCPN ideastream\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">Community Contributor |\u003c/span>\u003c/strong> Erin Huber, Executive Director of \u003ca href=\"http://drinklocaldrinktap.org\">Drink Local. Drink Tap., Inc\u003c/a>.\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem> \"I want to say one word to you -- just one word.\u003cbr>\nAre you listening?\u003cbr>\n‘Plastics.’ \"\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mr. McGuire had it right in the 1967 movie \u003cstrong>The Graduate\u003c/strong>: plastics have made a splash. \u003ca href=\"http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/364/1526/1973.full\">Since 1980,\u003c/a>plastic production has gone up 500 percent to meet demand, but this boom has come at a steep environmental price.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57730\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Rainbow-Runner_M-Eriksen.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-57730\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Rainbow-Runner_M-Eriksen-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"This Rainbow Runner, a fish commonly found on menus and fish markets around the country, was found in the mid-Pacific Ocean in 2008 with 17 microplastic bits found in its stomach. Credit: Marcus Eriksen, 5 Gyres Institute\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This Rainbow Runner, a fish commonly found on menus and fish markets around the country, was found in the mid-Pacific Ocean in 2008 with 17 microplastic bits found in its stomach.\u003cbr>Credit: Marcus Eriksen, 5 Gyres Institute\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In recent years researchers and news agencies have been buzzing about the buildup of plastic debris in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sea.edu/plastics2010/images/Oceanus%20Plastic%20article%20Wilber%201987.pdf\">Atlantic\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/10/science/10patch.html?_r=1&\">Pacific Oceans\u003c/a>. The so-called \u003ca href=\"http://marinedebris.noaa.gov/info/patch.html\">Great Pacific Garbage Patch\u003c/a> is said to be twice the size of the state of Texas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But recent studies show that salt water isn’t the only place with a plastic problem. Scientists from the \u003ca href=\"http://5gyres.org/what_is_the_issue/the_solution/\">5 Gyres Institute\u003c/a>, a research-based advocacy group, studied plastic pollution in the Great Lakes, the largest bodies of fresh water in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There they found the highest concentration of plastics -- denser than in the oceans -- in Lake Erie. Similar \u003ca href=\"http://abstracts.acs.org/chem/245nm/program/view.php?obj_id=176594&terms=\">results\u003c/a> were found by University of Wisconsin-Superior chemist \u003ca href=\"http://www.uwsuper.edu/acaddept/naturalsciences/employees/lorena-rios-mendoza_employee1235219\">Dr. Lorena Rios-Mendoza\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How did all of this plastic end up in Lake Erie?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Trash from beaches, river banks, and neighborhood gutters makes its way into our waterways. Things like plastic cigar tips, food wrappers, toys, and disposable drink bottles get bumped around, blown, and washed off into the streets, through the sewers, and into Lake Erie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plastics break down into tiny pieces while traveling through the waterways, but they don’t biodegrade. These tiny bits of\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57838\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 365px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/microbeads0628.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-57838\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/microbeads0628-365x253.jpg\" alt=\"Face washes containing plastic microbead scrubbers could be contributing to Lake Erie's plastic soup.Credit: 5 Gyres Institute\" width=\"365\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Face washes containing plastic microbead scrubbers could be contributing to Lake Erie's plastic soup. Credit: 5 Gyres Institute\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>plastic, sometimes referred to as “toxic mermaid tears,” are found in Lake Erie at three times the density of anywhere else on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plastic pollution also comes from pea-sized \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.nicholas.duke.edu/thegreengrok/nurdlepollution-2/\">nurdles\u003c/a>, the preproduction base for plastics products. They enter waterways during the plastic industry’s manufacturing and shipping processes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another small particle that packs a big plastic punch comes from facial scrubs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at 5 Gyre discovered tiny round balls in Lake Erie water samples that they say are a perfect match with the microbeads found in certain face washes. According to the research group, \u003ca href=\"http://5gyres.org/posts/2013/04/16/do_plastic_micro_beads_from_facial_scrubbers_escape_sewage_treatment/\">water samples\u003c/a> from Lake Erie were loaded with these microbeads. They plan to publish their results this summer in the journal \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.journals.elsevier.com/marine-pollution-bulletin/\">Marine Pollution Bulletin\u003c/a>,\u003c/strong>\u003cem> \u003c/em>and are urging companies to phase out plastic microbead scrubbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Why does plastic in Lake Erie matter?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Over time, plastics easily attract and hold hazardous \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/international/toxics/pop.html#pops\">persistent organic pollutants\u003c/a> (POPs). It’s been documented that marine animals eat these plastics, affecting their digestive systems and possibly causing malnutrition. Officials with the Ohio Department of Natural Resources say this summer they’re following up with surveys of plastic content in Lake Erie fish. If people eat fish that have consumed plastic particles, it’s likely that the plastic chemicals will end up in humans, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since Lake Erie is a source of water for many cities, there’s also a concern that these plastics could leach chemicals into the water supply that may be harmful to humans. One chemical of concern is bisphenol A (BPA), which is found in many plastics and coatings and is a \u003ca href=\"http://toxtown.nlm.nih.gov/text_version/chemicals.php?id=69\">known endocrine disrupter.\u003c/a> Not only can BPA and other chemicals leach into the contents of a container, such as bottled water, or person using a certain product, such as thermal receipt paper or BPA-lined food cans, but chemicals like BPA can also leach into the surrounding environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What can be done?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The plastics in Lake Erie and elsewhere will not go away, but further pollution control is certainly possible. Right now remediation options are \u003ca href=\"http://www.pices.int/publications/presentations/PICES-2011/2011-W3/W3-1145-Baker.pdf\">generally unknown\u003c/a>, though some whimsical solutions have been proposed, such as \u003ca href=\"http://inhabitat.com/19-year-old-student-develops-ocean-cleanup-array-that-could-remove-7250000-tons-of-plastic-from-the-worlds-oceans/\">giant floating funnels\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://inhabitat.com/pacific-ocean-trash-cleans-up-nice-as-methods-new-soap-bottle/\">soap bottles\u003c/a> made of ocean trash. Many organizations, such as the United Nations, are aware of the need to remediate waters and protect them from additional plastic pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Companies like Unilever and Johnson & Johnson have already begun to phase out microbeads because of pollution concerns and public pressure. In addition, some organizations, like \u003ca href=\"http://plasticpollutioncoalition.org/learn/get-started/\">Plastic Pollution Coalition\u003c/a>, have been working on behavior change in the public and industry to reduce the use of all forms of plastics. Scientists and advocates alike are urging individuals to help diminish the demand by doing simple things like drinking local \u003ca href=\"http://youtu.be/ALmHd5CnlVA\">tap water\u003c/a> instead of buying bottled water, using reusable containers instead of disposables, and buying \u003ca href=\"http://plasticfreeseas.org/microbeads.html.\">microbead-free products.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While more research is needed to document and quantify the full extent and impacts of the plastics pollution in Lake Erie and other waterways, there’s already enough data to know that it’s time to rethink our relationship with plastic.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58310\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/BeachTrash.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-58310\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/BeachTrash.jpg\" alt=\"Plastic trash is making its way into Lake Erie, where researchers have found a higher density of plastics than any other body of water. Credit: WCPN ideastream\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/BeachTrash.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/BeachTrash-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Credit: WCPN ideastream\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">Community Contributor |\u003c/span>\u003c/strong> Erin Huber, Executive Director of \u003ca href=\"http://drinklocaldrinktap.org\">Drink Local. Drink Tap., Inc\u003c/a>.\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem> \"I want to say one word to you -- just one word.\u003cbr>\nAre you listening?\u003cbr>\n‘Plastics.’ \"\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mr. McGuire had it right in the 1967 movie \u003cstrong>The Graduate\u003c/strong>: plastics have made a splash. \u003ca href=\"http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/364/1526/1973.full\">Since 1980,\u003c/a>plastic production has gone up 500 percent to meet demand, but this boom has come at a steep environmental price.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57730\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Rainbow-Runner_M-Eriksen.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-57730\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Rainbow-Runner_M-Eriksen-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"This Rainbow Runner, a fish commonly found on menus and fish markets around the country, was found in the mid-Pacific Ocean in 2008 with 17 microplastic bits found in its stomach. Credit: Marcus Eriksen, 5 Gyres Institute\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This Rainbow Runner, a fish commonly found on menus and fish markets around the country, was found in the mid-Pacific Ocean in 2008 with 17 microplastic bits found in its stomach.\u003cbr>Credit: Marcus Eriksen, 5 Gyres Institute\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In recent years researchers and news agencies have been buzzing about the buildup of plastic debris in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sea.edu/plastics2010/images/Oceanus%20Plastic%20article%20Wilber%201987.pdf\">Atlantic\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/10/science/10patch.html?_r=1&\">Pacific Oceans\u003c/a>. The so-called \u003ca href=\"http://marinedebris.noaa.gov/info/patch.html\">Great Pacific Garbage Patch\u003c/a> is said to be twice the size of the state of Texas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But recent studies show that salt water isn’t the only place with a plastic problem. Scientists from the \u003ca href=\"http://5gyres.org/what_is_the_issue/the_solution/\">5 Gyres Institute\u003c/a>, a research-based advocacy group, studied plastic pollution in the Great Lakes, the largest bodies of fresh water in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There they found the highest concentration of plastics -- denser than in the oceans -- in Lake Erie. Similar \u003ca href=\"http://abstracts.acs.org/chem/245nm/program/view.php?obj_id=176594&terms=\">results\u003c/a> were found by University of Wisconsin-Superior chemist \u003ca href=\"http://www.uwsuper.edu/acaddept/naturalsciences/employees/lorena-rios-mendoza_employee1235219\">Dr. Lorena Rios-Mendoza\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How did all of this plastic end up in Lake Erie?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Trash from beaches, river banks, and neighborhood gutters makes its way into our waterways. Things like plastic cigar tips, food wrappers, toys, and disposable drink bottles get bumped around, blown, and washed off into the streets, through the sewers, and into Lake Erie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plastics break down into tiny pieces while traveling through the waterways, but they don’t biodegrade. These tiny bits of\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57838\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 365px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/microbeads0628.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-57838\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/microbeads0628-365x253.jpg\" alt=\"Face washes containing plastic microbead scrubbers could be contributing to Lake Erie's plastic soup.Credit: 5 Gyres Institute\" width=\"365\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Face washes containing plastic microbead scrubbers could be contributing to Lake Erie's plastic soup. Credit: 5 Gyres Institute\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>plastic, sometimes referred to as “toxic mermaid tears,” are found in Lake Erie at three times the density of anywhere else on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plastic pollution also comes from pea-sized \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.nicholas.duke.edu/thegreengrok/nurdlepollution-2/\">nurdles\u003c/a>, the preproduction base for plastics products. They enter waterways during the plastic industry’s manufacturing and shipping processes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another small particle that packs a big plastic punch comes from facial scrubs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at 5 Gyre discovered tiny round balls in Lake Erie water samples that they say are a perfect match with the microbeads found in certain face washes. According to the research group, \u003ca href=\"http://5gyres.org/posts/2013/04/16/do_plastic_micro_beads_from_facial_scrubbers_escape_sewage_treatment/\">water samples\u003c/a> from Lake Erie were loaded with these microbeads. They plan to publish their results this summer in the journal \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.journals.elsevier.com/marine-pollution-bulletin/\">Marine Pollution Bulletin\u003c/a>,\u003c/strong>\u003cem> \u003c/em>and are urging companies to phase out plastic microbead scrubbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Why does plastic in Lake Erie matter?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Over time, plastics easily attract and hold hazardous \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/international/toxics/pop.html#pops\">persistent organic pollutants\u003c/a> (POPs). It’s been documented that marine animals eat these plastics, affecting their digestive systems and possibly causing malnutrition. Officials with the Ohio Department of Natural Resources say this summer they’re following up with surveys of plastic content in Lake Erie fish. If people eat fish that have consumed plastic particles, it’s likely that the plastic chemicals will end up in humans, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since Lake Erie is a source of water for many cities, there’s also a concern that these plastics could leach chemicals into the water supply that may be harmful to humans. One chemical of concern is bisphenol A (BPA), which is found in many plastics and coatings and is a \u003ca href=\"http://toxtown.nlm.nih.gov/text_version/chemicals.php?id=69\">known endocrine disrupter.\u003c/a> Not only can BPA and other chemicals leach into the contents of a container, such as bottled water, or person using a certain product, such as thermal receipt paper or BPA-lined food cans, but chemicals like BPA can also leach into the surrounding environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What can be done?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The plastics in Lake Erie and elsewhere will not go away, but further pollution control is certainly possible. Right now remediation options are \u003ca href=\"http://www.pices.int/publications/presentations/PICES-2011/2011-W3/W3-1145-Baker.pdf\">generally unknown\u003c/a>, though some whimsical solutions have been proposed, such as \u003ca href=\"http://inhabitat.com/19-year-old-student-develops-ocean-cleanup-array-that-could-remove-7250000-tons-of-plastic-from-the-worlds-oceans/\">giant floating funnels\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://inhabitat.com/pacific-ocean-trash-cleans-up-nice-as-methods-new-soap-bottle/\">soap bottles\u003c/a> made of ocean trash. Many organizations, such as the United Nations, are aware of the need to remediate waters and protect them from additional plastic pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Companies like Unilever and Johnson & Johnson have already begun to phase out microbeads because of pollution concerns and public pressure. In addition, some organizations, like \u003ca href=\"http://plasticpollutioncoalition.org/learn/get-started/\">Plastic Pollution Coalition\u003c/a>, have been working on behavior change in the public and industry to reduce the use of all forms of plastics. Scientists and advocates alike are urging individuals to help diminish the demand by doing simple things like drinking local \u003ca href=\"http://youtu.be/ALmHd5CnlVA\">tap water\u003c/a> instead of buying bottled water, using reusable containers instead of disposables, and buying \u003ca href=\"http://plasticfreeseas.org/microbeads.html.\">microbead-free products.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While more research is needed to document and quantify the full extent and impacts of the plastics pollution in Lake Erie and other waterways, there’s already enough data to know that it’s time to rethink our relationship with plastic.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Students Take Action to Restore Biodiversity and Revitalize a Community",
"title": "Students Take Action to Restore Biodiversity and Revitalize a Community",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57612\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 620px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/planting-the-prairie-e1374178601293.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-57612 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/planting-the-prairie-e1374178601293.jpg\" alt=\"Badger Rock Middle School students planting their prairie with native species to improve biodiversity and water filtration. Photo courtesy of Sarah Krauskopf.\" width=\"620\" height=\"349\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/planting-the-prairie-e1374178601293.jpg 620w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/planting-the-prairie-e1374178601293-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Badger Rock Middle School students planting their prairie with native species to improve biodiversity and water filtration. Photo courtesy of Sara Krauskopf.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a struggling neighborhood in Madison, Wisconsin, a charter school focused on environmental education has become a wellspring of community revitalization—thanks in large part, to the students themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A project of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientcities.org/Resilient_Cities/PROFILE.html\">Center for Resilient Cities\u003c/a>, Badger Rock Middle School’s inaugural class spent its first year in a rented warehouse, using donated secondhand furniture. The school now has four semesters under its belt and a brand new eco-friendly building outfitted with solar tubes and geothermal heating. Future plans for the school’s grounds include a gymnasium, meeting spaces, and retail shops, creating a hub for community interaction in an area currently without a grocery store, coffee shop, or church.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57610\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/badger-rock.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-57610 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/badger-rock-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Badger Rock Middle School, with its vegetable garden in the foreground.\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Badger Rock Middle School, with its vegetable garden in the foreground.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The students -- 65 percent of whom qualify for free or reduced-price meals -- spend one morning a week working in the school’s garden and turn their harvest into lunch. Other weekly activities include hands-on ecology investigations with a field biologist, outdoor projects like monitoring bird boxes, and indoor study sessions where they learn about the school’s rainwater-collection system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, the students added another activity to their roster: park rehabilitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea originated one day when the sixth-grade class were in the field, checking out local biodiversity. The students tossed hula hoops into Badger Park, which lies next to the school, and counted the number of species corralled in each one. When they compared their tally with numbers from a dedicated conservation park nearby, they realized that there should have been three or four times as many species in Badger Park. Sixth-grader Elise Marquardt remembers thinking, “This isn’t good.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inspired by ecologist Aldo Leopold’s Depression-era \u003ca href=\"http://www.aldoleopold.org/programs/shack.shtml\">rehabilitation\u003c/a> of an abandoned farm, the students decided to take action to restore the park’s diverse ecosystem. Their science teacher, Aaron Kaio, called the Parks Department to ask if the students could work on remediating the area. Skeptical at first, officials eventually agreed to send someone out to evaluate the students’ plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To create the rehabilitation plan, students picked species they wanted to see in the park and researched their habitat requirements to figure out how to attract them. They also reached beyond the student body and sought input from local residents. Badger Park is a community space, but no one was using it -- everyone went to another park farther away. The students went door to door to find out what people would like to see in the space. They then incorporated some of those ideas -- like nature trails -- into the plan they presented to the Parks Department in November 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the presentation, the Parks Department agreed to collaborate with the students on restoring the area. Says Kaio, “It wasn’t until the kids were able to present to them that they were like, ‘These kids do kind of know what they’re talking about, and they’re passionate about it, so okay, let’s give them a shot.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57606\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 239px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/elise-and-jesse2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-57606 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/elise-and-jesse2-239x360.jpg\" alt=\"Badger Rock students comb through the park for different plant species.\" width=\"239\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Badger Rock students comb through a local park, looking for different plant species.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The first testament to the students’ thoughtful planning and unremitting enthusiasm is a 1,000-square-foot prairie full of native species like brown fox sedge and blue flag iris bordering a drainage basin adjacent to the park. It’s the fruit of collaboration with the seventh graders, who had spent the year studying water flow on the property. More than just a diverse and locally adapted ecosystem, the prairie also functions as a \u003ca href=\"http://learningstore.uwex.edu/assets/pdfs/GWQ037.pdf\">rain garden\u003c/a>, filtering water that washes in from the street and defending against erosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fall of 2013 will bring another round of planting to expand the prairie and create habitats for species like the American toad -- plentiful right across the street but nowhere to be found at the school. In the years ahead, bike paths, nature trails, and a pond will slowly transform Badger Park into a thriving community space with a robust ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Badger Rock’s students are changing the landscape, but it seems that the transformation goes both ways. “When I first came here, I had no idea what ‘biodiversity’ meant, explains sixth-grader Majenta Stuntebeck. \"When I go to a park now, I can see the difference between one park and another park.” Seventh-grader Jesse Dickrell agrees, “When you come out of this school, you look at things a different way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What are the students’ hopes for the land and the larger community five or ten years from now?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Being in full bloom all year, having it be as beautiful as we can have it,” says Elise. “And having the community happy, because that’s what it’s about. Our whole school wants this to be a better place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>For more projects like this one, check out the \u003ca href=\"http://uwarboretum.org/eps/\">Earth Partnership for Schools Program\u003c/a> of the University of Wisconsin Arboretum, which helped the students select native plants for their prairie. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57612\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 620px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/planting-the-prairie-e1374178601293.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-57612 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/planting-the-prairie-e1374178601293.jpg\" alt=\"Badger Rock Middle School students planting their prairie with native species to improve biodiversity and water filtration. Photo courtesy of Sarah Krauskopf.\" width=\"620\" height=\"349\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/planting-the-prairie-e1374178601293.jpg 620w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/planting-the-prairie-e1374178601293-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Badger Rock Middle School students planting their prairie with native species to improve biodiversity and water filtration. Photo courtesy of Sara Krauskopf.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a struggling neighborhood in Madison, Wisconsin, a charter school focused on environmental education has become a wellspring of community revitalization—thanks in large part, to the students themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A project of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientcities.org/Resilient_Cities/PROFILE.html\">Center for Resilient Cities\u003c/a>, Badger Rock Middle School’s inaugural class spent its first year in a rented warehouse, using donated secondhand furniture. The school now has four semesters under its belt and a brand new eco-friendly building outfitted with solar tubes and geothermal heating. Future plans for the school’s grounds include a gymnasium, meeting spaces, and retail shops, creating a hub for community interaction in an area currently without a grocery store, coffee shop, or church.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57610\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/badger-rock.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-57610 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/badger-rock-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Badger Rock Middle School, with its vegetable garden in the foreground.\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Badger Rock Middle School, with its vegetable garden in the foreground.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The students -- 65 percent of whom qualify for free or reduced-price meals -- spend one morning a week working in the school’s garden and turn their harvest into lunch. Other weekly activities include hands-on ecology investigations with a field biologist, outdoor projects like monitoring bird boxes, and indoor study sessions where they learn about the school’s rainwater-collection system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, the students added another activity to their roster: park rehabilitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea originated one day when the sixth-grade class were in the field, checking out local biodiversity. The students tossed hula hoops into Badger Park, which lies next to the school, and counted the number of species corralled in each one. When they compared their tally with numbers from a dedicated conservation park nearby, they realized that there should have been three or four times as many species in Badger Park. Sixth-grader Elise Marquardt remembers thinking, “This isn’t good.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inspired by ecologist Aldo Leopold’s Depression-era \u003ca href=\"http://www.aldoleopold.org/programs/shack.shtml\">rehabilitation\u003c/a> of an abandoned farm, the students decided to take action to restore the park’s diverse ecosystem. Their science teacher, Aaron Kaio, called the Parks Department to ask if the students could work on remediating the area. Skeptical at first, officials eventually agreed to send someone out to evaluate the students’ plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To create the rehabilitation plan, students picked species they wanted to see in the park and researched their habitat requirements to figure out how to attract them. They also reached beyond the student body and sought input from local residents. Badger Park is a community space, but no one was using it -- everyone went to another park farther away. The students went door to door to find out what people would like to see in the space. They then incorporated some of those ideas -- like nature trails -- into the plan they presented to the Parks Department in November 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the presentation, the Parks Department agreed to collaborate with the students on restoring the area. Says Kaio, “It wasn’t until the kids were able to present to them that they were like, ‘These kids do kind of know what they’re talking about, and they’re passionate about it, so okay, let’s give them a shot.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57606\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 239px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/elise-and-jesse2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-57606 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/elise-and-jesse2-239x360.jpg\" alt=\"Badger Rock students comb through the park for different plant species.\" width=\"239\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Badger Rock students comb through a local park, looking for different plant species.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The first testament to the students’ thoughtful planning and unremitting enthusiasm is a 1,000-square-foot prairie full of native species like brown fox sedge and blue flag iris bordering a drainage basin adjacent to the park. It’s the fruit of collaboration with the seventh graders, who had spent the year studying water flow on the property. More than just a diverse and locally adapted ecosystem, the prairie also functions as a \u003ca href=\"http://learningstore.uwex.edu/assets/pdfs/GWQ037.pdf\">rain garden\u003c/a>, filtering water that washes in from the street and defending against erosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fall of 2013 will bring another round of planting to expand the prairie and create habitats for species like the American toad -- plentiful right across the street but nowhere to be found at the school. In the years ahead, bike paths, nature trails, and a pond will slowly transform Badger Park into a thriving community space with a robust ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Badger Rock’s students are changing the landscape, but it seems that the transformation goes both ways. “When I first came here, I had no idea what ‘biodiversity’ meant, explains sixth-grader Majenta Stuntebeck. \"When I go to a park now, I can see the difference between one park and another park.” Seventh-grader Jesse Dickrell agrees, “When you come out of this school, you look at things a different way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What are the students’ hopes for the land and the larger community five or ten years from now?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Being in full bloom all year, having it be as beautiful as we can have it,” says Elise. “And having the community happy, because that’s what it’s about. Our whole school wants this to be a better place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>For more projects like this one, check out the \u003ca href=\"http://uwarboretum.org/eps/\">Earth Partnership for Schools Program\u003c/a> of the University of Wisconsin Arboretum, which helped the students select native plants for their prairie. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Penguin Sentinels",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>\"Penguin Sentinels\" was produced by QUEST Northwest's Jo Ardinger.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Say “penguin” and the images that come to mind are of frost-covered penguin couples struggling to raise their chicks in sub-zero temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, these aquatic flightless birds thrive in temperate -- even equatorial -- climates as well. For these temperate penguin communities, it isn’t the extreme cold of the Antarctic but the extreme sun and El Niño events that most affect their ability to survive and reproduce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://mesh.biology.washington.edu/penguinProject/Boersma\">Biologist Dee Boersma \u003c/a>has spent much of her career working with temperate penguins. This video features Boersma’s work with Galapagos penguins, which inhabit the legendary islands of the same name that lie some 600 miles off the Ecuadorian coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Galapagos penguins represent only one of the four temperate penguin species that Boersma studies. Her research also takes her to Argentina where she studies Magellanic penguins, South Africa to study African penguins, and Peru to study Humboldts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57903\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/KCTS_Penguins_BabyPenguin.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-57903\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/KCTS_Penguins_BabyPenguin-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Dee holds a 3 day old Galapagos penguin chick.\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dee holds a 3 day old Galapagos penguin chick.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Native to the west coast of South America, this species is named for the cold Humboldt Current that ensures the \u003ca href=\"http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/upwelling.html\">upwelling\u003c/a>of nutrients from the ocean floor along the Peruvian and Chilean coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A professor at the University of Washington, Boersma also brings her college students to \u003ca href=\"http://www.zoo.org/page.aspx?pid=1722\">Woodland Park Zoo\u003c/a>, in Seattle, where they can observe \u003ca href=\"http://www.zoo.org/page.aspx?pid=1855#.UebWxFO9zxs\">Humboldt penguins\u003c/a> in person. The Humboldts that reside at this zoo are able to stay cool and healthy with help from \u003ca href=\"http://www.zoo.org/document.doc?id=151\">an innovative “green” habitat featuring a geothermal heating and cooling system\u003c/a>. Water is continually recycled and cleaned through a “constructed wetland” modeled on a natural ecosystem. Plant roots and microbes absorb the nutrients in penguin wastewater and return it, purified, to the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 542px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/14/penguin-sentinels/wpz-flow-diagram-rvsd-apr-10-11-300/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-58003\">\u003cimg class=\" \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/WPZ-flow-diagram-rvsd-Apr-10-11-300.jpg\" alt=\"WPZ flow diagram-rvsd Apr 10-11-300\" width=\"542\" height=\"376\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Woodland Park Zoo's \"green\" penguin exhibit saves approximately 3,000,000 gallons of water and 22,000 kilowatt hours of energy per year. That's 24 million pints of drinking water and heat for five, new two-bedroom townhouses per year.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The green habitat is meant to spark visitors’ curiosity about techniques for using natural processes to live more lightly on the earth -- techniques that can benefit animal and human communities alike. This simulated ecosystem also demonstrates how the health of any species is directly tied to the health of its habitat. Like the zoo’s captive penguin community, the world’s wild penguins can only thrive if the marine ecosystems they inhabit remain healthy and intact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Boersma, “Penguins are ocean sentinels, telling us how climate variation, petroleum pollution, fishing, and habitat modifications are impacting penguins as well as humans. Penguins can be our ambassadors so that humans make better choices that improve the quality of life for penguins and people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/KCTS_Penguins_AdultPenguin.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-57902\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/KCTS_Penguins_AdultPenguin.jpg\" alt=\"Adult Galapagos Penguin\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/KCTS_Penguins_AdultPenguin.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/KCTS_Penguins_AdultPenguin-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Links:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/seafoodwatch.aspx\">Monterey Bay Aquarium’s Seafood WATCH\u003c/a> suggestions for eco-certified, “penguin friendly” seafood choices\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>\"Penguin Sentinels\" was produced by QUEST Northwest's Jo Ardinger.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Say “penguin” and the images that come to mind are of frost-covered penguin couples struggling to raise their chicks in sub-zero temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, these aquatic flightless birds thrive in temperate -- even equatorial -- climates as well. For these temperate penguin communities, it isn’t the extreme cold of the Antarctic but the extreme sun and El Niño events that most affect their ability to survive and reproduce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://mesh.biology.washington.edu/penguinProject/Boersma\">Biologist Dee Boersma \u003c/a>has spent much of her career working with temperate penguins. This video features Boersma’s work with Galapagos penguins, which inhabit the legendary islands of the same name that lie some 600 miles off the Ecuadorian coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Galapagos penguins represent only one of the four temperate penguin species that Boersma studies. Her research also takes her to Argentina where she studies Magellanic penguins, South Africa to study African penguins, and Peru to study Humboldts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57903\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/KCTS_Penguins_BabyPenguin.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-57903\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/KCTS_Penguins_BabyPenguin-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Dee holds a 3 day old Galapagos penguin chick.\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dee holds a 3 day old Galapagos penguin chick.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Native to the west coast of South America, this species is named for the cold Humboldt Current that ensures the \u003ca href=\"http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/upwelling.html\">upwelling\u003c/a>of nutrients from the ocean floor along the Peruvian and Chilean coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A professor at the University of Washington, Boersma also brings her college students to \u003ca href=\"http://www.zoo.org/page.aspx?pid=1722\">Woodland Park Zoo\u003c/a>, in Seattle, where they can observe \u003ca href=\"http://www.zoo.org/page.aspx?pid=1855#.UebWxFO9zxs\">Humboldt penguins\u003c/a> in person. The Humboldts that reside at this zoo are able to stay cool and healthy with help from \u003ca href=\"http://www.zoo.org/document.doc?id=151\">an innovative “green” habitat featuring a geothermal heating and cooling system\u003c/a>. Water is continually recycled and cleaned through a “constructed wetland” modeled on a natural ecosystem. Plant roots and microbes absorb the nutrients in penguin wastewater and return it, purified, to the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 542px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/14/penguin-sentinels/wpz-flow-diagram-rvsd-apr-10-11-300/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-58003\">\u003cimg class=\" \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/WPZ-flow-diagram-rvsd-Apr-10-11-300.jpg\" alt=\"WPZ flow diagram-rvsd Apr 10-11-300\" width=\"542\" height=\"376\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Woodland Park Zoo's \"green\" penguin exhibit saves approximately 3,000,000 gallons of water and 22,000 kilowatt hours of energy per year. That's 24 million pints of drinking water and heat for five, new two-bedroom townhouses per year.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The green habitat is meant to spark visitors’ curiosity about techniques for using natural processes to live more lightly on the earth -- techniques that can benefit animal and human communities alike. This simulated ecosystem also demonstrates how the health of any species is directly tied to the health of its habitat. Like the zoo’s captive penguin community, the world’s wild penguins can only thrive if the marine ecosystems they inhabit remain healthy and intact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Boersma, “Penguins are ocean sentinels, telling us how climate variation, petroleum pollution, fishing, and habitat modifications are impacting penguins as well as humans. Penguins can be our ambassadors so that humans make better choices that improve the quality of life for penguins and people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/KCTS_Penguins_AdultPenguin.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-57902\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/KCTS_Penguins_AdultPenguin.jpg\" alt=\"Adult Galapagos Penguin\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/KCTS_Penguins_AdultPenguin.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/KCTS_Penguins_AdultPenguin-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Links:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/seafoodwatch.aspx\">Monterey Bay Aquarium’s Seafood WATCH\u003c/a> suggestions for eco-certified, “penguin friendly” seafood choices\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
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"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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"reveal": {
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"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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},
"rightnowish": {
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"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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},
"science-friday": {
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"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
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"snap-judgment": {
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"title": "Snap Judgment",
"tagline": "Real stories with killer beats",
"info": "The Snap Judgment radio show and podcast mixes real stories with killer beats to produce cinematic, dramatic radio. Snap's musical brand of storytelling dares listeners to see the world through the eyes of another. This is storytelling... with a BEAT!! Snap first aired on public radio stations nationwide in July 2010. Today, Snap Judgment airs on over 450 public radio stations and is brought to the airwaves by KQED & PRX.",
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},
"soldout": {
"id": "soldout",
"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
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