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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30540\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 263px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Tesla-Model-X-021.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-30540\" title=\"Tesla-Model-X-02\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Tesla-Model-X-021-263x169.jpg\" alt=\"Tesla-Model-X-02\" width=\"263\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tesla's new Model X. Photo: Wired\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.teslamotors.com/\">Tesla\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.fiskerautomotive.com/en-us\">Fisker\u003c/a> are not exactly producing electric cars for the 99 percent. Still, these two luxury green automakers are closely watched because both companies have received hundreds of millions in federal loans to help jump start the EV market and rehabilitate major U.S. commercial car factories. Also, they produce sexy cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Model X reveal\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elon Musk has pulled the curtain back on his company’s third electric car. \u003ca href=\"http://www.engadget.com/2012/02/09/tesla-unveils-model-x-suv-wants-to-be-your-all-electric-crossov/\">The Model X\u003c/a> is an SUV that features a pair of double-hinged “Falcon Wing” rear doors for easy loading and unloading. Musk says they will open in tighter spots than the traditional door though I don’t know why you want to park this $50,000 plus luxury car that close to anything. The Model X will do 0-60 MPH in 4.4 seconds. Tesla has begun taking reservations online for its latest high performance EV.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that the over-hyped debut of the new crossover has come and gone maybe Tesla can get back to building it’s Model S Sedan which is to be released this summer. Both the Model X and Model S will be built at the company’s factory in Fremont, California which was purchased from a now defunct Toyota-GM factory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30358\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 287px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/10/clean-car-diaries-tesla-unveils-and-fisker-stops-production/images/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30358\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-30358\" title=\"Fisker \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/images.jpg\" alt=\"Fisker\" width=\"287\" height=\"175\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo: Road and Track\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fisker shuts down\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meantime, southern California based EV manufacturer Fisker has stopped work at its Delaware auto factory after the U.S. blocked a loan. Last year the Department of Energy awarded Fisker 529 million dollars to manufacture its next plug-in at a closed GM plant. The project is on hold while officials for Fisker and the DOE try to work out concerns that the electric car manufacturer is missing some important deadlines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Fisker execs say the company is not going to go down the same path as now bankrupt solar panel company \u003ca href=\"http://www.solyndra.com/\">Solyndra\u003c/a>, Republican Congress members are already calling for more oversight of DOE loans. Fisker sells the Karma plug-in electric sports car retailing for a whopping $102,000 in the U.S. The company’s new car is supposed to sell for about half of that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See other posts from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/clean-car-diaries/\">this series\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29667\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/HuntersPoint.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-29667\" title=\"HuntersPoint\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/HuntersPoint.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/HuntersPoint.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/HuntersPoint-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Landfills, like this one at Hunter’s Point, produce methane, which can be used for electricity and fuel. Photo: \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/535327861/\">kqedquest\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Landfills, like this one at Hunter’s Point, produce methane, which can be used for electricity and fuel. Photo: \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/535327861/\">kqedquest\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trash that ends up at a landfill is the ugly stepsister of hipper, cooler compostable kitchen scraps and recyclable bottles and cans. But landfill trash has more of a future than you might think. As garbage decomposes, it gives off \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane\">methane\u003c/a>. Methane, when floating around in the atmosphere, is a harmful greenhouse gas; it traps 20 times more heat than CO2. But methane’s other moniker is natural gas, and is an important energy source. Methane from landfills can be captured and used to generate power and fuel vehicles—often the very same garbage trucks that brought the trash to the landfill in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Landfills are not just giant heaps of rotting trash. At the base and sides of a landfill, the trash is separated from the natural world by thick plastic liner, which prevents the effluvia from decomposing garbage from entering the environment and contaminating the groundwater. The trash itself is strategically stacked in layers of cells—landfills can be hundreds of feet deep. Within the landfill, different microbes break down the trash via \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_digestion\">anaerobic digestion\u003c/a>. The microbes produce methane gas as a waste product. There are other gases produced too; this mix of gases produced by anaerobic microbes is called biogas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Old landfills are punctuated by pipes that collect the biogas, which is then burned to prevent the gas from entering the atmosphere (and prevent the neighbors from smelling the stink). Open flares are just what they sound like—little burning flames of methane. Closed flares filter out the contaminants before the smoke is released. Flaring the biogas at the landfill is probably the most common way of dealing with it. But it is an unfortunate waste of a potentially valuable fuel source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newer landfills are built with methane collection in mind from the early stages of construction. Pipes can be buried in the landfill as it is filled with trash. Pipes can also be placed in wells drilled through the trash after the landfill has begun to be filled. A vacuum system collects the gas as the microbes produce it. The amount of gas a landfill produces depends on the volume of trash and the age of the landfill; eventually, the gas production will peak and then begin to taper off. Today’s big landfills, however, can produce biogas for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The methane collected from landfills can \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/lmop/basic-info/index.html\">generate electricity\u003c/a> via a turbine or internal combustion engine. Often some of the electricity is used at the landfill to run equipment, and the rest is sold to the local utility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Methane from biogas can be converted to compressed natural gas, which can be used as fuel for vehicles. In some areas, regulations stipulate that large fleets of vehicles (with more than about 50 trucks) are required to run on clean fuel. When biogas is converted to compressed natural gas, the vehicles can refuel at the landfill. Building a system that converts biogas into compressed natural gas is a big investment, but the fleet saves on fuel costs for decades. These kinds of biogas systems can be installed at anaerobic waste digesters at places like wastewater treatment plants, not just landfills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Altamont Landfill has taken things a step further, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2009/11/02/BUM81AE52U.DTL\">converting landfill biogas into liquefied natural gas\u003c/a>. First, impurities are removed, and then the gas is cooled down to a liquid state. This liquefied natural gas is used to fuel Waste Management’s garbage trucks. Altamont Landfill’s liquid natural gas system is the largest in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obviously, we should buy only what we need, recycle what we can, and be careful to compost everything that’s compostable. But it’s nice to know that something useful can come from plain old trash.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The methane collected from landfills can \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/lmop/basic-info/index.html\">generate electricity\u003c/a> via a turbine or internal combustion engine. Often some of the electricity is used at the landfill to run equipment, and the rest is sold to the local utility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Methane from biogas can be converted to compressed natural gas, which can be used as fuel for vehicles. In some areas, regulations stipulate that large fleets of vehicles (with more than about 50 trucks) are required to run on clean fuel. When biogas is converted to compressed natural gas, the vehicles can refuel at the landfill. Building a system that converts biogas into compressed natural gas is a big investment, but the fleet saves on fuel costs for decades. These kinds of biogas systems can be installed at anaerobic waste digesters at places like wastewater treatment plants, not just landfills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Altamont Landfill has taken things a step further, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2009/11/02/BUM81AE52U.DTL\">converting landfill biogas into liquefied natural gas\u003c/a>. First, impurities are removed, and then the gas is cooled down to a liquid state. This liquefied natural gas is used to fuel Waste Management’s garbage trucks. Altamont Landfill’s liquid natural gas system is the largest in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obviously, we should buy only what we need, recycle what we can, and be careful to compost everything that’s compostable. But it’s nice to know that something useful can come from plain old trash.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>One of the first big lessons I learned as an electric car early adopter didn't happen out on the road but rather in my tax guy’s office. The lesson was this: if you are going to buy a clean car vehicle, plan ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like many folks, I was counting on a number of tax credits and rebates to help me afford the Nissan Leaf. I have already received the state of \u003ca href=\"https://energycenter.org/index.php/incentive-programs/clean-vehicle-rebate-project\">California’s 2,500 dollar rebate\u003c/a> (it took a little over two months). Also, Nissan sent me a $700 rebate to pay me back for having a fast charging port installed on my Leaf. Although there are no fast chargers out there yet, I guess it’s going to come in handy one day. But what I might not get is the federal tax credit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/19/life-with-the-leaf-missing-out-on-the-federal-tax-credit/finaltaxcredit/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29560\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-29560\" title=\"2011 EV tax credit\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/finaltaxcredit.jpg\" alt=\"2011 EV tax credit\" width=\"400\" height=\"220\">\u003c/a>I thought the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/taxevb.shtml\">clean car federal tax credit of $7,500 for EVs\u003c/a> was like the home buyers' credit from last year or like California’s solar panel credit -- but it is not a refund credit. You have to set it up so you owe the federal government an amount, then they will take if off. I didn’t do that so after an early December tax appointment I rushed to increase my exemptions for my last two paychecks of the year. I scrambled to see where I could get some other income. Anyway, I am probably not going to even get half the credit which makes my Leaf much more expensive than I originally planned for. I blame myself for not researching this but it’s all a bit confusing. I also had not planned ahead on a home charger. I had \u003ca href=\"http://www.pge.com/includes/docs/pdfs/mybusiness/customerservice/otherrequests/newconstruction/servicerequirements/electric_vehicle_bulletin.pdf\">PG&E come out to do a required EV inspection \u003c/a>but I did not buy a charger before I bought the car. Thus my new shiny Leaf sat in my driveway, unused, for a few weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Monday I’ll explain how I picked my home charger and how I got it and the installation for free\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See other posts from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/clean-car-diaries/\">this series\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>One of the first big lessons I learned as an electric car early adopter didn't happen out on the road but rather in my tax guy’s office. The lesson was this: if you are going to buy a clean car vehicle, plan ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like many folks, I was counting on a number of tax credits and rebates to help me afford the Nissan Leaf. I have already received the state of \u003ca href=\"https://energycenter.org/index.php/incentive-programs/clean-vehicle-rebate-project\">California’s 2,500 dollar rebate\u003c/a> (it took a little over two months). Also, Nissan sent me a $700 rebate to pay me back for having a fast charging port installed on my Leaf. Although there are no fast chargers out there yet, I guess it’s going to come in handy one day. But what I might not get is the federal tax credit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/19/life-with-the-leaf-missing-out-on-the-federal-tax-credit/finaltaxcredit/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29560\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-29560\" title=\"2011 EV tax credit\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/finaltaxcredit.jpg\" alt=\"2011 EV tax credit\" width=\"400\" height=\"220\">\u003c/a>I thought the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/taxevb.shtml\">clean car federal tax credit of $7,500 for EVs\u003c/a> was like the home buyers' credit from last year or like California’s solar panel credit -- but it is not a refund credit. You have to set it up so you owe the federal government an amount, then they will take if off. I didn’t do that so after an early December tax appointment I rushed to increase my exemptions for my last two paychecks of the year. I scrambled to see where I could get some other income. Anyway, I am probably not going to even get half the credit which makes my Leaf much more expensive than I originally planned for. I blame myself for not researching this but it’s all a bit confusing. I also had not planned ahead on a home charger. I had \u003ca href=\"http://www.pge.com/includes/docs/pdfs/mybusiness/customerservice/otherrequests/newconstruction/servicerequirements/electric_vehicle_bulletin.pdf\">PG&E come out to do a required EV inspection \u003c/a>but I did not buy a charger before I bought the car. Thus my new shiny Leaf sat in my driveway, unused, for a few weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Monday I’ll explain how I picked my home charger and how I got it and the installation for free\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See other posts from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/clean-car-diaries/\">this series\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28602\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/Emma_Valdez_algae640marquee.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-28602\" title=\"Emma_Valdez_algae640marquee\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/Emma_Valdez_algae640marquee-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Emma Valdez, a Sapphire Energy technician, holds a petri dish with 1 million algae cells. Algae is grown and scaled up to 20-liter containers in about one week.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Emma Valdez, a Sapphire Energy technician, holds a petri dish with 1 million algae cells. Algae is grown and scaled up to 20-liter containers in about one week.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With more and more cars on roadways worldwide – and fossil fuel supplies running low, can renewable fuels really replace crude oil?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Nebraska, the alternative of choice is ethanol because corn is the mainstay of our economy. But corn, along with many other crops, takes lots of land…and huge amounts of water. As important as it is to Nebraska, ethanol, at best, is a 10% additive, not a future fuel in its own right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what’s a \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">real\u003c/span> alternative? Research shows one promising alternative seems the least obvious – algae (see \u003ca href=\"http://quest.netnebraska.org/2011/07/algae-for-fuel.html\">QUEST Nebraska: Algae for Fuel\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Algae is a microscopic plant-like marine organism. There are billions of them in our world, and they exist all around us. Algae are found in ponds, lakes, streams – all types of bodies of water…even in your bathtub if it’s not cleaned regularly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s green and a bit slimy to the touch. For the most part, we avoid contact with algae – but it just may be the key to our energy future. How’s that? Companies like \u003ca href=\"http://www.sapphireenergy.com/\">Sapphire Energy\u003c/a> in San Diego, CA are working with universities, including the University of Nebraska to make microscopic algae into the fuel for the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Algae conjures up thoughts about Soylent Green, the 1973 sci-fi movie thriller that depicts human survival dependent upon on a green food ration made of “high protein plankton.” Algae are a type of plankton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>SPOILER ALERT: Do not read the next sentence if you’ve never \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">seen\u003c/span> this movie. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there was more to the content of Soylent Green. Charlton Heston solves the riddle with a horrific warning: \u003cem>Soylent Green is PEOPLE!\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember when I said algae are slimy? There’s a reason for that. If Charlton Heston was warning us, he’d exclaim: \u003cem>Algae is OIL!\u003c/em> Not exactly – but oil we use for our fuel today is actually made from ancient, ancient algae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“Each algae contains up to 50% oil,”\u003c/em> says University of Nebraska-Lincoln biologist George Oyler. Over millions of years, billions of algae die, collect, and over time are chemically altered through pressure and heat that converts algae oil into “crude oil” which we seek and drill for to energize our world. Finding a way to convert algae into oil faster than nature would create an almost endless supply of oil. \u003cem>“We want to accelerate that process into a single year.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2009, a QUEST video \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/algae-power/\">Algae Power\u003c/a>, surveyed algae biofuel as a grand experiment, “not ready for prime time.” The problem was scaling up to industrial production. Now, Sapphire Energy is leading the way towards industrial production. It’s no longer a survey experiment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The process begins as Sapphire technician Emma Valdez swipes a metal loop over an algae filled petri plate (culture dish) and transfers cells to a new plate. \u003cem>“Algae is one of the fastest growing plant on the planet. This plate contains millions of algae cells. I can take this plate and make multiple copies.” \u003c/em> Pointing to a stack of petri dishes, she explains that these plates are added to water to make a dense culture, giving rise to 20-liter glass carboy containers. \u003cem>“I can grow this to scale in a little over a week.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The carboy containers are then added to long oval test pools in a greenhouse, creating larger concentrations of promising algae species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing algae outdoors is a huge challenge. But that’s exactly Sapphire’s goal – creating algae farms. But algae is a wild plant. \u003cem>“No one’s taken a wild plant and just grown it to scale,”\u003c/em> says Mike Mendez, Sapphire’s former VP of Technology (now a research professor at UC-San Diego). \u003cem>“Algae isn’t an industry. It’s a commodity, like corn. We have to think like a farmer and grow algae as a crop.” \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But plants like corn haven’t become crops overnight. Mendez says, \u003cem>“It took 7,000 years to get corn where it is today. I’m gonna have to do whatever it takes to speed up the process.”\u003c/em> Sapphire wants to plant, harvest and process algae oil in real time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28604\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/AlgaeBlog-NET-marqueeImageCropped2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-28604\" title=\"AlgaeBlog-NET-marqueeImageCropped2\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/AlgaeBlog-NET-marqueeImageCropped2-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Algae ponds at Sapphire Energy's test farm in Las Cruces, New Mexico.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Algae ponds at Sapphire Energy's test farm in Las Cruces, New Mexico.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So, Sapphire has created a 20-acre aquatic test farm in arid Las Cruces, New Mexico. Why here? New Mexico has an abundance of sunlight and a rich supply of salt water beneath the dry sands that can’t be used for farming or drinking, but is perfect for growing algae. Nonetheless, the algae has to survive stress, disease, summer heat and winter freeze. For two years, scientists and technicians have been successful in scaling up algae from the carboys to 40-foot, then 100-foot, and finally 300-foot oval ponds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the algae mature in the ponds, it’s sent to an industrial centrifuge that separates the algae from the water, creating a thick algae paste. That paste is fed into a test pilot extractor that uses eco-friendly solvents to crack open the algae cells and release oil – green crude.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sapphire will soon open a 300-acre in 2012. It will be the largest algae biofuel test plant in the nation. They expect to produce 1 million gallons of algae biofuel per year – an industry record. Once Sapphire can create even larger quantities of green crude, they believe the cost of creating an algae fuel will begin approaching the cost of oil. Stay tuned to see if their plan creates a viable renewable fuel for our future.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Algae conjures up thoughts about Soylent Green, the 1973 sci-fi movie thriller that depicts human survival dependent upon on a green food ration made of “high protein plankton.” Algae are a type of plankton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>SPOILER ALERT: Do not read the next sentence if you’ve never \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">seen\u003c/span> this movie. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there was more to the content of Soylent Green. Charlton Heston solves the riddle with a horrific warning: \u003cem>Soylent Green is PEOPLE!\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember when I said algae are slimy? There’s a reason for that. If Charlton Heston was warning us, he’d exclaim: \u003cem>Algae is OIL!\u003c/em> Not exactly – but oil we use for our fuel today is actually made from ancient, ancient algae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“Each algae contains up to 50% oil,”\u003c/em> says University of Nebraska-Lincoln biologist George Oyler. Over millions of years, billions of algae die, collect, and over time are chemically altered through pressure and heat that converts algae oil into “crude oil” which we seek and drill for to energize our world. Finding a way to convert algae into oil faster than nature would create an almost endless supply of oil. \u003cem>“We want to accelerate that process into a single year.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2009, a QUEST video \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/algae-power/\">Algae Power\u003c/a>, surveyed algae biofuel as a grand experiment, “not ready for prime time.” The problem was scaling up to industrial production. Now, Sapphire Energy is leading the way towards industrial production. It’s no longer a survey experiment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The process begins as Sapphire technician Emma Valdez swipes a metal loop over an algae filled petri plate (culture dish) and transfers cells to a new plate. \u003cem>“Algae is one of the fastest growing plant on the planet. This plate contains millions of algae cells. I can take this plate and make multiple copies.” \u003c/em> Pointing to a stack of petri dishes, she explains that these plates are added to water to make a dense culture, giving rise to 20-liter glass carboy containers. \u003cem>“I can grow this to scale in a little over a week.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The carboy containers are then added to long oval test pools in a greenhouse, creating larger concentrations of promising algae species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing algae outdoors is a huge challenge. But that’s exactly Sapphire’s goal – creating algae farms. But algae is a wild plant. \u003cem>“No one’s taken a wild plant and just grown it to scale,”\u003c/em> says Mike Mendez, Sapphire’s former VP of Technology (now a research professor at UC-San Diego). \u003cem>“Algae isn’t an industry. It’s a commodity, like corn. We have to think like a farmer and grow algae as a crop.” \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But plants like corn haven’t become crops overnight. Mendez says, \u003cem>“It took 7,000 years to get corn where it is today. I’m gonna have to do whatever it takes to speed up the process.”\u003c/em> Sapphire wants to plant, harvest and process algae oil in real time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28604\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/AlgaeBlog-NET-marqueeImageCropped2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-28604\" title=\"AlgaeBlog-NET-marqueeImageCropped2\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/AlgaeBlog-NET-marqueeImageCropped2-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Algae ponds at Sapphire Energy's test farm in Las Cruces, New Mexico.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Algae ponds at Sapphire Energy's test farm in Las Cruces, New Mexico.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So, Sapphire has created a 20-acre aquatic test farm in arid Las Cruces, New Mexico. Why here? New Mexico has an abundance of sunlight and a rich supply of salt water beneath the dry sands that can’t be used for farming or drinking, but is perfect for growing algae. Nonetheless, the algae has to survive stress, disease, summer heat and winter freeze. For two years, scientists and technicians have been successful in scaling up algae from the carboys to 40-foot, then 100-foot, and finally 300-foot oval ponds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the algae mature in the ponds, it’s sent to an industrial centrifuge that separates the algae from the water, creating a thick algae paste. That paste is fed into a test pilot extractor that uses eco-friendly solvents to crack open the algae cells and release oil – green crude.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sapphire will soon open a 300-acre in 2012. It will be the largest algae biofuel test plant in the nation. They expect to produce 1 million gallons of algae biofuel per year – an industry record. Once Sapphire can create even larger quantities of green crude, they believe the cost of creating an algae fuel will begin approaching the cost of oil. Stay tuned to see if their plan creates a viable renewable fuel for our future.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Biofuels Face a Reality Check",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/12/2011-12-19-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28569\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/DSC00009.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-28569\" title=\"DSC00009\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/DSC00009-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A woody grass called Miscanthus is one of the biofuel feedstocks being examined.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Despite all the buzz around biofuels, commercial production has been slow to scale up. As a result, the EPA scaled back its goals for advanced biofuels earlier this year. Still, some Bay Area scientists recently made a breakthrough that could move us one step closer to a day when our cars run on fuels from plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea behind biofuels is pretty simple. Plants take sunlight and use that energy to make sugars. The biofuels industry wants to transform those sugars into fuel. That requires some molecular rearranging, so they’re looking to microbes to do the job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the \u003ca href=\"http://www.jbei.org/\">Joint BioEnergy Institute\u003c/a> (JBEI) in Emeryville, e.coli is the microbe of choice. Researcher Greg Bokinsky shows me racks of glass tubes that are home to e.coli cultures that have been biologically engineered. They’ve created e.coli that munch on a woody plant called \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panicum_virgatum\">switchgrass\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’ve heard anything about biofuels, you’ve probably heard about ethanol that’s made from corn, which you can buy at gas stations today. But ethanol can’t be transported long distances because it corrodes pipelines. And using corn for fuel has also raised some concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Corn is used extensively to feed animals. Corn is also used for some food as well, human consumption. So we want to be very careful about using corn itself,” says Jay Keasling, CEO of JBEI.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Engineering Microbes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JBEI was founded 5 years ago with a $125 million grant from the Department of Energy. It’s a partnership between UC Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab and other groups with the mission of creating biofuels from plants that aren’t used for food – also known as cellulosic biofuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Switchgrass is one that gets mentioned a lot,” says Keasling. “Switchgrass is a native to much of the Midwest. It grows without a lot of water and fertilizer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But unlocking the energy inside switchgrass is no easy task. “Plants have evolved to be tough. There are beetles, there are fungi that want to attack them all the time and get access to those sugars. So they’ve evolved defense mechanisms,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/DSC00005-2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-28582\" title=\"DSC00005-2\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/DSC00005-2.jpg\" alt=\"A jar of ground-up switchgrass at the Joint BioEnergy Institute.\" width=\"240\" height=\"194\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first line of defense is like a barbed wire fence. Plants protect their sugars with a tough material called lignin. Keasling’s team breaks through it using a liquid salt solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once it’s gone, the sugars still have to be broken down further. Most companies use industrial enzymes to do that. But this is where Keasling’s \u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.lbl.gov/news-releases/2011/11/29/e-coli-make-three-fuels/\">engineered e.coli\u003c/a> comes in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’ve done is we’ve gone to places like the rainforest in Puerto Rico and to compost piles. We’ve sequenced the organisms that are breaking down that biomass and then cloned those genes into e.coli,” Keasling says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The e.coli break down the sugars for themselves, saving an expensive step in the process. Using the sugars, they produce fuels. “Really they’re pooping out fuels,” says Keasling. “And these are fuels that can be put directly into gasoline engines, diesel engines or jet engines.” These microbes are an exciting breakthrough for Keasling, since they could help bring down the cost of production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Federal Goals Scale Back\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government was once excited about cellulosic biofuels, too. In 2006, former President George W Bush included them in his State of the Union address, saying “we'll also fund additional research in cutting-edge methods of producing ethanol, not just from corn but from wood chips and stalks or switchgrass. Our goal is to make this new kind of ethanol practical and competitive within 6 years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Congress set up tax credits for cellulosic biofuels with a goal of seeing 500 million gallons produced in 2012. Since then, the industry has faced a harsh reality. The \u003ca href=\"http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/1e5ab1124055f3b28525781f0042ed40/477321f362225aac852578b60068bf16!OpenDocument\">goal for next year\u003c/a> has been cut back to just 12 million gallons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was oversold. There was a lot of hype around it. It’s a tough problem. We can’t expect this to happen overnight,” says Keasling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keasling says if there’s anything that casts a shadow over biofuels, it’s the price of their biggest competitor. “If oil is under $100 a barrel, we’re not going to see many advanced biofuels on the market. They’re just not going to be able to compete. It’s virtually impossible,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chris Somerville, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.energybiosciencesinstitute.org/\">Energy Biosciences Institute\u003c/a> (EBI), agrees. “The costs are still not where we need them to be.” EBI is also run by UC Berkeley and Berkeley Lab, among other collaborators. It was started with a $500 million grant from BP.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like JBEI, EBI’s mission is also engineering cellulosic biofuels. They’ve developed specially engineered yeast that eat feedstocks like miscanthus. “It’s going to be another 10 years before it really scales up. And it’s not because there’s a big problem. It’s just takes time to build and bring online big industrial facilities that are first of a kind.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Companies, including BP, are now building commercial-scale biofuel plants. But the science is evolving so quickly, Somerville says it’s hard for companies to commit. “If you’re a company that has to lay down some hundreds of millions of dollars for a new facility and you look around and everyday, there’s new advances, you think, well maybe I’ll wait until next week and build a better facility.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although some in Congress are impatient over the progress of advanced biofuels, Somerville is confident that it’s just a matter of time before the industry scales up. “What we’re really trying to do is change the world. And we have this huge entrenched energy sector. And so there’s lots of entrenched players that don’t welcome change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And he says, if we care about addressing climate change, we won’t be able to do it without remaking the fuels that go in our cars.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/12/2011-12-19-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28569\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/DSC00009.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-28569\" title=\"DSC00009\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/DSC00009-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A woody grass called Miscanthus is one of the biofuel feedstocks being examined.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Despite all the buzz around biofuels, commercial production has been slow to scale up. As a result, the EPA scaled back its goals for advanced biofuels earlier this year. Still, some Bay Area scientists recently made a breakthrough that could move us one step closer to a day when our cars run on fuels from plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea behind biofuels is pretty simple. Plants take sunlight and use that energy to make sugars. The biofuels industry wants to transform those sugars into fuel. That requires some molecular rearranging, so they’re looking to microbes to do the job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the \u003ca href=\"http://www.jbei.org/\">Joint BioEnergy Institute\u003c/a> (JBEI) in Emeryville, e.coli is the microbe of choice. Researcher Greg Bokinsky shows me racks of glass tubes that are home to e.coli cultures that have been biologically engineered. They’ve created e.coli that munch on a woody plant called \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panicum_virgatum\">switchgrass\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’ve heard anything about biofuels, you’ve probably heard about ethanol that’s made from corn, which you can buy at gas stations today. But ethanol can’t be transported long distances because it corrodes pipelines. And using corn for fuel has also raised some concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Corn is used extensively to feed animals. Corn is also used for some food as well, human consumption. So we want to be very careful about using corn itself,” says Jay Keasling, CEO of JBEI.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Engineering Microbes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JBEI was founded 5 years ago with a $125 million grant from the Department of Energy. It’s a partnership between UC Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab and other groups with the mission of creating biofuels from plants that aren’t used for food – also known as cellulosic biofuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Switchgrass is one that gets mentioned a lot,” says Keasling. “Switchgrass is a native to much of the Midwest. It grows without a lot of water and fertilizer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But unlocking the energy inside switchgrass is no easy task. “Plants have evolved to be tough. There are beetles, there are fungi that want to attack them all the time and get access to those sugars. So they’ve evolved defense mechanisms,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/DSC00005-2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-28582\" title=\"DSC00005-2\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/DSC00005-2.jpg\" alt=\"A jar of ground-up switchgrass at the Joint BioEnergy Institute.\" width=\"240\" height=\"194\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first line of defense is like a barbed wire fence. Plants protect their sugars with a tough material called lignin. Keasling’s team breaks through it using a liquid salt solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once it’s gone, the sugars still have to be broken down further. Most companies use industrial enzymes to do that. But this is where Keasling’s \u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.lbl.gov/news-releases/2011/11/29/e-coli-make-three-fuels/\">engineered e.coli\u003c/a> comes in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’ve done is we’ve gone to places like the rainforest in Puerto Rico and to compost piles. We’ve sequenced the organisms that are breaking down that biomass and then cloned those genes into e.coli,” Keasling says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The e.coli break down the sugars for themselves, saving an expensive step in the process. Using the sugars, they produce fuels. “Really they’re pooping out fuels,” says Keasling. “And these are fuels that can be put directly into gasoline engines, diesel engines or jet engines.” These microbes are an exciting breakthrough for Keasling, since they could help bring down the cost of production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Federal Goals Scale Back\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government was once excited about cellulosic biofuels, too. In 2006, former President George W Bush included them in his State of the Union address, saying “we'll also fund additional research in cutting-edge methods of producing ethanol, not just from corn but from wood chips and stalks or switchgrass. Our goal is to make this new kind of ethanol practical and competitive within 6 years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Congress set up tax credits for cellulosic biofuels with a goal of seeing 500 million gallons produced in 2012. Since then, the industry has faced a harsh reality. The \u003ca href=\"http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/1e5ab1124055f3b28525781f0042ed40/477321f362225aac852578b60068bf16!OpenDocument\">goal for next year\u003c/a> has been cut back to just 12 million gallons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was oversold. There was a lot of hype around it. It’s a tough problem. We can’t expect this to happen overnight,” says Keasling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keasling says if there’s anything that casts a shadow over biofuels, it’s the price of their biggest competitor. “If oil is under $100 a barrel, we’re not going to see many advanced biofuels on the market. They’re just not going to be able to compete. It’s virtually impossible,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chris Somerville, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.energybiosciencesinstitute.org/\">Energy Biosciences Institute\u003c/a> (EBI), agrees. “The costs are still not where we need them to be.” EBI is also run by UC Berkeley and Berkeley Lab, among other collaborators. It was started with a $500 million grant from BP.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like JBEI, EBI’s mission is also engineering cellulosic biofuels. They’ve developed specially engineered yeast that eat feedstocks like miscanthus. “It’s going to be another 10 years before it really scales up. And it’s not because there’s a big problem. 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"disqusTitle": "What’s So “Smart” About a Smart Home?",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27714\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/28/what%e2%80%99s-so-%e2%80%9csmart%e2%80%9d-about-a-smart-home/smarthome1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27714\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-27714\" title=\"smarthome1\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/smarthome1-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"SmartHome Cleveland\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The windows on the SmartHome let in heat during the winter and shade the sun's rays in the summer.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Reduce, reuse, and recycle. We’ve heard it. Some people practice it. But as energy and other natural resources become harder to obtain and conserve, more people are looking toward solutions for a sustainable future. \u003ca title=\"SmartHome Cleveland\" href=\"http://www.cmnh.org/site/atthemuseum/onexhibit/smarthome.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">SmartHome Cleveland\u003c/a>, first located at the \u003ca title=\"Cleveland Museum of Natural History\" href=\"http://www.cmnh.org/site/Index.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Cleveland Museum of Natural History\u003c/a>, was designed to create a vision for some sustainable technologies and practices that are available right now to people who are thinking about building or renovating their homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the biggest challenges in our country is to conserve our energy supply. Energy, usually starting in the form of natural gas or other fossil fuels, is burned or converted to electricity to supply heating, cooling, illumination, and other household conveniences. It is estimated that an average home wastes about 30% of the energy used for heating and cooling due to poor household insulation. The U. S. Department of Energy estimates an annual cost of about $1,900 per household in lost energy savings. And that doesn’t count the energy we use for lighting, appliances, computers, video games, and many other things we might take for granted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, what have the designers of SmartHome Cleveland done to address these and other environmental challenges? They have incorporated a variety of technologies to reduce this home’s heating and cooling demands to about 10% of that required by the average home, and they have reduced the need for primary energy consumption to about 30% of that used in the average home. Let’s take a closer look at some of these technologies and the strategies to employ them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first design principle was to create an air-tight system of super insulation. This involved installing an insulated concrete foundation and walls one foot thick that use a combination of synthetic foams and natural cellulose. High-performance triple-pane windows seal in the heat and keep out the cold. Even the joists and beams in the house’s construction were insulated to prevent conduction of the home’s heat to the outside. Even the little bit of heat that would normally escape to the outside is channeled back into the incoming air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Large windows with a southern exposure are used to allow the sun’s heat energy into the home during the winter. Instead of a furnace, the SmartHome uses the sun’s heat energy and a small, ductless, air-source heat pump to provide winter heating. The inside-outside air exchange in the house is rated at about 0.6 changes per hour. A typical home exchanges its internal air supply with the outside about 3 to 6 times per hour. By comparison, a drafty, poorly-insulated home might be exchanging its complete air system with the outside as much as 20 times per hour! In northeast Ohio, with winters averaging about 30 degrees Fahrenheit, you can calculate that you might have to heat a poorly insulated house 33 times for every 1 time in the SmartHome!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A solar panel array and a storage/conversion system provide the home’s electricity. Enough electricity is generated to power the heating-cooling-ventilation system and the energy-efficient appliances and LED lighting. The large southern windows also provide a special kind of directional shading. In the summer, when the sun is higher in the sky and more heat energy is concentrated in the northern hemisphere, the shading reflects the sun’s rays back toward the outside. The heat pump, insulated walls, and roof also help to maintain a comfortable summer temperature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outside the house, the roof, a rain garden, and pervious pavement channels up to 500 gallons of rain water and \u003ca title=\"storm runoff\" href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/water/pollution/storm/chap12.asp\" target=\"_blank\">storm runoff\u003c/a> to a storage cistern and irrigation system. This reduces the demand on the city sewer system and provides recycled water used to keep the shade trees, lawn, and garden plants healthy during the hot Ohio summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, the Cleveland Museum of Natural History hopes people will “warm up” to this “cool house” by using components of SmartHome Cleveland design to improve our community’s use of its natural resources. In October 2011 the SmartHome was moved to a residential neighborhood in Cleveland’s \u003ca title=\"University Circle\" href=\"http://www.universitycircle.org/\" target=\"_blank\">University Circle\u003c/a> area and will serve as a real home for a family so that further innovation and development can be conducted on its systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>For more information on saving energy in your home, download the U.S. Department of Energy’s “\u003ca title=\"Energy Savers\" href=\"http://www.energysavers.gov/pdfs/energy_savers.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Energy Savers Booklet (pdf)\u003c/a>.” \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Additional audio, video, and images: \"\u003ca title=\"What Makes a Smart Home Smart?\" href=\"http://www.ideastream.org/soi/entry/40724\" target=\"_blank\">What Makes a Smart Home Smart?\u003c/a>\" Sound of Ideas radio report, WCPN ideastream.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27714\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/28/what%e2%80%99s-so-%e2%80%9csmart%e2%80%9d-about-a-smart-home/smarthome1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27714\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-27714\" title=\"smarthome1\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/smarthome1-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"SmartHome Cleveland\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The windows on the SmartHome let in heat during the winter and shade the sun's rays in the summer.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Reduce, reuse, and recycle. We’ve heard it. Some people practice it. But as energy and other natural resources become harder to obtain and conserve, more people are looking toward solutions for a sustainable future. \u003ca title=\"SmartHome Cleveland\" href=\"http://www.cmnh.org/site/atthemuseum/onexhibit/smarthome.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">SmartHome Cleveland\u003c/a>, first located at the \u003ca title=\"Cleveland Museum of Natural History\" href=\"http://www.cmnh.org/site/Index.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Cleveland Museum of Natural History\u003c/a>, was designed to create a vision for some sustainable technologies and practices that are available right now to people who are thinking about building or renovating their homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the biggest challenges in our country is to conserve our energy supply. Energy, usually starting in the form of natural gas or other fossil fuels, is burned or converted to electricity to supply heating, cooling, illumination, and other household conveniences. It is estimated that an average home wastes about 30% of the energy used for heating and cooling due to poor household insulation. The U. S. Department of Energy estimates an annual cost of about $1,900 per household in lost energy savings. And that doesn’t count the energy we use for lighting, appliances, computers, video games, and many other things we might take for granted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, what have the designers of SmartHome Cleveland done to address these and other environmental challenges? They have incorporated a variety of technologies to reduce this home’s heating and cooling demands to about 10% of that required by the average home, and they have reduced the need for primary energy consumption to about 30% of that used in the average home. Let’s take a closer look at some of these technologies and the strategies to employ them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first design principle was to create an air-tight system of super insulation. This involved installing an insulated concrete foundation and walls one foot thick that use a combination of synthetic foams and natural cellulose. High-performance triple-pane windows seal in the heat and keep out the cold. Even the joists and beams in the house’s construction were insulated to prevent conduction of the home’s heat to the outside. Even the little bit of heat that would normally escape to the outside is channeled back into the incoming air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Large windows with a southern exposure are used to allow the sun’s heat energy into the home during the winter. Instead of a furnace, the SmartHome uses the sun’s heat energy and a small, ductless, air-source heat pump to provide winter heating. The inside-outside air exchange in the house is rated at about 0.6 changes per hour. A typical home exchanges its internal air supply with the outside about 3 to 6 times per hour. By comparison, a drafty, poorly-insulated home might be exchanging its complete air system with the outside as much as 20 times per hour! In northeast Ohio, with winters averaging about 30 degrees Fahrenheit, you can calculate that you might have to heat a poorly insulated house 33 times for every 1 time in the SmartHome!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A solar panel array and a storage/conversion system provide the home’s electricity. Enough electricity is generated to power the heating-cooling-ventilation system and the energy-efficient appliances and LED lighting. The large southern windows also provide a special kind of directional shading. In the summer, when the sun is higher in the sky and more heat energy is concentrated in the northern hemisphere, the shading reflects the sun’s rays back toward the outside. The heat pump, insulated walls, and roof also help to maintain a comfortable summer temperature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outside the house, the roof, a rain garden, and pervious pavement channels up to 500 gallons of rain water and \u003ca title=\"storm runoff\" href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/water/pollution/storm/chap12.asp\" target=\"_blank\">storm runoff\u003c/a> to a storage cistern and irrigation system. This reduces the demand on the city sewer system and provides recycled water used to keep the shade trees, lawn, and garden plants healthy during the hot Ohio summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, the Cleveland Museum of Natural History hopes people will “warm up” to this “cool house” by using components of SmartHome Cleveland design to improve our community’s use of its natural resources. In October 2011 the SmartHome was moved to a residential neighborhood in Cleveland’s \u003ca title=\"University Circle\" href=\"http://www.universitycircle.org/\" target=\"_blank\">University Circle\u003c/a> area and will serve as a real home for a family so that further innovation and development can be conducted on its systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>For more information on saving energy in your home, download the U.S. Department of Energy’s “\u003ca title=\"Energy Savers\" href=\"http://www.energysavers.gov/pdfs/energy_savers.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Energy Savers Booklet (pdf)\u003c/a>.” \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Additional audio, video, and images: \"\u003ca title=\"What Makes a Smart Home Smart?\" href=\"http://www.ideastream.org/soi/entry/40724\" target=\"_blank\">What Makes a Smart Home Smart?\u003c/a>\" Sound of Ideas radio report, WCPN ideastream.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25851\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Meter.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-25851\" title=\"Meter\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Meter-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A PG&E SmartMeter on a Bay Area home. (Photo: Lauren Sommer)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Smart meters have arrived for many Californians. More than 11 million have been installed by electric utilities in the state, with PG&E leading the way. The new meters digitally track a household's energy use. So, for the first time, we can see our daily and even hourly data online (with a one-day lag before it's posted).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies have shown that consumers reduce their energy use when they have access to this information. But as PG&E and other utilities have discovered, raw energy data doesn't mean much to most of us (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/in-a-sea-of-energy-data-utilities-try-to-inspire-conservation/\">including me in this week's QUEST story\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A number of clean tech start-ups and major corporations are jumping into this space, trying to bridge the gap between hardware (meter) and well, \"soft\"-ware (consumers).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting busy people to change their behavior is no simple task. So I spoke to two companies that have worked with PG&E and other utilities on this problem. Both \u003ca href=\"http://opower.com/\">Opower \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://www.silverspringnet.com/\">Silver Springs Networks\u003c/a> have designed the web portals that consumers see when they log into their utility accounts. They're designed not just to make us understand, but to inspire us to use less energy in our daily lives. I asked Dan Yates of Opower and Eric Dresselhuys of Silver Spring Networks what lessons they've learned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lesson 1: Keep Up with the Joneses \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might think that saving the planet would be enough of a reason to guilt us into energy conservation. But it turns out that our competitive streak is a bigger motivator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The companies' websites show customers how their energy use compares to similar houses in their neighborhood. Don't worry - they're not publishing exactly how much electricity the Smiths use down the street. But the companies say knowing how you compare to others is a powerful motivation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not shame,\" says Yates of Opower. \"It is really just recognizing an addressable opportunity to reduce usage. If I have a $250 utility bill, I don't really know how much I can save. But as soon as I know that a similar home in my neighborhood is paying $150, suddenly I feel like I have an addressable gap of $100 that I want to pay attention.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's called \"normative comparison\" in the behavioral science world. And Dresselhuys agrees. \"People don't like to lose. People start to wonder why they use so much more than their neighbor does and they start to dig into it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opower is rolling out new social features later this year that allow customers to compare themselves to friends on Facebook. \"It puts the information in a context that's relevant to people. We've seen the power of the neighbor comparison and we're taking it to the next level with the friend comparison,\" says Yates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lesson 2: Provide Concrete Advice\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once you get people's attention, they need specific recommendations to take action on – and those recommendations need to be doable, say Yates. \"People don't want data, they want insights.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I always joke that my mom is my litmus test. And I know that she would never spend a minute looking at raw energy data. But what she would love to find out is that her freezer is very energy intensive and it would be worth it to buy a new one,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opower is working with PG&E to roll out a new web portal to customers by the end of the year. Using smart meter data, they can analyze a household's energy use and break it into four categories: heating, cooling, base load (like refrigerator and DVR) and everything else (like lighting and TV watching).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heating and cooling makes up half of a home's energy use on average. Yates says reducing your heating and cooling load is one of the easiest ways to save energy and reduce your bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lesson 3: Get Information Out There\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The average customer isn't getting up in the morning and checking their energy use data,\" says Yates. Emails, text messages and plain old snail mail are crucial for getting customers to pay attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eric Dresselhuys says mobile devices, including iPhone apps, are making it much easier. \"You can get a text if your electricity usage is getting high. Or the utility can send a message on peak days when they need customers to conserve energy,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Letting customers know what their bill will be is also a good way to get their attention. \"Today, getting your utility bill is like shopping for groceries all month long and never seeing a bill until the end of the month,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lesson 4: Set a Goal\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember those gold stars in elementary school? It turns out we still like to be rewarded when we achieve something.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we see is that getting people to go after a goal, even 5%, has a big impact,\" says Yates. When they track a customer's progress towards a goal, Yates says it helps them save energy, no matter the size of the goal. \"It's applicable even if you're at the very bottom of the pile and use a ton of energy,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lesson 5: Tell People When They Do Well but Don't Overdo it\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Say you're super energy efficient, turning off lights and power strips in your house with unrelenting dedication. If your utility tells you that you're head and shoulders above everyone else, chances are you'll stop trying so hard. \"This was a concerning outcome of earlier studies we did,\" says Yates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's been seen in other scenarios. There was an anti-drinking campaign called ‘two beers is enough' at college campuses. There were non-drinkers who started thinking ‘if the campus is telling me two is enough, maybe I should drink more beer,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We've designed our reports so everyone has a goal in front of them,\" says Yates. It's always good to reward people for doing a good job, but Yates says they stay away from telling people if they're achieving way above expectations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lesson 6: The Smart Grid is Probably Smarter without Consumers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Home automation, as its known, is almost a holy grail for utilities. If technology can take care of energy conservation, then customers don't have do remember to do it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is that on peak days, when the utility needs to conserve energy, it can send a message to a customer's smart meter. The meter is connected to the thermostat over a Home Area Network, so the thermostat adjusts itself by a few degrees to conserve electricity. Customers can opt-out anytime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both the carrot and stick in this case comes in the form of a varied pricing plan. During hot afternoons or so-called \"peak events,\" electricity would be more expensive. So the customer has the potential to save money by shifting their energy use later in the evening when power is cheaper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dresselhuys says they saw the potential of this in a pilot with Oklahoma Gas & Electric customers. \"The more automation in the home, the higher the level of savings. Using that home automation about doubles the amount of money they can save,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/Radio6-2-EnergyBehavior2//_files/iframe.html?noscale=640x423\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"640\" height=\"423\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25851\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Meter.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-25851\" title=\"Meter\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Meter-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A PG&E SmartMeter on a Bay Area home. (Photo: Lauren Sommer)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Smart meters have arrived for many Californians. More than 11 million have been installed by electric utilities in the state, with PG&E leading the way. The new meters digitally track a household's energy use. So, for the first time, we can see our daily and even hourly data online (with a one-day lag before it's posted).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies have shown that consumers reduce their energy use when they have access to this information. But as PG&E and other utilities have discovered, raw energy data doesn't mean much to most of us (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/in-a-sea-of-energy-data-utilities-try-to-inspire-conservation/\">including me in this week's QUEST story\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A number of clean tech start-ups and major corporations are jumping into this space, trying to bridge the gap between hardware (meter) and well, \"soft\"-ware (consumers).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting busy people to change their behavior is no simple task. So I spoke to two companies that have worked with PG&E and other utilities on this problem. Both \u003ca href=\"http://opower.com/\">Opower \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://www.silverspringnet.com/\">Silver Springs Networks\u003c/a> have designed the web portals that consumers see when they log into their utility accounts. They're designed not just to make us understand, but to inspire us to use less energy in our daily lives. I asked Dan Yates of Opower and Eric Dresselhuys of Silver Spring Networks what lessons they've learned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lesson 1: Keep Up with the Joneses \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might think that saving the planet would be enough of a reason to guilt us into energy conservation. But it turns out that our competitive streak is a bigger motivator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The companies' websites show customers how their energy use compares to similar houses in their neighborhood. Don't worry - they're not publishing exactly how much electricity the Smiths use down the street. But the companies say knowing how you compare to others is a powerful motivation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not shame,\" says Yates of Opower. \"It is really just recognizing an addressable opportunity to reduce usage. If I have a $250 utility bill, I don't really know how much I can save. But as soon as I know that a similar home in my neighborhood is paying $150, suddenly I feel like I have an addressable gap of $100 that I want to pay attention.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's called \"normative comparison\" in the behavioral science world. And Dresselhuys agrees. \"People don't like to lose. People start to wonder why they use so much more than their neighbor does and they start to dig into it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opower is rolling out new social features later this year that allow customers to compare themselves to friends on Facebook. \"It puts the information in a context that's relevant to people. We've seen the power of the neighbor comparison and we're taking it to the next level with the friend comparison,\" says Yates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lesson 2: Provide Concrete Advice\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once you get people's attention, they need specific recommendations to take action on – and those recommendations need to be doable, say Yates. \"People don't want data, they want insights.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I always joke that my mom is my litmus test. And I know that she would never spend a minute looking at raw energy data. But what she would love to find out is that her freezer is very energy intensive and it would be worth it to buy a new one,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opower is working with PG&E to roll out a new web portal to customers by the end of the year. Using smart meter data, they can analyze a household's energy use and break it into four categories: heating, cooling, base load (like refrigerator and DVR) and everything else (like lighting and TV watching).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heating and cooling makes up half of a home's energy use on average. Yates says reducing your heating and cooling load is one of the easiest ways to save energy and reduce your bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lesson 3: Get Information Out There\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The average customer isn't getting up in the morning and checking their energy use data,\" says Yates. Emails, text messages and plain old snail mail are crucial for getting customers to pay attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eric Dresselhuys says mobile devices, including iPhone apps, are making it much easier. \"You can get a text if your electricity usage is getting high. Or the utility can send a message on peak days when they need customers to conserve energy,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Letting customers know what their bill will be is also a good way to get their attention. \"Today, getting your utility bill is like shopping for groceries all month long and never seeing a bill until the end of the month,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lesson 4: Set a Goal\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember those gold stars in elementary school? It turns out we still like to be rewarded when we achieve something.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we see is that getting people to go after a goal, even 5%, has a big impact,\" says Yates. When they track a customer's progress towards a goal, Yates says it helps them save energy, no matter the size of the goal. \"It's applicable even if you're at the very bottom of the pile and use a ton of energy,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lesson 5: Tell People When They Do Well but Don't Overdo it\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Say you're super energy efficient, turning off lights and power strips in your house with unrelenting dedication. If your utility tells you that you're head and shoulders above everyone else, chances are you'll stop trying so hard. \"This was a concerning outcome of earlier studies we did,\" says Yates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's been seen in other scenarios. There was an anti-drinking campaign called ‘two beers is enough' at college campuses. There were non-drinkers who started thinking ‘if the campus is telling me two is enough, maybe I should drink more beer,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We've designed our reports so everyone has a goal in front of them,\" says Yates. It's always good to reward people for doing a good job, but Yates says they stay away from telling people if they're achieving way above expectations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lesson 6: The Smart Grid is Probably Smarter without Consumers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Home automation, as its known, is almost a holy grail for utilities. If technology can take care of energy conservation, then customers don't have do remember to do it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is that on peak days, when the utility needs to conserve energy, it can send a message to a customer's smart meter. The meter is connected to the thermostat over a Home Area Network, so the thermostat adjusts itself by a few degrees to conserve electricity. Customers can opt-out anytime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both the carrot and stick in this case comes in the form of a varied pricing plan. During hot afternoons or so-called \"peak events,\" electricity would be more expensive. So the customer has the potential to save money by shifting their energy use later in the evening when power is cheaper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dresselhuys says they saw the potential of this in a pilot with Oklahoma Gas & Electric customers. \"The more automation in the home, the higher the level of savings. Using that home automation about doubles the amount of money they can save,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/10/2011-10-10-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25820\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Smart-home-640.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-25820\" title=\"Smart-home-640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Smart-home-640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A \"smart\" demonstration home set up by Southern California Edison. (Photo: Lauren Sommer)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California's electric utilities have installed more than 11 million smart meters in homes and businesses around the state. Which means for the first time, customers can see how much electricity they're using every hour, instead of once-a-month when the bill comes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consumers use less energy, studies have shown, when they can see that real-time data. But getting customers to pay attention in the first place may be the biggest hurdle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Digital smart meters provide a stream of energy use data, which industry analysts say has the potential to remake our homes. That's evident just outside of Los Angeles, where \u003ca href=\"http://www.sce.com/default.htm\">Southern California Edison\u003c/a> has set up a \"smart\" demonstration home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Above us we have photovoltaic solar panels to the left used for generating electricity and a solar thermal water heating system,\" says Cynthia Miller as she leads a tour of the \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.sce.com/b-sb/energy-centers/ctac/tour-ctac/smart-energy-experience.htm\">Smart Energy Experience\u003c/a>.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You might notice that we have some nice appliances,\" she says, pointing to the kitchen. The house is a green gadget-lovers dream. There's an electric car in the garage, LED lights, and a \"smart\" washing machine that communicates with the dryer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They're able to talk to each other so the washer can tell the dryer what its washing and the dryer can determine the optimal heat setting for that particular load of laundry,\" Miller says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's also a small screen in the kitchen that shows how much power the house is using at any given moment. Miller demonstrates what happens when you turn the toaster on. \"And we'll see a jump here... and there we go. The jump happened and it's 1.7 kilowatts at 41 cents per hour.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The real intelligence of this house is its ability to communicate with the electric grid through its \u003ca href=\"http://www.sdge.com/smartmeter/homeAreaNetwork.shtml\">Home Area Network\u003c/a>. So on a hot summer day, when SCE is cranking out power, the utility could send a message to your house that kicks your home into conservation mode.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You notice my lights have dimmed, the ceiling fan turned on, the shades are coming down,\" says Miller. The thermostat turns up to 73 degrees and the air-conditioning shuts off. SCE would offer this as a voluntary program with financial incentives to sweeten the deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You know, what we anticipate is the awareness is really going to drive a change in behavior for our customers because this information is compelling,\" says Miller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Swimming in a Sea of Data\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, our homes today aren't quite as advanced. That's evident every time I log into my \u003ca href=\"http://www.pge.com/smartmeter/\">PG&E SmartMeter account\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25873\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/PGE-current21.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-25873\" title=\"PGE current2\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/PGE-current21.jpg\" alt=\"My home energy use on PG&E's website.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">My home energy use on PG&E's website.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>My account shows charts of my home's daily and hourly energy use. But, for the average consumer like me, it doesn't tell me a lot. I see a few spikes in the chart where clearly my husband and I used more electricity, but what caused it? Neither of us could figure it out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For most people, including for me, that really is not very useful information,\" says Jim Sweeney, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://peec.stanford.edu/index.php\">Precourt Energy Efficiency Center\u003c/a> at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies have shown that consumers reduce their energy use by as much as 10 percent when they have smart meter data like mine. Sweeney says they also studied that with a group of Google employees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The results have been very disappointing. In the first month, there was a significant reduction of energy use, but by end of three or four months, they were back to the same amount. This becomes an interesting toy or gimmick for people at first, but then they get tired of doing it and they revert right back to the old behavior patterns,\" Sweeney says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No One Said Change Was Easy\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sweeney says using electricity in our homes is a lot like going grocery shopping in a store with no price tags. \"There are flank steak and chuck steak and hamburger. But you've never seen a price tag ever in a grocery store. How good a shopper would you be with that little information?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are reasons to pay attention to energy, whether it's to reduce your carbon footprint or save money on your utility bill. But even though electricity may seem expensive, Sweeney says it's only a small part of the average household's income.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We use 2.3 percent of our disposable personal income for electricity, natural gas and all other energy in the house. So if you have work hard to save that, you're probably not going to do it,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sweeney believes the key is to attach a price tag to the decisions we make the second we make them. So, if you turn up your air conditioning, the thermostat tells you how much more you're spending.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technology to do that isn't far away. Today's smart meters already have the capability to talk to your house through a home area network. The California Public Utilities Commission also \u003ca href=\"http://docs.cpuc.ca.gov/published/News_release/140316.htm\">recently ruled\u003c/a> that utilities must make customers' energy use data available to third-party companies that sell home energy management systems, if a customer purchases one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But utilities have a long way to go to get customers to think this way. Only 20 percent of PG&E customers have set up online accounts. And according to one study, consumers interact with their utilities for only six minutes a year on average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Clean Tech Companies Search for the Secret Recipe\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have to get it right when we have those six minutes,\" says Dan Yates, CEO of \u003ca href=\"http://opower.com/\">Opower\u003c/a>, a smart grid technology company that's trying to find the secret sauce of behavioral change. PG&E has hired Opower to redesign the website I was looking at. (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/07/what-makes-us-conserve-energy-6-lessons-from-the-smart-grid/\">Check out a preview here\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People don't want data, they want insights. So, I always joke that my mom is my litmus test. And I know that she would never spend a minute looking at raw energy data. But what she would love to find out is that her freezer is very energy intensive,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working with other utilities, Opower says their program has helped households cut their energy use by one to three percent and the change sticks. They do that by showing customers how their energy use compares to similar homes in their neighborhood. (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/07/what-makes-us-conserve-energy-6-lessons-from-the-smart-grid/\">More about what motivates us\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not shame. It is really just recognizing an addressable opportunity to reduce usage. And then when you start to have people's attention, the key comes down to have relevant, targeting insights,\" says Yates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yates says for utilities that are used to dealing with hardware, working with behavioral science is a new challenge. But it's one with the potential to remake the way we consume energy. PG&E's redesigned SmartMeter website will be available by the end of the year.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Smart meters are providing California households with their hourly and daily energy use information for the first time. Consumers use less electricity, studies have shown, when they can see that data. But getting them to pay attention to energy in the first place may be the biggest hurdle.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/10/2011-10-10-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25820\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Smart-home-640.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-25820\" title=\"Smart-home-640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Smart-home-640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A \"smart\" demonstration home set up by Southern California Edison. (Photo: Lauren Sommer)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California's electric utilities have installed more than 11 million smart meters in homes and businesses around the state. Which means for the first time, customers can see how much electricity they're using every hour, instead of once-a-month when the bill comes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consumers use less energy, studies have shown, when they can see that real-time data. But getting customers to pay attention in the first place may be the biggest hurdle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Digital smart meters provide a stream of energy use data, which industry analysts say has the potential to remake our homes. That's evident just outside of Los Angeles, where \u003ca href=\"http://www.sce.com/default.htm\">Southern California Edison\u003c/a> has set up a \"smart\" demonstration home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Above us we have photovoltaic solar panels to the left used for generating electricity and a solar thermal water heating system,\" says Cynthia Miller as she leads a tour of the \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.sce.com/b-sb/energy-centers/ctac/tour-ctac/smart-energy-experience.htm\">Smart Energy Experience\u003c/a>.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You might notice that we have some nice appliances,\" she says, pointing to the kitchen. The house is a green gadget-lovers dream. There's an electric car in the garage, LED lights, and a \"smart\" washing machine that communicates with the dryer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They're able to talk to each other so the washer can tell the dryer what its washing and the dryer can determine the optimal heat setting for that particular load of laundry,\" Miller says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's also a small screen in the kitchen that shows how much power the house is using at any given moment. Miller demonstrates what happens when you turn the toaster on. \"And we'll see a jump here... and there we go. The jump happened and it's 1.7 kilowatts at 41 cents per hour.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The real intelligence of this house is its ability to communicate with the electric grid through its \u003ca href=\"http://www.sdge.com/smartmeter/homeAreaNetwork.shtml\">Home Area Network\u003c/a>. So on a hot summer day, when SCE is cranking out power, the utility could send a message to your house that kicks your home into conservation mode.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You notice my lights have dimmed, the ceiling fan turned on, the shades are coming down,\" says Miller. The thermostat turns up to 73 degrees and the air-conditioning shuts off. SCE would offer this as a voluntary program with financial incentives to sweeten the deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You know, what we anticipate is the awareness is really going to drive a change in behavior for our customers because this information is compelling,\" says Miller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Swimming in a Sea of Data\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, our homes today aren't quite as advanced. That's evident every time I log into my \u003ca href=\"http://www.pge.com/smartmeter/\">PG&E SmartMeter account\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25873\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/PGE-current21.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-25873\" title=\"PGE current2\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/PGE-current21.jpg\" alt=\"My home energy use on PG&E's website.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">My home energy use on PG&E's website.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>My account shows charts of my home's daily and hourly energy use. But, for the average consumer like me, it doesn't tell me a lot. I see a few spikes in the chart where clearly my husband and I used more electricity, but what caused it? Neither of us could figure it out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For most people, including for me, that really is not very useful information,\" says Jim Sweeney, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://peec.stanford.edu/index.php\">Precourt Energy Efficiency Center\u003c/a> at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies have shown that consumers reduce their energy use by as much as 10 percent when they have smart meter data like mine. Sweeney says they also studied that with a group of Google employees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The results have been very disappointing. In the first month, there was a significant reduction of energy use, but by end of three or four months, they were back to the same amount. This becomes an interesting toy or gimmick for people at first, but then they get tired of doing it and they revert right back to the old behavior patterns,\" Sweeney says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No One Said Change Was Easy\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sweeney says using electricity in our homes is a lot like going grocery shopping in a store with no price tags. \"There are flank steak and chuck steak and hamburger. But you've never seen a price tag ever in a grocery store. How good a shopper would you be with that little information?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are reasons to pay attention to energy, whether it's to reduce your carbon footprint or save money on your utility bill. But even though electricity may seem expensive, Sweeney says it's only a small part of the average household's income.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We use 2.3 percent of our disposable personal income for electricity, natural gas and all other energy in the house. So if you have work hard to save that, you're probably not going to do it,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sweeney believes the key is to attach a price tag to the decisions we make the second we make them. So, if you turn up your air conditioning, the thermostat tells you how much more you're spending.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technology to do that isn't far away. Today's smart meters already have the capability to talk to your house through a home area network. The California Public Utilities Commission also \u003ca href=\"http://docs.cpuc.ca.gov/published/News_release/140316.htm\">recently ruled\u003c/a> that utilities must make customers' energy use data available to third-party companies that sell home energy management systems, if a customer purchases one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But utilities have a long way to go to get customers to think this way. Only 20 percent of PG&E customers have set up online accounts. And according to one study, consumers interact with their utilities for only six minutes a year on average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Clean Tech Companies Search for the Secret Recipe\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have to get it right when we have those six minutes,\" says Dan Yates, CEO of \u003ca href=\"http://opower.com/\">Opower\u003c/a>, a smart grid technology company that's trying to find the secret sauce of behavioral change. PG&E has hired Opower to redesign the website I was looking at. (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/07/what-makes-us-conserve-energy-6-lessons-from-the-smart-grid/\">Check out a preview here\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People don't want data, they want insights. So, I always joke that my mom is my litmus test. And I know that she would never spend a minute looking at raw energy data. But what she would love to find out is that her freezer is very energy intensive,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working with other utilities, Opower says their program has helped households cut their energy use by one to three percent and the change sticks. They do that by showing customers how their energy use compares to similar homes in their neighborhood. (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/07/what-makes-us-conserve-energy-6-lessons-from-the-smart-grid/\">More about what motivates us\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not shame. It is really just recognizing an addressable opportunity to reduce usage. And then when you start to have people's attention, the key comes down to have relevant, targeting insights,\" says Yates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yates says for utilities that are used to dealing with hardware, working with behavioral science is a new challenge. But it's one with the potential to remake the way we consume energy. PG&E's redesigned SmartMeter website will be available by the end of the year.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/10/2011-10-03-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25574\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 354px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/BEST-101022-N-6889J-107.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-25574\" title=\"A Riverine Command Boat running on a 50/50 blend of algae-based and traditional fuel.\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/BEST-101022-N-6889J-107-354x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"354\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Riverine Command Boat running on a 50/50 blend of algae-based and traditional fuel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here's a question: Who’s the largest energy user, by far, in the United States?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Answer: the U.S. Military. Its annual energy bill runs about $15 billion dollars a year, which is why the Department of Defense has developed a keen interest in finding other ways to meet its energy needs, including investing in alternative energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traditionally, the military has been deeply dependent on fossil fuels, which power its helicopters and ships, as well as over a hundred thousand diesel generators that keep tents air conditioned and batteries charged in places like Iraq and Afghanistan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But on the battlefield, oil can be a dangerous liability. Last year there were more than a thousand attacks on US military fuel convoys. US Navy Secretary Ray Mabus says in order to be an effective military force, you have to know what your own vulnerabilities are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"One of the ones that rose to the top was our dependence on fossil fuels,\" says Mabus.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nThe Price -- and Opportunity -- of Instability\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fossil fuels aren't just highly flammable, they can also require doing business with the very countries the US is often in conflict with. Political instability often leads to price spikes. Take, for example, the recent conflict in Libya.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Libya is a big oil producer, but not the biggest one,\" says Mabus. \"But simply the disruption in Libya caused the price of oil to go up almost $30 a barrel.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's no small hiccup for an organization that consumes 300,000 barrels of oil a day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even an increase of just one dollar a barrel can force a major reshuffling of funds, says Mabus. \"Every time the price of oil goes up a dollar a barrel it costs the Navy an extra $31 million in fuel costs.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The only place we have to get that is from our readiness account,\" he says, \"so [there are] fewer flying hours, less training.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This sensitivity to price spikes has sent the military in what might seem an unlikely direction: It’s become a major investor in alternative energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phyllis Cuttino directs the clean energy program for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewenvironment.org/campaigns/pew-energy-and-climate-campaign/id/8589935316\">Pew Charitable Trusts\u003c/a> and is author of a recent report on the military and alternative energy, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewenvironment.org/news-room/reports/from-barracks-to-battlefield-clean-energy-innovation-and-americas-armed-forces-85899364060\">From Barracks to the Battlefield: Clean Energy Innovation and America's Armed Forces\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says whatever the military can do to reduce fuel use, it's doing. According to the report, over the last four years the military has tripled its investment in technologies like biofuels, solar panels, and electric vehicles, to $1.2 billion a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The Department of Defense is not doing all this work in biofuels and efficiency, for example, because they are green, or because they are environmentalists,\" says Cuttino. \"They are doing it because they want to increase effectiveness and reduce costs.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New Partnerships in Silicon Valley\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s been a boon for people like Bob MacDonald, the CTO and co-founder of Skyline Solar, in Mountain View, California. Skyline's solar arrays are relatively low-tech, made from off-the-shelf components and are easy to assemble.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25579\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 189px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Bob-MacDonald-e1317365300647.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-25579\" title=\"Bob MacDonald helped get Skyline Solar its $1.58 million military contract\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Bob-MacDonald-e1317365300647-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bob MacDonald helped get Skyline Solar its $1.58 million military contract\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A few years ago, MacDonald saw that the military was looking for clean tech companies like his to partner with. He flew to Washington to present Skyline's product. He says it was a bit intimidating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There was a lot of brass,\" he recalls, \"literally, a lot of stripes and shoulder adornments around the table. I kept it simple. Sir, yes sir.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MacDonald soon realized his audience had a lot in common with the venture capitalists he does business with out here in California. The military officials liked that Skyline's components are easy to source and that they're portable. An added benefit is the stealth effect, says MacDonald: Solar panels are a lot quieter than a diesel generator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Macdonald has a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pv-tech.org/news/project_focus_skyline_solar_to_deploy_two_100kw_demo_systems_on_u.s._milita\">$1.58 million contract\u003c/a> to try out his arrays on two US military bases, one in Texas, one in Southern California. If the pilot is successful, he’d like to see his systems operating overseas, powering remote bases in Iraq and Afghanistan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solazyme, in South San Francisco, is also benefiting from military investment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company's algae-based biofuel is being tested in Seahawk helicopters, as well as Navy vessels in Virginia and other parts of the country. CEO Jonathan Wolfson says the $8 million military contract is less than a quarter of his company's revenue, but it sends a powerful message to other investors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25580\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/GOOD_WOLFSON-012.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-25580\" title=\"Jonathan Wolfson is CEO of Solazyme, which produces algae-based biofuel for the US Navy\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/GOOD_WOLFSON-012-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jonathan Wolfson is CEO of Solazyme, which produces algae-based biofuel for the US Navy\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"I mean, eight years ago we were five people with a completely delusional dream,\" says Wolfson. \"So go from that to [being partnered with] an entity like the military, which is very, very disciplined and demands an enormous level of discipline out of its suppliers. It does really good things to help a company like Solazyme.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bridging the \"Valley of Death\" Between Innovation and the Market\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wolfson says by the sheer force of its purchasing power, the military can transform a technology from cutting edge to mainstream. He points out that it's happened before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People forget that the Internet they go log onto every day was funded by the Department of Defense. They forget that the entire semiconductor industry was [built up] by they Defense Department. They were the ones that got the first orders and got the first plants built.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nThe Solyndra Effect\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lately, in Washington, the words “clean technology” have become \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_18887134\">a political flashpoint\u003c/a>. At a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/23/science/earth/23energy.html\">September 22 hearing\u003c/a> focused on the bankruptcy of Fremont-based solar panel maker Solyndra. Issa, who chairs the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee railed against the Obama Administration's investments in alternative technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The Obama Administration has systematically waged a war on carbon-based energy in pursuit of new green energy,\" said Issa. \"Jobs have not been produced in a sustained fashion or in the number promised and bills of taxpayer dollars have done little to truly stimulate the economy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Issa and other Republicans have argued government should avoid investing in clean tech all together. And this has put Navy Secretary Mabus in a curious position: A high level military official turned into one of clean tech’s most vocal defenders. He says as the head of the US Navy, that’s his job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We’re doing this to become a better military, to make us better war fighters. We’re doing this as a matter of security, of energy security and national security. The fundamental purpose of our doing this is so that we will be better at the mission that the US has given us.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mabus says \u003ca href=\"http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=56757\">his goal \u003c/a>is that by the year 2020, the Navy and Marine Corps will get at least half its fuel from non fossil-fuel sources.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The largest energy user in the United States is the U.S. Military. Its annual energy bill runs about $15 billion dollars a year, which is why the Department of Defense has developed a keen interest in finding other ways to meet its energy needs, including investing in alternative energy. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/10/2011-10-03-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25574\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 354px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/BEST-101022-N-6889J-107.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-25574\" title=\"A Riverine Command Boat running on a 50/50 blend of algae-based and traditional fuel.\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/BEST-101022-N-6889J-107-354x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"354\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Riverine Command Boat running on a 50/50 blend of algae-based and traditional fuel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here's a question: Who’s the largest energy user, by far, in the United States?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Answer: the U.S. Military. Its annual energy bill runs about $15 billion dollars a year, which is why the Department of Defense has developed a keen interest in finding other ways to meet its energy needs, including investing in alternative energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traditionally, the military has been deeply dependent on fossil fuels, which power its helicopters and ships, as well as over a hundred thousand diesel generators that keep tents air conditioned and batteries charged in places like Iraq and Afghanistan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But on the battlefield, oil can be a dangerous liability. Last year there were more than a thousand attacks on US military fuel convoys. US Navy Secretary Ray Mabus says in order to be an effective military force, you have to know what your own vulnerabilities are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"One of the ones that rose to the top was our dependence on fossil fuels,\" says Mabus.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nThe Price -- and Opportunity -- of Instability\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fossil fuels aren't just highly flammable, they can also require doing business with the very countries the US is often in conflict with. Political instability often leads to price spikes. Take, for example, the recent conflict in Libya.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Libya is a big oil producer, but not the biggest one,\" says Mabus. \"But simply the disruption in Libya caused the price of oil to go up almost $30 a barrel.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's no small hiccup for an organization that consumes 300,000 barrels of oil a day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even an increase of just one dollar a barrel can force a major reshuffling of funds, says Mabus. \"Every time the price of oil goes up a dollar a barrel it costs the Navy an extra $31 million in fuel costs.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The only place we have to get that is from our readiness account,\" he says, \"so [there are] fewer flying hours, less training.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This sensitivity to price spikes has sent the military in what might seem an unlikely direction: It’s become a major investor in alternative energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phyllis Cuttino directs the clean energy program for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewenvironment.org/campaigns/pew-energy-and-climate-campaign/id/8589935316\">Pew Charitable Trusts\u003c/a> and is author of a recent report on the military and alternative energy, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewenvironment.org/news-room/reports/from-barracks-to-battlefield-clean-energy-innovation-and-americas-armed-forces-85899364060\">From Barracks to the Battlefield: Clean Energy Innovation and America's Armed Forces\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says whatever the military can do to reduce fuel use, it's doing. According to the report, over the last four years the military has tripled its investment in technologies like biofuels, solar panels, and electric vehicles, to $1.2 billion a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The Department of Defense is not doing all this work in biofuels and efficiency, for example, because they are green, or because they are environmentalists,\" says Cuttino. \"They are doing it because they want to increase effectiveness and reduce costs.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New Partnerships in Silicon Valley\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s been a boon for people like Bob MacDonald, the CTO and co-founder of Skyline Solar, in Mountain View, California. Skyline's solar arrays are relatively low-tech, made from off-the-shelf components and are easy to assemble.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25579\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 189px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Bob-MacDonald-e1317365300647.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-25579\" title=\"Bob MacDonald helped get Skyline Solar its $1.58 million military contract\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Bob-MacDonald-e1317365300647-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bob MacDonald helped get Skyline Solar its $1.58 million military contract\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A few years ago, MacDonald saw that the military was looking for clean tech companies like his to partner with. He flew to Washington to present Skyline's product. He says it was a bit intimidating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There was a lot of brass,\" he recalls, \"literally, a lot of stripes and shoulder adornments around the table. I kept it simple. Sir, yes sir.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MacDonald soon realized his audience had a lot in common with the venture capitalists he does business with out here in California. The military officials liked that Skyline's components are easy to source and that they're portable. An added benefit is the stealth effect, says MacDonald: Solar panels are a lot quieter than a diesel generator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Macdonald has a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pv-tech.org/news/project_focus_skyline_solar_to_deploy_two_100kw_demo_systems_on_u.s._milita\">$1.58 million contract\u003c/a> to try out his arrays on two US military bases, one in Texas, one in Southern California. If the pilot is successful, he’d like to see his systems operating overseas, powering remote bases in Iraq and Afghanistan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solazyme, in South San Francisco, is also benefiting from military investment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company's algae-based biofuel is being tested in Seahawk helicopters, as well as Navy vessels in Virginia and other parts of the country. CEO Jonathan Wolfson says the $8 million military contract is less than a quarter of his company's revenue, but it sends a powerful message to other investors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25580\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/GOOD_WOLFSON-012.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-25580\" title=\"Jonathan Wolfson is CEO of Solazyme, which produces algae-based biofuel for the US Navy\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/GOOD_WOLFSON-012-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jonathan Wolfson is CEO of Solazyme, which produces algae-based biofuel for the US Navy\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"I mean, eight years ago we were five people with a completely delusional dream,\" says Wolfson. \"So go from that to [being partnered with] an entity like the military, which is very, very disciplined and demands an enormous level of discipline out of its suppliers. It does really good things to help a company like Solazyme.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bridging the \"Valley of Death\" Between Innovation and the Market\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wolfson says by the sheer force of its purchasing power, the military can transform a technology from cutting edge to mainstream. He points out that it's happened before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People forget that the Internet they go log onto every day was funded by the Department of Defense. They forget that the entire semiconductor industry was [built up] by they Defense Department. They were the ones that got the first orders and got the first plants built.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nThe Solyndra Effect\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lately, in Washington, the words “clean technology” have become \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_18887134\">a political flashpoint\u003c/a>. At a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/23/science/earth/23energy.html\">September 22 hearing\u003c/a> focused on the bankruptcy of Fremont-based solar panel maker Solyndra. Issa, who chairs the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee railed against the Obama Administration's investments in alternative technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The Obama Administration has systematically waged a war on carbon-based energy in pursuit of new green energy,\" said Issa. \"Jobs have not been produced in a sustained fashion or in the number promised and bills of taxpayer dollars have done little to truly stimulate the economy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Issa and other Republicans have argued government should avoid investing in clean tech all together. And this has put Navy Secretary Mabus in a curious position: A high level military official turned into one of clean tech’s most vocal defenders. He says as the head of the US Navy, that’s his job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We’re doing this to become a better military, to make us better war fighters. We’re doing this as a matter of security, of energy security and national security. The fundamental purpose of our doing this is so that we will be better at the mission that the US has given us.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "The View from Coal Country in the Age of Green",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/09/2011-9-23-quest-philadelphia-coal.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Coal produces nearly half the electricity in the U.S., but the mercury, sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide it emits also make it one of the most controversial energy sources. New EPA regulations and a national Sierra Club \u003ca href=\"http://beyondcoal.org/\" target=\"_top\">campaign\u003c/a> to try to shutter the industry have added to rising anti-coal sentiment. For many environmental activists, coal represents an old, dirty source of power, but for coal-mining communities around the country, the story is different. Carolyn Beeler of WHYY reports for our special radio series, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/coal-at-the-crossroads/\">Coal at the Crossroads\u003c/a>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/WHYY-Image3-plant.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-24896\" title=\"WHYY Image3 - plant\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/WHYY-Image3-plant-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"coal plant\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>Coal still king in Greene County, Pa.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.co.greene.pa.us/\" target=\"_top\">Greene County\u003c/a> is in the far southwest corner of Pennsylvania. It is bordered on two sides by West Virginia, and outside of its towns, it is filled with winding country roads flanked by rolling hills. Here, coal still reigns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every summer, the county hosts the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kingcoalshow.org/\" target=\"_top\">King Coal Show\u003c/a>, a week-long festival with mine rescue contests, a parade, and the Pennsylvania Bituminous Coal Queen Pageant. On a stormy Sunday evening in August, high school girls in evening gowns touted their coal-mining pedigrees along with their good grades and volunteer work. Like many in the area, most could find a great-grandfather, uncle or father who worked in the mines to claim as their connection to the industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here, said County Commissioner Pam Snyder, coal is not a dirty four-letter word.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Coal means jobs, sustainability on our tax base, families being able to make a good living, raise their children, have decent health-care,” Snyder said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the coal patch towns that used to dot the county are a thing of the past, but one in five jobs in Greene County is still in mining, and Snyder said a third of the county’s general fund comes from taxes on coal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Snyder said she does not see anti-coal campaigns as an attack on her community’s way of life. Rather, it is more like a misunderstanding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think if you live in a part of the country where coal has no place and never existed, you \u003cem>are\u003c/em> just used to turning on your light switch,” Snyder said, “never giving thought to where that electricity’s being powered from or how it’s getting into (your) home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Snyder said she understands why people take their power for granted, but argues those who oppose coal as a power source need to realize how big a role it plays in the nation’s energy portfolio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/WHYY_coal_slideshow/_files/iframe.html?noscale=640x393\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"640\" height=\"393\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘You need to be mining coal to get paid’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greene County is home to four major underground mines, including two of the largest in the country, Enlow Fork and Bailey Mine, which together span 22 miles north to south and spill into neighboring West Virginia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/WHYY-Marquee-1-IMG_1305.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-24897\" title=\"WHYY Marquee 1 - IMG_1305\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/WHYY-Marquee-1-IMG_1305-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"coal mine\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>Miners at \u003ca href=\"http://www.consolenergy.com/\" target=\"_top\">Consol Energy\u003c/a>’s Bailey mine ride an elevator down 700 feet and take a half-hour-long ride on an underground trolley just to get to the job site. There, a massive automated shearing machine lumbers along an exposed wall of coal and slices away at the coal seam. Braces hold the ceiling up until the cutting drums have cleared, then re-position farther down the wall. Chunks periodically fall from the ceiling into a sludge of water and coal dust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Highly mechanized \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longwall_mining\" target=\"_top\">longwall mining\u003c/a> is a far cry from the days of pick-axes and canaries, but mining is still hard, dirty work. Yet, it pays well, an average of almost $90,000, much higher than the county average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August, the Obama administration put in place new rules designed to cut the amount of air pollution from coal-fired power plants by more than half, a move the EPA says would reduce asthma, bronchitis and heart attacks in 31 states. The EPA is drafting global warming rules that could hit coal even harder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tom Mills, who has been working in Cumberland Mine in Greene County for five years, said he sees new regulations as a threat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No matter what you always worry about your job,” Mills said. “You need to be mining coal to get paid. And if they shut these power plants down, these coal-fired power plants, what are they going to use the coal for?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like many in the industry, Mills said the future of energy lies in cleaner-burning coal, not in renewable sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Instead of the Sierra Club donating money to shut these places down, maybe they should have donated those millions of dollars to technology to make them burn cleaner,” Mills said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mills is not the only one feeling threatened. Billboards touting the reliability and affordability of coal over renewables pepper the highway in Southwestern Pennsylvania, paid for by a \u003ca href=\"http://www.families4pacoal.org/\" target=\"_top\">group\u003c/a> called “Families Organized to Represent the Coal Economy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New energy sources in coal’s backyard\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps a more immediate threat than new EPA regulations, though, is the natural gas boom. The tapping of huge reserves in the Marcellus Shale formation right in Greene County and across the region has driven down the price of natural gas and made it more competitive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/WHYY-Image2-IMG_1360.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-24895\" title=\"WHYY Image2 IMG_1360\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/WHYY-Image2-IMG_1360-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"coal billboard\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>Jimmy Brock, chief operating officer for coal for Consol Energy, which owns Bailey mine and also has natural gas operations, said natural gas and new regulations could cut into the market for coal. But if demand drops domestically, he said he is confident the international markets will make up the difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am not worried for the future of the coal,” Brock said. “I believe coal’s here today, I believe it’ll be here tomorrow, and I believe it’ll be here for many years to come.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greene County Commissioner Pam Snyder put it differently. Although she said a serious blow to the coal industry would cripple her county’s economy, “nobody’s pushing panic buttons yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The share of the nation's electricity generated by coal during the first quarter of this year was at its \u003ca href=\"http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=2391\" target=\"_top\">lowest\u003c/a> in more than 30 years, due largely to low natural gas prices. But with U.S. demand for electricity expected to grow by about a third in the next quarter century, the industry says King Coal is here to stay.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/09/2011-9-23-quest-philadelphia-coal.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Coal produces nearly half the electricity in the U.S., but the mercury, sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide it emits also make it one of the most controversial energy sources. New EPA regulations and a national Sierra Club \u003ca href=\"http://beyondcoal.org/\" target=\"_top\">campaign\u003c/a> to try to shutter the industry have added to rising anti-coal sentiment. For many environmental activists, coal represents an old, dirty source of power, but for coal-mining communities around the country, the story is different. Carolyn Beeler of WHYY reports for our special radio series, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/coal-at-the-crossroads/\">Coal at the Crossroads\u003c/a>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/WHYY-Image3-plant.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-24896\" title=\"WHYY Image3 - plant\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/WHYY-Image3-plant-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"coal plant\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>Coal still king in Greene County, Pa.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.co.greene.pa.us/\" target=\"_top\">Greene County\u003c/a> is in the far southwest corner of Pennsylvania. It is bordered on two sides by West Virginia, and outside of its towns, it is filled with winding country roads flanked by rolling hills. Here, coal still reigns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every summer, the county hosts the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kingcoalshow.org/\" target=\"_top\">King Coal Show\u003c/a>, a week-long festival with mine rescue contests, a parade, and the Pennsylvania Bituminous Coal Queen Pageant. On a stormy Sunday evening in August, high school girls in evening gowns touted their coal-mining pedigrees along with their good grades and volunteer work. Like many in the area, most could find a great-grandfather, uncle or father who worked in the mines to claim as their connection to the industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here, said County Commissioner Pam Snyder, coal is not a dirty four-letter word.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Coal means jobs, sustainability on our tax base, families being able to make a good living, raise their children, have decent health-care,” Snyder said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the coal patch towns that used to dot the county are a thing of the past, but one in five jobs in Greene County is still in mining, and Snyder said a third of the county’s general fund comes from taxes on coal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Snyder said she does not see anti-coal campaigns as an attack on her community’s way of life. Rather, it is more like a misunderstanding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think if you live in a part of the country where coal has no place and never existed, you \u003cem>are\u003c/em> just used to turning on your light switch,” Snyder said, “never giving thought to where that electricity’s being powered from or how it’s getting into (your) home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Snyder said she understands why people take their power for granted, but argues those who oppose coal as a power source need to realize how big a role it plays in the nation’s energy portfolio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/WHYY_coal_slideshow/_files/iframe.html?noscale=640x393\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"640\" height=\"393\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘You need to be mining coal to get paid’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greene County is home to four major underground mines, including two of the largest in the country, Enlow Fork and Bailey Mine, which together span 22 miles north to south and spill into neighboring West Virginia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/WHYY-Marquee-1-IMG_1305.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-24897\" title=\"WHYY Marquee 1 - IMG_1305\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/WHYY-Marquee-1-IMG_1305-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"coal mine\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>Miners at \u003ca href=\"http://www.consolenergy.com/\" target=\"_top\">Consol Energy\u003c/a>’s Bailey mine ride an elevator down 700 feet and take a half-hour-long ride on an underground trolley just to get to the job site. There, a massive automated shearing machine lumbers along an exposed wall of coal and slices away at the coal seam. Braces hold the ceiling up until the cutting drums have cleared, then re-position farther down the wall. Chunks periodically fall from the ceiling into a sludge of water and coal dust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Highly mechanized \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longwall_mining\" target=\"_top\">longwall mining\u003c/a> is a far cry from the days of pick-axes and canaries, but mining is still hard, dirty work. Yet, it pays well, an average of almost $90,000, much higher than the county average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August, the Obama administration put in place new rules designed to cut the amount of air pollution from coal-fired power plants by more than half, a move the EPA says would reduce asthma, bronchitis and heart attacks in 31 states. The EPA is drafting global warming rules that could hit coal even harder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tom Mills, who has been working in Cumberland Mine in Greene County for five years, said he sees new regulations as a threat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No matter what you always worry about your job,” Mills said. “You need to be mining coal to get paid. And if they shut these power plants down, these coal-fired power plants, what are they going to use the coal for?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like many in the industry, Mills said the future of energy lies in cleaner-burning coal, not in renewable sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Instead of the Sierra Club donating money to shut these places down, maybe they should have donated those millions of dollars to technology to make them burn cleaner,” Mills said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mills is not the only one feeling threatened. Billboards touting the reliability and affordability of coal over renewables pepper the highway in Southwestern Pennsylvania, paid for by a \u003ca href=\"http://www.families4pacoal.org/\" target=\"_top\">group\u003c/a> called “Families Organized to Represent the Coal Economy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New energy sources in coal’s backyard\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps a more immediate threat than new EPA regulations, though, is the natural gas boom. The tapping of huge reserves in the Marcellus Shale formation right in Greene County and across the region has driven down the price of natural gas and made it more competitive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/WHYY-Image2-IMG_1360.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-24895\" title=\"WHYY Image2 IMG_1360\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/WHYY-Image2-IMG_1360-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"coal billboard\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>Jimmy Brock, chief operating officer for coal for Consol Energy, which owns Bailey mine and also has natural gas operations, said natural gas and new regulations could cut into the market for coal. But if demand drops domestically, he said he is confident the international markets will make up the difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am not worried for the future of the coal,” Brock said. “I believe coal’s here today, I believe it’ll be here tomorrow, and I believe it’ll be here for many years to come.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greene County Commissioner Pam Snyder put it differently. Although she said a serious blow to the coal industry would cripple her county’s economy, “nobody’s pushing panic buttons yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "A Difficult Path for Clean Coal",
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"headTitle": "Coal at the Crossroads | QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/09/2011-9-23-quest-ohio-coal.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Coal generates half of all the electricity in the U.S. It’s also the biggest source of global-warming emissions and other air pollution. The coal industry acknowledges this but says the answer is not to phase out coal, but instead to produce \"clean coal.\" Among the strategies for doing this is building carbon sequestration plants, where the carbon generated from burning coal is pumped underground. But despite years of promises, no carbon sequestration plants are in operation in the U.S. Anne Glausser of QUEST Ohio reports on the difficult path for clean coal for our special radio series, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/coal-at-the-crossroads/\">Coal at the Crossroads\u003c/a>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24539\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-24539\" title=\"wcpn_coal_marquee640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/wcpn_coal_marquee640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"wcpn coal marquee\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">taking measurements during carbon storage project in Canton, Ohio. Courtesy ODNR.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Coal generates half of all the electricity in the U.S. It’s also the biggest source of global-warming emissions and other air pollution. The coal industry acknowledges this but says the answer is not to phase out coal, but instead to produce “clean coal.” Among the strategies for doing this is building carbon sequestration plants, where the carbon generated from burning coal is pumped underground. But despite years of promises, no carbon sequestration plants are in operation in the U.S. Anne Glausser reports on the difficult path for clean coal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s noon on a humid Ohio summer day. About 10 miles southeast of the city of Canton, Chris Perry, a geologist with the Ohio Department of Natural Resources, is standing in a patch of woods next to an oil well. Over the chatter of cicadas, Perry explains why this well is of particular interest to him: “We did what we call a ‘huff and puff,’ or a cyclic CO2 test—we injected 80 tons of CO2.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24659\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 189px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-24659\" title=\"Chris Perry, geologist with the Ohio Dept of Natural Resources\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Chris-Perry-geologist-with-the-Ohio-Dept-of-Natural-Resources-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"Chris Perry, geologist with the Ohio Dept of Natural Resources\" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chris Perry, geologist with the Ohio Dept of Natural Resources, stands next to an oil well in Canton, Ohio where his research team injected CO2 for permanent storage.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Perry’s part of a \u003ca href=\"http://216.109.210.162/\">research team\u003c/a> that’s looking into how we can store carbon dioxide, in places like this oil well. The researchers “injected” carbon into this well, to test its ability to trap—or sequester—the potent greenhouse gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And on this small scale project, Perry’s group was successful. “The volume of CO2 we put in the well entered into the rock matrix, entered into that porous sandstone, so the CO2 was stored,” says Perry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Department of Energy has spent more than 4 billion dollars on clean coal projects like this, but despite the investment, none of them have really taken off. Early this summer one of the nation’s largest generators of electricity—Ohio-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.aep.com/newsroom/newsreleases/?id=1704\">American Electric Power\u003c/a>—decided to cancel a promising carbon storage project at its plant in West Virginia. “It was a huge blow,” says geologist Chris Perry, “because it was really perhaps the leading industrial funded Co2 sequestration study underway in the United States.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, why pull the plug? Nick Akins, president of American Electric Power, says that it just didn’t make economic sense, given the hefty price tag of carbon capture and storage, and waning political support for climate legislation. “The DOE had funded projects about 50%. And so it was left for us to look at that project and fund the other 50%. And this project was $664 million dollars. So not a small number,” says Akins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AEP had already spent 140-million dollars of its own funds on a smaller-scale pilot study, and state regulators wouldn’t let the company pass along the cost of developing the technology onto rate paying customers. “And that’s why we put it on the shelf,” says Akins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24657\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 305px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-24657\" title=\"Carbon storage process\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Carbon-storage-process-305x253.png\" alt=\"Carbon storage process\" width=\"305\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Carbon storage process. Courtesy ODNR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The company is also in the midst of trying to comply with a \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/airtransport/basic.html\">new federal rule\u003c/a> that requires coal plants to reduce emissions of two main components of smog. Operators will either have to spend money to upgrade plants or shut older plants down. “I think clean coal is definitely fighting a war, at this point,” says Akins, “I think there definitely is a view that coal should be shut down, that it needs to be taken offline to reduce emissions, but keep in mind, these plants produce 45-48% of the energy mix of this country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sandy Buchanan is Executive Director of \u003ca href=\"http://ohiocitizen.org/\">Ohio Citizen Action\u003c/a>, a non-profit organization that targets polluting industries and she is a “clean coal” skeptic. “The idea of clean coal has always been a way for the coal industry to try to prop itself up,” says Buchanan, “they’ve received in Ohio literally millions of dollars of tax-payer subsidies for research projects, all of which have turned out to be unproductive, extremely expensive, and have not worked.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Buchanan says the money should be put instead toward renewable energy and efficiency research, and that coal needs to be phased out. “The thing to do with coal is leave it in the ground,” says Buchanan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing Buchanan and American Electric Power President Nick Akins agree on: right now, “clean coal” isn’t delivering. The carbon storage process is just too expensive. But strict new regulations on burning coal could force the issue-- the Obama administration is writing \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/airquality/ghgsettlement.html\">new EPA rules\u003c/a> that would place mandatory national limits on greenhouse gas emissions. While environmentalists seek the end of coal, Akins says that’s just not feasible. “In order to continue feeding the insatiable desire of the electrification of this economy,” says Akins, “we need everything. And coal has to remain a part.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Coal generates half of all the electricity in the U.S. It’s also the biggest source of global-warming emissions and other air pollution. The coal industry says the answer is not to phase out coal, but instead to produce “clean coal.” Anne Glausser of QUEST Ohio reports on the difficult path for clean coal.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/09/2011-9-23-quest-ohio-coal.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Coal generates half of all the electricity in the U.S. It’s also the biggest source of global-warming emissions and other air pollution. The coal industry acknowledges this but says the answer is not to phase out coal, but instead to produce \"clean coal.\" Among the strategies for doing this is building carbon sequestration plants, where the carbon generated from burning coal is pumped underground. But despite years of promises, no carbon sequestration plants are in operation in the U.S. Anne Glausser of QUEST Ohio reports on the difficult path for clean coal for our special radio series, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/coal-at-the-crossroads/\">Coal at the Crossroads\u003c/a>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24539\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-24539\" title=\"wcpn_coal_marquee640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/wcpn_coal_marquee640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"wcpn coal marquee\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">taking measurements during carbon storage project in Canton, Ohio. Courtesy ODNR.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Coal generates half of all the electricity in the U.S. It’s also the biggest source of global-warming emissions and other air pollution. The coal industry acknowledges this but says the answer is not to phase out coal, but instead to produce “clean coal.” Among the strategies for doing this is building carbon sequestration plants, where the carbon generated from burning coal is pumped underground. But despite years of promises, no carbon sequestration plants are in operation in the U.S. Anne Glausser reports on the difficult path for clean coal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s noon on a humid Ohio summer day. About 10 miles southeast of the city of Canton, Chris Perry, a geologist with the Ohio Department of Natural Resources, is standing in a patch of woods next to an oil well. Over the chatter of cicadas, Perry explains why this well is of particular interest to him: “We did what we call a ‘huff and puff,’ or a cyclic CO2 test—we injected 80 tons of CO2.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24659\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 189px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-24659\" title=\"Chris Perry, geologist with the Ohio Dept of Natural Resources\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Chris-Perry-geologist-with-the-Ohio-Dept-of-Natural-Resources-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"Chris Perry, geologist with the Ohio Dept of Natural Resources\" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chris Perry, geologist with the Ohio Dept of Natural Resources, stands next to an oil well in Canton, Ohio where his research team injected CO2 for permanent storage.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Perry’s part of a \u003ca href=\"http://216.109.210.162/\">research team\u003c/a> that’s looking into how we can store carbon dioxide, in places like this oil well. The researchers “injected” carbon into this well, to test its ability to trap—or sequester—the potent greenhouse gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And on this small scale project, Perry’s group was successful. “The volume of CO2 we put in the well entered into the rock matrix, entered into that porous sandstone, so the CO2 was stored,” says Perry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Department of Energy has spent more than 4 billion dollars on clean coal projects like this, but despite the investment, none of them have really taken off. Early this summer one of the nation’s largest generators of electricity—Ohio-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.aep.com/newsroom/newsreleases/?id=1704\">American Electric Power\u003c/a>—decided to cancel a promising carbon storage project at its plant in West Virginia. “It was a huge blow,” says geologist Chris Perry, “because it was really perhaps the leading industrial funded Co2 sequestration study underway in the United States.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, why pull the plug? Nick Akins, president of American Electric Power, says that it just didn’t make economic sense, given the hefty price tag of carbon capture and storage, and waning political support for climate legislation. “The DOE had funded projects about 50%. And so it was left for us to look at that project and fund the other 50%. And this project was $664 million dollars. So not a small number,” says Akins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AEP had already spent 140-million dollars of its own funds on a smaller-scale pilot study, and state regulators wouldn’t let the company pass along the cost of developing the technology onto rate paying customers. “And that’s why we put it on the shelf,” says Akins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24657\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 305px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-24657\" title=\"Carbon storage process\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Carbon-storage-process-305x253.png\" alt=\"Carbon storage process\" width=\"305\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Carbon storage process. Courtesy ODNR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The company is also in the midst of trying to comply with a \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/airtransport/basic.html\">new federal rule\u003c/a> that requires coal plants to reduce emissions of two main components of smog. Operators will either have to spend money to upgrade plants or shut older plants down. “I think clean coal is definitely fighting a war, at this point,” says Akins, “I think there definitely is a view that coal should be shut down, that it needs to be taken offline to reduce emissions, but keep in mind, these plants produce 45-48% of the energy mix of this country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sandy Buchanan is Executive Director of \u003ca href=\"http://ohiocitizen.org/\">Ohio Citizen Action\u003c/a>, a non-profit organization that targets polluting industries and she is a “clean coal” skeptic. “The idea of clean coal has always been a way for the coal industry to try to prop itself up,” says Buchanan, “they’ve received in Ohio literally millions of dollars of tax-payer subsidies for research projects, all of which have turned out to be unproductive, extremely expensive, and have not worked.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Buchanan says the money should be put instead toward renewable energy and efficiency research, and that coal needs to be phased out. “The thing to do with coal is leave it in the ground,” says Buchanan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing Buchanan and American Electric Power President Nick Akins agree on: right now, “clean coal” isn’t delivering. The carbon storage process is just too expensive. But strict new regulations on burning coal could force the issue-- the Obama administration is writing \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/airquality/ghgsettlement.html\">new EPA rules\u003c/a> that would place mandatory national limits on greenhouse gas emissions. While environmentalists seek the end of coal, Akins says that’s just not feasible. “In order to continue feeding the insatiable desire of the electrification of this economy,” says Akins, “we need everything. And coal has to remain a part.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/09/2011-09-26-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California is known for its “green” reputation. Just look at all the new solar and wind farms popping up around the state. So it might be a surprise that residents in Southern California still depend on coal power when they turn on the lights. The region’s utilities are struggling to wean themselves off coal energy. As Lauren Sommer reports for our series \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/coal-at-the-crossroads/\">Coal at the Crossroads\u003c/a>, utilities around the country may soon be facing the same battle.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25095\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Coal-Plant.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-25095\" title=\"Coal Plant\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Coal-Plant-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The coal-fired San Juan Generating Station in New Mexico. (Photo: Matt Preusch)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Massive coal-fired power plants aren’t something you’ll find within California’s borders. To find the source of the state’s coal power, you have to go to places like northern New Mexico, where the San Juan Generating Station is located.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We currently have unit four offline, but units one, two and three are operating at full load,” says Pat Themig, Vice President of Generation for \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnm.com/\">PNM\u003c/a>, the New Mexico utility that runs the plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you see the line where the stack is, everything going behind that is scrubber,” he says, pointing past a towering smokestack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those scrubbers remove pollutants from the air emissions. But PNM has struggled to meet air quality standards and last month, the Environmental Protection Agency \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnmresources.com/press/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=606130\">ordered the plant\u003c/a> to install new pollution control equipment. Those costs are generally passed on to the power plant owners, which, in this case, are utilities in Arizona, New Mexico and California. The San Juan Generating Station \u003ca href=\"http://energyalmanac.ca.gov/powerplants/coal_plants_ownership.html\">supplies power to several California cities\u003c/a> and the Southern California Public Power Authority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People would be very surprised to know, particularly in Los Angeles, that historically, more of our electricity comes from coal fired power than from any other source,” says Evan Gillespie of the Sierra Club’s “Beyond Coal” campaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Several decades ago, Los Angeles made a number of bad bets on coal fired power plants – that that would be the way of the future. That has clearly turned out to not be the case,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gillespie is talking about one particular utility: the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ladwp.com/ladwp/homepage.jsp\">Los Angeles Department of Water and Power\u003c/a> (DWP). It’s the largest municipal utility in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Challenges for Los Angeles Utility \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We get about 40 percent today from coal and that is all out of state coal,” says General Manager Ron Nichols. It comes from two coal-fired power plants, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.srpnet.com/about/stations/navajo.aspx\">Navajo Generating Station\u003c/a> in Arizona and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipautah.com/\">Intermountain Power Project\u003c/a> in Utah.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Historically, coal has been attractive to utilities for two reasons: it’s reliable and cheap. “Coal tends to come around 5 to 6 cents a kilowatt hour. Our renewable portfolio today is around about 11 cents,” says Nichols.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that’s changing, according to Nichols and most of the energy industry. Renewable energy is getting cheaper, while coal is getting more expensive due to stricter air pollution rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two years ago, Los Angeles Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa set a goal for DWP. “I’m directing the CEO of the Department of Water and Power to take every action necessary to reach these goals and eliminate the use of coal by 2020.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meeting that 2020 goal isn’t something DWP managers have committed to. That’s because DWP’s contract with the Utah coal plant isn’t up until 2027. Nichols says ending it early is difficult because they have to negotiate with the plant’s many owners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But perhaps the bigger challenge is: that coal power has to be replaced with something else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Within a decade and a half, we’re going have replaced on the order of 70 percent of our total power supply. And for a utility that thinks in decades, that’s rocket fast,” says Nichols.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DWP must generate a third of its electricity from renewable sources by 2020, according to state law. But the problem with solar and wind power is that it fluctuates. The sun doesn’t shine all the time and the wind stops blowing. Utilities often use electricity from natural gas power plants to fill in power gaps. But DWP has a problem there too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Billion-Dollar Revamp for Natural Gas Plants \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DWP relies on three coastal natural gas power plants, including the Haynes Generating Station in Long Beach. The 1800-megawatt power plant was built more than 50 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we walk out here, I’ll show you how we get the ocean water,” says DWP projects manager Nazih Batarseh. “For these old power plants, we use ocean water for cooling. And then we return it back into the ocean.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technique is known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/ocean/cwa316/\">once-through-cooling\u003c/a>. Everyday, almost 700 million gallons of seawater is pumped through power plant. That water holds fish larvae and plankton that die in the process. So last year, the State Water Resources Control Board ruled that coastal power plants must switch to a new cooling method over the next decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a huge project. It is something that requires us to take plants down, plant by plant, and completely rebuild them. And those are plants that are key to our reliability,” says Nichols.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ron Nichols says rebuilding three natural gas plants will cost DWP $2.2 billion dollars. The utility recently convinced the water board to \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/ocean/cwa316/\">give it an extension to 2029\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Add that to investing in more renewable energy and moving away from coal power and it’s a challenging time for the utility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is a transition that every utility in the country will make says,” Evan Gillespie of the Sierra Club.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gillespie says Los Angeles’s challenges are a snapshot of what utilities around the country will be facing as the country gradually puts national global warming rules in place. And he says those that embrace renewable energy first will benefit the most.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of these investments, while they create a lot of jobs, jobs that we desperately need, these are also investments that are going to modernize the utility. And I think the opportunity here in Los Angeles is to help provide that roadmap to help these other utilities around the country manage that transition,” says Gillespie.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/09/2011-09-26-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California is known for its “green” reputation. Just look at all the new solar and wind farms popping up around the state. So it might be a surprise that residents in Southern California still depend on coal power when they turn on the lights. The region’s utilities are struggling to wean themselves off coal energy. As Lauren Sommer reports for our series \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/coal-at-the-crossroads/\">Coal at the Crossroads\u003c/a>, utilities around the country may soon be facing the same battle.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25095\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Coal-Plant.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-25095\" title=\"Coal Plant\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Coal-Plant-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The coal-fired San Juan Generating Station in New Mexico. (Photo: Matt Preusch)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Massive coal-fired power plants aren’t something you’ll find within California’s borders. To find the source of the state’s coal power, you have to go to places like northern New Mexico, where the San Juan Generating Station is located.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We currently have unit four offline, but units one, two and three are operating at full load,” says Pat Themig, Vice President of Generation for \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnm.com/\">PNM\u003c/a>, the New Mexico utility that runs the plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you see the line where the stack is, everything going behind that is scrubber,” he says, pointing past a towering smokestack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those scrubbers remove pollutants from the air emissions. But PNM has struggled to meet air quality standards and last month, the Environmental Protection Agency \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnmresources.com/press/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=606130\">ordered the plant\u003c/a> to install new pollution control equipment. Those costs are generally passed on to the power plant owners, which, in this case, are utilities in Arizona, New Mexico and California. The San Juan Generating Station \u003ca href=\"http://energyalmanac.ca.gov/powerplants/coal_plants_ownership.html\">supplies power to several California cities\u003c/a> and the Southern California Public Power Authority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People would be very surprised to know, particularly in Los Angeles, that historically, more of our electricity comes from coal fired power than from any other source,” says Evan Gillespie of the Sierra Club’s “Beyond Coal” campaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Several decades ago, Los Angeles made a number of bad bets on coal fired power plants – that that would be the way of the future. That has clearly turned out to not be the case,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gillespie is talking about one particular utility: the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ladwp.com/ladwp/homepage.jsp\">Los Angeles Department of Water and Power\u003c/a> (DWP). It’s the largest municipal utility in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Challenges for Los Angeles Utility \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We get about 40 percent today from coal and that is all out of state coal,” says General Manager Ron Nichols. It comes from two coal-fired power plants, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.srpnet.com/about/stations/navajo.aspx\">Navajo Generating Station\u003c/a> in Arizona and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipautah.com/\">Intermountain Power Project\u003c/a> in Utah.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Historically, coal has been attractive to utilities for two reasons: it’s reliable and cheap. “Coal tends to come around 5 to 6 cents a kilowatt hour. Our renewable portfolio today is around about 11 cents,” says Nichols.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that’s changing, according to Nichols and most of the energy industry. Renewable energy is getting cheaper, while coal is getting more expensive due to stricter air pollution rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two years ago, Los Angeles Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa set a goal for DWP. “I’m directing the CEO of the Department of Water and Power to take every action necessary to reach these goals and eliminate the use of coal by 2020.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meeting that 2020 goal isn’t something DWP managers have committed to. That’s because DWP’s contract with the Utah coal plant isn’t up until 2027. Nichols says ending it early is difficult because they have to negotiate with the plant’s many owners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But perhaps the bigger challenge is: that coal power has to be replaced with something else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Within a decade and a half, we’re going have replaced on the order of 70 percent of our total power supply. And for a utility that thinks in decades, that’s rocket fast,” says Nichols.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DWP must generate a third of its electricity from renewable sources by 2020, according to state law. But the problem with solar and wind power is that it fluctuates. The sun doesn’t shine all the time and the wind stops blowing. Utilities often use electricity from natural gas power plants to fill in power gaps. But DWP has a problem there too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Billion-Dollar Revamp for Natural Gas Plants \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DWP relies on three coastal natural gas power plants, including the Haynes Generating Station in Long Beach. The 1800-megawatt power plant was built more than 50 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we walk out here, I’ll show you how we get the ocean water,” says DWP projects manager Nazih Batarseh. “For these old power plants, we use ocean water for cooling. And then we return it back into the ocean.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technique is known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/ocean/cwa316/\">once-through-cooling\u003c/a>. Everyday, almost 700 million gallons of seawater is pumped through power plant. That water holds fish larvae and plankton that die in the process. So last year, the State Water Resources Control Board ruled that coastal power plants must switch to a new cooling method over the next decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a huge project. It is something that requires us to take plants down, plant by plant, and completely rebuild them. And those are plants that are key to our reliability,” says Nichols.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ron Nichols says rebuilding three natural gas plants will cost DWP $2.2 billion dollars. The utility recently convinced the water board to \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/ocean/cwa316/\">give it an extension to 2029\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Add that to investing in more renewable energy and moving away from coal power and it’s a challenging time for the utility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is a transition that every utility in the country will make says,” Evan Gillespie of the Sierra Club.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gillespie says Los Angeles’s challenges are a snapshot of what utilities around the country will be facing as the country gradually puts national global warming rules in place. And he says those that embrace renewable energy first will benefit the most.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of these investments, while they create a lot of jobs, jobs that we desperately need, these are also investments that are going to modernize the utility. And I think the opportunity here in Los Angeles is to help provide that roadmap to help these other utilities around the country manage that transition,” says Gillespie.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
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},
"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/reveal300px.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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"link": "/radio/program/reveal",
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"rss": "http://feeds.revealradio.org/revealpodcast"
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"order": 16
},
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},
"science-friday": {
"id": "science-friday",
"title": "Science Friday",
"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
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