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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/09/cap-and-trade-the-glossary/heat20120904-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46926\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-46926\" title=\"heat20120904\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/heat201209041-252x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"176\" height=\"177\">\u003c/a>You can’t navigate the new world of carbon trading unless you know the lingo. Here are some key terms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>AB 32\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/ab32/ab32.htm\">Global Warming Solutions Act\u003c/a>, passed by the California legislature and signed by Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger in 2006, is the authorizing legislation for cap and trade. It seeks to reduce total carbon emissions in the state to 1990 levels, by 2020. That's about 30% below where emissions would likely be absent substantial reduction efforts. A separate executive order requires a further 80% reduction by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additionality\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe principle, often applied to carbon offsets, that a project should only be able to earn credits if the greenhouse gas emission reductions produced by the project exceed what would have happened in the absence of the carbon credit component. \u003ca href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Allocation\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nUnder an emissions trading scheme, permits to emit can initially either be purchased by emitters or given to them for free. In California's program, 90% will be given away initially. The rest will be sold at auction in an initial market offering. \u003ca href=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\">(Source: Center for Climate Energy and Solutions)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Allowance\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nLegally defined unit that entitles the holder to emit one metric ton of CO2-equivalent or another quantity of greenhouses gases. Also known as emission allowance or emission permit. \u003ca href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Atmosphere\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe gaseous envelope surrounding the Earth. The dry atmosphere consists almost entirely of nitrogen (78.1% volume mixing ratio) and oxygen (20.9% volume mixing ratio), together with a number of trace gases, such as argon (0.93% volume mixing ratio), helium, radiatively active greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (0.035% volume mixing ratio) and ozone. In addition the atmosphere contains water vapor, whose amount is highly variable but typically 1% volume mixing ratio. The atmosphere also contains clouds and aerosols (particles). \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\">(Source: United States Environmental Protection Agency)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Auction\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nCommon term used for the sale of allowances, as opposed to allocating them for free. California officials scheduled their first official auction for November 14, 2012. \u003ca href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Base Year\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTargets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions are often defined in relation to a base year. 1990 is the base year in California's program, as well as for most nations in the Kyoto Protocol. \u003ca href=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\">(Source: Center for Climate and Energy Solutions) \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California Air Resources Board (ARB or CARB)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/homepage.htm\">regulatory agency\u003c/a> charged with implementation of AB 32 and managing California’s cap-and-trade program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California Environmental Protection Agency (CalEPA)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.calepa.ca.gov/\">Parent agency\u003c/a> of the Air Resources Board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cap-and-Trade\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA flexible environmental regulation mechanism that sets an overall limit on the emission of a certain pollutant, but allows companies that can easily reduce emissions to sell credits to other companies for which such reduction would be difficult. The cap ensures that emissions will not exceed a desired amount. California’s program rolls out in two phases: power plants and large industrial facilities in 2013, expanding to distributors of oil, natural gas and transportation fuels in 2015. \u003ca href=\"http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/envecon/gloss.php\">(Source: CSA)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Carbon Dioxide (CO2)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA naturally occurring gas, and also a by-product of burning fossil fuels and biomass, as well as land-use changes and other industrial processes. It is the principal human-caused greenhouse gas that affects the Earth's radiative balance, and the reference gas against which other greenhouse gases are measured and therefore has a Global Warming Potential of 1. \u003ca title=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\" href=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\">(Source: United States Environmental Protection Agency)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Carbon Dioxide Equivalent (CO2e)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nMeasurement unit used to indicate the global warming potential (GWP) of greenhouse gases. Carbon dioxide is the reference gas against which other greenhouse gases are measured. \u003ca title=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\" href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Carbon Footprint\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe total amount of greenhouse gases emitted into the atmosphere each year by a person, family, building, organization or company. A person's carbon footprint includes greenhouse gas emissions from fuel that an individual burns directly, such as by heating a home or riding in a car. It also includes greenhouse gases that come from producing the goods or services that the individual uses, including emissions from power plants that make electricity, factories that make products and landfills where trash gets sent. \u003ca title=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\" href=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\">(Source: United States Environmental Protection Agency)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Climate Action Reserve (CAR)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nFormerly the California Climate Action Registry, a non-profit voluntary and compliance registry for offsets. \u003ca href=\"http://www.climateactionreserve.org/\">The Reserve\u003c/a> is focused on developing standardized greenhouse gas reduction protocols, tracking offsets through a public database and serving as a project registry for voluntary as well as offsets eligible for compliance under AB 32. \u003ca title=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\" href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Compliance\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n1) The act, specific to cap-and-trade schemes, of surrendering the required amount of allowances, or some combination of allowances and offsets, to cover an entity’s emissions. 2) Achievement by an entity in meeting its quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments under the applicable law or treaty. \u003ca href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Covered Entity\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAny organization subject to the cap & trade regulation. California’s program covers 360 businesses. The complete list is available as a PDF download from the CARB website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Deforestation\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThose practices or processes that result in the conversion of forested lands for non-forest uses. Deforestation contributes to increasing carbon dioxide concentrations for two reasons: 1) the burning or decomposition of the wood releases carbon dioxide; and 2) trees that once removed carbon dioxide from the atmosphere in the process of photosynthesis are no longer present. \u003ca title=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\" href=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\">(Source: United States Environmental Protection Agency)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Emissions Cap\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA mandated restraint in a scheduled timeframe that puts a “ceiling” on the total amount of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions that can be released into the atmosphere. This can be measured as gross emissions or as net emissions (emissions minus gases that are sequestered). California's cap will increase in 2015, when its cap-and-trade program expands to include more sources, then will decline about 3% each year until 2020, when the cap is expected to be 15% below the 2012 level.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca title=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\" href=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\">(Source: Center for Climate and Energy Solutions)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fluorinated Gases\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA group of greenhouse gases regulated under California’s cap-and-trade program. Hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons and sulfur hexafluoride are synthetic, powerful greenhouse gases that are emitted from a variety of industrial processes. Fluorinated gases are sometimes used as substitutes for stratospheric ozone-depleting substances (e.g., chlorofluorocarbons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons and halons). These gases are typically emitted in smaller quantities, but because they are potent greenhouse gases, they are sometimes referred to as High Global Warming Potential gases (\"High-GWP gases\").\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fossil Fuel\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA general term for organic materials formed from decayed plants and animals that have been converted to crude oil, coal, natural gas or heavy oils by exposure to heat and pressure in the earth's crust over hundreds of millions of years. \u003ca title=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\" href=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\">(Source: United States Environmental Protection Agency)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Greenhouse Effect\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe insulating effect of atmospheric greenhouse gases (e.g., water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, etc.) that keeps the Earth's temperature about 60“F warmer than it would be otherwise. \u003ca href=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\">(Source: Center for Climate and Energy Solutions)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Greenhouse Gas\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nGreenhouse gases (GHGs) are trace gases that control energy flows in the Earth's atmosphere by absorbing infrared radiation. Some GHGs occur naturally in the atmosphere, while others result from human activities. Those \u003ca href=\"http://epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/gases.html\">recognized by the U.S. EPA \u003c/a>include: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and \"fluorinated gases.\" CO2 is the most important GHG released by human activities. \u003ca title=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\" href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Leakage\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTerm applied to businesses that leave the state rather than submit to cap-and-trade regulation. Sometimes called \"carbon leakage\" because emissions of the relocated industry are no longer regulated by the home state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Low-Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/fuels/lcfs/lcfs.htm\">LCFS\u003c/a> requires fuel providers to ensure that the mix of fuel they sell in the market meets, on average, a declining target for greenhouse gas emissions measured in grams of carbon dioxide equivalent per unit of fuel energy sold. California's LCFS mandates a 10% reduction in the carbon intensity of fuel production and use within California, by 2020. \u003ca title=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\" href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Methane (CH4)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nCH4 is among the greenhouse gases recognized by the U.S. EPA. Atmospheric CH4 is produced by natural processes but there are also substantial emissions from human activities such as landfills, livestock and livestock wastes, natural gas and petroleum systems, coal mines, rice fields and wastewater treatment. CH4 has a relatively short atmospheric lifetime of approximately 10 years, but its 100-year GWP is currently estimated to be approximately 23 times that of CO2. \u003ca title=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\" href=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\">(Source: Center for Climate and Energy Solutions)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nitrous Oxide (N2O)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nN2O is among the greenhouse gases recognized by the U.S. EPA. N2O is produced by natural processes but there are also substantial emissions from human activities such as agriculture and fossil fuel combustion. The atmospheric lifetime of N2O is approximately 100 years, and its 100-year GWP is currently estimated to be 296 times that of CO2. \u003ca title=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\" href=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\">(Source: Center for Climate and Energy Solutions)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Offsets\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nEmission reduction credits from project-based activities that can be used to meet compliance or corporate objectives as a supplement or alternative to reducing one’s own emissions. In a cap-and-trade scheme, offsets may be used instead of allowances, sometimes up to a limit. California allows the use of offsets to satisfy up to 8% of a company's compliance requirement. Initially four types of offset programs were allowed: expansion of forests and urban forests, methane capture on farms and ranches and reduction of ozone-depleting substances. \u003ca title=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\" href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Prop 23\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAn unsuccessful statewide ballot measure in 2011, largely financed by oil and gas interests, that sought to suspend California's regulations under AB 32.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA regional cap-and-trade system that currently includes Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Rhode Island and Vermont. The District of Columbia, Pennsylvania, the Eastern Canadian Provinces and New Brunswick are observers in the process. \u003ca href=\"http://www.rggi.org/\">RGGI\u003c/a> covers CO2 emissions from electric power plants in the region, and requires a 10% reduction in these emissions by 2018. The first three-year compliance period started in January 2009. In 2011, the states commenced a review process in order to determine whether to tighten the emissions cap so that emitters would be incentivized to reduce internal emissions further. The review process should be completed in 2013. \u003ca title=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\" href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Vapor (H2O)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWater vapor is the primary gas responsible for the greenhouse effect. It is believed that increases in temperature caused by anthropogenic (human-caused) emissions of greenhouse gases will increase the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere, resulting in additional warming. \u003ca title=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\" href=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\">(Source: Center for Climate and Energy Solutions)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Western Climate Initiative (WCI)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nRegional initiative launched in February 2007 by states and provinces, mostly along the western rim of the United States, Canada and Mexico. \u003ca href=\"http://www.westernclimateinitiative.org/\">WCI\u003c/a> is a collaboration of independent jurisdictions working together to identify, evaluate and implement emissions trading policies to tackle climate change at a regional level. Nominally, WCI partners are: California, Quebec, Manitoba, British Columbia and Ontario, but only California and Quebec have passed regulations which aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. \u003ca title=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\" href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source info: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/09/cap-and-trade-the-glossary/heat20120904-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46926\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-46926\" title=\"heat20120904\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/heat201209041-252x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"176\" height=\"177\">\u003c/a>You can’t navigate the new world of carbon trading unless you know the lingo. Here are some key terms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>AB 32\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/ab32/ab32.htm\">Global Warming Solutions Act\u003c/a>, passed by the California legislature and signed by Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger in 2006, is the authorizing legislation for cap and trade. It seeks to reduce total carbon emissions in the state to 1990 levels, by 2020. That's about 30% below where emissions would likely be absent substantial reduction efforts. A separate executive order requires a further 80% reduction by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additionality\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe principle, often applied to carbon offsets, that a project should only be able to earn credits if the greenhouse gas emission reductions produced by the project exceed what would have happened in the absence of the carbon credit component. \u003ca href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Allocation\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nUnder an emissions trading scheme, permits to emit can initially either be purchased by emitters or given to them for free. In California's program, 90% will be given away initially. The rest will be sold at auction in an initial market offering. \u003ca href=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\">(Source: Center for Climate Energy and Solutions)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Allowance\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nLegally defined unit that entitles the holder to emit one metric ton of CO2-equivalent or another quantity of greenhouses gases. Also known as emission allowance or emission permit. \u003ca href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Atmosphere\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe gaseous envelope surrounding the Earth. The dry atmosphere consists almost entirely of nitrogen (78.1% volume mixing ratio) and oxygen (20.9% volume mixing ratio), together with a number of trace gases, such as argon (0.93% volume mixing ratio), helium, radiatively active greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (0.035% volume mixing ratio) and ozone. In addition the atmosphere contains water vapor, whose amount is highly variable but typically 1% volume mixing ratio. The atmosphere also contains clouds and aerosols (particles). \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\">(Source: United States Environmental Protection Agency)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Auction\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nCommon term used for the sale of allowances, as opposed to allocating them for free. California officials scheduled their first official auction for November 14, 2012. \u003ca href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Base Year\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTargets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions are often defined in relation to a base year. 1990 is the base year in California's program, as well as for most nations in the Kyoto Protocol. \u003ca href=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\">(Source: Center for Climate and Energy Solutions) \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California Air Resources Board (ARB or CARB)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/homepage.htm\">regulatory agency\u003c/a> charged with implementation of AB 32 and managing California’s cap-and-trade program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California Environmental Protection Agency (CalEPA)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.calepa.ca.gov/\">Parent agency\u003c/a> of the Air Resources Board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cap-and-Trade\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA flexible environmental regulation mechanism that sets an overall limit on the emission of a certain pollutant, but allows companies that can easily reduce emissions to sell credits to other companies for which such reduction would be difficult. The cap ensures that emissions will not exceed a desired amount. California’s program rolls out in two phases: power plants and large industrial facilities in 2013, expanding to distributors of oil, natural gas and transportation fuels in 2015. \u003ca href=\"http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/envecon/gloss.php\">(Source: CSA)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Carbon Dioxide (CO2)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA naturally occurring gas, and also a by-product of burning fossil fuels and biomass, as well as land-use changes and other industrial processes. It is the principal human-caused greenhouse gas that affects the Earth's radiative balance, and the reference gas against which other greenhouse gases are measured and therefore has a Global Warming Potential of 1. \u003ca title=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\" href=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\">(Source: United States Environmental Protection Agency)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Carbon Dioxide Equivalent (CO2e)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nMeasurement unit used to indicate the global warming potential (GWP) of greenhouse gases. Carbon dioxide is the reference gas against which other greenhouse gases are measured. \u003ca title=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\" href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Carbon Footprint\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe total amount of greenhouse gases emitted into the atmosphere each year by a person, family, building, organization or company. A person's carbon footprint includes greenhouse gas emissions from fuel that an individual burns directly, such as by heating a home or riding in a car. It also includes greenhouse gases that come from producing the goods or services that the individual uses, including emissions from power plants that make electricity, factories that make products and landfills where trash gets sent. \u003ca title=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\" href=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\">(Source: United States Environmental Protection Agency)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Climate Action Reserve (CAR)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nFormerly the California Climate Action Registry, a non-profit voluntary and compliance registry for offsets. \u003ca href=\"http://www.climateactionreserve.org/\">The Reserve\u003c/a> is focused on developing standardized greenhouse gas reduction protocols, tracking offsets through a public database and serving as a project registry for voluntary as well as offsets eligible for compliance under AB 32. \u003ca title=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\" href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Compliance\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n1) The act, specific to cap-and-trade schemes, of surrendering the required amount of allowances, or some combination of allowances and offsets, to cover an entity’s emissions. 2) Achievement by an entity in meeting its quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments under the applicable law or treaty. \u003ca href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Covered Entity\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAny organization subject to the cap & trade regulation. California’s program covers 360 businesses. The complete list is available as a PDF download from the CARB website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Deforestation\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThose practices or processes that result in the conversion of forested lands for non-forest uses. Deforestation contributes to increasing carbon dioxide concentrations for two reasons: 1) the burning or decomposition of the wood releases carbon dioxide; and 2) trees that once removed carbon dioxide from the atmosphere in the process of photosynthesis are no longer present. \u003ca title=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\" href=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\">(Source: United States Environmental Protection Agency)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Emissions Cap\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA mandated restraint in a scheduled timeframe that puts a “ceiling” on the total amount of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions that can be released into the atmosphere. This can be measured as gross emissions or as net emissions (emissions minus gases that are sequestered). California's cap will increase in 2015, when its cap-and-trade program expands to include more sources, then will decline about 3% each year until 2020, when the cap is expected to be 15% below the 2012 level.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca title=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\" href=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\">(Source: Center for Climate and Energy Solutions)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fluorinated Gases\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA group of greenhouse gases regulated under California’s cap-and-trade program. Hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons and sulfur hexafluoride are synthetic, powerful greenhouse gases that are emitted from a variety of industrial processes. Fluorinated gases are sometimes used as substitutes for stratospheric ozone-depleting substances (e.g., chlorofluorocarbons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons and halons). These gases are typically emitted in smaller quantities, but because they are potent greenhouse gases, they are sometimes referred to as High Global Warming Potential gases (\"High-GWP gases\").\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fossil Fuel\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA general term for organic materials formed from decayed plants and animals that have been converted to crude oil, coal, natural gas or heavy oils by exposure to heat and pressure in the earth's crust over hundreds of millions of years. \u003ca title=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\" href=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\">(Source: United States Environmental Protection Agency)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Greenhouse Effect\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe insulating effect of atmospheric greenhouse gases (e.g., water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, etc.) that keeps the Earth's temperature about 60“F warmer than it would be otherwise. \u003ca href=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\">(Source: Center for Climate and Energy Solutions)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Greenhouse Gas\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nGreenhouse gases (GHGs) are trace gases that control energy flows in the Earth's atmosphere by absorbing infrared radiation. Some GHGs occur naturally in the atmosphere, while others result from human activities. Those \u003ca href=\"http://epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/gases.html\">recognized by the U.S. EPA \u003c/a>include: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and \"fluorinated gases.\" CO2 is the most important GHG released by human activities. \u003ca title=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\" href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Leakage\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTerm applied to businesses that leave the state rather than submit to cap-and-trade regulation. Sometimes called \"carbon leakage\" because emissions of the relocated industry are no longer regulated by the home state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Low-Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/fuels/lcfs/lcfs.htm\">LCFS\u003c/a> requires fuel providers to ensure that the mix of fuel they sell in the market meets, on average, a declining target for greenhouse gas emissions measured in grams of carbon dioxide equivalent per unit of fuel energy sold. California's LCFS mandates a 10% reduction in the carbon intensity of fuel production and use within California, by 2020. \u003ca title=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\" href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Methane (CH4)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nCH4 is among the greenhouse gases recognized by the U.S. EPA. Atmospheric CH4 is produced by natural processes but there are also substantial emissions from human activities such as landfills, livestock and livestock wastes, natural gas and petroleum systems, coal mines, rice fields and wastewater treatment. CH4 has a relatively short atmospheric lifetime of approximately 10 years, but its 100-year GWP is currently estimated to be approximately 23 times that of CO2. \u003ca title=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\" href=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\">(Source: Center for Climate and Energy Solutions)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nitrous Oxide (N2O)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nN2O is among the greenhouse gases recognized by the U.S. EPA. N2O is produced by natural processes but there are also substantial emissions from human activities such as agriculture and fossil fuel combustion. The atmospheric lifetime of N2O is approximately 100 years, and its 100-year GWP is currently estimated to be 296 times that of CO2. \u003ca title=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\" href=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\">(Source: Center for Climate and Energy Solutions)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Offsets\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nEmission reduction credits from project-based activities that can be used to meet compliance or corporate objectives as a supplement or alternative to reducing one’s own emissions. In a cap-and-trade scheme, offsets may be used instead of allowances, sometimes up to a limit. California allows the use of offsets to satisfy up to 8% of a company's compliance requirement. Initially four types of offset programs were allowed: expansion of forests and urban forests, methane capture on farms and ranches and reduction of ozone-depleting substances. \u003ca title=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\" href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Prop 23\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAn unsuccessful statewide ballot measure in 2011, largely financed by oil and gas interests, that sought to suspend California's regulations under AB 32.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA regional cap-and-trade system that currently includes Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Rhode Island and Vermont. The District of Columbia, Pennsylvania, the Eastern Canadian Provinces and New Brunswick are observers in the process. \u003ca href=\"http://www.rggi.org/\">RGGI\u003c/a> covers CO2 emissions from electric power plants in the region, and requires a 10% reduction in these emissions by 2018. The first three-year compliance period started in January 2009. In 2011, the states commenced a review process in order to determine whether to tighten the emissions cap so that emitters would be incentivized to reduce internal emissions further. The review process should be completed in 2013. \u003ca title=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\" href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Vapor (H2O)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWater vapor is the primary gas responsible for the greenhouse effect. It is believed that increases in temperature caused by anthropogenic (human-caused) emissions of greenhouse gases will increase the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere, resulting in additional warming. \u003ca title=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\" href=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\">(Source: Center for Climate and Energy Solutions)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Western Climate Initiative (WCI)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nRegional initiative launched in February 2007 by states and provinces, mostly along the western rim of the United States, Canada and Mexico. \u003ca href=\"http://www.westernclimateinitiative.org/\">WCI\u003c/a> is a collaboration of independent jurisdictions working together to identify, evaluate and implement emissions trading policies to tackle climate change at a regional level. Nominally, WCI partners are: California, Quebec, Manitoba, British Columbia and Ontario, but only California and Quebec have passed regulations which aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. \u003ca title=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\" href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source info: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Watching the Atmospheric Rivers Flow",
"title": "Watching the Atmospheric Rivers Flow",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46689\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/01/watching-the-atmospheric-rivers-flow/atmoriver-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46689\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/atmoriver.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"atmoriver\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46689\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/atmoriver.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/atmoriver-400x225.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Atmospheric river of October 13, 2009. NOAA images\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Atmospheric rivers are a 21st-century weather threat that first got their name in 1998, after satellites capable of measuring water vapor in the air began producing images like this one. It shows the chronically humid tropical ocean at the bottom, and long, thin streamers of water vapor threading away from the tropics. It was soon estimated that these streamers—atmospheric rivers or ARs—are responsible for essentially all of the moisture transported out of the tropics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The basic connection between ARs and major precipitation events was obvious. In California, our 20th-century name for these is the Pineapple Express: a huge influx of warm, water-heavy air from the tropical Pacific that overfills the rivers and piles snow on the mountains. Smaller ARs may not cause major floods, but they can bump up river flows by 10 times in a day or two. They deliver to California about one-third of its total water. Clearly ARs are important research topics for both scientific and practical reasons. How do they interact with El Niño/La Niña cycles? How will climate change affect them? How can we better protect ourselves from them?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>America has just finished going through Hurricane Sandy. Hurricanes are important events, but ARs affect both coasts. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's \u003ca href=\"http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/atmrivers/\">AR site\u003c/a> points to the notorious \"Snowmageddon\" blizzard of February 2010 as an East Coast example, when a river of Pacific moisture crossed Central America and the Caribbean before drenching the Atlantic states. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/01/watching-the-atmospheric-rivers-flow/atmoriver/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46688\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/atmoriver.gif\" alt=\"\" title=\"atmoriver\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-46688\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Norway got a large AR in the late summer of 2005, and many others are sure to be found in the global weather records. But California seems to be the current champion, maybe because the data is better here. Between 1997 and 2006 there were 42 AR events touching California, of which seven caused major flooding of the type requiring evacuations and triggering large-scale power outages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even without knowing their cause, California has had epic floods during its history, and recently emergency planners have begun to take the \"\u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geologyandculture/qt/The-Deep-Present.htm\">deep present\u003c/a>\" approach to them. What if the worst example we know, the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Flood_of_1862\">great flood of 1862\u003c/a>, were to recur today? That had the earmarks of an unusually large AR event or a rapid series of them. As the planning agencies contemplated that question, they prepared a scenario in 2010 with the Noachian name \u003ca href=\"http://urbanearth.gps.caltech.edu/winter-storm-2/\">ARkStorm\u003c/a> (for \"AR thousand-year storm\") clearly demonstrating that ARs are our other \"Big One\" beside earthquakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since ARkStorm was completed, several agencies have carried its findings forward. In particular, a new Atmospheric River Observatory is nearing completion at Bodega Bay that will conduct crucial ground-based observations of ARs that pass over the Bay Area. The satellite water-vapor data is not enough, because everything else matters too: the elevation where the moisture sits, the winds at different levels, the temperature profile of the lower atmosphere and much more that meteorologists need for the best modeling. After that, the flood predicters add the model's results to their own knowledge of river levels and soil moisture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What makes ARs so potent is that they bring in air saturated with tropical moisture, the closer to sea level the wetter. Such air will turn its water to rain almost instantly when lifted up by the Coast Range, and again when it hits the Sierra Nevada. The new AR Observatory at Bodega Bay, like others being built along the west coast, will interrogate the air with radar at various wavelengths, measure rainfall with standard gauges and drop-size distribution with disdrometers, and derive water-vapor content from GPS data (an unforeseen benefit of the universal navigation system). More instruments in the mountains near Cazadero will complement it. The promise is that we will be able to accurately forecast these 21st-century events, and their effects in our neighborhoods, a week or more in advance.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46689\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/01/watching-the-atmospheric-rivers-flow/atmoriver-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46689\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/atmoriver.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"atmoriver\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46689\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/atmoriver.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/atmoriver-400x225.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Atmospheric river of October 13, 2009. NOAA images\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Atmospheric rivers are a 21st-century weather threat that first got their name in 1998, after satellites capable of measuring water vapor in the air began producing images like this one. It shows the chronically humid tropical ocean at the bottom, and long, thin streamers of water vapor threading away from the tropics. It was soon estimated that these streamers—atmospheric rivers or ARs—are responsible for essentially all of the moisture transported out of the tropics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The basic connection between ARs and major precipitation events was obvious. In California, our 20th-century name for these is the Pineapple Express: a huge influx of warm, water-heavy air from the tropical Pacific that overfills the rivers and piles snow on the mountains. Smaller ARs may not cause major floods, but they can bump up river flows by 10 times in a day or two. They deliver to California about one-third of its total water. Clearly ARs are important research topics for both scientific and practical reasons. How do they interact with El Niño/La Niña cycles? How will climate change affect them? How can we better protect ourselves from them?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>America has just finished going through Hurricane Sandy. Hurricanes are important events, but ARs affect both coasts. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's \u003ca href=\"http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/atmrivers/\">AR site\u003c/a> points to the notorious \"Snowmageddon\" blizzard of February 2010 as an East Coast example, when a river of Pacific moisture crossed Central America and the Caribbean before drenching the Atlantic states. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/01/watching-the-atmospheric-rivers-flow/atmoriver/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46688\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/atmoriver.gif\" alt=\"\" title=\"atmoriver\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-46688\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Norway got a large AR in the late summer of 2005, and many others are sure to be found in the global weather records. But California seems to be the current champion, maybe because the data is better here. Between 1997 and 2006 there were 42 AR events touching California, of which seven caused major flooding of the type requiring evacuations and triggering large-scale power outages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even without knowing their cause, California has had epic floods during its history, and recently emergency planners have begun to take the \"\u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geologyandculture/qt/The-Deep-Present.htm\">deep present\u003c/a>\" approach to them. What if the worst example we know, the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Flood_of_1862\">great flood of 1862\u003c/a>, were to recur today? That had the earmarks of an unusually large AR event or a rapid series of them. As the planning agencies contemplated that question, they prepared a scenario in 2010 with the Noachian name \u003ca href=\"http://urbanearth.gps.caltech.edu/winter-storm-2/\">ARkStorm\u003c/a> (for \"AR thousand-year storm\") clearly demonstrating that ARs are our other \"Big One\" beside earthquakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since ARkStorm was completed, several agencies have carried its findings forward. In particular, a new Atmospheric River Observatory is nearing completion at Bodega Bay that will conduct crucial ground-based observations of ARs that pass over the Bay Area. The satellite water-vapor data is not enough, because everything else matters too: the elevation where the moisture sits, the winds at different levels, the temperature profile of the lower atmosphere and much more that meteorologists need for the best modeling. After that, the flood predicters add the model's results to their own knowledge of river levels and soil moisture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What makes ARs so potent is that they bring in air saturated with tropical moisture, the closer to sea level the wetter. Such air will turn its water to rain almost instantly when lifted up by the Coast Range, and again when it hits the Sierra Nevada. The new AR Observatory at Bodega Bay, like others being built along the west coast, will interrogate the air with radar at various wavelengths, measure rainfall with standard gauges and drop-size distribution with disdrometers, and derive water-vapor content from GPS data (an unforeseen benefit of the universal navigation system). More instruments in the mountains near Cazadero will complement it. The promise is that we will be able to accurately forecast these 21st-century events, and their effects in our neighborhoods, a week or more in advance.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/10/20121022science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46106\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 323px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-46106 \" title=\"Tianjinpanorama640x360\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/Tianjinpanorama640x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"323\" height=\"177\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/Tianjinpanorama640x360.jpg 673w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/Tianjinpanorama640x360-400x219.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/Tianjinpanorama640x360-672x369.jpg 672w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 323px) 100vw, 323px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A sustainable city built from scratch: That's what developers are aiming for with Tianjin Eco-city. Photo: Marjorie Sun\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>From green building rules to carpool privileges for electric cars, California has moved in recent years to plan for a more sustainable future. It’s a trend here, but nowhere is the urgency greater than in China, where hundreds of millions of people are moving to cities in pursuit of a better life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>China’s urbanization has come at a tremendous cost: pollution, traffic congestion, surging energy use and more carbon dioxide emissions. Now, China is partnering with experts in the Bay Area on a huge experiment—building new cities to be environmentally sustainable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>China’s Eco-city Showcase\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zhang Xi is a pretty, willowy woman. And she’s an urban pioneer. She and her family are among the first tenants of Tianjin Eco-city, a showcase for China’s push to build sustainable cities from scratch. Zhang moved here from Beijing, about an hour to the north by bullet train. She was enticed by a new job and a shorter commute to work. Much shorter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s just three minutes by elevator, so it's really convenient,” Zhang told me through a translator. She \"used to take the subway for half an hour, then change to a bus. That would take one hour.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now Zhang, a customer service rep, lives and works in the same high-rise. Her quick commute—albeit an extreme case--is one of the core principles of an eco-city: cut car use. Walkable streets are key too-- short city blocks, intersections that are easy to cross.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The area bears no resemblance to what was here just a few years ago. \"When this project was first conceived in 2007, this was just a barren site,” said Ho Tong Yen, CEO of the company developing the Tianjin Eco-city and the visionary for this $8 billion experiment. “It comprised saline and alkaline land, polluted water bodies. There was nothing inherently ‘eco’ about this site at all.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with the backing of the governments of China and Singapore, developers cleaned up the site. Clusters of new high-rises now dot the flat terrain here, with more under construction. There’s a mix of public housing and private, upscale apartments, all built to be energy-efficient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five thousand families have already bought homes here. By 2020, if plans pan out, Tianjin Eco-city will swell to 350,000--nearly the size of Oakland. This development is one of dozens of pilot projects around China spearheaded by the central government to serve as models for future cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rural Migration Fuels Urban Problems\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The need is urgent. In the past year, the number of people living in cities here surpassed the rural population for the first time. While this migration has fueled China’s remarkable economic boom, major cities--like Beijing—are beset with pollution and traffic congestion, which wastes energy. What’s more, commutes between home and work are often long, which means more pollution and greenhouse gases. That’s because single-use zoning often separates commercial districts from residential areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problems are sure to worsen without better planning. By 2030, as many as 300 million more Chinese are expected to move from the countryside to urban areas. That’s enough people to create 79 cities the size of Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tapping California for Advice\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So to prepare for that, several Chinese cities have partnered with a Bay Area firm for advice. One tip they got from Peter Calthorpe, president of Calthorpe Associates, an urban design group based in Berkeley: good urban design comes first, then add clean technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the mayor of a major Chinese city asked Calthorpe to redesign an area for a million-and-a-half people, the first things to go were the really long city blocks that are typical here. \"We got in and modified the street system so there were more human-scale blocks and smaller streets everywhere,” says Calthorpe. “We mixed the land use so you didn’t have to walk very far to school, parks or stores. And we concentrated development around the transit stations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Calthorpe has applied some of the same principles to projects in the Bay Area, including new developments at Alameda Point and Bay Meadows in San Mateo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How ‘Eco’ is Tianjin Eco-City?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Tianjin Eco-city executive Ho Tong Yen says, \"There is no one definition of what it means to be an eco-city. So what we have done is put together a set of key performance indicators, which we think are stretch targets; they are ambitious but achievable.” Those include 20% of the town’s electricity from renewable sources (low by some standards today), and half its water from harvesting rain and other “non-traditional” sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a popular new Korean restaurant in Tianjin Eco-city, it’s lunchtime and the place is packed. The restaurant is just a couple minutes walk from apartments and offices. Eventually there will be a light rail system and a large park extending through the middle of the city. But clearly there are still some design flaws to work out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So just to get around the corner and up the street you have to walk a really long way,” says Cecilia Springer. She’s a Fulbright scholar who’s studied Tianjin Eco-city. “You can't really cut through the middle of the blocks.\" She also points out that to get to the closest major city center--in Tianjin--you have to get in a car and drive at least a half an hour. \"So one could call it a Chinese suburb,” Springer says, “and that raises a lot of questions of how green can a suburb can really be.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another valid question is how many “green suburbs” it will take to arrest the environmental consequences of China’s economic growth. It’s a race against time as millions more migrate to the nation’s cities and China’s growing middle class pursues a more comfortable, “Western” lifestyle.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46106\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 323px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-46106 \" title=\"Tianjinpanorama640x360\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/Tianjinpanorama640x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"323\" height=\"177\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/Tianjinpanorama640x360.jpg 673w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/Tianjinpanorama640x360-400x219.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/Tianjinpanorama640x360-672x369.jpg 672w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 323px) 100vw, 323px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A sustainable city built from scratch: That's what developers are aiming for with Tianjin Eco-city. Photo: Marjorie Sun\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>From green building rules to carpool privileges for electric cars, California has moved in recent years to plan for a more sustainable future. It’s a trend here, but nowhere is the urgency greater than in China, where hundreds of millions of people are moving to cities in pursuit of a better life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>China’s urbanization has come at a tremendous cost: pollution, traffic congestion, surging energy use and more carbon dioxide emissions. Now, China is partnering with experts in the Bay Area on a huge experiment—building new cities to be environmentally sustainable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>China’s Eco-city Showcase\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zhang Xi is a pretty, willowy woman. And she’s an urban pioneer. She and her family are among the first tenants of Tianjin Eco-city, a showcase for China’s push to build sustainable cities from scratch. Zhang moved here from Beijing, about an hour to the north by bullet train. She was enticed by a new job and a shorter commute to work. Much shorter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s just three minutes by elevator, so it's really convenient,” Zhang told me through a translator. She \"used to take the subway for half an hour, then change to a bus. That would take one hour.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now Zhang, a customer service rep, lives and works in the same high-rise. Her quick commute—albeit an extreme case--is one of the core principles of an eco-city: cut car use. Walkable streets are key too-- short city blocks, intersections that are easy to cross.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The area bears no resemblance to what was here just a few years ago. \"When this project was first conceived in 2007, this was just a barren site,” said Ho Tong Yen, CEO of the company developing the Tianjin Eco-city and the visionary for this $8 billion experiment. “It comprised saline and alkaline land, polluted water bodies. There was nothing inherently ‘eco’ about this site at all.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with the backing of the governments of China and Singapore, developers cleaned up the site. Clusters of new high-rises now dot the flat terrain here, with more under construction. There’s a mix of public housing and private, upscale apartments, all built to be energy-efficient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five thousand families have already bought homes here. By 2020, if plans pan out, Tianjin Eco-city will swell to 350,000--nearly the size of Oakland. This development is one of dozens of pilot projects around China spearheaded by the central government to serve as models for future cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rural Migration Fuels Urban Problems\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The need is urgent. In the past year, the number of people living in cities here surpassed the rural population for the first time. While this migration has fueled China’s remarkable economic boom, major cities--like Beijing—are beset with pollution and traffic congestion, which wastes energy. What’s more, commutes between home and work are often long, which means more pollution and greenhouse gases. That’s because single-use zoning often separates commercial districts from residential areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problems are sure to worsen without better planning. By 2030, as many as 300 million more Chinese are expected to move from the countryside to urban areas. That’s enough people to create 79 cities the size of Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tapping California for Advice\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So to prepare for that, several Chinese cities have partnered with a Bay Area firm for advice. One tip they got from Peter Calthorpe, president of Calthorpe Associates, an urban design group based in Berkeley: good urban design comes first, then add clean technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the mayor of a major Chinese city asked Calthorpe to redesign an area for a million-and-a-half people, the first things to go were the really long city blocks that are typical here. \"We got in and modified the street system so there were more human-scale blocks and smaller streets everywhere,” says Calthorpe. “We mixed the land use so you didn’t have to walk very far to school, parks or stores. And we concentrated development around the transit stations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Calthorpe has applied some of the same principles to projects in the Bay Area, including new developments at Alameda Point and Bay Meadows in San Mateo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How ‘Eco’ is Tianjin Eco-City?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Tianjin Eco-city executive Ho Tong Yen says, \"There is no one definition of what it means to be an eco-city. So what we have done is put together a set of key performance indicators, which we think are stretch targets; they are ambitious but achievable.” Those include 20% of the town’s electricity from renewable sources (low by some standards today), and half its water from harvesting rain and other “non-traditional” sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a popular new Korean restaurant in Tianjin Eco-city, it’s lunchtime and the place is packed. The restaurant is just a couple minutes walk from apartments and offices. Eventually there will be a light rail system and a large park extending through the middle of the city. But clearly there are still some design flaws to work out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So just to get around the corner and up the street you have to walk a really long way,” says Cecilia Springer. She’s a Fulbright scholar who’s studied Tianjin Eco-city. “You can't really cut through the middle of the blocks.\" She also points out that to get to the closest major city center--in Tianjin--you have to get in a car and drive at least a half an hour. \"So one could call it a Chinese suburb,” Springer says, “and that raises a lot of questions of how green can a suburb can really be.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another valid question is how many “green suburbs” it will take to arrest the environmental consequences of China’s economic growth. 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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://palumbi.stanford.edu/\" title=\"Palumbi Lab at Stanford University\">Stephen Palumbi\u003c/a>, Director of Stanford University's \u003ca href=\"http://www-marine.stanford.edu/index.html\" title=\"Hopkins Marine Station\">Hopkins Marine Station\u003c/a>, is one of the world's leading authorities on tropical corals and the pressures they face from climate change - namely, warmer and more acidic oceans. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45885\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 360px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/Palumbi-frame_1_360.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/Palumbi-frame_1_360.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Palumbi frame_1_360\" width=\"360\" height=\"203\" class=\"size-full wp-image-45885\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stephen Palumbi, Director of Stanford University’s Hopkins Marine Station. Image courtesy Josiah Hooper.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Professor Palumbi has been traveling for years to Ofu, a tiny island in American Samoa, to study how some species of corals are capable of adapting to waters within this patch of the South Pacific, which would otherwise be too warm for them to survive. \"So either the corals hadn’t read the scientific literature and didn't know they should be dead, or they were doing something different than anybody else knew about,\" he said. \"Our work there really was built around the idea of trying to find out from the corals how it was they were living in places that were too hot for them,\" he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His research team's inquiry into the resilient adaptation of these \"super corals\" is more than just academic. As he explained to me, most of the oxygen we breathe come from tiny algae that live in the ocean and that a quarter of all marine species depend on corals for their survival. So the decline of the world's corals portends bad news for the marine ecosystem, from tiny crustaceans to the psychedelic, vividly-hued parrotfishes which eat algae and seaweed among vast reefs of table corals. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42435\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/603_Corals_SS_resized_1-31-12DSC_0001.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/603_Corals_SS_resized_1-31-12DSC_0001-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"603_Corals_SS_resized_1-31-12DSC_0001\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-42435\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A tiny piece from a tropical coral sample taken by marine biologist Stephen Palumbi during his research in the island of Ofu in America Samoa.Photo by Sheraz Sadiq\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Palumbi's path to and passion for marine biology began at a young age. He grew up in Baltimore and the proximity to the water, as well as the support of his parents, one of whom was a schoolteacher, sparked his lifelong interest in science. \"We'd go down the docks to see the big marlin competitions come back and we’d see those fish, and we’d go to the beach for vacations,\" he said, adding, \"The ocean is full of mysteries...And what I love is uncovering those mysteries and figuring them out and explaining them and revealing them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like most scientists, Palumbi is attracted to the process of discovery which lies at the heart of nearly every scientific discipline. These discoveries are often the culmination of dedication, diligence and the perseverance to slog through long days and the painstaking, even tedious, analysis of massive amounts of data. But as Palumbi told me, \"everyone is a scientist...everybody has to get data in their life.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, in an increasingly complex world awash with information bombarding us from a dizzying array of technological gadgets, the scientific method provides a steady compass to make sense of this torrent of data and stimuli every day and arrive at decisions, from the profound to the mundane. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://palumbi.stanford.edu/\" title=\"Palumbi Lab at Stanford University\">Stephen Palumbi\u003c/a>, Director of Stanford University's \u003ca href=\"http://www-marine.stanford.edu/index.html\" title=\"Hopkins Marine Station\">Hopkins Marine Station\u003c/a>, is one of the world's leading authorities on tropical corals and the pressures they face from climate change - namely, warmer and more acidic oceans. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45885\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 360px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/Palumbi-frame_1_360.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/Palumbi-frame_1_360.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Palumbi frame_1_360\" width=\"360\" height=\"203\" class=\"size-full wp-image-45885\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stephen Palumbi, Director of Stanford University’s Hopkins Marine Station. Image courtesy Josiah Hooper.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Professor Palumbi has been traveling for years to Ofu, a tiny island in American Samoa, to study how some species of corals are capable of adapting to waters within this patch of the South Pacific, which would otherwise be too warm for them to survive. \"So either the corals hadn’t read the scientific literature and didn't know they should be dead, or they were doing something different than anybody else knew about,\" he said. \"Our work there really was built around the idea of trying to find out from the corals how it was they were living in places that were too hot for them,\" he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His research team's inquiry into the resilient adaptation of these \"super corals\" is more than just academic. As he explained to me, most of the oxygen we breathe come from tiny algae that live in the ocean and that a quarter of all marine species depend on corals for their survival. So the decline of the world's corals portends bad news for the marine ecosystem, from tiny crustaceans to the psychedelic, vividly-hued parrotfishes which eat algae and seaweed among vast reefs of table corals. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42435\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/603_Corals_SS_resized_1-31-12DSC_0001.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/603_Corals_SS_resized_1-31-12DSC_0001-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"603_Corals_SS_resized_1-31-12DSC_0001\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-42435\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A tiny piece from a tropical coral sample taken by marine biologist Stephen Palumbi during his research in the island of Ofu in America Samoa.Photo by Sheraz Sadiq\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Palumbi's path to and passion for marine biology began at a young age. He grew up in Baltimore and the proximity to the water, as well as the support of his parents, one of whom was a schoolteacher, sparked his lifelong interest in science. \"We'd go down the docks to see the big marlin competitions come back and we’d see those fish, and we’d go to the beach for vacations,\" he said, adding, \"The ocean is full of mysteries...And what I love is uncovering those mysteries and figuring them out and explaining them and revealing them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like most scientists, Palumbi is attracted to the process of discovery which lies at the heart of nearly every scientific discipline. These discoveries are often the culmination of dedication, diligence and the perseverance to slog through long days and the painstaking, even tedious, analysis of massive amounts of data. But as Palumbi told me, \"everyone is a scientist...everybody has to get data in their life.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, in an increasingly complex world awash with information bombarding us from a dizzying array of technological gadgets, the scientific method provides a steady compass to make sense of this torrent of data and stimuli every day and arrive at decisions, from the profound to the mundane. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Ford's C-MAX Takes On The Toyota Prius ",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44058\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/08/fords-c-max-takes-on-the-toyota-prius/cmax4-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44058\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/CMAX41.jpg\" alt=\"Ford's C-Max Hybrid\" title=\"Ford's C-Max Hybrid\" width=\"640\" height=\"392\" class=\"size-full wp-image-44058\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/CMAX41.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/CMAX41-400x245.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ford's C-Max Hybrid\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ford has issued a hybrid throw down to Toyota. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot of effort went into besting the maker of the world's top selling hybrids. Specifically, the U.S. car maker is going after Toyota's family hybrid, the 2012 Prius V. \u003ca href=\"http://www.ford.com/cars/cmax/\">Ford's 2013 C-Max, \u003c/a> will be replacing the popular hybrid Escape in the company's line up. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having driven the \u003ca href=\"http://www.toyotanewsroom.com/press_kits.cfm?presskit_id=39\"> Prius V \u003c/a>, I was interested in seeing the difference between the two cars. The C-Max is cheaper ($25,995, starting price) than the Prius V and it has more fuel economy (with an EPA rating of 47 city/hwy). Also, Ford's C-Max Hybrid is faster than the Prius V and even though it doesn't take off like my all electric Leaf, it has more kick than the Prius. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Battle Of The Hybrids\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> I had a chance to test drive the 2013 C-Max recently and, honestly, I like it better than the Prius. Maybe driving the higher trim level SEL had something to do with it ($5,000 more than base). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The C-Max has more head room and more passenger space. This is partly due to the fact that Toyota has, in my opinion, gone overboard on its aerodynamic roof shape. Still, Toyota has improved in one area of its roof line and that is its rear window design. The Prius V is much easier to see out of than previous models and Ford's C-Max has a decent size rear window, as well. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Did i mention the lift gate on the C-Max? If your hands are full, you can just kick under the back of the car, the hatch back opens and lets you load your things. On a weekend trip up to Calistoga I was able to throw my road bike in (with the front wheel off). While Toyota wins on cargo space behind the front seats, I found the C-Max wagon had plenty of room for me and the overall inside volume is bigger than the Prius V.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44059\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 635px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/08/fords-c-max-takes-on-the-toyota-prius/cmax8/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44059\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/CMAX8.jpg\" alt=\"Cargo space for Ford's C-Max\" title=\"Cargo space for Ford's C-Max\" width=\"635\" height=\"383\" class=\"size-full wp-image-44059\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/CMAX8.jpg 635w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/CMAX8-400x241.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 635px) 100vw, 635px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cargo space for Ford's C-Max\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There is plenty of high tech in the new C-Max. There are two bright LCD displays next to the mileage indicator, one of them measures how green you are driving by displaying \"efficiency leaves.\" I found these glossy leaves much nicer to look at than the Nissan Leaf's clunky Christmas trees. The dashboard is also much more attractive than the Prius V. The C-Max has Ford's infotainment system, MyFord Touch, which can be accessed from buttons on the steering wheel, on the dashboard or by voice command. I must admit I don't know how difficult it is to pair the phone as I had the Ford rep sync mine for the trip. The steering wheel felt a little too busy to me and it takes a while to get the hang of the MyFord Touch system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45820\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 636px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/08/fords-c-max-takes-on-the-toyota-prius/c-max-vs-prius-v-comparison-10-4-jpg-sthumbnails-638-486-png/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45820\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/C-max-vs-Prius-V-comparison-10.4.jpg.sthumbnails.638.486.png.jpg\" alt=\"C-Max vs. Prius V\" title=\"C-Max vs. Prius V\" width=\"636\" height=\"445\" class=\"size-full wp-image-45820\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/C-max-vs-Prius-V-comparison-10.4.jpg.sthumbnails.638.486.png.jpg 636w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/C-max-vs-Prius-V-comparison-10.4.jpg.sthumbnails.638.486.png-400x280.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 636px) 100vw, 636px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ford's C-Max vs.Toyota's Prius V. Photo: Shopautoweek.com\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Compared to the Prius V, the C-Max is cheaper, faster and more fuel efficient (I averaged about 41mpg on my drive). It also has more technology and more room. You can't argue with that. But there is a lot to be said about the power of the Prius name recognition. The battle will soon heat up when Ford releases the C-Max Energi Hybrid plug-in. That model has Toyota's new Prius Hybrid Plug-in in its cross hairs and is expected to be out by years end. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44058\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/08/fords-c-max-takes-on-the-toyota-prius/cmax4-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44058\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/CMAX41.jpg\" alt=\"Ford's C-Max Hybrid\" title=\"Ford's C-Max Hybrid\" width=\"640\" height=\"392\" class=\"size-full wp-image-44058\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/CMAX41.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/CMAX41-400x245.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ford's C-Max Hybrid\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ford has issued a hybrid throw down to Toyota. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot of effort went into besting the maker of the world's top selling hybrids. Specifically, the U.S. car maker is going after Toyota's family hybrid, the 2012 Prius V. \u003ca href=\"http://www.ford.com/cars/cmax/\">Ford's 2013 C-Max, \u003c/a> will be replacing the popular hybrid Escape in the company's line up. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having driven the \u003ca href=\"http://www.toyotanewsroom.com/press_kits.cfm?presskit_id=39\"> Prius V \u003c/a>, I was interested in seeing the difference between the two cars. The C-Max is cheaper ($25,995, starting price) than the Prius V and it has more fuel economy (with an EPA rating of 47 city/hwy). Also, Ford's C-Max Hybrid is faster than the Prius V and even though it doesn't take off like my all electric Leaf, it has more kick than the Prius. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Battle Of The Hybrids\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> I had a chance to test drive the 2013 C-Max recently and, honestly, I like it better than the Prius. Maybe driving the higher trim level SEL had something to do with it ($5,000 more than base). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The C-Max has more head room and more passenger space. This is partly due to the fact that Toyota has, in my opinion, gone overboard on its aerodynamic roof shape. Still, Toyota has improved in one area of its roof line and that is its rear window design. The Prius V is much easier to see out of than previous models and Ford's C-Max has a decent size rear window, as well. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Did i mention the lift gate on the C-Max? If your hands are full, you can just kick under the back of the car, the hatch back opens and lets you load your things. On a weekend trip up to Calistoga I was able to throw my road bike in (with the front wheel off). While Toyota wins on cargo space behind the front seats, I found the C-Max wagon had plenty of room for me and the overall inside volume is bigger than the Prius V.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44059\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 635px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/08/fords-c-max-takes-on-the-toyota-prius/cmax8/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44059\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/CMAX8.jpg\" alt=\"Cargo space for Ford's C-Max\" title=\"Cargo space for Ford's C-Max\" width=\"635\" height=\"383\" class=\"size-full wp-image-44059\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/CMAX8.jpg 635w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/CMAX8-400x241.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 635px) 100vw, 635px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cargo space for Ford's C-Max\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There is plenty of high tech in the new C-Max. There are two bright LCD displays next to the mileage indicator, one of them measures how green you are driving by displaying \"efficiency leaves.\" I found these glossy leaves much nicer to look at than the Nissan Leaf's clunky Christmas trees. The dashboard is also much more attractive than the Prius V. The C-Max has Ford's infotainment system, MyFord Touch, which can be accessed from buttons on the steering wheel, on the dashboard or by voice command. I must admit I don't know how difficult it is to pair the phone as I had the Ford rep sync mine for the trip. The steering wheel felt a little too busy to me and it takes a while to get the hang of the MyFord Touch system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45820\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 636px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/08/fords-c-max-takes-on-the-toyota-prius/c-max-vs-prius-v-comparison-10-4-jpg-sthumbnails-638-486-png/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45820\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/C-max-vs-Prius-V-comparison-10.4.jpg.sthumbnails.638.486.png.jpg\" alt=\"C-Max vs. Prius V\" title=\"C-Max vs. Prius V\" width=\"636\" height=\"445\" class=\"size-full wp-image-45820\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/C-max-vs-Prius-V-comparison-10.4.jpg.sthumbnails.638.486.png.jpg 636w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/C-max-vs-Prius-V-comparison-10.4.jpg.sthumbnails.638.486.png-400x280.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 636px) 100vw, 636px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ford's C-Max vs.Toyota's Prius V. Photo: Shopautoweek.com\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Compared to the Prius V, the C-Max is cheaper, faster and more fuel efficient (I averaged about 41mpg on my drive). It also has more technology and more room. You can't argue with that. But there is a lot to be said about the power of the Prius name recognition. The battle will soon heat up when Ford releases the C-Max Energi Hybrid plug-in. That model has Toyota's new Prius Hybrid Plug-in in its cross hairs and is expected to be out by years end. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Who is Qualified to Decide Scientific Matters?",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45716\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/08/who-is-qualified-to-decide-scientific-matters/votingbooth/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45716\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-45716\" title=\"VotingBooth\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/VotingBooth.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"365\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/VotingBooth.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/VotingBooth-400x228.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Do voters know enough to make good decisions about scientific issues?\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In November, California voters need to decide whether or not GM foods should be labeled as such. They are making this decision even though a recent study shows that 49% of the people surveyed think that GM foods have genes whereas regular foods do not. Is this any way to run a democracy?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine that 49% of people thought that the heart and not the brain runs the body. Now imagine that voters get to decide whether a new brain surgery to treat a mental illness is used or not. How would you vote if you thought the heart was where mental illness came from?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now this is probably too dramatic an example. After all, at least here in the U.S., GM foods aren’t a matter of life and death for anyone. They have pretty much been shown to be safe and they help farmers improve yield, but if they were eliminated, there’d be no immediate problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this may not always be true. And in fact, it isn’t really true in other parts of the world either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Between 250,000 and 500,000 kids go blind in the world each year because they don’t get enough vitamin A in their diet. I have seen statistics that suggest that half these kids die within a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These kids suffer because they eat mostly rice and rice has no vitamin A. So a kind hearted scientist (not an “evil” corporation) set out to create a rice that makes enough vitamin A to maybe help these kids from going blind and so keep them alive. Thus was \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/04/26/greenpeace-or-golden-war/\">golden rice\u003c/a> born.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately for kids in the developing world, roadblocks have been put up that prevent this crop from being planted. A few determined people have finally managed to push aside these barriers so that golden rice will be planted soon. It is too late for the millions of blind and dead kids, but at least many more might be saved in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45721\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/08/who-is-qualified-to-decide-scientific-matters/goldenrice/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45721\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-45721\" title=\"GoldenRice\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/GoldenRice.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"250\" height=\"182\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Could keep hundreds of thousands of kids from going blind each year.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A GM labeling law might hold back important advances like this. Again, so far we haven’t needed it here but imagine that global warming combined with irrigation creates saltier, drier valleys in California. A plant that has been modified to do well in such conditions may be just what the doctor ordered. Too bad people won’t eat it because of all those genes it has…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like I keep saying, this law probably isn’t a big deal here in the U.S. Our food will cost more without them but we can afford it. What worries me more is some other future initiative based on questionable internet-based science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I can imagine an initiative getting on the ballot that makes it easier for parents to opt out of vaccinating their kids. After all, depending on the survey, somewhere between 25% and 50% of parents believe or are unsure if vaccines contribute to autism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A vote that made it easier to opt out might have devastating consequences (sort of like denying golden rice to kids in the developing world). Once too few people are vaccinated, previously dormant diseases may erupt back onto the scene killing thousands. These unfortunate souls would die to keep kids from getting autism from something that doesn’t cause autism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I am not sure what we can do about this. A better-informed public might help but that is a long-term goal and we have short-term problems that need to be solved now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe something like a consumer protection agency for science might do the trick. It would need to be completely financially independent and the scientists on the board paid well enough that lobbying groups couldn’t bribe them into giving bad information. A tall and probably impossible order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe something equivalent to \u003ca href=\"http://factcheck.org/\">factcheck.org\u003c/a> except it is sciencechecker.com. It would have useful tutorials on how to tell good science from bad, put scientific jargon into terms everyone can understand, and maybe grade science down in key areas based on their quality and/or quantity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or maybe something even more grandiose. A \"science Supreme Court\" that hands down decisions on science based on facts and not ideologies. Of course, given how “successful” the real Supreme Court is at being non-ideological, I’m not sure this has much of a chance of working. And we couldn’t have Congress decide who goes on this court. Remember, Representative Akin (he of the “women’s bodies have ways of preventing pregnancy if they were legitimately raped”) is on the House Science Committee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m fresh out of ideas. Any of these ideas any good? Any other suggestions?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Stories:\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/politics/election2012/statepropositions-guide.jsp\">Handy Guide to California's Propositions\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/election2012/2012/10/04/the-food-fight-over-prop-37s-gmo-labeling/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=the-food-fight-over-prop-37s-gmo-labeling\">Debate Over Prop. 37′s GMO Labeling\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask334\">More about golden rice\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "In November, California voters need to decide whether or not GM foods should be labeled as such. They are making this decision even though a recent study shows that 49% of the people surveyed think that GM foods have genes whereas regular foods do not. Is this any way to run a democracy?",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45716\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/08/who-is-qualified-to-decide-scientific-matters/votingbooth/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45716\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-45716\" title=\"VotingBooth\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/VotingBooth.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"365\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/VotingBooth.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/VotingBooth-400x228.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Do voters know enough to make good decisions about scientific issues?\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In November, California voters need to decide whether or not GM foods should be labeled as such. They are making this decision even though a recent study shows that 49% of the people surveyed think that GM foods have genes whereas regular foods do not. Is this any way to run a democracy?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine that 49% of people thought that the heart and not the brain runs the body. Now imagine that voters get to decide whether a new brain surgery to treat a mental illness is used or not. How would you vote if you thought the heart was where mental illness came from?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now this is probably too dramatic an example. After all, at least here in the U.S., GM foods aren’t a matter of life and death for anyone. They have pretty much been shown to be safe and they help farmers improve yield, but if they were eliminated, there’d be no immediate problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this may not always be true. And in fact, it isn’t really true in other parts of the world either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Between 250,000 and 500,000 kids go blind in the world each year because they don’t get enough vitamin A in their diet. I have seen statistics that suggest that half these kids die within a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These kids suffer because they eat mostly rice and rice has no vitamin A. So a kind hearted scientist (not an “evil” corporation) set out to create a rice that makes enough vitamin A to maybe help these kids from going blind and so keep them alive. Thus was \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/04/26/greenpeace-or-golden-war/\">golden rice\u003c/a> born.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately for kids in the developing world, roadblocks have been put up that prevent this crop from being planted. A few determined people have finally managed to push aside these barriers so that golden rice will be planted soon. It is too late for the millions of blind and dead kids, but at least many more might be saved in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45721\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/08/who-is-qualified-to-decide-scientific-matters/goldenrice/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45721\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-45721\" title=\"GoldenRice\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/GoldenRice.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"250\" height=\"182\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Could keep hundreds of thousands of kids from going blind each year.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A GM labeling law might hold back important advances like this. Again, so far we haven’t needed it here but imagine that global warming combined with irrigation creates saltier, drier valleys in California. A plant that has been modified to do well in such conditions may be just what the doctor ordered. Too bad people won’t eat it because of all those genes it has…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like I keep saying, this law probably isn’t a big deal here in the U.S. Our food will cost more without them but we can afford it. What worries me more is some other future initiative based on questionable internet-based science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I can imagine an initiative getting on the ballot that makes it easier for parents to opt out of vaccinating their kids. After all, depending on the survey, somewhere between 25% and 50% of parents believe or are unsure if vaccines contribute to autism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A vote that made it easier to opt out might have devastating consequences (sort of like denying golden rice to kids in the developing world). Once too few people are vaccinated, previously dormant diseases may erupt back onto the scene killing thousands. These unfortunate souls would die to keep kids from getting autism from something that doesn’t cause autism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I am not sure what we can do about this. A better-informed public might help but that is a long-term goal and we have short-term problems that need to be solved now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe something like a consumer protection agency for science might do the trick. It would need to be completely financially independent and the scientists on the board paid well enough that lobbying groups couldn’t bribe them into giving bad information. A tall and probably impossible order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe something equivalent to \u003ca href=\"http://factcheck.org/\">factcheck.org\u003c/a> except it is sciencechecker.com. It would have useful tutorials on how to tell good science from bad, put scientific jargon into terms everyone can understand, and maybe grade science down in key areas based on their quality and/or quantity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or maybe something even more grandiose. A \"science Supreme Court\" that hands down decisions on science based on facts and not ideologies. Of course, given how “successful” the real Supreme Court is at being non-ideological, I’m not sure this has much of a chance of working. And we couldn’t have Congress decide who goes on this court. Remember, Representative Akin (he of the “women’s bodies have ways of preventing pregnancy if they were legitimately raped”) is on the House Science Committee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m fresh out of ideas. Any of these ideas any good? Any other suggestions?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Stories:\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/politics/election2012/statepropositions-guide.jsp\">Handy Guide to California's Propositions\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/election2012/2012/10/04/the-food-fight-over-prop-37s-gmo-labeling/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=the-food-fight-over-prop-37s-gmo-labeling\">Debate Over Prop. 37′s GMO Labeling\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask334\">More about golden rice\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Last week I went on an aerial tour of the San Francisco Bay. David Lewis, the executive director of \u003ca href=\"http://www.savesfbay.org/\">Save the Bay\u003c/a>, narrated. Bill Rush, a volunteer pilot with \u003ca href=\"http://www.lighthawk.org/\">LightHawk\u003c/a>, flew the plane. We saw tidal marsh and salt ponds; the cities, highways and industry that ring the Bay; and a good amount of fog. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was my first time in such a small plane, and I was surprised at how different it was from approaching SFO in a 747.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I kind of felt like I was playing hooky, even though it was for work. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/The_Bay_From_the_Air_slideshow/_files/iframe.html\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Want more details on the places in the photos? Here are a few notes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cargill's Development Plans\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nKQED Science reporter Lauren Sommer did a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/rough-waters-for-sea-level-rise-planning/\">story\u003c/a> about the proposed Saltworks project last year. Right now the project is on hold, while the developer \u003ca href=\"http://www.rcsaltworks.com/\">DMB Associates\u003c/a> revises its plans. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ravenswood Salt Pond\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nCargill sold it to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/desfbay/\">Don Edwards National Wildlife Refuge\u003c/a>. It's now part of the biggest wetland restoration effort on the West Coast. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Oracle and SFO\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIf you want to see how sea level rise will affect low-lying shoreline areas, try \u003ca href=\"http://sealevel.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central's interactive map\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fog\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWatch a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-science-of-fog/\">video from Quest\u003c/a> about the science of fog. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Rock Quarry\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nHere it is \u003ca href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msid=213807471835276999612.0004cb42a116d93f06caf&msa=0&ll=37.993051,-122.475929&spn=0.103492,0.154324\">on a map\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Highway 37\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAn \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinij.com/novato/ci_21437499/is-highway-37-destined-become-new-waterway\">article in the Marin I-J\u003c/a> from last month, which includes the notable quote, \"how not to have everyone commuting by gondola,\" says that though Caltrans is aware of the threat from sea level rise, there's currently no money to do anything about it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Napa-Sonoma Marsh\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nCargill had salt ponds in the North bay, too. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/lands/wa/region3/nsmwa/goals.html\">Napa-Sonoma Marsh\u003c/a> now belongs to the California Department of Fish and game. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Refinery\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nCurious about where all the oil refineries are in the Bay Area and California? The \u003ca href=\"http://www.energy.ca.gov/maps/powerplants/refinery_locations.html\">California Energy Commission has a map\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Salt Ponds\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nCargill does still \u003ca href=\"http://www.cargill.com/corporate-responsibility/environmental-sustainability/san-francisco-bay-salt/environmental-renaissance/salt-pioneer-industry/index.jsp\">harvest salt\u003c/a> here. If you want to explore former salt ponds in the Don Edwards National Wildlife Refuge, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/science-hike/don-edwards-sf-bay-national-wildlife-refuge-exploration/\">here's a guide\u003c/a>. (Plus, there's great birding there -- and we're just getting to the season for it.)\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Last week I went on an aerial tour of the San Francisco Bay. David Lewis, the executive director of \u003ca href=\"http://www.savesfbay.org/\">Save the Bay\u003c/a>, narrated. Bill Rush, a volunteer pilot with \u003ca href=\"http://www.lighthawk.org/\">LightHawk\u003c/a>, flew the plane. We saw tidal marsh and salt ponds; the cities, highways and industry that ring the Bay; and a good amount of fog. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was my first time in such a small plane, and I was surprised at how different it was from approaching SFO in a 747.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I kind of felt like I was playing hooky, even though it was for work. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/The_Bay_From_the_Air_slideshow/_files/iframe.html\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Want more details on the places in the photos? Here are a few notes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cargill's Development Plans\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nKQED Science reporter Lauren Sommer did a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/rough-waters-for-sea-level-rise-planning/\">story\u003c/a> about the proposed Saltworks project last year. Right now the project is on hold, while the developer \u003ca href=\"http://www.rcsaltworks.com/\">DMB Associates\u003c/a> revises its plans. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ravenswood Salt Pond\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nCargill sold it to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/desfbay/\">Don Edwards National Wildlife Refuge\u003c/a>. It's now part of the biggest wetland restoration effort on the West Coast. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Oracle and SFO\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIf you want to see how sea level rise will affect low-lying shoreline areas, try \u003ca href=\"http://sealevel.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central's interactive map\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fog\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWatch a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-science-of-fog/\">video from Quest\u003c/a> about the science of fog. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Rock Quarry\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nHere it is \u003ca href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msid=213807471835276999612.0004cb42a116d93f06caf&msa=0&ll=37.993051,-122.475929&spn=0.103492,0.154324\">on a map\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Highway 37\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAn \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinij.com/novato/ci_21437499/is-highway-37-destined-become-new-waterway\">article in the Marin I-J\u003c/a> from last month, which includes the notable quote, \"how not to have everyone commuting by gondola,\" says that though Caltrans is aware of the threat from sea level rise, there's currently no money to do anything about it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Napa-Sonoma Marsh\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nCargill had salt ponds in the North bay, too. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/lands/wa/region3/nsmwa/goals.html\">Napa-Sonoma Marsh\u003c/a> now belongs to the California Department of Fish and game. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Refinery\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nCurious about where all the oil refineries are in the Bay Area and California? The \u003ca href=\"http://www.energy.ca.gov/maps/powerplants/refinery_locations.html\">California Energy Commission has a map\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Salt Ponds\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nCargill does still \u003ca href=\"http://www.cargill.com/corporate-responsibility/environmental-sustainability/san-francisco-bay-salt/environmental-renaissance/salt-pioneer-industry/index.jsp\">harvest salt\u003c/a> here. If you want to explore former salt ponds in the Don Edwards National Wildlife Refuge, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/science-hike/don-edwards-sf-bay-national-wildlife-refuge-exploration/\">here's a guide\u003c/a>. (Plus, there's great birding there -- and we're just getting to the season for it.)\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Counting Climate-Challenged Pikas",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/10/2012-10-01-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The American pika is a squeaky little animal that lives at high elevations in mountains in the West. It could one day have a huge influence on America’s battles over climate change. And a new program is enlisting students to help scientists learn more about the critters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Meet the Pika\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45257\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 307px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-45257 \" title=\"pika640x360\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/pika640x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"307\" height=\"173\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/pika640x360.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/pika640x360-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 307px) 100vw, 307px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The American pika lives at high elevations in the American West. Photo: Doug Von Gausig/Naturesongs.com\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a campground near Lake Tahoe, a group of seventh and eighth graders from West Oakland Middle School are sitting around a campfire, getting to know ecologist Joseph Stewart. And he's introducing them to his work. Stewart works with the California Department of Fish and Game and is a grad student at the University of Nevada-Reno, where he studies pikas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is a picture of a pika,\" Stewart says. He pulls out a photo and the campers click on their flashlights to see it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Ooh, they're cute,\" says seventh-grader Anisa Moore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pikas are related to rabbits. They're about the size of hamsters, with no tails and round Mickey Mouse ears. They live in rock piles at high elevations, and are adapted to cold temperatures. When it gets too hot, they hide out under the rocks. So Stewart is trying to figure out if pikas don't do well in the heat, what will happen to them as the climate continues to warm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They've been petitioned for listing under the Endangered Species Act because of climate change,\" he explains to the students. \"But when the Fish and Wildlife Service reviewed that petition, they pretty much said that we don't know enough about how pikas are doing. We need more data.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two years ago, the Obama administration decided \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/mountain-prairie/species/mammals/americanpika/\">not to protect pikas as endangered\u003c/a>. But \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/wildlife/nongame/CPC/\">California is still considering it\u003c/a>. If the state does decide to add them to its endangered species list, pikas would become the first species here to be listed as threatened primarily because of climate change. If the state starts protecting animals because of climate change, things that affect the climate, like new fossil-fuel power plants or clearcut logging projects, could be slowed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The students are here with Howard Nathel, who volunteers at their school and organized the project. They'll survey likely pika habitat, to help figure out where pikas still live, and in what locations they once lived, but don't anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>In the Wilderness\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45290\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 189px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-45290\" title=\"IMG_4146\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/IMG_4146-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fredrikka Lake at the border of Desolation Wilderness. Photo: Molly Samuel\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To get to pika habitat, the students have to hike. Lake Tahoe isn't high enough for the cold-loving creatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They're heading to Tamarack Lake, a bright blue lake surrounded by granite and pine trees in the Desolation Wilderness near South Lake Tahoe. At about 7800 feet in elevation, it's in prime pika territory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next morning, Anton Jackson and Joe Green get their first glimpse of a pika as it scurries across the rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You guys see that?\" Stewart points it out to them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Yeah,\" Jackson says. \"It's right there. It's really small. It's on that little rock.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's hecka small,\" says Green.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group that's leading this trip is \u003ca href=\"http://www.adventureandscience.org/\">Adventurers and Scientists for Conservation\u003c/a> (ASC), a Montana-based non-profit. Usually the organization puts outdoor athletes -- hikers, climbers, kayakers -- in touch with scientists who study plants and animals in hard-to-reach places, like Mt. Everest, the Australian Outback or the Amazon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the first trip the group has organized for students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's such a cool way for them to have fun, to grow a lot, and to be excited about what it is to be a scientist,\" says Gregg Treinish, the founder of ASC. \"And to have that idea in their heads that, 'Hey I can be a scientist. Hey, I can do this.'\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The students learn to take down the data they need: where they are, what time it is, and whether or not they found pikas. Stewart explains the best way to figure out if a pika lives -- or has lived -- in the area is by looking for pika pellets, which look like brown-green peppercorns. De'Jon Banks quickly finds some.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45285\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-45285\" title=\"IMG_4168\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/IMG_4168-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(From left to right) Brendan Weiner, Howard Nathel, De'Jon Banks, Fredrick Lake, Joseph Stewart, Anton Jackson and Joe Green look for pikas. Photo: Molly Samuel/KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Oh, this pika poop right here?\" He asks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Let's see. Looks like it. Looks like you found some,\" Stewart says. \"So I'll write down that we found some...\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Old pika poop,\" Banks offers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This data will go into \u003ca href=\"http://www.inaturalist.org/\">iNaturalist\u003c/a>, a website where citizen scientists can upload their observations for scientists to use. This is the first time anyone's surveyed the area around Tamarack Lake for pikas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Treinish says, this project isn’t just good for science, it’s also good for the students, who are going beyond pre-set lab experiments, and learning to do actual field work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They're in 7th grade from West Oakland, and they're going to be part of science, they're part of our scientific understanding of the world. And that's a really cool thing,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pikas in the Past, Present and Future\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later in the day, Stewart takes me to one of the sites he's studied. As it starts to cool off around dusk, the pikas emerge from under the rocks and begin calling. Their chirps bounce off the granite boulders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I don't think there will be pikas here in 50 years,\" Stewart tells me. \"Right now it seems like there's tons, but if you change the climate, if it's on average a couple degrees Celsius warmer here, it's not going to be climaticly suitable for pikas.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pikas have been moving uphill since the last ice age, to keep up with the cooler temperatures they've evolved to live in. As part of his research, Stewart searches for spots that would be good pika habitat if they were higher and cooler. When he finds pika pellets in those locations, he can tell they once lived there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the climate continues to warm, their range will get even smaller. Stewart says anthropogenic climate change means, they may disappear from Northern California entirely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pika Policy\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The more scientists know about their numbers, the better informed government leaders will be when deciding whether to classify them as endangered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Department of Fish and Game is expected to recommend whether or not to list the pika as threatened later this year.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/10/2012-10-01-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The American pika is a squeaky little animal that lives at high elevations in mountains in the West. It could one day have a huge influence on America’s battles over climate change. And a new program is enlisting students to help scientists learn more about the critters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Meet the Pika\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45257\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 307px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-45257 \" title=\"pika640x360\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/pika640x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"307\" height=\"173\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/pika640x360.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/pika640x360-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 307px) 100vw, 307px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The American pika lives at high elevations in the American West. Photo: Doug Von Gausig/Naturesongs.com\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a campground near Lake Tahoe, a group of seventh and eighth graders from West Oakland Middle School are sitting around a campfire, getting to know ecologist Joseph Stewart. And he's introducing them to his work. Stewart works with the California Department of Fish and Game and is a grad student at the University of Nevada-Reno, where he studies pikas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is a picture of a pika,\" Stewart says. He pulls out a photo and the campers click on their flashlights to see it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Ooh, they're cute,\" says seventh-grader Anisa Moore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pikas are related to rabbits. They're about the size of hamsters, with no tails and round Mickey Mouse ears. They live in rock piles at high elevations, and are adapted to cold temperatures. When it gets too hot, they hide out under the rocks. So Stewart is trying to figure out if pikas don't do well in the heat, what will happen to them as the climate continues to warm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They've been petitioned for listing under the Endangered Species Act because of climate change,\" he explains to the students. \"But when the Fish and Wildlife Service reviewed that petition, they pretty much said that we don't know enough about how pikas are doing. We need more data.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two years ago, the Obama administration decided \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/mountain-prairie/species/mammals/americanpika/\">not to protect pikas as endangered\u003c/a>. But \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/wildlife/nongame/CPC/\">California is still considering it\u003c/a>. If the state does decide to add them to its endangered species list, pikas would become the first species here to be listed as threatened primarily because of climate change. If the state starts protecting animals because of climate change, things that affect the climate, like new fossil-fuel power plants or clearcut logging projects, could be slowed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The students are here with Howard Nathel, who volunteers at their school and organized the project. They'll survey likely pika habitat, to help figure out where pikas still live, and in what locations they once lived, but don't anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>In the Wilderness\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45290\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 189px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-45290\" title=\"IMG_4146\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/IMG_4146-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fredrikka Lake at the border of Desolation Wilderness. Photo: Molly Samuel\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To get to pika habitat, the students have to hike. Lake Tahoe isn't high enough for the cold-loving creatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They're heading to Tamarack Lake, a bright blue lake surrounded by granite and pine trees in the Desolation Wilderness near South Lake Tahoe. At about 7800 feet in elevation, it's in prime pika territory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next morning, Anton Jackson and Joe Green get their first glimpse of a pika as it scurries across the rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You guys see that?\" Stewart points it out to them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Yeah,\" Jackson says. \"It's right there. It's really small. It's on that little rock.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's hecka small,\" says Green.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group that's leading this trip is \u003ca href=\"http://www.adventureandscience.org/\">Adventurers and Scientists for Conservation\u003c/a> (ASC), a Montana-based non-profit. Usually the organization puts outdoor athletes -- hikers, climbers, kayakers -- in touch with scientists who study plants and animals in hard-to-reach places, like Mt. Everest, the Australian Outback or the Amazon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the first trip the group has organized for students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's such a cool way for them to have fun, to grow a lot, and to be excited about what it is to be a scientist,\" says Gregg Treinish, the founder of ASC. \"And to have that idea in their heads that, 'Hey I can be a scientist. Hey, I can do this.'\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The students learn to take down the data they need: where they are, what time it is, and whether or not they found pikas. Stewart explains the best way to figure out if a pika lives -- or has lived -- in the area is by looking for pika pellets, which look like brown-green peppercorns. De'Jon Banks quickly finds some.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45285\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-45285\" title=\"IMG_4168\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/IMG_4168-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(From left to right) Brendan Weiner, Howard Nathel, De'Jon Banks, Fredrick Lake, Joseph Stewart, Anton Jackson and Joe Green look for pikas. Photo: Molly Samuel/KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Oh, this pika poop right here?\" He asks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Let's see. Looks like it. Looks like you found some,\" Stewart says. \"So I'll write down that we found some...\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Old pika poop,\" Banks offers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This data will go into \u003ca href=\"http://www.inaturalist.org/\">iNaturalist\u003c/a>, a website where citizen scientists can upload their observations for scientists to use. This is the first time anyone's surveyed the area around Tamarack Lake for pikas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Treinish says, this project isn’t just good for science, it’s also good for the students, who are going beyond pre-set lab experiments, and learning to do actual field work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They're in 7th grade from West Oakland, and they're going to be part of science, they're part of our scientific understanding of the world. And that's a really cool thing,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pikas in the Past, Present and Future\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later in the day, Stewart takes me to one of the sites he's studied. As it starts to cool off around dusk, the pikas emerge from under the rocks and begin calling. Their chirps bounce off the granite boulders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I don't think there will be pikas here in 50 years,\" Stewart tells me. \"Right now it seems like there's tons, but if you change the climate, if it's on average a couple degrees Celsius warmer here, it's not going to be climaticly suitable for pikas.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pikas have been moving uphill since the last ice age, to keep up with the cooler temperatures they've evolved to live in. As part of his research, Stewart searches for spots that would be good pika habitat if they were higher and cooler. When he finds pika pellets in those locations, he can tell they once lived there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the climate continues to warm, their range will get even smaller. Stewart says anthropogenic climate change means, they may disappear from Northern California entirely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pika Policy\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The more scientists know about their numbers, the better informed government leaders will be when deciding whether to classify them as endangered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Department of Fish and Game is expected to recommend whether or not to list the pika as threatened later this year.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Water Banks: A Hedge Against Shrinking Supplies in a Changing Climate",
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"content": "\u003cp>When you make that long drive up or down I-5, look east. You see fields and orchards stretching to the Sierra, livestock and this time of year, lots of tomato trucks. What you don’t see is California’s largest permanent reservoir. Because it’s underground in the rock formations known as “aquifers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years, farms and cities have pumped water out to meet their needs. But now, as water supplies dwindle, there’s a major movement afoot to put some water back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent trip to Kern County, Harry Starkey unlocked the gate to some big electric pumps, to explain how. We were somewhere west of Bakersfield, surrounded by low-lying fields known as the “North Recharge and Recovery project for the West Kern Water District.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starkey is general manager of the District. But he’s also a banker. And these pumps are his “ATM.” Deposits are made here--not in dollars--but in acre-feet of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a lot more impressive when there’s water in it,” said Starkey. On this predictably hot, dry day in the San Joaquin Valley, there was no water anywhere in sight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>West Kern was the first to formally start using the aquifers that lie underneath the San Joaquin Valley as the vault for what’s come to be known as “groundwater banking.” That was nearly 40 years ago. Now it’s one of almost a dozen groundwater banks in the region, designed to capture water in wet years and save it for a non-rainy day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can take these high-flow occurrences, these flashy occasions when water arrives and there’s no home for it, the farmers don’t need it, the reservoirs are full in southern California, and then we have the ability to store that water underground,” explained Starkey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His district doesn’t have any groundwater of its own. It’s had to buy land outside the district and pipe water to it, to let it soak in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And so what you’re looking for are sandy soils,” he continued. “And where do you find those? You find them proximate to river courses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tapping the occasional spring pulse from the Kern River and other sources, water banks in this part of state have been able to squirrel away as much as three million acre-feet of water, equivalent to more than half the capacity of Shasta Lake...as near as they can tell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not exactly the kind of banking you’re used to, where you go down to the ATM, feed it some cash or a check, it spits out a receipt and you know exactly how much money you have in your account and how much you can take out. With groundwater banking, the “vault” is an unseen rock formation somewhere underground, so checking your balance involves a little more guesswork.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right now, it’s ‘current balance’ we think,” says Eric Averett, who runs the Rosedale-Rio Bravo Water Storage District on the west side of Bakersfield. “But everyone’s looking at that balance and saying, ‘I’m not sure I agree with that.’” In 2010, his district ended up in court with some neighboring water bankers, when it seemed like some of his customers’ “deposits” had diminished. Their wells were drying up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45306\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-45306\" title=\"IMG_2527\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/IMG_2527-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Harry Starkey at the “ATM.” Pumps like this are the tools for making “deposits” and “withdrawals” at Kern County’s various water banks. Starkey’s West Kern Water District is adding a solar array to power these pumps. Photo: Craig Miller\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Clearly the groundwater system is a dynamic system,” he told me. “It’s like a river underneath the ground, and it does move and the benefits associated with the water when you put them into the ground are transient. And I think we’re learning that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’ve learned, for instance, that about four percent of the water put into the ground may not come back out. It can migrate to another place and become irretrievable--think of it as Nature’s ATM fee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, groundwater banking is getting big buzz in water circles of late, because frankly, it beats the alternative: building more dams and reservoirs to store surface water. It beats it from a financial standpoint--and is far more palatable to environmentalists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not that it’s cheap. It takes a lot of expensive plumbing to pump and move the water around to where it’s stored and retrieved. Districts down here just completed a $60 million-dollar expansion of something called the Cross Valley Canal, to shuttle water back and forth between the east and west sides of the Valley. But that’s chicken feed compared to the price of a new dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think water banking has proven out,” says Starkey. “It’s now sexy to kind of embrace it and look at it and people are wanting to borrow from what’s being done here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says water planners and managers from all over the world have come through to study Kern’s approach to groundwater banking. It’s not surprising. Aquifers around the world are severely overdrawn, including some in the Central Valley—in particular, the area near Bakersfield known as the Tulare Basin. Managing Southern California’s surface and groundwater together, aan approach known to water wonks as “conjunctive management,” could ease that problem and mean far less reliance on water imported from the fragile Sacramento Delta--if they can get it right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Within Kern we’re saying we better start doing these things, and we better start doing them together,” concedes Averett. He and others have put their legal squabbles on hold while they work out the kinks. California’s groundwater has been called the least monitored, least regulated in the nation. State regulators are under pressure to fix that and are watching this experiment closely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There have been a few hiccups along the way,” says Ellen Hanak, a water analyst with the Public Policy Institute of California. But Hanak is impressed with the experiment so far, and agrees that in the long run, the most efficient way to manage groundwater is by the folks sitting on top of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials in the Valley are racing to prove that they can manage groundwater resources without more regulation. “We understand it from a technical standpoint, from an institutional standpoint, in a way that the state of California never could,” says Starkey. His colleague Averett puts it more bluntly: “We’re all kind of in this together, sink or swim. We all rely upon this geologic formation for our groundwater. And you know, we’re gonna live or die together.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The television documentary, \u003c/em>Heat and Harvest\u003cem>, premieres tonight at 7:30on KQED 9. And you'll find the entire multimedia series on KQED’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/heat-and-harvest/\">Heat and Harvest website\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When you make that long drive up or down I-5, look east. You see fields and orchards stretching to the Sierra, livestock and this time of year, lots of tomato trucks. What you don’t see is California’s largest permanent reservoir. Because it’s underground in the rock formations known as “aquifers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years, farms and cities have pumped water out to meet their needs. But now, as water supplies dwindle, there’s a major movement afoot to put some water back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent trip to Kern County, Harry Starkey unlocked the gate to some big electric pumps, to explain how. We were somewhere west of Bakersfield, surrounded by low-lying fields known as the “North Recharge and Recovery project for the West Kern Water District.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starkey is general manager of the District. But he’s also a banker. And these pumps are his “ATM.” Deposits are made here--not in dollars--but in acre-feet of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a lot more impressive when there’s water in it,” said Starkey. On this predictably hot, dry day in the San Joaquin Valley, there was no water anywhere in sight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>West Kern was the first to formally start using the aquifers that lie underneath the San Joaquin Valley as the vault for what’s come to be known as “groundwater banking.” That was nearly 40 years ago. Now it’s one of almost a dozen groundwater banks in the region, designed to capture water in wet years and save it for a non-rainy day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can take these high-flow occurrences, these flashy occasions when water arrives and there’s no home for it, the farmers don’t need it, the reservoirs are full in southern California, and then we have the ability to store that water underground,” explained Starkey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His district doesn’t have any groundwater of its own. It’s had to buy land outside the district and pipe water to it, to let it soak in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And so what you’re looking for are sandy soils,” he continued. “And where do you find those? You find them proximate to river courses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tapping the occasional spring pulse from the Kern River and other sources, water banks in this part of state have been able to squirrel away as much as three million acre-feet of water, equivalent to more than half the capacity of Shasta Lake...as near as they can tell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not exactly the kind of banking you’re used to, where you go down to the ATM, feed it some cash or a check, it spits out a receipt and you know exactly how much money you have in your account and how much you can take out. With groundwater banking, the “vault” is an unseen rock formation somewhere underground, so checking your balance involves a little more guesswork.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right now, it’s ‘current balance’ we think,” says Eric Averett, who runs the Rosedale-Rio Bravo Water Storage District on the west side of Bakersfield. “But everyone’s looking at that balance and saying, ‘I’m not sure I agree with that.’” In 2010, his district ended up in court with some neighboring water bankers, when it seemed like some of his customers’ “deposits” had diminished. Their wells were drying up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45306\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-45306\" title=\"IMG_2527\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/IMG_2527-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Harry Starkey at the “ATM.” Pumps like this are the tools for making “deposits” and “withdrawals” at Kern County’s various water banks. Starkey’s West Kern Water District is adding a solar array to power these pumps. Photo: Craig Miller\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Clearly the groundwater system is a dynamic system,” he told me. “It’s like a river underneath the ground, and it does move and the benefits associated with the water when you put them into the ground are transient. And I think we’re learning that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’ve learned, for instance, that about four percent of the water put into the ground may not come back out. It can migrate to another place and become irretrievable--think of it as Nature’s ATM fee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, groundwater banking is getting big buzz in water circles of late, because frankly, it beats the alternative: building more dams and reservoirs to store surface water. It beats it from a financial standpoint--and is far more palatable to environmentalists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not that it’s cheap. It takes a lot of expensive plumbing to pump and move the water around to where it’s stored and retrieved. Districts down here just completed a $60 million-dollar expansion of something called the Cross Valley Canal, to shuttle water back and forth between the east and west sides of the Valley. But that’s chicken feed compared to the price of a new dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think water banking has proven out,” says Starkey. “It’s now sexy to kind of embrace it and look at it and people are wanting to borrow from what’s being done here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says water planners and managers from all over the world have come through to study Kern’s approach to groundwater banking. It’s not surprising. Aquifers around the world are severely overdrawn, including some in the Central Valley—in particular, the area near Bakersfield known as the Tulare Basin. Managing Southern California’s surface and groundwater together, aan approach known to water wonks as “conjunctive management,” could ease that problem and mean far less reliance on water imported from the fragile Sacramento Delta--if they can get it right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Within Kern we’re saying we better start doing these things, and we better start doing them together,” concedes Averett. He and others have put their legal squabbles on hold while they work out the kinks. California’s groundwater has been called the least monitored, least regulated in the nation. State regulators are under pressure to fix that and are watching this experiment closely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There have been a few hiccups along the way,” says Ellen Hanak, a water analyst with the Public Policy Institute of California. But Hanak is impressed with the experiment so far, and agrees that in the long run, the most efficient way to manage groundwater is by the folks sitting on top of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials in the Valley are racing to prove that they can manage groundwater resources without more regulation. “We understand it from a technical standpoint, from an institutional standpoint, in a way that the state of California never could,” says Starkey. His colleague Averett puts it more bluntly: “We’re all kind of in this together, sink or swim. 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"content": "\u003cp>Like what you see in the supermarket produce section? Enjoy, because things may be changing there – the prices, even the mix of available fruits, nuts and veggies. Long acknowledged as \"the nation's salad bowl,\" California's farm belt is facing some thorny challenges from our changing climate: rising temperatures, an uncertain water supply and more abundant pests that threaten multi-billion-dollar crops. The half-hour documentary \u003cstrong>Heat and Harvest\u003c/strong>, a co-production of KQED and the \u003ca title=\"Center for Investigative Reporting\" href=\"http://cironline.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Center for Investigative Reporting\u003c/a>, examines these threats and some potential solutions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44759\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/ch01_blossom_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44759\" title=\"Cherry blossom\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/ch01_blossom_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cherries need a certain number of \"chilling hours\" to bloom evenly. Photo: Center for Investigative Reporting.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The first story in the program, \u003cstrong>\u003ca title=\"Uncool Cherries\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/uncool-cherries/\" target=\"_blank\">Uncool Cherries\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>, looks at the challenges facing cherry growers near Stockton. Life is hardly a bowl of cherries if you're trying to grow them in California lately. Cherries and other major fruit crops need a certain number of \"chilling hours\" in order to produce healthy blossoms and fruit. But in recent years, the spring nights have brought warmer temperatures and less of the legendary Valley fog that helps keep the chill on. (Reporter: Mark Schapiro / Producer: Serene Fang)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44690\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/sa01_leaves_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44690\" title=\"Almond plant damaged by salt\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/sa01_leaves_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Almond plants damaged by salt in the groundwater, which burned their leaves. Photo: Center for Investigative Reporting.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The second story, \u003cstrong>\u003ca title=\"Dry and Salted\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/dry-and-salted/\" target=\"_blank\">Dry and Salted\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>, examines the major wildcards in California's farming future: water and salt. Growers are having to learn to get along with less of the first and more of the second. That can mean leaving once-productive fields fallow or having to find less water-intensive crops and irrigation methods. But water quality is also presenting a challenge as growers find themselves having to cope with salt in their groundwater and the threat of encroaching saltwater from rising seas. (Reporter: Mark Schapiro / Producer: Serene Fang)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45106\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Gary_McDonald_potato_psyllid_1917_resized1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-45106\" title=\"Potato-tomato psyllid\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Gary_McDonald_potato_psyllid_1917_resized1-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists believe that warmer winters have made the potato-tomato psyllid, which damages 40 crops, more abundant in California. Photo: Gary McDonald.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Heat and Harvest \u003c/strong>ends with \u003cstrong>\u003ca title=\"Some Bugs Like it Hot\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/some-bugs-like-it-hot-climate-change-and-agricultural-pests/\" target=\"_blank\">Some Bugs Like it Hot: Climate Change and Agricultural Pests\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>, a look at how climate change is making agricultural pests more abundant in the state’s fields. A tiny insect that didn’t used to pose a problem for California farmers is now transmitting a disease that damages potato chips and threatens the state’s tomato crop. Are more pesticides the answer? We talk to farmers and scientists to see what's being done to meet the challenge. (Producer: Gabriela Quirós / Program Host & Reporter: Craig Miller)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Play our water quiz and guess what California crop needs the most water.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NNqjxzpJPSA]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Like what you see in the supermarket produce section? Enjoy, because things may be changing there – the prices, even the mix of available fruits, nuts and veggies. Long acknowledged as \"the nation's salad bowl,\" California's farm belt is facing some thorny challenges from our changing climate: rising temperatures, an uncertain water supply and more abundant pests that threaten multi-billion-dollar crops. The half-hour documentary \u003cstrong>Heat and Harvest\u003c/strong>, a co-production of KQED and the \u003ca title=\"Center for Investigative Reporting\" href=\"http://cironline.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Center for Investigative Reporting\u003c/a>, examines these threats and some potential solutions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44759\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/ch01_blossom_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44759\" title=\"Cherry blossom\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/ch01_blossom_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cherries need a certain number of \"chilling hours\" to bloom evenly. Photo: Center for Investigative Reporting.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The first story in the program, \u003cstrong>\u003ca title=\"Uncool Cherries\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/uncool-cherries/\" target=\"_blank\">Uncool Cherries\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>, looks at the challenges facing cherry growers near Stockton. Life is hardly a bowl of cherries if you're trying to grow them in California lately. Cherries and other major fruit crops need a certain number of \"chilling hours\" in order to produce healthy blossoms and fruit. But in recent years, the spring nights have brought warmer temperatures and less of the legendary Valley fog that helps keep the chill on. (Reporter: Mark Schapiro / Producer: Serene Fang)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44690\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/sa01_leaves_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44690\" title=\"Almond plant damaged by salt\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/sa01_leaves_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Almond plants damaged by salt in the groundwater, which burned their leaves. Photo: Center for Investigative Reporting.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The second story, \u003cstrong>\u003ca title=\"Dry and Salted\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/dry-and-salted/\" target=\"_blank\">Dry and Salted\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>, examines the major wildcards in California's farming future: water and salt. Growers are having to learn to get along with less of the first and more of the second. That can mean leaving once-productive fields fallow or having to find less water-intensive crops and irrigation methods. But water quality is also presenting a challenge as growers find themselves having to cope with salt in their groundwater and the threat of encroaching saltwater from rising seas. (Reporter: Mark Schapiro / Producer: Serene Fang)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45106\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Gary_McDonald_potato_psyllid_1917_resized1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-45106\" title=\"Potato-tomato psyllid\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Gary_McDonald_potato_psyllid_1917_resized1-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists believe that warmer winters have made the potato-tomato psyllid, which damages 40 crops, more abundant in California. Photo: Gary McDonald.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Heat and Harvest \u003c/strong>ends with \u003cstrong>\u003ca title=\"Some Bugs Like it Hot\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/some-bugs-like-it-hot-climate-change-and-agricultural-pests/\" target=\"_blank\">Some Bugs Like it Hot: Climate Change and Agricultural Pests\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>, a look at how climate change is making agricultural pests more abundant in the state’s fields. A tiny insect that didn’t used to pose a problem for California farmers is now transmitting a disease that damages potato chips and threatens the state’s tomato crop. Are more pesticides the answer? We talk to farmers and scientists to see what's being done to meet the challenge. (Producer: Gabriela Quirós / Program Host & Reporter: Craig Miller)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Play our water quiz and guess what California crop needs the most water.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Potato grower \u003ca title=\"Brian Kirschenmann bio\" href=\"http://www.uspotatoes.com/pressRoom/pr.php?id=82\" target=\"_blank\">Brian Kirschenmann\u003c/a> bent over the deep green plants in his field in New Cuyama, nestled in a verdant valley an hour southwest of Bakersfield, and looked at the bottom of each leaf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next to him, his crop advisor Gary Toschi examined a leaf under a magnifying glass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That one is active,” said Toschi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44631\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Jeff_Bradshaw_adultnympsandeggs_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44631\" title=\"Potato-tomato psyllids\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Jeff_Bradshaw_adultnympsandeggs_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An adult potato-tomato psyllid surrounded by young nymphs. Photo: Jeffrey Bradshaw, Univ. of Nebraska, Lincoln.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He and Kirschenmann had found a round, bright green insect, about the size of the comma on a computer keyboard. The tiny pest is called a \u003ca title=\"University of Nebraska sheet about potato-tomato psyllids.\" href=\"http://www.ianrpubs.unl.edu/epublic/pages/publicationD.jsp?publicationId=1449\" target=\"_blank\">potato-tomato psyllid\u003c/a>, and both the young nymphs like the one they found, and the adults, which are shaped like a cicada, wreak havoc on potatoes, as well as tomatoes, peppers and about 40 other crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In potatoes, they suck the plant dry. And what’s worse, the pest also can transmit a disease that ruins potato chips – a $6 billion business in the United States, despite the bad rap chips get from nutritionists. The disease transmitted by potato-tomato psyllids gives chips a burnt flavor and causes them to develop brown streaks, which is why the disease is known as “\u003ca title=\"Information about zebra chip disease\" href=\"http://zebrachipscri.tamu.edu/about-the-project/\" target=\"_blank\">zebra chip\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44657\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/John_Trumble_Zebra_Chip_Comparison_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44657\" title=\"Potatoes with zebra chip disease.\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/John_Trumble_Zebra_Chip_Comparison_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Potatoes infected with zebra chip disease streak when they're fried. Photo: John Trumble.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 2008, Kirschenmann lost $250,000, when one of his potato fields in Kern County was infected with zebra chip and Frito Lay wouldn’t buy his chipper potatoes. Though potatoes aren’t one of California’s main crops, in Kern County they’re among the top 10 in value, to the tune of $130 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zebra chip disease hasn’t caused widespread losses in California, but the state’s potato growers are worried, especially after South Korea banned potato imports from Washington, Oregon and Idaho in August, out of concern over the disease. The ban is costing producers in those states some $8 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s my biggest fear,” said Kirschenmann, who grows 5,700 acres of potatoes in Kern County and New Cuyama and is a member of the United States Potato Board. Though California doesn’t export potatoes to South Korea, Kirschenmann does sell part of his crop to Guatemala and the Dominican Republic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44626\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Brian_Kirschenmann_potato_grower_resize.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44626\" title=\"Brian Kirschenmann, potato grower\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Brian_Kirschenmann_potato_grower_resize-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Potato grower Brian Kirschenmann.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California has had potato-tomato psyllids for more than 100 years. What makes them a new problem for growers is that now they don’t just live in the state during the warmer months; they also spend the winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our temperatures have increased by 2 to 3 degrees Fahrenheit, and that seems to be enough to keep them from being frozen out during the winter,” said entomologist \u003ca title=\"John Trumble bio\" href=\"http://www.facultydirectory.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/pub/public_individual.pl?faculty=159\" target=\"_blank\">John Trumble\u003c/a>, of the University of California, Riverside. “I suspect that global warming is at least playing a role in this particular insect’s spread into California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Insects can’t produce their own heat, the way mammals do, so most of them do better in warmer temperatures. Around the world, scientists have started to document changes in insect behavior, as a result of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44627\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/John-Trumble_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44627\" title=\"John Trumble, UC Riverside\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/John-Trumble_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Entomologist John Trumble, from UC Riverside, says warmer temperatures are making a pest of potatoes and tomatoes more abundant in California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In Spain, the European grapevine moth is flying out earlier in the summer and reproducing more abundantly than it did 20 years ago. On Tanzania’s Mt. Kilimanjaro, malaria mosquitoes are moving farther up the mountain. And in Japan, a pest called the green stink bug, that damages rice and soybeans, is expanding its range northward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is not speculative, this is not something that we would predict,” said Trumble. “This is what’s happening now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Trumble discovered, in the year 2000, that potato-tomato psyllids had spent the winter near one of his research tomato fields in Irvine, he knew this change in the insect’s behavior was bad news: it meant the pest could begin attacking crops early in the growing season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s much more dangerous for the grower,” said Trumble, “because early infestation in a crop oftentimes leads to much more damage than if the pest occurs late in the crop.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When spring temperatures get warm, this sends a cue to insects to begin their development, said entomologist Peter Oboyski, manager of collections at the University of California, Berkeley’s Essig Museum of Entomology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the season gets warmer earlier, that gives insects that much more time to develop, that much more time to eat a plant, that much more time to produce another generation,” said Oboyski.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44634\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Jack_Kelly_Clark_I-HO-PCOC-AD.003_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44634\" title=\"Potato-tomato psyllid\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Jack_Kelly_Clark_I-HO-PCOC-AD.003_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Potato-tomato psyllid. Photo: Jack Kelly Clark, courtesy University of California Statewide IPM Program.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But how did UC Riverside’s John Trumble know that he was seeing a new behavior in the psyllid?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To figure out if spending the winter in California was a new behavior, Trumble turned to the historical record. He was fortunate that scientists in California have been collecting psyllids and making detailed notes about their habits since the 1880s. Through this information, he concluded that he was seeing something new.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every 30 years, since about 1900, it’s moved into California,” said Trumble, “and we would find it, it would be here for six months to a year, and then it would disappear, presumably because it got too cold.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That pattern changed radically in 2000, with the psyllid spending the winter in Trumble’s field in Irvine. And the pest has since overwintered in locations further and further north.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2004, tomato growers discovered psyllids had overwintered in Hollister. In 2012, scientists found they had spent the winter in the Washington-Oregon-Idaho area, where half of the country’s potatoes are grown. And this year, the pest also appeared in Manitoba, Canada, early in the growing season, a sign that it might have spent the winter there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As temperatures warm up in California and across the United States,” said Trumble, “these insects will be able to overwinter further and further north.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, down south, farmers have already been hit hard by the pest. In Mexico’s Baja California, the psyllids destroyed 85 percent of the tomato crop in 2001, said Trumble. Partly in response to the new pest, California farmers who grow tomatoes in Baja California have moved much of their production inside screened enclosures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spraying for psyllids is costing California potato growers about $75 per acre, said Kirschenmann.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44628\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Tractor_in_New_Cuyama_WWS_resize.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44628\" title=\"Potato field in New Cuyama, California\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Tractor_in_New_Cuyama_WWS_resize-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Potato field in New Cuyama Valley, an hour southwest of Bakersfield. Potato-tomato psyllids have been found nearby. Photos: Gabriela Quirós.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This need for additional spraying has Trumble concerned. Since the 1970s, he and other scientists around the state have worked with growers to reduce pesticide use in conventionally-grown crops. The results have been dramatic, he said. Tomato growers, for example, cut spraying by half in the 1990s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Less pesticide use means less concern by the consumers for pesticide residue. We use less fossil fuel; we have fewer volatile organic compounds that appear in the atmosphere; it reduces smog. It’s a real win-win for everybody in California,” said Trumble.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But warmer temperatures, and the pests that thrive in them, now threaten to undermine these gains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So if you have an insect with multiple generations, you get more generations. If you’ve got an insect that occurs early in a crop, it will occur earlier in the crop, and faster,” said Trumble. “So all of these things are desperately in need of additional research.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A shorter version of this video story is part of the 30-minute documentary \u003ca title=\"Heat and Harvest - the documentary\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/heat-and-harvest/\" target=\"_blank\">Heat and Harvest\u003c/a>, a co-production of KQED and the Center for Investigative Reporting, that airs on KQED and PBS stations around California on Friday September 28 at 7:30 pm. Check your local listings.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Potato grower \u003ca title=\"Brian Kirschenmann bio\" href=\"http://www.uspotatoes.com/pressRoom/pr.php?id=82\" target=\"_blank\">Brian Kirschenmann\u003c/a> bent over the deep green plants in his field in New Cuyama, nestled in a verdant valley an hour southwest of Bakersfield, and looked at the bottom of each leaf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next to him, his crop advisor Gary Toschi examined a leaf under a magnifying glass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That one is active,” said Toschi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44631\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Jeff_Bradshaw_adultnympsandeggs_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44631\" title=\"Potato-tomato psyllids\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Jeff_Bradshaw_adultnympsandeggs_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An adult potato-tomato psyllid surrounded by young nymphs. Photo: Jeffrey Bradshaw, Univ. of Nebraska, Lincoln.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He and Kirschenmann had found a round, bright green insect, about the size of the comma on a computer keyboard. The tiny pest is called a \u003ca title=\"University of Nebraska sheet about potato-tomato psyllids.\" href=\"http://www.ianrpubs.unl.edu/epublic/pages/publicationD.jsp?publicationId=1449\" target=\"_blank\">potato-tomato psyllid\u003c/a>, and both the young nymphs like the one they found, and the adults, which are shaped like a cicada, wreak havoc on potatoes, as well as tomatoes, peppers and about 40 other crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In potatoes, they suck the plant dry. And what’s worse, the pest also can transmit a disease that ruins potato chips – a $6 billion business in the United States, despite the bad rap chips get from nutritionists. The disease transmitted by potato-tomato psyllids gives chips a burnt flavor and causes them to develop brown streaks, which is why the disease is known as “\u003ca title=\"Information about zebra chip disease\" href=\"http://zebrachipscri.tamu.edu/about-the-project/\" target=\"_blank\">zebra chip\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44657\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/John_Trumble_Zebra_Chip_Comparison_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44657\" title=\"Potatoes with zebra chip disease.\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/John_Trumble_Zebra_Chip_Comparison_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Potatoes infected with zebra chip disease streak when they're fried. Photo: John Trumble.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 2008, Kirschenmann lost $250,000, when one of his potato fields in Kern County was infected with zebra chip and Frito Lay wouldn’t buy his chipper potatoes. Though potatoes aren’t one of California’s main crops, in Kern County they’re among the top 10 in value, to the tune of $130 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zebra chip disease hasn’t caused widespread losses in California, but the state’s potato growers are worried, especially after South Korea banned potato imports from Washington, Oregon and Idaho in August, out of concern over the disease. The ban is costing producers in those states some $8 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s my biggest fear,” said Kirschenmann, who grows 5,700 acres of potatoes in Kern County and New Cuyama and is a member of the United States Potato Board. Though California doesn’t export potatoes to South Korea, Kirschenmann does sell part of his crop to Guatemala and the Dominican Republic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44626\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Brian_Kirschenmann_potato_grower_resize.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44626\" title=\"Brian Kirschenmann, potato grower\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Brian_Kirschenmann_potato_grower_resize-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Potato grower Brian Kirschenmann.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California has had potato-tomato psyllids for more than 100 years. What makes them a new problem for growers is that now they don’t just live in the state during the warmer months; they also spend the winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our temperatures have increased by 2 to 3 degrees Fahrenheit, and that seems to be enough to keep them from being frozen out during the winter,” said entomologist \u003ca title=\"John Trumble bio\" href=\"http://www.facultydirectory.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/pub/public_individual.pl?faculty=159\" target=\"_blank\">John Trumble\u003c/a>, of the University of California, Riverside. “I suspect that global warming is at least playing a role in this particular insect’s spread into California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Insects can’t produce their own heat, the way mammals do, so most of them do better in warmer temperatures. Around the world, scientists have started to document changes in insect behavior, as a result of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44627\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/John-Trumble_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44627\" title=\"John Trumble, UC Riverside\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/John-Trumble_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Entomologist John Trumble, from UC Riverside, says warmer temperatures are making a pest of potatoes and tomatoes more abundant in California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In Spain, the European grapevine moth is flying out earlier in the summer and reproducing more abundantly than it did 20 years ago. On Tanzania’s Mt. Kilimanjaro, malaria mosquitoes are moving farther up the mountain. And in Japan, a pest called the green stink bug, that damages rice and soybeans, is expanding its range northward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is not speculative, this is not something that we would predict,” said Trumble. “This is what’s happening now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Trumble discovered, in the year 2000, that potato-tomato psyllids had spent the winter near one of his research tomato fields in Irvine, he knew this change in the insect’s behavior was bad news: it meant the pest could begin attacking crops early in the growing season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s much more dangerous for the grower,” said Trumble, “because early infestation in a crop oftentimes leads to much more damage than if the pest occurs late in the crop.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When spring temperatures get warm, this sends a cue to insects to begin their development, said entomologist Peter Oboyski, manager of collections at the University of California, Berkeley’s Essig Museum of Entomology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the season gets warmer earlier, that gives insects that much more time to develop, that much more time to eat a plant, that much more time to produce another generation,” said Oboyski.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44634\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Jack_Kelly_Clark_I-HO-PCOC-AD.003_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44634\" title=\"Potato-tomato psyllid\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Jack_Kelly_Clark_I-HO-PCOC-AD.003_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Potato-tomato psyllid. Photo: Jack Kelly Clark, courtesy University of California Statewide IPM Program.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But how did UC Riverside’s John Trumble know that he was seeing a new behavior in the psyllid?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To figure out if spending the winter in California was a new behavior, Trumble turned to the historical record. He was fortunate that scientists in California have been collecting psyllids and making detailed notes about their habits since the 1880s. Through this information, he concluded that he was seeing something new.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every 30 years, since about 1900, it’s moved into California,” said Trumble, “and we would find it, it would be here for six months to a year, and then it would disappear, presumably because it got too cold.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That pattern changed radically in 2000, with the psyllid spending the winter in Trumble’s field in Irvine. And the pest has since overwintered in locations further and further north.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2004, tomato growers discovered psyllids had overwintered in Hollister. In 2012, scientists found they had spent the winter in the Washington-Oregon-Idaho area, where half of the country’s potatoes are grown. And this year, the pest also appeared in Manitoba, Canada, early in the growing season, a sign that it might have spent the winter there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As temperatures warm up in California and across the United States,” said Trumble, “these insects will be able to overwinter further and further north.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, down south, farmers have already been hit hard by the pest. In Mexico’s Baja California, the psyllids destroyed 85 percent of the tomato crop in 2001, said Trumble. Partly in response to the new pest, California farmers who grow tomatoes in Baja California have moved much of their production inside screened enclosures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spraying for psyllids is costing California potato growers about $75 per acre, said Kirschenmann.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44628\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Tractor_in_New_Cuyama_WWS_resize.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44628\" title=\"Potato field in New Cuyama, California\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Tractor_in_New_Cuyama_WWS_resize-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Potato field in New Cuyama Valley, an hour southwest of Bakersfield. Potato-tomato psyllids have been found nearby. Photos: Gabriela Quirós.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This need for additional spraying has Trumble concerned. Since the 1970s, he and other scientists around the state have worked with growers to reduce pesticide use in conventionally-grown crops. The results have been dramatic, he said. Tomato growers, for example, cut spraying by half in the 1990s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Less pesticide use means less concern by the consumers for pesticide residue. We use less fossil fuel; we have fewer volatile organic compounds that appear in the atmosphere; it reduces smog. It’s a real win-win for everybody in California,” said Trumble.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But warmer temperatures, and the pests that thrive in them, now threaten to undermine these gains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So if you have an insect with multiple generations, you get more generations. If you’ve got an insect that occurs early in a crop, it will occur earlier in the crop, and faster,” said Trumble. “So all of these things are desperately in need of additional research.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"order": 1
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"code-switch-life-kit": {
"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"commonwealth-club": {
"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"freakonomics-radio": {
"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Fresh-Air-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
"id": "how-i-built-this",
"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id73801135",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"
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},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/money/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/M4f5",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Business--Economics-Podcasts/Planet-Money-p164680/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"
}
},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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