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"content": "\u003cp>Advocates of hydraulic fracturing list the many benefits of the practice. The infographic above shows the four reasons cited most often. To think critically and scientifically, it is good practice to balance benefits against challenges, and people’s wants or needs against economic or environmental costs. In the science of sustainability we must always look at how today's practices might impact people and Earth’s systems in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Frack-Benefits-1.10.20141.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-66354\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Frack-Benefits-1.10.20141.jpg\" alt=\"Frack Benefits 1.10.2014\" width=\"1426\" height=\"1102\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Frack-Benefits-1.10.20141.jpg 1426w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Frack-Benefits-1.10.20141-400x309.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Frack-Benefits-1.10.20141-800x618.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Frack-Benefits-1.10.20141-1180x912.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Frack-Benefits-1.10.20141-960x742.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1426px) 100vw, 1426px\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Click on the infographic above to see a larger version.\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nLearn more about claims that hydraulic fracturing helps people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This infographic is part of a five-part educational series called \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/challenges-of-non-renewable-energy/\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Challenges of Non-Renewable Energy.\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pre-viewing Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How can people be persuaded to change their views or beliefs?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How would you define a person who is an \"advocate\"? What do advocates do?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What is a debate? Why might people debate the impacts of hydraulic fracturing?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Focus Questions for Viewing and Reading the Infographic\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What claims do fracking advocates make with regard to the following?\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Environmental impact\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Economic impact\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Sustainability of energy\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Post-viewing Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Which of the four points made in the infographic do you believe is most defensible? Why?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Are there any points that you find hard to defend? What are they? Why is defending them difficult?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Do you see any places in the graphic where some additional information may have been intentionally omitted to sway you toward favoring the idea of fracking for energy?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Extension Activity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Write an argument supporting the creation of an infrastructure that increases the use and distribution of natural gas within the United States. What do you think critics would point to as drawbacks to your plan? Where would you expect to find tension or competing priorities among people’s needs, economic factors, and environmental factors?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Links to Learn More\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.energyfromshale.org/hydraulic-fracturing/shale-natural-gas\" target=\"_blank\">Advocating for Domestic Supplies of Natural Shale Gas\u003c/a>, EnergyFromShale.org: See what domestic energy advocates have to say about well construction and the use of natural resources.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.energyfromshale.org/stories-from-shale/lorain-ohio\" target=\"_blank\"> Are The Jobs Real? \u003c/a>, EnergyFromShale.org: Read an advocate’s story about how fracking has provided new jobs in Lorain, Ohio, and other places where unemployment is high due to changing economies.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://tinyurl.com/novagreenhouse\" target=\"_blank\">Earth’s Natural Thermostat\u003c/a>, PBS LearningMedia/WGBH Educational Foundation: View this NOVA segment to see how carbon dioxide emissions, created by the combustion of carbon-based fuels, can upset the balance between the sun’s radiant heat entering our atmosphere and that which is emitted back into space.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>NGSS Correlations\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation:\u003c/strong> Apply scientific principles to design a method for monitoring and minimizing a human impact on the environment. \u003cstrong>MS-ESS3-3\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea:\u003c/strong> Human activities have significantly altered the biosphere, sometimes damaging or destroying natural habitats and causing the extinction of other species. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What claims do fracking advocates make with regard to the following?\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Environmental impact\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Economic impact\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Sustainability of energy\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Post-viewing Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Which of the four points made in the infographic do you believe is most defensible? Why?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Are there any points that you find hard to defend? What are they? Why is defending them difficult?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Do you see any places in the graphic where some additional information may have been intentionally omitted to sway you toward favoring the idea of fracking for energy?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Extension Activity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Write an argument supporting the creation of an infrastructure that increases the use and distribution of natural gas within the United States. What do you think critics would point to as drawbacks to your plan? Where would you expect to find tension or competing priorities among people’s needs, economic factors, and environmental factors?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Links to Learn More\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.energyfromshale.org/hydraulic-fracturing/shale-natural-gas\" target=\"_blank\">Advocating for Domestic Supplies of Natural Shale Gas\u003c/a>, EnergyFromShale.org: See what domestic energy advocates have to say about well construction and the use of natural resources.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.energyfromshale.org/stories-from-shale/lorain-ohio\" target=\"_blank\"> Are The Jobs Real? \u003c/a>, EnergyFromShale.org: Read an advocate’s story about how fracking has provided new jobs in Lorain, Ohio, and other places where unemployment is high due to changing economies.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://tinyurl.com/novagreenhouse\" target=\"_blank\">Earth’s Natural Thermostat\u003c/a>, PBS LearningMedia/WGBH Educational Foundation: View this NOVA segment to see how carbon dioxide emissions, created by the combustion of carbon-based fuels, can upset the balance between the sun’s radiant heat entering our atmosphere and that which is emitted back into space.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>NGSS Correlations\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation:\u003c/strong> Apply scientific principles to design a method for monitoring and minimizing a human impact on the environment. \u003cstrong>MS-ESS3-3\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea:\u003c/strong> Human activities have significantly altered the biosphere, sometimes damaging or destroying natural habitats and causing the extinction of other species. But changes to Earth’s environments can have different impacts (negative and positive) for different living things. \u003cstrong>ESS3.C Human Impacts on Earth Systems\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crosscutting Concepts:\u003c/strong> Cause and effect; stability and change\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Science and Engineering Practices:\u003c/strong> Asking questions and defining problems\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[covevideo id=\"http://video.pbs.org/partnerplayer/ihEPQxHXg6Avasbkb5geeQ==/?autoplay=false&start=0&end=0&chapterbar=false&topbar=true&endscreen=false\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\">\u003cem>This video was excerpted from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/fracking-wastewater/\">After the Frack\u003c/a> by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/maryfecteau/\">Mary Fecteau.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To think critically and scientifically, it is good practice to look at how the wants or needs of people balance against economic or environmental costs. In the science of sustainability we must always look at how the practices of today might impact people and Earth’s systems in the future. There are tradeoffs and risks that must be considered whenever people use Earth’s natural resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This video is part of a five-part educational series called \u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/challenges-of-non-renewable-energy/\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">\u003cstrong>Challenges of Non-Renewable Energy\u003c/strong>.\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pre-viewing Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What are the important roles of water on Earth?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>When making decisions, what is a \"trade-off\"?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Give your own definition of ‘\"alternatives.\" What might be an example of a scientist talking about alternatives?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Focus Questions for Viewing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>According to Dr. Weatherington-Rice, which chemicals might return to the surface when shale gas is extracted during fracking?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What has traditionally been done with contaminated fracking fluids?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What concerns do people have about current methods of dealing with fracking waste?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>According to Mr. Kell, how many barrels of contaminated fracking wastewater have been buried in injection wells?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Post-viewing Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Why are these chemicals, heavy metals, and radioactive isotopes present in shale beds?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The capacity of a barrel is around 55 gallons. How many gallons of water do you estimate are contained in the 300 million barrels that have already been buried in Ohio? How does this compare to the capacity of a lake or reservoir near you?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>From a natural resources perspective, why would people be concerned about the injection of millions of barrels of fracking wastewater into the ground?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Extension Activity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Research the effects of salts, heavy metals, and radioactive elements on human organ systems. Why would people be concerned about leakage of injection wells onto the surface or into groundwater reserves?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Links to Learn More\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=shale-gas-and-hydraulic-fracturing\" target=\"_blank\">The Science of Wasted Resources\u003c/a>, David Biello, Scientific American: This article from Scientific American highlights the toxic gases, liquids, and solids that must be managed when hydraulic fracturing takes place.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nbcnews.com/science/fracking-practices-blame-ohio-earthquakes-8C11073601\" target=\"_blank\">A New Challenge?\u003c/a>, Charles Q. 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"content": "\u003cp>[covevideo id=\"http://video.pbs.org/partnerplayer/4t_k2ukXZByGGj-NwmY4dw==/?autoplay=false&start=0&end=0&chapterbar=false&topbar=true&endscreen=false\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\">\u003cem>This video was excerpted from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/fracking-wastewater/\">After the Frack\u003c/a> by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/maryfecteau/\">Mary Fecteau.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\"You can't win; you are sure to lose; and you can't get out of the game.\"\u003cem>---Garrett Hardin, Filters Against Folly: How to Survive Despite Economists, Ecologists, and the Merely Eloquent\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While we look for renewable and cleaner supplies of energy, we must acknowledge that humans have created a world that relies on vast amounts of non-renewable energy every day. If humans want to continue living on Earth, issues of energy production and consumption must be addressed today and into the future. In less than 200 years humans have extracted an incredible amount of coal, oil, and gas from the ground to feed our energy hunger. Earth’s non-renewable resources are finite and dwindling. The burning of fossil fuels produces more carbon dioxide emissions than the planet’s natural systems are capable of recycling. Of the fossil fuels, natural gas is the cleanest to burn, and fracking may provide a bridge to the future until cleaner energies are more efficient and affordable. That bridge, however, may be very fragile and risky to travel unless critical decisions are made about our use of energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This video is part of a five-part educational series called\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/challenges-of-non-renewable-energy/\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\"> \u003cstrong>Challenges of Non-Renewable Energy. \u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pre-viewing Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\"Reduce, reuse, recycle.\" Give examples of how one or more of these ideas can be applied to the issues and practices of hydraulic fracturing for the acquisition of shale gas.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If the United States is going to rely on shale gas reserves for energy in the future, what strategies would you like to see put in place to diminish the negative impact on Earth’s ecosystems?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\"Not in my backyard\" is a saying used to describe practices that are good as long as people are not negatively impacted locally. But what if you consider the entire Earth to be your “backyard”? Do you think you would support the continued extraction of fossil fuels from Earth’s crust? What tradeoffs do you think are most important in order to increase the country’s domestic supplies of energy?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Focus Questions for Viewing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>If every by-product of fracking could be repurposed for other applications, what current major dilemmas could be resolved?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If injection wells could be eliminated completely without disrupting the flow of natural gas energy, what could that mean for the future of people and living things on Earth?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Sometimes scientists say that parts of systems are “coupled.” If a toxic-water spill or injection-well failure occurred, what other parts of living systems could be disrupted or damaged?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Post-viewing Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What do you believe is the most dangerous problem associated with obtaining energy reserves that have been untapped for millions of years?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What personal daily activities would you be willing to reduce or eliminate if it meant that our energy supplies would last longer and our atmosphere would become cleaner? Explain to someone else how your activities are part of a “coupled system” of energy resources.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Extension Activity\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Forced Choice Debate\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Divide the class into three or four learning groups. Each group will be given one of the following positions in the fracking debate, which they must try to defend with evidence from this Explainer and their own research.\u003cbr>\nTeam A: Stop fracking immediately because the long-term contamination risks are not worth the current reward.\u003cbr>\nTeam B: Continue fracking and strengthen regulations to protect against possible consequences.\u003cbr>\nTeam C: Require companies that frack to give part of their profits to research groups exploring how to recycle all waste byproducts and return clean water to the watersheds.\u003cbr>\nTeam D: Require companies that frack to financially support research of cleaner and renewable alternative energy sources.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Each team must summarize its recommendations in a Prezi, PowerPoint, Pearltrees, or similar digital presentation tool.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Links to Learn More\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=can-fracking-be-done-without-impacting-water\" target=\"_blank\"> Preserving Our Natural Resources\u003c/a>, David Biello, Scientific American: Read this article from Scientific American to learn more about the issue of hydraulic fracturing waste disposal and the future of our natural resources.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://tinyurl.com/brinewater\" target=\"_blank\">Brine Water Alternatives\u003c/a>, Kendall Gurule, Frackwire.com: Learn more about the emerging science of recycling brine water.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://tinyurl.com/AAASTradeOffs\" target=\"_blank\">Tradeoffs… Gambling on Our Future?\u003c/a>, AAAS ScienceNetLinks: Learn more about energy tradeoffs for fossil fuels and other natural resources.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://tinyurl.com/Project2061SystemsInteraction\" target=\"_blank\">Sustainability – Seeing “The Big Picture”\u003c/a>, Project2061.org: Learn about the interactions among human society, economics, politics, and ecosystems, and the fragile ties that try to hold these systems in balance.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://telstar.ote.cmu.edu/environ/m3/s3/09fossil.shtml\" target=\"_blank\">Take Your Investigation Even Deeper \u003c/a>, Carnegie Mellon University: Carnegie Mellon University has an outstanding environmental science site dedicated to the promise and challenges of meeting our world’s energy demands.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>NGSS Correlations\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation:\u003c/strong> Ask questions to clarify evidence of the factors that have caused the rise in global temperatures over the past century. \u003cstrong>MS-ESS3-5\u003c/strong> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea:\u003c/strong> Human activities, such as the release of greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, are major factors in the current rise in Earth’s mean surface temperature (global warming). 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What tradeoffs do you think are most important in order to increase the country’s domestic supplies of energy?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Focus Questions for Viewing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>If every by-product of fracking could be repurposed for other applications, what current major dilemmas could be resolved?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If injection wells could be eliminated completely without disrupting the flow of natural gas energy, what could that mean for the future of people and living things on Earth?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Sometimes scientists say that parts of systems are “coupled.” If a toxic-water spill or injection-well failure occurred, what other parts of living systems could be disrupted or damaged?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Post-viewing Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What do you believe is the most dangerous problem associated with obtaining energy reserves that have been untapped for millions of years?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What personal daily activities would you be willing to reduce or eliminate if it meant that our energy supplies would last longer and our atmosphere would become cleaner? Explain to someone else how your activities are part of a “coupled system” of energy resources.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Extension Activity\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Forced Choice Debate\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Divide the class into three or four learning groups. Each group will be given one of the following positions in the fracking debate, which they must try to defend with evidence from this Explainer and their own research.\u003cbr>\nTeam A: Stop fracking immediately because the long-term contamination risks are not worth the current reward.\u003cbr>\nTeam B: Continue fracking and strengthen regulations to protect against possible consequences.\u003cbr>\nTeam C: Require companies that frack to give part of their profits to research groups exploring how to recycle all waste byproducts and return clean water to the watersheds.\u003cbr>\nTeam D: Require companies that frack to financially support research of cleaner and renewable alternative energy sources.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Each team must summarize its recommendations in a Prezi, PowerPoint, Pearltrees, or similar digital presentation tool.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Links to Learn More\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=can-fracking-be-done-without-impacting-water\" target=\"_blank\"> Preserving Our Natural Resources\u003c/a>, David Biello, Scientific American: Read this article from Scientific American to learn more about the issue of hydraulic fracturing waste disposal and the future of our natural resources.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://tinyurl.com/brinewater\" target=\"_blank\">Brine Water Alternatives\u003c/a>, Kendall Gurule, Frackwire.com: Learn more about the emerging science of recycling brine water.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://tinyurl.com/AAASTradeOffs\" target=\"_blank\">Tradeoffs… Gambling on Our Future?\u003c/a>, AAAS ScienceNetLinks: Learn more about energy tradeoffs for fossil fuels and other natural resources.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://tinyurl.com/Project2061SystemsInteraction\" target=\"_blank\">Sustainability – Seeing “The Big Picture”\u003c/a>, Project2061.org: Learn about the interactions among human society, economics, politics, and ecosystems, and the fragile ties that try to hold these systems in balance.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://telstar.ote.cmu.edu/environ/m3/s3/09fossil.shtml\" target=\"_blank\">Take Your Investigation Even Deeper \u003c/a>, Carnegie Mellon University: Carnegie Mellon University has an outstanding environmental science site dedicated to the promise and challenges of meeting our world’s energy demands.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>NGSS Correlations\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation:\u003c/strong> Ask questions to clarify evidence of the factors that have caused the rise in global temperatures over the past century. \u003cstrong>MS-ESS3-5\u003c/strong> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea:\u003c/strong> Human activities, such as the release of greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, are major factors in the current rise in Earth’s mean surface temperature (global warming). Reducing the level of climate change and reducing human vulnerability to whatever climate changes do occur depend on the understanding of climate science, engineering capabilities, and other kinds of knowledge, such as human behavior, and applying that knowledge wisely in decisions and activities. \u003cstrong>ESS3.D Global Climate Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crosscutting Concepts:\u003c/strong> Cause and effect\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Science and Engineering Practices:\u003c/strong> Constructing explanations and designing solutions\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Turning Contaminated Sites Into Wildlife Refuges",
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"content": "\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/ColoradoSuperfund121813Quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The United States has a long history of making and storing military weapons around the country. Some of those sites became contaminated, requiring lengthy and expensive environmental cleanups. In recent years a few have been converted into wildlife refuges, becoming a kind of oasis for animals -- and people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"size-medium wp-image-65033\">David Lucas pointed out a bald eagle nest -- about the size of a Volkswagen Bug -- tucked into a tree within a sprawling swath of prairie and wetlands. He manages the 15,000-acre Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge, just a few miles northeast of downtown Denver. It’s one of the largest in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Seeing 80 bald eagles here in the winter is a pretty exciting sight,” Lucas said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65033\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/IMG_8859.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-65033\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/IMG_8859-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"David Lucas manages the Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">David Lucas manages the Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s unusual to find such a large tract of open land in the urban sprawl of Colorado’s Front Range. And it’s not by chance. Since World War II and through the Cold War, the U.S. Army used the expansive site to make bombs and chemical weapons, like mustard gas. Shell Chemical Company used the site to make agricultural pesticides until the early 1980s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“More than 600 chemicals were used or manufactured at the Arsenal, and they included all sorts of things, such as volatile organic compounds, pesticides, heavy metals, as well as some byproducts that are unique to manufacturing chemical weapons. They’re nasty chemicals,” said Warren Smith, spokesman for the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those chemicals -- some toxic -- contaminated the land and groundwater. Charlie Scharmann, the Army’s program manager at the Arsenal, said they became aware of some contamination issues back in the 1970s, and started working with the state health department to monitor groundwater and soil contamination. In 1987, the site was put on a national list of hazardous waste sites -- more commonly called Superfund sites -- that require serious cleanup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The main strategy with our cleanup was to contain the contamination on site, largely. We did do some limited treatment of soil, but by and large we wanted to contain it and intercept the pathways where people and animals could no longer be exposed to contamination,” Scharmann said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65036\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 332px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Scharmann.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-65036\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Scharmann-332x253.jpg\" alt=\"Charlie Scharmann is the U.S. Army's program manager at the Arsenal. He's been with the project for more than thirty years. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"332\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Charlie Scharmann is the U.S. Army's program manager at the Arsenal. He's been with the project for more than thirty years. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The cleanup project cost $2.2 billion. The contaminated soil, buildings, and other debris were isolated into two huge on-site landfills, with two or three layers of leak-proof clay and plastic liners underneath. Scharmann said that was actually safer than moving all the materials somewhere else. These landfills have specially designed caps on top—layers of several feet of clean soil, crushed concrete, and gravel, planted with vegetation. Now, they look almost like small hills among the prairie. Scharmann said the vegetation helps prevent rain or snow from infiltrating and spreading more contamination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The soil acts as a sponge and the vegetation acts as a pump to move the water out,” Scharmann said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The layers also keep burrowing animals, like prairie dogs, from digging into the contaminated materials below. Discovery of then-endangered bald eagles helped spur Congress to designate the site as a national wildlife refuge in 1992. Scharmann said that’s not as counterintuitive as it may sound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The interesting thing about this site is that most of the contamination occurred in the center of the site. But much of the site was a buffer zone from operations in the center. Much of property on the perimeter of the site was not used for active military use or used by Shell Oil Company,” Scharmann said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65035\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/IMG_8858.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-65035\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/IMG_8858-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Basin F, one of the most contaminated sites, now looks just like another spot on the prairie. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Basin F, one of the most contaminated sites, now looks just like another spot on the prairie. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Wildlife occupied the perimeter of the site even when it was being used by the military. Although closed to the public, that open space provided birds and other animals an oasis from encroaching development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the Environmental Protection Agency determined they were sufficiently clean, Refuge Manager David Lucas took over managing the Arsenal lands for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.\u003cdel datetime=\"2013-12-16T10:35\"> \u003c/del>\u003cdel datetime=\"2013-12-16T10:36\">\u003c/del>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On our tour, Lucas pointed out one of the formerly most contaminated spots. Native grasses now cover the landscape. Aside from the fence and sign, it looks just like any other spot on the prairie. Lucas said that’s exactly the point. “That’s the goal. The goal is that this mixes in, and wildlife uses this exactly the same as all the other lands out here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lucas said Fish and Wildlife employees monitor various animal species to see if they’re picking up any of the chemicals. So far, they haven’t found any significant contamination among wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. Fish and Wildlife has restored almost 10,000 acres of land into native short and mixed-grass prairie, said Lucas. “We have 86 bison currently grazing on about 2,500 acres, but they will be grazing 12,000 acres of grasslands eventually.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five groundwater treatment plants were also built as part of the cleanup, walling off underground water supplies to make sure no contaminated groundwater leaves the site. Water is pumped up, cleaned, and sent back down to the aquifer. The Army has paid to provide uncontaminated drinking water to nearby residents. The expansive views of restored wetlands, including lakes from the Homesteading era, woodlands, and grassland, can quickly make you forget how close you are to Denver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65038\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/IMG_8855.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-65038\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/IMG_8855-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Bison have been reintroduced back onto the Refuge. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bison have been reintroduced back onto the Refuge. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“As a national wildlife refuge, we have a purpose to manage for wildlife, that’s our main goal. But here in Denver our other primary purpose -- what we can do a lot of in an urban location -- is educating millions of people on conservation,” Lucas said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lucas said those two purposes guide the refuge, which sees more than 300,000 visitors a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The total cleanup took a couple decades and was mostly finished in 2011. But there will always be a portion of the site, like the landfills, closed to the public. The Army, state health department, and EPA continue to test and review their cleanup effort to make sure it’s working.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We feel really good about what we’ve accomplished out there, turning property into something that will be an asset for the community to use long term,” Scharmann said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65039\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/IMG_8879.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-65039\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/IMG_8879-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"One of the restored lakes, originally from the Homesteading Era. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of the restored lakes, originally from the Homesteading Era. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Rocky Mountain Arsenal isn’t the only Superfund site that’s been cleaned up and reused. Just 20 miles away, near Boulder, sits the Rocky Flats National Wildlife Refuge, home to a nuclear weapons plant for decades. While the radioactive material made the cleanup there more controversial, the EPA declared it finished in 2005. Plant and wildlife diversity abound on Rocky Flats dry tallgrass prairie, but the Fish and Wildlife Service still needs funding before the area can be opened to the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "One of the nation’s biggest wildlife refuges used to be a hotbed of military weapons production, and resulting contamination. It’s now been cleaned up and restored as an urban habitat refuge. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/ColoradoSuperfund121813Quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The United States has a long history of making and storing military weapons around the country. Some of those sites became contaminated, requiring lengthy and expensive environmental cleanups. In recent years a few have been converted into wildlife refuges, becoming a kind of oasis for animals -- and people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"size-medium wp-image-65033\">David Lucas pointed out a bald eagle nest -- about the size of a Volkswagen Bug -- tucked into a tree within a sprawling swath of prairie and wetlands. He manages the 15,000-acre Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge, just a few miles northeast of downtown Denver. It’s one of the largest in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Seeing 80 bald eagles here in the winter is a pretty exciting sight,” Lucas said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65033\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/IMG_8859.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-65033\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/IMG_8859-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"David Lucas manages the Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">David Lucas manages the Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s unusual to find such a large tract of open land in the urban sprawl of Colorado’s Front Range. And it’s not by chance. Since World War II and through the Cold War, the U.S. Army used the expansive site to make bombs and chemical weapons, like mustard gas. Shell Chemical Company used the site to make agricultural pesticides until the early 1980s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“More than 600 chemicals were used or manufactured at the Arsenal, and they included all sorts of things, such as volatile organic compounds, pesticides, heavy metals, as well as some byproducts that are unique to manufacturing chemical weapons. They’re nasty chemicals,” said Warren Smith, spokesman for the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those chemicals -- some toxic -- contaminated the land and groundwater. Charlie Scharmann, the Army’s program manager at the Arsenal, said they became aware of some contamination issues back in the 1970s, and started working with the state health department to monitor groundwater and soil contamination. In 1987, the site was put on a national list of hazardous waste sites -- more commonly called Superfund sites -- that require serious cleanup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The main strategy with our cleanup was to contain the contamination on site, largely. We did do some limited treatment of soil, but by and large we wanted to contain it and intercept the pathways where people and animals could no longer be exposed to contamination,” Scharmann said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65036\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 332px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Scharmann.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-65036\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Scharmann-332x253.jpg\" alt=\"Charlie Scharmann is the U.S. Army's program manager at the Arsenal. He's been with the project for more than thirty years. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"332\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Charlie Scharmann is the U.S. Army's program manager at the Arsenal. He's been with the project for more than thirty years. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The cleanup project cost $2.2 billion. The contaminated soil, buildings, and other debris were isolated into two huge on-site landfills, with two or three layers of leak-proof clay and plastic liners underneath. Scharmann said that was actually safer than moving all the materials somewhere else. These landfills have specially designed caps on top—layers of several feet of clean soil, crushed concrete, and gravel, planted with vegetation. Now, they look almost like small hills among the prairie. Scharmann said the vegetation helps prevent rain or snow from infiltrating and spreading more contamination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The soil acts as a sponge and the vegetation acts as a pump to move the water out,” Scharmann said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The layers also keep burrowing animals, like prairie dogs, from digging into the contaminated materials below. Discovery of then-endangered bald eagles helped spur Congress to designate the site as a national wildlife refuge in 1992. Scharmann said that’s not as counterintuitive as it may sound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The interesting thing about this site is that most of the contamination occurred in the center of the site. But much of the site was a buffer zone from operations in the center. Much of property on the perimeter of the site was not used for active military use or used by Shell Oil Company,” Scharmann said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65035\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/IMG_8858.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-65035\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/IMG_8858-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Basin F, one of the most contaminated sites, now looks just like another spot on the prairie. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Basin F, one of the most contaminated sites, now looks just like another spot on the prairie. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Wildlife occupied the perimeter of the site even when it was being used by the military. Although closed to the public, that open space provided birds and other animals an oasis from encroaching development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the Environmental Protection Agency determined they were sufficiently clean, Refuge Manager David Lucas took over managing the Arsenal lands for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.\u003cdel datetime=\"2013-12-16T10:35\"> \u003c/del>\u003cdel datetime=\"2013-12-16T10:36\">\u003c/del>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On our tour, Lucas pointed out one of the formerly most contaminated spots. Native grasses now cover the landscape. Aside from the fence and sign, it looks just like any other spot on the prairie. Lucas said that’s exactly the point. “That’s the goal. The goal is that this mixes in, and wildlife uses this exactly the same as all the other lands out here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lucas said Fish and Wildlife employees monitor various animal species to see if they’re picking up any of the chemicals. So far, they haven’t found any significant contamination among wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. Fish and Wildlife has restored almost 10,000 acres of land into native short and mixed-grass prairie, said Lucas. “We have 86 bison currently grazing on about 2,500 acres, but they will be grazing 12,000 acres of grasslands eventually.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five groundwater treatment plants were also built as part of the cleanup, walling off underground water supplies to make sure no contaminated groundwater leaves the site. Water is pumped up, cleaned, and sent back down to the aquifer. The Army has paid to provide uncontaminated drinking water to nearby residents. The expansive views of restored wetlands, including lakes from the Homesteading era, woodlands, and grassland, can quickly make you forget how close you are to Denver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65038\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/IMG_8855.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-65038\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/IMG_8855-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Bison have been reintroduced back onto the Refuge. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bison have been reintroduced back onto the Refuge. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“As a national wildlife refuge, we have a purpose to manage for wildlife, that’s our main goal. But here in Denver our other primary purpose -- what we can do a lot of in an urban location -- is educating millions of people on conservation,” Lucas said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lucas said those two purposes guide the refuge, which sees more than 300,000 visitors a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The total cleanup took a couple decades and was mostly finished in 2011. But there will always be a portion of the site, like the landfills, closed to the public. The Army, state health department, and EPA continue to test and review their cleanup effort to make sure it’s working.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We feel really good about what we’ve accomplished out there, turning property into something that will be an asset for the community to use long term,” Scharmann said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65039\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/IMG_8879.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-65039\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/IMG_8879-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"One of the restored lakes, originally from the Homesteading Era. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of the restored lakes, originally from the Homesteading Era. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Rocky Mountain Arsenal isn’t the only Superfund site that’s been cleaned up and reused. Just 20 miles away, near Boulder, sits the Rocky Flats National Wildlife Refuge, home to a nuclear weapons plant for decades. While the radioactive material made the cleanup there more controversial, the EPA declared it finished in 2005. Plant and wildlife diversity abound on Rocky Flats dry tallgrass prairie, but the Fish and Wildlife Service still needs funding before the area can be opened to the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64807\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/tripleimgs640.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-64807\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/tripleimgs640.jpg\" alt=\"Litterati users often take an artistic approach to their posts. Batteries and bottle caps become inspiration for Instagram updates. Source: Litterati\" width=\"640\" height=\"213\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/tripleimgs640.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/tripleimgs640-400x133.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Litterati users often take an artistic approach to their posts. Batteries and bottle caps become inspiration for Instagram updates. Source: Litterati\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Anyone who has been mushroom hunting will be familiar with the experience of walking for hours and not seeing a single specimen. Yet the minute you locate your first mushroom, they suddenly appear everywhere. Known interchangeably as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.damninteresting.com/the-baader-meinhof-phenomenon/\">Baader-Meinhof phenomenon\u003c/a> and the frequency illusion, such shifts in perception are the result of our brain’s extraordinary capacity to spot and interpret patterns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once we notice something, we’re much more likely to take note when we come across it again. Without realizing it, we’ve had a shift in consciousness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64755\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64755\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/1-253x253.jpg\" alt=\"Litterati founder Jeff Kirshner tags a piece of litter in Oakland, CA.\" width=\"253\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Litterati founder Jeff Kirshner tags a piece of litter in Oakland, CA.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For tech entrepreneur Jeff Kirschner, this phenomenon may hold the key to solving a uniquely modern problem -- litter. It all started when he took a walk in the woods with his children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My daughter noticed a plastic tub of kitty litter in a creek. ‘Daaaaddy, that doesn't go there.’ That was an eye-opening moment for me,” Kirschner said. “We have become desensitized to trash. Litter is so ubiquitous that for most of us it just fades into the background.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our culture’s tendency to litter has wide-reaching consequences. According to a recent study \u003ca href=\"http://www.statisticbrain.com/littering-statistics/\">over 75 percent of us admit to littering\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what’s the big deal? When litter doesn't make it to a recycling center or trash bin, it ends up in the natural world. For example, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X12005668\">Plymouth University study\u003c/a> found that one-third of fish caught in the English Channel were contaminated with microplastics in their intestinal tracts, something to think about over your next plate of fish and chips! Because we humans sit toward the top of the food chain, any contamination of fish or animals eventually works its way back up to us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64539\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 252px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Floating-Lightbulb.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-64539 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Floating-Lightbulb-252x253.jpg\" alt=\"A light bulb moment for #Litterati user @goproinparadise. This image was taken off the coast of Koh Phi Phi, Thailand.\" width=\"252\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A light bulb moment for #Litterati user @goproinparadise. This image was taken off the coast of Koh Phi Phi, Thailand.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Kirschner started thinking about how technology might make a difference, and the result was \u003ca href=\"http://www.litterati.org/index.php\">Litterati\u003c/a>, a new kind of social network based on a shared determination to see and take responsibility for the mess that we have created.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was reminded of being a kid at summer camp,” he said. “Our director would instruct us to each pick up five pieces of trash. Suddenly you had 200 kids each picking up five pieces, and within a few minutes we had a much cleaner camp. So my idea was to apply that same crowdsource-cleaning behavior to the entire planet. That was the inspiration for Litterati.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using smart phones, Litterati users take photos of trash. They share them via Instagram using the hashtag \u003ca href=\"http://instagram.com/litterati\">#litterati\u003c/a>, and then they dispose of the trash responsibly. The result is an ever-growing “virtual landfill,” which serves as a striking reminder of just how much we waste as a culture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">As a recent recruit, I can attest that the experience is surprisingly addictive, and I can report a distinct shift in perception. Once you start photographing cigarette packets on the sidewalk or Coke cans in a ditch, you also start noticing what else is being thrown away -- old bandages, store receipts, condoms, beer cans -- and you are confronted with an unavoidable realization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This stuff is literally \u003cstrong>everywhere.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64815\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Global-Map850.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64815\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Global-Map850-450x232.jpg\" alt=\"Litterati users across the world have documented - and presumably discarded - over 27,000 pieces of trash.\" width=\"450\" height=\"232\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Litterati users across the world have documented - and presumably discarded - over 27,000 pieces of trash. Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Litterati doesn’t just help us see litter -- it also empowers users to do something about it. By creating a community of like-minded activists, Litterati helps normalize the act of picking up other people’s trash. Crucially, by mapping where litter is occurring and what it consists of, it also creates an important feedback loop for companies and municipalities to better understand the scope of the problem and to take more effective action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Kirschner explained, the site has already attracted some productive partnerships, “Last year on Earth Day we partnered with Whole Foods. Anyone who picked up one piece of litter could show their Litterati photograph and get a free cup of coffee. During this year's California Coastal Cleanup we partnered with the California Coastal Commission and Chipotle and ran a photo contest. And this past month we ran a contest with the NRDC (Natural Resources Defense Council) to help fight plastic pollution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where Litterati goes from here remains to be seen. It has already garnered attention from media outlets like \u003ca href=\"http://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2013/10/16/change-agents-jeff-kirschner-litterati/2953709/\">USA Today\u003c/a>, and there are ideas to “gamify” the platform to encourage friendly competition among users and even communities. Kirschner enthusiastically imagines a competitive Litterati-empowered trash pickup among communities across the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, though, Kirschner insisted that Litterati is about cooperation, not competition, and taking positive action, not pointing fingers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our goal is to create a “litter-free world,” he said, “but I’m well aware that picking up litter doesn’t solve our trash problem. It does serve to shift consciousness, though, and we can use that newfound consciousness to inspire action from our neighbors, our communities, our governments, and the corporations we buy from, too.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64807\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/tripleimgs640.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-64807\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/tripleimgs640.jpg\" alt=\"Litterati users often take an artistic approach to their posts. Batteries and bottle caps become inspiration for Instagram updates. Source: Litterati\" width=\"640\" height=\"213\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/tripleimgs640.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/tripleimgs640-400x133.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Litterati users often take an artistic approach to their posts. Batteries and bottle caps become inspiration for Instagram updates. Source: Litterati\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Anyone who has been mushroom hunting will be familiar with the experience of walking for hours and not seeing a single specimen. Yet the minute you locate your first mushroom, they suddenly appear everywhere. Known interchangeably as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.damninteresting.com/the-baader-meinhof-phenomenon/\">Baader-Meinhof phenomenon\u003c/a> and the frequency illusion, such shifts in perception are the result of our brain’s extraordinary capacity to spot and interpret patterns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once we notice something, we’re much more likely to take note when we come across it again. Without realizing it, we’ve had a shift in consciousness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64755\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64755\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/1-253x253.jpg\" alt=\"Litterati founder Jeff Kirshner tags a piece of litter in Oakland, CA.\" width=\"253\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Litterati founder Jeff Kirshner tags a piece of litter in Oakland, CA.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For tech entrepreneur Jeff Kirschner, this phenomenon may hold the key to solving a uniquely modern problem -- litter. It all started when he took a walk in the woods with his children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My daughter noticed a plastic tub of kitty litter in a creek. ‘Daaaaddy, that doesn't go there.’ That was an eye-opening moment for me,” Kirschner said. “We have become desensitized to trash. Litter is so ubiquitous that for most of us it just fades into the background.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our culture’s tendency to litter has wide-reaching consequences. According to a recent study \u003ca href=\"http://www.statisticbrain.com/littering-statistics/\">over 75 percent of us admit to littering\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what’s the big deal? When litter doesn't make it to a recycling center or trash bin, it ends up in the natural world. For example, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X12005668\">Plymouth University study\u003c/a> found that one-third of fish caught in the English Channel were contaminated with microplastics in their intestinal tracts, something to think about over your next plate of fish and chips! Because we humans sit toward the top of the food chain, any contamination of fish or animals eventually works its way back up to us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64539\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 252px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Floating-Lightbulb.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-64539 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Floating-Lightbulb-252x253.jpg\" alt=\"A light bulb moment for #Litterati user @goproinparadise. This image was taken off the coast of Koh Phi Phi, Thailand.\" width=\"252\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A light bulb moment for #Litterati user @goproinparadise. This image was taken off the coast of Koh Phi Phi, Thailand.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Kirschner started thinking about how technology might make a difference, and the result was \u003ca href=\"http://www.litterati.org/index.php\">Litterati\u003c/a>, a new kind of social network based on a shared determination to see and take responsibility for the mess that we have created.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was reminded of being a kid at summer camp,” he said. “Our director would instruct us to each pick up five pieces of trash. Suddenly you had 200 kids each picking up five pieces, and within a few minutes we had a much cleaner camp. So my idea was to apply that same crowdsource-cleaning behavior to the entire planet. That was the inspiration for Litterati.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using smart phones, Litterati users take photos of trash. They share them via Instagram using the hashtag \u003ca href=\"http://instagram.com/litterati\">#litterati\u003c/a>, and then they dispose of the trash responsibly. The result is an ever-growing “virtual landfill,” which serves as a striking reminder of just how much we waste as a culture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">As a recent recruit, I can attest that the experience is surprisingly addictive, and I can report a distinct shift in perception. Once you start photographing cigarette packets on the sidewalk or Coke cans in a ditch, you also start noticing what else is being thrown away -- old bandages, store receipts, condoms, beer cans -- and you are confronted with an unavoidable realization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This stuff is literally \u003cstrong>everywhere.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64815\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Global-Map850.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64815\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Global-Map850-450x232.jpg\" alt=\"Litterati users across the world have documented - and presumably discarded - over 27,000 pieces of trash.\" width=\"450\" height=\"232\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Litterati users across the world have documented - and presumably discarded - over 27,000 pieces of trash. Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Litterati doesn’t just help us see litter -- it also empowers users to do something about it. By creating a community of like-minded activists, Litterati helps normalize the act of picking up other people’s trash. Crucially, by mapping where litter is occurring and what it consists of, it also creates an important feedback loop for companies and municipalities to better understand the scope of the problem and to take more effective action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Kirschner explained, the site has already attracted some productive partnerships, “Last year on Earth Day we partnered with Whole Foods. Anyone who picked up one piece of litter could show their Litterati photograph and get a free cup of coffee. During this year's California Coastal Cleanup we partnered with the California Coastal Commission and Chipotle and ran a photo contest. And this past month we ran a contest with the NRDC (Natural Resources Defense Council) to help fight plastic pollution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where Litterati goes from here remains to be seen. It has already garnered attention from media outlets like \u003ca href=\"http://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2013/10/16/change-agents-jeff-kirschner-litterati/2953709/\">USA Today\u003c/a>, and there are ideas to “gamify” the platform to encourage friendly competition among users and even communities. Kirschner enthusiastically imagines a competitive Litterati-empowered trash pickup among communities across the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, though, Kirschner insisted that Litterati is about cooperation, not competition, and taking positive action, not pointing fingers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our goal is to create a “litter-free world,” he said, “but I’m well aware that picking up litter doesn’t solve our trash problem. It does serve to shift consciousness, though, and we can use that newfound consciousness to inspire action from our neighbors, our communities, our governments, and the corporations we buy from, too.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63927\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/IMG_9762-2-e1384971651640.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-63927 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/IMG_9762-2-e1384971651640.jpg\" alt=\"IMG_9762-2\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/IMG_9762-2-e1384971651640.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/IMG_9762-2-e1384971651640-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Biologists and volunteers in the Yakima Basin move nuisance beavers into upper Yakima River tributaries. Photo courtesy of William Meyer.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With their strong buck teeth and flat tails, beavers are the engineers of the natural world. Their craftsmanship, however, sometimes impacts man-made environments such as houses, roads, and farms. As a result, beavers are often considered to be nuisance animals and killed for the trouble they cause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, beavers throughout central and eastern Washington State are being saved. In March 2011, the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (WDFW) established a three-year pilot project to relocate troublemaking beavers from homes and farms and move them to upper river tributaries. WDFW biologist William Meyer has been working on the \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&ved=0CDQQFjAB&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsecure.rco.wa.gov%2Fprism%2Fsearch%2FProjectSnapshotAttachmentData.aspx%3Fid%3D123150&ei=08pJUrGPJPGgyQGo3oGYCA&usg=AFQjCNEIcAzK6ewqUoHMFYy-aCH3ifnUbw&sig2=eMQWScjyJsyWSlz3AP9WHA&bvm=bv.53371865,bs.1,d.aWM\">Yakima Basin Beaver Project\u003c/a> since its inception.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63922\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 382px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-63922 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Man-near-beaver-cage-e1384970770675.jpg\" alt=\"Man near beaver cage\" width=\"382\" height=\"417\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Man-near-beaver-cage-e1384970770675.jpg 1010w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Man-near-beaver-cage-e1384970770675-400x437.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Man-near-beaver-cage-e1384970770675-800x874.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Man-near-beaver-cage-e1384970770675-960x1049.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 382px) 100vw, 382px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This beaver is becoming acclimated to the creek before release. Photo courtesy of William Meyer.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I originally got the idea for this project from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.methowconservancy.org/beaver_project.html\">Methow Valley Beaver Project\u003c/a>,” said Meyer. “I thought, ‘I need to apply for a grant and do this project in the Yakima Basin.’” Meyer received funding for the project from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.rco.wa.gov/boards/srfb.shtml\">Salmon Recovery Funding Board\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eastern Washington is a dry and arid place concerned with water storage and maintaining a healthy water cycle for crops, wildlife, and people. As climate change progresses, concerns about water quantity and quality continue to mount.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through the relocation of 105 beavers over three years Meyer has seen firsthand how these fuzzy engineers help restore stream ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Beaver [dams] create stream complexity,” said Meyer, “Stream complexity leads to more food, more fish, and more wildlife habitat. When we set our monitoring cameras, we very frequently get pictures of deer, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/bobcats.avi\" target=\"_blank\">bobcat\u003c/a>, elk, mice, birds, and a whole host of animals that now live around these beaver dams.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The WDFW has also captured images of the relocated beavers \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/building-dams.avi\" target=\"_blank\">building dams\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/grooming-themselves.avi\" target=\"_blank\">grooming themselves\u003c/a> in their new habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the course of a year one beaver colony provides about \u003ca href=\"http://www.econw.com/media/ap_files/ECONorthwest_Publication_Escalante-Beaver-Values_2011-10.pdf\">$13,000 of ecosystem services\u003c/a>. These services range from connecting flood plains to benefit plant growth, preventing floods by enabling water to slowly soak into the soil, and preventing pollutants from flowing downstream into drinking water. The most notable benefit is restoring salmon habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The success of Coho salmon is highly connected to healthy beaver populations,” said Meyer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64161\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 419px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Traveling-beaver-across-meadow-e1385407971855.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-64161 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Traveling-beaver-across-meadow-e1385407971855.jpg\" alt=\"Traveling beaver across meadow\" width=\"419\" height=\"365\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Traveling-beaver-across-meadow-e1385407971855.jpg 1248w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Traveling-beaver-across-meadow-e1385407971855-400x348.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Traveling-beaver-across-meadow-e1385407971855-800x696.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Traveling-beaver-across-meadow-e1385407971855-1180x1027.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Traveling-beaver-across-meadow-e1385407971855-960x835.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 419px) 100vw, 419px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Beavers are the largest rodent in North America, and moving them can be a challenge, but biologists think the benefits outweigh the costs. Photo courtesy of William Meyer.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By the 1980s, certain Yakima Basin salmon runs had disappeared and others were nearly extinct. After 20 years of reintroduction efforts and habitat improvement projects, including beaver relocations, the area is seeing the salmon return. One result of the beaver ponds is that stream flows improve, which means better migration paths for the salmon. The ponds also provide safe spots for young salmon to rear, prior to migrating to the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beaver populations around the world have survived habitat loss, \u003ca href=\"http://www.whiteoak.org/historical-library/fur-trade/the-beaver-fur-hat/\">fashion trends\u003c/a>, and slaughter by agitated residents. Thanks to the Yakima Basin Beaver Project and other groups in Washington, nuisance beavers are becoming worker beavers, and their populations may be reviving once again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think this is a win/win,” said Meyer, “These little ecosystem engineers can restore habitat, and [by moving them] we can solve someone’s problem.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Scientists in central Washington State relocate beavers in an effort to restore watersheds and reduce clashes between the animals and humans. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63927\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/IMG_9762-2-e1384971651640.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-63927 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/IMG_9762-2-e1384971651640.jpg\" alt=\"IMG_9762-2\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/IMG_9762-2-e1384971651640.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/IMG_9762-2-e1384971651640-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Biologists and volunteers in the Yakima Basin move nuisance beavers into upper Yakima River tributaries. Photo courtesy of William Meyer.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With their strong buck teeth and flat tails, beavers are the engineers of the natural world. Their craftsmanship, however, sometimes impacts man-made environments such as houses, roads, and farms. As a result, beavers are often considered to be nuisance animals and killed for the trouble they cause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, beavers throughout central and eastern Washington State are being saved. In March 2011, the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (WDFW) established a three-year pilot project to relocate troublemaking beavers from homes and farms and move them to upper river tributaries. WDFW biologist William Meyer has been working on the \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&ved=0CDQQFjAB&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsecure.rco.wa.gov%2Fprism%2Fsearch%2FProjectSnapshotAttachmentData.aspx%3Fid%3D123150&ei=08pJUrGPJPGgyQGo3oGYCA&usg=AFQjCNEIcAzK6ewqUoHMFYy-aCH3ifnUbw&sig2=eMQWScjyJsyWSlz3AP9WHA&bvm=bv.53371865,bs.1,d.aWM\">Yakima Basin Beaver Project\u003c/a> since its inception.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63922\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 382px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-63922 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Man-near-beaver-cage-e1384970770675.jpg\" alt=\"Man near beaver cage\" width=\"382\" height=\"417\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Man-near-beaver-cage-e1384970770675.jpg 1010w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Man-near-beaver-cage-e1384970770675-400x437.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Man-near-beaver-cage-e1384970770675-800x874.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Man-near-beaver-cage-e1384970770675-960x1049.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 382px) 100vw, 382px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This beaver is becoming acclimated to the creek before release. Photo courtesy of William Meyer.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I originally got the idea for this project from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.methowconservancy.org/beaver_project.html\">Methow Valley Beaver Project\u003c/a>,” said Meyer. “I thought, ‘I need to apply for a grant and do this project in the Yakima Basin.’” Meyer received funding for the project from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.rco.wa.gov/boards/srfb.shtml\">Salmon Recovery Funding Board\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eastern Washington is a dry and arid place concerned with water storage and maintaining a healthy water cycle for crops, wildlife, and people. As climate change progresses, concerns about water quantity and quality continue to mount.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through the relocation of 105 beavers over three years Meyer has seen firsthand how these fuzzy engineers help restore stream ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Beaver [dams] create stream complexity,” said Meyer, “Stream complexity leads to more food, more fish, and more wildlife habitat. When we set our monitoring cameras, we very frequently get pictures of deer, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/bobcats.avi\" target=\"_blank\">bobcat\u003c/a>, elk, mice, birds, and a whole host of animals that now live around these beaver dams.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The WDFW has also captured images of the relocated beavers \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/building-dams.avi\" target=\"_blank\">building dams\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/grooming-themselves.avi\" target=\"_blank\">grooming themselves\u003c/a> in their new habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the course of a year one beaver colony provides about \u003ca href=\"http://www.econw.com/media/ap_files/ECONorthwest_Publication_Escalante-Beaver-Values_2011-10.pdf\">$13,000 of ecosystem services\u003c/a>. These services range from connecting flood plains to benefit plant growth, preventing floods by enabling water to slowly soak into the soil, and preventing pollutants from flowing downstream into drinking water. The most notable benefit is restoring salmon habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The success of Coho salmon is highly connected to healthy beaver populations,” said Meyer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64161\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 419px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Traveling-beaver-across-meadow-e1385407971855.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-64161 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Traveling-beaver-across-meadow-e1385407971855.jpg\" alt=\"Traveling beaver across meadow\" width=\"419\" height=\"365\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Traveling-beaver-across-meadow-e1385407971855.jpg 1248w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Traveling-beaver-across-meadow-e1385407971855-400x348.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Traveling-beaver-across-meadow-e1385407971855-800x696.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Traveling-beaver-across-meadow-e1385407971855-1180x1027.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Traveling-beaver-across-meadow-e1385407971855-960x835.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 419px) 100vw, 419px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Beavers are the largest rodent in North America, and moving them can be a challenge, but biologists think the benefits outweigh the costs. Photo courtesy of William Meyer.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By the 1980s, certain Yakima Basin salmon runs had disappeared and others were nearly extinct. After 20 years of reintroduction efforts and habitat improvement projects, including beaver relocations, the area is seeing the salmon return. One result of the beaver ponds is that stream flows improve, which means better migration paths for the salmon. The ponds also provide safe spots for young salmon to rear, prior to migrating to the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beaver populations around the world have survived habitat loss, \u003ca href=\"http://www.whiteoak.org/historical-library/fur-trade/the-beaver-fur-hat/\">fashion trends\u003c/a>, and slaughter by agitated residents. Thanks to the Yakima Basin Beaver Project and other groups in Washington, nuisance beavers are becoming worker beavers, and their populations may be reviving once again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think this is a win/win,” said Meyer, “These little ecosystem engineers can restore habitat, and [by moving them] we can solve someone’s problem.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "How People Drove an Evolution in Cliff Swallows",
"title": "How People Drove an Evolution in Cliff Swallows",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63736\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63736 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/MaryBB_IMG_8975-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"MaryBB_IMG_8975\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">University of Nebraska ornithologist Mary Bomberger Brown measures the wingspan of a cliff swallow. Photo credit: Gary Hochman\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">When the worlds of nature and people converge, nature is often endangered. But in a strange twist, the manmade world of highways has favored the survival of \u003ca href=\"http://birds.audubon.org/birds/cliff-swallow\">cliff swallows\u003c/a>, according to University of Nebraska ornithologist Mary Bomberger Brown. “Natural selection and human development have created a better bird,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63746\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 191px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63746 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC_0033a-235x253.jpg\" alt=\"DSC_0033a\" width=\"191\" height=\"205\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cliff swallows are migratory birds that live in large colonies. Photo credit: Mary Bomberger Brown\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bomberger Brown's bold conclusion is based on her \u003ca href=\"http://download.cell.com/current-biology/pdf/PIIS0960982213001942.pdf\">30-year study of cliff swallows\u003c/a> – one of the longest running evolution studies in the world. Cliff swallows are North American migratory birds. From March to September, they nest and breed in colonies ranging from Canada to Mexico. In winter, they migrate to Chile, Argentina and Brazil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each year during the last three decades, Bomberger Brown and her colleague, Charles Brown of the University of Tulsa, have been conducting a detailed study of cliff swallow life along the roadways and waterways of western Nebraska near Lake McConaughy. Their findings show how natural conditions and human expansion have affected the birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found that the swallows’ wings and body changed significantly,” said Bomberger Brown. “The question was – why?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Browns never set out to conduct an evolution study. In 1982, they began studying bird behavior on a premise related to the old English proverb ‘\u003cem>birds of a feather flock together.’ \u003c/em>When the study began, the big question in behavioral ecology was, why do animals live in groups? Why are they social?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bomberger Brown explains, “Cliff swallows are one of the most social birds in North America. They all live together in large colonies.” The colonies are a natural survival strategy. Swallows are aerial insectivores, meaning they eat insects that they catch in flight. They bugs they catch fly in swarms, including mosquitoes, flies, midges, and leafhoppers. “If you live in a big community like swallows do, they share information – following groups of birds to the location of food, so they can feed more efficiently,” said Bomberger Brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63742\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 260px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63742 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/IMG_0356-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"IMG_0356\" width=\"260\" height=\"195\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cliff swallows build nests from globs of mud they deposit by the beak full. Photo credit: Mary Bomberger Brown\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By nature, cliff swallows build their jug-shaped nests on the sides of cliffs or bluffs, as protection from birds of prey and snakes. They’re always close to water because the swallows build their nests from globs of mud they collect by the beak full. \u003cins cite=\"mailto:Lisa%20Landers\" datetime=\"2013-11-12T14:59\">\u003c/ins>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the Browns began studying the swallows, most of their nests lined the bluffs along the shoreline of Lake McConaughy. In a 90 by 30 mile area, the Browns check around 80 active colonies each year. Each nest holds\u003cins cite=\"mailto:Lisa%20Landers\" datetime=\"2013-11-12T14:57\"> \u003c/ins>a pair of adults and 3-4 chicks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The average colony contains at least2,200 birds. But one colony is enormous – 6,000 nests – or about 34,000 swallows\u003cspan style=\"color: #008000\">. \u003c/span>During the long-term study, Bomberger Brown has examined 317,000 cliff swallows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But soon after their study began, Bomberger Brown began finding that many of the cliff nests were abandoned. So, where did the birds move? Driving from one site to the next, she noticed a radical shift in the birds’ nesting preference. The swallows were forming new nesting colonies in the most unlikely places; beneath highway overpasses and bridges. The Browns wondered why this was happening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64200\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 315px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-64200 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Cliff-Swallow-Nests-on-Bridge_IMG_0365-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Cliff Swallow Nests on Bridge_IMG_0365\" width=\"315\" height=\"177\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cliff swallow nests under a highway bridge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By chance, their study coincided with a sweeping change in roadway design. A nationwide boom in highway and interstate construction was replacing old wooden trestle bridges with new concrete bridges and overpasses. Bomberger Brown soon realized that the swallows abandoned nesting on cliffs of loose, crumbly sandstone in favor of firm concrete structures that offered overhangs sheltering the birds from the elements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We built them a better cliff, says Bomberger Brown, “and the birds flocked to them.” As the highways, expanded east and west, the birds followed suit. “You can now see them across the country,” she adds. “They’ve just followed people in their roadways, so humans have actually expanded their range – from ocean to ocean.” To track the birds, the Browns placed metal leg bands on the swallows to identify them. And to learn how the birds compare, they capture the birds to measure their bodies, beaks, wings, feet, and tails.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as roadways spread, so did agriculture and insects. “It’s a mutualistic relationship,” explains Bomberger Brown. “We’ve given them more food. We’ve given them places to nest. The birds provide pest control. They live with us and they’ve become part of our landscape.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But their new homes came with a risk. The highways were full of cars, trucks and RVs. “It’s an environment that can threaten their survival,” says Bomberger Brown. Soon, traveling up and down the highway, they found birds killed by cars. Examining each swallow, they measured the bodies and wings of each bird.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first, they found about 20-40 road kill swallows. Ironically, with each year’s survey, the number of dead birds on the road was decreasing – at the same time that traffic and the size of cars were increasing. It was a curious finding, but the Browns were not sure why this was happening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, nature intervened with a catastrophe. On the last weekend of May 1996, four days of cold, rain and snow stretched east and west from Colorado to Iowa and north and south from North Dakota to Oklahoma. According to the National Weather Service, this was a freak May storm that had only occurred once before – in 1968.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ordinarily, rain and cold wouldn’t seem like much of a threat,” Bomberger Brown explains. “Swallows can go for four days without eating – but they will starve and start dying on the fifth day.” Cliff swallows usually feed when insects fly, but that doesn’t happen in cold, wet weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cold, wet and starving, about 70% of the cliff swallow population died on the fifth day. The Browns collected 1,856 dead swallows in the Nebraska study area. She estimates that throughout the region, hundreds of thousands of birds died. But not all the cliff swallows were wiped out. Some survived. It was a puzzle the Browns were determined to solve.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">The survivors’ shorter wings made them more acrobatic, like a fighter plane.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Measuring each dead bird and comparing them to the birds that remained, the Browns made a surprising discovery. The birds that died had shorter bodies and longer asymmetrical wings. But the birds that lived had larger bodies and shorter wings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">The survivors’ shorter wings made them more acrobatic, like a fighter plane. They were able to twist and turn, dodging oncoming traffic, especially larger vehicles like SUVs and Mac trucks. The road kill birds had been less agile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63763\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 303px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63763 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Cliff-Swallow_Comparison_2-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Cliff Swallow_Comparison_2\" width=\"303\" height=\"202\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Comparison of cliff swallow wingspans. Swallows with longer wings (top) are more prone to be hit by cars than those with shorter wings (bottom). Photo credit: Gary Hochman\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To understand how the swallows had changed, the Browns reviewed all the data they had collected on living swallows, those birds killed by cars, and those killed by the extreme weather. A clear pattern emerged. Both the birds killed by cars and those killed by the storm had long, asymmetrical wings. The survivors all had wings that averaged one half inch shorter. That’s a significant difference on a wingspan of four and a half inches. And it made all the difference between life and death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Browns concluded that over the course of just a few decades, the wingspan of cliff swallows became shorter as an adaptation to avoiding oncoming traffic. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">The wingspan of cliff swallows became shorter as an adaptation to avoiding oncoming traffic.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Almost overnight, the natural calamity of the extreme weather revealed an evolutionary adaptation in cliff swallows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bomberger Brown chalks it up to an oddity in natural selection – not because the swallows changed – but how fast they evolved to adapt to a major transformation of their habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Typically, you expect population genetics to take millions of years. And while cliff swallows didn’t turn into different species, they have evolved through natural selection in a surprisingly short time – just 30 years. “In evolutionary terms, 30 years is an instant in time,” says Bomberger Brown. Yet her study shows that human development of roads and bridges across America have triggered natural selection to significantly modify the body structure and wing length of cliff swallows. \u003cins cite=\"mailto:Lisa%20Landers\" datetime=\"2013-11-12T15:31\">\u003c/ins>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, swallows thrive alongside people who literally zip by the birds. In a strange twist of fate, the survival of cliff swallows has been aided by the network of concrete highway overpasses and bridges that span North America.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63736\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63736 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/MaryBB_IMG_8975-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"MaryBB_IMG_8975\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">University of Nebraska ornithologist Mary Bomberger Brown measures the wingspan of a cliff swallow. Photo credit: Gary Hochman\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">When the worlds of nature and people converge, nature is often endangered. But in a strange twist, the manmade world of highways has favored the survival of \u003ca href=\"http://birds.audubon.org/birds/cliff-swallow\">cliff swallows\u003c/a>, according to University of Nebraska ornithologist Mary Bomberger Brown. “Natural selection and human development have created a better bird,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63746\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 191px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63746 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC_0033a-235x253.jpg\" alt=\"DSC_0033a\" width=\"191\" height=\"205\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cliff swallows are migratory birds that live in large colonies. Photo credit: Mary Bomberger Brown\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bomberger Brown's bold conclusion is based on her \u003ca href=\"http://download.cell.com/current-biology/pdf/PIIS0960982213001942.pdf\">30-year study of cliff swallows\u003c/a> – one of the longest running evolution studies in the world. Cliff swallows are North American migratory birds. From March to September, they nest and breed in colonies ranging from Canada to Mexico. In winter, they migrate to Chile, Argentina and Brazil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each year during the last three decades, Bomberger Brown and her colleague, Charles Brown of the University of Tulsa, have been conducting a detailed study of cliff swallow life along the roadways and waterways of western Nebraska near Lake McConaughy. Their findings show how natural conditions and human expansion have affected the birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found that the swallows’ wings and body changed significantly,” said Bomberger Brown. “The question was – why?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Browns never set out to conduct an evolution study. In 1982, they began studying bird behavior on a premise related to the old English proverb ‘\u003cem>birds of a feather flock together.’ \u003c/em>When the study began, the big question in behavioral ecology was, why do animals live in groups? Why are they social?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bomberger Brown explains, “Cliff swallows are one of the most social birds in North America. They all live together in large colonies.” The colonies are a natural survival strategy. Swallows are aerial insectivores, meaning they eat insects that they catch in flight. They bugs they catch fly in swarms, including mosquitoes, flies, midges, and leafhoppers. “If you live in a big community like swallows do, they share information – following groups of birds to the location of food, so they can feed more efficiently,” said Bomberger Brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63742\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 260px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63742 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/IMG_0356-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"IMG_0356\" width=\"260\" height=\"195\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cliff swallows build nests from globs of mud they deposit by the beak full. Photo credit: Mary Bomberger Brown\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By nature, cliff swallows build their jug-shaped nests on the sides of cliffs or bluffs, as protection from birds of prey and snakes. They’re always close to water because the swallows build their nests from globs of mud they collect by the beak full. \u003cins cite=\"mailto:Lisa%20Landers\" datetime=\"2013-11-12T14:59\">\u003c/ins>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the Browns began studying the swallows, most of their nests lined the bluffs along the shoreline of Lake McConaughy. In a 90 by 30 mile area, the Browns check around 80 active colonies each year. Each nest holds\u003cins cite=\"mailto:Lisa%20Landers\" datetime=\"2013-11-12T14:57\"> \u003c/ins>a pair of adults and 3-4 chicks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The average colony contains at least2,200 birds. But one colony is enormous – 6,000 nests – or about 34,000 swallows\u003cspan style=\"color: #008000\">. \u003c/span>During the long-term study, Bomberger Brown has examined 317,000 cliff swallows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But soon after their study began, Bomberger Brown began finding that many of the cliff nests were abandoned. So, where did the birds move? Driving from one site to the next, she noticed a radical shift in the birds’ nesting preference. The swallows were forming new nesting colonies in the most unlikely places; beneath highway overpasses and bridges. The Browns wondered why this was happening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64200\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 315px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-64200 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Cliff-Swallow-Nests-on-Bridge_IMG_0365-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Cliff Swallow Nests on Bridge_IMG_0365\" width=\"315\" height=\"177\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cliff swallow nests under a highway bridge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By chance, their study coincided with a sweeping change in roadway design. A nationwide boom in highway and interstate construction was replacing old wooden trestle bridges with new concrete bridges and overpasses. Bomberger Brown soon realized that the swallows abandoned nesting on cliffs of loose, crumbly sandstone in favor of firm concrete structures that offered overhangs sheltering the birds from the elements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We built them a better cliff, says Bomberger Brown, “and the birds flocked to them.” As the highways, expanded east and west, the birds followed suit. “You can now see them across the country,” she adds. “They’ve just followed people in their roadways, so humans have actually expanded their range – from ocean to ocean.” To track the birds, the Browns placed metal leg bands on the swallows to identify them. And to learn how the birds compare, they capture the birds to measure their bodies, beaks, wings, feet, and tails.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as roadways spread, so did agriculture and insects. “It’s a mutualistic relationship,” explains Bomberger Brown. “We’ve given them more food. We’ve given them places to nest. The birds provide pest control. They live with us and they’ve become part of our landscape.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But their new homes came with a risk. The highways were full of cars, trucks and RVs. “It’s an environment that can threaten their survival,” says Bomberger Brown. Soon, traveling up and down the highway, they found birds killed by cars. Examining each swallow, they measured the bodies and wings of each bird.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first, they found about 20-40 road kill swallows. Ironically, with each year’s survey, the number of dead birds on the road was decreasing – at the same time that traffic and the size of cars were increasing. It was a curious finding, but the Browns were not sure why this was happening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, nature intervened with a catastrophe. On the last weekend of May 1996, four days of cold, rain and snow stretched east and west from Colorado to Iowa and north and south from North Dakota to Oklahoma. According to the National Weather Service, this was a freak May storm that had only occurred once before – in 1968.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ordinarily, rain and cold wouldn’t seem like much of a threat,” Bomberger Brown explains. “Swallows can go for four days without eating – but they will starve and start dying on the fifth day.” Cliff swallows usually feed when insects fly, but that doesn’t happen in cold, wet weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cold, wet and starving, about 70% of the cliff swallow population died on the fifth day. The Browns collected 1,856 dead swallows in the Nebraska study area. She estimates that throughout the region, hundreds of thousands of birds died. But not all the cliff swallows were wiped out. Some survived. It was a puzzle the Browns were determined to solve.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">The survivors’ shorter wings made them more acrobatic, like a fighter plane.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Measuring each dead bird and comparing them to the birds that remained, the Browns made a surprising discovery. The birds that died had shorter bodies and longer asymmetrical wings. But the birds that lived had larger bodies and shorter wings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">The survivors’ shorter wings made them more acrobatic, like a fighter plane. They were able to twist and turn, dodging oncoming traffic, especially larger vehicles like SUVs and Mac trucks. The road kill birds had been less agile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63763\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 303px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63763 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Cliff-Swallow_Comparison_2-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Cliff Swallow_Comparison_2\" width=\"303\" height=\"202\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Comparison of cliff swallow wingspans. Swallows with longer wings (top) are more prone to be hit by cars than those with shorter wings (bottom). Photo credit: Gary Hochman\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To understand how the swallows had changed, the Browns reviewed all the data they had collected on living swallows, those birds killed by cars, and those killed by the extreme weather. A clear pattern emerged. Both the birds killed by cars and those killed by the storm had long, asymmetrical wings. The survivors all had wings that averaged one half inch shorter. That’s a significant difference on a wingspan of four and a half inches. And it made all the difference between life and death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Browns concluded that over the course of just a few decades, the wingspan of cliff swallows became shorter as an adaptation to avoiding oncoming traffic. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">The wingspan of cliff swallows became shorter as an adaptation to avoiding oncoming traffic.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Almost overnight, the natural calamity of the extreme weather revealed an evolutionary adaptation in cliff swallows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bomberger Brown chalks it up to an oddity in natural selection – not because the swallows changed – but how fast they evolved to adapt to a major transformation of their habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Typically, you expect population genetics to take millions of years. And while cliff swallows didn’t turn into different species, they have evolved through natural selection in a surprisingly short time – just 30 years. “In evolutionary terms, 30 years is an instant in time,” says Bomberger Brown. Yet her study shows that human development of roads and bridges across America have triggered natural selection to significantly modify the body structure and wing length of cliff swallows. \u003cins cite=\"mailto:Lisa%20Landers\" datetime=\"2013-11-12T15:31\">\u003c/ins>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, swallows thrive alongside people who literally zip by the birds. In a strange twist of fate, the survival of cliff swallows has been aided by the network of concrete highway overpasses and bridges that span North America.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Human Health in a Changing Climate",
"title": "Human Health in a Changing Climate",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64358\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/GHI_incubator_forum11_4786.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-64358 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/GHI_incubator_forum11_4786.jpg\" alt=\"Jonathan Patz, the director of the Global Health Institute at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, has spent decades studying the health effects of global climate change. \" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/GHI_incubator_forum11_4786.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/GHI_incubator_forum11_4786-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jonathan Patz, the director of the Global Health Institute at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, has spent decades studying the health effects of global climate change. Image by Bryce Richter.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">\u003cstrong>An Expert Opinion: \u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003cstrong>Jonathan Patz\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Polar bears aren’t the only species threatened by climate change. Jonathan Patz, director of the Global Health Institute at the University of Wisconsin, has spent the last two decades studying the ways that a warming world will affect human health. In 2007, he shared the Nobel Prize as a lead author for the United Nations’ \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipcc.ch\">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change\u003c/a>. Patz, who holds degrees in medicine and public health, crisscrosses the globe to spread the word about the far-reaching impacts of climate change on our health and why better urban planning might be the answer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem> \u003c/em>\u003cem>When we think about the effects of climate change on our health, most of us probably think about big events like heat waves. Are there other, overlooked implications for public health? \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the reasons I think that climate change poses an enormous public health risk is because of the multiple pathways through which the impacts will be experienced. When you have a heat wave, you get worsening of \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2007JD009775/abstract\">pollution effects\u003c/a>. Also higher temperatures promote more \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/108/10/4248.full.pdf+html?sid=88885811-ae9a-4b37-9fb7-44db29a15a92\">ragweed pollen\u003c/a>, and then all sorts of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v438/n7066/full/nature04188.html\">infectious diseases\u003c/a>. There are so many diseases very sensitive to small shifts in temperature. It’s also extremes of the water cycle. Already we don’t handle heavy rainfall events very well. When it rains really hard, you’re going to find \u003ca href=\"http://download.journals.elsevierhealth.com/pdfs/journals/0749-3797/PIIS0749379708007022.pdf\">bacteria and viruses\u003c/a> in the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But I think one of the biggest problems that’s the most difficult to study and document, could be the disruption of big populations: droughts forcing people to move, sea level rise. These are going to cause population-wide disruption, social upheaval. I think this could be a huge burden with mental health, post-traumatic stress, and things like that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64334\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 258px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Global-warming-maps_hi-res.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64334 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Global-warming-maps_hi-res-258x253.jpg\" alt=\"In the upper map, countries are sized based on their greenhouse gas production\" width=\"258\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The disparity in carbon emissions (shown in the upper map) and prevalence of climate-senstive disease (lower map) between industrialized and non-industrialized countries is an ethical problem. Image by Jeff Miller, UW-Madison.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You’ve said that the way climate change is affecting our health is an ethical issue.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where are today’s most climate-sensitive diseases like \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/106/33/13844.full.pdf+html?sid=d981662e-43e1-4edb-bb3c-627a2f1a1fe7\">malaria\u003c/a>, malnutrition, diarrheal disease? They’re mostly in poor countries, especially Africa and India. Then you ask the question, who’s causing global warming? Global warming is primarily from burning fossil fuels -- that’s in the industrialized world. That’s the huge ethical dilemma. Those most vulnerable are the least responsible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I was \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YM1cQIH72tc&feature=youtu.be\">meeting with the Dalai Lama\u003c/a> two years ago, I was explaining to him that we didn’t know when we were developing the steam engine and oil- and gas-powered vehicles and powering our electricity with coal, we didn’t know that it was a bad thing. So now we know that. And the Dalai Lama asked me, he said, “Well, wait a minute, now that you know that, why are you still burning fossil fuels? It’s no longer ethical, with that knowledge.” I said to him, “That’s a good question. That’s a very good question.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>It’s easy to feel overwhelmed by the enormity of the problem. Are there concrete things people can do that will mitigate some of the negative effects on our health?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, this is the exciting piece of this that I really think is important. With every crisis there’s an opportunity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The automobile, the dependence on the automobile, is really a very costly design for our health. We actually \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3261937/\">quantified\u003c/a> the economic benefit and the health benefit if you took the 11 largest cities in the upper Midwest and you asked the question, what if short car trips, trips that are two and a half miles, were taken off the road? What would it mean for urban air quality? We found that we would save 500 lives a year, hundreds of thousands in hospitalizations, and about four billion dollars every year in savings from avoided health costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, what if half of those short car trips become bicycle trips, and only during the summer? That would save another 700 lives per year because of physical fitness. So we’re talking about eight billion dollars, about 1,300 lives saved. So, this is a golden opportunity -- a huge public health dividend -- to be able to design cities and design transportation for active transit, for biking, for walking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You bike to work, right? Even in the Wisconsin winter?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have recently bought studded snow tires and I do bike to work, but that’s not actually the message that I want to portray. Because I would say while I bike to work in the winter, I do it for speed and convenience. If I lived further away, I would probably take the bus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biking has to become the preferred choice, the easy choice. You can’t ask people to bicycle because they should. This is where the challenge is to urban planning and to the policymakers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64363\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 378px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Portland_Transit_Mall_with_cyclists_crossing.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64363 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Portland_Transit_Mall_with_cyclists_crossing-378x253.jpg\" alt=\"Patz' research shows that climate-change mitigation strategies like biking and using public transit have health benefits of their own. Image by Steve Morgan.\" width=\"378\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Patz' research shows that climate-change mitigation strategies like biking and using public transit have health benefits of their own. Image by Steve Morgan.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>I\u003c/em>\u003cem>s that why you’re so committed to advocacy? You spend a lot of time talking to government officials and policymakers.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I do. I’ve spent about 20 years working on climate change health issues. Most of that time has been looking at the hazardous effects, and I think it’s clear that climate change is a big hazard. But I now think that the policies towards smart urban planning, clean energy sources – the potential health benefits of those mitigation policies are huge. I use that \u003ca href=\"http://www.cartoonistgroup.com/store/add.php?iid=41786\">cartoon\u003c/a> all the time, these climate skeptics saying, “What if climate change is a hoax and we create a healthier and cleaner community for nothing?!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You were one of the first people in this field. Was there a moment when you realized what huge implications climate change had for public health?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem> \u003c/em>During one of my medical residencies I rotated at the EPA, and they asked me to review the literature on this issue. And I looked at this 1989 government report where the only health concern was the supplies of underarm deodorant. That was the health concern. And I said, wait a minute…this is a linchpin issue. This is one of those issues that involved population policy, per capita energy and resources, and potential big hazards. This is a huge issue and nobody’s actually doing research. So I started researching it. And now it’s great to see things are really spinning up and people have put climate change health as a top priority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Back then, did you ever think you’d end up talking to the Dalai Lama about climate change?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, I didn’t think about that one!\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Public heath expert Jonathan Patz reveals some of the less obvious effects of a changing climate on our health, and offers up some ideas about how to combat climate change and improve human health at the same time.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64358\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/GHI_incubator_forum11_4786.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-64358 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/GHI_incubator_forum11_4786.jpg\" alt=\"Jonathan Patz, the director of the Global Health Institute at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, has spent decades studying the health effects of global climate change. \" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/GHI_incubator_forum11_4786.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/GHI_incubator_forum11_4786-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jonathan Patz, the director of the Global Health Institute at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, has spent decades studying the health effects of global climate change. Image by Bryce Richter.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">\u003cstrong>An Expert Opinion: \u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003cstrong>Jonathan Patz\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Polar bears aren’t the only species threatened by climate change. Jonathan Patz, director of the Global Health Institute at the University of Wisconsin, has spent the last two decades studying the ways that a warming world will affect human health. In 2007, he shared the Nobel Prize as a lead author for the United Nations’ \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipcc.ch\">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change\u003c/a>. Patz, who holds degrees in medicine and public health, crisscrosses the globe to spread the word about the far-reaching impacts of climate change on our health and why better urban planning might be the answer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem> \u003c/em>\u003cem>When we think about the effects of climate change on our health, most of us probably think about big events like heat waves. Are there other, overlooked implications for public health? \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the reasons I think that climate change poses an enormous public health risk is because of the multiple pathways through which the impacts will be experienced. When you have a heat wave, you get worsening of \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2007JD009775/abstract\">pollution effects\u003c/a>. Also higher temperatures promote more \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/108/10/4248.full.pdf+html?sid=88885811-ae9a-4b37-9fb7-44db29a15a92\">ragweed pollen\u003c/a>, and then all sorts of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v438/n7066/full/nature04188.html\">infectious diseases\u003c/a>. There are so many diseases very sensitive to small shifts in temperature. It’s also extremes of the water cycle. Already we don’t handle heavy rainfall events very well. When it rains really hard, you’re going to find \u003ca href=\"http://download.journals.elsevierhealth.com/pdfs/journals/0749-3797/PIIS0749379708007022.pdf\">bacteria and viruses\u003c/a> in the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But I think one of the biggest problems that’s the most difficult to study and document, could be the disruption of big populations: droughts forcing people to move, sea level rise. These are going to cause population-wide disruption, social upheaval. I think this could be a huge burden with mental health, post-traumatic stress, and things like that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64334\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 258px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Global-warming-maps_hi-res.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64334 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Global-warming-maps_hi-res-258x253.jpg\" alt=\"In the upper map, countries are sized based on their greenhouse gas production\" width=\"258\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The disparity in carbon emissions (shown in the upper map) and prevalence of climate-senstive disease (lower map) between industrialized and non-industrialized countries is an ethical problem. Image by Jeff Miller, UW-Madison.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You’ve said that the way climate change is affecting our health is an ethical issue.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where are today’s most climate-sensitive diseases like \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/106/33/13844.full.pdf+html?sid=d981662e-43e1-4edb-bb3c-627a2f1a1fe7\">malaria\u003c/a>, malnutrition, diarrheal disease? They’re mostly in poor countries, especially Africa and India. Then you ask the question, who’s causing global warming? Global warming is primarily from burning fossil fuels -- that’s in the industrialized world. That’s the huge ethical dilemma. Those most vulnerable are the least responsible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I was \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YM1cQIH72tc&feature=youtu.be\">meeting with the Dalai Lama\u003c/a> two years ago, I was explaining to him that we didn’t know when we were developing the steam engine and oil- and gas-powered vehicles and powering our electricity with coal, we didn’t know that it was a bad thing. So now we know that. And the Dalai Lama asked me, he said, “Well, wait a minute, now that you know that, why are you still burning fossil fuels? It’s no longer ethical, with that knowledge.” I said to him, “That’s a good question. That’s a very good question.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>It’s easy to feel overwhelmed by the enormity of the problem. Are there concrete things people can do that will mitigate some of the negative effects on our health?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, this is the exciting piece of this that I really think is important. With every crisis there’s an opportunity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The automobile, the dependence on the automobile, is really a very costly design for our health. We actually \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3261937/\">quantified\u003c/a> the economic benefit and the health benefit if you took the 11 largest cities in the upper Midwest and you asked the question, what if short car trips, trips that are two and a half miles, were taken off the road? What would it mean for urban air quality? We found that we would save 500 lives a year, hundreds of thousands in hospitalizations, and about four billion dollars every year in savings from avoided health costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, what if half of those short car trips become bicycle trips, and only during the summer? That would save another 700 lives per year because of physical fitness. So we’re talking about eight billion dollars, about 1,300 lives saved. So, this is a golden opportunity -- a huge public health dividend -- to be able to design cities and design transportation for active transit, for biking, for walking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You bike to work, right? Even in the Wisconsin winter?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have recently bought studded snow tires and I do bike to work, but that’s not actually the message that I want to portray. Because I would say while I bike to work in the winter, I do it for speed and convenience. If I lived further away, I would probably take the bus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biking has to become the preferred choice, the easy choice. You can’t ask people to bicycle because they should. This is where the challenge is to urban planning and to the policymakers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64363\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 378px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Portland_Transit_Mall_with_cyclists_crossing.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64363 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Portland_Transit_Mall_with_cyclists_crossing-378x253.jpg\" alt=\"Patz' research shows that climate-change mitigation strategies like biking and using public transit have health benefits of their own. Image by Steve Morgan.\" width=\"378\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Patz' research shows that climate-change mitigation strategies like biking and using public transit have health benefits of their own. Image by Steve Morgan.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>I\u003c/em>\u003cem>s that why you’re so committed to advocacy? You spend a lot of time talking to government officials and policymakers.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I do. I’ve spent about 20 years working on climate change health issues. Most of that time has been looking at the hazardous effects, and I think it’s clear that climate change is a big hazard. But I now think that the policies towards smart urban planning, clean energy sources – the potential health benefits of those mitigation policies are huge. I use that \u003ca href=\"http://www.cartoonistgroup.com/store/add.php?iid=41786\">cartoon\u003c/a> all the time, these climate skeptics saying, “What if climate change is a hoax and we create a healthier and cleaner community for nothing?!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You were one of the first people in this field. Was there a moment when you realized what huge implications climate change had for public health?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem> \u003c/em>During one of my medical residencies I rotated at the EPA, and they asked me to review the literature on this issue. And I looked at this 1989 government report where the only health concern was the supplies of underarm deodorant. That was the health concern. And I said, wait a minute…this is a linchpin issue. This is one of those issues that involved population policy, per capita energy and resources, and potential big hazards. This is a huge issue and nobody’s actually doing research. So I started researching it. And now it’s great to see things are really spinning up and people have put climate change health as a top priority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Back then, did you ever think you’d end up talking to the Dalai Lama about climate change?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, I didn’t think about that one!\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "'The Vine That Ate the South' Heads North",
"title": "'The Vine That Ate the South' Heads North",
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"content": "\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Ohio/Radio/Content/kudzu/Stream/kudzu+11.19+with+intro+and+funder+mp3.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64034\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Pic1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-64034\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Pic1.jpg\" alt=\"Kudzu is an invasive vine that's prevalent in the South, but now many Northern states have it as well. This is a patch in the Collinwood neighborhood of Cleveland, Ohio.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Pic1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Pic1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kudzu is an invasive vine that's prevalent in the South, but now many Northern states have it as well. This is a patch in the Collinwood neighborhood of Cleveland, Ohio.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Say the word “kudzu” to anyone from the South and they’ll probably know what you’re talking about. That’s because in states like Georgia and Alabama the invasive vine known as kudzu covers roadsides, chokes forests, brings down power lines, and blankets entire buildings. It’s made its way into country songs, becoming a metaphor for clingy love.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kudzu’s twined itself into Southern culture, but it’s a big environmental headache, causing crop and property damage and loss of biodiversity. And now the vine’s coming north.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64040\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/IMG_2781.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64040\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/IMG_2781-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Kudzu was originally brought over from Asia as an ornamental.\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kudzu was originally brought over from Asia as an ornamental.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s even made it to northeast Ohio, where people didn’t expect it would survive the harsh winters. I went to check out one rogue patch in the Collinwood neighborhood of Cleveland, near Lake Erie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this rundown urban lot, the vine has worked its way up the power line and along the fencing and onto the nearby business and over the trees clear to people’s homes. Kudzu’s all over here -- just a sea of green in this gravel parking lot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Quite an eyeful. Amy Stone, with the Ohio State University Extension invasive species team, said this spot and others like it worry her because kudzu’s an aggressive, invasive, non-native species that’s caused a lot of grief down South. “It’s also known as the ‘vine that swallowed the South,’ or the ‘vine that ate the South.’ And so just imagine this kind of on steroids everywhere,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64038\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Kudzu-in-Chesapeake-OH-Credit-Eric-Boyda.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64038\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Kudzu-in-Chesapeake-OH-Credit-Eric-Boyda-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"In southern Ohio, kudzu stands take over whole hillsides, like this one in Chesapeake, OH. Credit: Eric Boyda, \" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In Southern Ohio, kudzu stands take over whole hillsides, like this one in Chesapeake, OH. Credit: Eric Boyda,\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Researchers aren’t entirely sure why the vine is extending its northern reach, but many attribute it to\u003ca href=\"http://unfccc.int/essential_background/background_publications_htmlpdf/climate_change_information_kit/items/288.php\"> warmer winters from climate change.\u003c/a> “We thought maybe it wouldn’t be hardy here,” said Stone. But due to changing weather conditions and a longer growing season, she said we may be able to see flowering and seeding of the vine, which would spread it even faster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/pumo1.htm\">Kudzu\u003c/a> can grow a foot a day -- up to 60 feet a season. It throws down roots everywhere it can, working its way into cracks and crevices on buildings, even collapsing whole barns and buckling power lines. Ohio recently joined \u003ca href=\"http://appalachianohioweeds.org/?s=kudzu\">14 other states\u003c/a> in adding kudzu to the state’s \u003ca href=\"http://codes.ohio.gov/oac/901%3A5-37\">noxious weed list\u003c/a>. Stone said all the Southern states have it and it’s working its way up north. “I think there’s even been some established sites in Maine, up the East Coast and all the way through the Midwest,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Funny thing is, farmers were told to plant kudzu back in the ’30s to control erosion. We learned quickly this was bad advice, said Stone. “What we found out is there’s just no stopping kudzu,” she said. It’s got a pretty purple flower and was originally brought over from Asia as an ornamental. People still see it and coo, take a cutting, and unknowingly unleash the beast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the kudzu patch in the Cleveland parking lot, Stone and I wade into the kudzu to check out the vine’s progression. Below the sea of green, bits of purple pop up -- the flower. And pollinators have been busy -- we find furry seed pods all over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64042\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/IMG_2819.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64042\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/IMG_2819-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Once the kudzu flower is pollinated, it develops seedpods which further enable its spread.\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Once the kudzu flower is pollinated, it develops seed pods which further enable its spread.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This is not good. Now the vine can be spread not only by ground but by wind or animal. “Wherever it drops off would be another start of kudzu,” said Stone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And with kudzu comes problems. It drives out native plants, swallows trees whole and kills them, causes structural damage, and is bad for farmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kudzu brings kudzu bugs, which also like to eat soybeans, and the vine plays host to the crop disease \u003ca href=\"http://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/intropp/lessons/fungi/Basidiomycetes/Pages/SoybeanRust.aspx\">soybean rust\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we were milling around, a neighbor came over, introduced himself as George Nelson, and asked me a good question, “Well, are you gonna have them clean it up?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once kudzu’s got a foothold in a place, it takes a whole lot of money and perseverance to clean it up. Stone said herbicides are the most effective way to take down the vine. Goats have also been tried as a means of control. “If you don’t get every little piece of it, it will be back,” said Stone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64037\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 304px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/USDA-kudzu-map.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64037\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/USDA-kudzu-map-304x253.png\" alt=\"Many states now host the invasive kudzu vine. Credit: USDA's PLANTS database\" width=\"304\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Many states now host the invasive kudzu vine. Credit: USDA's PLANTS database\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But to the man’s point, who is going to clean this up?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turns out someone offered, way back when kudzu was first discovered here in early 2000. “Through our conservation outreach program, I would have done it and I still would,” said Jim Bissell, a botanist with the Cleveland Museum of Natural History. He estimates it’d take nearly $10,000 to clean this up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Problem is, Bissell couldn’t find a taker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Property owners didn’t want to get their hands dirty, so he let it drop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I gave him a site update, though, and told him about the seed pods, it got his attention. “They didn’t have seed pods when I looked at it, so that could be a change already,” he said, “so that’s kind of frightening.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make a long story short, Bissell is now reviving efforts to get this spot cleaned up, but the road ahead is all the more weedy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>QUEST Ohio’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/jeanomalley/\" target=\"_blank\">Jean O’Malley\u003c/a> contributed to the reporting of this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The invasive vine known as kudzu has twined itself into Southern culture, but it’s a big environmental headache, causing crop and property damage and loss of biodiversity. And now the vine’s coming north. ",
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"description": "The invasive vine known as kudzu has twined itself into Southern culture, but it’s a big environmental headache, causing crop and property damage and loss of biodiversity. And now the vine’s coming north. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Ohio/Radio/Content/kudzu/Stream/kudzu+11.19+with+intro+and+funder+mp3.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64034\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Pic1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-64034\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Pic1.jpg\" alt=\"Kudzu is an invasive vine that's prevalent in the South, but now many Northern states have it as well. This is a patch in the Collinwood neighborhood of Cleveland, Ohio.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Pic1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Pic1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kudzu is an invasive vine that's prevalent in the South, but now many Northern states have it as well. This is a patch in the Collinwood neighborhood of Cleveland, Ohio.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Say the word “kudzu” to anyone from the South and they’ll probably know what you’re talking about. That’s because in states like Georgia and Alabama the invasive vine known as kudzu covers roadsides, chokes forests, brings down power lines, and blankets entire buildings. It’s made its way into country songs, becoming a metaphor for clingy love.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kudzu’s twined itself into Southern culture, but it’s a big environmental headache, causing crop and property damage and loss of biodiversity. And now the vine’s coming north.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64040\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/IMG_2781.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64040\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/IMG_2781-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Kudzu was originally brought over from Asia as an ornamental.\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kudzu was originally brought over from Asia as an ornamental.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s even made it to northeast Ohio, where people didn’t expect it would survive the harsh winters. I went to check out one rogue patch in the Collinwood neighborhood of Cleveland, near Lake Erie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this rundown urban lot, the vine has worked its way up the power line and along the fencing and onto the nearby business and over the trees clear to people’s homes. Kudzu’s all over here -- just a sea of green in this gravel parking lot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Quite an eyeful. Amy Stone, with the Ohio State University Extension invasive species team, said this spot and others like it worry her because kudzu’s an aggressive, invasive, non-native species that’s caused a lot of grief down South. “It’s also known as the ‘vine that swallowed the South,’ or the ‘vine that ate the South.’ And so just imagine this kind of on steroids everywhere,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64038\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Kudzu-in-Chesapeake-OH-Credit-Eric-Boyda.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64038\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Kudzu-in-Chesapeake-OH-Credit-Eric-Boyda-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"In southern Ohio, kudzu stands take over whole hillsides, like this one in Chesapeake, OH. Credit: Eric Boyda, \" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In Southern Ohio, kudzu stands take over whole hillsides, like this one in Chesapeake, OH. Credit: Eric Boyda,\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Researchers aren’t entirely sure why the vine is extending its northern reach, but many attribute it to\u003ca href=\"http://unfccc.int/essential_background/background_publications_htmlpdf/climate_change_information_kit/items/288.php\"> warmer winters from climate change.\u003c/a> “We thought maybe it wouldn’t be hardy here,” said Stone. But due to changing weather conditions and a longer growing season, she said we may be able to see flowering and seeding of the vine, which would spread it even faster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/pumo1.htm\">Kudzu\u003c/a> can grow a foot a day -- up to 60 feet a season. It throws down roots everywhere it can, working its way into cracks and crevices on buildings, even collapsing whole barns and buckling power lines. Ohio recently joined \u003ca href=\"http://appalachianohioweeds.org/?s=kudzu\">14 other states\u003c/a> in adding kudzu to the state’s \u003ca href=\"http://codes.ohio.gov/oac/901%3A5-37\">noxious weed list\u003c/a>. Stone said all the Southern states have it and it’s working its way up north. “I think there’s even been some established sites in Maine, up the East Coast and all the way through the Midwest,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Funny thing is, farmers were told to plant kudzu back in the ’30s to control erosion. We learned quickly this was bad advice, said Stone. “What we found out is there’s just no stopping kudzu,” she said. It’s got a pretty purple flower and was originally brought over from Asia as an ornamental. People still see it and coo, take a cutting, and unknowingly unleash the beast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the kudzu patch in the Cleveland parking lot, Stone and I wade into the kudzu to check out the vine’s progression. Below the sea of green, bits of purple pop up -- the flower. And pollinators have been busy -- we find furry seed pods all over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64042\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/IMG_2819.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64042\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/IMG_2819-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Once the kudzu flower is pollinated, it develops seedpods which further enable its spread.\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Once the kudzu flower is pollinated, it develops seed pods which further enable its spread.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This is not good. Now the vine can be spread not only by ground but by wind or animal. “Wherever it drops off would be another start of kudzu,” said Stone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And with kudzu comes problems. It drives out native plants, swallows trees whole and kills them, causes structural damage, and is bad for farmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kudzu brings kudzu bugs, which also like to eat soybeans, and the vine plays host to the crop disease \u003ca href=\"http://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/intropp/lessons/fungi/Basidiomycetes/Pages/SoybeanRust.aspx\">soybean rust\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we were milling around, a neighbor came over, introduced himself as George Nelson, and asked me a good question, “Well, are you gonna have them clean it up?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once kudzu’s got a foothold in a place, it takes a whole lot of money and perseverance to clean it up. Stone said herbicides are the most effective way to take down the vine. Goats have also been tried as a means of control. “If you don’t get every little piece of it, it will be back,” said Stone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64037\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 304px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/USDA-kudzu-map.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64037\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/USDA-kudzu-map-304x253.png\" alt=\"Many states now host the invasive kudzu vine. Credit: USDA's PLANTS database\" width=\"304\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Many states now host the invasive kudzu vine. Credit: USDA's PLANTS database\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But to the man’s point, who is going to clean this up?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turns out someone offered, way back when kudzu was first discovered here in early 2000. “Through our conservation outreach program, I would have done it and I still would,” said Jim Bissell, a botanist with the Cleveland Museum of Natural History. He estimates it’d take nearly $10,000 to clean this up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Problem is, Bissell couldn’t find a taker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Property owners didn’t want to get their hands dirty, so he let it drop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I gave him a site update, though, and told him about the seed pods, it got his attention. “They didn’t have seed pods when I looked at it, so that could be a change already,” he said, “so that’s kind of frightening.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make a long story short, Bissell is now reviving efforts to get this spot cleaned up, but the road ahead is all the more weedy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>QUEST Ohio’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/jeanomalley/\" target=\"_blank\">Jean O’Malley\u003c/a> contributed to the reporting of this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Cranberry Producers Strive to Save Water",
"title": "Cranberry Producers Strive to Save Water",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>Wisconsin produces the largest amount of cranberries in the U.S. In fact, half of the world's supply of the fruit comes from the state. It takes a lot of water to grow the tart red fruit, so in order to ensure the survival of their industry, cranberry producers have undergone technological upgrades to help conserve water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water is vital to every aspect of cranberry production. Most of it is used to irrigate the crop in the large, rectangular beds, called “bogs” or “marshes,” in which the fruit grows. When it's time for harvest, farmers flood the beds to float the bright red cranberries, making them easier to pick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cranberry producers flood the beds again in winter to encase the vines in ice for protection, and again in the spring to kill off any pests. Water is constantly cycling from the beds to the farm's retention ponds to natural rivers.\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/cranbogs.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-64192\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/cranbogs-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"B\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At \u003ca title=\"Prehn Cranberry Farm\" href=\"http://www.Prehncranberry.com\" target=\"_blank\">Fred Prehn's farm\u003c/a> outside of \u003ca title=\"Tomah, Wisconsin\" href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&q=11400+County+Hwy+N,+Tomah,+WI+54660&sll=44.003403,-90.448553&sspn=0.174348,0.307961&ie=UTF8&hq=11400+County+Hwy&hnear=North+Tomah,+WI&ll=44.017509,-90.402718&spn=0.174306,0.307961&z=12\" target=\"_blank\">Tomah \u003c/a>in southwest Wisconsin, harvest season is wrapping up. Water is draining from the beds back into the public waters. “Basically, this goes down to the Lemonweir River,\" Prehn explained. “It's our main water source.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prehn is like many producers in Wisconsin who are switching over to a more efficient farming operation. He says installing technology that monitors the temperature and moisture in the soil has made the biggest difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prehn is also a dentist, but when he's not on his farm he can check on his cranberries from his office by a computer or smart phone app. “I sit between my patients in Wausau, when I'm not down here, and I can watch the soil monitor. I can see it go down and I make a phone call. Of course, my staff all has iPads and they're basically watching it, too.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prehn says the technology has drastically cut back on the amount of watering, since they know exactly how much moisture is in the soil. That also saves on fuel and energy used to pump water into the beds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, a University of Wisconsin study found that 57 percent of producers are now using soil-monitoring programs. That's up more than 20 percent from four years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prehn says his farm had its best cranberry yield ever this year. Perfect weather and good workers are a big part of that, “but I really think it's because we're putting on the right amount of water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64028\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/MMprehm-2-1440x1080.jpg\" alt=\"Dentist and cranberry farmer Fred Prehn stands along the Lemonweir River, the main water source for his cranberry operation. Prehn and his staff use what they need and return the water to the river when they're finished. Photo Credit: Maureen McCollum/WPR\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" class=\"size-large wp-image-64028\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/MMprehm-2-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/MMprehm-2-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/MMprehm-2-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/MMprehm-2-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/MMprehm-2-960x720.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/MMprehm-2.jpg 1448w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dentist and cranberry farmer Fred Prehn stands along the Lemonweir River, the main water source for his cranberry operation. Prehn and his staff use what they need and return the water to the river when they're finished. Photo Credit: Maureen McCollum/WPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Just a few miles away, third-generation cranberry grower Ed Grygleski drives his pickup truck around his cranberry beds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He's also taken steps to reduce the amount of water used on his family's farm, but it's hard to tell how much water they've saved. That's because cranberry growers are regularly reusing water from nearby streams and retention ponds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We use a lot of water, but we are on watersheds and the water is there regardless if we're there or not and it flows through our marsh,” Grygleski said. \"We use it to irrigate and flood, and return it back to the same water source.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grygleski says if nutrients are applied to the beds, producers hold the treated water in a reservoir until it's safe to return to the rivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cranberry farmers have a pretty good deal with Wisconsin. A 140-year-old state law allows cranberry producers to use and dam the water for free on their property. Most growers say they don't want to abuse that, so they do their best to conserve their water sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They're also paying attention to how water supplies are running low in some parts of the country. Although dwindling water supplies are not a problem in most of Wisconsin, producers are doing what they can to make sure they always have water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64029\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64029\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/MMnicoleandbill-2-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Cranberry Creek Cranberries' plant health manager Nicole Hanson and owner Bill Hatch stand between a water reservoir and a freshly harvest cranberry bed near Necedah. Photo Credit: Maureen McCollum/WPR\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cranberry Creek Cranberries' plant health manager Nicole Hanson and owner Bill Hatch stand between a water reservoir and a freshly harvest cranberry bed near Necedah. Photo Credit: Maureen McCollum/WPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Nicole Hanson serves on a number of agriculture and sustainability boards and is the plant health manager at Cranberry Creek Cranberries, one of the largest producers in the state. “Because the nation is very concerned about water, as an industry, absolutely we want to be proactive,\" Hanson said. “One of the amazing things about the cranberry industry is the fact that the industry is very progressive, very involved in trying to stay ahead.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there’s one more way they’re looking ahead. Like many other producers, Hanson wants to make sure there's enough water so her children can work on the same cranberry farm.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Water is used in every aspect of cranberry production. Wisconsin cranberry producers are using soil temperature monitoring technology to help conserve water. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Wisconsin produces the largest amount of cranberries in the U.S. In fact, half of the world's supply of the fruit comes from the state. It takes a lot of water to grow the tart red fruit, so in order to ensure the survival of their industry, cranberry producers have undergone technological upgrades to help conserve water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water is vital to every aspect of cranberry production. Most of it is used to irrigate the crop in the large, rectangular beds, called “bogs” or “marshes,” in which the fruit grows. When it's time for harvest, farmers flood the beds to float the bright red cranberries, making them easier to pick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cranberry producers flood the beds again in winter to encase the vines in ice for protection, and again in the spring to kill off any pests. Water is constantly cycling from the beds to the farm's retention ponds to natural rivers.\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/cranbogs.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-64192\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/cranbogs-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"B\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At \u003ca title=\"Prehn Cranberry Farm\" href=\"http://www.Prehncranberry.com\" target=\"_blank\">Fred Prehn's farm\u003c/a> outside of \u003ca title=\"Tomah, Wisconsin\" href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&q=11400+County+Hwy+N,+Tomah,+WI+54660&sll=44.003403,-90.448553&sspn=0.174348,0.307961&ie=UTF8&hq=11400+County+Hwy&hnear=North+Tomah,+WI&ll=44.017509,-90.402718&spn=0.174306,0.307961&z=12\" target=\"_blank\">Tomah \u003c/a>in southwest Wisconsin, harvest season is wrapping up. Water is draining from the beds back into the public waters. “Basically, this goes down to the Lemonweir River,\" Prehn explained. “It's our main water source.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prehn is like many producers in Wisconsin who are switching over to a more efficient farming operation. He says installing technology that monitors the temperature and moisture in the soil has made the biggest difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prehn is also a dentist, but when he's not on his farm he can check on his cranberries from his office by a computer or smart phone app. “I sit between my patients in Wausau, when I'm not down here, and I can watch the soil monitor. I can see it go down and I make a phone call. Of course, my staff all has iPads and they're basically watching it, too.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prehn says the technology has drastically cut back on the amount of watering, since they know exactly how much moisture is in the soil. That also saves on fuel and energy used to pump water into the beds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, a University of Wisconsin study found that 57 percent of producers are now using soil-monitoring programs. That's up more than 20 percent from four years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prehn says his farm had its best cranberry yield ever this year. Perfect weather and good workers are a big part of that, “but I really think it's because we're putting on the right amount of water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64028\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/MMprehm-2-1440x1080.jpg\" alt=\"Dentist and cranberry farmer Fred Prehn stands along the Lemonweir River, the main water source for his cranberry operation. Prehn and his staff use what they need and return the water to the river when they're finished. Photo Credit: Maureen McCollum/WPR\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" class=\"size-large wp-image-64028\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/MMprehm-2-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/MMprehm-2-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/MMprehm-2-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/MMprehm-2-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/MMprehm-2-960x720.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/MMprehm-2.jpg 1448w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dentist and cranberry farmer Fred Prehn stands along the Lemonweir River, the main water source for his cranberry operation. Prehn and his staff use what they need and return the water to the river when they're finished. Photo Credit: Maureen McCollum/WPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Just a few miles away, third-generation cranberry grower Ed Grygleski drives his pickup truck around his cranberry beds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He's also taken steps to reduce the amount of water used on his family's farm, but it's hard to tell how much water they've saved. That's because cranberry growers are regularly reusing water from nearby streams and retention ponds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We use a lot of water, but we are on watersheds and the water is there regardless if we're there or not and it flows through our marsh,” Grygleski said. \"We use it to irrigate and flood, and return it back to the same water source.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grygleski says if nutrients are applied to the beds, producers hold the treated water in a reservoir until it's safe to return to the rivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cranberry farmers have a pretty good deal with Wisconsin. A 140-year-old state law allows cranberry producers to use and dam the water for free on their property. Most growers say they don't want to abuse that, so they do their best to conserve their water sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They're also paying attention to how water supplies are running low in some parts of the country. Although dwindling water supplies are not a problem in most of Wisconsin, producers are doing what they can to make sure they always have water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64029\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64029\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/MMnicoleandbill-2-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Cranberry Creek Cranberries' plant health manager Nicole Hanson and owner Bill Hatch stand between a water reservoir and a freshly harvest cranberry bed near Necedah. Photo Credit: Maureen McCollum/WPR\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cranberry Creek Cranberries' plant health manager Nicole Hanson and owner Bill Hatch stand between a water reservoir and a freshly harvest cranberry bed near Necedah. Photo Credit: Maureen McCollum/WPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Nicole Hanson serves on a number of agriculture and sustainability boards and is the plant health manager at Cranberry Creek Cranberries, one of the largest producers in the state. “Because the nation is very concerned about water, as an industry, absolutely we want to be proactive,\" Hanson said. “One of the amazing things about the cranberry industry is the fact that the industry is very progressive, very involved in trying to stay ahead.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there’s one more way they’re looking ahead. Like many other producers, Hanson wants to make sure there's enough water so her children can work on the same cranberry farm.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Protecting Summer Hang-Outs For Bats",
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"content": "\u003cp>Most people think of bats only as cave-dwelling night creatures that sometimes mistake your attic for a hideout. But bats don’t spend all their time in winter hibernation or asleep in dark, dusty corners. In fact, where they spend their waking hours matters a great deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers from \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.org/\">The Nature Conservancy\u003c/a> are trying to help protect the bat’s vital role in the ecosystem by answering the question: where do bats like to spend the summer?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August I joined lead researcher and \u003ca href=\"http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/encyclopedia/geographic-information-system-gis/?ar_a=1\">GIS \u003c/a>expert August Froehlich at dusk near a soybean field in Norwalk, Ohio. We were there to check out some bats in their summer digs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63584\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/FWS-roost-tree.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-63584\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/FWS-roost-tree-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Shagbark hickory used as a roost by an Indiana bat maternity colony in Indiana. Credit: Joey Weber, Indiana State University.\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This shagbark hickory is the roost site for a colony of Indiana bats. Credit: Joey Weber, Indiana State University\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Since bat calls aren’t audible to the human ear, Froehlich’s team uses a \u003ca href=\"http://teachertech.rice.edu/Participants/cllamas/lessons/science/bats/batsounds.htm\">bat detector\u003c/a> that translates the calls into audible chirps. He was looking for the bat “hotspots.” Where were the bats hanging out? This is important to know because bat mothers raise their pups during the summer, and protecting these spots is crucial to the survival of the species. And bats aren’t doing so well. Hit hard by \u003ca href=\"http://www.clevelandmetroparks.com/Main/Notes-From-The-Field-Blog/45.aspx#.UnJ2IBD3PKd\">white-nose syndrome\u003c/a>, bat populations are in decline in Ohio and across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Froehlich’s team has created a \u003ca href=\"http://www.dot.state.oh.us/Divisions/Planning/SPR/Research/RFP/Documents/Clarifications2014-04/04_IndianaBat_TNC_WhitePaper.pdf\">bat map\u003c/a> to predict summer habitat, especially that of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/midwest/Endangered/mammals/inba/pdf/inbafctsht.pdf\">endangered Indiana bat. \u003c/a> “All large development projects, road projects, anything that requires a permit, basically, has to check to make sure if they’re going to impact Indiana bat habitat,” said Froehlich. Thus, developers end up spending inordinate amounts of time and money trying to make sure that they’re not hurting the Indiana bat. “This project is an attempt to try to get ahead of that,” he said, so that they can better understand the habitat needs of the endangered bat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To test the map’s accuracy, Froehlich spent his summer on late-night car trips, like the one he invited me to join. Hazards on and driving slowly, we waited to hear the chirps. As we drove back and forth along the Huron River, it took some time for the bat detector to light up. When we approached a bridge over a forested river crossing, Froehlich stopped and put a finger to his lips.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we paused on the bridge, the hiss of the wind against the detector’s microphone slowly gave way to a chorus of faint chirps. Bats were out and breakfasting. Back in the lab, Froehlich will be able to analyze the digital sound recordings to discern the species of bats we heard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal of the bat map is to identify areas like this. It factors in proximity to agricultural land, woods, development, and more. This information can then be used as a guide for prioritizing which spots to protect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63580\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 189px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bats-019.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-63580\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bats-019-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"Tim Krynak, a naturalist at the Cleveland Metroparks, holds Baby, a rescued brown bat.\" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tim Krynak, a naturalist at the Cleveland Metroparks, holds Baby, a rescued brown bat.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After hearing bats from a distance I wanted to see some up close, so I met with naturalist Tim Krynak and Baby, his rescue bat who now educates visitors to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.clevelandmetroparks.com/Main/Home.aspx\">Cleveland Metroparks. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To me, Baby looked like a flying mouse with really distinct feet, but Krynak hates to hear him (or any other bat, for that matter) described like that. Kryank has a real soft spot for his favorite creature, and it saddens him to see the widespread decline of their populations, especially since bats provide a lot of \u003ca href=\"http://www.caves.org/WNS/WNS%20Kunz%20April%205%20%202011.pdf\">ecosystem services \u003c/a>that benefit humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bats are the prime controller of night-flying insects, he said, eating nearly their whole body weight in bugs every night. “A lot of those night-flying insects humans consider ‘pests,’ so by helping the bat population, we're helping control these night-flying insects, which then relates to our plants at home as well as our agricultural community,” said Krynak. He cited a recent study from Texas-based Bat Conservation International that found a colony of big brown bats controlled pests on a 100-acre farm as effectively as pesticides. “It's better for the environment, cheaper for the farmers just by encouraging bats in their area,” said Krynak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bats also help regenerate forests, disperse seeds, pollinate flowers, and keep the entire ecosystem in good health. Their guano makes good fertilizer, and they have even been a help to medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63795\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bats-028.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-63795\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bats-028-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"A bat skeleton is on display at the Cleveland Metroparks.\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bat skeleton is on display at the Cleveland Metroparks.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Karen Hallberg is a wildlife biologist with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in Columbus, Ohio. The Nature Conservancy’s bat map research lands on her desk. It’s her job to work with developers to minimize impacts to the endangered Indiana bat. They’ll take this research into consideration when making land-use decisions. “It’s going to be one of the many tools we use to evaluate these project impacts,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could also work like a swing vote. “We will look at this model in a special situation where it’s difficult to make a decision whether impacts are likely or not,” said Hallberg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She added that protecting bat habitat has a ripple effect. It doesn’t just benefit the bats but also improves stream quality, nutrient cycling, and other important natural functions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental science disputes the bats’ bad public wrap: far from being creepy “flying mice,” they are in fact a vital part of a healthy ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Want to relocate a colony from your attic, or encourage bats in your neighborhood? Learn how to build your own \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/midwest/Endangered/mammals/inba/pdf/BatBoxPlanForIN.pdf\">backyard bat box.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Most people think of bats only as cave-dwelling night creatures that sometimes mistake your attic for a hideout. But bats don’t spend all their time in winter hibernation or asleep in dark, dusty corners. In fact, where they spend their waking hours matters a great deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers from \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.org/\">The Nature Conservancy\u003c/a> are trying to help protect the bat’s vital role in the ecosystem by answering the question: where do bats like to spend the summer?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August I joined lead researcher and \u003ca href=\"http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/encyclopedia/geographic-information-system-gis/?ar_a=1\">GIS \u003c/a>expert August Froehlich at dusk near a soybean field in Norwalk, Ohio. We were there to check out some bats in their summer digs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63584\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/FWS-roost-tree.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-63584\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/FWS-roost-tree-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Shagbark hickory used as a roost by an Indiana bat maternity colony in Indiana. Credit: Joey Weber, Indiana State University.\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This shagbark hickory is the roost site for a colony of Indiana bats. Credit: Joey Weber, Indiana State University\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Since bat calls aren’t audible to the human ear, Froehlich’s team uses a \u003ca href=\"http://teachertech.rice.edu/Participants/cllamas/lessons/science/bats/batsounds.htm\">bat detector\u003c/a> that translates the calls into audible chirps. He was looking for the bat “hotspots.” Where were the bats hanging out? This is important to know because bat mothers raise their pups during the summer, and protecting these spots is crucial to the survival of the species. And bats aren’t doing so well. Hit hard by \u003ca href=\"http://www.clevelandmetroparks.com/Main/Notes-From-The-Field-Blog/45.aspx#.UnJ2IBD3PKd\">white-nose syndrome\u003c/a>, bat populations are in decline in Ohio and across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Froehlich’s team has created a \u003ca href=\"http://www.dot.state.oh.us/Divisions/Planning/SPR/Research/RFP/Documents/Clarifications2014-04/04_IndianaBat_TNC_WhitePaper.pdf\">bat map\u003c/a> to predict summer habitat, especially that of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/midwest/Endangered/mammals/inba/pdf/inbafctsht.pdf\">endangered Indiana bat. \u003c/a> “All large development projects, road projects, anything that requires a permit, basically, has to check to make sure if they’re going to impact Indiana bat habitat,” said Froehlich. Thus, developers end up spending inordinate amounts of time and money trying to make sure that they’re not hurting the Indiana bat. “This project is an attempt to try to get ahead of that,” he said, so that they can better understand the habitat needs of the endangered bat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To test the map’s accuracy, Froehlich spent his summer on late-night car trips, like the one he invited me to join. Hazards on and driving slowly, we waited to hear the chirps. As we drove back and forth along the Huron River, it took some time for the bat detector to light up. When we approached a bridge over a forested river crossing, Froehlich stopped and put a finger to his lips.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we paused on the bridge, the hiss of the wind against the detector’s microphone slowly gave way to a chorus of faint chirps. Bats were out and breakfasting. Back in the lab, Froehlich will be able to analyze the digital sound recordings to discern the species of bats we heard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal of the bat map is to identify areas like this. It factors in proximity to agricultural land, woods, development, and more. This information can then be used as a guide for prioritizing which spots to protect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63580\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 189px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bats-019.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-63580\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bats-019-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"Tim Krynak, a naturalist at the Cleveland Metroparks, holds Baby, a rescued brown bat.\" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tim Krynak, a naturalist at the Cleveland Metroparks, holds Baby, a rescued brown bat.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After hearing bats from a distance I wanted to see some up close, so I met with naturalist Tim Krynak and Baby, his rescue bat who now educates visitors to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.clevelandmetroparks.com/Main/Home.aspx\">Cleveland Metroparks. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To me, Baby looked like a flying mouse with really distinct feet, but Krynak hates to hear him (or any other bat, for that matter) described like that. Kryank has a real soft spot for his favorite creature, and it saddens him to see the widespread decline of their populations, especially since bats provide a lot of \u003ca href=\"http://www.caves.org/WNS/WNS%20Kunz%20April%205%20%202011.pdf\">ecosystem services \u003c/a>that benefit humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bats are the prime controller of night-flying insects, he said, eating nearly their whole body weight in bugs every night. “A lot of those night-flying insects humans consider ‘pests,’ so by helping the bat population, we're helping control these night-flying insects, which then relates to our plants at home as well as our agricultural community,” said Krynak. He cited a recent study from Texas-based Bat Conservation International that found a colony of big brown bats controlled pests on a 100-acre farm as effectively as pesticides. “It's better for the environment, cheaper for the farmers just by encouraging bats in their area,” said Krynak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bats also help regenerate forests, disperse seeds, pollinate flowers, and keep the entire ecosystem in good health. Their guano makes good fertilizer, and they have even been a help to medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63795\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bats-028.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-63795\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bats-028-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"A bat skeleton is on display at the Cleveland Metroparks.\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bat skeleton is on display at the Cleveland Metroparks.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Karen Hallberg is a wildlife biologist with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in Columbus, Ohio. The Nature Conservancy’s bat map research lands on her desk. It’s her job to work with developers to minimize impacts to the endangered Indiana bat. They’ll take this research into consideration when making land-use decisions. “It’s going to be one of the many tools we use to evaluate these project impacts,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could also work like a swing vote. “We will look at this model in a special situation where it’s difficult to make a decision whether impacts are likely or not,” said Hallberg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She added that protecting bat habitat has a ripple effect. It doesn’t just benefit the bats but also improves stream quality, nutrient cycling, and other important natural functions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental science disputes the bats’ bad public wrap: far from being creepy “flying mice,” they are in fact a vital part of a healthy ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Want to relocate a colony from your attic, or encourage bats in your neighborhood? Learn how to build your own \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/midwest/Endangered/mammals/inba/pdf/BatBoxPlanForIN.pdf\">backyard bat box.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Transforming San Francisco Into a Model of Disaster Preparedness",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63816\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/11/20/transforming-san-francisco-into-a-model-of-disaster-preparedness/shawn-clover_edited-1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-63816\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-63816\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Shawn-Clover_edited-1.jpg\" alt=\"A mashup of San Francisco's Pacific Heights neighborhood right after the 1906 earthquake and what the area looks like today. Credit: Shawn Clover\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Shawn-Clover_edited-1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Shawn-Clover_edited-1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A mashup of San Francisco's Pacific Heights neighborhood right after the 1906 earthquake and what the area looks like today.\u003cbr>Credit: Shawn Clover\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mention sleeping in \u003ca href=\"http://sfrecpark.org/destination/golden-gate-park/\">Golden Gate Park\u003c/a>, and most people think of homelessness. But the idea that San Francisco’s most famous park could be used as an emergency shelter for thousands of victims after a major earthquake – as it was after the 1906 earthquake – is again resurfacing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.publicarchitecture.org/\">Public Architecture\u003c/a>, a San Francisco non-profit organization, recently asked three architecture and design firms to devise resiliency plans for the city that could be put in place as soon as next year and explore creative ways San Francisco could respond to natural disasters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With everything from urine recycling to art installations that indicate areas at risk for earthquake liquefaction, tsunamis and floods, the firms drew up a variety of innovative strategies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the plans, from San Francisco-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.cmgsite.com/\">CMG Landscape Architecture\u003c/a>, looks to the \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/nca/1906/18april/index.php\">1906 San Francisco earthquake\u003c/a>. That catastrophe killed at least 3,000 people, destroyed more than 28,000 buildings and left 225,000 people homeless.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“We’re in earthquake country and it can be the elephant in the room—we know it could happen but we want to ignore it”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>After the 7.6 magnitude earthquake hit, many victims flocked to the Presidio—then a military outpost—and to Golden Gate Park for refuge. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first, tents were constructed, but as winter approached, soldiers from the Army built small houses that provided shelter for more than 16,000 survivors. CMG believes the Park can once again support many thousands of people, if necessary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re in earthquake country and it can be the elephant in the room—we know it could happen but we want to ignore it,” said CMG design leader \u003ca href=\"http://www.cmgsite.com/firm/people/scott-cataffa/\">Scott Cataffa\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CMG proposes new waste treatment facilities, emergency-response infrastructure and energy supplies by lining the Park’s polo fields with dry-composting restrooms and first aid stations. The restrooms would divert treated wastewater onto nearby turf for use as a natural fertilizer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An on-site, sand-filter water treatment system also would serve as a 100-foot tall water tower and viewing deck. The observation deck, covered with solar panels and a modern-day windmill, would allow people to survey the surrounding area. Dutch and Murphy Windmills that already exist at the Park would serve as a back-up power source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By integrating large-scale sanitation-systems, water treatment infrastructure and a water tower, the park could support up to 12,000 people, Cataffa estimated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is already a precedent for Golden Gate Park supporting a large influx of people in the 21st century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Annual events, like the Outside Lands music festival, draw hundreds of thousands of fans into the park during the summer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, CMG officials believe that public events are ideal opportunities to teach disaster preparedness and encourage a sense of community among attendees. “During Super Storm Sandy, some communities had fewer economic resources but knew each other better and they looked out for each other,” Caffata said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We wanted to tap into the sharing economy of Burning Man and back-country camping,” he said, “and see if we could come together and get to know our neighbors.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next April 18, on the 108th anniversary of the 1906 earthquake, CMG proposes a “Camp the Park” event. Interested San Franciscans would spend the night in Golden Gate Park to test the city’s ability to mobilize and prepare for disaster response while meeting neighbors and learning about survival techniques.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Corporate sponsors would provide the funding while the San Francisco Recreation and Park Department would need to approve the event and any structural upgrades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, not everyone thinks it’s a good idea to herd thousands of people into Golden Gate Park after the next major earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our first choice is to keep people in their homes, not in a city that gets built in Golden Gate Park,\" said Lt. Erica Arteseros, program coordinator for the San Francisco Fire Department’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.sf-fire.org/index.aspx?page=875\">Neighborhood Emergency Response Team\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arteseros' program, formed after the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake, allows roughly 2,000 people a year to receive 18 hours of disaster preparedness training from San Francisco firefighters and emergency responders. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There’s not enough space and housing to accommodate everyone leaving their home,” she said. “If your home is safe enough to stay in, that’s the best.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.spur.org/\">San Francisco Planning and Urban Research Association\u003c/a>, a non-profit planning group, has published a \u003ca href=\"http://www.spur.org/publications/library/article/san-francisco-safe-enough-stay\">“Safe Enough to Stay”\u003c/a> report that details what it would take to make people's homes suitable as shelters after an earthquake. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If residents can stay in their homes, the process of rebuilding the city can begin much sooner, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, after a magnitude 7.0 earthquake or greater, many people would be left homeless.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In that scenario, the San Francisco \u003ca href=\"http://sfdem.org/\">Department of Emergency Management\u003c/a> would work with the Red Cross to set up temporary shelters and use large spaces like the Bill Graham Civic Auditorium to provide longer term housing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For all San Francisco's current planning, CMG and Public Architecture say they are not evaluating optimal conditions. They anticipate a future that is hard to imagine and even harder to predict.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not planning for a best-case scenario,” said Public Architecture CEO John Peterson. “Unfortunately the best case is not realistic.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The next “big one” is never out of mind for San Francisco residents who may have a new place to gather if one landscape architecture firm has its way. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63816\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/11/20/transforming-san-francisco-into-a-model-of-disaster-preparedness/shawn-clover_edited-1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-63816\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-63816\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Shawn-Clover_edited-1.jpg\" alt=\"A mashup of San Francisco's Pacific Heights neighborhood right after the 1906 earthquake and what the area looks like today. Credit: Shawn Clover\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Shawn-Clover_edited-1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Shawn-Clover_edited-1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A mashup of San Francisco's Pacific Heights neighborhood right after the 1906 earthquake and what the area looks like today.\u003cbr>Credit: Shawn Clover\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mention sleeping in \u003ca href=\"http://sfrecpark.org/destination/golden-gate-park/\">Golden Gate Park\u003c/a>, and most people think of homelessness. But the idea that San Francisco’s most famous park could be used as an emergency shelter for thousands of victims after a major earthquake – as it was after the 1906 earthquake – is again resurfacing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.publicarchitecture.org/\">Public Architecture\u003c/a>, a San Francisco non-profit organization, recently asked three architecture and design firms to devise resiliency plans for the city that could be put in place as soon as next year and explore creative ways San Francisco could respond to natural disasters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With everything from urine recycling to art installations that indicate areas at risk for earthquake liquefaction, tsunamis and floods, the firms drew up a variety of innovative strategies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the plans, from San Francisco-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.cmgsite.com/\">CMG Landscape Architecture\u003c/a>, looks to the \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/nca/1906/18april/index.php\">1906 San Francisco earthquake\u003c/a>. That catastrophe killed at least 3,000 people, destroyed more than 28,000 buildings and left 225,000 people homeless.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“We’re in earthquake country and it can be the elephant in the room—we know it could happen but we want to ignore it”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>After the 7.6 magnitude earthquake hit, many victims flocked to the Presidio—then a military outpost—and to Golden Gate Park for refuge. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first, tents were constructed, but as winter approached, soldiers from the Army built small houses that provided shelter for more than 16,000 survivors. CMG believes the Park can once again support many thousands of people, if necessary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re in earthquake country and it can be the elephant in the room—we know it could happen but we want to ignore it,” said CMG design leader \u003ca href=\"http://www.cmgsite.com/firm/people/scott-cataffa/\">Scott Cataffa\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CMG proposes new waste treatment facilities, emergency-response infrastructure and energy supplies by lining the Park’s polo fields with dry-composting restrooms and first aid stations. The restrooms would divert treated wastewater onto nearby turf for use as a natural fertilizer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An on-site, sand-filter water treatment system also would serve as a 100-foot tall water tower and viewing deck. The observation deck, covered with solar panels and a modern-day windmill, would allow people to survey the surrounding area. Dutch and Murphy Windmills that already exist at the Park would serve as a back-up power source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By integrating large-scale sanitation-systems, water treatment infrastructure and a water tower, the park could support up to 12,000 people, Cataffa estimated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is already a precedent for Golden Gate Park supporting a large influx of people in the 21st century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Annual events, like the Outside Lands music festival, draw hundreds of thousands of fans into the park during the summer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, CMG officials believe that public events are ideal opportunities to teach disaster preparedness and encourage a sense of community among attendees. “During Super Storm Sandy, some communities had fewer economic resources but knew each other better and they looked out for each other,” Caffata said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We wanted to tap into the sharing economy of Burning Man and back-country camping,” he said, “and see if we could come together and get to know our neighbors.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next April 18, on the 108th anniversary of the 1906 earthquake, CMG proposes a “Camp the Park” event. Interested San Franciscans would spend the night in Golden Gate Park to test the city’s ability to mobilize and prepare for disaster response while meeting neighbors and learning about survival techniques.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Corporate sponsors would provide the funding while the San Francisco Recreation and Park Department would need to approve the event and any structural upgrades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, not everyone thinks it’s a good idea to herd thousands of people into Golden Gate Park after the next major earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our first choice is to keep people in their homes, not in a city that gets built in Golden Gate Park,\" said Lt. Erica Arteseros, program coordinator for the San Francisco Fire Department’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.sf-fire.org/index.aspx?page=875\">Neighborhood Emergency Response Team\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arteseros' program, formed after the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake, allows roughly 2,000 people a year to receive 18 hours of disaster preparedness training from San Francisco firefighters and emergency responders. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There’s not enough space and housing to accommodate everyone leaving their home,” she said. “If your home is safe enough to stay in, that’s the best.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.spur.org/\">San Francisco Planning and Urban Research Association\u003c/a>, a non-profit planning group, has published a \u003ca href=\"http://www.spur.org/publications/library/article/san-francisco-safe-enough-stay\">“Safe Enough to Stay”\u003c/a> report that details what it would take to make people's homes suitable as shelters after an earthquake. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If residents can stay in their homes, the process of rebuilding the city can begin much sooner, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, after a magnitude 7.0 earthquake or greater, many people would be left homeless.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In that scenario, the San Francisco \u003ca href=\"http://sfdem.org/\">Department of Emergency Management\u003c/a> would work with the Red Cross to set up temporary shelters and use large spaces like the Bill Graham Civic Auditorium to provide longer term housing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For all San Francisco's current planning, CMG and Public Architecture say they are not evaluating optimal conditions. They anticipate a future that is hard to imagine and even harder to predict.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not planning for a best-case scenario,” said Public Architecture CEO John Peterson. “Unfortunately the best case is not realistic.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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