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"content": "\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63475\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-63475 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Fish-Marquee-Image1-e1383764680981.jpg\" alt=\"Fish Marquee Image\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Fish-Marquee-Image1-e1383764680981.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Fish-Marquee-Image1-e1383764680981-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">How much is safe to eat? Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/heatherjoan/4942166380/\">Heather Joan\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Reported by Robert McClure, \u003ca href=\"http://www.invw.org/\">InvestigateWest\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The science of setting water-pollution limits for factories, sewage plants, and other facilities that dump into waterways can be tricky, especially when people catch fish for dinner from those waters. It’s a big health dilemma for some subsets of the American population who eat a lot of seafood, including sport fishers, people on low incomes, Asian immigrants, and members of coastal Indian tribes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 378px\">\u003cimg class=\" \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/FishConsumptionGraphic.png\" alt=\"FishConsumptionGraphic\" width=\"378\" height=\"440\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The current estimate of how much fish people eat, a key criterion for setting water quality standards, is in some states less than one-twentieth the figure used by Oregon.* Image courtesy of Jason Alcorn and InvestigateWest.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The federal Clean Water Act is supposed to protect the rivers, lakes, and bays where we glean our fish and other seafood, but that isn’t always the case. Fish living in polluted waters can contain toxic chemicals that, if eaten, lead to cancer and other health problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may be surprising to learn that the way the \u003ca href=\"http://water.epa.gov/scitech/swguidance/standards/criteria/health/methodology/upload/hhfaqs.pdf\">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has told\u003c/a> states to set the pollution limits is to first find out how much fish people are eating, and then set stricter pollution restrictions if people are eating lots of fish and less strict ones if they’re eating less fish. To do this, the state determines a “fish-consumption rate,” a figure that gets cranked into a complicated health-based formula that is supposed to protect the well-being of people who eat fish and other kinds of seafood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Seafood is a staple of a lot of people here in the Pacific Northwest, as well as freshwater fish, and it’s supposed to be a healthy alternative to other food sources,” says Shawn Yanity, chair of the Stillaguamish tribe in Washington State. “But how healthy is it when you’re only allowed to consume so much before you start taking on a risk of cancer and other sicknesses?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sYnrU5OJPBo\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Groups that want a lower fish-consumption rate in Washington State have started a campaign on YouTube, including videos of people who eat more than the state average of fish.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trouble is that limiting and cleaning up water pollution can have big financial consequences for industry and others regulated under the Clean Water Act. Another problem is that seafood-consumption data are not always accurate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some states, this crucial variable has recently been shown to fall far short of what people are actually eating. Part of the problem is that many states set their fish consumption rate years ago, when Americans ate less seafood. The American Heart Association recommends eating fish twice a week, which would greatly exceed most states’ estimates of how much people eat if all that fish came out of local lakes and rivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62798\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 428px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/10/14/wa-and-or-fish-rate-comparison/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-62798\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-62798 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-and-OR-fish-rate-comparison.png\" alt=\"WA and OR fish rate comparison\" width=\"428\" height=\"505\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-and-OR-fish-rate-comparison.png 680w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-and-OR-fish-rate-comparison-400x472.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 428px) 100vw, 428px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oregon increased its fish consumption rate to 175 grams per day in 2011, nearly 30 times that of Washington State.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For example, the state of Washington bases its water-quality standards on an estimate of just 6.5 grams per day, not even enough salmon to cover a big cracker. Where did that number come from? It turns out that it traces back to three-day food diaries filled out in the 1970s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Washington environmentalists and Indian tribes are battling to boost the fish-eating estimate, citing studies of fish-consumption rates among tribal members and others dating to the mid-1990s. But business interests are pushing back. They want additional studies to clarify just how much of the fish people eat is actually coming from the waterways that are being polluted. After all, the current law stipulates that if people eat less seafood, more pollution can be allowed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Oregon increased its fish consumption rate to 175 grams per day in 2011, nearly 30 times that of Washington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in September 2013, under orders from the EPA, Idaho officials \u003ca href=\"http://www.idahostatesman.com/2013/09/27/2783951/do-you-eat-idaho-fish-state-officials.html\">assigned a contractor to survey state residents\u003c/a> about the amount of fish they eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Changes may be afoot in other states, too, as awareness of the low fish-consumption estimates garner more attention and more scientists want to know how much fish you ate last night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>* Fish-consumption estimates in selected states around the country\u003c/strong>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.ohio.gov/portals/35/tmdl/2012IntReport/IR2012_SectionE.pdf\">Ohio\u003c/a>: 17.5 grams per day\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-WATER/2000/May/Day-18/w11106.pdf\">California\u003c/a>: Varies depending on the pollutant and other factors. For mercury, historically 16.5 grams per day (but 32 grams per day in the San Francisco Bay and Bay Delta regions); EPA promulgated a 6.5 grams per day estimate for polychlorinated biphenyls.\u003cbr>\nNebraska: 32 grams per day\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.deq.state.or.us/wq/standards/docs/toxics/devfishconrate.pdf\">Wisconsin\u003c/a>: 20 grams per day\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ow.ly/pHsxy\">North Carolina\u003c/a>: 17.5 grams per day\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Seafood is a staple of a lot of people here in the Pacific Northwest, as well as freshwater fish, and it’s supposed to be a healthy alternative to other food sources,” says Shawn Yanity, chair of the Stillaguamish tribe in Washington State. “But how healthy is it when you’re only allowed to consume so much before you start taking on a risk of cancer and other sicknesses?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sYnrU5OJPBo\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Groups that want a lower fish-consumption rate in Washington State have started a campaign on YouTube, including videos of people who eat more than the state average of fish.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trouble is that limiting and cleaning up water pollution can have big financial consequences for industry and others regulated under the Clean Water Act. Another problem is that seafood-consumption data are not always accurate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some states, this crucial variable has recently been shown to fall far short of what people are actually eating. Part of the problem is that many states set their fish consumption rate years ago, when Americans ate less seafood. The American Heart Association recommends eating fish twice a week, which would greatly exceed most states’ estimates of how much people eat if all that fish came out of local lakes and rivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62798\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 428px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/10/14/wa-and-or-fish-rate-comparison/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-62798\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-62798 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-and-OR-fish-rate-comparison.png\" alt=\"WA and OR fish rate comparison\" width=\"428\" height=\"505\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-and-OR-fish-rate-comparison.png 680w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-and-OR-fish-rate-comparison-400x472.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 428px) 100vw, 428px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oregon increased its fish consumption rate to 175 grams per day in 2011, nearly 30 times that of Washington State.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For example, the state of Washington bases its water-quality standards on an estimate of just 6.5 grams per day, not even enough salmon to cover a big cracker. Where did that number come from? It turns out that it traces back to three-day food diaries filled out in the 1970s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Washington environmentalists and Indian tribes are battling to boost the fish-eating estimate, citing studies of fish-consumption rates among tribal members and others dating to the mid-1990s. But business interests are pushing back. They want additional studies to clarify just how much of the fish people eat is actually coming from the waterways that are being polluted. After all, the current law stipulates that if people eat less seafood, more pollution can be allowed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Oregon increased its fish consumption rate to 175 grams per day in 2011, nearly 30 times that of Washington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in September 2013, under orders from the EPA, Idaho officials \u003ca href=\"http://www.idahostatesman.com/2013/09/27/2783951/do-you-eat-idaho-fish-state-officials.html\">assigned a contractor to survey state residents\u003c/a> about the amount of fish they eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Changes may be afoot in other states, too, as awareness of the low fish-consumption estimates garner more attention and more scientists want to know how much fish you ate last night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>* Fish-consumption estimates in selected states around the country\u003c/strong>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.ohio.gov/portals/35/tmdl/2012IntReport/IR2012_SectionE.pdf\">Ohio\u003c/a>: 17.5 grams per day\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-WATER/2000/May/Day-18/w11106.pdf\">California\u003c/a>: Varies depending on the pollutant and other factors. For mercury, historically 16.5 grams per day (but 32 grams per day in the San Francisco Bay and Bay Delta regions); EPA promulgated a 6.5 grams per day estimate for polychlorinated biphenyls.\u003cbr>\nNebraska: 32 grams per day\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.deq.state.or.us/wq/standards/docs/toxics/devfishconrate.pdf\">Wisconsin\u003c/a>: 20 grams per day\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ow.ly/pHsxy\">North Carolina\u003c/a>: 17.5 grams per day\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63157\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting4_small.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-63157 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting4_small.jpg\" alt=\"coal train Wyoming\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting4_small.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting4_small-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A train is loaded with coal at a mine in Wyoming’s Powder River Basin.\u003cbr>Courtesy KCTS 9 / Earthfix\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In recent years crowdfunding -- raising money for a project from a number of small donors, usually online -- has become a popular way to raise capital for business start-ups and artistic endeavors. Now scientists are also turning to this method to help pay for critical research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year Dan Jaffe, a University of Washington professor of atmospheric sciences, is reaping the rewards of crowdfunding. He and his team are studying the air pollution emitted by passing coal trains. The money for the project came entirely from small online donors. “I was surprised how well this worked,” Jaffe said. “We’re never going to fund a new superconducting particle collider with this, but it definitely has a place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jaffe’s study is specifically related to plans to build large coal-export terminals around the Pacific Northwest -- plans that have become a lightning rod for controversy because of potential public health risks. The facilities would ship coal from Wyoming’s Powder River Basin to lucrative markets in Asia. But to get the coal from Wyoming to export terminals in Washington and Oregon, the coal would have to be moved by open-topped rail cars. Between 18 and 37 coal trains a day would rumble across the West, passing through population centers like Seattle and Portland. The public has expressed concern about the clouds of coal dust and other pollutants that these coal trains might leave in their wake. But when Jaffe looked into it he found almost no research on the topic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63177\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 405px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting1_small.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63177 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting1_small-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"coal train BNSF export Portland Seattle\" width=\"405\" height=\"228\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">If coal export facilities are built in the Northwest, between 18 and 37 coal trains a day could rumble across the West, passing through population centers like Seattle and Portland. Photo courtesy KCTS 9 / Earthfix\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s not my job to advocate a decision on this issue,” Jaffe said. “But I wanted to know if we have enough information about coal trains and the impact on air quality to make a decision on whether to permit these terminals. And we clearly do not.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jaffe took his concerns to state and national agencies and asked them to fund a study on how coal trains impact air quality. When they declined, he signed up for an account on \u003ca href=\"https://www.microryza.com/projects/do-coal-and-diesel-trains-make-for-unhealthy-air\">microryza.com\u003c/a>, a crowdfunding platform for scientists. The goal was to raise $18,000 for the research, and within a matter of days the project was fully funded. To date, more than $20,000 has been pledged by 271 small donors. “I didn’t even realize there was a crowdfunding platform for science until this came up,” said Alexis Bonogofsky, a Montana-based conservationist who contributed to the project via Microryza. “I feel like this democratizes science and it allows scientists to respond very quickly to questions we need to know now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The money allowed Jaffe and a team of undergraduates to set up air-quality monitoring devices near rail lines around Seattle and the Columbia River Gorge. Over the course of five weeks the team measured emissions from roughly 500 passing freight, coal, and passenger trains. The results were surprising: diesel emissions appeared to have a significant impact on air quality while coal dust emissions did not. Jaffe and his team found diesel emissions coming from passing trains to be about 25 percent higher than the Environmental Protection Agency’s estimates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63180\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 405px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting2_small.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63180\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting2_small-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Dan Jaffe coal train Seattle\" width=\"405\" height=\"228\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">University of Washington professor Dan Jaffe measures air quality over rail lines outside Seattle. Photo courtesy KCTS-9 / Earthfix\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“No matter how you slice it, if you’re living right along the tracks your exposure to diesel particulate is significant. And if you add even more coal trains to the mix, that’s going to go up significantly,” Jaffe said. “For these homes in north Seattle that are right along the tracks, their exposure is comparable to if they lived in the most industrial part of Seattle.” Conversely, there did not appear to be much coal dust in the air near the rail lines Jaffe studied. “That seems to be a non-issue,” Jaffe said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the coal train research has been successful, Jaffe warns that crowdfunding isn’t a quick cure-all for every project starved for funds. To use Microryza and other crowdfunding sites effectively, researchers must spend considerable time communicating with donors and generating publicity about their projects. “If I had to raise all of my team’s funding this way, there would be no time to do anything else,” Jaffe said. In addition, only certain types of projects are well suited to raising money in this fashion. “These (crowdfunded) projects have to be things that capture the public’s interest. And they have to be done with relatively small amounts of money,” Jaffe said. “A lot of the projects I do won’t work for crowdfunding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for this particular project, the stars -- and the crowds -- aligned. “These coal terminals and the coal trains are a major environmental issue in the Northwest,” Jaffe said, “and yet the government doesn’t want to step up to the plate, for whatever reason, and fund the research on it. So I was very happy to see the public support to do science.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63157\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting4_small.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-63157 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting4_small.jpg\" alt=\"coal train Wyoming\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting4_small.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting4_small-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A train is loaded with coal at a mine in Wyoming’s Powder River Basin.\u003cbr>Courtesy KCTS 9 / Earthfix\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In recent years crowdfunding -- raising money for a project from a number of small donors, usually online -- has become a popular way to raise capital for business start-ups and artistic endeavors. Now scientists are also turning to this method to help pay for critical research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year Dan Jaffe, a University of Washington professor of atmospheric sciences, is reaping the rewards of crowdfunding. He and his team are studying the air pollution emitted by passing coal trains. The money for the project came entirely from small online donors. “I was surprised how well this worked,” Jaffe said. “We’re never going to fund a new superconducting particle collider with this, but it definitely has a place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jaffe’s study is specifically related to plans to build large coal-export terminals around the Pacific Northwest -- plans that have become a lightning rod for controversy because of potential public health risks. The facilities would ship coal from Wyoming’s Powder River Basin to lucrative markets in Asia. But to get the coal from Wyoming to export terminals in Washington and Oregon, the coal would have to be moved by open-topped rail cars. Between 18 and 37 coal trains a day would rumble across the West, passing through population centers like Seattle and Portland. The public has expressed concern about the clouds of coal dust and other pollutants that these coal trains might leave in their wake. But when Jaffe looked into it he found almost no research on the topic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63177\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 405px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting1_small.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63177 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting1_small-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"coal train BNSF export Portland Seattle\" width=\"405\" height=\"228\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">If coal export facilities are built in the Northwest, between 18 and 37 coal trains a day could rumble across the West, passing through population centers like Seattle and Portland. Photo courtesy KCTS 9 / Earthfix\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s not my job to advocate a decision on this issue,” Jaffe said. “But I wanted to know if we have enough information about coal trains and the impact on air quality to make a decision on whether to permit these terminals. And we clearly do not.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jaffe took his concerns to state and national agencies and asked them to fund a study on how coal trains impact air quality. When they declined, he signed up for an account on \u003ca href=\"https://www.microryza.com/projects/do-coal-and-diesel-trains-make-for-unhealthy-air\">microryza.com\u003c/a>, a crowdfunding platform for scientists. The goal was to raise $18,000 for the research, and within a matter of days the project was fully funded. To date, more than $20,000 has been pledged by 271 small donors. “I didn’t even realize there was a crowdfunding platform for science until this came up,” said Alexis Bonogofsky, a Montana-based conservationist who contributed to the project via Microryza. “I feel like this democratizes science and it allows scientists to respond very quickly to questions we need to know now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The money allowed Jaffe and a team of undergraduates to set up air-quality monitoring devices near rail lines around Seattle and the Columbia River Gorge. Over the course of five weeks the team measured emissions from roughly 500 passing freight, coal, and passenger trains. The results were surprising: diesel emissions appeared to have a significant impact on air quality while coal dust emissions did not. Jaffe and his team found diesel emissions coming from passing trains to be about 25 percent higher than the Environmental Protection Agency’s estimates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63180\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 405px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting2_small.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63180\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting2_small-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Dan Jaffe coal train Seattle\" width=\"405\" height=\"228\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">University of Washington professor Dan Jaffe measures air quality over rail lines outside Seattle. Photo courtesy KCTS-9 / Earthfix\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“No matter how you slice it, if you’re living right along the tracks your exposure to diesel particulate is significant. And if you add even more coal trains to the mix, that’s going to go up significantly,” Jaffe said. “For these homes in north Seattle that are right along the tracks, their exposure is comparable to if they lived in the most industrial part of Seattle.” Conversely, there did not appear to be much coal dust in the air near the rail lines Jaffe studied. “That seems to be a non-issue,” Jaffe said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the coal train research has been successful, Jaffe warns that crowdfunding isn’t a quick cure-all for every project starved for funds. To use Microryza and other crowdfunding sites effectively, researchers must spend considerable time communicating with donors and generating publicity about their projects. “If I had to raise all of my team’s funding this way, there would be no time to do anything else,” Jaffe said. In addition, only certain types of projects are well suited to raising money in this fashion. “These (crowdfunded) projects have to be things that capture the public’s interest. And they have to be done with relatively small amounts of money,” Jaffe said. “A lot of the projects I do won’t work for crowdfunding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for this particular project, the stars -- and the crowds -- aligned. “These coal terminals and the coal trains are a major environmental issue in the Northwest,” Jaffe said, “and yet the government doesn’t want to step up to the plate, for whatever reason, and fund the research on it. So I was very happy to see the public support to do science.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Ginseng Poaching Gone Wild",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62055\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/0000017419-Ginseng_Marquee_Image_FullRez.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-62055 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/0000017419-Ginseng_Marquee_Image_FullRez-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Ginseng_FullRez\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A cache of illegally harvested ginseng roots seized by Park officials in 2012. Photo courtesy: Jim Corbin\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">America’s prosperity is often tied to boom-and-bust cycles that are based on access to valuable natural resources. We had the gold rush, the oil boom, and now…the ginseng grab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ginseng is a fleshy root often used in energy supplements and herbal medications. In China, it is prized as a spirit herb with various medicinal, stress-relieving, and libidinal benefits. While the plant can be grown in simulated settings, the wild versions are usually bigger, heartier, and more desirable.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“As far as people being able to walk in the woods and see ginseng,that basically does not exist anymore,” Jim Corbin, NC Dept of Agriculture.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Wild ginseng only grows in select cool climates, such as North America’s Appalachian Mountains and the Himalayas in Asia. With supply limited to a few remote areas and demand on the rise, wild ginseng has become an unlikely -- and \u003ca href=\"http://www.mountainx.com/article/52426/Botanical-bandits-Rampant-poaching-threatens-ginsengs-survival\">extremely valuable -- cash crop\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the places in the U.S. where wild ginseng flourishes is along the Blue Ridge Parkway, in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park dividing Tennessee and North Carolina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it is legal to harvest ginseng on private property, it is against the law to remove ginseng (or any other plant, for that matter) from state or national park lands without a permit. But with wild ginseng roots fetching up to $800 a pound on the black market, the region has seen a marked uptick in illegal poaching.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This depletion of the ginseng population has conservationists and ecologists worried.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62056\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 263px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/0000017419-Ginseng_Additional_Image_2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-62056 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/0000017419-Ginseng_Additional_Image_2-336x253.jpg\" alt=\"Ginseng_2\" width=\"263\" height=\"198\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wild ginseng, prized for its medicinal value, grows along the Blue Ridge Parkway in Western North Carolina. Photo courtesy: Jim Corbin\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ginseng is an \u003ca href=\"http://www.dnr.state.md.us/wildlife/Plants_Wildlife/rte/rteamericanginseng.asp\">important understory herb\u003c/a>. It plays a role in the nutrient cycle by contributing to the growth of fungi and other decomposers along the forest floor. Scientists have determined that a minimum of 50 plants in one location makes a population viable for future generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Jim Corbin, western district supervisor of the North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, the ginseng population in Smoky Mountain National Park does not come close to approaching those numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As far as people being able to walk in the woods and see ginseng, that basically does not exist anymore,” said Corbin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With less than one park ranger for every thousand acres of terrain, there’s no way to monitor every inch of the Great Smoky Mountain National Park against would-be ginseng poachers. That’s why officials are relying on technological advancements and scientific procedures to deter people from digging inside the park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62053\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 198px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/0000017419-Ginseng_Additional_Image_3.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-62053 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/0000017419-Ginseng_Additional_Image_3-198x253.jpg\" alt=\"Ginseng_3\" width=\"198\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This confiscated ginseng root shows dye markings that Park officials applied fifteen years ago. Photo courtesy: Jim Corbin\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"We needed some indicator to show us, basically, that [those ginseng roots] actually did come from the park,” Corbin explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials came up with a system that has been described as \u003ca href=\"http://www.nationalparkstraveler.com/2012/11/saving-ginseng-great-smoky-mountains-national-park10811\">a cross between conservation and CSI\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first step is locating wild ginseng patches. Every year Corbin and his team go on a ginseng “blitz” and tag as many plants as possible. They apply specialized nontoxic dyes and powders that allow enforcement officials to trace the origins of each plant. The dyes are color coded for various parks, and the powders, which are invisible to the naked eye, can only be seen with specialized black lights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When law enforcement officers encounter someone they suspect of poaching, they can seize the plants onsite and identify their origin based on the tagged information. If further identification is needed, the plants can be sent to a lab for soil, chemical component, or DNA testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62052\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 204px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/0000017419-Ginseng_Additional_Image_1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-62052 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/0000017419-Ginseng_Additional_Image_1-287x360.jpg\" alt=\"Ginseng_1\" width=\"204\" height=\"256\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ginseng roots have become a valuable cash crop in recent years, fetching up to $800 a pound on the black market. Photo courtesy: \u003ca href=\"http://evanlee.ca/portfolio/\">Evan Lee\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Poachers who are caught on state land with illegally collected ginseng outside the allotted harvesting season can face thousands of dollars in fines. If the roots are found to be from a federally protected national park, the suspect may face a prison sentence. Last year \u003ca href=\"http://www.wtop.com/41/3145572/Va-ginseng-poacher-gets-jail-time-\">a Virginia man was sentenced to 15 days in jail\u003c/a> after pleading guilty to poaching seven pounds of ginseng along the Blue Ridge Parkway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2013, Corbin and his team marked over 2,000 plants throughout the Smokies. “It does provide an immediate ID for the product. [But] the rangers have to catch these people,” said Corbin. “I think we’ve made a difference, but we can’t combat the marketplace. As long as there’s huge demand in the East, there’s always going to be pressure on this plant.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62055\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/0000017419-Ginseng_Marquee_Image_FullRez.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-62055 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/0000017419-Ginseng_Marquee_Image_FullRez-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Ginseng_FullRez\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A cache of illegally harvested ginseng roots seized by Park officials in 2012. Photo courtesy: Jim Corbin\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">America’s prosperity is often tied to boom-and-bust cycles that are based on access to valuable natural resources. We had the gold rush, the oil boom, and now…the ginseng grab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ginseng is a fleshy root often used in energy supplements and herbal medications. In China, it is prized as a spirit herb with various medicinal, stress-relieving, and libidinal benefits. While the plant can be grown in simulated settings, the wild versions are usually bigger, heartier, and more desirable.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“As far as people being able to walk in the woods and see ginseng,that basically does not exist anymore,” Jim Corbin, NC Dept of Agriculture.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Wild ginseng only grows in select cool climates, such as North America’s Appalachian Mountains and the Himalayas in Asia. With supply limited to a few remote areas and demand on the rise, wild ginseng has become an unlikely -- and \u003ca href=\"http://www.mountainx.com/article/52426/Botanical-bandits-Rampant-poaching-threatens-ginsengs-survival\">extremely valuable -- cash crop\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the places in the U.S. where wild ginseng flourishes is along the Blue Ridge Parkway, in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park dividing Tennessee and North Carolina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it is legal to harvest ginseng on private property, it is against the law to remove ginseng (or any other plant, for that matter) from state or national park lands without a permit. But with wild ginseng roots fetching up to $800 a pound on the black market, the region has seen a marked uptick in illegal poaching.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This depletion of the ginseng population has conservationists and ecologists worried.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62056\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 263px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/0000017419-Ginseng_Additional_Image_2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-62056 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/0000017419-Ginseng_Additional_Image_2-336x253.jpg\" alt=\"Ginseng_2\" width=\"263\" height=\"198\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wild ginseng, prized for its medicinal value, grows along the Blue Ridge Parkway in Western North Carolina. Photo courtesy: Jim Corbin\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ginseng is an \u003ca href=\"http://www.dnr.state.md.us/wildlife/Plants_Wildlife/rte/rteamericanginseng.asp\">important understory herb\u003c/a>. It plays a role in the nutrient cycle by contributing to the growth of fungi and other decomposers along the forest floor. Scientists have determined that a minimum of 50 plants in one location makes a population viable for future generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Jim Corbin, western district supervisor of the North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, the ginseng population in Smoky Mountain National Park does not come close to approaching those numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As far as people being able to walk in the woods and see ginseng, that basically does not exist anymore,” said Corbin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With less than one park ranger for every thousand acres of terrain, there’s no way to monitor every inch of the Great Smoky Mountain National Park against would-be ginseng poachers. That’s why officials are relying on technological advancements and scientific procedures to deter people from digging inside the park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62053\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 198px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/0000017419-Ginseng_Additional_Image_3.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-62053 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/0000017419-Ginseng_Additional_Image_3-198x253.jpg\" alt=\"Ginseng_3\" width=\"198\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This confiscated ginseng root shows dye markings that Park officials applied fifteen years ago. Photo courtesy: Jim Corbin\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"We needed some indicator to show us, basically, that [those ginseng roots] actually did come from the park,” Corbin explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials came up with a system that has been described as \u003ca href=\"http://www.nationalparkstraveler.com/2012/11/saving-ginseng-great-smoky-mountains-national-park10811\">a cross between conservation and CSI\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first step is locating wild ginseng patches. Every year Corbin and his team go on a ginseng “blitz” and tag as many plants as possible. They apply specialized nontoxic dyes and powders that allow enforcement officials to trace the origins of each plant. The dyes are color coded for various parks, and the powders, which are invisible to the naked eye, can only be seen with specialized black lights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When law enforcement officers encounter someone they suspect of poaching, they can seize the plants onsite and identify their origin based on the tagged information. If further identification is needed, the plants can be sent to a lab for soil, chemical component, or DNA testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62052\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 204px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/0000017419-Ginseng_Additional_Image_1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-62052 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/0000017419-Ginseng_Additional_Image_1-287x360.jpg\" alt=\"Ginseng_1\" width=\"204\" height=\"256\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ginseng roots have become a valuable cash crop in recent years, fetching up to $800 a pound on the black market. Photo courtesy: \u003ca href=\"http://evanlee.ca/portfolio/\">Evan Lee\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Poachers who are caught on state land with illegally collected ginseng outside the allotted harvesting season can face thousands of dollars in fines. If the roots are found to be from a federally protected national park, the suspect may face a prison sentence. Last year \u003ca href=\"http://www.wtop.com/41/3145572/Va-ginseng-poacher-gets-jail-time-\">a Virginia man was sentenced to 15 days in jail\u003c/a> after pleading guilty to poaching seven pounds of ginseng along the Blue Ridge Parkway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2013, Corbin and his team marked over 2,000 plants throughout the Smokies. “It does provide an immediate ID for the product. [But] the rangers have to catch these people,” said Corbin. “I think we’ve made a difference, but we can’t combat the marketplace. As long as there’s huge demand in the East, there’s always going to be pressure on this plant.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Saving the Swift Fox with Snapshots, Students and Science",
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"content": "\u003cp>In the wind-swept plains of western Nebraska, grass-covered hills roll across the landscape as far as the eye can see. It’s in this vast openness, that scientists say an endangered fox species could be in a battle for its very existence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lucia Corral is a grad student in wildlife ecology at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. On a cold fall afternoon, she crouched down to attach a small plastic box to a pole in the middle of a field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We like to look for a generally flat location with short grass,” Corral said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The box is a thermal trail camera, the type big game hunters use when trying to find where their prey lives. But Corral wasn’t on a hunt. She had set her sights on finding and protecting swift foxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 325px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC_0458.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC_0458-542x360.jpg\" alt=\"Lucia Corral sets up a thermal trail camera at one of her swift fox observation sites in western Nebraska. (Photo by Ryan Robertson, NET Nebraska)\" width=\"325\" height=\"216\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lucia Corral sets up a thermal trail camera at one of her swift fox observation sites in western Nebraska. (Photo by Ryan Robertson, NET Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Right now, we don’t really know how swift fox populations in Nebraska really are [doing]...We don’t know in terms of distribution and health of the populations,” Corral said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The swift fox is smaller than most foxes. Standing just 12 inches tall, they’re about the size of a house cat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They make their dens in the sandy soils of open grassland prairies or deserts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Swift foxes actually prefer open areas, grasslands. They will avoid trees. They need areas where they can have good visibility and escape from predators, which is probably the main cause of mortality with swift foxes,” Corral said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their predators, coyotes, are much larger and have adapted to man-made changes in the environment, stalking swift foxes from tree lines on farms and ranches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The swift fox’s territory stretches from southern Canada all the way to Texas, but plans to develop their habitat in western Nebraska could threaten their survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biologist Joseph Fontaine works for the Nebraska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife research unit at UNL. He said a new four lane highway called \u003ca href=\"http://www.heartlandexpressway.com/home\">the Heartland Expressway\u003c/a> is currently under construction. The next proposed section cuts through the heart of the region and threatens to fragment the swift fox’s open territory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, energy companies are planning to develop wind farms in the area, further dividing the landscape with service roads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fontaine said that since the swift fox is considered endangered in Nebraska, those projects could be delayed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Things like putting in roads, developing gas lines, wind energy, pipelines all these sorts of things have the potential to effect a species like swift fox, but not if they’re not there,” Fontaine said. “So by knowing where they are, we can better understand where best to place these things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sighting a swift fox is rare in Nebraska. The need to find where swift foxes live prompted Lucia Corral to set up her cameras in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of what is known about swift foxes in Nebraska is anecdotal. There hasn’t been a scientific study of swift foxes in Nebraska since the 1980’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of Corral’s greatest challenges is figuring how to survey the entire \u003ca href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps?q=nebraska+panhandle&oe=utf-8&client=firefox-a&ie=UTF-8&ei=SdV6UrqAMomBqAHykYH4AQ&ved=0CAoQ_AUoAg\">Nebraska panhandle\u003c/a>, an enormous area spanning 14,000 square miles. That’s the size of Massachusetts and Connecticut combined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To cover that ground, Corral enlisted the help of 50 students from Chadron State College.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63490\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 325px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC_0487.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63490 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC_0487-542x360.jpg\" alt=\"Students at Chadron State College familiarize themselves with the cameras, GPS unit, and other equipment they’ll need to set up swift fox observation sites. (Photo by Ryan Robertson, NET Nebraska)\" width=\"325\" height=\"216\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Students at Chadron State College familiarize themselves with the cameras, GPS unit, and other equipment they’ll need to set up swift fox observation sites.\u003cbr>(Photo by Ryan Robertson, NET Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Each student will be responsible for setting up 10 cameras, preferably a mile apart, for a total of 500 cameras. Each will have its exact location recorded by GPS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The camera’s thermal sensors measure body heat and movement, and will take three photos when either is detected. Setting up cameras in a field, however, isn’t enough to ensure the desired results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Placed in front of each camera, will be a lure, consisting of petroleum jelly and skunk scent, a preferred prey of swift fox. When a swift fox is drawn to the scent of the lure; its photo will be taken by one of the cameras.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lucia Corral’s strategy is based on her colleague’s research, biologist Teresa Frink at Chadron State.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not often as a student that you have an opportunity to work with an endangered species, and when you’re actually being asked to assist with this project, I think it’s very meaningful to them,” Frink said, describing her students’ eagerness to participate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ashlee Wright is one of those student volunteers. She said she plans to set her cameras up on a friend’s ranch in the central panhandle near Scottsbluff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s exactly what my major is. It’s a good foot in the door for me,” Wright said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63509\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 325px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/foxPICT003.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63509 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/foxPICT003-481x360.jpg\" alt=\"Thermal Fox\" width=\"325\" height=\"243\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This fox was captured with thermal imaging technology in the western panhandle of Nebraska. (Photo courtesy of Lucia Corral)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Student participation in scientific studies isn’t a new happening; however they usually aren’t the ones conducting the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdl id=\"attachment_63490\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"width: 335px\">\n\u003cdt class=\"wp-caption-dt\">\u003c/dt>\n\u003c/dl>\n\u003cp>“It’s definitely not common. This is the first time I’ve ever heard of anything like this,” Wright said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To insure accurate results, Corral and Frink instructed the students on the importance of maintaining the proper procedure each time they set up a camera.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once trained on how to uphold strict scientific standards, Teresa Frink said this study on swift foxes can be used as a blueprint in other areas to study endangered species; animals like the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohave_ground_squirrel\">Mohave ground squirrel\u003c/a> in California or the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_Stork\">wood stork of North Carolina\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Frink, just as animals must adapt to survive, so must science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Especially as resources become limited in the field of natural resources, we really need to put our heads together and utilize the funding, the minimal funding that we do receive,” Frink said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides helping to cover an immense survey area, Joseph Fontaine said he also hopes these “citizen scientists” can act as ambassadors in their communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re going back to their communities, and you know their dad and their grandfather are going to ask, ‘What are you doing?’ That little bit of information those kids are able to translate back to the folks on the ground has some very important implications for conservation,” Fontaine said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It will most likely take a couple of years to determine where exactly swift fox live in western Nebraska and how they’re interacting with their environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once their locations are confirmed, the next step in Lucia Corral’s five-year-study will be to trap swift foxes and attach radio collars to the animals. This will give Corral more data about where swift foxes travel and live. That information can then be used to make better decisions about where to build roads, wind farms, or any other projects in the vast panhandle of western Nebraska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63508\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 553px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/FOXZ04-BG0003-14.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-63508 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/FOXZ04-BG0003-14-553x360.jpg\" alt=\"Swift Fox Family\" width=\"553\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Photo courtesy of NEBRASKAland Magazine/Nebraska Game and Parks Commission)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "An endangered fox species is fighting for its existence in western Nebraska, but it’s not alone. Students from across the state are helping conduct a new study to aid in the animal's recovery.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In the wind-swept plains of western Nebraska, grass-covered hills roll across the landscape as far as the eye can see. It’s in this vast openness, that scientists say an endangered fox species could be in a battle for its very existence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lucia Corral is a grad student in wildlife ecology at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. On a cold fall afternoon, she crouched down to attach a small plastic box to a pole in the middle of a field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We like to look for a generally flat location with short grass,” Corral said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The box is a thermal trail camera, the type big game hunters use when trying to find where their prey lives. But Corral wasn’t on a hunt. She had set her sights on finding and protecting swift foxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 325px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC_0458.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC_0458-542x360.jpg\" alt=\"Lucia Corral sets up a thermal trail camera at one of her swift fox observation sites in western Nebraska. (Photo by Ryan Robertson, NET Nebraska)\" width=\"325\" height=\"216\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lucia Corral sets up a thermal trail camera at one of her swift fox observation sites in western Nebraska. (Photo by Ryan Robertson, NET Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Right now, we don’t really know how swift fox populations in Nebraska really are [doing]...We don’t know in terms of distribution and health of the populations,” Corral said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The swift fox is smaller than most foxes. Standing just 12 inches tall, they’re about the size of a house cat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They make their dens in the sandy soils of open grassland prairies or deserts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Swift foxes actually prefer open areas, grasslands. They will avoid trees. They need areas where they can have good visibility and escape from predators, which is probably the main cause of mortality with swift foxes,” Corral said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their predators, coyotes, are much larger and have adapted to man-made changes in the environment, stalking swift foxes from tree lines on farms and ranches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The swift fox’s territory stretches from southern Canada all the way to Texas, but plans to develop their habitat in western Nebraska could threaten their survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biologist Joseph Fontaine works for the Nebraska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife research unit at UNL. He said a new four lane highway called \u003ca href=\"http://www.heartlandexpressway.com/home\">the Heartland Expressway\u003c/a> is currently under construction. The next proposed section cuts through the heart of the region and threatens to fragment the swift fox’s open territory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, energy companies are planning to develop wind farms in the area, further dividing the landscape with service roads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fontaine said that since the swift fox is considered endangered in Nebraska, those projects could be delayed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Things like putting in roads, developing gas lines, wind energy, pipelines all these sorts of things have the potential to effect a species like swift fox, but not if they’re not there,” Fontaine said. “So by knowing where they are, we can better understand where best to place these things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sighting a swift fox is rare in Nebraska. The need to find where swift foxes live prompted Lucia Corral to set up her cameras in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of what is known about swift foxes in Nebraska is anecdotal. There hasn’t been a scientific study of swift foxes in Nebraska since the 1980’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of Corral’s greatest challenges is figuring how to survey the entire \u003ca href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps?q=nebraska+panhandle&oe=utf-8&client=firefox-a&ie=UTF-8&ei=SdV6UrqAMomBqAHykYH4AQ&ved=0CAoQ_AUoAg\">Nebraska panhandle\u003c/a>, an enormous area spanning 14,000 square miles. That’s the size of Massachusetts and Connecticut combined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To cover that ground, Corral enlisted the help of 50 students from Chadron State College.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63490\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 325px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC_0487.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63490 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC_0487-542x360.jpg\" alt=\"Students at Chadron State College familiarize themselves with the cameras, GPS unit, and other equipment they’ll need to set up swift fox observation sites. (Photo by Ryan Robertson, NET Nebraska)\" width=\"325\" height=\"216\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Students at Chadron State College familiarize themselves with the cameras, GPS unit, and other equipment they’ll need to set up swift fox observation sites.\u003cbr>(Photo by Ryan Robertson, NET Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Each student will be responsible for setting up 10 cameras, preferably a mile apart, for a total of 500 cameras. Each will have its exact location recorded by GPS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The camera’s thermal sensors measure body heat and movement, and will take three photos when either is detected. Setting up cameras in a field, however, isn’t enough to ensure the desired results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Placed in front of each camera, will be a lure, consisting of petroleum jelly and skunk scent, a preferred prey of swift fox. When a swift fox is drawn to the scent of the lure; its photo will be taken by one of the cameras.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lucia Corral’s strategy is based on her colleague’s research, biologist Teresa Frink at Chadron State.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not often as a student that you have an opportunity to work with an endangered species, and when you’re actually being asked to assist with this project, I think it’s very meaningful to them,” Frink said, describing her students’ eagerness to participate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ashlee Wright is one of those student volunteers. She said she plans to set her cameras up on a friend’s ranch in the central panhandle near Scottsbluff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s exactly what my major is. It’s a good foot in the door for me,” Wright said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63509\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 325px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/foxPICT003.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63509 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/foxPICT003-481x360.jpg\" alt=\"Thermal Fox\" width=\"325\" height=\"243\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This fox was captured with thermal imaging technology in the western panhandle of Nebraska. (Photo courtesy of Lucia Corral)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Student participation in scientific studies isn’t a new happening; however they usually aren’t the ones conducting the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdl id=\"attachment_63490\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"width: 335px\">\n\u003cdt class=\"wp-caption-dt\">\u003c/dt>\n\u003c/dl>\n\u003cp>“It’s definitely not common. This is the first time I’ve ever heard of anything like this,” Wright said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To insure accurate results, Corral and Frink instructed the students on the importance of maintaining the proper procedure each time they set up a camera.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once trained on how to uphold strict scientific standards, Teresa Frink said this study on swift foxes can be used as a blueprint in other areas to study endangered species; animals like the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohave_ground_squirrel\">Mohave ground squirrel\u003c/a> in California or the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_Stork\">wood stork of North Carolina\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Frink, just as animals must adapt to survive, so must science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Especially as resources become limited in the field of natural resources, we really need to put our heads together and utilize the funding, the minimal funding that we do receive,” Frink said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides helping to cover an immense survey area, Joseph Fontaine said he also hopes these “citizen scientists” can act as ambassadors in their communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re going back to their communities, and you know their dad and their grandfather are going to ask, ‘What are you doing?’ That little bit of information those kids are able to translate back to the folks on the ground has some very important implications for conservation,” Fontaine said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It will most likely take a couple of years to determine where exactly swift fox live in western Nebraska and how they’re interacting with their environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once their locations are confirmed, the next step in Lucia Corral’s five-year-study will be to trap swift foxes and attach radio collars to the animals. This will give Corral more data about where swift foxes travel and live. That information can then be used to make better decisions about where to build roads, wind farms, or any other projects in the vast panhandle of western Nebraska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63508\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 553px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/FOXZ04-BG0003-14.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-63508 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/FOXZ04-BG0003-14-553x360.jpg\" alt=\"Swift Fox Family\" width=\"553\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Photo courtesy of NEBRASKAland Magazine/Nebraska Game and Parks Commission)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Going Off The Grid: Competition Spurs Innovations in Solar Home Design",
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"headTitle": "Future Home: Designing for Efficiency | QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>Imagine an energy efficient house that's a blueprint for the future, but exists today. That’s exactly what 60 architectural and engineering students from the Missouri University of Science and Technology (Missouri S&T) designed and built. Their \u003ca title=\"Chameleon House\" href=\"http://solarhouse.mst.edu/houses/2013.shtml\" target=\"_blank\">Chameleon House\u003c/a> is a 1,000-square-foot home powered entirely by the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Chameleon House is the Missouri S&T entry in the 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.solardecathlon.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Solar Decathlon\u003c/a>, a worldwide competition that challenges university students to build state-of-the-art solar-powered homes. The contest is intended to encourage the development of home designs and technologies that are energy efficient, economical, and attractive. This year, 19 university teams are competing to make use of energy-saving technologies that are readily available in the marketplace, although these technologies are integrated in a variety of innovative combinations in each solar home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Missouri S&T students spent nearly two years designing the Chameleon House. They chose the name because their home adapts to changing features with a modern, adjustable, open-space interior and a “live” web-based automation system that updates the home’s heating and cooling settings with the changing weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While most conventional homes get their power from the burning of fossil fuels, solar homes like the Chameleon House use clean, renewable energy from the sun, which reduces the cost to the environment and energy bills for residents. Thanks to a unique solar array and a thoughtful design plan that packs energy savings into every square inch, the Chameleon House is able to generate enough energy to operate the home off the public utility grid with power to spare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>QUEST went behind the scenes to show how Missouri S&T students infused the Chameleon House with the energy-saving technologies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Frame: Support from SIPs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63238\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 236px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/17/off-the-grid-solar-decathlon/945743_531677990228839_1727548174_n/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-63238\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63238 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/945743_531677990228839_1727548174_n-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"945743_531677990228839_1727548174_n\" width=\"236\" height=\"177\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Missouri S&T students prepare a SIP (Structural Insulated Panel) at the Chameleon House construction site. Photo courtesy Missouri S&T.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Conventional homes are constructed from dimensional lumber or “studs,” padded with pre-cut panels of fiberglass, rock wool, or cellulose insulation. But the frame of the Chameleon Home is different. It's built with high-tech prefabricated walls called \u003cstrong>s\u003c/strong>tructural \u003cstrong>i\u003c/strong>nsulated \u003cstrong>p\u003c/strong>anels (SIPs).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each SIP looks a bit like a marshmallow sandwich, according to Aaron Enz, the director of construction for the Chameleon House. A SIP is made from two pieces of oriented strand board (OSB), engineered sheets of wood made from glued layers of wood chips, separated by a dense layer of polystyrene foam in the middle. “[T]he reason that these are so good at thermally insulating the house is because there’s no wooden beams that go from this piece of plywood to the other,” said Enz. And even though the foam panels look delicate, their structure is strong, like a steel I-beam. Enz added, “They may not look like it, but they’re designed to be sturdy [enough] to withstand earthquakes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory confirms that SIPs are nearly airtight insulators that are 15 times better at stopping air leakage than conventional home frame construction. The study also found SIPs to be 40 to 50 percent more energy efficient than conventional stud walls, and so can keep a house warmer in the winter and cooler in the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Solar Array\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To power the Chameleon House, the Missouri S&T team covered and wired the roof with 21 unique solar panel modules called \u003cstrong>r\u003c/strong>edundant \u003cstrong>a\u003c/strong>rray \u003cstrong>i\u003c/strong>ntegrated \u003cstrong>s\u003c/strong>olar (RAIS) modules. Traditional solar modules have individual crystalline silicon cells wired together in series, like a single strand of Christmas tree lights. When one cell stops working or underperforms, the whole module is affected and may fail. But RAIS cells and modules are wired in parallel, with multiple contacts between the circuit’s beginning and end. That means if one module fails or underperforms, the rest of the modules continues to operate and generate electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63233\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 315px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/17/off-the-grid-solar-decathlon/solar-panel-installation/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-63233\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-63233 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Solar-Panel-installation-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Solar Panel installation\" width=\"315\" height=\"177\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Twenty-one solar panels with reflectors cover the roof of the Chameleon House. The home generates 10.5 kilowatts -- enough to power the house year-round.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Solar panels work by converting sunlight into electricity. Each panel contains multiple silicon solar cells topped with metal-wire conductor strips. When the sun’s rays hit the silicon cells, they excite the silicon electrons and cause them to generate a direct electrical current (DC) like a mini generator. Inverter devices within the array convert the DC into alternating current (AC) to power appliances, lights, and other home devices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Chameleon House solar array has an additional feature not found in standard solar panels. Each RAIS module looks like a small A-frame and is backed by a reflector that increases its solar collection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charles Wright, who leads the Chameleon House electrical team, explained, “The solar array consists of 21 panels that total 8.6 kilowatts. Then on the front of the house, we’ll have an overhang with a bifacial panel (panels that collect light from the top and bottom), and it’ll generate 1.9 kilowatts. So, we’ll have a total of 10.5 kilowatts on the house. Basically, the house will be net zero, and that means it will produce as much electricity as it uses over a year’s period of time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a general rule, solar panels produce electricity during the five sunniest hours of the day. So, the Chameleon House will produce 52.5 kilowatt hours per day or 1,500 kilowatt hours per month. According to the U.S Energy Information Administration, conventional American homes use an average of 940 to 1,348 kilowatt hours per month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Project manager Emily Vandivert is proud of the Chameleon House’s free energy output. “You’re gaining free energy from the sun, other than the cost of the actual panels. It makes sense to use the sun’s power because we are able to harvest that power and transport it into actual energy,” she stated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Heating and Cooling: A \"Live\" Automation System\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63232\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 315px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/17/off-the-grid-solar-decathlon/cu_home-automation_tablet-control/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-63232\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63232 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/CU_Home-Automation_tablet-control-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"CU_Home Automation_tablet control\" width=\"315\" height=\"177\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Chameleon House features a home automation system with tablet controls.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Chameleon House boasts a unique smart home feature: an automation system that optimizes the home’s total energy efficiency. The system combines a smart thermostat with a Web-based interface that monitors changing weather conditions in real time and tracks interior climate conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The home automation system not only regulates the heating and cooling system’s thermostat, explained team leader Austin Murdock, “It also can open and close automated shades to gain heat from sunlight or open windows to let out extra heat instead of using the air-conditioning unit in the house.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">The home automation system not only regulates the heating and cooling system’s thermostat, explained team leader Austin Murdock, “It also can open and close automated shades to gain heat from sunlight or open windows to let out extra heat instead of using the air-conditioning unit in the house.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The automation system operates from a built-in computer in the home's mechanical room, and it can be monitored or updated with a Web-based tablet or smart phone. As the computer monitors “live\" updates of changing weather conditions via the Web, the automation system makes small changes to the heating and cooling systems within the house. These small automated changes reduce the home's power consumption, saving heating and cooling costs compared to manual changes made to suit a person’s comfort level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Competition\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just as the Chameleon House took final shape - after five months of construction - a day of reckoning arrived. The Chameleon House had to be taken apart in three sections and shipped by truck to Irvine, CA in order to compete in the Solar Decathlon. After a five-day trek across the country, the Missouri S&T students had just nine days to reassemble the home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Chameleon House premiered to the public at the Solar Decathlon in Irvine, California, in October. The international competition included nearly 4,000 university students from the U.S., Canada, Austria and the Czech Republic. More than 64,000 people visited the 19 solar homes. For more information about the Chameleon House and to learn about the other Solar Decathlon homes, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.solardecathlon.gov\" target=\"_blank\">www.solardecathlon.gov\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Imagine an energy efficient house that's a blueprint for the future, but exists today. That’s exactly what 60 architectural and engineering students from the Missouri University of Science and Technology (Missouri S&T) designed and built. Their \u003ca title=\"Chameleon House\" href=\"http://solarhouse.mst.edu/houses/2013.shtml\" target=\"_blank\">Chameleon House\u003c/a> is a 1,000-square-foot home powered entirely by the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Chameleon House is the Missouri S&T entry in the 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.solardecathlon.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Solar Decathlon\u003c/a>, a worldwide competition that challenges university students to build state-of-the-art solar-powered homes. The contest is intended to encourage the development of home designs and technologies that are energy efficient, economical, and attractive. This year, 19 university teams are competing to make use of energy-saving technologies that are readily available in the marketplace, although these technologies are integrated in a variety of innovative combinations in each solar home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Missouri S&T students spent nearly two years designing the Chameleon House. They chose the name because their home adapts to changing features with a modern, adjustable, open-space interior and a “live” web-based automation system that updates the home’s heating and cooling settings with the changing weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While most conventional homes get their power from the burning of fossil fuels, solar homes like the Chameleon House use clean, renewable energy from the sun, which reduces the cost to the environment and energy bills for residents. Thanks to a unique solar array and a thoughtful design plan that packs energy savings into every square inch, the Chameleon House is able to generate enough energy to operate the home off the public utility grid with power to spare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>QUEST went behind the scenes to show how Missouri S&T students infused the Chameleon House with the energy-saving technologies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Frame: Support from SIPs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63238\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 236px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/17/off-the-grid-solar-decathlon/945743_531677990228839_1727548174_n/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-63238\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63238 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/945743_531677990228839_1727548174_n-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"945743_531677990228839_1727548174_n\" width=\"236\" height=\"177\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Missouri S&T students prepare a SIP (Structural Insulated Panel) at the Chameleon House construction site. Photo courtesy Missouri S&T.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Conventional homes are constructed from dimensional lumber or “studs,” padded with pre-cut panels of fiberglass, rock wool, or cellulose insulation. But the frame of the Chameleon Home is different. It's built with high-tech prefabricated walls called \u003cstrong>s\u003c/strong>tructural \u003cstrong>i\u003c/strong>nsulated \u003cstrong>p\u003c/strong>anels (SIPs).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each SIP looks a bit like a marshmallow sandwich, according to Aaron Enz, the director of construction for the Chameleon House. A SIP is made from two pieces of oriented strand board (OSB), engineered sheets of wood made from glued layers of wood chips, separated by a dense layer of polystyrene foam in the middle. “[T]he reason that these are so good at thermally insulating the house is because there’s no wooden beams that go from this piece of plywood to the other,” said Enz. And even though the foam panels look delicate, their structure is strong, like a steel I-beam. Enz added, “They may not look like it, but they’re designed to be sturdy [enough] to withstand earthquakes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory confirms that SIPs are nearly airtight insulators that are 15 times better at stopping air leakage than conventional home frame construction. The study also found SIPs to be 40 to 50 percent more energy efficient than conventional stud walls, and so can keep a house warmer in the winter and cooler in the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Solar Array\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To power the Chameleon House, the Missouri S&T team covered and wired the roof with 21 unique solar panel modules called \u003cstrong>r\u003c/strong>edundant \u003cstrong>a\u003c/strong>rray \u003cstrong>i\u003c/strong>ntegrated \u003cstrong>s\u003c/strong>olar (RAIS) modules. Traditional solar modules have individual crystalline silicon cells wired together in series, like a single strand of Christmas tree lights. When one cell stops working or underperforms, the whole module is affected and may fail. But RAIS cells and modules are wired in parallel, with multiple contacts between the circuit’s beginning and end. That means if one module fails or underperforms, the rest of the modules continues to operate and generate electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63233\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 315px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/17/off-the-grid-solar-decathlon/solar-panel-installation/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-63233\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-63233 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Solar-Panel-installation-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Solar Panel installation\" width=\"315\" height=\"177\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Twenty-one solar panels with reflectors cover the roof of the Chameleon House. The home generates 10.5 kilowatts -- enough to power the house year-round.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Solar panels work by converting sunlight into electricity. Each panel contains multiple silicon solar cells topped with metal-wire conductor strips. When the sun’s rays hit the silicon cells, they excite the silicon electrons and cause them to generate a direct electrical current (DC) like a mini generator. Inverter devices within the array convert the DC into alternating current (AC) to power appliances, lights, and other home devices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Chameleon House solar array has an additional feature not found in standard solar panels. Each RAIS module looks like a small A-frame and is backed by a reflector that increases its solar collection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charles Wright, who leads the Chameleon House electrical team, explained, “The solar array consists of 21 panels that total 8.6 kilowatts. Then on the front of the house, we’ll have an overhang with a bifacial panel (panels that collect light from the top and bottom), and it’ll generate 1.9 kilowatts. So, we’ll have a total of 10.5 kilowatts on the house. Basically, the house will be net zero, and that means it will produce as much electricity as it uses over a year’s period of time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a general rule, solar panels produce electricity during the five sunniest hours of the day. So, the Chameleon House will produce 52.5 kilowatt hours per day or 1,500 kilowatt hours per month. According to the U.S Energy Information Administration, conventional American homes use an average of 940 to 1,348 kilowatt hours per month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Project manager Emily Vandivert is proud of the Chameleon House’s free energy output. “You’re gaining free energy from the sun, other than the cost of the actual panels. It makes sense to use the sun’s power because we are able to harvest that power and transport it into actual energy,” she stated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Heating and Cooling: A \"Live\" Automation System\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63232\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 315px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/17/off-the-grid-solar-decathlon/cu_home-automation_tablet-control/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-63232\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63232 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/CU_Home-Automation_tablet-control-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"CU_Home Automation_tablet control\" width=\"315\" height=\"177\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Chameleon House features a home automation system with tablet controls.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Chameleon House boasts a unique smart home feature: an automation system that optimizes the home’s total energy efficiency. The system combines a smart thermostat with a Web-based interface that monitors changing weather conditions in real time and tracks interior climate conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The home automation system not only regulates the heating and cooling system’s thermostat, explained team leader Austin Murdock, “It also can open and close automated shades to gain heat from sunlight or open windows to let out extra heat instead of using the air-conditioning unit in the house.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">The home automation system not only regulates the heating and cooling system’s thermostat, explained team leader Austin Murdock, “It also can open and close automated shades to gain heat from sunlight or open windows to let out extra heat instead of using the air-conditioning unit in the house.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The automation system operates from a built-in computer in the home's mechanical room, and it can be monitored or updated with a Web-based tablet or smart phone. As the computer monitors “live\" updates of changing weather conditions via the Web, the automation system makes small changes to the heating and cooling systems within the house. These small automated changes reduce the home's power consumption, saving heating and cooling costs compared to manual changes made to suit a person’s comfort level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Competition\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just as the Chameleon House took final shape - after five months of construction - a day of reckoning arrived. The Chameleon House had to be taken apart in three sections and shipped by truck to Irvine, CA in order to compete in the Solar Decathlon. After a five-day trek across the country, the Missouri S&T students had just nine days to reassemble the home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Chameleon House premiered to the public at the Solar Decathlon in Irvine, California, in October. 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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>\"After the Frack\" was produced by QUEST Ohio’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/maryfecteau/\">Mary Fecteau\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hydraulic fracturing -- better known as fracking -- is a process of extracting natural gas that creates large amounts of contaminated wastewater. In this television segment, QUEST explores the science behind the disposal of this waste, and the issues that surround it. We caught up with QUEST Ohio producer \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/maryfecteau/\">Mary Fecteau\u003c/a> to find out more about some of the issues surrounding fracking and her experience creating this video.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fracking is all over the news, and it is controversial. What made you want to take this topic on?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: I wanted to take it on \u003cstrong>because\u003c/strong> it’s all over the news and really controversial. I think there’s a lot of twisting of facts in this topic to serve a specific agenda, and I think the story needed to be told objectively, or as objectively as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I definitely had that moment when I wondered, “Why did I do this to myself?” The story’s so complex. There’s a lot of rhetoric, and on top of that I was dealing with a lot of ugly footage -- trucks, pipes, and storage tanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So why focus on the waste created by this fracking process?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62971\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 381px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Fracking-John_Jack_GH1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-62971\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Fracking-John_Jack_GH1-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Fracking-John_Jack_GH\" width=\"381\" height=\"212\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">John Jack, Vice President of Business Development at GreenHunter Water, stands in front of large pumps, which pump wastewater from fracking into an underground disposal well.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: The fracking process uses massive amounts of highly pressurized fresh water to create cracks in the bedrock, which frees up the natural gas stored there. Much of this water then comes back up as \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/energy/files/fracking-wastewater-fullreport.pdf\">contaminated wastewater\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ohio is, as some say, a “\u003ca href=\"http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-03-22/fracking-fluid-soaks-ohio\">dumping ground\u003c/a>” for this wastewater. Other states truck their wastewater in [to Ohio] to dispose of it here. This is because we have so many \u003ca href=\"http://stateimpact.npr.org/pennsylvania/tag/deep-injection-well/\">deep injection wells\u003c/a>. Injection wells are the sites deep underground where this wastewater must be put. So we have \u003ca href=\"http://www.crainscleveland.com/article/20130816/ENERGY/130819882\">about 200 injection\u003c/a> wells in the state of Ohio, whereas neighboring states have far fewer. Pennsylvania has \u003ca href=\"http://stateimpact.npr.org/pennsylvania/maps/location-of-deep-injection-wells-in-pennsylvania/\">about 5 active wells\u003c/a> and West Virginia \u003ca href=\"http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/local/2013/09/23/sites-sought-for-fracking-residue.html\">about 60\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You can see a lot of these wastewater trucks coming into the state, right? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: Oh yeah, they’re all over. Out toward the border of Pennsylvania you’ll see the trucks at rest stops and gas stations and coming in on I-80.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the main point of tension in your story? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: The tension centers on scientific disagreement about the potential for harm from the disposal of fracking wastewater. Our key interviewees were with Ohio Department of Natural Resources geologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&ved=0CDIQtwIwAQ&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DqHOwqTzl_2M&ei=sX5hUpK_EPal4APKnIHICw&usg=AFQjCNEoLmxEMJvMBIO40mCWcQ6DICmkIQ&sig2=A0Ga2p4TcAYZDs_pC69BiA&bvm=bv.54176721,d.dmg\">Scott Kell\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ohiocitizen.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/2013-OTCO-Shale-Gas-waste-streams-JWR-3-6-13.pdf\">Dr. Julie Weatherington-Rice\u003c/a>, who researches the fracking process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do they disagree on?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: Oh, everything -- everything from how long fracking has been practiced to what’s in the wastewater to how harmful is it. They don’t agree on whether injection wells are a safe way to contain the waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62972\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 355px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Julie-and-Mary-closer-best-shot1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-62972\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Julie-and-Mary-closer-best-shot1-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Julie and Mary closer best shot\" width=\"355\" height=\"264\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Producer Mary Fecteau interviews Dr. Julie Weatherington-Rice.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Weatherington-Rice thinks that as the wells age, there’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.propublica.org/article/injection-wells-the-poison-beneath-us\">great potential for them to leak\u003c/a>, and that there have been documented surface-level leaks before. Kell says the injection well track record is solid, and there have been no instances of groundwater contamination since the process started in the early ’80s. There are also questions and disagreements around the radiation levels in the waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Basically, all the facts that are being disputed come down to one question, “Is this a safe process?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What was the main challenge you faced in producing this piece?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: The main challenge was time, the time limitation [eight minutes] in which to tell the story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What did you have to leave on the cutting-room floor? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: So much! One thing I wish I could have gotten into more was the issue of earthquakes. I mentioned them but didn’t go into specifics about \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/04/youngstown-ohio-earthquakes-wastewater_n_3869286.html\">how injection wells cause earthquakes\u003c/a>, and what safeguards the Ohio Department of Natural Resources is doing to prevent earthquakes in the future. The underlying science here is basically this: if you pump water deep underground near a fault, it could trigger the fault to slip, causing an \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/explainer/earthquakes/\">earthquake.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I also wish I could have gone more in depth about the \u003ca href=\"http://democrats.energycommerce.house.gov/sites/default/files/documents/Hydraulic-Fracturing-Chemicals-2011-4-18.pdf\">chemicals used to frack\u003c/a>. So, before the water gets injected into the ground to fracture a well, energy companies \u003ca href=\"http://fracfocus.org/chemical-use/why-chemicals-are-used\">lace it\u003c/a> with chemicals, which include benzene and other potentially hazardous chemicals. These chemicals help lubricate the process, prevent corrosion of the pipe, etc. They represent just a small portion of the total frack fluid, but their presence raises concerns for many people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What was your goal in producing this piece?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: I wanted to explore the science behind the disposal of fracking wastewater, and give people tools to form -- and inform -- their own views on it.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, is a process of extracting natural gas that creates large amounts of contaminated wastewater. QUEST travels to Ohio to investigate how this wastewater is produced and the controversy over how to safely dispose of it. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>\"After the Frack\" was produced by QUEST Ohio’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/maryfecteau/\">Mary Fecteau\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hydraulic fracturing -- better known as fracking -- is a process of extracting natural gas that creates large amounts of contaminated wastewater. In this television segment, QUEST explores the science behind the disposal of this waste, and the issues that surround it. We caught up with QUEST Ohio producer \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/maryfecteau/\">Mary Fecteau\u003c/a> to find out more about some of the issues surrounding fracking and her experience creating this video.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fracking is all over the news, and it is controversial. What made you want to take this topic on?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: I wanted to take it on \u003cstrong>because\u003c/strong> it’s all over the news and really controversial. I think there’s a lot of twisting of facts in this topic to serve a specific agenda, and I think the story needed to be told objectively, or as objectively as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I definitely had that moment when I wondered, “Why did I do this to myself?” The story’s so complex. There’s a lot of rhetoric, and on top of that I was dealing with a lot of ugly footage -- trucks, pipes, and storage tanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So why focus on the waste created by this fracking process?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62971\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 381px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Fracking-John_Jack_GH1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-62971\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Fracking-John_Jack_GH1-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Fracking-John_Jack_GH\" width=\"381\" height=\"212\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">John Jack, Vice President of Business Development at GreenHunter Water, stands in front of large pumps, which pump wastewater from fracking into an underground disposal well.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: The fracking process uses massive amounts of highly pressurized fresh water to create cracks in the bedrock, which frees up the natural gas stored there. Much of this water then comes back up as \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/energy/files/fracking-wastewater-fullreport.pdf\">contaminated wastewater\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ohio is, as some say, a “\u003ca href=\"http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-03-22/fracking-fluid-soaks-ohio\">dumping ground\u003c/a>” for this wastewater. Other states truck their wastewater in [to Ohio] to dispose of it here. This is because we have so many \u003ca href=\"http://stateimpact.npr.org/pennsylvania/tag/deep-injection-well/\">deep injection wells\u003c/a>. Injection wells are the sites deep underground where this wastewater must be put. So we have \u003ca href=\"http://www.crainscleveland.com/article/20130816/ENERGY/130819882\">about 200 injection\u003c/a> wells in the state of Ohio, whereas neighboring states have far fewer. Pennsylvania has \u003ca href=\"http://stateimpact.npr.org/pennsylvania/maps/location-of-deep-injection-wells-in-pennsylvania/\">about 5 active wells\u003c/a> and West Virginia \u003ca href=\"http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/local/2013/09/23/sites-sought-for-fracking-residue.html\">about 60\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You can see a lot of these wastewater trucks coming into the state, right? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: Oh yeah, they’re all over. Out toward the border of Pennsylvania you’ll see the trucks at rest stops and gas stations and coming in on I-80.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the main point of tension in your story? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: The tension centers on scientific disagreement about the potential for harm from the disposal of fracking wastewater. Our key interviewees were with Ohio Department of Natural Resources geologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&ved=0CDIQtwIwAQ&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DqHOwqTzl_2M&ei=sX5hUpK_EPal4APKnIHICw&usg=AFQjCNEoLmxEMJvMBIO40mCWcQ6DICmkIQ&sig2=A0Ga2p4TcAYZDs_pC69BiA&bvm=bv.54176721,d.dmg\">Scott Kell\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ohiocitizen.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/2013-OTCO-Shale-Gas-waste-streams-JWR-3-6-13.pdf\">Dr. Julie Weatherington-Rice\u003c/a>, who researches the fracking process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do they disagree on?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: Oh, everything -- everything from how long fracking has been practiced to what’s in the wastewater to how harmful is it. They don’t agree on whether injection wells are a safe way to contain the waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62972\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 355px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Julie-and-Mary-closer-best-shot1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-62972\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Julie-and-Mary-closer-best-shot1-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Julie and Mary closer best shot\" width=\"355\" height=\"264\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Producer Mary Fecteau interviews Dr. Julie Weatherington-Rice.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Weatherington-Rice thinks that as the wells age, there’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.propublica.org/article/injection-wells-the-poison-beneath-us\">great potential for them to leak\u003c/a>, and that there have been documented surface-level leaks before. Kell says the injection well track record is solid, and there have been no instances of groundwater contamination since the process started in the early ’80s. There are also questions and disagreements around the radiation levels in the waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Basically, all the facts that are being disputed come down to one question, “Is this a safe process?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What was the main challenge you faced in producing this piece?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: The main challenge was time, the time limitation [eight minutes] in which to tell the story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What did you have to leave on the cutting-room floor? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: So much! One thing I wish I could have gotten into more was the issue of earthquakes. I mentioned them but didn’t go into specifics about \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/04/youngstown-ohio-earthquakes-wastewater_n_3869286.html\">how injection wells cause earthquakes\u003c/a>, and what safeguards the Ohio Department of Natural Resources is doing to prevent earthquakes in the future. The underlying science here is basically this: if you pump water deep underground near a fault, it could trigger the fault to slip, causing an \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/explainer/earthquakes/\">earthquake.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I also wish I could have gone more in depth about the \u003ca href=\"http://democrats.energycommerce.house.gov/sites/default/files/documents/Hydraulic-Fracturing-Chemicals-2011-4-18.pdf\">chemicals used to frack\u003c/a>. So, before the water gets injected into the ground to fracture a well, energy companies \u003ca href=\"http://fracfocus.org/chemical-use/why-chemicals-are-used\">lace it\u003c/a> with chemicals, which include benzene and other potentially hazardous chemicals. These chemicals help lubricate the process, prevent corrosion of the pipe, etc. They represent just a small portion of the total frack fluid, but their presence raises concerns for many people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What was your goal in producing this piece?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: I wanted to explore the science behind the disposal of fracking wastewater, and give people tools to form -- and inform -- their own views on it.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62420\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-62420\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Tree-Check-Up-Feature-Image-e1381777047994.jpg\" alt=\"Tree Check Up Feature Image\" width=\"640\" height=\"370\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Tree-Check-Up-Feature-Image-e1381777047994.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Tree-Check-Up-Feature-Image-e1381777047994-400x231.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tomography creates a computer image of the inside of a tree that can help determine tree health. Photo courtesy of Wickes Arborists and Fakopp Enterprise.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Are trees getting MRI scans? Not quite, but arborists and biologists are now determining tree health by using a new technology --\u003cstrong> tomography\u003c/strong> -- to “scan” the insides of trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until now, a comprehensive review of a tree’s health involved drilling holes into the tree’s core and examining the samples for decay; a process called \u003cstrong>resistographing\u003c/strong>. But drilling through the trunk is slow, damages the tree, and the results are not always accurate. .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tomography, on the other hand, involves sending sound vibrations through the tree without cutting into the wood; a process that is quick, non-invasive, and accurate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62113\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 309px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-62113 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Test-tomography.jpg\" alt=\"Test tomography\" width=\"309\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Test-tomography.jpg 644w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Test-tomography-400x621.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 309px) 100vw, 309px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Small pins and microphones surround the tree in order to send and detect sound waves traveling through the tree. This data is sent to a computer for analysis. Photo courtesy of Wickes Arborists and Fakopp Enterprise.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s like x-ray vision in a forest,” says Nicholas Whittaker Dankers, an arborist at \u003ca href=\"http://www.treesolutions.net/\">Tree Solutions\u003c/a> in Seattle, who has been using tomography for the past three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s how the technology works: Dankers drives pins and microphones into the bark. Hitting a pin sends sound waves through the tree that are received by microphones on the other side. Sound travels slower through hollow wood, which is a sign of degraded tree health. By analyzing the time it takes the sound vibrations to travel through the tree, Dankers can determine the tree’s level of hollowness, or decomposition. Based on this data, a computer is then used to create a digital, color-coded image of the inside of the tree. Multiple scans up a trunk can create a 3-D model of a column of decay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Generally, [after a tomography scan] we recommend to promote root development and - when needed - thin trees by focusing primarily on the outermost branches,\" says Dankers. Advocating a scientifically-informed approach to tree care allows for appropriate actions from the root tips to the leaf ends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scans like these are becoming more common as more residents understand the importance and value of large, mature trees in their neighborhoods. Besides offering \u003ca href=\"http://nfs.unl.edu/CommunityForestry/urbanforestryintro.asp\">psychological benefits\u003c/a> to people and ecological functions such as purifying the air and preventing soil erosion, these trees also add value to property. A majestic oak or maple tree on your lawn can increase the real estate value by thousands of dollars. As Dankers notes, an old tree can be the equivalent in price of the cost of a new car. Unless old trees are properly maintained and examined, they could become sick, rot, and fall onto surrounding property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Technologies like tomography help urban and suburban trees stay healthy as they grow in an ecosystem that is much more disturbed than the one in which their ancestors once grew. Preserving the health of large trees, wherever they stand, is an investment in the future - especially in cities, where trees can live for hundreds of years. With help, they can survive beyond the lives of their caretakers and the buildings surrounding them and be enjoyed by generations to come.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62420\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-62420\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Tree-Check-Up-Feature-Image-e1381777047994.jpg\" alt=\"Tree Check Up Feature Image\" width=\"640\" height=\"370\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Tree-Check-Up-Feature-Image-e1381777047994.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Tree-Check-Up-Feature-Image-e1381777047994-400x231.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tomography creates a computer image of the inside of a tree that can help determine tree health. Photo courtesy of Wickes Arborists and Fakopp Enterprise.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Are trees getting MRI scans? Not quite, but arborists and biologists are now determining tree health by using a new technology --\u003cstrong> tomography\u003c/strong> -- to “scan” the insides of trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until now, a comprehensive review of a tree’s health involved drilling holes into the tree’s core and examining the samples for decay; a process called \u003cstrong>resistographing\u003c/strong>. But drilling through the trunk is slow, damages the tree, and the results are not always accurate. .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tomography, on the other hand, involves sending sound vibrations through the tree without cutting into the wood; a process that is quick, non-invasive, and accurate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62113\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 309px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-62113 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Test-tomography.jpg\" alt=\"Test tomography\" width=\"309\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Test-tomography.jpg 644w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Test-tomography-400x621.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 309px) 100vw, 309px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Small pins and microphones surround the tree in order to send and detect sound waves traveling through the tree. This data is sent to a computer for analysis. Photo courtesy of Wickes Arborists and Fakopp Enterprise.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s like x-ray vision in a forest,” says Nicholas Whittaker Dankers, an arborist at \u003ca href=\"http://www.treesolutions.net/\">Tree Solutions\u003c/a> in Seattle, who has been using tomography for the past three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s how the technology works: Dankers drives pins and microphones into the bark. Hitting a pin sends sound waves through the tree that are received by microphones on the other side. Sound travels slower through hollow wood, which is a sign of degraded tree health. By analyzing the time it takes the sound vibrations to travel through the tree, Dankers can determine the tree’s level of hollowness, or decomposition. Based on this data, a computer is then used to create a digital, color-coded image of the inside of the tree. Multiple scans up a trunk can create a 3-D model of a column of decay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Generally, [after a tomography scan] we recommend to promote root development and - when needed - thin trees by focusing primarily on the outermost branches,\" says Dankers. Advocating a scientifically-informed approach to tree care allows for appropriate actions from the root tips to the leaf ends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scans like these are becoming more common as more residents understand the importance and value of large, mature trees in their neighborhoods. Besides offering \u003ca href=\"http://nfs.unl.edu/CommunityForestry/urbanforestryintro.asp\">psychological benefits\u003c/a> to people and ecological functions such as purifying the air and preventing soil erosion, these trees also add value to property. A majestic oak or maple tree on your lawn can increase the real estate value by thousands of dollars. As Dankers notes, an old tree can be the equivalent in price of the cost of a new car. Unless old trees are properly maintained and examined, they could become sick, rot, and fall onto surrounding property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Technologies like tomography help urban and suburban trees stay healthy as they grow in an ecosystem that is much more disturbed than the one in which their ancestors once grew. Preserving the health of large trees, wherever they stand, is an investment in the future - especially in cities, where trees can live for hundreds of years. With help, they can survive beyond the lives of their caretakers and the buildings surrounding them and be enjoyed by generations to come.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Seeing the Farm Through the Trees",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62587\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Sharing.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-62587\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Sharing.png\" alt=\"Participants harvest Chanterelle mushrooms during a recent forest farming workshop at the Holden Arboretum in Kirkland, Ohio. Credit: Holden Arboretum.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Sharing.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Sharing-400x225.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Participants harvest Chanterelle mushrooms during a recent forest farming workshop at the Holden Arboretum in Kirkland, Ohio. Credit: Holden Arboretum.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>QUEST Ohio Community Contributor \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/kmudge/\">Ken Mudge\u003c/a> contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is a hot and steamy summer day in northeast Ohio and the mosquitoes are out in full force. None of this seems to bother me or my associate, Dr. Kenneth Mudge, associate professor of horticulture at Cornell University, as we roll over logs in a hardwood forest at the 3,500-acre \u003ca href=\"http://www.holdenarb.org/home/\" target=\"_blank\">Holden Arboretum\u003c/a> just east of Cleveland. He is looking for edible mushrooms -- particularly Shitakes, which can fetch up to 15 dollars per pound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This might not look like a farm in the traditional sense,” says Mudge, “but cultivating and harvesting non-timber resources, or ‘\u003ca href=\"http://www.centerforagroforestry.org/pubs/mushguide.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">forest farming\u003c/a>,’ might help foster the health and integrity of forests in the northeast U.S. and therefore exemplify productive conservation\u003cem>.\u003c/em>”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62577\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC00283-sm2048.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-62577\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC00283-sm2048-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Kenneth Mudge demonstrates how to seed a log with Shitakes. Growing edible mushrooms can be both profitable and sustainable. Credit: Holden Arboretum.\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Kenneth Mudge demonstrates how to seed a log with Shitakes. Growing edible mushrooms can be both a profitable and sustainable forest management strategy. Credit: Holden Arboretum.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Forested landscapes play a far more central role in our everyday lives than most people realize. In addition to providing beneficial timber and non-timber resources, sustainable forest management maintains biodiversity, preserves wildlife habitat, prevents soil erosion, and maintains water quality. It also sequesters atmospheric carbon dioxide, helping to slow the rate of climate change by providing relatively long-term storage of this greenhouse gas in tree biomass and soil organic matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite their biological and economic importance, forests continue to be threatened by land-use change (urban and agricultural development), acid rain and nutrient enrichment, and invasive plants and pests, underscoring the need to conserve native forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, opportunities abound to rethink the current concept and practice of forest conservation and management of ecosystem services at the landscape scale. The eastern U.S., in particular, represents a unique opportunity for forest research and experimental management because forest cover is actually increasing due to agricultural abandonment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62576\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 270px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/098.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-62576\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/098-270x360.jpg\" alt=\"Forest farming instructor Robert Beyfuss displays Chanterelle mushrooms. Credit: Holden Arboretum.\" width=\"270\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Forest farming instructor Robert Beyfuss displays Chanterelle mushrooms. Credit: Holden Arboretum.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Forest farming, which is the cultivation of high-value, non-timber forest products like ginseng and mushrooms, provides an economically viable alternative to traditional management practices. Such practices promote productive conservation that maintains and enhances ecosystem services, while generating income that helps pay taxes and thereby avoids unsustainable timber harvest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It isn’t a stretch to envision this sort of model. Non-timber harvesting has existed in northern Europe for centuries, and maple sap extraction for syrup, although energy intensive, is a common agricultural practice throughout the Northeast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, a forest management practice called timber stand improvement (TSI) increases forest health by thinning overly dense stands of young trees, thereby allowing the best prospects to grow to maturity and contribute to the future harvest of high-quality timber. The trees removed during thinning can be used as substrate logs for \u003ca href=\"http://www.vegetablegardener.com/item/4220/how-to-grow-shiitake-mushrooms\" target=\"_blank\">cultivating Shiitake mushrooms\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“Farming forests does not have to be time consuming or energy intensive, and it sure beats a clear-cut full of invasive shrubs every 30 years.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>TSI improves forest quality in the long term, while generating income from mushrooms in the short term. It’s an example of productive conservation and can be an important aspect of modern forest management, particularly in human-dominated landscapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Farming forests does not have to be time consuming or energy intensive, and it sure beats a clear-cut full of invasive shrubs every 30 years,” adds Mudge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regions with large tracts of public land, such as the western U.S., are amenable to broad implementation of sustainable forest management practices. But in the eastern U.S., much of the forested land is privately owned and parcel size is trending toward smaller woodlots, two factors that present obstacles to the adaptation of forest farming methods versus traditional timber harvesting. Woodlot owners are often constrained economically by property tax policies that encourage unsustainable timber harvest, resulting in declining forest health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62579\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC00368-sm2048.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-62579\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC00368-sm2048-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Mushrooms grow well on tree logs in shady forests. Credit: Holden Arboretum.\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mushrooms thrive on tree logs in shady forests. Credit: Holden Arboretum.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Forests are at risk from many threats right now, which speaks to the need for new management approaches that foster forest cover and consider the functional aspects of forest ecosystems. However, the success of those management strategies depends on their ability to achieve conservation goals, while still being socially and culturally relevant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although forest farming approaches are a win/win for landowners and managers, future forest research is needed to investigate and quantify the effect of productive conservation practices (relative to traditional management) on ecosystem services and biodiversity. Only then can the true economic and ecological benefits be evaluated.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62587\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Sharing.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-62587\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Sharing.png\" alt=\"Participants harvest Chanterelle mushrooms during a recent forest farming workshop at the Holden Arboretum in Kirkland, Ohio. Credit: Holden Arboretum.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Sharing.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Sharing-400x225.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Participants harvest Chanterelle mushrooms during a recent forest farming workshop at the Holden Arboretum in Kirkland, Ohio. Credit: Holden Arboretum.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>QUEST Ohio Community Contributor \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/kmudge/\">Ken Mudge\u003c/a> contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is a hot and steamy summer day in northeast Ohio and the mosquitoes are out in full force. None of this seems to bother me or my associate, Dr. Kenneth Mudge, associate professor of horticulture at Cornell University, as we roll over logs in a hardwood forest at the 3,500-acre \u003ca href=\"http://www.holdenarb.org/home/\" target=\"_blank\">Holden Arboretum\u003c/a> just east of Cleveland. He is looking for edible mushrooms -- particularly Shitakes, which can fetch up to 15 dollars per pound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This might not look like a farm in the traditional sense,” says Mudge, “but cultivating and harvesting non-timber resources, or ‘\u003ca href=\"http://www.centerforagroforestry.org/pubs/mushguide.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">forest farming\u003c/a>,’ might help foster the health and integrity of forests in the northeast U.S. and therefore exemplify productive conservation\u003cem>.\u003c/em>”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62577\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC00283-sm2048.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-62577\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC00283-sm2048-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Kenneth Mudge demonstrates how to seed a log with Shitakes. Growing edible mushrooms can be both profitable and sustainable. Credit: Holden Arboretum.\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Kenneth Mudge demonstrates how to seed a log with Shitakes. Growing edible mushrooms can be both a profitable and sustainable forest management strategy. Credit: Holden Arboretum.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Forested landscapes play a far more central role in our everyday lives than most people realize. In addition to providing beneficial timber and non-timber resources, sustainable forest management maintains biodiversity, preserves wildlife habitat, prevents soil erosion, and maintains water quality. It also sequesters atmospheric carbon dioxide, helping to slow the rate of climate change by providing relatively long-term storage of this greenhouse gas in tree biomass and soil organic matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite their biological and economic importance, forests continue to be threatened by land-use change (urban and agricultural development), acid rain and nutrient enrichment, and invasive plants and pests, underscoring the need to conserve native forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, opportunities abound to rethink the current concept and practice of forest conservation and management of ecosystem services at the landscape scale. The eastern U.S., in particular, represents a unique opportunity for forest research and experimental management because forest cover is actually increasing due to agricultural abandonment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62576\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 270px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/098.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-62576\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/098-270x360.jpg\" alt=\"Forest farming instructor Robert Beyfuss displays Chanterelle mushrooms. Credit: Holden Arboretum.\" width=\"270\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Forest farming instructor Robert Beyfuss displays Chanterelle mushrooms. Credit: Holden Arboretum.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Forest farming, which is the cultivation of high-value, non-timber forest products like ginseng and mushrooms, provides an economically viable alternative to traditional management practices. Such practices promote productive conservation that maintains and enhances ecosystem services, while generating income that helps pay taxes and thereby avoids unsustainable timber harvest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It isn’t a stretch to envision this sort of model. Non-timber harvesting has existed in northern Europe for centuries, and maple sap extraction for syrup, although energy intensive, is a common agricultural practice throughout the Northeast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, a forest management practice called timber stand improvement (TSI) increases forest health by thinning overly dense stands of young trees, thereby allowing the best prospects to grow to maturity and contribute to the future harvest of high-quality timber. The trees removed during thinning can be used as substrate logs for \u003ca href=\"http://www.vegetablegardener.com/item/4220/how-to-grow-shiitake-mushrooms\" target=\"_blank\">cultivating Shiitake mushrooms\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“Farming forests does not have to be time consuming or energy intensive, and it sure beats a clear-cut full of invasive shrubs every 30 years.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>TSI improves forest quality in the long term, while generating income from mushrooms in the short term. It’s an example of productive conservation and can be an important aspect of modern forest management, particularly in human-dominated landscapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Farming forests does not have to be time consuming or energy intensive, and it sure beats a clear-cut full of invasive shrubs every 30 years,” adds Mudge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regions with large tracts of public land, such as the western U.S., are amenable to broad implementation of sustainable forest management practices. But in the eastern U.S., much of the forested land is privately owned and parcel size is trending toward smaller woodlots, two factors that present obstacles to the adaptation of forest farming methods versus traditional timber harvesting. Woodlot owners are often constrained economically by property tax policies that encourage unsustainable timber harvest, resulting in declining forest health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62579\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC00368-sm2048.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-62579\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC00368-sm2048-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Mushrooms grow well on tree logs in shady forests. Credit: Holden Arboretum.\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mushrooms thrive on tree logs in shady forests. Credit: Holden Arboretum.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Forests are at risk from many threats right now, which speaks to the need for new management approaches that foster forest cover and consider the functional aspects of forest ecosystems. However, the success of those management strategies depends on their ability to achieve conservation goals, while still being socially and culturally relevant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although forest farming approaches are a win/win for landowners and managers, future forest research is needed to investigate and quantify the effect of productive conservation practices (relative to traditional management) on ecosystem services and biodiversity. Only then can the true economic and ecological benefits be evaluated.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Forget the Lawnmower, Hire Sheep",
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"content": "\u003cp>Cities that have seen their populations dwindle over the years, like Detroit and Cleveland, find themselves faced with a problem: hundreds of vacant lots that require upkeep. Without maintenance, the land becomes overgrown. The lots turn into eyesores and bring down adjacent property values. But landscaping isn’t cheap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now one community is testing a new way to keep their vacant lots tidy: sheep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nonprofit group \u003ca href=\"http://www.urbanshepherds.com/\">Urban Shepherds\u003c/a> runs an urban grazing program on a four-acre lot in Cleveland’s St. Clair neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62515\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 268px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Evan-llama-photo-e1381957896822.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-62515\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Evan-llama-photo-e1381957896822-268x360.jpg\" alt='A \"guardian llama\" protects the flock from urban predators. Credit: Evan Zuzik ' width=\"268\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A \"guardian llama\" protects the flock from urban predators. Credit: Evan Zuzik\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I went by to check it out on a hot day when the sheep weren’t really feeling like talking -- a problem when you’re trying to produce a radio story. Trying to get close enough to hear a solid “baa” got me in trouble with their “guardian llama.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yep, there’s a llama in downtown Cleveland. He protects the sheep from urban predators like unruly dogs and people. Together, sheep and llama roam the fenced lot and keep the grass in check.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lot sits amid an upscale apartment building, Lake Erie, and a major highway. The sheep spend their days chewing grass, clover, and weeds. They munch in the morning, munch in the evening, munch in the shade, and munch by the lake. It’s a pretty nice gig.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it’s not a bad deal for the property manager, either, at least according to Michael Fleming, who spearheaded the effort to bring the sheep here. Fleming heads the St. Clair Superior Development Corporation and is a board member of Urban Shepherds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JS6unyUP8z4\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He got the idea for “sheep lawnmowers” when he heard about it being done in Brazilian parks. He wanted to give it a shot in an urban area like Cleveland. The city, like others in the Rust Belt, has seen its population shrink and the number of overgrown vacant lots increase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Groups like Urban Shepherds see sheep as the perfect caretakers for blighted areas. “We would like to form a sort of model that can be replicated in other cities. There’s no reason why this couldn’t be expanded far, far beyond Cleveland,” said Fleming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This pilot project is meant to test the cost and feasibility of the program. While they can’t give a sheep versus lawnmower price comparison just yet, Urban Shepherds is confident the sheep will do the work for far less than traditional lawn care. “Our goal is to cut it by 50 percent,” says Development Coordinator Brendan Trewella.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62516\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Mow-Sheep-002.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-62516\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Mow-Sheep-002-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"The Urban Shepherds run a sheep-grazing program on this vacant Cleveland lot, and hope to deploy this model in other urban areas.\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Urban Shepherds run a sheep-grazing program on this vacant Cleveland lot, and hope to deploy this model in other urban areas.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The flock doesn’t require much care besides daily water and a mineral block. They winter at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.thespicylamb.com/\">Spicy Lamb Farm\u003c/a> in Peninsula, Ohio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, Fleming knows this lot won’t be vacant forever -- a condo is in the works -- but the sheep are like a tide-me-over that’s good for neighborhood morale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, take “volunteer shepherd” Evan Zuzik, a resident of the nearby apartment building who checks on the sheep every day. He says the sheep are a tourist draw, as well as conversation starter. “People are generally like, wait -- there are sheep in downtown Cleveland?” said Zuzik. Apartment dwellers are eager to swap rooms for a “sheep view.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they’re more than a pretty face. The sheep offer environmental benefits, too. Ditching the gas-powered mower reduces carbon dioxide emissions and smog. The need for herbicides may be reduced as well, and some say sheep help repopulate native grasses.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“Instead of having a lawnmower that produces all this carbon pollution and grass clippings, we have a bunch of sheep that could go to market.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“At the end of the year,” said Trewella, “instead of having a lawnmower that produces all this carbon pollution and grass clippings that will ultimately go into a landfill, we have a bunch of sheep that could go to market.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doug Clevenger, a sheep specialist at Ohio State University Extension, thinks the group is on to something. “Sheep are a way to utilize some of the grounds that we have that aren’t fit for other things,” he said. “They’re just a docile species that does an amazing job at taking a given amount of acres and turning it into more lamb and more wool.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The use of sheep and other \u003ca href=\"http://www.movoto.com/blog/novelty-real-estate/reduce-animal-unemployment-hire-a-goat/\">animal mowers\u003c/a> (like goats) seems to be a growing trend. Flocks roam the grounds near O’Hare Airport in \u003ca href=\"http://www.wbez.org/news/herd-goats-llamas-sheep-and-burros-are-grazing-around-o%E2%80%99hare-grounds-108408\">Chicago\u003c/a>, in troubled neighborhoods of \u003ca href=\"http://www.crowdrise.com/greenshepherdproject\">Indianapolis\u003c/a>, and in vineyards out West. Even abroad, there are grazers on \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/parallels/2013/05/27/186735905/let-them-eat-grass-paris-employs-sheep-as-eco-mowers\">Parisian lawn\u003c/a>s, for instance, and in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/content/leisure-and-libraries/parks-and-green-spaces/sheep-grazing\">British city\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Ohio, “the largest sheep producing state east of the Mississippi,” there are plenty of animals to potentially chew on the state’s vacant urban lots, and shepherds ready to put them to work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62540\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Mow-Sheep-016-e1381958991951.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-62540\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Mow-Sheep-016-e1381958991951.jpg\" alt=\"The sheep roam the edges of Lake Erie.\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Mow-Sheep-016-e1381958991951.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Mow-Sheep-016-e1381958991951-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The sheep roam the edges of Lake Erie.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Cities that have seen their populations dwindle over the years, like Detroit and Cleveland, find themselves faced with a problem: hundreds of vacant lots that require upkeep. Without maintenance, the land becomes overgrown. The lots turn into eyesores and bring down adjacent property values. But landscaping isn’t cheap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now one community is testing a new way to keep their vacant lots tidy: sheep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nonprofit group \u003ca href=\"http://www.urbanshepherds.com/\">Urban Shepherds\u003c/a> runs an urban grazing program on a four-acre lot in Cleveland’s St. Clair neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62515\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 268px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Evan-llama-photo-e1381957896822.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-62515\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Evan-llama-photo-e1381957896822-268x360.jpg\" alt='A \"guardian llama\" protects the flock from urban predators. Credit: Evan Zuzik ' width=\"268\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A \"guardian llama\" protects the flock from urban predators. Credit: Evan Zuzik\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I went by to check it out on a hot day when the sheep weren’t really feeling like talking -- a problem when you’re trying to produce a radio story. Trying to get close enough to hear a solid “baa” got me in trouble with their “guardian llama.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yep, there’s a llama in downtown Cleveland. He protects the sheep from urban predators like unruly dogs and people. Together, sheep and llama roam the fenced lot and keep the grass in check.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lot sits amid an upscale apartment building, Lake Erie, and a major highway. The sheep spend their days chewing grass, clover, and weeds. They munch in the morning, munch in the evening, munch in the shade, and munch by the lake. It’s a pretty nice gig.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it’s not a bad deal for the property manager, either, at least according to Michael Fleming, who spearheaded the effort to bring the sheep here. Fleming heads the St. Clair Superior Development Corporation and is a board member of Urban Shepherds.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/JS6unyUP8z4'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/JS6unyUP8z4'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>He got the idea for “sheep lawnmowers” when he heard about it being done in Brazilian parks. He wanted to give it a shot in an urban area like Cleveland. The city, like others in the Rust Belt, has seen its population shrink and the number of overgrown vacant lots increase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Groups like Urban Shepherds see sheep as the perfect caretakers for blighted areas. “We would like to form a sort of model that can be replicated in other cities. There’s no reason why this couldn’t be expanded far, far beyond Cleveland,” said Fleming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This pilot project is meant to test the cost and feasibility of the program. While they can’t give a sheep versus lawnmower price comparison just yet, Urban Shepherds is confident the sheep will do the work for far less than traditional lawn care. “Our goal is to cut it by 50 percent,” says Development Coordinator Brendan Trewella.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62516\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Mow-Sheep-002.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-62516\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Mow-Sheep-002-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"The Urban Shepherds run a sheep-grazing program on this vacant Cleveland lot, and hope to deploy this model in other urban areas.\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Urban Shepherds run a sheep-grazing program on this vacant Cleveland lot, and hope to deploy this model in other urban areas.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The flock doesn’t require much care besides daily water and a mineral block. They winter at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.thespicylamb.com/\">Spicy Lamb Farm\u003c/a> in Peninsula, Ohio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, Fleming knows this lot won’t be vacant forever -- a condo is in the works -- but the sheep are like a tide-me-over that’s good for neighborhood morale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, take “volunteer shepherd” Evan Zuzik, a resident of the nearby apartment building who checks on the sheep every day. He says the sheep are a tourist draw, as well as conversation starter. “People are generally like, wait -- there are sheep in downtown Cleveland?” said Zuzik. Apartment dwellers are eager to swap rooms for a “sheep view.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they’re more than a pretty face. The sheep offer environmental benefits, too. Ditching the gas-powered mower reduces carbon dioxide emissions and smog. The need for herbicides may be reduced as well, and some say sheep help repopulate native grasses.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“Instead of having a lawnmower that produces all this carbon pollution and grass clippings, we have a bunch of sheep that could go to market.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“At the end of the year,” said Trewella, “instead of having a lawnmower that produces all this carbon pollution and grass clippings that will ultimately go into a landfill, we have a bunch of sheep that could go to market.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doug Clevenger, a sheep specialist at Ohio State University Extension, thinks the group is on to something. “Sheep are a way to utilize some of the grounds that we have that aren’t fit for other things,” he said. “They’re just a docile species that does an amazing job at taking a given amount of acres and turning it into more lamb and more wool.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The use of sheep and other \u003ca href=\"http://www.movoto.com/blog/novelty-real-estate/reduce-animal-unemployment-hire-a-goat/\">animal mowers\u003c/a> (like goats) seems to be a growing trend. Flocks roam the grounds near O’Hare Airport in \u003ca href=\"http://www.wbez.org/news/herd-goats-llamas-sheep-and-burros-are-grazing-around-o%E2%80%99hare-grounds-108408\">Chicago\u003c/a>, in troubled neighborhoods of \u003ca href=\"http://www.crowdrise.com/greenshepherdproject\">Indianapolis\u003c/a>, and in vineyards out West. Even abroad, there are grazers on \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/parallels/2013/05/27/186735905/let-them-eat-grass-paris-employs-sheep-as-eco-mowers\">Parisian lawn\u003c/a>s, for instance, and in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/content/leisure-and-libraries/parks-and-green-spaces/sheep-grazing\">British city\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Ohio, “the largest sheep producing state east of the Mississippi,” there are plenty of animals to potentially chew on the state’s vacant urban lots, and shepherds ready to put them to work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62540\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Mow-Sheep-016-e1381958991951.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-62540\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Mow-Sheep-016-e1381958991951.jpg\" alt=\"The sheep roam the edges of Lake Erie.\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Mow-Sheep-016-e1381958991951.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Mow-Sheep-016-e1381958991951-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The sheep roam the edges of Lake Erie.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Road Kill or Road Crossing: California Slow to Protect Wildlife",
"title": "Road Kill or Road Crossing: California Slow to Protect Wildlife",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>Most drivers have had this experience: it’s late at night and out of nowhere an animal darts across the road. Thousands of animals are hit every year in California, taking a toll on both wildlife and drivers. Nationwide, wildlife collisions are estimated to cause $1 billion in damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several western states have built infrastructure to help wildlife cross under highways safely—projects known as “wildlife corridors.” Some experts say that while California officials know about the extent of the problem, the state is way behind in solving it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dangers have recently become clear in the Santa Cruz Mountains, where mountain lions are crossing Highway 17, a winding, four-lane highway. The population is being studied by the \u003ca href=\"http://santacruzpumas.org/\">Santa Cruz Puma Project\u003c/a>, run out of the University of California-Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a sunny, late-spring afternoon, field biologist Paul Houghtaling meets up with Dan Tichenor, a volunteer from California Houndsmen for Conservation, and his hound dogs. They tracked the scent of a mountain lion, now in a tree to avoid the barking dogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He’s looking at us,” Houghtaling says, looking up at the lion. “He’s interested in us but just a little while ago he had his head down on the branch. He’s gonna wait us out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62748\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/280-deer.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-62748\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/280-deer.jpg\" alt=\" Deer crossing under I-280 in the Bay Area, as captured by a wildlife camera. Scientists say fencing could help direct animals to these spots. (Photo: UC Davis Road Ecology Center)\" width=\"400\" height=\"330\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Deer crossing under I-280 in the Bay Area, as captured by a wildlife camera. Scientists say fencing could help direct animals to these spots. (Photo: UC Davis Road Ecology Center)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Houghtaling intends to put a radio and GPS tracking collar on the lion. The data will feed into a five-year project to document mountain lion movements in the area and study how they live around people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve had several lions that have crossed Highway 17 down near Santa Cruz many times,” he says. “One of them was hit and killed about a week before she was going to give birth to a single kitten.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four other lions have been killed on Highway 17 in the last few years. Houghtaling says the data show that most of them are trying to cross the highway at the same places, which makes those locations good candidates for wildlife corridor projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“Circle of Death”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know it’s a problem and we know how to fix it,” said Fraser Shilling, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://roadecology.ucdavis.edu/\">Road Ecology Center\u003c/a> at UC Davis. “Almost every place you have a highway near an open space area, we have hotspots. So it’s sort of a circle of death around the Bay Area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area’s highway network fragments wildlife habitat, either forcing animals to cross freeways or isolating them in “islands” of habitat. Scientists say connecting habitat will be increasingly important with climate change, as animals and plants need to move with shifting conditions. A recent effort by conservation groups \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayarealands.org/next-steps/linkages.php\">identified 14 places \u003c/a>where preserving land would connect the Bay Area's open spaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.wildlifecrossing.net/california/\">Citizen scientists have documented\u003c/a> around 7,000 dead animals on Bay Area roads over the last four years, which Shilling says represents a fraction of the total number.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62746\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 278px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/hotspot-map.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-62746\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/hotspot-map-278x360.jpg\" alt=\"Bay Area wildlife collision hotspots.\" width=\"278\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bay Area wildlife collision hotspots (\u003cstrong>click to enlarge\u003c/strong>).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another road-kill hotspot is Interstate 280, a commuter favorite heading south out of San Francisco. The multi-lane freeway opens to rolling, grassy hills on either side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shilling \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2012/07/30/103810/study_tracks_deer_movement_on_interstate_280?category=science\">tracked deer behavior around the freeway\u003c/a> for six months. “They’ll come right up to the edge of highway,” he says. “They’ll also try to cross the highway and because it’s so busy, they really can’t make it. They’ll get hit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Collisions at freeway speeds are often fatal for the deer, and sometimes for the driver. Every year, drivers hit about 40 deer along I-280, but Shilling found some deer are going under the freeway through culverts and underpasses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a report he’s drafting for Caltrans, Shilling recommends putting up wildlife fencing that would funnel deer to the underpasses, keeping them off the freeway. Those underpasses could be made more attractive to wildlife by creating separate pathways for people and animals to use. Animals tend to avoid areas that are heavily used by people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Building fences can be expensive—up to $100,000 per mile—but Shilling compares that to cost of collisions from vehicle damage and injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On Interstate 280, there are places where the cost is about $10,000–40,000 per mile from collisions per year,” he says. “So when you add that up and say: what is that over ten years and would it be cost-effective to do something? Certainly, it would save society money.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other western states like Colorado and Montana have put in fences and built underpasses on major highways, and the projects have proven effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shilling says California is lagging behind. “We build about one wildlife underpass per year and the scale of the problem here is huge,” he says. “Because this is framed as an environmental issue, Caltrans seems to ignore it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Waiting for Report\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is a problem,” says Bob Haus, spokesman for Caltrans District 4, representing the Bay Area. “It’s very difficult for humans and wildlife to mix. If we can cut down on human injuries and wildlife injuries, then we’ll do anything we can to do that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Haus says Caltrans is building a culvert for wildlife near Napa \u003ca href=\"http://www.dot.ca.gov/dist4/12jamesoncanyon/\">as Highway 12 is widened\u003c/a>. But that’s only one of five projects being built or designed specifically for wildlife in the Bay Area that Caltrans could name.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62750\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 360px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Hwy-101-Tick-Creek-Bobcat.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-62750\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Hwy-101-Tick-Creek-Bobcat.jpg\" alt=\"A bobcat uses an existing culvert under Highway 152, the site of a wildlife corridor research project by the Nature Conservancy (Photo: The Nature Conservancy Pajaro Connectivity Study).\" width=\"360\" height=\"262\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bobcat uses an existing culvert under Highway 152, the site of a wildlife corridor research project by the Nature Conservancy (Photo: The Nature Conservancy Pajaro Connectivity Study).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The agency also remains skeptical about using fencing as a guide path. “So, say if you have fencing that’s specifically designed for a deer, it might harm other species,” Haus says. “So if there’s anyway at all to avoid the fencing, we try to do that right now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Haus says his district has commissioned a report from UC Davis about Bay Area collision hotspots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It really depends on what they recommend. If it requires any changes to what our projects already are, we’ll go from there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fraser Shilling wants to see legislation that requires Caltrans to make all highway projects more wildlife-safe. “The agency, Caltrans, has known about this problem for a long time,” he says. “They’ve heard about it from Fish and Game. They’ve heard about it from their peers. They’re not doing it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I believe there’s a lot more that can be done in California to make habitats more connected for wildlife, particularly across roads and other kinds of barriers,” says David Wright, who works on the Resource Assessment Program at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/\">California Department of Fish and Wildlife\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that if we starting thinking about every project as it comes up and trying to make sure that we include something that improves connectivity for wildlife, then I think we’ll start seeing better habitat and more wildlife in our state,\" Wright says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Progress on Highway 17\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in the Santa Cruz mountains, Paul Houghtaling loads his rifle with a dart to sedate the mountain lion in the tree above us. He takes aim and the dart hits square in the thigh. The mountain lion leaps down and runs by at full speed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He catches up with her (turns out it’s a “she”) as she’s failing asleep under some bushes. Houghtaling takes her vitals and fits her with a radio collar, giving her the name \"\u003ca href=\"http://santacruzpumas.org/2013/05/30/meet-38f/\">38F\u003c/a>\" as the 38th mountain lion in the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Things could be looking up for the Santa Cruz lion population. Local land trusts, including the Midpeninsula Regional Open Space District, the Land Trust of Santa Cruz County, and the Peninsula Open Space Trust, are working with another Caltrans district, District 5, to improve highway 17 by expanding culverts and putting up fencing in two locations. The group is using cameras to study animal movement in those corridors and is currently applying for state funding to complete the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>See the mountain lion capture in KQED's \"Science on the SPOT: Chasing Pumas\":\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aQyh13LOmnM&noredirect=1\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Drivers hit thousands of animals every year on California freeways, often killing the wildlife, and sometimes killing or injuring the human, too. Several western states have built fencing and other infrastructure to help wildlife cross freeways safely, and critics say California could be doing a lot more of the same.",
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"title": "Road Kill or Road Crossing: California Slow to Protect Wildlife | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Most drivers have had this experience: it’s late at night and out of nowhere an animal darts across the road. Thousands of animals are hit every year in California, taking a toll on both wildlife and drivers. Nationwide, wildlife collisions are estimated to cause $1 billion in damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several western states have built infrastructure to help wildlife cross under highways safely—projects known as “wildlife corridors.” Some experts say that while California officials know about the extent of the problem, the state is way behind in solving it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dangers have recently become clear in the Santa Cruz Mountains, where mountain lions are crossing Highway 17, a winding, four-lane highway. The population is being studied by the \u003ca href=\"http://santacruzpumas.org/\">Santa Cruz Puma Project\u003c/a>, run out of the University of California-Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a sunny, late-spring afternoon, field biologist Paul Houghtaling meets up with Dan Tichenor, a volunteer from California Houndsmen for Conservation, and his hound dogs. They tracked the scent of a mountain lion, now in a tree to avoid the barking dogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He’s looking at us,” Houghtaling says, looking up at the lion. “He’s interested in us but just a little while ago he had his head down on the branch. He’s gonna wait us out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62748\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/280-deer.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-62748\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/280-deer.jpg\" alt=\" Deer crossing under I-280 in the Bay Area, as captured by a wildlife camera. Scientists say fencing could help direct animals to these spots. (Photo: UC Davis Road Ecology Center)\" width=\"400\" height=\"330\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Deer crossing under I-280 in the Bay Area, as captured by a wildlife camera. Scientists say fencing could help direct animals to these spots. (Photo: UC Davis Road Ecology Center)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Houghtaling intends to put a radio and GPS tracking collar on the lion. The data will feed into a five-year project to document mountain lion movements in the area and study how they live around people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve had several lions that have crossed Highway 17 down near Santa Cruz many times,” he says. “One of them was hit and killed about a week before she was going to give birth to a single kitten.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four other lions have been killed on Highway 17 in the last few years. Houghtaling says the data show that most of them are trying to cross the highway at the same places, which makes those locations good candidates for wildlife corridor projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“Circle of Death”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know it’s a problem and we know how to fix it,” said Fraser Shilling, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://roadecology.ucdavis.edu/\">Road Ecology Center\u003c/a> at UC Davis. “Almost every place you have a highway near an open space area, we have hotspots. So it’s sort of a circle of death around the Bay Area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area’s highway network fragments wildlife habitat, either forcing animals to cross freeways or isolating them in “islands” of habitat. Scientists say connecting habitat will be increasingly important with climate change, as animals and plants need to move with shifting conditions. A recent effort by conservation groups \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayarealands.org/next-steps/linkages.php\">identified 14 places \u003c/a>where preserving land would connect the Bay Area's open spaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.wildlifecrossing.net/california/\">Citizen scientists have documented\u003c/a> around 7,000 dead animals on Bay Area roads over the last four years, which Shilling says represents a fraction of the total number.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62746\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 278px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/hotspot-map.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-62746\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/hotspot-map-278x360.jpg\" alt=\"Bay Area wildlife collision hotspots.\" width=\"278\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bay Area wildlife collision hotspots (\u003cstrong>click to enlarge\u003c/strong>).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another road-kill hotspot is Interstate 280, a commuter favorite heading south out of San Francisco. The multi-lane freeway opens to rolling, grassy hills on either side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shilling \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2012/07/30/103810/study_tracks_deer_movement_on_interstate_280?category=science\">tracked deer behavior around the freeway\u003c/a> for six months. “They’ll come right up to the edge of highway,” he says. “They’ll also try to cross the highway and because it’s so busy, they really can’t make it. They’ll get hit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Collisions at freeway speeds are often fatal for the deer, and sometimes for the driver. Every year, drivers hit about 40 deer along I-280, but Shilling found some deer are going under the freeway through culverts and underpasses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a report he’s drafting for Caltrans, Shilling recommends putting up wildlife fencing that would funnel deer to the underpasses, keeping them off the freeway. Those underpasses could be made more attractive to wildlife by creating separate pathways for people and animals to use. Animals tend to avoid areas that are heavily used by people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Building fences can be expensive—up to $100,000 per mile—but Shilling compares that to cost of collisions from vehicle damage and injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On Interstate 280, there are places where the cost is about $10,000–40,000 per mile from collisions per year,” he says. “So when you add that up and say: what is that over ten years and would it be cost-effective to do something? Certainly, it would save society money.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other western states like Colorado and Montana have put in fences and built underpasses on major highways, and the projects have proven effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shilling says California is lagging behind. “We build about one wildlife underpass per year and the scale of the problem here is huge,” he says. “Because this is framed as an environmental issue, Caltrans seems to ignore it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Waiting for Report\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is a problem,” says Bob Haus, spokesman for Caltrans District 4, representing the Bay Area. “It’s very difficult for humans and wildlife to mix. If we can cut down on human injuries and wildlife injuries, then we’ll do anything we can to do that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Haus says Caltrans is building a culvert for wildlife near Napa \u003ca href=\"http://www.dot.ca.gov/dist4/12jamesoncanyon/\">as Highway 12 is widened\u003c/a>. But that’s only one of five projects being built or designed specifically for wildlife in the Bay Area that Caltrans could name.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62750\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 360px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Hwy-101-Tick-Creek-Bobcat.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-62750\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Hwy-101-Tick-Creek-Bobcat.jpg\" alt=\"A bobcat uses an existing culvert under Highway 152, the site of a wildlife corridor research project by the Nature Conservancy (Photo: The Nature Conservancy Pajaro Connectivity Study).\" width=\"360\" height=\"262\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bobcat uses an existing culvert under Highway 152, the site of a wildlife corridor research project by the Nature Conservancy (Photo: The Nature Conservancy Pajaro Connectivity Study).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The agency also remains skeptical about using fencing as a guide path. “So, say if you have fencing that’s specifically designed for a deer, it might harm other species,” Haus says. “So if there’s anyway at all to avoid the fencing, we try to do that right now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Haus says his district has commissioned a report from UC Davis about Bay Area collision hotspots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It really depends on what they recommend. If it requires any changes to what our projects already are, we’ll go from there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fraser Shilling wants to see legislation that requires Caltrans to make all highway projects more wildlife-safe. “The agency, Caltrans, has known about this problem for a long time,” he says. “They’ve heard about it from Fish and Game. They’ve heard about it from their peers. They’re not doing it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I believe there’s a lot more that can be done in California to make habitats more connected for wildlife, particularly across roads and other kinds of barriers,” says David Wright, who works on the Resource Assessment Program at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/\">California Department of Fish and Wildlife\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that if we starting thinking about every project as it comes up and trying to make sure that we include something that improves connectivity for wildlife, then I think we’ll start seeing better habitat and more wildlife in our state,\" Wright says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Progress on Highway 17\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in the Santa Cruz mountains, Paul Houghtaling loads his rifle with a dart to sedate the mountain lion in the tree above us. He takes aim and the dart hits square in the thigh. The mountain lion leaps down and runs by at full speed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He catches up with her (turns out it’s a “she”) as she’s failing asleep under some bushes. Houghtaling takes her vitals and fits her with a radio collar, giving her the name \"\u003ca href=\"http://santacruzpumas.org/2013/05/30/meet-38f/\">38F\u003c/a>\" as the 38th mountain lion in the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Things could be looking up for the Santa Cruz lion population. Local land trusts, including the Midpeninsula Regional Open Space District, the Land Trust of Santa Cruz County, and the Peninsula Open Space Trust, are working with another Caltrans district, District 5, to improve highway 17 by expanding culverts and putting up fencing in two locations. The group is using cameras to study animal movement in those corridors and is currently applying for state funding to complete the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>See the mountain lion capture in KQED's \"Science on the SPOT: Chasing Pumas\":\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62002\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/pinehurst2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-62002\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/pinehurst2-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"North Carolina's Pinehurst Resort, home to the 2014 U.S. Open golf tournament, has reduced it's irrigated acreage by nearly 50 percent. All photos by David Huppert\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">North Carolina's Pinehurst Resort, home to the 2014 U.S. Open golf tournament, has reduced it's irrigated acreage by nearly 50 percent. All photos by David Huppert\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Golf is a game of opposites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To hit the ball farther, relax. To send the ball higher, hit down on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These kinds of antithetical actions can work when it comes to golf course stewardship, too: to improve a course, superintendents should consider managing less, not more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57251\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 370px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/IMG_9660.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-57251\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/IMG_9660-370x253.jpg\" alt=\"IMG_9660\" width=\"370\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Retention ponds are used to irrigate the golf course at NC State University.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Golf represents an easy target for environmentalists who call attention to the vast amounts of water, fertilizer, and chemicals used to maintain manicured courses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unfortunately, that’s the perception,” says David Hueber, onetime CEO of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ngf.org/\">National Golf Foundation\u003c/a>, who says his doctorate from Clemson University might be “the first Ph.D. in sustainable golf development and management.” According to Hueber, \"When it comes to an issue of sustainability, it kind of fits that perception that [golf courses] are not going to be good stewards. They use too much water, fertilizer, chemicals. It makes golf the pariah.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reality is that golf-course managers have long sought to reduce irrigation, fertilizer, and pesticide use, if only for economic reasons. Modern superintendents are often among the first to say that sustainable course management could be a win/win for the environment \u003cem>and\u003c/em> the club’s bottom line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, take North Carolina’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.pinehurst.com/\">Pinehurst Resort\u003c/a>, which will be the home of the U.S. Open in 2014. Over the past three years the resort’s famed Pinehurst \u003ca href=\"http://www.golfclubatlas.com/courses-by-country/usa/pinehurst-no-2-2/\">No. 2 course has been restored\u003c/a> to what golfers call its “midcentury glory,” and what environmentalists call sustainable land management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62003\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/pinehurst_flag.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-62003\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/pinehurst_flag-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Pinehurst No. 2 eliminated its manicured rough areas and is now a member of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Safe Harbor Program.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pinehurst No. 2 eliminated its manicured rough areas and is now a member of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Safe Harbor Program.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When \u003ca href=\"http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/agcomm/news-center/perspectives/pinehurst-no-2-goes-native/\">restoring Pinehurst No. 2\u003c/a>, the club made environmentally sound decisions based on economic principles. Cutting the irrigated acreage back from 90 to 50 acres saved mowing, irrigation, pesticide, and maintenance costs. Restoring maintained turf back to natural areas -- “no mow zones” as they are sometimes called -- provided habitat for species like the red-cockaded woodpecker. “We were the first private landowner to sign up for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Safe Harbor Program,” says Bob Farren, director of golf course and grounds management for the Pinehurst Resort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60879\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 340px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/DSC_NCSU.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-60879 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/DSC_NCSU-485x360.jpg\" alt=\"The water coming off NC State University's golf course is cleaner than the water that runs onto it. Photo by David Huppert\" width=\"340\" height=\"252\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Danesha Seth Carley, a plant pathologist with NC State University, says native species like the longleaf pine thrive at Lonnie Poole.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Danesha Seth Carley, a plant pathologist and director of sustainability development at North Carolina State University, was initially suspicious of claims of environmentally sustainable courses. “I was that person looking in at golf courses saying they are so unsustainable, it is a joke to consider a golf course sustainable,” said Seth Carley. But she changed her tune after working with the designers of the university’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.lonniepoolegolfcourse.com/\">Lonnie Poole golf course\u003c/a>. The university course uses reclaimed water for fairway irrigation and water from rainwater retention ponds for green irrigation, eliminating the need to use potable water. The course also boasts 50-foot buffers along all waterways, enabling Lonnie Poole to do something golf courses have long done but people do not necessarily appreciate: filter runoff water. “The water coming off the course is cleaner than the water running onto the course,” Seth Carley said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And some courses offer more than just cleaner water. NCSU’s Lonnie Poole is a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/agcomm/news-center/media-releases/poole-golf-course-receives-audubon-international-certification/\">certified Audubon International Signature Golf Course Sanctuary\u003c/a>, and Seth Carley said she’s seen the wildlife to prove it -- foxes, herons, raccoons, and beaver. “The deer don’t care whether the fairways are manicured,” she says. “They go out and forage.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60882\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 344px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Pinehurst_cactus.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-60882\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Pinehurst_cactus-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"The "rough" areas at Pinehurst No. 2 just got a lot spikier. A field guide describing all the course's native species will be distributed at the 2014 U.S. Open.\" width=\"344\" height=\"229\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The \"rough\" areas at Pinehurst No. 2 just got a lot spikier. A field guide describing all the course's native species will be distributed at the 2014 U.S. Open.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Although a golf course is still a far cry from being the untouched wild area that it once was, bear in mind that many golf courses are built on abandoned agricultural land. “I tell people we’ve increased biodiversity,” said Seth Carley. “We have broomsedge and bluestem, warm season native grasses. The concept of the area is sort of old field progression.” Ironically, Seth Carley was criticized for reintroducing longleaf pine, the area’s original inhabitant, because post-agricultural North Carolina no longer supports that ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Course superintendents and environmentalists may come at the issue from different angles, but they all seem to advocate the same thing: more natural areas, more responsible use of water, fertilizer, and pesticides, and greater community access. “I say ‘wildlife habitat,’” said Seth Carley, “they don’t say that. They’re just thinking ‘I don’t want to mow, I don’t want to feed, I don’t want to manage that much grass.’”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62002\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/pinehurst2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-62002\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/pinehurst2-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"North Carolina's Pinehurst Resort, home to the 2014 U.S. Open golf tournament, has reduced it's irrigated acreage by nearly 50 percent. All photos by David Huppert\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">North Carolina's Pinehurst Resort, home to the 2014 U.S. Open golf tournament, has reduced it's irrigated acreage by nearly 50 percent. All photos by David Huppert\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Golf is a game of opposites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To hit the ball farther, relax. To send the ball higher, hit down on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These kinds of antithetical actions can work when it comes to golf course stewardship, too: to improve a course, superintendents should consider managing less, not more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57251\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 370px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/IMG_9660.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-57251\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/IMG_9660-370x253.jpg\" alt=\"IMG_9660\" width=\"370\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Retention ponds are used to irrigate the golf course at NC State University.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Golf represents an easy target for environmentalists who call attention to the vast amounts of water, fertilizer, and chemicals used to maintain manicured courses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unfortunately, that’s the perception,” says David Hueber, onetime CEO of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ngf.org/\">National Golf Foundation\u003c/a>, who says his doctorate from Clemson University might be “the first Ph.D. in sustainable golf development and management.” According to Hueber, \"When it comes to an issue of sustainability, it kind of fits that perception that [golf courses] are not going to be good stewards. They use too much water, fertilizer, chemicals. It makes golf the pariah.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reality is that golf-course managers have long sought to reduce irrigation, fertilizer, and pesticide use, if only for economic reasons. Modern superintendents are often among the first to say that sustainable course management could be a win/win for the environment \u003cem>and\u003c/em> the club’s bottom line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, take North Carolina’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.pinehurst.com/\">Pinehurst Resort\u003c/a>, which will be the home of the U.S. Open in 2014. Over the past three years the resort’s famed Pinehurst \u003ca href=\"http://www.golfclubatlas.com/courses-by-country/usa/pinehurst-no-2-2/\">No. 2 course has been restored\u003c/a> to what golfers call its “midcentury glory,” and what environmentalists call sustainable land management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62003\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/pinehurst_flag.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-62003\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/pinehurst_flag-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Pinehurst No. 2 eliminated its manicured rough areas and is now a member of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Safe Harbor Program.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pinehurst No. 2 eliminated its manicured rough areas and is now a member of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Safe Harbor Program.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When \u003ca href=\"http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/agcomm/news-center/perspectives/pinehurst-no-2-goes-native/\">restoring Pinehurst No. 2\u003c/a>, the club made environmentally sound decisions based on economic principles. Cutting the irrigated acreage back from 90 to 50 acres saved mowing, irrigation, pesticide, and maintenance costs. Restoring maintained turf back to natural areas -- “no mow zones” as they are sometimes called -- provided habitat for species like the red-cockaded woodpecker. “We were the first private landowner to sign up for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Safe Harbor Program,” says Bob Farren, director of golf course and grounds management for the Pinehurst Resort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60879\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 340px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/DSC_NCSU.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-60879 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/DSC_NCSU-485x360.jpg\" alt=\"The water coming off NC State University's golf course is cleaner than the water that runs onto it. Photo by David Huppert\" width=\"340\" height=\"252\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Danesha Seth Carley, a plant pathologist with NC State University, says native species like the longleaf pine thrive at Lonnie Poole.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Danesha Seth Carley, a plant pathologist and director of sustainability development at North Carolina State University, was initially suspicious of claims of environmentally sustainable courses. “I was that person looking in at golf courses saying they are so unsustainable, it is a joke to consider a golf course sustainable,” said Seth Carley. But she changed her tune after working with the designers of the university’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.lonniepoolegolfcourse.com/\">Lonnie Poole golf course\u003c/a>. The university course uses reclaimed water for fairway irrigation and water from rainwater retention ponds for green irrigation, eliminating the need to use potable water. The course also boasts 50-foot buffers along all waterways, enabling Lonnie Poole to do something golf courses have long done but people do not necessarily appreciate: filter runoff water. “The water coming off the course is cleaner than the water running onto the course,” Seth Carley said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And some courses offer more than just cleaner water. NCSU’s Lonnie Poole is a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/agcomm/news-center/media-releases/poole-golf-course-receives-audubon-international-certification/\">certified Audubon International Signature Golf Course Sanctuary\u003c/a>, and Seth Carley said she’s seen the wildlife to prove it -- foxes, herons, raccoons, and beaver. “The deer don’t care whether the fairways are manicured,” she says. “They go out and forage.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60882\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 344px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Pinehurst_cactus.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-60882\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Pinehurst_cactus-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"The "rough" areas at Pinehurst No. 2 just got a lot spikier. A field guide describing all the course's native species will be distributed at the 2014 U.S. Open.\" width=\"344\" height=\"229\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The \"rough\" areas at Pinehurst No. 2 just got a lot spikier. A field guide describing all the course's native species will be distributed at the 2014 U.S. Open.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Although a golf course is still a far cry from being the untouched wild area that it once was, bear in mind that many golf courses are built on abandoned agricultural land. “I tell people we’ve increased biodiversity,” said Seth Carley. “We have broomsedge and bluestem, warm season native grasses. The concept of the area is sort of old field progression.” Ironically, Seth Carley was criticized for reintroducing longleaf pine, the area’s original inhabitant, because post-agricultural North Carolina no longer supports that ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Course superintendents and environmentalists may come at the issue from different angles, but they all seem to advocate the same thing: more natural areas, more responsible use of water, fertilizer, and pesticides, and greater community access. “I say ‘wildlife habitat,’” said Seth Carley, “they don’t say that. They’re just thinking ‘I don’t want to mow, I don’t want to feed, I don’t want to manage that much grass.’”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Lionfish, Pythons, and Garlic Mustard -- Oh My!",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61223\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/banner_python-16x91.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-61223 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/banner_python-16x91-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"This invasive Burmese pythons was found in the Florida Everglades in the spring of 2012. Stretching 17 feet, 7 inches, she broke the records for length—7 feet, 7 inches—and the number of eggs she contained—87. Photo courtesy USGS. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This invasive Burmese python found in the Florida Everglades in 2012 broke records for length at 17 feet, 7 inches, and for the number of eggs she contained—87. Photo courtesy of USGS.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The list of “America’s \u003cem>Least\u003c/em> Wanted” keeps growing. Garlic mustard was listed in 1991, red lionfish in 2000, and Burmese pythons in 2004. These three organisms join a long list of alien invaders to the Americas that began (according to the written record) with the arrival of the Nina, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria. While many of us might find things to enjoy about aliens -- like the \u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com/31158841\">murmurations\u003c/a> of starlings, the fragrance of honeysuckle, or the Godzilla-like kudzu caricatures in our landscape -- ecologists are not amused. In fact, they're worried, wondering if the latest least-wanteds might be capable of triggering a cascading ecological collapse on a scale that will be visible in the future rock formations of our time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The concept of a cascading collapse, when a minor incident unexpectedly triggers a major calamity, is not unique to the natural world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61220\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 315px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Networkfailure.gif\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-61220 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Networkfailure-227x253.gif\" alt=\"Networkfailure\" width=\"315\" height=\"401\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to see animated GIF. \u003cbr>Ecologists worry that niches are like electrical junctions, where the loss of one could halt energy flow and collapse the entire ecosystem. Courtesy of Stickulator via Wikipedia.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The summer of 2013 marked the 10-year anniversary of the\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2013/08/14/210620446/10-years-after-the-blackout-how-has-the-power-grid-changed\"> cascading collapse of the Northeast power grid.\u003c/a> A simple spot of contact between a drooping power line and a tree branch in Walton, Ohio, was able to halt all electrical activity across eight states because a software bug kept an alarm system from working. It took an hour for the first unnoticed failure to trigger a second, and 40 minutes for the second to trigger an additional 15 failures. It took another 28 minutes for officials to begin cutting ties to the flailing system in Ohio, but by then it was too late. Three minutes later, railroads, traffic, television, cell phones, air conditioning, and industry from Ontario to Philadelphia went silent. It took less than three hours to put 50 million people in the dark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Could invasive species like lionfish, pythons, and garlic mustard trigger a similar kind environmental “blackout”?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61225\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 330px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/lionfish1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-61225 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/lionfish1-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Invasive Lionfish feed on practically anything that swims and can easily devour the young of important commercial fish species, such as snapper, grouper and sea bass. Photo courtesy NOAA. \" width=\"330\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lionfish are snapping up anything that swims reducing commercial fish species such as snapper, grouper and sea bass by 70%. Photo courtesy of NOAA.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Red lionfish are dazzling, clothed in vibrant contrasting colors and armed with 13 neurotoxin-tipped spines. They add majesty to any home aquarium. But since lionfish were inadvertently released into the wild, they have spread from the tropical reefs off Florida to the temperate reefs off North Carolina. Vacuuming up lobsters, crabs, shrimp, wrasses, bogies, juvenile snapper, and juvenile grouper, they decimate the reef’s herbivores and leave the seaweed unchecked. Unbridled seaweed then flourishes and smothers the coral animals. Stifled corals eventually die and the physical structure of the reef community crumbles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61222\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 330px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/gator_python-permission.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-61222 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/gator_python-permission-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Pythons are strangling herbivores, omnivores, insectivores, and even top carnivores like the American alligator. Photo courtesy USGS. \" width=\"330\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pythons are strangling herbivores, omnivores, insectivores, and even top carnivores like the American alligator. Photo courtesy of USGS.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Burmese pythons sport an invisibility cloak of muted colors, come equipped with multiple rows of small, sharp teeth, and pack 150 pounds of muscle into a 21-foot ribbon of constricting skill. They impress the heck out of family and friends when draped across shoulders, but when they are inadvertently released into the Everglades they find a habitat they can plunder. Stomach analysis has revealed evidence of consumed mice, cotton rats, wrens, rabbits, squirrels, ibises, little blue herons, deer, bobcat, opossum, raccoon, and alligators. Pythons are squeezing the life out of the entire food web.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61475\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 330px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/garlic_mustard-permission-bl.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-61475 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/garlic_mustard-permission-bl.jpg\" alt=\"Garlic mustard is crowding out the seedlings of the next generation of trees near a stream bank in Illinois. Photo courtesy of Adam Davis, University of Illinois. \" width=\"330\" height=\"300\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Garlic mustard is crowding out the seedlings of the next generation of trees near a stream bank in Illinois. Photo courtesy of Adam Davis, University of Illinois.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Garlic mustard lives most of its two-year life in low, tight bunches of overlapping heart-shaped leaves. First collected in Long Island in 1868, it was thought settlers brought it from Europe for medicinal purposes. During its second spring it bolts, blooms, and sets hundreds of seeds. Thriving in low light, stinking of garlic, and distasteful to deer, garlic mustard smothers moss, ferns, flowers, and the seedlings of future pine, oak, maple, hickory, ash, and beech trees. Once established, the odiferous oils repel the beneficial fungi in the soil that ensure the regeneration of oaks, maples, and beeches in the forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yikes! Is there an app for that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is nothing intrinsically evil about lionfish, pythons, and garlic mustard. A close look at their life histories reveals they have several generalist characteristics like humans -- prolific reproduction, broad food and terrain tolerances, and wide dispersal mechanisms. In their home habitats where these organisms evolved, they are kept in check by a host of competitors, predators, pests, or diseases with which they coevolved. It is only when they travel to new continents without those restraining relationships that havoc is wreaked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what is a post-Silent Spring, GMO-wary, sustainability-minded, globalized invasive species like us supposed to do to check these “pests”? Crop dust with poisons? Import diseases? Bioengineer infertility?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Welcome to the \u003ca href=\"http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2011/03/age-of-man/kolbert-text\">anthropocene\u003c/a> -- the Age of Man -- where all the ecosystems are transforming, the temperatures are above average, and all the decisions are ours to make.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61223\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/banner_python-16x91.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-61223 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/banner_python-16x91-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"This invasive Burmese pythons was found in the Florida Everglades in the spring of 2012. Stretching 17 feet, 7 inches, she broke the records for length—7 feet, 7 inches—and the number of eggs she contained—87. Photo courtesy USGS. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This invasive Burmese python found in the Florida Everglades in 2012 broke records for length at 17 feet, 7 inches, and for the number of eggs she contained—87. Photo courtesy of USGS.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The list of “America’s \u003cem>Least\u003c/em> Wanted” keeps growing. Garlic mustard was listed in 1991, red lionfish in 2000, and Burmese pythons in 2004. These three organisms join a long list of alien invaders to the Americas that began (according to the written record) with the arrival of the Nina, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria. While many of us might find things to enjoy about aliens -- like the \u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com/31158841\">murmurations\u003c/a> of starlings, the fragrance of honeysuckle, or the Godzilla-like kudzu caricatures in our landscape -- ecologists are not amused. In fact, they're worried, wondering if the latest least-wanteds might be capable of triggering a cascading ecological collapse on a scale that will be visible in the future rock formations of our time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The concept of a cascading collapse, when a minor incident unexpectedly triggers a major calamity, is not unique to the natural world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61220\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 315px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Networkfailure.gif\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-61220 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Networkfailure-227x253.gif\" alt=\"Networkfailure\" width=\"315\" height=\"401\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to see animated GIF. \u003cbr>Ecologists worry that niches are like electrical junctions, where the loss of one could halt energy flow and collapse the entire ecosystem. Courtesy of Stickulator via Wikipedia.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The summer of 2013 marked the 10-year anniversary of the\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2013/08/14/210620446/10-years-after-the-blackout-how-has-the-power-grid-changed\"> cascading collapse of the Northeast power grid.\u003c/a> A simple spot of contact between a drooping power line and a tree branch in Walton, Ohio, was able to halt all electrical activity across eight states because a software bug kept an alarm system from working. It took an hour for the first unnoticed failure to trigger a second, and 40 minutes for the second to trigger an additional 15 failures. It took another 28 minutes for officials to begin cutting ties to the flailing system in Ohio, but by then it was too late. Three minutes later, railroads, traffic, television, cell phones, air conditioning, and industry from Ontario to Philadelphia went silent. It took less than three hours to put 50 million people in the dark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Could invasive species like lionfish, pythons, and garlic mustard trigger a similar kind environmental “blackout”?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61225\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 330px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/lionfish1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-61225 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/lionfish1-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Invasive Lionfish feed on practically anything that swims and can easily devour the young of important commercial fish species, such as snapper, grouper and sea bass. Photo courtesy NOAA. \" width=\"330\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lionfish are snapping up anything that swims reducing commercial fish species such as snapper, grouper and sea bass by 70%. Photo courtesy of NOAA.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Red lionfish are dazzling, clothed in vibrant contrasting colors and armed with 13 neurotoxin-tipped spines. They add majesty to any home aquarium. But since lionfish were inadvertently released into the wild, they have spread from the tropical reefs off Florida to the temperate reefs off North Carolina. Vacuuming up lobsters, crabs, shrimp, wrasses, bogies, juvenile snapper, and juvenile grouper, they decimate the reef’s herbivores and leave the seaweed unchecked. Unbridled seaweed then flourishes and smothers the coral animals. Stifled corals eventually die and the physical structure of the reef community crumbles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61222\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 330px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/gator_python-permission.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-61222 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/gator_python-permission-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Pythons are strangling herbivores, omnivores, insectivores, and even top carnivores like the American alligator. Photo courtesy USGS. \" width=\"330\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pythons are strangling herbivores, omnivores, insectivores, and even top carnivores like the American alligator. Photo courtesy of USGS.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Burmese pythons sport an invisibility cloak of muted colors, come equipped with multiple rows of small, sharp teeth, and pack 150 pounds of muscle into a 21-foot ribbon of constricting skill. They impress the heck out of family and friends when draped across shoulders, but when they are inadvertently released into the Everglades they find a habitat they can plunder. Stomach analysis has revealed evidence of consumed mice, cotton rats, wrens, rabbits, squirrels, ibises, little blue herons, deer, bobcat, opossum, raccoon, and alligators. Pythons are squeezing the life out of the entire food web.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61475\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 330px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/garlic_mustard-permission-bl.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-61475 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/garlic_mustard-permission-bl.jpg\" alt=\"Garlic mustard is crowding out the seedlings of the next generation of trees near a stream bank in Illinois. Photo courtesy of Adam Davis, University of Illinois. \" width=\"330\" height=\"300\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Garlic mustard is crowding out the seedlings of the next generation of trees near a stream bank in Illinois. Photo courtesy of Adam Davis, University of Illinois.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Garlic mustard lives most of its two-year life in low, tight bunches of overlapping heart-shaped leaves. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yikes! Is there an app for that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is nothing intrinsically evil about lionfish, pythons, and garlic mustard. A close look at their life histories reveals they have several generalist characteristics like humans -- prolific reproduction, broad food and terrain tolerances, and wide dispersal mechanisms. In their home habitats where these organisms evolved, they are kept in check by a host of competitors, predators, pests, or diseases with which they coevolved. It is only when they travel to new continents without those restraining relationships that havoc is wreaked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what is a post-Silent Spring, GMO-wary, sustainability-minded, globalized invasive species like us supposed to do to check these “pests”? Crop dust with poisons? Import diseases? Bioengineer infertility?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Welcome to the \u003ca href=\"http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2011/03/age-of-man/kolbert-text\">anthropocene\u003c/a> -- the Age of Man -- where all the ecosystems are transforming, the temperatures are above average, and all the decisions are ours to make.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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},
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"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
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},
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"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
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"order": 1
},
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "WNYC"
},
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
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"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
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