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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/10/20121022science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46106\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 323px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-46106 \" title=\"Tianjinpanorama640x360\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/Tianjinpanorama640x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"323\" height=\"177\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/Tianjinpanorama640x360.jpg 673w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/Tianjinpanorama640x360-400x219.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/Tianjinpanorama640x360-672x369.jpg 672w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 323px) 100vw, 323px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A sustainable city built from scratch: That's what developers are aiming for with Tianjin Eco-city. Photo: Marjorie Sun\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>From green building rules to carpool privileges for electric cars, California has moved in recent years to plan for a more sustainable future. It’s a trend here, but nowhere is the urgency greater than in China, where hundreds of millions of people are moving to cities in pursuit of a better life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>China’s urbanization has come at a tremendous cost: pollution, traffic congestion, surging energy use and more carbon dioxide emissions. Now, China is partnering with experts in the Bay Area on a huge experiment—building new cities to be environmentally sustainable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>China’s Eco-city Showcase\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zhang Xi is a pretty, willowy woman. And she’s an urban pioneer. She and her family are among the first tenants of Tianjin Eco-city, a showcase for China’s push to build sustainable cities from scratch. Zhang moved here from Beijing, about an hour to the north by bullet train. She was enticed by a new job and a shorter commute to work. Much shorter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s just three minutes by elevator, so it's really convenient,” Zhang told me through a translator. She \"used to take the subway for half an hour, then change to a bus. That would take one hour.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now Zhang, a customer service rep, lives and works in the same high-rise. Her quick commute—albeit an extreme case--is one of the core principles of an eco-city: cut car use. Walkable streets are key too-- short city blocks, intersections that are easy to cross.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The area bears no resemblance to what was here just a few years ago. \"When this project was first conceived in 2007, this was just a barren site,” said Ho Tong Yen, CEO of the company developing the Tianjin Eco-city and the visionary for this $8 billion experiment. “It comprised saline and alkaline land, polluted water bodies. There was nothing inherently ‘eco’ about this site at all.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with the backing of the governments of China and Singapore, developers cleaned up the site. Clusters of new high-rises now dot the flat terrain here, with more under construction. There’s a mix of public housing and private, upscale apartments, all built to be energy-efficient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five thousand families have already bought homes here. By 2020, if plans pan out, Tianjin Eco-city will swell to 350,000--nearly the size of Oakland. This development is one of dozens of pilot projects around China spearheaded by the central government to serve as models for future cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rural Migration Fuels Urban Problems\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The need is urgent. In the past year, the number of people living in cities here surpassed the rural population for the first time. While this migration has fueled China’s remarkable economic boom, major cities--like Beijing—are beset with pollution and traffic congestion, which wastes energy. What’s more, commutes between home and work are often long, which means more pollution and greenhouse gases. That’s because single-use zoning often separates commercial districts from residential areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problems are sure to worsen without better planning. By 2030, as many as 300 million more Chinese are expected to move from the countryside to urban areas. That’s enough people to create 79 cities the size of Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tapping California for Advice\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So to prepare for that, several Chinese cities have partnered with a Bay Area firm for advice. One tip they got from Peter Calthorpe, president of Calthorpe Associates, an urban design group based in Berkeley: good urban design comes first, then add clean technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the mayor of a major Chinese city asked Calthorpe to redesign an area for a million-and-a-half people, the first things to go were the really long city blocks that are typical here. \"We got in and modified the street system so there were more human-scale blocks and smaller streets everywhere,” says Calthorpe. “We mixed the land use so you didn’t have to walk very far to school, parks or stores. And we concentrated development around the transit stations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Calthorpe has applied some of the same principles to projects in the Bay Area, including new developments at Alameda Point and Bay Meadows in San Mateo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How ‘Eco’ is Tianjin Eco-City?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Tianjin Eco-city executive Ho Tong Yen says, \"There is no one definition of what it means to be an eco-city. So what we have done is put together a set of key performance indicators, which we think are stretch targets; they are ambitious but achievable.” Those include 20% of the town’s electricity from renewable sources (low by some standards today), and half its water from harvesting rain and other “non-traditional” sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a popular new Korean restaurant in Tianjin Eco-city, it’s lunchtime and the place is packed. The restaurant is just a couple minutes walk from apartments and offices. 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It’s a race against time as millions more migrate to the nation’s cities and China’s growing middle class pursues a more comfortable, “Western” lifestyle.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44465\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 342px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/24/heat-and-harvest-calif-farms-on-a-climate-collision-course/img_1626/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44465\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-44465 \" title=\"IMG_1626\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/IMG_1626-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"342\" height=\"192\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A farm in Dixon, California. (Photo: Craig Miller)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>New pests, a shrinking water supply and rising temperatures will alter agriculture in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Heat and Harvest\u003c/em>, a \u003ca title=\"H&H - main\" href=\"http://www.kqed.org/heatandharvest\">new series\u003c/a> from KQED Science and the Center for Investigative Reporting looks at the multiple climate challenges confronting California farmers. It's no trivial matter. California's Central Valley is widely known as \"the nation's salad bowl,\" and there's more than bragging rights at stake. Ag contributes more than $30 billion a year to the state's economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previously, KQED has focused on efforts in the ag sector to conserve water or lower the carbon footprint. Some farmers are trying new technologies, others are experimenting with renewable energy. But meeting climate challenges on multiple fronts will, for some farmers and ranchers, be a matter of survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are links to some previous reporting from \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/\">KQED's \u003cem>Climate Watch\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, from ag's potential role in California's emerging cap-and-trade program for carbon emissions, to innovation on the renewable energy front and new conflicts over land use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2012/09/07/planting-the-seeds-for-greener-farms/\">Planting the Seeds for Greener Farms\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSupporters of sustainable agriculture are looking forward to some “sustenance” of their own, after an eleventh-hour win in Sacramento. The new bills lays out an approach for ensuring that all proceeds from the sale of cap-and-trade permits be used to further reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Among the eligible activities listed in the bill are farming and ranching practices that reduce greenhouse gas emissions and sequester carbon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2012/07/17/satellites-helping-save-water-on-california-farms/\">Satellites Help Save Water on California Farms\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nEngineers at NASA and CSU Monterey Bay are developing an online tool that can estimate how much water a farm's field might need. Satellites orbiting the earth take high-resolution pictures which are combined with on-the-ground data from farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2012/01/03/can-solar-and-farming-make-good-neighbors/\">Making Hay While the Sun Shines: A Flap over Solar Panels in Farm Country\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSun and open land make the San Joaquin Valley ideal for growing crops. But they're also attracting an increasing number of large-scale solar power developers to the region. And that's generating debate over whether farming the sun is really farming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2011/08/24/another-renewable-energy-frontier-farm-biomass/\">Making Renewable Energy from Farm Waste\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nCalifornia is just a few votes away from changing the rules to allow farmers to connect machines that create bioenergy to the electrical grid, a privilege that has thus far been reserved for farm-generated wind and solar energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2012/01/26/new-map-for-gardeners-wont-help-californias-green-thumbs/\">New Map for Gardeners Won’t Help California’s Green Thumbs\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>It’s been more than two decades since the U.S. Department of Agriculture updated its Plant Hardiness Zones Map, used by gardeners across the country to determine what will grow in their yards. The new GIS-enabled map unveiled this week is a boost to people who live in places that get a lot of cold weather and may be seeing slightly warmer average winters now. Despite the new level of detail in the map, gardeners in California and the Bay Area in particular, won’t learn much from it.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44465\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 342px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/24/heat-and-harvest-calif-farms-on-a-climate-collision-course/img_1626/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44465\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-44465 \" title=\"IMG_1626\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/IMG_1626-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"342\" height=\"192\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A farm in Dixon, California. (Photo: Craig Miller)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>New pests, a shrinking water supply and rising temperatures will alter agriculture in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Heat and Harvest\u003c/em>, a \u003ca title=\"H&H - main\" href=\"http://www.kqed.org/heatandharvest\">new series\u003c/a> from KQED Science and the Center for Investigative Reporting looks at the multiple climate challenges confronting California farmers. It's no trivial matter. California's Central Valley is widely known as \"the nation's salad bowl,\" and there's more than bragging rights at stake. Ag contributes more than $30 billion a year to the state's economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previously, KQED has focused on efforts in the ag sector to conserve water or lower the carbon footprint. Some farmers are trying new technologies, others are experimenting with renewable energy. But meeting climate challenges on multiple fronts will, for some farmers and ranchers, be a matter of survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are links to some previous reporting from \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/\">KQED's \u003cem>Climate Watch\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, from ag's potential role in California's emerging cap-and-trade program for carbon emissions, to innovation on the renewable energy front and new conflicts over land use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2012/09/07/planting-the-seeds-for-greener-farms/\">Planting the Seeds for Greener Farms\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSupporters of sustainable agriculture are looking forward to some “sustenance” of their own, after an eleventh-hour win in Sacramento. The new bills lays out an approach for ensuring that all proceeds from the sale of cap-and-trade permits be used to further reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Among the eligible activities listed in the bill are farming and ranching practices that reduce greenhouse gas emissions and sequester carbon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2012/07/17/satellites-helping-save-water-on-california-farms/\">Satellites Help Save Water on California Farms\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nEngineers at NASA and CSU Monterey Bay are developing an online tool that can estimate how much water a farm's field might need. Satellites orbiting the earth take high-resolution pictures which are combined with on-the-ground data from farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2012/01/03/can-solar-and-farming-make-good-neighbors/\">Making Hay While the Sun Shines: A Flap over Solar Panels in Farm Country\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSun and open land make the San Joaquin Valley ideal for growing crops. But they're also attracting an increasing number of large-scale solar power developers to the region. And that's generating debate over whether farming the sun is really farming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2011/08/24/another-renewable-energy-frontier-farm-biomass/\">Making Renewable Energy from Farm Waste\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nCalifornia is just a few votes away from changing the rules to allow farmers to connect machines that create bioenergy to the electrical grid, a privilege that has thus far been reserved for farm-generated wind and solar energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2012/01/26/new-map-for-gardeners-wont-help-californias-green-thumbs/\">New Map for Gardeners Won’t Help California’s Green Thumbs\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>It’s been more than two decades since the U.S. Department of Agriculture updated its Plant Hardiness Zones Map, used by gardeners across the country to determine what will grow in their yards. The new GIS-enabled map unveiled this week is a boost to people who live in places that get a lot of cold weather and may be seeing slightly warmer average winters now. Despite the new level of detail in the map, gardeners in California and the Bay Area in particular, won’t learn much from it.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "What's Next for Nuclear?",
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"content": "\u003cp>Despite the accident last year at a nuclear plant in Fukushima, Japan, here in the United States, some policymakers – including President Obama – are pushing to expand nuclear energy as a source of abundant carbon-free electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To meet our growing energy needs and prevent the worst consequences of climate change, we’ll need to increase our supply of nuclear power. It’s that simple,” said Obama in Feb. 2010, during a \u003ca title=\"Video of Obama press conference\" href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y4eyH2haWWU\" target=\"_blank\">press conference at a Maryland nuclear plant\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Work has started on four new multi-billion dollar reactors in \u003ca title=\"Southern Company\" href=\"http://www.southerncompany.com/nuclearenergy/construction.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Georgia \u003c/a>and South Carolina, the first to begin construction in the United States in more than 30 years. But observers disagree over exactly what this means.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Today, we don’t know if there is a nuclear renaissance,” said Per Peterson, chair of the \u003ca title=\"UC Berkeley Department of Nuclear Engineering\" href=\"http://www.nuc.berkeley.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">University of California, Berkeley’s Department of Nuclear Engineering\u003c/a>. “That will depend on whether these new plants that are under construction now can be built on schedule, on budget, at a reasonable cost.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, nuclear energy provides \u003ca title=\"U.S. Energy Information Administration\" href=\"http://www.eia.gov/energy_in_brief/nuclear_industry.cfm\" target=\"_blank\">20 percent of U.S. electricity\u003c/a> – far more than all solar, wind and other renewable sources combined. And a recent EPA study shows that in order for the country to reduce its carbon emissions enough to slow down climate change, it will need to boost its nuclear energy production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But skeptics argue that the country doesn’t need nuclear energy to meet its goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The notion that nuclear is the only option we have to reduce our greenhouse gas emissions is preposterous,” said \u003ca title=\"Ralph Cavanagh bio\" href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/about/staff/ralph-cavanagh\" target=\"_blank\">Ralph Cavanagh\u003c/a>, co-director of the energy program at the Natural Resources Defense Council, in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cavanagh said that cost and risk have pushed utilities around the country away from nuclear energy and towards other renewable energy sources, energy efficiency and natural gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has two nuclear plants, the \u003ca title=\"Diablo Canyon Power Plant\" href=\"http://www.pge.com/myhome/edusafety/systemworks/dcpp/\" target=\"_blank\">Diablo Canyon Power Plant\u003c/a>, near San Luis Obispo, and the \u003ca title=\"San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station\" href=\"http://www.sce.com/PowerandEnvironment/PowerGeneration/SanOnofreNuclearGeneratingStation/default.htm?goto=songs\" target=\"_blank\">San Onofre plant\u003c/a>, near San Diego, which has been closed \u003ca href=\"http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2012/08/san-onofre-cuts-raise-questions-about-nuclear-plants-future.html\" target=\"_blank\">since Jan. 2012\u003c/a>, after problems were found with some of the tubes that carry steam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44378\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Per_Peterson_at_Diablo_Canyon_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44378\" title=\"Per_Peterson_at_Diablo_Canyon_resized\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Per_Peterson_at_Diablo_Canyon_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Per Peterson, member of the Diablo Canyon Power Plant's Independent Safety Committee, in the plant's turbine room. Photo: Gabriela Quirós.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Prospects for the development of new nuclear plants in the state stalled long ago. The Rancho Seco nuclear plant, in Sacramento, was closed in 1989 after a public vote. And California still has in place a 1976 moratorium on building any new nuclear plants until the federal government creates a permanent site to dispose of nuclear waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California and the rest of the country, nuclear accidents from the past continue to cast a shadow on the technology. The worst one to date happened with a devastating explosion and fire at the Chernobyl plant in Ukraine in 1986, which released radiation across Europe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twenty-eight rescue workers died from radiation exposure. Other health effects started to show up a few years later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The primary finding so far is an increased risk of thyroid cancer and other thyroid diseases in those who were children and adolescents at the time of the accident,” said \u003ca title=\"Dr. Lydia Zablotska\" href=\"http://www.epibiostat.ucsf.edu/epidem/personnel/lzablotska.html\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. Lydia Zablotska\u003c/a>, an epidemiologist at the University of California, San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bMM-3VZV6Rs]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Lydia-Zablotska-interview.pdf\">Interview Transcript\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The radiation increased the risk of leukemia among the 600,000 workers who cleaned up after the accident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers predict that the Chernobyl accident will cause 4,000 to 6,000 cases of thyroid cancer and 3,000 to 4,000 cases of leukemia. Fourteen deaths from thyroid cancer have been documented so far. And scientists are still following the population for other health effects that might appear later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proponents of nuclear energy say that the risks of an accident should be weighed against the health effects from burning fossil fuels. The American Lung Association estimates 13,000 people die in the United States each year from breathing soot particles from coal-fired power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The public health and environmental consequences of using fossil fuels are so enormous that they dwarf even the consequences of nuclear accidents,” said Per Peterson. “That said, we need to be moving towards new nuclear energy technologies that do not have the potential to release radioactive materials into the environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Per Peterson and his students at UC Berkeley's Department of Nuclear Engineering are working on a new type of nuclear reactor they say would be safer and cheaper than those operating today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today’s nuclear reactors are cooled by water, which can cause problems if a plant loses power. The explosions at the nuclear plant in Fukushima, Japan, following an earthquake and tsunami on March 11, 2011, were brought on by a chemical reaction between water and the metal that protects the uranium fuel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44381\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/110321_1f_kokuen1_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44381\" title=\"110321_1f_kokuen1_resized\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/110321_1f_kokuen1_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Steam rises from a reactor at Japan's Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant, in March 2011. Photo: TEPCO.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“At Fukushima, water reacted with the metal cladding of the fuel to release hydrogen, which ultimately caused explosions,” said Peterson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the water inside a nuclear plant can be problematic in other ways too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The water pressure built up inside the containment to very high pressures, causing leakage and requiring venting, which released radioactive materials,” said Peterson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether it’s fueled by coal, natural gas or nuclear reaction, the goal at any power plant is to produce heat and turn water into steam. During a May visit to Pacific Gas and Electric’s Diablo Canyon Power Plant, Peterson stood on a hill above the plant’s two dome-shaped structures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Below us are the two reactor containment buildings that contain the nuclear reactors that are producing heat and boiling water,” he said. “The steam is going into that large turbine building behind and turning the turbines that turn generators and make the electricity that is going out over our heads into the center of California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44400\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Diablo-Canyon-Power-Plant_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44400\" title=\"Diablo Canyon Power Plant_resized\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Diablo-Canyon-Power-Plant_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Diablo Canyon Power Plant's two nuclear reactors are inside the containment domes. The brown building behind the domes is the turbine room. Photo: Gabriela Quirós.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the mid-1980s, Diablo Canyon’s two reactors were the last to go into operation in California. Today, they produce 16 percent of Northern California’s electricity, enough to power about 2 million homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nuclear reactions are an efficient way to produce heat. In a nuclear reaction, a particle called a neutron hits the nucleus of a uranium atom. The reaction – known as fission -- breaks the nucleus in two and releases heat, as well as more neutrons that go on to create a chain reaction of nucleus-splitting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peterson aims to make nuclear plants safer by cooling the reactor’s core – where the nuclear reaction takes place – with a liquid other than water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fluoride salts that we’re developing as coolants boil at extremely high temperatures – above 1,400 degrees centigrade – which means that under the conditions we operate at, they’re always at low pressure,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To further reduce risk, Peterson proposes storing the fuel inside graphite pebbles, which wouldn’t melt down in an accident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44371\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Per_Peterson_and_his_reactor_model_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44371\" title=\"Per_Peterson_and_his_reactor_model_resized\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Per_Peterson_and_his_reactor_model_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Per Peterson, chair of the University of California, Berkeley's Dept. of Nuclear Engineering, examines his model of a pebble-bed reactor. Photo: Gabriela Quirós.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The pebbles would also offer another advantage over today’s reactors, said Peterson. In a room at the nuclear engineering department, his students have built a model of the pebble-bed reactor they’re testing. They use colored plastic balls slightly smaller than golf balls in place of the graphite fuel pebbles. And for research purposes, they’ve replaced the fluoride salts with water, which is easier to work with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The yellow, green and gray plastic balls move through a narrow plastic tank, mimicking the way in which graphite pebbles full of fuel might one day float through liquid fluoride salts in a real pebble-bed reactor. The moving pebbles would be an improvement over current reactors, which have to be closed down every 18 months to bring in fresh uranium rods, said Peterson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It takes about 30 days for a pebble to go through the core, before it’s removed, inspected, and possibly reinserted,” he said. “That means you’re continuously replacing the fuel and you don’t need to shut down for refueling outages.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peterson’s pebble-bed reactor could be in operation in 20 years, he said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Despite the accident last year at a nuclear plant in Fukushima, Japan, here in the United States, some policymakers – including President Obama – are pushing to expand nuclear energy as a source of abundant carbon-free electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To meet our growing energy needs and prevent the worst consequences of climate change, we’ll need to increase our supply of nuclear power. It’s that simple,” said Obama in Feb. 2010, during a \u003ca title=\"Video of Obama press conference\" href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y4eyH2haWWU\" target=\"_blank\">press conference at a Maryland nuclear plant\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Work has started on four new multi-billion dollar reactors in \u003ca title=\"Southern Company\" href=\"http://www.southerncompany.com/nuclearenergy/construction.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Georgia \u003c/a>and South Carolina, the first to begin construction in the United States in more than 30 years. But observers disagree over exactly what this means.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Today, we don’t know if there is a nuclear renaissance,” said Per Peterson, chair of the \u003ca title=\"UC Berkeley Department of Nuclear Engineering\" href=\"http://www.nuc.berkeley.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">University of California, Berkeley’s Department of Nuclear Engineering\u003c/a>. “That will depend on whether these new plants that are under construction now can be built on schedule, on budget, at a reasonable cost.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, nuclear energy provides \u003ca title=\"U.S. Energy Information Administration\" href=\"http://www.eia.gov/energy_in_brief/nuclear_industry.cfm\" target=\"_blank\">20 percent of U.S. electricity\u003c/a> – far more than all solar, wind and other renewable sources combined. And a recent EPA study shows that in order for the country to reduce its carbon emissions enough to slow down climate change, it will need to boost its nuclear energy production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But skeptics argue that the country doesn’t need nuclear energy to meet its goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The notion that nuclear is the only option we have to reduce our greenhouse gas emissions is preposterous,” said \u003ca title=\"Ralph Cavanagh bio\" href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/about/staff/ralph-cavanagh\" target=\"_blank\">Ralph Cavanagh\u003c/a>, co-director of the energy program at the Natural Resources Defense Council, in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cavanagh said that cost and risk have pushed utilities around the country away from nuclear energy and towards other renewable energy sources, energy efficiency and natural gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has two nuclear plants, the \u003ca title=\"Diablo Canyon Power Plant\" href=\"http://www.pge.com/myhome/edusafety/systemworks/dcpp/\" target=\"_blank\">Diablo Canyon Power Plant\u003c/a>, near San Luis Obispo, and the \u003ca title=\"San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station\" href=\"http://www.sce.com/PowerandEnvironment/PowerGeneration/SanOnofreNuclearGeneratingStation/default.htm?goto=songs\" target=\"_blank\">San Onofre plant\u003c/a>, near San Diego, which has been closed \u003ca href=\"http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2012/08/san-onofre-cuts-raise-questions-about-nuclear-plants-future.html\" target=\"_blank\">since Jan. 2012\u003c/a>, after problems were found with some of the tubes that carry steam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44378\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Per_Peterson_at_Diablo_Canyon_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44378\" title=\"Per_Peterson_at_Diablo_Canyon_resized\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Per_Peterson_at_Diablo_Canyon_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Per Peterson, member of the Diablo Canyon Power Plant's Independent Safety Committee, in the plant's turbine room. Photo: Gabriela Quirós.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Prospects for the development of new nuclear plants in the state stalled long ago. The Rancho Seco nuclear plant, in Sacramento, was closed in 1989 after a public vote. And California still has in place a 1976 moratorium on building any new nuclear plants until the federal government creates a permanent site to dispose of nuclear waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California and the rest of the country, nuclear accidents from the past continue to cast a shadow on the technology. The worst one to date happened with a devastating explosion and fire at the Chernobyl plant in Ukraine in 1986, which released radiation across Europe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twenty-eight rescue workers died from radiation exposure. Other health effects started to show up a few years later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The primary finding so far is an increased risk of thyroid cancer and other thyroid diseases in those who were children and adolescents at the time of the accident,” said \u003ca title=\"Dr. Lydia Zablotska\" href=\"http://www.epibiostat.ucsf.edu/epidem/personnel/lzablotska.html\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. Lydia Zablotska\u003c/a>, an epidemiologist at the University of California, San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/bMM-3VZV6Rs'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/bMM-3VZV6Rs'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Lydia-Zablotska-interview.pdf\">Interview Transcript\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The radiation increased the risk of leukemia among the 600,000 workers who cleaned up after the accident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers predict that the Chernobyl accident will cause 4,000 to 6,000 cases of thyroid cancer and 3,000 to 4,000 cases of leukemia. Fourteen deaths from thyroid cancer have been documented so far. And scientists are still following the population for other health effects that might appear later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proponents of nuclear energy say that the risks of an accident should be weighed against the health effects from burning fossil fuels. The American Lung Association estimates 13,000 people die in the United States each year from breathing soot particles from coal-fired power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The public health and environmental consequences of using fossil fuels are so enormous that they dwarf even the consequences of nuclear accidents,” said Per Peterson. “That said, we need to be moving towards new nuclear energy technologies that do not have the potential to release radioactive materials into the environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Per Peterson and his students at UC Berkeley's Department of Nuclear Engineering are working on a new type of nuclear reactor they say would be safer and cheaper than those operating today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today’s nuclear reactors are cooled by water, which can cause problems if a plant loses power. The explosions at the nuclear plant in Fukushima, Japan, following an earthquake and tsunami on March 11, 2011, were brought on by a chemical reaction between water and the metal that protects the uranium fuel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44381\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/110321_1f_kokuen1_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44381\" title=\"110321_1f_kokuen1_resized\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/110321_1f_kokuen1_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Steam rises from a reactor at Japan's Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant, in March 2011. Photo: TEPCO.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“At Fukushima, water reacted with the metal cladding of the fuel to release hydrogen, which ultimately caused explosions,” said Peterson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the water inside a nuclear plant can be problematic in other ways too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The water pressure built up inside the containment to very high pressures, causing leakage and requiring venting, which released radioactive materials,” said Peterson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether it’s fueled by coal, natural gas or nuclear reaction, the goal at any power plant is to produce heat and turn water into steam. During a May visit to Pacific Gas and Electric’s Diablo Canyon Power Plant, Peterson stood on a hill above the plant’s two dome-shaped structures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Below us are the two reactor containment buildings that contain the nuclear reactors that are producing heat and boiling water,” he said. “The steam is going into that large turbine building behind and turning the turbines that turn generators and make the electricity that is going out over our heads into the center of California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44400\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Diablo-Canyon-Power-Plant_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44400\" title=\"Diablo Canyon Power Plant_resized\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Diablo-Canyon-Power-Plant_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Diablo Canyon Power Plant's two nuclear reactors are inside the containment domes. The brown building behind the domes is the turbine room. Photo: Gabriela Quirós.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the mid-1980s, Diablo Canyon’s two reactors were the last to go into operation in California. Today, they produce 16 percent of Northern California’s electricity, enough to power about 2 million homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nuclear reactions are an efficient way to produce heat. In a nuclear reaction, a particle called a neutron hits the nucleus of a uranium atom. The reaction – known as fission -- breaks the nucleus in two and releases heat, as well as more neutrons that go on to create a chain reaction of nucleus-splitting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peterson aims to make nuclear plants safer by cooling the reactor’s core – where the nuclear reaction takes place – with a liquid other than water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fluoride salts that we’re developing as coolants boil at extremely high temperatures – above 1,400 degrees centigrade – which means that under the conditions we operate at, they’re always at low pressure,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To further reduce risk, Peterson proposes storing the fuel inside graphite pebbles, which wouldn’t melt down in an accident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44371\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Per_Peterson_and_his_reactor_model_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44371\" title=\"Per_Peterson_and_his_reactor_model_resized\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Per_Peterson_and_his_reactor_model_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Per Peterson, chair of the University of California, Berkeley's Dept. of Nuclear Engineering, examines his model of a pebble-bed reactor. Photo: Gabriela Quirós.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The pebbles would also offer another advantage over today’s reactors, said Peterson. In a room at the nuclear engineering department, his students have built a model of the pebble-bed reactor they’re testing. They use colored plastic balls slightly smaller than golf balls in place of the graphite fuel pebbles. And for research purposes, they’ve replaced the fluoride salts with water, which is easier to work with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The yellow, green and gray plastic balls move through a narrow plastic tank, mimicking the way in which graphite pebbles full of fuel might one day float through liquid fluoride salts in a real pebble-bed reactor. The moving pebbles would be an improvement over current reactors, which have to be closed down every 18 months to bring in fresh uranium rods, said Peterson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It takes about 30 days for a pebble to go through the core, before it’s removed, inspected, and possibly reinserted,” he said. “That means you’re continuously replacing the fuel and you don’t need to shut down for refueling outages.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43050\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/29/starbucks-food-waste-fuels-experimental-biorefinery/starbucks/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43050\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-43050\" title=\"starbucks\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/starbucks-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"starbucks pastry\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Leftover pastries and coffee grounds from Starbucks could be turned into precursors to plastic. Credit: {link url=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/andreanna/4468677088/\"}Andreanna Moya Photography/Flickr{/link}\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>An experimental biorefinery turns spent coffee grounds and old pastries from Starbucks into a building block for plastic. Using food waste as fuel might improve the sustainability of biobased chemical production, the researchers say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil refineries clean up crude oil to produce fuel for cars, trucks and planes. Side products from that process include building blocks for plastics, fabrics and detergents, like lactic acid, succinic acid and glycerol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biorefineries could reduce our dependence on fossil fuels by creating fuel from renewable sources of energy like plant biomass. Right now, many biorefineries consume sugars and starches from corn – a plant we eat as food. Should food supplies become scarce, humans and biorefineries would compete for fuel. Energy from food waste, instead of food plants, could make biobased chemical production more sustainable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carol Lin, at the City University of Hong Kong, and her coworkers developed a tabletop biorefinery to run on food waste from Starbucks. Fungi first break down the food into sugars. Then bacteria transform those sugars into succinic acid, a chemical building block for plastics, spandex, detergents and deicing solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starbucks Hong Kong donated money to help fund Lin’s research, which she presented at a meeting of the American Chemical Society last week. The company produces nearly 5000 tons of food waste yearly in Hong Kong alone, which would normally be burned or buried in landfills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lin says she is adapting the biorefinery to make other chemicals from the pastry waste. And there is funding to test the technology on a pilot scale in Germany, she said in \u003ca href=\"http://portal.acs.org/portal/acs/corg/content?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=PP_ARTICLEMAIN&node_id=222&content_id=CNBP_030537&use_sec=true&sec_url_var=region1&__uuid=85bffd3d-35ad-40f4-b0dd-7e90a1e51fd0\">a statement\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some companies already produce succinic acid using sugars in wheat and corn. BioAmber, based in Minneapolis, Minnesota, is running a pilot plant in France and \u003ca href=\"http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/bioamber-announces-biobased-succinic-acid-plant-in-ontario-canada-128586383.html\">plans to open a larger plant\u003c/a> in Ontario in 2013. The new plant will produce 18 thousand tons of succinic acid at first, scaling up to more than 38 thousand tons at peak production. Reverdia will soon open a plant in Italy that can produce about 10 thousand tons of succinic acid yearly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “food versus fuel” debate over the sugar source for biorefineries often involves biofuel production more than chemical production. About 33 to 40% of corn in the U.S. goes towards making ethanol. And in a year where drought affects corn supplies, some groups are pushing government agencies to reduce their biofuel mandates.\u003cbr>\nMeanwhile, biobased chemical production \u003ca href=\"http://cenblog.org/cleantech-chemistry/2012/08/rfs-plagued-by-critics-while-bio-based-chemicals-move-forward/\">remains under their radar\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way to sidestep this debate – for both fuels and chemicals – involves using cellulose in wood pulp and dried corn stalks as a sugar source. But this approach can't produce cost-competitive biofuels right now. It takes too much energy to disassemble rigid cellulose fibers into edible sugars for biorefinery microbes. Nevertheless, some companies hope to find ways to use cellulose for biobased chemical production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One day our favorite fuels, plastics and detergents may come from plant and food waste instead of fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43050\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/29/starbucks-food-waste-fuels-experimental-biorefinery/starbucks/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43050\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-43050\" title=\"starbucks\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/starbucks-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"starbucks pastry\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Leftover pastries and coffee grounds from Starbucks could be turned into precursors to plastic. Credit: {link url=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/andreanna/4468677088/\"}Andreanna Moya Photography/Flickr{/link}\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>An experimental biorefinery turns spent coffee grounds and old pastries from Starbucks into a building block for plastic. Using food waste as fuel might improve the sustainability of biobased chemical production, the researchers say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil refineries clean up crude oil to produce fuel for cars, trucks and planes. Side products from that process include building blocks for plastics, fabrics and detergents, like lactic acid, succinic acid and glycerol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biorefineries could reduce our dependence on fossil fuels by creating fuel from renewable sources of energy like plant biomass. Right now, many biorefineries consume sugars and starches from corn – a plant we eat as food. Should food supplies become scarce, humans and biorefineries would compete for fuel. Energy from food waste, instead of food plants, could make biobased chemical production more sustainable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carol Lin, at the City University of Hong Kong, and her coworkers developed a tabletop biorefinery to run on food waste from Starbucks. Fungi first break down the food into sugars. Then bacteria transform those sugars into succinic acid, a chemical building block for plastics, spandex, detergents and deicing solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starbucks Hong Kong donated money to help fund Lin’s research, which she presented at a meeting of the American Chemical Society last week. The company produces nearly 5000 tons of food waste yearly in Hong Kong alone, which would normally be burned or buried in landfills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lin says she is adapting the biorefinery to make other chemicals from the pastry waste. And there is funding to test the technology on a pilot scale in Germany, she said in \u003ca href=\"http://portal.acs.org/portal/acs/corg/content?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=PP_ARTICLEMAIN&node_id=222&content_id=CNBP_030537&use_sec=true&sec_url_var=region1&__uuid=85bffd3d-35ad-40f4-b0dd-7e90a1e51fd0\">a statement\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some companies already produce succinic acid using sugars in wheat and corn. BioAmber, based in Minneapolis, Minnesota, is running a pilot plant in France and \u003ca href=\"http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/bioamber-announces-biobased-succinic-acid-plant-in-ontario-canada-128586383.html\">plans to open a larger plant\u003c/a> in Ontario in 2013. The new plant will produce 18 thousand tons of succinic acid at first, scaling up to more than 38 thousand tons at peak production. Reverdia will soon open a plant in Italy that can produce about 10 thousand tons of succinic acid yearly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “food versus fuel” debate over the sugar source for biorefineries often involves biofuel production more than chemical production. About 33 to 40% of corn in the U.S. goes towards making ethanol. And in a year where drought affects corn supplies, some groups are pushing government agencies to reduce their biofuel mandates.\u003cbr>\nMeanwhile, biobased chemical production \u003ca href=\"http://cenblog.org/cleantech-chemistry/2012/08/rfs-plagued-by-critics-while-bio-based-chemicals-move-forward/\">remains under their radar\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way to sidestep this debate – for both fuels and chemicals – involves using cellulose in wood pulp and dried corn stalks as a sugar source. But this approach can't produce cost-competitive biofuels right now. It takes too much energy to disassemble rigid cellulose fibers into edible sugars for biorefinery microbes. Nevertheless, some companies hope to find ways to use cellulose for biobased chemical production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One day our favorite fuels, plastics and detergents may come from plant and food waste instead of fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42430\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/08/fracking-gives-hydrogen-fuel-cell-new-life/mazda5-hydrogen-re_640/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42430\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-42430 \" title=\"Mazda5 Hydrogen RE_640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Mazda5-Hydrogen-RE_640.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Mazda5-Hydrogen-RE_640.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Mazda5-Hydrogen-RE_640-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mazda unveiled their Mazda5 Hydrogen RE Hybrid Sky concept in 2010. Photo by Dave Pinter on Flickr.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Although hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles (FCVs) were the alternative-energy favorite of the George W. Bush administration, current U.S. Secretary of the Department of Energy Steven Chu has been no cheerleader. After dismissing a hydrogen fuel cell strategy in 2009 as “\u003ca href=\"http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124874456766585605.html\">impractical\u003c/a>,” Chu redirected federal energy research funds toward plug-in electric vehicles. The DOE secretary believed EVs were a more realistic alternative to fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42408\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/08/fracking-gives-hydrogen-fuel-cell-new-life/radio3-35_hydrogen300-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42408\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-42408\" title=\"radio3-35_hydrogen300\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/radio3-35_hydrogen300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mercedes-Benz is among the automakers experimenting with hydrogen fuel-cells.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Three years later, new realities in the energy industry are pushing Chu into giving the world’s simplest element a second look.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Several things changed my mind,” Chu \u003ca href=\"http://www.autoline.tv/daily/?p=22180\">told host John McElroy\u003c/a> during an interview on the web video series Autoline Daily. Chief among them, however, was that “We have natural gas in abundance.” Hydrogen can be extracted from natural gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Chu maintains that our country’s primary research focus will continue to be EVs, the controversy surrounding natural gas would make the revival of fuel cells in our energy policy a significant change of heart. And he’s not alone: In July, several U.S. senators, on both sides of the aisle, re-launched the hydrogen-promoting \u003ca href=\"http://fchea.org/core/import/PDFs/Senate%20Fuel%20Cell%20and%20Hydrogen%20Caucus%20Press%20Release.pdf\">Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Caucus\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what do FCVs have to offer that electric vehicles don’t? Convenience is one immediate advantage. The range of a fuel cell-powered vehicle averages around 300 miles. The Tesla Model S, currently the passenger electric vehicle with the longest battery life, tops out at \u003ca href=\"http://green.autoblog.com/2012/06/20/tesla-model-s-officially-rated-at-89-mpge-with-265-mile-range/\">265 miles\u003c/a> between stops. The refueling process for FCVs takes five minutes – not far off the mark from a conventional vehicle. But unlike gas or diesel engines, a car running on pure hydrogen fuel emits eco-friendly \u003ca href=\"http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/fcv_benefits.shtml\">water and heat\u003c/a> as exhaust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But since there are no natural reservoirs of hydrogen on Earth, the gas must be extracted from water or petroleum products such as natural gas. This raises an interesting environmental dilemma, because our country’s abundant natural gas is the result of hydraulic fracturing, or “fracking,” in underground shale beds. The effects of fracking on \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/kevin-grandia/what-the-frack-is-pumping_b_628156.html\">municipal water supplies\u003c/a> have sparked wide spread concern from some communities where fracking is taking place as well as environmentalists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42468\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/08/fracking-gives-hydrogen-fuel-cell-new-life/5424966371_9665f4b266_o_640/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42468\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-42468 \" title=\"5424966371_9665f4b266_o_640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/5424966371_9665f4b266_o_640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oil-Shale Development: Mahogany Flats Research Station, Rangeley, Colorado. Photo by SkyTruth and Randy Udall on Flickr.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, Chu said he is intrigued by the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_gas_shift_reaction\">water gas shift reaction\u003c/a> process, which converts natural gas into pure hydrogen and carbon dioxide. The resultant hydrogen can be used for automobiles, and the carbon dioxide stream can be used to power more hydraulic fracturing, with a low net carbon footprint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Do the environmental advantages of hydrogen fuel cells and natural gas outweigh fracking’s potential dangers? Like many environmental decisions, there’s no easy answer - at least perhaps until we’re able to figure out how to build the infrastructure for hydrogen filling stations.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "In 2009, U.S. Secretary of the Department of Energy Steven Chu dismissed zero-emission hydrogen fuel cell vehicles as an impractical alternative to electric cars. Now an abundant supply of natural gas, from which hydrogen can be extracted, is changing Chu's mind, but that natural gas comes from the controversial hydraulic fracturing process. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42430\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/08/fracking-gives-hydrogen-fuel-cell-new-life/mazda5-hydrogen-re_640/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42430\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-42430 \" title=\"Mazda5 Hydrogen RE_640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Mazda5-Hydrogen-RE_640.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Mazda5-Hydrogen-RE_640.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Mazda5-Hydrogen-RE_640-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mazda unveiled their Mazda5 Hydrogen RE Hybrid Sky concept in 2010. Photo by Dave Pinter on Flickr.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Although hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles (FCVs) were the alternative-energy favorite of the George W. Bush administration, current U.S. Secretary of the Department of Energy Steven Chu has been no cheerleader. After dismissing a hydrogen fuel cell strategy in 2009 as “\u003ca href=\"http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124874456766585605.html\">impractical\u003c/a>,” Chu redirected federal energy research funds toward plug-in electric vehicles. The DOE secretary believed EVs were a more realistic alternative to fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42408\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/08/fracking-gives-hydrogen-fuel-cell-new-life/radio3-35_hydrogen300-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42408\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-42408\" title=\"radio3-35_hydrogen300\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/radio3-35_hydrogen300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mercedes-Benz is among the automakers experimenting with hydrogen fuel-cells.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Three years later, new realities in the energy industry are pushing Chu into giving the world’s simplest element a second look.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Several things changed my mind,” Chu \u003ca href=\"http://www.autoline.tv/daily/?p=22180\">told host John McElroy\u003c/a> during an interview on the web video series Autoline Daily. Chief among them, however, was that “We have natural gas in abundance.” Hydrogen can be extracted from natural gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Chu maintains that our country’s primary research focus will continue to be EVs, the controversy surrounding natural gas would make the revival of fuel cells in our energy policy a significant change of heart. And he’s not alone: In July, several U.S. senators, on both sides of the aisle, re-launched the hydrogen-promoting \u003ca href=\"http://fchea.org/core/import/PDFs/Senate%20Fuel%20Cell%20and%20Hydrogen%20Caucus%20Press%20Release.pdf\">Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Caucus\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what do FCVs have to offer that electric vehicles don’t? Convenience is one immediate advantage. The range of a fuel cell-powered vehicle averages around 300 miles. The Tesla Model S, currently the passenger electric vehicle with the longest battery life, tops out at \u003ca href=\"http://green.autoblog.com/2012/06/20/tesla-model-s-officially-rated-at-89-mpge-with-265-mile-range/\">265 miles\u003c/a> between stops. The refueling process for FCVs takes five minutes – not far off the mark from a conventional vehicle. But unlike gas or diesel engines, a car running on pure hydrogen fuel emits eco-friendly \u003ca href=\"http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/fcv_benefits.shtml\">water and heat\u003c/a> as exhaust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But since there are no natural reservoirs of hydrogen on Earth, the gas must be extracted from water or petroleum products such as natural gas. This raises an interesting environmental dilemma, because our country’s abundant natural gas is the result of hydraulic fracturing, or “fracking,” in underground shale beds. The effects of fracking on \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/kevin-grandia/what-the-frack-is-pumping_b_628156.html\">municipal water supplies\u003c/a> have sparked wide spread concern from some communities where fracking is taking place as well as environmentalists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42468\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/08/fracking-gives-hydrogen-fuel-cell-new-life/5424966371_9665f4b266_o_640/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42468\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-42468 \" title=\"5424966371_9665f4b266_o_640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/5424966371_9665f4b266_o_640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oil-Shale Development: Mahogany Flats Research Station, Rangeley, Colorado. Photo by SkyTruth and Randy Udall on Flickr.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, Chu said he is intrigued by the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_gas_shift_reaction\">water gas shift reaction\u003c/a> process, which converts natural gas into pure hydrogen and carbon dioxide. The resultant hydrogen can be used for automobiles, and the carbon dioxide stream can be used to power more hydraulic fracturing, with a low net carbon footprint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Do the environmental advantages of hydrogen fuel cells and natural gas outweigh fracking’s potential dangers? Like many environmental decisions, there’s no easy answer - at least perhaps until we’re able to figure out how to build the infrastructure for hydrogen filling stations.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "We Are the Desert: Tackling California's Water and Electricity Woes",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_41707\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/02/we-are-the-desert-tackling-californias-water-and-electricity-woes/wearedesert/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41707\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-41707\" title=\"wearedesert\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/wearedesert.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/wearedesert.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/wearedesert-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Long Valley is a microcosm of California: a sunny desert with a limited basin of water inside it. Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California is a wonderful state, and we in the Bay Area have the best of it, I think. But almost no place in the state exists in isolation any more. The twin engines of California civilization are electricity and water, and both of these are systems that integrate—or entangle, if you will—all corners of the state. As we approach the limits of our power and water, we will face some wrenching decisions with geological dimensions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our electricity today comes mostly from fossil fuels, which will inevitably rise in cost as their sources are depleted. The long-term trend is toward renewable/sustainable energy sources, whether that's geothermal, wind or solar electricity. State law requires this energy sector to double in size in the next eight years. (The \u003ca href=\"http://energyalmanac.ca.gov/electricity/\">California Energy Almanac\u003c/a> has the basics.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar electricity is in the limelight these days because growth will be easiest there. The cheapest way to go, for an energy company, is to build solar power plants of the largest possible size on vacant land. That means the desert, and a corresponding network of transmission lines to the rest of the state. But there are good reasons for the rest of us to favor smaller, local projects. Since I focus on geology, I'll cite earthquakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earthquakes demand resilient infrastructure: when the big power networks go down, as they surely will, we will need local backup. Where do we have too much sun? Parking lots. Imagine if every parking lot had a solar power generator on it. Heck, just imagine parking in the shade everywhere. Operating one of these small local generators is no more complicated than managing a small apartment building or a car-repair shop. Our residential roofs get too much sun, too, and the same act of imagination leads to the same conclusion there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water is a different problem, because while electricity can be manufactured, water cannot. Geologists have long known, from paleo-environmental studies, that California has had large fluctuations in its climate over just the last thousand years. That means California's \"deep present\" is chronically in or on the edge of drought. The trend today is toward greater drought, and our demands for water are straining the natural system that means so much to us. In a word, all of California is a desert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state and federal government have just launched a proposal for a large pair of water tunnels that will cross the great Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta underground. We need to just get something done, something big, is the \u003ca href=\"http://www.theatlanticcities.com/politics/2012/07/big-california-water-project-governor-wants-get-shit-done/2721/\">message from the governor\u003c/a>. Like the solar electric projects, the water project hopes to proceed quickly by going where people don't live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both solar electricity and water demand smart leadership, of course, but that in turn demands an engaged, informed citizenry. The desert and the Delta are not far-off things; they're part of our California home. The newspapers and broadcasters will do what they can to inform us, but we will need to do our own extra homework. For solar electricity, Chris Clarke of \u003ca href=\"http://www.kcet.org/news/rewire/\">KCET's ReWire blog\u003c/a> keeps a steady focus on developments while speaking up for the desert. For water, Chris Austin brings news from all sides to one place at \u003ca href=\"http://aquafornia.com/\">Aquafornia\u003c/a> and researcher John Bass addresses the Delta at \u003ca href=\"http://www.deltanationalpark.org/\">Delta National Park\u003c/a> as \"contested space, space that has multiple, often conflicting interests and these interests' claims to that space.\" Those are a good start.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_41707\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/02/we-are-the-desert-tackling-californias-water-and-electricity-woes/wearedesert/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41707\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-41707\" title=\"wearedesert\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/wearedesert.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/wearedesert.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/wearedesert-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Long Valley is a microcosm of California: a sunny desert with a limited basin of water inside it. Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California is a wonderful state, and we in the Bay Area have the best of it, I think. But almost no place in the state exists in isolation any more. The twin engines of California civilization are electricity and water, and both of these are systems that integrate—or entangle, if you will—all corners of the state. As we approach the limits of our power and water, we will face some wrenching decisions with geological dimensions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our electricity today comes mostly from fossil fuels, which will inevitably rise in cost as their sources are depleted. The long-term trend is toward renewable/sustainable energy sources, whether that's geothermal, wind or solar electricity. State law requires this energy sector to double in size in the next eight years. (The \u003ca href=\"http://energyalmanac.ca.gov/electricity/\">California Energy Almanac\u003c/a> has the basics.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar electricity is in the limelight these days because growth will be easiest there. The cheapest way to go, for an energy company, is to build solar power plants of the largest possible size on vacant land. That means the desert, and a corresponding network of transmission lines to the rest of the state. But there are good reasons for the rest of us to favor smaller, local projects. Since I focus on geology, I'll cite earthquakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earthquakes demand resilient infrastructure: when the big power networks go down, as they surely will, we will need local backup. Where do we have too much sun? Parking lots. Imagine if every parking lot had a solar power generator on it. Heck, just imagine parking in the shade everywhere. Operating one of these small local generators is no more complicated than managing a small apartment building or a car-repair shop. Our residential roofs get too much sun, too, and the same act of imagination leads to the same conclusion there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water is a different problem, because while electricity can be manufactured, water cannot. Geologists have long known, from paleo-environmental studies, that California has had large fluctuations in its climate over just the last thousand years. That means California's \"deep present\" is chronically in or on the edge of drought. The trend today is toward greater drought, and our demands for water are straining the natural system that means so much to us. In a word, all of California is a desert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state and federal government have just launched a proposal for a large pair of water tunnels that will cross the great Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta underground. We need to just get something done, something big, is the \u003ca href=\"http://www.theatlanticcities.com/politics/2012/07/big-california-water-project-governor-wants-get-shit-done/2721/\">message from the governor\u003c/a>. Like the solar electric projects, the water project hopes to proceed quickly by going where people don't live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both solar electricity and water demand smart leadership, of course, but that in turn demands an engaged, informed citizenry. The desert and the Delta are not far-off things; they're part of our California home. The newspapers and broadcasters will do what they can to inform us, but we will need to do our own extra homework. For solar electricity, Chris Clarke of \u003ca href=\"http://www.kcet.org/news/rewire/\">KCET's ReWire blog\u003c/a> keeps a steady focus on developments while speaking up for the desert. For water, Chris Austin brings news from all sides to one place at \u003ca href=\"http://aquafornia.com/\">Aquafornia\u003c/a> and researcher John Bass addresses the Delta at \u003ca href=\"http://www.deltanationalpark.org/\">Delta National Park\u003c/a> as \"contested space, space that has multiple, often conflicting interests and these interests' claims to that space.\" Those are a good start.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/05/2012-05-28-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27273\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/windowstestfac.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-27273\" title=\"windowstestfac\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/windowstestfac-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The window testing facility at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (Photo: LBNL)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Windows may not be as sexy as solar panels or electric cars, but they play a major role in energy efficiency. Buildings are responsible for 40% of the country’s energy use, which is why researchers at \u003ca href=\"http://btech.lbl.gov/\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a> are trying to improve windows by making them smarter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Berkeley Lab engineer Howdy Goudey demonstrates in his lab, studying windows involves some pretty complex physics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So we use an infrared camera to study heat transfer in windows,” he says, pointing to a normal-looking video camera that senses heat instead of visible light. Goudey uses the camera to study how windows lose energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the most part, windows simply aren’t good insulators. They leak heat in the winter when we want a warm house and they let heat in during the summer. Many homes still have single-pane windows, which were the name of the game in the 1940s and 50s when California was booming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That changed when energy prices sky-rocketed in the 1970s. Double-pane windows became common. And then came double-pane windows with invisible coatings, which are twice as efficient. Today, they make up more than half of windows sold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Measuring Low-e Windows\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Goudey demonstrates how they work by turning on two heat lamps. “You’ve seen them in a diner keeping food warm,\" he says, putting them behind two identical-looking double-pane windows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We stand in front of one window, which feels like standing in the sun. “But if you hold your hand to other one, compared to this one, it’s very dramatic,” Goudey says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27278\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/clear-dual-air-vinyl-vs.-lowe-dual-Argon-vinyl-18C-21C.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-27278\" title=\"clear-dual-air-vinyl-vs.-lowe-dual-Argon-vinyl--18C-21C\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/clear-dual-air-vinyl-vs.-lowe-dual-Argon-vinyl-18C-21C.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"204\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An infrared image of two windows during winter conditions, as seen from the inside of a room. The window on the right has a low-e coating while the window on the left doesn't. Warmer temperatures mean a better insulating window. (Image: LBNL)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The second window is cooler because it has a \u003ca href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/lowe.cfm\">low-emissivity coating\u003c/a>, or low-e, as its known. It’s an invisible layer of metal on the glass that acts as an insulator. And it does one more thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When sunlight shines directly through a window, it provides both light and heat. Most of us want light coming in, but heat is the last thing we want on a hot summer day. So, the coating on the window blocks the heat from the sun (in the form of infrared light), while letting in the visible light. This is known as solar gain. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/\">Check out this guide\u003c/a> for more on what to look for when buying windows.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you have a few windows in a room with direct sun on them, its equivalent to running a little space heater. So it’s significant energy,” says Goudey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, on a cold winter day, the extra heat from sun would be helpful. “You’d actually like that solar energy to come in and help heat the space,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why researchers are working to develop a “smart” or dynamic window that can change based on the weather or temperature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Using Nanotechnology to Make Windows Smarter\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Berkeley Lab’s \u003ca href=\"http://foundry.lbl.gov/\">Molecular Foundry\u003c/a>, Delia Milliron grows tiny nanocrystals that will eventually become a window coating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nanocrystals are very small,” says Milliron. “Way smaller than you can see with your eyes. And so that’s why when we spread them out in a coating on the window, you don’t see anything.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Milliron’s coating is dynamic. In one setting, it lets in both the light and heat from the sun. But, apply an electric charge of a couple volts and the window blocks the heat from the sun, while still letting light in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ideally, these windows would be controlled by your heating and cooling system, which could adjust them based on the weather. Milliron and her team are currently working on the coating itself. Their next step is to build a full-scale prototype. Other companies also have similar kinds of dynamic windows in the works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Windows as Energy Suppliers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This changes the conversation about windows, says Stephen Selkowitz, head of building technologies at Berkeley Lab. Before, windows were energy losers. Now, windows could actually make buildings more efficient. And that means big cost savings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we add up all the energy and economic impact of windows in the US, it costs building owners about $40 billion a year. And I’d rather have the $40 billion in my pocket than sort of sending it out the window,” says Selkowitz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smart windows could start appearing in larger projects like office buildings next year and should be more widely available to homeowners in three to five years. But they could be twice as expensive as today's windows. Selkowitz expects the cost coming down as manufacturing ramps up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The biggest expense in replacing windows is often the labor of replacing the window. And if you already decided to put a new window in, the marginal cost of going to a much better window is almost always worth it,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, while it may be only a few tech-geeks that spring for smart windows at first, Selkowitz says that leads the way for the rest of us – and for new buildings codes, where technology can have a much broader impact.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That changed when energy prices sky-rocketed in the 1970s. Double-pane windows became common. And then came double-pane windows with invisible coatings, which are twice as efficient. Today, they make up more than half of windows sold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Measuring Low-e Windows\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Goudey demonstrates how they work by turning on two heat lamps. “You’ve seen them in a diner keeping food warm,\" he says, putting them behind two identical-looking double-pane windows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We stand in front of one window, which feels like standing in the sun. “But if you hold your hand to other one, compared to this one, it’s very dramatic,” Goudey says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27278\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/clear-dual-air-vinyl-vs.-lowe-dual-Argon-vinyl-18C-21C.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-27278\" title=\"clear-dual-air-vinyl-vs.-lowe-dual-Argon-vinyl--18C-21C\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/clear-dual-air-vinyl-vs.-lowe-dual-Argon-vinyl-18C-21C.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"204\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An infrared image of two windows during winter conditions, as seen from the inside of a room. The window on the right has a low-e coating while the window on the left doesn't. Warmer temperatures mean a better insulating window. (Image: LBNL)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The second window is cooler because it has a \u003ca href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/lowe.cfm\">low-emissivity coating\u003c/a>, or low-e, as its known. It’s an invisible layer of metal on the glass that acts as an insulator. And it does one more thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When sunlight shines directly through a window, it provides both light and heat. Most of us want light coming in, but heat is the last thing we want on a hot summer day. So, the coating on the window blocks the heat from the sun (in the form of infrared light), while letting in the visible light. This is known as solar gain. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/\">Check out this guide\u003c/a> for more on what to look for when buying windows.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you have a few windows in a room with direct sun on them, its equivalent to running a little space heater. 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"disqusTitle": "A Ribbon Cutting with a Green Twist",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38676\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/17/a-ribbon-cutting-with-a-green-twist/picture-2-3/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38676\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-38676\" title=\"Gas Hose Ribbon Cutting\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Picture-22-300x169.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo of Ribbon Cutting by Christopher Lane\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>5/22/12 Update: I was just sent images from Christopher Lane, Assistant Director of Marketing at the Stanford Shopping Center, who helped produce this press event so I'm updating this blog with one of his images. (A link to all the images is given at the end of this blog.)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the afternoon of Tuesday, May 15, 2012, I hitched a ride with my closest friend from San Francisco out to Palo Alto to attend the ribbon cutting for the first public fast charger in California for electric vehicles in Stanford Mall. This was definitely a green carpet event as it took place in the shopping mall’s garage within walking distance of the fast charger. Many people drove in zero emission cars to attend and the podium was lined on both sides with electric vehicles. Out of the many electric vehicles that were parked, most of them were \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/12/life-with-the-leaf-lessons-from-an-early-adopter/\">Nissan Leafs\u003c/a>, the same model we drove in from San Francisco. I counted 17 electric vehicles in all which I was told was a modest turnout at a EV event!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now I’m not new to electric vehicles and the infrastructure. I tagged along with Obrie Hostetter, the Northern California EV Infrastructure Director at \u003ca href=\"http://350green.com/\">350 Green\u003c/a>, a developer of electric vehicle (EV) charging station networks. Her company, along with a partnership with the city of Palo Alto and John Ryan Company, Inc., was responsible for the permitting and construction necessary to place the Level 3 Fast Charger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A level 2 charger will take about 7 hours to fully charge an EV battery; the Level 3 fast charger can charge the battery up to 80% in 30 minutes. Most EV owners do the majority of their charging at night at home and stay within a close proximity mitigating \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/03/life-with-the-leaf-5-tips-to-beat-range-anxiety/\">“range anxiety”\u003c/a>. To give you an example: the ideal range of a Nissan Leaf for freeway driving is about 100 miles. With an infrastructure of fast chargers, that range can be increased without spending a lot of time to recharge the battery. This is just the first step in a fast charger infrastructure, as plans are in place to install 25 public fast chargers near retail locations by the fall of 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EV drivers sign up for a payment \u003ca href=\"https://350green.com/card/\">card\u003c/a> from 350Green to use the fast charger station. Use of the card and how to properly use the station was demonstrated after remarks from Palo Alto's Mayor Yiaway Yeh as well as the partners involved in making the public charging station possible. There were quite a few statistics that came out that were enlightening about this new technological movement: 1) There are over 3000 EVs in the Silicon Valley making Palo Alto a great corner stone for the EV infrastructure; the fast charger has already gotten quite a bit of use -- since being turned on, it’s been used 3 to 4 times a day; 136 EV drivers have already signed up for the payment card to use at the station and the infrastructure to follow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what is the best ribbon to cut at such a green event? Applause went up when a gas hose was cut in front of the fast charger station and the Nissan Leaf it was charging with 100% renewable energy!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More photos of this event can be found \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.10150963301784462.478479.179798759461&type=1http://\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38676\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/17/a-ribbon-cutting-with-a-green-twist/picture-2-3/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38676\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-38676\" title=\"Gas Hose Ribbon Cutting\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Picture-22-300x169.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo of Ribbon Cutting by Christopher Lane\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>5/22/12 Update: I was just sent images from Christopher Lane, Assistant Director of Marketing at the Stanford Shopping Center, who helped produce this press event so I'm updating this blog with one of his images. (A link to all the images is given at the end of this blog.)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the afternoon of Tuesday, May 15, 2012, I hitched a ride with my closest friend from San Francisco out to Palo Alto to attend the ribbon cutting for the first public fast charger in California for electric vehicles in Stanford Mall. This was definitely a green carpet event as it took place in the shopping mall’s garage within walking distance of the fast charger. Many people drove in zero emission cars to attend and the podium was lined on both sides with electric vehicles. Out of the many electric vehicles that were parked, most of them were \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/12/life-with-the-leaf-lessons-from-an-early-adopter/\">Nissan Leafs\u003c/a>, the same model we drove in from San Francisco. I counted 17 electric vehicles in all which I was told was a modest turnout at a EV event!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now I’m not new to electric vehicles and the infrastructure. I tagged along with Obrie Hostetter, the Northern California EV Infrastructure Director at \u003ca href=\"http://350green.com/\">350 Green\u003c/a>, a developer of electric vehicle (EV) charging station networks. Her company, along with a partnership with the city of Palo Alto and John Ryan Company, Inc., was responsible for the permitting and construction necessary to place the Level 3 Fast Charger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A level 2 charger will take about 7 hours to fully charge an EV battery; the Level 3 fast charger can charge the battery up to 80% in 30 minutes. Most EV owners do the majority of their charging at night at home and stay within a close proximity mitigating \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/03/life-with-the-leaf-5-tips-to-beat-range-anxiety/\">“range anxiety”\u003c/a>. To give you an example: the ideal range of a Nissan Leaf for freeway driving is about 100 miles. With an infrastructure of fast chargers, that range can be increased without spending a lot of time to recharge the battery. This is just the first step in a fast charger infrastructure, as plans are in place to install 25 public fast chargers near retail locations by the fall of 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EV drivers sign up for a payment \u003ca href=\"https://350green.com/card/\">card\u003c/a> from 350Green to use the fast charger station. Use of the card and how to properly use the station was demonstrated after remarks from Palo Alto's Mayor Yiaway Yeh as well as the partners involved in making the public charging station possible. There were quite a few statistics that came out that were enlightening about this new technological movement: 1) There are over 3000 EVs in the Silicon Valley making Palo Alto a great corner stone for the EV infrastructure; the fast charger has already gotten quite a bit of use -- since being turned on, it’s been used 3 to 4 times a day; 136 EV drivers have already signed up for the payment card to use at the station and the infrastructure to follow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what is the best ribbon to cut at such a green event? Applause went up when a gas hose was cut in front of the fast charger station and the Nissan Leaf it was charging with 100% renewable energy!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More photos of this event can be found \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.10150963301784462.478479.179798759461&type=1http://\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/17/how-green-are-electric-cars/chargingup-6/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35387\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-35387\" title=\"chargingup\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/chargingup1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"350\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/chargingup1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/chargingup1-400x219.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just because an electric vehicle (EV) lacks a tail pipe, it doesn’t mean it’s always cleaner than other fuel efficient cars. According to a new report from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucsusa.org/\">Union of Concerned Scientists\u003c/a>, where you live may determine how clean your electric car is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new report, called \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_vehicles/technologies_and_fuels/hybrid_fuelcell_and_electric_vehicles/emissions-and-charging-costs-electric-cars.html?utm_source=SP&utm_medium=head&utm_campaign=EV%2BReport\">State of Charge\u003c/a>,\" looks at the entire life cycle of EV emissions that includes energy inputs from start to finish, not just during drive time. In other words, what kind of emissions do EVs create from charging on an electric grid and how does the cost of that charging compare to filling up a gasoline-powered vehicle?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nonprofit group of scientists has found that the greenhouse gases emitted from EVs depends on the sources of electricity. For example, California does not rely on coal fired power plants and the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/race-for-renewables/\">state has aggressive renewable energy goals\u003c/a>. According to the report, charging (not driving) an all-electric car in the golden state results in global warming emissions equivalent to a car with a mileage rating of 80 mpg. But in several states, such as the mid-west, plug-in drivers charge their cars from electricity generated by burning coal or natural gas. There, the report has found that charging an EV may result in emissions similar to a car with a mileage rating between 31mpg. to 40 mpg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not surprisingly, the report finds that no matter where one lives in the United States, electric cars are a good choice for reducing global warming emissions and saving money on fueling up. The authors also note that projected increases in solar and wind on the grid will mean that the global warming emissions from electric vehicles in those areas will decrease over time. Also, what time of day you charge matters. Charging at night is not only cheaper, it has less of an impact on the grid. \u003ca href=\"http://news.cnet.com/8301-11386_3-57414623-76/hybrids-can-be-less-polluting-than-coal-powered-evs/?part=rss&tag=feed&subj=\">Check out a great map from CNET on how EV emissions compare to gasoline emissions in your region.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See other posts from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/clean-car-diaries/\">this series\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/17/how-green-are-electric-cars/chargingup-6/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35387\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-35387\" title=\"chargingup\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/chargingup1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"350\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/chargingup1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/chargingup1-400x219.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just because an electric vehicle (EV) lacks a tail pipe, it doesn’t mean it’s always cleaner than other fuel efficient cars. According to a new report from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucsusa.org/\">Union of Concerned Scientists\u003c/a>, where you live may determine how clean your electric car is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new report, called \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_vehicles/technologies_and_fuels/hybrid_fuelcell_and_electric_vehicles/emissions-and-charging-costs-electric-cars.html?utm_source=SP&utm_medium=head&utm_campaign=EV%2BReport\">State of Charge\u003c/a>,\" looks at the entire life cycle of EV emissions that includes energy inputs from start to finish, not just during drive time. In other words, what kind of emissions do EVs create from charging on an electric grid and how does the cost of that charging compare to filling up a gasoline-powered vehicle?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nonprofit group of scientists has found that the greenhouse gases emitted from EVs depends on the sources of electricity. For example, California does not rely on coal fired power plants and the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/race-for-renewables/\">state has aggressive renewable energy goals\u003c/a>. According to the report, charging (not driving) an all-electric car in the golden state results in global warming emissions equivalent to a car with a mileage rating of 80 mpg. But in several states, such as the mid-west, plug-in drivers charge their cars from electricity generated by burning coal or natural gas. There, the report has found that charging an EV may result in emissions similar to a car with a mileage rating between 31mpg. to 40 mpg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not surprisingly, the report finds that no matter where one lives in the United States, electric cars are a good choice for reducing global warming emissions and saving money on fueling up. The authors also note that projected increases in solar and wind on the grid will mean that the global warming emissions from electric vehicles in those areas will decrease over time. Also, what time of day you charge matters. Charging at night is not only cheaper, it has less of an impact on the grid. \u003ca href=\"http://news.cnet.com/8301-11386_3-57414623-76/hybrids-can-be-less-polluting-than-coal-powered-evs/?part=rss&tag=feed&subj=\">Check out a great map from CNET on how EV emissions compare to gasoline emissions in your region.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Fracking in California: Any Cause For Concern?",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35250\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/12/fracking-in-california-any-cause-for-concern/frackingtop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35250\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-35250\" title=\"frackingtop\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/frackingtop.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/frackingtop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/frackingtop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Lost Hills oil field owes much of its production today to hydraulic fracturing. Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Fracking,\" the ugly nickname for a common oilfield practice, is a rising concern in many places. What about California? Appropriately for a high-tech state, all kinds of advances in underground techniques have been used here. How safe are they? Hard to say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working with underground spaces means entering a dynamic environment. California oilfield operators learned that very early in ways that would horrify us today. A century ago, drillers would sometimes tap a highly overpressured oil pool and cause a gusher. The worst of these was the Lakeview gusher, a blowout that began in the spring of 1910 between Taft and Maricopa and lasted more than a year. (\u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/petroleum/ig/lakeviewgusher/\">The scene today is marked by a plaque.\u003c/a>) It ruined the California oil industry for a while—not because of environmental degradation or public revulsion or a government crackdown, but because the flood of oil made the price of crude collapse. Let me put it this way: the problems we have today from oilwell technologies aren't like they used to be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35249\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/12/fracking-in-california-any-cause-for-concern/lakeview/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35249\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-35249\" title=\"lakeview\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/lakeview.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"381\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/lakeview.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/lakeview-400x254.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Site of the Lakeview gusher north of Maricopa. A hundred years later, the ground is still paved with asphalt.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Fracking (hydraulic fracturing) is a way to open up deep rocks by pumping liquids down a borehole at high pressure. The idea is to make a lot of little cracks in tight rocks so the trapped oil can flow out. In the old days, well operators in the Los Angeles basin would goose a fading well by pumping down the crude oil already in the borehole. Today fracking involves water mixed with a little sand, which washes into the new cracks and jams them open. It's widely performed in California to keep old oilfields producing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You have to pump the fracking water back out before you can extract the oil. Most of the time you can pump it down somewhere else to backfill the space that used to hold the oil, a technique called water injection. The industry learned that about 50 years ago when sinking ground caused shallow earthquakes. The huge Wilmington oil field under Long Beach had six damaging earthquakes between 1947 and 1961 before water injection made them stop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today oilfield earthquakes are not a problem in California. Disposal of excess fracking water is our dirty secret. Fracking water gets tainted from its exposure to the oil and natural brines down there, plus it's also mixed with various ingredients to help with the downhole chemistry. Water injection takes care of a lot of dirty fracking water, but the rest needs to be dealt with somehow. In the old days it was dumped on the ground or poured into ponds to evaporate, without much care. Today . . . well, nobody has been keeping track of the industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state government's Division of Oil, Gas and Geothermal Resources (DOGGR) claims to be regulating fracking, but when the state Senate Committee on Natural Resources and Water inquired early last year, the agency had no data to supply. This was a year after DOGGR had gotten extra money, money it had asked for, to develop fracking regulations. The agency now says on its website that it \"only has limited information about the use of the practice.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/\">Environmental Working Group\u003c/a> recently compiled what it could find on California fracking and DOGGR's role in overseeing it and issued a critical report called \"\u003ca href=\"http://static.ewg.org/reports/2012/fracking/ca_fracking/ca_regulators_see_no_fracking.pdf\">California Regulators: See No Fracking, Speak No Fracking\u003c/a>.\" The title makes its message clear, and even though I am allergic to activist overstatement of all kinds, I found its factual contents worth heeding. Now the state legislature is considering several bills to encourage more disclosure of fracking; one of them, \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/postquery?bill_number=sb_1054&sess=CUR&house=B&author=pavley\">SB 1054\u003c/a>, would require neighboring property owners to be notified of fracking 30 days in advance. The issue is alive, and the legislative sumo match is underway. But the people's watchdog is sitting it out, leaving the fray to lawmakers and lobbyists.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35250\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/12/fracking-in-california-any-cause-for-concern/frackingtop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35250\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-35250\" title=\"frackingtop\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/frackingtop.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/frackingtop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/frackingtop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Lost Hills oil field owes much of its production today to hydraulic fracturing. Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Fracking,\" the ugly nickname for a common oilfield practice, is a rising concern in many places. What about California? Appropriately for a high-tech state, all kinds of advances in underground techniques have been used here. How safe are they? Hard to say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working with underground spaces means entering a dynamic environment. California oilfield operators learned that very early in ways that would horrify us today. A century ago, drillers would sometimes tap a highly overpressured oil pool and cause a gusher. The worst of these was the Lakeview gusher, a blowout that began in the spring of 1910 between Taft and Maricopa and lasted more than a year. (\u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/petroleum/ig/lakeviewgusher/\">The scene today is marked by a plaque.\u003c/a>) It ruined the California oil industry for a while—not because of environmental degradation or public revulsion or a government crackdown, but because the flood of oil made the price of crude collapse. Let me put it this way: the problems we have today from oilwell technologies aren't like they used to be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35249\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/12/fracking-in-california-any-cause-for-concern/lakeview/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35249\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-35249\" title=\"lakeview\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/lakeview.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"381\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/lakeview.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/lakeview-400x254.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Site of the Lakeview gusher north of Maricopa. A hundred years later, the ground is still paved with asphalt.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Fracking (hydraulic fracturing) is a way to open up deep rocks by pumping liquids down a borehole at high pressure. The idea is to make a lot of little cracks in tight rocks so the trapped oil can flow out. In the old days, well operators in the Los Angeles basin would goose a fading well by pumping down the crude oil already in the borehole. Today fracking involves water mixed with a little sand, which washes into the new cracks and jams them open. It's widely performed in California to keep old oilfields producing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You have to pump the fracking water back out before you can extract the oil. Most of the time you can pump it down somewhere else to backfill the space that used to hold the oil, a technique called water injection. The industry learned that about 50 years ago when sinking ground caused shallow earthquakes. The huge Wilmington oil field under Long Beach had six damaging earthquakes between 1947 and 1961 before water injection made them stop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today oilfield earthquakes are not a problem in California. Disposal of excess fracking water is our dirty secret. Fracking water gets tainted from its exposure to the oil and natural brines down there, plus it's also mixed with various ingredients to help with the downhole chemistry. Water injection takes care of a lot of dirty fracking water, but the rest needs to be dealt with somehow. In the old days it was dumped on the ground or poured into ponds to evaporate, without much care. Today . . . well, nobody has been keeping track of the industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state government's Division of Oil, Gas and Geothermal Resources (DOGGR) claims to be regulating fracking, but when the state Senate Committee on Natural Resources and Water inquired early last year, the agency had no data to supply. This was a year after DOGGR had gotten extra money, money it had asked for, to develop fracking regulations. The agency now says on its website that it \"only has limited information about the use of the practice.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/\">Environmental Working Group\u003c/a> recently compiled what it could find on California fracking and DOGGR's role in overseeing it and issued a critical report called \"\u003ca href=\"http://static.ewg.org/reports/2012/fracking/ca_fracking/ca_regulators_see_no_fracking.pdf\">California Regulators: See No Fracking, Speak No Fracking\u003c/a>.\" The title makes its message clear, and even though I am allergic to activist overstatement of all kinds, I found its factual contents worth heeding. Now the state legislature is considering several bills to encourage more disclosure of fracking; one of them, \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/postquery?bill_number=sb_1054&sess=CUR&house=B&author=pavley\">SB 1054\u003c/a>, would require neighboring property owners to be notified of fracking 30 days in advance. The issue is alive, and the legislative sumo match is underway. But the people's watchdog is sitting it out, leaving the fray to lawmakers and lobbyists.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30913\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/22/plant-proteins-power-solar-panel/plant-resize/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30913\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-30913\" title=\"plant resize\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/plant-resize-300x169.png\" alt=\"Backlit leaf\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo Wikimedia Commons\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This new solar panel really is green. Instead of using semiconducting silicon, proteins from plants transform light into electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Physicist Andreas Mershin, at Massachusetts Institute for Technology, and his colleagues say they’ve simplified the production of plant-based solar cells so that any lab can make them. Mershin hopes these biological solar panels could provide power in places that currently have no electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People have been growing their own food for millennia,” he says. “I think it’s time to start growing our own solar power.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plants make sugars using energy from the sun in a process called \u003ca title=\"photosynthesis explainer\" href=\"http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookPS.html\">photosynthesis\u003c/a>. Protein complexes convert the light energy into electrons, which drive the plant’s sugar-producing factories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These plant proteins are tuned to maximize the sun’s energy. Practically all of the sunlight that hits them gets converted to electrons. Commercial solar panels \u003ca title=\"solar cell quantum efficiency\" href=\"http://www.eere.energy.gov/basics/renewable_energy/pv_cell_quantum_efficiency.html\">struggle to match this efficiency\u003c/a> because they can’t absorb all wavelengths of visible light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mershin wanted to hijack the efficient electron generators in plants to generate electricity for people. But to build a working solar panel using proteins, he had to stabilize the proteins on the surface so that they perform just like they do in cells. And he had to attach enough of them to generate a measurable current.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mershin harvested one type of light-collecting protein complex from photosynthetic bacteria. Suspended in a stabilizing solution, the photosynthetic protein complex maintained its shape and function.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He painted the protein solution on a glass slide covered with nano-sized rods of zinc oxide, a common ingredient in sunscreen. The rods hold more protein than the flat surfaces commonly used to make photosynthetic solar panels -- enough to give the panel a faint green tinge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bio-solar cell converted about 0.1% of sun’s energy into electrical energy -- 10,000 times more efficient than previous biosolar cells. Mershin says his plant-based solar cells will never match the \u003ca title=\"solar panel conversion efficiency explanation\" href=\"http://www.eere.energy.gov/basics/renewable_energy/pv_cell_conversion_efficiency.html\">conversion efficiencies\u003c/a> of commercial solar panels. But even increasing the efficiency to 1% could make these plant-powered panels useful for people in the developing world who have no electricity, he adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mershin hopes other labs around the world will start experimenting with these green solar panels to improving their efficiency and lifetime. His method and results are freely available from a \u003ca title=\"research paper about biosolar cell\" href=\"http://www.nature.com/srep/2012/120202/srep00234/full/srep00234.html\">paper \u003c/a> published in the journal \u003cem>Scientific Reports\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of throwing plant trimmings or grass clippings onto a compost pile, perhaps one day we’ll set some aside to make solar panels too. It’ll be a whole new way to \u003ca title=\"DIY solar from Instructables\" href=\"http://www.instructables.com/id/DIY-Solar-Panel/\">DIY solar\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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