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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_asterisk.jpg\">\u003cem>Would a gene doper get an asterisk?\u003c/em>\u003c/span>The last few blogs I have been talking about people adding genes to their DNA to make them better athletes. The reason they're considering this sort of gene doping instead of just taking a designer steroid or two is that a DNA change will supposedly be more permanent, safer, and harder to detect. Well, one out of three ain't bad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adding a gene would seem to be more permanent than taking a drug because the gene will always be in someone's DNA. But the gene may not necessarily always work. One of the big problems with gene therapy is that cells will often \u003ca href=\"http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/medicine/genetherapy.shtml#factors\">shut down any foreign DNA\u003c/a> that inserts into their own DNA. This is a good defense against viruses that do this sort of thing but it means that an added gene will often peter out over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I dealt with the safety issues of gene therapy in my \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/09/17/the-6-billion-base-athlete/\">last blog\u003c/a>. Suffice it to say that it is not yet very safe. Side effects like leukemia or other cancers seem pretty risky to me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The big \"selling\" point to gene doping would seem to be detection. The thought is that it would be harder to catch a gene doper compared to a regular old doper. And in some ways this is true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember, with gene therapy we are looking for an extra gene, not a change to one of the athlete's genes. This is a good chunk of DNA that can be found with \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/primer/microarrays.html\">microarray\u003c/a> tests. Or even with DNA sequencing when the cost gets a bit cheaper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tricky part in detecting a gene doper is knowing where to look. Not every cell will have extra DNA which means you need to get a hold of the right cells. With some genes like the EPO receptor, that will be relatively easy. But others would be harder. Especially if you can see the effects with only a small percentage of cells having the extra DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then we would need to look for signs of foreign DNA. One possibility is to look for the viral DNA that the extra gene was carried in. Because we are looking for new DNA as opposed to extra DNA, this would be much simpler and more sensitive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what does the future hold for gene doping? Personally, I don't think it will become very common. The technical hurdles are huge, it is dangerous and it might not even work. Whereas it seems the supply of designer steroids is endless.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of this, a bigger danger is probably more sophisticated designer drugs. Or perhaps picking only embryos that will grow up into high performing athletes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_barry.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Dr. Barry Starr\u003c/strong> is a Geneticist-in-Residence at \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org\">The Tech Museum of Innovation\u003c/a> in San Jose, CA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/view/610\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/120b_maker_faire300.jpg\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>It's been called \"Burning Man for science geeks.\" The annual Maker Faire attracts thousands of amateur inventors and scientists, displaying their home-made prototypes and gadget hacks. In a world where the technological race is speeding up, the Maker movement has revealed that the do-it-yourself culture is in no danger of dying out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/view/610\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/tv_icon_light.gif\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>You may \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/view/610\">view the \"Do-it-Yourself Science: The Maker Faire\"\u003c/a> TV story online, as well as find additional links and resources.\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_jrosen.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Josh Rosen\u003c/strong> is Series Producer for QUEST on KQED Television.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_clafoutis.jpg\">\u003c/span>As I continue to answer questions from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/07/30/out-of-the-office\">my earlier solicitation\u003c/a>, I am going to skip ahead to the question:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"\u003cem>How large would a cherry clafouti near the Moon's equator have to be to be easily identifiable as a cherry clafouti, assuming clear conditions of observation?\u003c/em>\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first glance, this appears to be an absurd question, but a \u003ca href=\"http://whatscookingamerica.net/Cake/CherryClafouti.htm\">cherry clafouti\u003c/a> is one of my favorite desserts. It is also a good lead-in to a discussion of what we can actually see from Earth. Whether it be a delicious dessert, a meteor crater, or a distant galaxy, it is very difficult to build instruments that are capable of resolving distant objects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1). First of all, just how distant is this caflouti?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The average distance from the \u003ca href=\"http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/SEhelp/ApolloLaser.html\">center of the Earth to the center of the moon\u003c/a> is about 385,000 km, or 38,500,000,000 cm. As I did some research online for this post, I read someone's comment that this is about 10 round-trip flights to Australia from SFO.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2). Second of all, how big is a clafouti?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This of course depends on the baker, but for now, I declare that the clafouti is baked in a 9-inch pie pan. Considering that there are 2.54 cm in one inch, this equates to 9 in * 2.54 cm/1 in = 22.86 cm. So why do I care about these measurements? Well, to predict what can be seen from earth, we need to know at how large an angle the object appears. For small objects, this angle is simply the height divided by the distance. In the example above, the angle (in units of \u003ca href=\"http://id.mind.net/~zona/mmts/trigonometryRealms/radianDemo1/RadianDemo1.html\">radians\u003c/a>) is the diameter of the clafouti divided by distance to the clafouti, or 22.86 cm/38,500,000,000 cm = 5.94 * 10\u003csup>-10\u003c/sup> radians. The angular resolution of a telescope depends on the wavelength of the light being observed and the diameter of the telescope. This angle is called the \u003ca href=\"http://astrosun2.astro.cornell.edu/academics/courses//astro201/diff_limit.htm\">diffraction limit\u003c/a>. Skipping the complicated math, the diffraction limit of a telescope is 1.22 times the wavelength divided by the diameter. We'll assume that the telescope and camera are sensitive to light that is visible to the eye. The \u003ca href=\"http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/emspectrum.html\">wavelength of light\u003c/a> in this range is about 400 nm to 700 nm, ranging from blue to red. We'll take green light for our calculations, in the middle around 500 nm, or 500 nm * 1 m/1,000,000,000 nm = 5 * 10\u003csup>-7\u003c/sup> m. Looking through the 1-meter telescope at \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerkes_Observatory\">Yerkes Observatory\u003c/a> that Michael mentioned, we can resolve objects that appear at angles larger than 1.22 * 5 * 10-7 m/1 m, or 6.1 * 10\u003csup>-7\u003c/sup> radians. To see down to clafouti scales as small as 5.94 * 10-10 radians, \u003cstrong>we would need a telescope ~1000 meters in diameter\u003c/strong>. The biggest optical telescope in the world at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.keckobservatory.org/\">Keck Observatory\u003c/a>, and is only 10 meters in diameter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In theory, this telescope can resolve objects on the moon as small as 100 clafoutis across, or 75 feet across, about the size of a baseball diamond. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, there is one obstacle to obtaining this resolution from the ground, any ideas what that can be?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_kdawson.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Kyle S. Dawson\u003c/strong> is engaged in post-doctorate studies of distant supernovae and\u003cbr>\ndevelopment of a proposed space-based telescope at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2). Second of all, how big is a clafouti?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This of course depends on the baker, but for now, I declare that the clafouti is baked in a 9-inch pie pan. Considering that there are 2.54 cm in one inch, this equates to 9 in * 2.54 cm/1 in = 22.86 cm. So why do I care about these measurements? Well, to predict what can be seen from earth, we need to know at how large an angle the object appears. For small objects, this angle is simply the height divided by the distance. In the example above, the angle (in units of \u003ca href=\"http://id.mind.net/~zona/mmts/trigonometryRealms/radianDemo1/RadianDemo1.html\">radians\u003c/a>) is the diameter of the clafouti divided by distance to the clafouti, or 22.86 cm/38,500,000,000 cm = 5.94 * 10\u003csup>-10\u003c/sup> radians. The angular resolution of a telescope depends on the wavelength of the light being observed and the diameter of the telescope. This angle is called the \u003ca href=\"http://astrosun2.astro.cornell.edu/academics/courses//astro201/diff_limit.htm\">diffraction limit\u003c/a>. Skipping the complicated math, the diffraction limit of a telescope is 1.22 times the wavelength divided by the diameter. We'll assume that the telescope and camera are sensitive to light that is visible to the eye. The \u003ca href=\"http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/emspectrum.html\">wavelength of light\u003c/a> in this range is about 400 nm to 700 nm, ranging from blue to red. We'll take green light for our calculations, in the middle around 500 nm, or 500 nm * 1 m/1,000,000,000 nm = 5 * 10\u003csup>-7\u003c/sup> m. Looking through the 1-meter telescope at \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerkes_Observatory\">Yerkes Observatory\u003c/a> that Michael mentioned, we can resolve objects that appear at angles larger than 1.22 * 5 * 10-7 m/1 m, or 6.1 * 10\u003csup>-7\u003c/sup> radians. To see down to clafouti scales as small as 5.94 * 10-10 radians, \u003cstrong>we would need a telescope ~1000 meters in diameter\u003c/strong>. The biggest optical telescope in the world at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.keckobservatory.org/\">Keck Observatory\u003c/a>, and is only 10 meters in diameter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In theory, this telescope can resolve objects on the moon as small as 100 clafoutis across, or 75 feet across, about the size of a baseball diamond. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, there is one obstacle to obtaining this resolution from the ground, any ideas what that can be?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_kdawson.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Kyle S. Dawson\u003c/strong> is engaged in post-doctorate studies of distant supernovae and\u003cbr>\ndevelopment of a proposed space-based telescope at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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},
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"info": "The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.",
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},
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},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
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"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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},
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"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
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"order": 10
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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},
"closealltabs": {
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"order": 1
},
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 9
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"freakonomics-radio": {
"id": "freakonomics-radio",
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"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"order": 15
},
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 18
},
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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