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"content": "\u003cp>In 2008, I produced a QUEST TV feature story called, \"Hayward Fault: Predictable Peril\" (UPDATED: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/10/14/the-hayward-fault-predictable-peril/\">The Hayward Fault: Overdue for Disaster\u003c/a>). The story focused on the earthquake fault that runs from San Jose in the south to San Pablo Bay in the East Bay of the San Francisco Bay Area. A magnitude 7 earthquake occurred along this fault in 1868 that killed several people and destroyed buildings throughout the East Bay as well as in San Francisco. The 1868 quake was referred to as 'the great earthquake' prior to the epic 1906 earthquake that happened along the San Andreas fault. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gist of the 2008 TV story was that geologists are now able to use special paleoseismic techniques to analyze earthquake faults and determine their seismic history over several thousand years. By noticing patterns in earthquake activity over long periods of time, they can also make predictions about when major events are likely to happen in the future. They determined that a major event of 6.8 or higher happens every 140 years or so on the Hayward Fault. It's been 143 since the last one. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24808\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Shaking-Table_Khalid_6401-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Shaking Table_Khalid_640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-24808\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Engineer Khalid Mosalam\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A 2003 report by the USGS found that there is a \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/nca/wg02/results.php\">62% probability of at least one magnitude 6.7 or greater earthquake in the 3-decade interval 2003-2032 within the San Francisco Bay region\u003c/a>. With odds like this, I'm grateful that there are people like Khalid Mosalam and his colleagues at the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center's Shaking Table Laboratory who dedicate their careers to learning how to make the built environment that we live in, work in and travel on more safe in an earthquake. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I'd included about a minute of video from the Shaking Table Lab in the 2008 piece but I always regretted that I wasn't able to show more of this facility. So when we started putting together an entire episode focused around the theme of earthquakes, I thought a short segment about the Shaking Table would be perfect for this show. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24812\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Shaking-Table_electric_640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Shaking Table_electric_640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-24812\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Substation equipment getting shaken up on the table\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When we were there shooting in 2008, they were testing some electrical substation switches which were interesting but definitely not as dramatic as some of the other structures they build and shake in three axes, often until collapse. The generous engineers at PEER were able to provide us some videos of other structures they tested including a two story house, a masonry wall and a bridge pier support. The 20' x 20' table is one of the largest in the world to be able to move in three directions (translation and rotation) so, according to Mosalam, it's an extremely important piece of equipment at UC Berkeley and has contributed to important research that will result in people being safer when the next 'big one' hits. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In 2008, I produced a QUEST TV feature story called, \"Hayward Fault: Predictable Peril\" (UPDATED: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/10/14/the-hayward-fault-predictable-peril/\">The Hayward Fault: Overdue for Disaster\u003c/a>). The story focused on the earthquake fault that runs from San Jose in the south to San Pablo Bay in the East Bay of the San Francisco Bay Area. A magnitude 7 earthquake occurred along this fault in 1868 that killed several people and destroyed buildings throughout the East Bay as well as in San Francisco. The 1868 quake was referred to as 'the great earthquake' prior to the epic 1906 earthquake that happened along the San Andreas fault. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gist of the 2008 TV story was that geologists are now able to use special paleoseismic techniques to analyze earthquake faults and determine their seismic history over several thousand years. By noticing patterns in earthquake activity over long periods of time, they can also make predictions about when major events are likely to happen in the future. They determined that a major event of 6.8 or higher happens every 140 years or so on the Hayward Fault. It's been 143 since the last one. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24808\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Shaking-Table_Khalid_6401-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Shaking Table_Khalid_640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-24808\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Engineer Khalid Mosalam\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A 2003 report by the USGS found that there is a \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/nca/wg02/results.php\">62% probability of at least one magnitude 6.7 or greater earthquake in the 3-decade interval 2003-2032 within the San Francisco Bay region\u003c/a>. With odds like this, I'm grateful that there are people like Khalid Mosalam and his colleagues at the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center's Shaking Table Laboratory who dedicate their careers to learning how to make the built environment that we live in, work in and travel on more safe in an earthquake. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I'd included about a minute of video from the Shaking Table Lab in the 2008 piece but I always regretted that I wasn't able to show more of this facility. So when we started putting together an entire episode focused around the theme of earthquakes, I thought a short segment about the Shaking Table would be perfect for this show. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24812\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Shaking-Table_electric_640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Shaking Table_electric_640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-24812\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Substation equipment getting shaken up on the table\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When we were there shooting in 2008, they were testing some electrical substation switches which were interesting but definitely not as dramatic as some of the other structures they build and shake in three axes, often until collapse. The generous engineers at PEER were able to provide us some videos of other structures they tested including a two story house, a masonry wall and a bridge pier support. The 20' x 20' table is one of the largest in the world to be able to move in three directions (translation and rotation) so, according to Mosalam, it's an extremely important piece of equipment at UC Berkeley and has contributed to important research that will result in people being safer when the next 'big one' hits. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The recent \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami\">Tōhoku quake that struck Japan\u003c/a> on March 11th, is a devastating reminder of the sheer power and velocity of a magnitude 9 earthquake. Such reminders are very rare; in the 20th-century only three earthquakes reached or exceeded magnitude 9.0 worldwide. In the US, there are only two locations where a \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megathrust_earthquake\">megathrust earthquake \u003c/a>is possible—\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleutian_Trench\">the Alaska-Aleutian subduction zone \u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnsn.org/HAZARDS/CASCADIA/cascadia_zone.html\">Cascadia Subduction Zone\u003c/a>—the region west of the Cascade Range from southern British Columbia to northern California. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With recent lessons from Japan in mind, I wanted to look at what might happen if an earthquake struck the Cascadia Zone. However, an in-depth look at megathrust quakes has a unique set of challenges because one can’t snap their fingers and inspire nature to shake the ground. As a television journalist I have to be slightly obsessive about capturing enough footage to cover a story because a bunch of talking heads will put the audience to sleep. It’s easy to end up with a bunch of lackluster clips from expert interviewees strung together in a timeline. Fortunately, my early research revealed that the last \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1700_Cascadia_earthquake\">megathrust earthquake in 1700\u003c/a> left behind some very interesting visuals. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until recently, Cascadia did not have any written records of local earthquakes larger than magnitude 7.5, nor of transpacific tsunamis. However, in the early 1980’s earth scientists began looking a little closer. Hints from oral histories of native peoples were analyzed in detail, and geologists began uncovering unusual and exciting physical clues, both suggesting that very large earthquakes had struck the Pacific Northwest. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of the detectives who pinpointed the timing of the 1700 quake were geologist, Brian Atwater, and tree ring scientist, Dave Yamaguchi. Our camera crew joined this duo for a day in the field on a sunny June morning. Videographer, Tim Griffis, and I followed Atwater a few hundred feet up a stream near Discovery Bay on Washington’s Olympic Peninsula. Atwater scraped away at the riverbank to reveal a light grey layer of sand filled with microscopic siliceous shells of marine diatoms. According to Atwater, the simplest explanation for this unique sand layer is a tsunami from an earthquake in which a tectonic plate, in a seismic shift, abruptly displaced the sea while lowering the adjoining coast. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a megathrust earthquake strikes, the land can drop by five feet or more. Imagine a tsunami wave powerfully driving towards a shoreline. Sand from the sea is swept up into the current and carried far inland and then deposited, coating the land with a fresh layer of sand. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once Atwater concluded that the sand layers likely revealed evidence of past tsunamis, he recruited tree ring scientist, Dave Yamaguchi to help him pinpoint when the last giant quake struck. Yamaguchi suggested they look to trees that were drowned by incoming waters from the past giant tsunami. He pointed to ghost forests—groves of weather-beaten tree trunks in tidal marshes and meadows in southern Washington. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When incoming waters from a tsunami rush inland the bases of trees are submerged underwater and the trees are killed. Thousands of rotting stumps can be seen along the banks of tidal streams up and down the west coast. By dating the final ring on one of these trees Yamaguchi determined the past giant quake happened in 1700. According to Yamaguchi, “It’s important for us to know how big the earthquakes in the past have been in this region because the past tells us what can happen in the future.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knowing the Cascadia fault is susceptible to giant quakes allows engineers to plan ahead and construct structures to withstand that kind of force. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although footage from the Tōhoku quake was the primary footage used to illustrate our story about megathrust quakes, my favorite visuals revealed the signs of an earthquake that hit over three hundred years ago. Not only did we witness unique science in action, we shared in the joy of two scientists who clearly love connecting the dots between geologic evidence and history. Plus, it was obvious they enjoyed striding through tidal muck in hip waders giddily digging away the shoreline to reveal an unusual and important discovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pnsn.org/\">Pacific Northwest Seismic Network Homepage\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pnsn.org/INFO_GENERAL/platecontours.html\">PNSN Deep Quakes in Washington and Oregon\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/pacnw/hazards.php\">USGS Pacific Northwest Hazards and Preparedness\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/sfgeo/liquefaction/aboutliq.html\">USGS Liquefaction information in coordination with the California Geological Survey\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://nctr.pmel.noaa.gov/animate.html\">NOAA Center for Tsunami Research Animations\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.burkemuseum.org/static/geo_history_wa/index.htm\">The Burke Museum online exhibit on the geological evolution of Washington\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The recent \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami\">Tōhoku quake that struck Japan\u003c/a> on March 11th, is a devastating reminder of the sheer power and velocity of a magnitude 9 earthquake. Such reminders are very rare; in the 20th-century only three earthquakes reached or exceeded magnitude 9.0 worldwide. In the US, there are only two locations where a \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megathrust_earthquake\">megathrust earthquake \u003c/a>is possible—\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleutian_Trench\">the Alaska-Aleutian subduction zone \u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnsn.org/HAZARDS/CASCADIA/cascadia_zone.html\">Cascadia Subduction Zone\u003c/a>—the region west of the Cascade Range from southern British Columbia to northern California. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With recent lessons from Japan in mind, I wanted to look at what might happen if an earthquake struck the Cascadia Zone. However, an in-depth look at megathrust quakes has a unique set of challenges because one can’t snap their fingers and inspire nature to shake the ground. As a television journalist I have to be slightly obsessive about capturing enough footage to cover a story because a bunch of talking heads will put the audience to sleep. It’s easy to end up with a bunch of lackluster clips from expert interviewees strung together in a timeline. Fortunately, my early research revealed that the last \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1700_Cascadia_earthquake\">megathrust earthquake in 1700\u003c/a> left behind some very interesting visuals. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until recently, Cascadia did not have any written records of local earthquakes larger than magnitude 7.5, nor of transpacific tsunamis. However, in the early 1980’s earth scientists began looking a little closer. Hints from oral histories of native peoples were analyzed in detail, and geologists began uncovering unusual and exciting physical clues, both suggesting that very large earthquakes had struck the Pacific Northwest. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of the detectives who pinpointed the timing of the 1700 quake were geologist, Brian Atwater, and tree ring scientist, Dave Yamaguchi. Our camera crew joined this duo for a day in the field on a sunny June morning. Videographer, Tim Griffis, and I followed Atwater a few hundred feet up a stream near Discovery Bay on Washington’s Olympic Peninsula. Atwater scraped away at the riverbank to reveal a light grey layer of sand filled with microscopic siliceous shells of marine diatoms. According to Atwater, the simplest explanation for this unique sand layer is a tsunami from an earthquake in which a tectonic plate, in a seismic shift, abruptly displaced the sea while lowering the adjoining coast. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a megathrust earthquake strikes, the land can drop by five feet or more. Imagine a tsunami wave powerfully driving towards a shoreline. Sand from the sea is swept up into the current and carried far inland and then deposited, coating the land with a fresh layer of sand. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once Atwater concluded that the sand layers likely revealed evidence of past tsunamis, he recruited tree ring scientist, Dave Yamaguchi to help him pinpoint when the last giant quake struck. Yamaguchi suggested they look to trees that were drowned by incoming waters from the past giant tsunami. He pointed to ghost forests—groves of weather-beaten tree trunks in tidal marshes and meadows in southern Washington. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When incoming waters from a tsunami rush inland the bases of trees are submerged underwater and the trees are killed. Thousands of rotting stumps can be seen along the banks of tidal streams up and down the west coast. By dating the final ring on one of these trees Yamaguchi determined the past giant quake happened in 1700. According to Yamaguchi, “It’s important for us to know how big the earthquakes in the past have been in this region because the past tells us what can happen in the future.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knowing the Cascadia fault is susceptible to giant quakes allows engineers to plan ahead and construct structures to withstand that kind of force. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although footage from the Tōhoku quake was the primary footage used to illustrate our story about megathrust quakes, my favorite visuals revealed the signs of an earthquake that hit over three hundred years ago. Not only did we witness unique science in action, we shared in the joy of two scientists who clearly love connecting the dots between geologic evidence and history. Plus, it was obvious they enjoyed striding through tidal muck in hip waders giddily digging away the shoreline to reveal an unusual and important discovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pnsn.org/\">Pacific Northwest Seismic Network Homepage\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pnsn.org/INFO_GENERAL/platecontours.html\">PNSN Deep Quakes in Washington and Oregon\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/pacnw/hazards.php\">USGS Pacific Northwest Hazards and Preparedness\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/sfgeo/liquefaction/aboutliq.html\">USGS Liquefaction information in coordination with the California Geological Survey\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://nctr.pmel.noaa.gov/animate.html\">NOAA Center for Tsunami Research Animations\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.burkemuseum.org/static/geo_history_wa/index.htm\">The Burke Museum online exhibit on the geological evolution of Washington\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24480\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/15/making-better-land/madelandsfship/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-24480\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/madelandSFship.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"madelandSFship\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/madelandSFship.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/madelandSFship-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Gold Rush-era ship is excavated from historical fill at a San Francisco construction site in 2005. Photo by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Humans have been making land for thousands of years. Lately we have gotten better at it, but nature has a head start of a few billion years, and we don't work with nature's infinite care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the largest scale, land grows because volcanoes and tectonic movements elevate rocks above sea level. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/28/bay-area-volcanoes/\">The Bay Area has no volcanoes at present\u003c/a>, and the basic framework of our terrain is tectonism organized around the San Andreas fault system. On the scale of human history, that's too slow to be relevant. For growing new land, erosion and deposition matter more to us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New land grows naturally around the Bay as wetlands capture sediment washed in with the seawater. Unfortunately for builders, it's soft black mud and it's barely at sea level. And unfortunately for shippers, \"bay mud\" bars vessels from approaching the shore almost everywhere except around steep bodies of bedrock, like Yerba Buena and Alcatraz Islands. When Gold Rush settlers came here to stay, making bay mud into useful land—reclamation—was one of their chief concerns. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In San Francisco there were so many abandoned ships in the harbor that many were simply scuttled and buried in fill—dredged sand and mud from the Bay, mostly, along with waste rock and debris. We dig up the old ships occasionally while building around the Financial District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More land was made elsewhere simply by diking off sections of the Bay, letting it dry out, and putting it to use growing crops or harvesting sea salt. (Today the salt ponds of the South Bay are carefully being restored to working wetland.) In San Mateo County, levees were built to create Brewer's Island around the turn of the last century. The dry bay mud served as hayfields and salt ponds until T. Jack Foster set out to turn Brewer's Island into a complete planned city. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.fostercity.org/community_info/Creating-the-Land.cfm\">creation of Foster City\u003c/a> in the 1960s was overseen by geotechnical engineers, but the basic method was age-old: dredge, dump, drain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Geological Survey has mapped artificial land along with all the other geologic units around the Bay. The majority of this reclaimed land is in the central Bay, in San Francisco and Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/15/making-better-land/bayfillmap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-24479\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/bayfillmap-640x232.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"bayfillmap\" width=\"640\" height=\"232\" class=\"size-large wp-image-24479\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reclaimed land shows its weakness in earthquakes. In the 1906 quake it was widely noted that buildings placed on \"made land\" were prone to failure. Nonetheless the city's rubble was used for fill at the site of the 1915 Pan Pacific Exposition, which later became developed as the Marina district. In the 1989 Loma Prieta quake the Marina had the deadliest damage in the city. Likewise, the Cypress section of Interstate 880, in west Oakland, failed where it crossed old fill. In San Francisco the notorious Embarcadero Freeway, also built upon old fill, was torn down shortly after Loma Prieta, before it could fail. Our areas of fill, old and new, will continue to be tested by earthquakes while our reclamation practices continue to improve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For geology enthusiasts, Oakland's reclaimed land has given us an unexpected treat, seen in the new Middle Harbor Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24481\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/15/making-better-land/madelandtop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-24481\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/madelandtop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"madelandtop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24481\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/madelandtop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/madelandtop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A replica seawall recycles rock from an early land reclamation project: the port of Oakland. Photo by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1880s, early in the creation of Oakland's harbor, a pair of \"training walls\" was built to guide the tides into scouring the ship channel clean. The project required lots of large boulders, and every quarry along the Bay Area shoreline was recruited to supply the stones. When the old north training wall was demolished in 2001, some of the best rocks were set aside. These were made into \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/2011/07/05/oakland-stone-landmarks-middle-harbor-parks-replica-training-wall/\">a replica pier\u003c/a>, nicely laid down in drystone masonry, that displays excellent specimens of Bay Area rock types.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24480\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/15/making-better-land/madelandsfship/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-24480\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/madelandSFship.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"madelandSFship\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/madelandSFship.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/madelandSFship-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Gold Rush-era ship is excavated from historical fill at a San Francisco construction site in 2005. Photo by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Humans have been making land for thousands of years. Lately we have gotten better at it, but nature has a head start of a few billion years, and we don't work with nature's infinite care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the largest scale, land grows because volcanoes and tectonic movements elevate rocks above sea level. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/28/bay-area-volcanoes/\">The Bay Area has no volcanoes at present\u003c/a>, and the basic framework of our terrain is tectonism organized around the San Andreas fault system. On the scale of human history, that's too slow to be relevant. For growing new land, erosion and deposition matter more to us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New land grows naturally around the Bay as wetlands capture sediment washed in with the seawater. Unfortunately for builders, it's soft black mud and it's barely at sea level. And unfortunately for shippers, \"bay mud\" bars vessels from approaching the shore almost everywhere except around steep bodies of bedrock, like Yerba Buena and Alcatraz Islands. When Gold Rush settlers came here to stay, making bay mud into useful land—reclamation—was one of their chief concerns. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In San Francisco there were so many abandoned ships in the harbor that many were simply scuttled and buried in fill—dredged sand and mud from the Bay, mostly, along with waste rock and debris. We dig up the old ships occasionally while building around the Financial District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More land was made elsewhere simply by diking off sections of the Bay, letting it dry out, and putting it to use growing crops or harvesting sea salt. (Today the salt ponds of the South Bay are carefully being restored to working wetland.) In San Mateo County, levees were built to create Brewer's Island around the turn of the last century. The dry bay mud served as hayfields and salt ponds until T. Jack Foster set out to turn Brewer's Island into a complete planned city. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.fostercity.org/community_info/Creating-the-Land.cfm\">creation of Foster City\u003c/a> in the 1960s was overseen by geotechnical engineers, but the basic method was age-old: dredge, dump, drain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Geological Survey has mapped artificial land along with all the other geologic units around the Bay. The majority of this reclaimed land is in the central Bay, in San Francisco and Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/15/making-better-land/bayfillmap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-24479\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/bayfillmap-640x232.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"bayfillmap\" width=\"640\" height=\"232\" class=\"size-large wp-image-24479\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reclaimed land shows its weakness in earthquakes. In the 1906 quake it was widely noted that buildings placed on \"made land\" were prone to failure. Nonetheless the city's rubble was used for fill at the site of the 1915 Pan Pacific Exposition, which later became developed as the Marina district. In the 1989 Loma Prieta quake the Marina had the deadliest damage in the city. Likewise, the Cypress section of Interstate 880, in west Oakland, failed where it crossed old fill. In San Francisco the notorious Embarcadero Freeway, also built upon old fill, was torn down shortly after Loma Prieta, before it could fail. Our areas of fill, old and new, will continue to be tested by earthquakes while our reclamation practices continue to improve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For geology enthusiasts, Oakland's reclaimed land has given us an unexpected treat, seen in the new Middle Harbor Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24481\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/15/making-better-land/madelandtop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-24481\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/madelandtop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"madelandtop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24481\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/madelandtop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/madelandtop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A replica seawall recycles rock from an early land reclamation project: the port of Oakland. Photo by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1880s, early in the creation of Oakland's harbor, a pair of \"training walls\" was built to guide the tides into scouring the ship channel clean. The project required lots of large boulders, and every quarry along the Bay Area shoreline was recruited to supply the stones. When the old north training wall was demolished in 2001, some of the best rocks were set aside. These were made into \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/2011/07/05/oakland-stone-landmarks-middle-harbor-parks-replica-training-wall/\">a replica pier\u003c/a>, nicely laid down in drystone masonry, that displays excellent specimens of Bay Area rock types.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24297\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/trevorblake/14528480/sizes/o/in/photostream/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/All-sizes-Locks-Flickr-Photo-Sharing-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"All sizes | Locks | Flickr - Photo Sharing!\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-24297\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Trevor Blake via Flickr\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I was hacked this weekend. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you've ever had a car stolen, your house broken into or your bike wheel \"roll off\" you know the feeling -- you're exposed, vulnerable and looking for answers as to how this could have happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I've never been hacked before (at least to my knowledge) and immediately researched what to do and how to guard against it happening again. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not all hackers are malicious, but those bent on ill will are usually exploiting security loopholes in the websites we use. While the average user can't do much about lax security on the site itself, we can make our browsing experience safer. Here are five tips for doing so:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Use HTTPS Everywhere\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When using public wifi, your computer and login credentials can be \"sniffed\" by malicious hackers on the same network. Always use HTTPS to secure your information. HTTPS Everywhere automatically forces HTTPS onto hundreds of popular sites, thus ensuring your safety. You can download the free plugin \u003ca href=\"http://www.eff.org/https-everywhere\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Careful where you click\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of us are well acquainted with not clicking of fishy links in email. But if you happen to use sites such as Twitter or Facebook, you're not out of the dark. If links from friends look \"spammy\", it's often the case that their account has been phished. Avoid clicking on the link (or even hovering over it, in some cases). Whenever in doubt, don't click!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Create a different secure password for each account\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The truth about passwords is that we are horrible at creating good ones. Too often, it's your cat's name, your wife's maiden name or your favorite celebrity. Secure passwords should be a random combination of letters, symbols and numbers. Applications such as \u003ca href=\"https://agilebits.com/products/1Password\">1Password \u003c/a>are excellent at generating random passwords and keeping a list of them so you never have to wonder. Best of all, 1Password syncs on the Mac, PC, Android and iOS with \u003ca href=\"https://www.dropbox.com/\">Dropbox\u003c/a>, so you can store your passwords and always have them synced with your devices. I highly recommend using this application or something similar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And remember, don't give your password to ANYONE!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Encrypt your data\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the case that you are hacked, you'll want to make sure your important data is safe. \u003ca href=\"http://www.truecrypt.org/\">TrueCrypt\u003c/a>, free and open source encryption software, is available for Mac and PC and can do just that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Shop safely online with temporary credit card numbers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Worried about giving your credit card number to some no-name guy in Florida in exchange for sending you some rad Ghostbusters patches? Well I sure was! Most, if not all, banks offer the ability to create a temporary credit card number. This number can only be used once. It links directly to your credit card, so you can keep your actual number safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I hope these tips have been helpful. If you've got your own to share, please let us know how you keep safe in the comments.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24297\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/trevorblake/14528480/sizes/o/in/photostream/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/All-sizes-Locks-Flickr-Photo-Sharing-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"All sizes | Locks | Flickr - Photo Sharing!\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-24297\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Trevor Blake via Flickr\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I was hacked this weekend. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you've ever had a car stolen, your house broken into or your bike wheel \"roll off\" you know the feeling -- you're exposed, vulnerable and looking for answers as to how this could have happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I've never been hacked before (at least to my knowledge) and immediately researched what to do and how to guard against it happening again. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not all hackers are malicious, but those bent on ill will are usually exploiting security loopholes in the websites we use. While the average user can't do much about lax security on the site itself, we can make our browsing experience safer. Here are five tips for doing so:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Use HTTPS Everywhere\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When using public wifi, your computer and login credentials can be \"sniffed\" by malicious hackers on the same network. Always use HTTPS to secure your information. HTTPS Everywhere automatically forces HTTPS onto hundreds of popular sites, thus ensuring your safety. You can download the free plugin \u003ca href=\"http://www.eff.org/https-everywhere\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Careful where you click\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of us are well acquainted with not clicking of fishy links in email. But if you happen to use sites such as Twitter or Facebook, you're not out of the dark. If links from friends look \"spammy\", it's often the case that their account has been phished. Avoid clicking on the link (or even hovering over it, in some cases). Whenever in doubt, don't click!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Create a different secure password for each account\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The truth about passwords is that we are horrible at creating good ones. Too often, it's your cat's name, your wife's maiden name or your favorite celebrity. Secure passwords should be a random combination of letters, symbols and numbers. Applications such as \u003ca href=\"https://agilebits.com/products/1Password\">1Password \u003c/a>are excellent at generating random passwords and keeping a list of them so you never have to wonder. Best of all, 1Password syncs on the Mac, PC, Android and iOS with \u003ca href=\"https://www.dropbox.com/\">Dropbox\u003c/a>, so you can store your passwords and always have them synced with your devices. I highly recommend using this application or something similar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And remember, don't give your password to ANYONE!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Encrypt your data\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the case that you are hacked, you'll want to make sure your important data is safe. \u003ca href=\"http://www.truecrypt.org/\">TrueCrypt\u003c/a>, free and open source encryption software, is available for Mac and PC and can do just that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Shop safely online with temporary credit card numbers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Worried about giving your credit card number to some no-name guy in Florida in exchange for sending you some rad Ghostbusters patches? Well I sure was! Most, if not all, banks offer the ability to create a temporary credit card number. This number can only be used once. It links directly to your credit card, so you can keep your actual number safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I hope these tips have been helpful. If you've got your own to share, please let us know how you keep safe in the comments.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Editor's Note\u003c/strong>: 10/24/12 - We are saddened to report that \u003ca href=\"http://www.otherlab.com/news/?p=435\">Corwin Hardam\u003c/a>, wind energy pioneer and CEO of Makani Power has \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/default/article/Corwin-Hardham-wind-power-pioneer-dies-3982587.php\">died unexpectedly at age 38\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/propeller300.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-24140\" title=\"propeller300\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/propeller300.jpg\" alt=\"propeller\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A dreamer stares up into the sky, watches the clouds slowly pass by and ponders what could be. From da Vinci to Newton to the Wright brothers to the little kid down the street, sometimes there’s a fine line between the day-dreamer and the visionary. And now a group of innovative thinkers are looking at those same passing clouds in a whole new way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking up at the jet stream, \u003ca href=\"http://dge.stanford.edu/labs/caldeiralab/\">Ken Caldeira\u003c/a>, a climate scientist from the Carnegie Institution of Global Ecology at Stanford University says, “We find that there’s more than 100 times the power necessary to power civilization in these high altitude winds.” 100 times the energy to power the world is going to get people's attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The global need for clean energy is pushing scientists and engineers to search for new, untapped sources of energy. “To solve this problem we need a real revolution in our system of energy development,” continues Caldeira, “We need huge amounts of power, and the things that can provide huge amounts of power include fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas; nuclear power, solar power and wind.” The strongest and most consistent winds are found in the \u003ca href=\"http://squall.sfsu.edu/crws/jetstream.html\">jet stream\u003c/a> as high as 30,000 feet above the earth. But how do you harness the wind power from that high? Now the race is on to find the answer to that question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may seem pie-in-the-sky, but over 20 companies around the world are now working to develop technology to tap the strong and consistent power of high altitude wind. One company we profiled here on QUEST, \u003ca href=\"http://www.makanipower.com/\">Makani Power\u003c/a> in Alameda, California, has received a $15 million grant from Google to build a wing concept that would autonomously fly in high circles, capturing energy with small turbines and sending the power down its tether. Other companies are exploring the use of kites, parachutes, balloons and other fanciful flying machines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no shortage of skeptics and there are plenty of obstacles to hurdle before true high altitude wind energy can get off the ground. But still, it’s fun and interesting to stare up at the floating clouds and dare to dream.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/30/pystar-trains-the-next-generation-of-female-programmers/all-sizes-stars-in-fire-flickr-photo-sharing/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23367\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/All-sizes-Stars-in-fire-Flickr-Photo-Sharing-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Star\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-23367\">\u003c/a>There's a lot of discussion within the tech community about why there aren't as many female programmers and what can be done to change that. While no one knows the answer for sure, there is a fair amount of \u003ca href=\"http://www.quora.com/Why-are-there-not-more-female-programmers\">speculation\u003c/a> that it can be harder for women to break into the field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever the reasons may be, there are a ton of resources available for women looking to code. One that I'm most excited about is \u003ca href=\"http://pystar.org/\">PyStar\u003c/a>. This all day event aims to teach women the basics of the popular programming language, Python, in a friendly, \"non-alpha geek\" environment. I've always been interested in Python and will definitely be attending. Best of all, registration is entirely free. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For women interested in learning programming and meeting with other like-minded folk, this is a great opportunity to get involved, learn more about the professional opportunities available and show the world that women can and do write code! I hope to see you there!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>PyStar is running on September 10th from 9am - 4pm in downtown San Francisco at Mozilla's offices. If you'd like to register and learn more, visit PyStar's \u003ca href=\"http://www.eventbrite.com/event/2084750545\">registration page\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/08/2011-08-29-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/san-bruno640.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/san-bruno640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"san bruno\" title=\"san bruno640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-23313\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On September 9th, when the blast hit, Tammy Zapata was cooking dinner at her house on Earl Avenue, about a block from the explosion. Tammy's husband, Mike, was watching Monday Night Football. Their daughter Amanda was doing her homework on the couch. When Tammy heard the roar, she looked outside her kitchen window. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"No matter how high you looked,\" she says, \"all you saw was fire.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>You'll find our series of first-hand accounts, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2011/08/29/san-bruno-stories-i-didnt-want-to-die-but-then-i-go-whatever-i-didnt-want-my-kids-to-die/\">\"San Bruno Stories\"\u003c/a> on the KQED News Blog.\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says the pressure of the blast was so powerful, it sucked the air out of her living room. They couldn't move.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It felt, she says, \"like when you’re in a dream, and you’re trying to run as fast as you can but you’re getting nowhere. Like you’re in quicksand.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few blocks away, on Claremont Drive, Kevin Ashley had just finished giving his two young children dinner. Like a lot of people, he thought there had been a plane crash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His first thought was to put the kids into the car. But then he realized the fire was already too close. \"I made a split-second decision. I took the kids and I ran, because if not, we were going to be trapped.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A year later, it's still painful for him to talk about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I didn’t want my kids to die,\" he recalls, choking back tears. \"I didn’t want them to be burned. And then I decided, it’s not going to happen.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The family has moved to South San Francisco. Ashley's two kids, like many others in the neighborhood, are in therapy. Kevin's wife, Michele, says moving back to San Bruno was out of the question. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It’s not a home if you don’t feel safe,\" she says. \"And on that night, it almost killed us. So that was the reason we decided to start over.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The pipes beneath our streets\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Bruno explosion put a spotlight on something most people rarely think about: the\u003ca href=\"http://www.pge.com/myhome/edusafety/systemworks/gas/transmissionpipelines/\"> vast network of underground pipes\u003c/a> that delivers natural gas to millions of homes across the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the main transmission lines in the Bay Area, Line 132, ran under the Crestmoor neighborhood of San Bruno. It was installed by Pacific Gas & Electric in 1956, which makes it an old pipe, but not the oldest in the PG&E system. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The part that ruptured was made up of several different sections, including six short pieces called \"pups.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"http://chms.engineering.ucdavis.edu/faculty/howitt.html\">David Howitt,\u003c/a> a chemical engineer at the University of California, Davis, who studies the behavior of metals, the particular pup that ruptured along a welded seam just wasn't made very well. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The way that pipe was made was you bend it into shape, rather like you’d fold over a piece of paper,\" he explains. \"And then the two edges of the paper, or pipe, have to be stuck together.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When that gap was filled in with welding material, whoever welded it didn’t use enough metal, NTSB investigators found. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So what you essentially had was a region of the pipe that was much thinner than it should have been. And that’s where it failed.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The investigation\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the explosion, federal and state investigators descended on the area. They found that the section of pipe that blew up had more than 150 welding defects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which begs an important question: Where else might similar, shoddy pipes exist? What other sections of pipe were made by this same pipe-maker, or crew?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This information is critical. Because without knowing how strong a pipe is, there's no way of knowing how much pressure it can withstand. Or, how long it might last.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Investigators hoped to find these answers in PG&E's archives. But according to the utility, those records have been lost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richard Kuprewicz is an independent pipeline expert in Redmond, Washington, who has studied pipe ruptures for 40 years. He says it's to be expected that a utility might not be able to produce every record for every pipeline. But for a pipeline such as Line 132, one that carries gas at high pressures, record keeping is a form of due diligence. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It is extremely unusual to not have certain records related to your pipeline, even pipeline that’s 50, 60, or 70 years old,\" says Kuprewicz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E says it has made \u003ca href=\"http://www.pge.com/about/newsroom/newsreleases/20101012/pge_announces_pipeline_2020_program_for_enhancing_natural_gas_pipeline_safety_and_reliability.shtml\">important changes\u003c/a>. It has \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2011/08/09/incoming-pge-ceo-to-be-one-of-highest-paid-in-country/\">hired a new CEO\u003c/a>, and has reorganized its gas division. It has hired dozens of new gas engineers, and agreed to run expensive \u003ca href=\"http://www.pge.com/myhome/edusafety/systemworks/gas/pipelinesafety/hydrostatictesting/index.shtml\">water pressure tests\u003c/a> on up to 152 miles of buried pipelines in the Bay Area this year, to make sure that they're safe. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But many questions remain. For instance, what final straw caused that pipe to finally burst? Was it \u003ca href=\"http://articles.sfgate.com/2011-01-09/news/27018626_1_san-bruno-line-pg-e-pacific-gas\">changes to the gas pressure\u003c/a> over the past 50 years? Was it \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/science/ci_18244524\">a job the city approved in 2008\u003c/a> to replace a sewer pipe right next to the part of the gas line that exploded? Or something else? And what lessons can we take from it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\"We want the truth.\"\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For San Bruno City Manager Connie Jackson and many others here, tomorrow's \u003ca href=\"http://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/2010/sanbruno_ca.html\">report from the NTSB \u003c/a>will be momentous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"First and foremost we want the truth,\" says Jackson. \"What happened? Why did it happen? And more importantly, what will regulators do in order to assure that this never happens again?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last year, state and federal lawmakers have introduced legislation aiming to reduce the likelihood of another San Bruno explosion. State Assemblymember Jerry Hill's AB 56, which is currently making its way through the state legislature, would strengthen pipeline safety rules and force utilities and regulators to be more accountable. The \u003ca href=\"http://feinstein.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/press-releases?ID=de31f387-5056-8059-76af-90946f726452\">federal bills,\u003c/a> introduced by Congresswoman Jackie Spieier, from San Mateo, and Senator Diane Feinstein, among others, would increase inspections, and notify people who live above gas lines. They also would require that PG&E install automatic shut-off valves, so that fires could be put out much faster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here in Crestmoor, the gas line has been decommissioned, for good. The sound of hammers breaks the morning silence. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bill and Betty Magoolaghan are one of the first families to rebuild here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23315\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/Second-blog-photo-san-bruno.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/Second-blog-photo-san-bruno-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Second blog photo san bruno\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-23315\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bill Magoolaghan. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Like other families, the Magoolaghans \u003ca href=\"http://www.pge.com/about/newsroom/mediaevents/fund-announcement/\">received money from PG&E\u003c/a> to help pay for temporary housing and other expenses. Now, their insurance is funding much of the reconstruction. Even though their house wasn't completely destroyed, water and fire damage have forced them to rebuild almost down to the foundation. They've added a second story, and changed the layout. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bill says, especially for his children, the excitement over a new house is what will make it possible to return to this neighborhood. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If the house was exactly the same, I think it would be a lot more difficult for them to come back in. We had to change the house to make it viable that we could move back in. So that’s what we’ve done.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 100 families, including the Magoolaghans, have \u003ca href=\"http://sanbruno.patch.com/articles/four-new-lawsuits-against-pge-for-pipeline-explosion\">filed lawsuits\u003c/a> against PG&E, alleging that the company could have prevented the explosion. The first batch is expected to reach trial next summer\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/08/2011-08-29-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/san-bruno640.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/san-bruno640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"san bruno\" title=\"san bruno640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-23313\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On September 9th, when the blast hit, Tammy Zapata was cooking dinner at her house on Earl Avenue, about a block from the explosion. Tammy's husband, Mike, was watching Monday Night Football. Their daughter Amanda was doing her homework on the couch. When Tammy heard the roar, she looked outside her kitchen window. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"No matter how high you looked,\" she says, \"all you saw was fire.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>You'll find our series of first-hand accounts, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2011/08/29/san-bruno-stories-i-didnt-want-to-die-but-then-i-go-whatever-i-didnt-want-my-kids-to-die/\">\"San Bruno Stories\"\u003c/a> on the KQED News Blog.\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says the pressure of the blast was so powerful, it sucked the air out of her living room. They couldn't move.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It felt, she says, \"like when you’re in a dream, and you’re trying to run as fast as you can but you’re getting nowhere. Like you’re in quicksand.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few blocks away, on Claremont Drive, Kevin Ashley had just finished giving his two young children dinner. Like a lot of people, he thought there had been a plane crash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His first thought was to put the kids into the car. But then he realized the fire was already too close. \"I made a split-second decision. I took the kids and I ran, because if not, we were going to be trapped.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A year later, it's still painful for him to talk about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I didn’t want my kids to die,\" he recalls, choking back tears. \"I didn’t want them to be burned. And then I decided, it’s not going to happen.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The family has moved to South San Francisco. Ashley's two kids, like many others in the neighborhood, are in therapy. Kevin's wife, Michele, says moving back to San Bruno was out of the question. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It’s not a home if you don’t feel safe,\" she says. \"And on that night, it almost killed us. So that was the reason we decided to start over.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The pipes beneath our streets\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Bruno explosion put a spotlight on something most people rarely think about: the\u003ca href=\"http://www.pge.com/myhome/edusafety/systemworks/gas/transmissionpipelines/\"> vast network of underground pipes\u003c/a> that delivers natural gas to millions of homes across the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the main transmission lines in the Bay Area, Line 132, ran under the Crestmoor neighborhood of San Bruno. It was installed by Pacific Gas & Electric in 1956, which makes it an old pipe, but not the oldest in the PG&E system. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The part that ruptured was made up of several different sections, including six short pieces called \"pups.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"http://chms.engineering.ucdavis.edu/faculty/howitt.html\">David Howitt,\u003c/a> a chemical engineer at the University of California, Davis, who studies the behavior of metals, the particular pup that ruptured along a welded seam just wasn't made very well. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The way that pipe was made was you bend it into shape, rather like you’d fold over a piece of paper,\" he explains. \"And then the two edges of the paper, or pipe, have to be stuck together.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When that gap was filled in with welding material, whoever welded it didn’t use enough metal, NTSB investigators found. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So what you essentially had was a region of the pipe that was much thinner than it should have been. And that’s where it failed.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The investigation\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the explosion, federal and state investigators descended on the area. They found that the section of pipe that blew up had more than 150 welding defects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which begs an important question: Where else might similar, shoddy pipes exist? What other sections of pipe were made by this same pipe-maker, or crew?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This information is critical. Because without knowing how strong a pipe is, there's no way of knowing how much pressure it can withstand. Or, how long it might last.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Investigators hoped to find these answers in PG&E's archives. But according to the utility, those records have been lost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richard Kuprewicz is an independent pipeline expert in Redmond, Washington, who has studied pipe ruptures for 40 years. He says it's to be expected that a utility might not be able to produce every record for every pipeline. But for a pipeline such as Line 132, one that carries gas at high pressures, record keeping is a form of due diligence. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It is extremely unusual to not have certain records related to your pipeline, even pipeline that’s 50, 60, or 70 years old,\" says Kuprewicz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E says it has made \u003ca href=\"http://www.pge.com/about/newsroom/newsreleases/20101012/pge_announces_pipeline_2020_program_for_enhancing_natural_gas_pipeline_safety_and_reliability.shtml\">important changes\u003c/a>. It has \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2011/08/09/incoming-pge-ceo-to-be-one-of-highest-paid-in-country/\">hired a new CEO\u003c/a>, and has reorganized its gas division. It has hired dozens of new gas engineers, and agreed to run expensive \u003ca href=\"http://www.pge.com/myhome/edusafety/systemworks/gas/pipelinesafety/hydrostatictesting/index.shtml\">water pressure tests\u003c/a> on up to 152 miles of buried pipelines in the Bay Area this year, to make sure that they're safe. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But many questions remain. For instance, what final straw caused that pipe to finally burst? Was it \u003ca href=\"http://articles.sfgate.com/2011-01-09/news/27018626_1_san-bruno-line-pg-e-pacific-gas\">changes to the gas pressure\u003c/a> over the past 50 years? Was it \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/science/ci_18244524\">a job the city approved in 2008\u003c/a> to replace a sewer pipe right next to the part of the gas line that exploded? Or something else? And what lessons can we take from it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\"We want the truth.\"\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For San Bruno City Manager Connie Jackson and many others here, tomorrow's \u003ca href=\"http://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/2010/sanbruno_ca.html\">report from the NTSB \u003c/a>will be momentous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"First and foremost we want the truth,\" says Jackson. \"What happened? Why did it happen? And more importantly, what will regulators do in order to assure that this never happens again?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last year, state and federal lawmakers have introduced legislation aiming to reduce the likelihood of another San Bruno explosion. State Assemblymember Jerry Hill's AB 56, which is currently making its way through the state legislature, would strengthen pipeline safety rules and force utilities and regulators to be more accountable. The \u003ca href=\"http://feinstein.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/press-releases?ID=de31f387-5056-8059-76af-90946f726452\">federal bills,\u003c/a> introduced by Congresswoman Jackie Spieier, from San Mateo, and Senator Diane Feinstein, among others, would increase inspections, and notify people who live above gas lines. They also would require that PG&E install automatic shut-off valves, so that fires could be put out much faster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here in Crestmoor, the gas line has been decommissioned, for good. The sound of hammers breaks the morning silence. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bill and Betty Magoolaghan are one of the first families to rebuild here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23315\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/Second-blog-photo-san-bruno.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/Second-blog-photo-san-bruno-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Second blog photo san bruno\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-23315\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bill Magoolaghan. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Like other families, the Magoolaghans \u003ca href=\"http://www.pge.com/about/newsroom/mediaevents/fund-announcement/\">received money from PG&E\u003c/a> to help pay for temporary housing and other expenses. Now, their insurance is funding much of the reconstruction. Even though their house wasn't completely destroyed, water and fire damage have forced them to rebuild almost down to the foundation. They've added a second story, and changed the layout. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bill says, especially for his children, the excitement over a new house is what will make it possible to return to this neighborhood. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If the house was exactly the same, I think it would be a lot more difficult for them to come back in. We had to change the house to make it viable that we could move back in. So that’s what we’ve done.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 100 families, including the Magoolaghans, have \u003ca href=\"http://sanbruno.patch.com/articles/four-new-lawsuits-against-pge-for-pipeline-explosion\">filed lawsuits\u003c/a> against PG&E, alleging that the company could have prevented the explosion. The first batch is expected to reach trial next summer\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Glove with Sonar Helps the Blind Navigate",
"title": "Glove with Sonar Helps the Blind Navigate",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23081\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/23/glove-with-sonar-helps-the-blind-navigate/haptic_glove_sm-jpeg/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23081\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/haptic_glove_sm.jpeg-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"haptic_glove_sm.jpeg\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-23081\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo of \"Tacit\" by Steve Hoefer\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Tacit is a sonar-enabled glove that helps the blind to detect when objects are nearby. Developed by local maker, Steve Hoefer, \u003ca href=\"http://grathio.com/2011/08/meet-the-tacit-project-its-sonar-for-the-blind/\">Tacit\u003c/a> uses sound navigation and ranging to depress pads which alert wearers of their surroundings. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Built using an Arduino Pro, servos and a whole lot of ingenuity, Steve provides the complete instructions for making Tacit on his blog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tacit was developed with both form and function in mind. The first prototype was built as a headband, but as Steve explains on his blog, this couldn't work in the long term. Most serious obstacles to the blind occur closer to waist level and \"vibrating motors stuck on your skull will drive you insane quickly\". Having never placed a set of vibrating motors on my head, I am sadly without first hand experience (though the thought alone gives me a headache).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steve put together this awesome video explaining Tacit and how it can be used:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://player.vimeo.com/video/27675622?title=0&byline=0&portrait=0\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com/27675622\">Project Tacit: Sonar For The Blind\u003c/a> from \u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com/grathio\">Grathio Labs\u003c/a> on \u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com\">Vimeo\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23081\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/23/glove-with-sonar-helps-the-blind-navigate/haptic_glove_sm-jpeg/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23081\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/haptic_glove_sm.jpeg-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"haptic_glove_sm.jpeg\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-23081\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo of \"Tacit\" by Steve Hoefer\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Tacit is a sonar-enabled glove that helps the blind to detect when objects are nearby. Developed by local maker, Steve Hoefer, \u003ca href=\"http://grathio.com/2011/08/meet-the-tacit-project-its-sonar-for-the-blind/\">Tacit\u003c/a> uses sound navigation and ranging to depress pads which alert wearers of their surroundings. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Built using an Arduino Pro, servos and a whole lot of ingenuity, Steve provides the complete instructions for making Tacit on his blog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tacit was developed with both form and function in mind. The first prototype was built as a headband, but as Steve explains on his blog, this couldn't work in the long term. Most serious obstacles to the blind occur closer to waist level and \"vibrating motors stuck on your skull will drive you insane quickly\". Having never placed a set of vibrating motors on my head, I am sadly without first hand experience (though the thought alone gives me a headache).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steve put together this awesome video explaining Tacit and how it can be used:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://player.vimeo.com/video/27675622?title=0&byline=0&portrait=0\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com/27675622\">Project Tacit: Sonar For The Blind\u003c/a> from \u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com/grathio\">Grathio Labs\u003c/a> on \u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com\">Vimeo\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>In just a few short weeks the Bay Area will witness a mass migration to the high desert in Nevada for \u003ca href=\"http://www.burningman.com/\">Burning Man 2011\u003c/a>. Fur pants, lit up costumes and technological ingenuity are to be had on the Playa. Whether you're a first time burner, seasoned native or simply into cool costuming, there are a variety of Bay Area classes and resources to help you light up your clothing this August!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://techshop.ws/\">Tech Shop\u003c/a> has been offering a series of classes on using EL wire (electroluminescent wire) to light up clothing easily and inexpensively. Having taken the class myself, I highly recommend it for its great level of instruction. You'll learn the basics of using EL wire, how to avoid common pitfalls and best practices for sewing it into clothing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're in East Bay, \u003ca href=\"http://www.coolneon.com/\">Cool Neon\u003c/a> is running weekly workshops to help you light up your clothing. Workshops are free and are taught by the wonderful Cool Neon staff. You can purchase your supplies on site and start making your costumes on the spot! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're crunched for time, Cool Neon has put together the definitive guide on learning how to solder EL wire. You can find it online, \u003ca href=\"http://www.coolneon.com/el-wire-soldering/the-ultimate-beginers-guide-to-soldering-cool-neon-el-wire/\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, if you need a place to simply get some sewing done, both \u003ca href=\"https://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/Noisebridge\">Noisebridge\u003c/a> and Tech Shop have sewing machines available to craft to your heart's desire. Noisebridge hosts a sewing and crafting night to help newbies get acquainted, while Tech Shop requires taking a basic safety training course before using their sewing machines. Both facilities are great options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In just a few short weeks the Bay Area will witness a mass migration to the high desert in Nevada for \u003ca href=\"http://www.burningman.com/\">Burning Man 2011\u003c/a>. Fur pants, lit up costumes and technological ingenuity are to be had on the Playa. Whether you're a first time burner, seasoned native or simply into cool costuming, there are a variety of Bay Area classes and resources to help you light up your clothing this August!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://techshop.ws/\">Tech Shop\u003c/a> has been offering a series of classes on using EL wire (electroluminescent wire) to light up clothing easily and inexpensively. Having taken the class myself, I highly recommend it for its great level of instruction. You'll learn the basics of using EL wire, how to avoid common pitfalls and best practices for sewing it into clothing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're in East Bay, \u003ca href=\"http://www.coolneon.com/\">Cool Neon\u003c/a> is running weekly workshops to help you light up your clothing. Workshops are free and are taught by the wonderful Cool Neon staff. You can purchase your supplies on site and start making your costumes on the spot! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're crunched for time, Cool Neon has put together the definitive guide on learning how to solder EL wire. You can find it online, \u003ca href=\"http://www.coolneon.com/el-wire-soldering/the-ultimate-beginers-guide-to-soldering-cool-neon-el-wire/\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, if you need a place to simply get some sewing done, both \u003ca href=\"https://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/Noisebridge\">Noisebridge\u003c/a> and Tech Shop have sewing machines available to craft to your heart's desire. Noisebridge hosts a sewing and crafting night to help newbies get acquainted, while Tech Shop requires taking a basic safety training course before using their sewing machines. Both facilities are great options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "What Happens to Old Quarries?",
"title": "What Happens to Old Quarries?",
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"content": "\u003cp>Stony Point Rock Quarry is \u003ca href=\"http://www.sprqinc.com/prod_cotati.html\">a working business in Cotati\u003c/a>, busy making money and serving its community's needs from the humblest of materials. Today, you can't open a quarry without a plan for shutting it down—covering the scars and fixing any pollution. However, the Bay Area is dotted with older quarries, some in your own neighborhood, that closed without full remediation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I won't be addressing the problems of mines (like \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/21/bay-area-mercury/\">mercury mines\u003c/a>), whether underground or open-pit types. Those foster chemical activity that threatens the environment and they require special care. Today I'll show you some simpler quarries with fairly benign footprints. They can be turned into assets, and they offer some geological interest as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To my knowledge, we don't have any dimension-stone quarries around here, the stereotypical kind (think Carrara, or Vermont) where blocks of solid stone are cut from pits. Our old quarries produced limestone, crushed stone, and sand and gravel. Let's look at an example of each.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Limestone:\u003c/strong> The former Cowell limestone quarry sits south of Concord in the Lime Ridge Regional Preserve. It's accessible \u003ca href=\"http://www.walnut-creek.org/about/visiting_us/lime_ridge_open_space_.asp\">from Walnut Creek\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.concord.ca.us/pdf/recreation/parks/lime-ridge-map.pdf\">from Concord\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarriecowell1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22728\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowell1.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarriecowell1\" width=\"640\" height=\"349\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22728\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowell1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowell1-400x218.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the California Division of Mines, the Cowell quarry was opened in 1908 and closed in 1946, \"at which time depletion of local limestone reserves and loss of rail facilities forced a permanent shutdown.\" We may also surmise that the end of wartime conditions affected the market. Not much has been done to the pits, and you can enjoy two great features of the space at your leisure. The first is the view, or views, including this prospect of the Briones Hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarriecowell2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22729\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowell2.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarriecowell2\" width=\"640\" height=\"299\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22729\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowell2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowell2-400x187.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second is the stone itself. Apparently the regional rock, sandstone of the Domengine Formation, featured a thick layer of travertine (hot-spring) limestone. In the rubble you'll see sheets of calcite crystals and intricate layering from that setting. It's safe to assume that no collecting is allowed. Limestone from this site was roasted into lime and used to make cement (as was \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/14/calera-limestone-a-gift-from-the-ancient-pacific/\">the Calera Limestone\u003c/a>). Other Bay Area limestone quarries served sugar refiners, foundries and many other industries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarriecowellcryst/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22730\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowellcryst.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarriecowellcryst\" width=\"640\" height=\"366\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22730\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowellcryst.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowellcryst-400x229.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crushed stone\u003c/strong> is a necessity of engineering: road beds, runways, and foundations of all kinds use it at many different tightly specified grades. The main prerequisite is sound rock of benign minerals that can be reliably crushed and stay that way without crumbling further into sand. Near the little planned town of El Granada, on the San Mateo coast north of Half Moon Bay, a quarry produced construction stone from a large body of granitic rock, the Montara Quartz Diorite. This stone is closely related to the granite of the High Sierra, and plate tectonics brought it here. It's full of flaky biotite (black mica) and lath-shaped crystals of hornblende in a setting of white quartz and feldspar. Iron from the black minerals has stained the stone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarrygranite/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22735\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranite.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarrygranite\" width=\"640\" height=\"405\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22735\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranite.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranite-400x253.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stone was used locally in highways and the Half Moon Bay Airport, especially during World War II. It then sat quietly until the landowner sold it in 1995. Now called \u003ca href=\"http://www.mpl.sanmateo.org/qpinfo.html\">Quarry Park\u003c/a>, it serves several low-key uses: a playground in front, woodsy trails in back, and an amphitheater-like space in the former pit that looks suited for frisbeeing or picnics. A viewing platform has been built on its top edge for occasions when the sun comes out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarrygranitefloor/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22736\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranitefloor.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarrygranitefloor\" width=\"640\" height=\"444\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22736\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranitefloor.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranitefloor-400x278.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's still work to be done, of course: eucalyptus and other invasives are rampant, for instance. Also the stone itself is suspect. Natural fracturing from our long history of faulting (the site is only a kilometer from the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/28/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-ao-nuevo/\">San Gregorio fault zone\u003c/a>) has made the rock easy to mine, but prone to crumble. This is not a place to linger during an earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarrygranitepile/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22737\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranitepile.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarrygranitepile\" width=\"640\" height=\"413\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22737\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranitepile.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranitepile-400x258.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sand and gravel\u003c/strong> are also mainstays of civilization. In the Livermore valley, enormous beds of river gravel were exploited, starting in 1923 with Henry J. Kaiser, and they continue to produce today. Kaiser Industries donated one of its oldest pits, along the Arroyo del Valle, to the East Bay Regional Parks District. This became the mixed-use \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/shadow_cliffs\">Shadow Cliffs Regional Recreation Area\u003c/a>. You can swim and fish in the lake, birdwatch in the riverine habitat, geologize in the gravel and enjoy the views, which include \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/06/02/mount-diablo-views/\">Mount Diablo\u003c/a> and the neighboring pits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarriesshadowview/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22733\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowview.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarriesshadowview\" width=\"640\" height=\"310\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22733\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowview.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowview-400x194.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everything in the former pit became something useful, from fine sand to \"river rock\" to the head-sized boulders that constitute rip-rap. A close look at the raw material reveals a wide range of rock types, eroded from the Diablo Range and East Bay hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarriesshadowgrav/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22731\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowgrav.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarriesshadowgrav\" width=\"640\" height=\"421\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22731\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowgrav.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowgrav-400x263.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the east end of the pit the sediments can be seen with their original layering. They represent the heritage of a lengthy time of vigorous rivers and plenty of rainfall. Perhaps the park will grow as more gravel quarries mine out their claims here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarriesshadowstrata/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22732\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowstrata.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarriesshadowstrata\" width=\"639\" height=\"369\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22732\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowstrata.jpg 639w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowstrata-400x231.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 639px) 100vw, 639px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parks aren't the only thing that old quarries are good for. The \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/2008/03/10/rockridge-shopping-center-quarry/\">former Bilger quarry\u003c/a> in Oakland, at the intersection of Broadway and 51st Street, produced construction stone and aggregate for the growing city starting a century ago. Now it houses a shopping center, with the California College of the Arts perched above it and a deep water-filled pit at its east end. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarryoakland/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22727\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarryoakland.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarryoakland\" width=\"640\" height=\"362\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22727\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarryoakland.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarryoakland-400x226.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Catholic cemetery, from which I took this photo, is not likely to be torn down to fill the pond, so the pit appears to be here to stay. Fortunately the stone here is strong. Other former quarries encompass homes at Larkspur Landing in Marin County and around Telegraph Hill in San Francisco. \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/2011/04/23/six-oakland-quarries/\">There are even churches sitting in them\u003c/a>, truly looking at the stars from the gutter.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Some of our older quarries left fairly benign footprints. These can be turned into assets that offer some geological interest as well.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Stony Point Rock Quarry is \u003ca href=\"http://www.sprqinc.com/prod_cotati.html\">a working business in Cotati\u003c/a>, busy making money and serving its community's needs from the humblest of materials. Today, you can't open a quarry without a plan for shutting it down—covering the scars and fixing any pollution. However, the Bay Area is dotted with older quarries, some in your own neighborhood, that closed without full remediation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I won't be addressing the problems of mines (like \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/21/bay-area-mercury/\">mercury mines\u003c/a>), whether underground or open-pit types. Those foster chemical activity that threatens the environment and they require special care. Today I'll show you some simpler quarries with fairly benign footprints. They can be turned into assets, and they offer some geological interest as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To my knowledge, we don't have any dimension-stone quarries around here, the stereotypical kind (think Carrara, or Vermont) where blocks of solid stone are cut from pits. Our old quarries produced limestone, crushed stone, and sand and gravel. Let's look at an example of each.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Limestone:\u003c/strong> The former Cowell limestone quarry sits south of Concord in the Lime Ridge Regional Preserve. It's accessible \u003ca href=\"http://www.walnut-creek.org/about/visiting_us/lime_ridge_open_space_.asp\">from Walnut Creek\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.concord.ca.us/pdf/recreation/parks/lime-ridge-map.pdf\">from Concord\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarriecowell1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22728\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowell1.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarriecowell1\" width=\"640\" height=\"349\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22728\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowell1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowell1-400x218.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the California Division of Mines, the Cowell quarry was opened in 1908 and closed in 1946, \"at which time depletion of local limestone reserves and loss of rail facilities forced a permanent shutdown.\" We may also surmise that the end of wartime conditions affected the market. Not much has been done to the pits, and you can enjoy two great features of the space at your leisure. The first is the view, or views, including this prospect of the Briones Hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarriecowell2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22729\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowell2.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarriecowell2\" width=\"640\" height=\"299\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22729\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowell2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowell2-400x187.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second is the stone itself. Apparently the regional rock, sandstone of the Domengine Formation, featured a thick layer of travertine (hot-spring) limestone. In the rubble you'll see sheets of calcite crystals and intricate layering from that setting. It's safe to assume that no collecting is allowed. Limestone from this site was roasted into lime and used to make cement (as was \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/14/calera-limestone-a-gift-from-the-ancient-pacific/\">the Calera Limestone\u003c/a>). Other Bay Area limestone quarries served sugar refiners, foundries and many other industries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarriecowellcryst/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22730\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowellcryst.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarriecowellcryst\" width=\"640\" height=\"366\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22730\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowellcryst.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowellcryst-400x229.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crushed stone\u003c/strong> is a necessity of engineering: road beds, runways, and foundations of all kinds use it at many different tightly specified grades. The main prerequisite is sound rock of benign minerals that can be reliably crushed and stay that way without crumbling further into sand. Near the little planned town of El Granada, on the San Mateo coast north of Half Moon Bay, a quarry produced construction stone from a large body of granitic rock, the Montara Quartz Diorite. This stone is closely related to the granite of the High Sierra, and plate tectonics brought it here. It's full of flaky biotite (black mica) and lath-shaped crystals of hornblende in a setting of white quartz and feldspar. Iron from the black minerals has stained the stone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarrygranite/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22735\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranite.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarrygranite\" width=\"640\" height=\"405\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22735\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranite.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranite-400x253.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stone was used locally in highways and the Half Moon Bay Airport, especially during World War II. It then sat quietly until the landowner sold it in 1995. Now called \u003ca href=\"http://www.mpl.sanmateo.org/qpinfo.html\">Quarry Park\u003c/a>, it serves several low-key uses: a playground in front, woodsy trails in back, and an amphitheater-like space in the former pit that looks suited for frisbeeing or picnics. A viewing platform has been built on its top edge for occasions when the sun comes out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarrygranitefloor/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22736\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranitefloor.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarrygranitefloor\" width=\"640\" height=\"444\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22736\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranitefloor.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranitefloor-400x278.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's still work to be done, of course: eucalyptus and other invasives are rampant, for instance. Also the stone itself is suspect. Natural fracturing from our long history of faulting (the site is only a kilometer from the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/28/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-ao-nuevo/\">San Gregorio fault zone\u003c/a>) has made the rock easy to mine, but prone to crumble. This is not a place to linger during an earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarrygranitepile/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22737\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranitepile.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarrygranitepile\" width=\"640\" height=\"413\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22737\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranitepile.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranitepile-400x258.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sand and gravel\u003c/strong> are also mainstays of civilization. In the Livermore valley, enormous beds of river gravel were exploited, starting in 1923 with Henry J. Kaiser, and they continue to produce today. Kaiser Industries donated one of its oldest pits, along the Arroyo del Valle, to the East Bay Regional Parks District. This became the mixed-use \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/shadow_cliffs\">Shadow Cliffs Regional Recreation Area\u003c/a>. You can swim and fish in the lake, birdwatch in the riverine habitat, geologize in the gravel and enjoy the views, which include \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/06/02/mount-diablo-views/\">Mount Diablo\u003c/a> and the neighboring pits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarriesshadowview/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22733\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowview.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarriesshadowview\" width=\"640\" height=\"310\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22733\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowview.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowview-400x194.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everything in the former pit became something useful, from fine sand to \"river rock\" to the head-sized boulders that constitute rip-rap. A close look at the raw material reveals a wide range of rock types, eroded from the Diablo Range and East Bay hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarriesshadowgrav/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22731\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowgrav.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarriesshadowgrav\" width=\"640\" height=\"421\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22731\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowgrav.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowgrav-400x263.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the east end of the pit the sediments can be seen with their original layering. They represent the heritage of a lengthy time of vigorous rivers and plenty of rainfall. Perhaps the park will grow as more gravel quarries mine out their claims here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarriesshadowstrata/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22732\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowstrata.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarriesshadowstrata\" width=\"639\" height=\"369\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22732\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowstrata.jpg 639w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowstrata-400x231.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 639px) 100vw, 639px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parks aren't the only thing that old quarries are good for. The \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/2008/03/10/rockridge-shopping-center-quarry/\">former Bilger quarry\u003c/a> in Oakland, at the intersection of Broadway and 51st Street, produced construction stone and aggregate for the growing city starting a century ago. Now it houses a shopping center, with the California College of the Arts perched above it and a deep water-filled pit at its east end. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarryoakland/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22727\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarryoakland.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarryoakland\" width=\"640\" height=\"362\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22727\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarryoakland.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarryoakland-400x226.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Catholic cemetery, from which I took this photo, is not likely to be torn down to fill the pond, so the pit appears to be here to stay. Fortunately the stone here is strong. Other former quarries encompass homes at Larkspur Landing in Marin County and around Telegraph Hill in San Francisco. \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/2011/04/23/six-oakland-quarries/\">There are even churches sitting in them\u003c/a>, truly looking at the stars from the gutter.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "HTTPS Everywhere Comes out of Beta, Supports 1000 Sites",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22467\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/09/https-everywhere-comes-out-of-beta-supports-1000-sites/all-sizes-locks-flickr-photo-sharing/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22467\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/All-sizes-locks-Flickr-Photo-Sharing-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Locks\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22467\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by killrbeez on Flickr\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.eff.org/https-everywhere\">HTTPS Everywhere\u003c/a> has released its 1.0 version, moving out of beta and boasting secure HTTPS connections for over 1000 popular websites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last winter I wrote about \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/11/16/dont-get-hacked-by-firesheep-over-open-wi-fi/\">HTTPS Everywhere\u003c/a>, a \u003ca href=\"https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/browse/type:7\">Firefox Plugin\u003c/a> that will ensure your information is securely encrypted over the Internet when using a variety of popular websites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>HTTPS Everywhere was popularized in response to Firesheep, a Firefox plugin that anyone could install that could \"sniff\" usernames and passwords from those passing data over HTTP on an open Wi-Fi network. Using HTTPS Everywhere, your session is automatically made secure on over 1000 sites including Wikipedia, The New York Times, Facebook, Google, Twitter, \u003ca href=\"https://www.torproject.org/\">TOR\u003c/a> and others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To learn more about HTTPS Everywhere, visit the Electronic Frontier Foundation's \u003ca href=\"https://www.eff.org/https-everywhere\">website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22467\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/09/https-everywhere-comes-out-of-beta-supports-1000-sites/all-sizes-locks-flickr-photo-sharing/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22467\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/All-sizes-locks-Flickr-Photo-Sharing-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Locks\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22467\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by killrbeez on Flickr\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.eff.org/https-everywhere\">HTTPS Everywhere\u003c/a> has released its 1.0 version, moving out of beta and boasting secure HTTPS connections for over 1000 popular websites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last winter I wrote about \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/11/16/dont-get-hacked-by-firesheep-over-open-wi-fi/\">HTTPS Everywhere\u003c/a>, a \u003ca href=\"https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/browse/type:7\">Firefox Plugin\u003c/a> that will ensure your information is securely encrypted over the Internet when using a variety of popular websites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>HTTPS Everywhere was popularized in response to Firesheep, a Firefox plugin that anyone could install that could \"sniff\" usernames and passwords from those passing data over HTTP on an open Wi-Fi network. Using HTTPS Everywhere, your session is automatically made secure on over 1000 sites including Wikipedia, The New York Times, Facebook, Google, Twitter, \u003ca href=\"https://www.torproject.org/\">TOR\u003c/a> and others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To learn more about HTTPS Everywhere, visit the Electronic Frontier Foundation's \u003ca href=\"https://www.eff.org/https-everywhere\">website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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