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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachintro2.jpg\" alt=\"shell beach\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>One of California's most distinctive and mysterious bodies of rock is well exposed at Shell Beach, north of Bodega Bay in Sonoma County. Photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A big swatch of the Coast Range is a set of rocks that once baffled generations of California geologists. It's a dog's breakfast of different things, most of them familiar in the region, mixed together with no pattern that anyone could make sense of. The geologists who explored California were no slouches, but all they could do was to map these suites of rocks in a catch-all category called \u003ci>Franciscan melange\u003c/i>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around 1970 the new theory of plate tectonics found just the place for Franciscan melange, and Shell Beach is just the place to ponder and admire it. I've made several visits there and don't recall any shells—maybe a better name for it is Melange Beach. And right nearby is another mystery from the ice ages. For anyone into geology, Shell Beach is a great workout.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Melange, we now know, is what happens to rocks in subduction zones, which is where one tectonic plate plunges beneath another. Before the San Andreas fault began carrying coastal California sideways to the north, the plate west of us was being subducted directly eastward against North America. (A remnant, called the Juan de Fuca plate, is still doing that off the Pacific Northwest.) Rocks and sediments caught between the plates were mixed and tumbled like snow in front of a snowplow. And that's what melange represents, and that's how the Franciscan got so scrambled. Shell Beach shows us the whole range of the Franciscan in one compact site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First let's get oriented on the geologic map (from \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2002/2402/\">U.S. Geological Survey map MF-2402\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachmap2.png\" alt=\"shell beach geologic map\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the top, the Russian River enters the sea at Jenner. Shell Beach is due south of the \"Qt\" symbol, part of \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=451\">Sonoma Coast State Beach\u003c/a>. You can also \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiacoastline.org/cgi-bin/image.cgi?image=12464&mode=sequential\">see it from offshore\u003c/a> on the California Coastal Records Project site. \"Qt\" stands for Quaternary terraces, which \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-pebble-beach/\">I told you about down at Pebble Beach\u003c/a>. Up here there are only two terraces mapped, but subtle signs indicate more of them higher up. \"KJfs\" stands for Cretaceous-Jurassic Franciscan sandstone, but it includes a large share of melange. The tiny orange dot represents Mammoth Rock, which we'll talk about later. Here's the view from the terrace looking south. That's Bodega Head in the farthest distance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachterracesouth2.jpg\" alt=\"shell beach terrace\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cliffs are all melange. Most of it is a shale and sandstone matrix that has been thoroughly disrupted by tectonic mixing. The sea stacks out in the water are chunks of hard rock within the melange that have resisted erosion. Where these crop out of our rounded oak-dotted hillsides, the local geologists call them knockers. But resistant blocks occur in all sizes, both larger and smaller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachstair2.jpg\" alt=\"shell beach stair\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stairs down to Shell Beach pass by a big greenish body of serpentinite, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/08/05/learn-the-facts-about-serpentinite-before-its-removed-as-californias-state-rock/\">our state rock\u003c/a>, in the gully. It's worth a detour to inspect them. This soft rock type doesn't form knockers. (I should remind you that all collecting or defacing of rocks is prohibited in this state park.) The beach is small, with dark sand and not much of it, and the coast is cool and breezy—not a place for surfing, picnics or volleyball. What's special about it is the range of rock colors in one place. I'll give you a small sample.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachcolors2.jpg\" alt=\"shell beach rocks\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The palette does cluster around green and blue. Greenstone, shown below, is ancient seafloor lava that has been changed by time and pressure, but not enough to hide its original pillow shapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachgreenstone2.jpg\" alt=\"greenstone\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chert is a flinty rock that acquires subtle translucent colors, setting off its waxy luster, during subduction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachchert2.jpg\" alt=\"chert\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What excites geologists, and may catch your eye, is that Shell Beach also exposes the soft matrix rocks that held and polished these boulders during subduction. Matrix is seldom seen elsewhere because it quickly turns to soil or washes away. In addition to all these is eye candy, things you just want to turn into background images or jigsaw puzzles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachgleam2.jpg\" alt=\"blue chert\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you have time, take the trail north from the beach toward these two ancient sea stacks. The first, Mammoth Rock, is in the center and the second behind it to the right is Sunset Rocks. Some 125,000 years ago, these stood among the waves and endured until the land rose and the sea fell away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachstacks2.jpg\" alt=\"mammoth rocks\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stacks are a mixture of rock types that is largely blueschist, a tough stone formed by high-pressure metamorphism. At Shell Beach, chunks of it extend the palette all the way to indigo. The second stack has a real treat—polished spots that have been interpreted as marks left by ice age mammoths that used the rock as rubbing posts, just as cattle do today. KQED showed you these in its \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/11/12/ice-age-bay-area/\">Ice Age Bay Area\u003c/a> series in 2008.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachpolish2.jpg\" alt=\"mammoth polish\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have presented \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geology_ca/ig/mammothrocks/\">more detail about the polish here\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geology_ca/ig/CAshellbeach/\">more about the rocks here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>38.4180 -123.1045\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "One of California's most distinctive and mysterious bodies of rock is well displayed at Shell Beach, north of Bodega Bay in Sonoma County.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachintro2.jpg\" alt=\"shell beach\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>One of California's most distinctive and mysterious bodies of rock is well exposed at Shell Beach, north of Bodega Bay in Sonoma County. Photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A big swatch of the Coast Range is a set of rocks that once baffled generations of California geologists. It's a dog's breakfast of different things, most of them familiar in the region, mixed together with no pattern that anyone could make sense of. The geologists who explored California were no slouches, but all they could do was to map these suites of rocks in a catch-all category called \u003ci>Franciscan melange\u003c/i>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around 1970 the new theory of plate tectonics found just the place for Franciscan melange, and Shell Beach is just the place to ponder and admire it. I've made several visits there and don't recall any shells—maybe a better name for it is Melange Beach. And right nearby is another mystery from the ice ages. For anyone into geology, Shell Beach is a great workout.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Melange, we now know, is what happens to rocks in subduction zones, which is where one tectonic plate plunges beneath another. Before the San Andreas fault began carrying coastal California sideways to the north, the plate west of us was being subducted directly eastward against North America. (A remnant, called the Juan de Fuca plate, is still doing that off the Pacific Northwest.) Rocks and sediments caught between the plates were mixed and tumbled like snow in front of a snowplow. And that's what melange represents, and that's how the Franciscan got so scrambled. Shell Beach shows us the whole range of the Franciscan in one compact site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First let's get oriented on the geologic map (from \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2002/2402/\">U.S. Geological Survey map MF-2402\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachmap2.png\" alt=\"shell beach geologic map\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the top, the Russian River enters the sea at Jenner. Shell Beach is due south of the \"Qt\" symbol, part of \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=451\">Sonoma Coast State Beach\u003c/a>. You can also \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiacoastline.org/cgi-bin/image.cgi?image=12464&mode=sequential\">see it from offshore\u003c/a> on the California Coastal Records Project site. \"Qt\" stands for Quaternary terraces, which \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-pebble-beach/\">I told you about down at Pebble Beach\u003c/a>. Up here there are only two terraces mapped, but subtle signs indicate more of them higher up. \"KJfs\" stands for Cretaceous-Jurassic Franciscan sandstone, but it includes a large share of melange. The tiny orange dot represents Mammoth Rock, which we'll talk about later. Here's the view from the terrace looking south. That's Bodega Head in the farthest distance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachterracesouth2.jpg\" alt=\"shell beach terrace\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cliffs are all melange. Most of it is a shale and sandstone matrix that has been thoroughly disrupted by tectonic mixing. The sea stacks out in the water are chunks of hard rock within the melange that have resisted erosion. Where these crop out of our rounded oak-dotted hillsides, the local geologists call them knockers. But resistant blocks occur in all sizes, both larger and smaller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachstair2.jpg\" alt=\"shell beach stair\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stairs down to Shell Beach pass by a big greenish body of serpentinite, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/08/05/learn-the-facts-about-serpentinite-before-its-removed-as-californias-state-rock/\">our state rock\u003c/a>, in the gully. It's worth a detour to inspect them. This soft rock type doesn't form knockers. (I should remind you that all collecting or defacing of rocks is prohibited in this state park.) The beach is small, with dark sand and not much of it, and the coast is cool and breezy—not a place for surfing, picnics or volleyball. What's special about it is the range of rock colors in one place. I'll give you a small sample.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachcolors2.jpg\" alt=\"shell beach rocks\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The palette does cluster around green and blue. Greenstone, shown below, is ancient seafloor lava that has been changed by time and pressure, but not enough to hide its original pillow shapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachgreenstone2.jpg\" alt=\"greenstone\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chert is a flinty rock that acquires subtle translucent colors, setting off its waxy luster, during subduction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachchert2.jpg\" alt=\"chert\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What excites geologists, and may catch your eye, is that Shell Beach also exposes the soft matrix rocks that held and polished these boulders during subduction. Matrix is seldom seen elsewhere because it quickly turns to soil or washes away. In addition to all these is eye candy, things you just want to turn into background images or jigsaw puzzles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachgleam2.jpg\" alt=\"blue chert\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you have time, take the trail north from the beach toward these two ancient sea stacks. The first, Mammoth Rock, is in the center and the second behind it to the right is Sunset Rocks. Some 125,000 years ago, these stood among the waves and endured until the land rose and the sea fell away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachstacks2.jpg\" alt=\"mammoth rocks\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stacks are a mixture of rock types that is largely blueschist, a tough stone formed by high-pressure metamorphism. At Shell Beach, chunks of it extend the palette all the way to indigo. The second stack has a real treat—polished spots that have been interpreted as marks left by ice age mammoths that used the rock as rubbing posts, just as cattle do today. KQED showed you these in its \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/11/12/ice-age-bay-area/\">Ice Age Bay Area\u003c/a> series in 2008.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/shellbeachpolish2.jpg\" alt=\"mammoth polish\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have presented \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geology_ca/ig/mammothrocks/\">more detail about the polish here\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geology_ca/ig/CAshellbeach/\">more about the rocks here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>38.4180 -123.1045\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "The San Francisco Impact of the 2010 Japan Tsunami",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/tsunami2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Courtesy of NASA\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On March 12, a one-foot tidal wave was filmed as it slowly surged across the San Francisco Bay. The wave traveling 5000 miles from Japan started out as a 23-foot tsunami off the Japanese coast. It was created by a devastating earthquake with a magnitude of 9.0. The earthquake was the largest earthquake in Japan’s history and the fourth largest earthquake since 1900. It shifted the planet’s axis and opened a rift that moved Japan closer to the United States by thirteen feet. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We were lucky to have such a slight nudge from such a devastating natural disaster. Crescent City was not so lucky. Six to eight foot surges hit the harbor of Crescent City creating flooding, splintered docks, and damage to boats and marinas alike. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe width=\"640\" height=\"390\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/jdMDCLwblkY\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crescent City’s claim to fame is it the only town in the continental US where a tsunami has killed residents. On March 28, 1964, a 21-foot tsunami wave created by a earthquake in nearby Alaska surged into the town of 7,500 doing extensive damage and killing 11 people. Underwater topography can tunnel these massive waves to direct them towards a certain point, which increases the power by centralizing their force. Such was the case with the wave that hit Crescent City; the underwater topography leading to Crescent City created a funnel for the wave in 1964.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With such a powerful wave, it is a blessing that more people were not killed. Early sirens warned of the wave and many residents retreated to higher ground. UGGS put out a \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/c1187\">report in 2005\u003c/a> of how to survive a tsunami taking much information from the survivors of Tsunamis in Chile, Hawaii and Japan. From their extensive research, the following points were given:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>•\tMany will survive the earthquake that will later trigger a tsunami\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>•\tLook for natural warnings; An earthquake or rise and fall of coastal waters may serve as an early warning as well as wildlife heading for higher ground\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>•\tListen for official warnings; Take sirens and evacuation notices seriously\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>•\tThere is usually not just one wave; Generally small waves are then followed by higher intensity waves\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>•\tHead for higher ground and stay put; It may take several hours for the Tsunami force wave to hit\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>•\tAbandon belongings; Many people died concerning themselves with belonging rather than heading to higher ground\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>•\tRoads may not be an escape route; They might be made impassable by earthquakes or earlier waves\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>•\tIf getting to higher ground is not an option:\u003cbr>\n Go to an upper floor or roof of a building; Climb a tree; If you are near wave, find something that can act as a raft\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7699 -122.467174\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/tsunami2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Courtesy of NASA\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On March 12, a one-foot tidal wave was filmed as it slowly surged across the San Francisco Bay. The wave traveling 5000 miles from Japan started out as a 23-foot tsunami off the Japanese coast. It was created by a devastating earthquake with a magnitude of 9.0. The earthquake was the largest earthquake in Japan’s history and the fourth largest earthquake since 1900. It shifted the planet’s axis and opened a rift that moved Japan closer to the United States by thirteen feet. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We were lucky to have such a slight nudge from such a devastating natural disaster. Crescent City was not so lucky. Six to eight foot surges hit the harbor of Crescent City creating flooding, splintered docks, and damage to boats and marinas alike. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe width=\"640\" height=\"390\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/jdMDCLwblkY\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/avalanche300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s been a harsh winter across the US. Snow has blanketed the Sierra Nevada, where the snowpack is well above normal. Lots of snow means good skiing, but it also means an increased danger of avalanches. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Avalanches aren’t something most skiers and snowboarders have to think about. That’s because ski areas take preventative action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the backside of \u003ca href=\"http://www.squaw.com/\">Squaw Valley Ski Resort\u003c/a>, two ski patrollers drop into a black diamond run known as Granite Chief. Below them are mounds of fresh, untouched powder – more than seven feet deep. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The patrollers are throwing explosive charges onto the slopes to trigger smaller, less dangerous avalanches. Booms ring out across the mountain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=”QUEST Audio Player” skin=”http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip” file=”http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/02/2011-02-28-quest.mp3″ ]\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/the-science-of-snow\">The Science of Snow\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>“The Sierras are known for getting tons of snow really quick,” says Will Paden, the avalanche forecaster at Squaw Valley Ski Resort. “We’re constantly trying to start the avalanches so that we don’t let the snow pack build up to be too deep.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paden says on a day like today, they’ll use more than a thousand pounds of explosives to make the ski area safe. But the job isn’t over when the snow stops falling. The snowpack is constantly changing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One day could be perfect powder and then that afternoon the wind can pick up and put wind crust on top of that perfect powder and make it difficult skiing,” says Paden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Avalanche forecasting is even more technical. “We had a lot of riming in this snow and some graupel events.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To translate that, you have to go inside the snowpack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a slope outside of Truckee, Brandon Schwartz uses a shovel to cut a cross-section in the snow. As a forecaster with the non-profit \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierraavalanchecenter.org/\">Sierra Avalanche Center\u003c/a>, Schwartz has dug thousands of avalanche pits like this one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/avalanche.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"vernal-pool\" width=\"260\" height=\"320\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-12179\">\u003cem>An avalanche near Echo Summit in Lake Tahoe.\u003cbr>\nCredit: Travis Feist\u003c/em>\u003c/span>“We can feel the different hardness of all the layers that have formed in the snow that’s fallen over the last two to three days,” says Schwartz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schwartz is looking for weak layers of snow, which is where avalanches begin. He pulls out a saw and slices through the snow to isolate a one foot wide column. Then he places his shovel on top. “And we’ll just start to load on top of it first with ten taps just from my wrist, just from lifting my wrist and letting gravity pull my hand down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those taps simulate what a little weight would do to the snowpack, either from more snow falling or from a skier. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schwartz points to where the snowpack has broken away along a straight line. “So we got a pretty significant crack all the way across the column here. Definitely a difference in strength there and that’s what makes up the layers of snow pack and when we have these layers of different characteristics then we start to get some of the ingredients for a slab avalanche.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schwartz and his team travel into the backcountry every day to assess the avalanche danger in the Tahoe region. Of the 36 people who died in avalanches across the United States last winter, almost all of them were in the backcountry. A large storm like this one means today the danger is high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what makes some snow weaker than other snow?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once we have snow on the ground, a whole bunch of really interesting things happen. You think of the snow as being rather static, but it’s not at all,” says Jeff Dozier, an environmental scientist at the University of California-Santa Barbara who studies how snow impacts California’s water supply. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dozier says to understand what’s happening, you have go all the way down to the level of a snowflake. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the snow falls, the snow crystals will start to stick together. As they sit there, the crystals grow rounder and bond together. “And if you shovel snow, you see this. If you shovel snow when it’s new, you can stick the shovel in the snow and you can lift it. You shovel snow when it’s old, it’s hard to break that block of snow loose from its neighbor.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a lot of snow falls quickly like it does in the Sierras, this bonding process may not happen fast enough to support the snowpack, which leads to avalanches. The warmer a snowpack is, the faster it bonds. But if it’s colder, sometimes a different kind of crystal grows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Typically the temperature at the base of the snowpack – this is gonna be around zero degrees C. But on a very cold night, the temperature at the surface say might be -20 degrees C,” says Dozier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That difference in temperature can create another shape of crystal – a faceted crystal. “They’re sort of angular. They don’t bond together very well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These crystals look like grains of sugar and they create weak layers deep in the snowpack. A better understanding of snow crystals could help avalanche forecasters. Dozier says it could also help water managers trying to anticipate the snowpack melt in the spring, an event that’s critical to the state’s water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Avalanche forecaster Brandon Schwartz in the field:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"349\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/zdUJ2KI4EQs?rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 38.623317 -122.02352\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=”QUEST Audio Player” skin=”http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip” file=”http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/02/2011-02-28-quest.mp3″ ]\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/the-science-of-snow\">The Science of Snow\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>“The Sierras are known for getting tons of snow really quick,” says Will Paden, the avalanche forecaster at Squaw Valley Ski Resort. “We’re constantly trying to start the avalanches so that we don’t let the snow pack build up to be too deep.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paden says on a day like today, they’ll use more than a thousand pounds of explosives to make the ski area safe. 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As a forecaster with the non-profit \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierraavalanchecenter.org/\">Sierra Avalanche Center\u003c/a>, Schwartz has dug thousands of avalanche pits like this one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/avalanche.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"vernal-pool\" width=\"260\" height=\"320\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-12179\">\u003cem>An avalanche near Echo Summit in Lake Tahoe.\u003cbr>\nCredit: Travis Feist\u003c/em>\u003c/span>“We can feel the different hardness of all the layers that have formed in the snow that’s fallen over the last two to three days,” says Schwartz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schwartz is looking for weak layers of snow, which is where avalanches begin. He pulls out a saw and slices through the snow to isolate a one foot wide column. 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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/house.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most energy efficient home is one that's already built. Keeping a home out of a landfill saves all the materials in the house, as well as all the energy used to create the materials—the building's embodied energy. And historic homes preserve a slice of culture that would otherwise be lost forever. And what's better than keeping one 100-year-old house out of the landfill? Keeping two 100-year-old houses out of the landfill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tom White, publisher of \u003ca href=\"http://www.homeenergy.org\">Home Energy Magazine\u003c/a>, and his partner Dmitri Belser are both interested in historical preservation. When they heard of a house scheduled to be torn down on the University of California, Berkeley, campus that was being offered for $17 and the costs to move it, they decided to go for it. The Swiss-chalet-style house, located above Boalt Hall, was built in 1902 by Warren Cheney, a publisher and editor of \u003cem>The Overland Monthly\u003c/em> and a real estate developer of the Panoramic Hill area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Tom hadn't already earned his green building chops after almost 3 years as publisher of Home Energy, this house move would certainly do it. They own a plot of land on 62nd Street with plenty of room for a house. But there was already another 100-year old house on the plot that had to be moved first. It's a one-story 1870s Frontier Italianate style cottage. Are you getting the picture here? These guys are willing to back up their green convictions with money, sweat, and many days spent with pegged frustration meters. Did I mention the house they decided to move has two stories?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's the plan:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Phase 1\u003c/strong>. Slice Cheney House in half. Lift second story. Move first story to rented space in Albany. Move the second story to Albany. (Note: The perpetual construction on Haste, telephone poles, parked cars, and other obstacles.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/PkB6U7_tur4\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"640\" height=\"390\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Phase 2\u003c/strong>. Lift the cottage on 62nd Street. Move it back on the lot about 100 feet. Dismantle the brick foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Phase 3\u003c/strong>. Bring the second story of the Cheney house from lot in Albany to lot on 62nd Street. (Note: Perpetual Road construction on Sacramento, telephone poles, parked cars, and emergency vehicles trying to get by.) Lift it up. Move first story of Cheney house from Albany to 62nd Street and place it beneath second story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/uFmD-6BmbeI\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"640\" height=\"390\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Phase 4\u003c/strong>. Build new foundations for both houses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think we visited—at least once—every single department in the city of Berkeley in the last week before Phase 3,” says Tom. “The departments don't always communicate well. The police didn't know we were moving a house—half a house—and so there were still lots of parked cars blocking us along Alcatraz. But they had them cleared in no time. The whole trip from Albany to 62nd Street took about two hours.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first story of the Cheney house has yet to be moved to the 62nd Street plot. Still to do: Phase 4, and a long vacation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.8686 -122.267\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's the plan:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Phase 1\u003c/strong>. Slice Cheney House in half. Lift second story. Move first story to rented space in Albany. Move the second story to Albany. (Note: The perpetual construction on Haste, telephone poles, parked cars, and other obstacles.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/PkB6U7_tur4\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"640\" height=\"390\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Phase 2\u003c/strong>. Lift the cottage on 62nd Street. Move it back on the lot about 100 feet. Dismantle the brick foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Phase 3\u003c/strong>. Bring the second story of the Cheney house from lot in Albany to lot on 62nd Street. (Note: Perpetual Road construction on Sacramento, telephone poles, parked cars, and emergency vehicles trying to get by.) Lift it up. Move first story of Cheney house from Albany to 62nd Street and place it beneath second story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/uFmD-6BmbeI\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"640\" height=\"390\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Phase 4\u003c/strong>. Build new foundations for both houses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think we visited—at least once—every single department in the city of Berkeley in the last week before Phase 3,” says Tom. “The departments don't always communicate well. The police didn't know we were moving a house—half a house—and so there were still lots of parked cars blocking us along Alcatraz. But they had them cleared in no time. The whole trip from Albany to 62nd Street took about two hours.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first story of the Cheney house has yet to be moved to the 62nd Street plot. Still to do: Phase 4, and a long vacation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.8686 -122.267\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/land3002.jpeg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Under Governor Jerry Brown's proposed budget, state funding for the Williamson Act would be eliminated. Photo Credit: Jennifer Rusk\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After plenty of winter rain, the hills of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.yololandandcattle.com/\">Yolo Land and Cattle Company\u003c/a> are especially green this year. That's a good thing, says owner Casey Stone, when you're raising grass-fed cattle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We've become more grass farmers than cow farmers. You gotta manage the whole resource and whole package,\" says Stone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stone and I are driving through his 7500-acre ranch in Yolo County, about 30 miles west of Sacramento. \"These are some of our fall calvers out here,\" he says, pointing to just a few of his 700 Black Angus cattle, who, right now have fuzzy winter coats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There have only been a few families that have owned this ranch over the years since it was homesteaded back in the 1860s,\" he says. Stone's father started their cattle operation in the 1970s and he took advantage of \u003ca href=\"http://www.conservation.ca.gov/dlrp/lca/Pages/Index.aspx\">the Williamson Act\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Audio Player\" skin=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip\" file=\"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/02/2011-02-14-quest.mp3\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/land-preservation-on-the-chopping-block\">Land Preservation on the Chopping Block\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Here's how it works: in exchange for agreeing not to develop their land, the Stones pay lower property taxes on their ranch. The program was created in 1965 to preserve open space in California. Today, it covers more than half of the state's farm and ranchland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under Governor Jerry Brown's proposed budget, state funding for the Williamson Act would be eliminated. \"I think people have taken it for granted up until recently cause it's always been something that's out there,\" says Stone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stone says the program helps keep many ranchers afloat, given the volatile cattle market. \"It's a very cyclical business. Eight years ago we were down in the dumps.\" Without the program, Stone expects his property taxes to jump 38 percent on the ranch. For his neighbors, he says, it could be higher and that creates pressure to subdivide the land. \"In this type of area, everyone wants a ranchette in the country.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Young, Yolo County Agricultural Commissioner, agrees. \"The ranchers are gonna by far be hit the hardest here. The pressure on them is going to be to cut this acreage apart and start to sell it off chunk by chunk.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There may not be much development pressure today, but Young expects it to come back as the economy rebounds. And since ranchers need a lot of land to raise cattle, higher taxes will hit them hard. \"Most farmers can't afford to pay those kind of taxes when it takes 40 acres for one cow/calf pair.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Counties will also be in a tight spot, if the legislature passes Brown's budget. Since counties collect lower property taxes under the program, the state usually reimburses them for the lost funds. In Yolo County, that's supposed to be 1.3 million dollars a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, these days, all of California is facing some tough cuts, as Governor Brown said a few weeks ago. \"Do I like the choices we face? No, I don't like them. But after serious study of the options left by a 25 billion dollar deficit, the budget I proposed is the best that I can devise,\" he said in the State of the State address.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Young says it would fall to the counties to decide if they can continue the conservation program without state support. \"Williamson Act is one of the best land conservation acts that's ever existed anywhere. So really this is a statewide issue. It shouldn't be on each individual county to decide that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Williamson Act isn't just something that ranchers care about. On Howard Ranch, a 12,000-acre cattle ranch in eastern Sacramento County, Jaymee Marty is standing next to what looks like a small pond. Marty is an ecologist with \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.org/wherewework/northamerica/states/california/\">the Nature Conservancy\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A vernal pool is basically a season wetland and this is sort of a little hotspot of native diversity,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These small wetlands may not seem like much, but every spring, they only appear in California's grasslands. By summer, they're completely dried up. \"So you have you know hundreds of plant species that are found nowhere else in the world except in California in vernal pools.\" They're also home to species like ferry shrimp and tiger salamanders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-12179\" title=\"vernal-pool\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/vernal-pool2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/vernal-pool2.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/vernal-pool2-400x150.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003cem>Two different vernal pools in Jaymee Marty's research. On the left is a pool that's been fenced off from cattle, while the pool on the right was left open. The fenced pool is choked with thatch and invasive weeds like Medusahead. Cattle have kept those plants down in the open pool, which Marty says is a more productive environment for tiger salamanders and other species that depend on these seasonal pools. Photos: Jaymee Marty and Jennifer Buck.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ten years ago, Marty began a study to see if cattle were harming these tiny communities. \"I thought that I was going to find that some species were really going to lose out in a grazed grassland.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, Marty found that cattle help create a better environment for vernal pools. There are types of grazing that are not good for the ecosystem, says Marty, but studies have shown that rangeland is an important habitat for raptors and other wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's why the loss of more than 500,000 acres of California ranchland over the last quarter century is a concern. \"It's pretty shocking. Some counties have a lot more loss than others.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that, says Marty, is where the Williamson Act comes in. \"Really the only reason that this grassland is in existence today is because it has been ranched, because people have been able to make a living off of it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's why she sees the Williamson Act as an important conservation tool in California. But in Sacramento, the act is competing with schools and health care for limited funding. Legislators are now holding budget hearings that will decide the future of the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>38.623317 -122.02352\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/land3002.jpeg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Under Governor Jerry Brown's proposed budget, state funding for the Williamson Act would be eliminated. Photo Credit: Jennifer Rusk\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After plenty of winter rain, the hills of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.yololandandcattle.com/\">Yolo Land and Cattle Company\u003c/a> are especially green this year. That's a good thing, says owner Casey Stone, when you're raising grass-fed cattle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We've become more grass farmers than cow farmers. You gotta manage the whole resource and whole package,\" says Stone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stone and I are driving through his 7500-acre ranch in Yolo County, about 30 miles west of Sacramento. \"These are some of our fall calvers out here,\" he says, pointing to just a few of his 700 Black Angus cattle, who, right now have fuzzy winter coats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There have only been a few families that have owned this ranch over the years since it was homesteaded back in the 1860s,\" he says. Stone's father started their cattle operation in the 1970s and he took advantage of \u003ca href=\"http://www.conservation.ca.gov/dlrp/lca/Pages/Index.aspx\">the Williamson Act\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Audio Player\" skin=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip\" file=\"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/02/2011-02-14-quest.mp3\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/land-preservation-on-the-chopping-block\">Land Preservation on the Chopping Block\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Here's how it works: in exchange for agreeing not to develop their land, the Stones pay lower property taxes on their ranch. The program was created in 1965 to preserve open space in California. Today, it covers more than half of the state's farm and ranchland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under Governor Jerry Brown's proposed budget, state funding for the Williamson Act would be eliminated. \"I think people have taken it for granted up until recently cause it's always been something that's out there,\" says Stone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stone says the program helps keep many ranchers afloat, given the volatile cattle market. \"It's a very cyclical business. Eight years ago we were down in the dumps.\" Without the program, Stone expects his property taxes to jump 38 percent on the ranch. For his neighbors, he says, it could be higher and that creates pressure to subdivide the land. \"In this type of area, everyone wants a ranchette in the country.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Young, Yolo County Agricultural Commissioner, agrees. \"The ranchers are gonna by far be hit the hardest here. The pressure on them is going to be to cut this acreage apart and start to sell it off chunk by chunk.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There may not be much development pressure today, but Young expects it to come back as the economy rebounds. And since ranchers need a lot of land to raise cattle, higher taxes will hit them hard. \"Most farmers can't afford to pay those kind of taxes when it takes 40 acres for one cow/calf pair.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Counties will also be in a tight spot, if the legislature passes Brown's budget. Since counties collect lower property taxes under the program, the state usually reimburses them for the lost funds. In Yolo County, that's supposed to be 1.3 million dollars a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, these days, all of California is facing some tough cuts, as Governor Brown said a few weeks ago. \"Do I like the choices we face? No, I don't like them. But after serious study of the options left by a 25 billion dollar deficit, the budget I proposed is the best that I can devise,\" he said in the State of the State address.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Young says it would fall to the counties to decide if they can continue the conservation program without state support. \"Williamson Act is one of the best land conservation acts that's ever existed anywhere. So really this is a statewide issue. It shouldn't be on each individual county to decide that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Williamson Act isn't just something that ranchers care about. On Howard Ranch, a 12,000-acre cattle ranch in eastern Sacramento County, Jaymee Marty is standing next to what looks like a small pond. Marty is an ecologist with \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.org/wherewework/northamerica/states/california/\">the Nature Conservancy\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A vernal pool is basically a season wetland and this is sort of a little hotspot of native diversity,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These small wetlands may not seem like much, but every spring, they only appear in California's grasslands. By summer, they're completely dried up. \"So you have you know hundreds of plant species that are found nowhere else in the world except in California in vernal pools.\" They're also home to species like ferry shrimp and tiger salamanders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-12179\" title=\"vernal-pool\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/vernal-pool2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/vernal-pool2.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/vernal-pool2-400x150.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003cem>Two different vernal pools in Jaymee Marty's research. On the left is a pool that's been fenced off from cattle, while the pool on the right was left open. The fenced pool is choked with thatch and invasive weeds like Medusahead. Cattle have kept those plants down in the open pool, which Marty says is a more productive environment for tiger salamanders and other species that depend on these seasonal pools. Photos: Jaymee Marty and Jennifer Buck.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ten years ago, Marty began a study to see if cattle were harming these tiny communities. \"I thought that I was going to find that some species were really going to lose out in a grazed grassland.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, Marty found that cattle help create a better environment for vernal pools. There are types of grazing that are not good for the ecosystem, says Marty, but studies have shown that rangeland is an important habitat for raptors and other wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's why the loss of more than 500,000 acres of California ranchland over the last quarter century is a concern. \"It's pretty shocking. Some counties have a lot more loss than others.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that, says Marty, is where the Williamson Act comes in. \"Really the only reason that this grassland is in existence today is because it has been ranched, because people have been able to make a living off of it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's why she sees the Williamson Act as an important conservation tool in California. But in Sacramento, the act is competing with schools and health care for limited funding. Legislators are now holding budget hearings that will decide the future of the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>38.623317 -122.02352\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/Windmade2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>The first global consumer label that identifies a product made from wind power.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I am composing this blog post on a computer that was likely assembled in a factory that runs on electricity made from coal. The aluminum for the case and other parts of the computer probably came from a smelter powered by natural gas. The electricity powering the computer here in California could come from a combination of natural gas, from hydropower, wind power, or a solar thermal plant that uses the Sun’s energy to create steam, turn a turbine and make electricity. But this is educated guesswork on my part.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can pick up a chocolate bar, coffee, or other stuff at Trader Joe’s and read the label to see where it was made, whether or not it’s organic, if the people who grew it were paid a just wage, and how much high-fructose corn syrup is involved. Doesn’t it seem like the next step is to know what kind of energy was used to make it? Soon you’ll be able to go to a store and buy a product you know was made from pure, clean wind energy.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.gwec.net/\">Global Wind Energy Council\u003c/a>, WWF, the LEGO Group, the UN Global Compact, and others announced an initiative to create the first global consumer label that identifies a product made from wind power; they call themselves the \u003ca href=\"http://www.windmade.org\">WindMade\u003c/a> consortium. The announcement came in late January at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland—the uber gathering of world-grade economic movers and shakers. The consortium plans to disseminate the WindMade label through what it calls a “good corporate citizen initiative” that includes 6,200 corporations in more than 130 countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We hope that this will create a strong element of consumer pull which will accelerate the pace of wind energy development globally,” says Ditley Engel, CEO and President of \u003ca href=\"http://www.vestas.com/\">Vestas Wind Systems\u003c/a>, who pioneered the initiative. But it’s not just wind energy the consortium is pushing. The group wants to create labels for products made from solar energy, biomass, and other renewable sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The WindMade labeling initiative is a global effort to promote energy and resource conservation to corporations; but it is reaching corporations through their customers. A global TNS Gallup survey of 25,000 people in 20 different markets showed that 92% of respondents believe that renewable energy is a good way to combat global climate change, and most of them would choose a wind-made product even if they had to pay a premium for it. Corporations, at least the ones that make things, have to please their customers, as well as their shareholders, in order to compete and stay in business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We believe that voluntary certification is one key to raising the bar for mainstream performance,” says James Leape, Director General of WWF. “We hope to see WindMade develop into a good example of a standard for corporations to close the gag between ambition and reality in the important area of renewable energy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In March, the WindMade consortium plans to announce more details of the program, in particular how the certification process will work. PricewaterhouseCoopers—a member of the consortium and the folks who tally the scores and keep the Oscar winners secret until Oscar Night—is leading the effort to develop and monitor the certification process. And the winner is—everybody.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.8686 -122.267\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/Windmade2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>The first global consumer label that identifies a product made from wind power.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I am composing this blog post on a computer that was likely assembled in a factory that runs on electricity made from coal. The aluminum for the case and other parts of the computer probably came from a smelter powered by natural gas. The electricity powering the computer here in California could come from a combination of natural gas, from hydropower, wind power, or a solar thermal plant that uses the Sun’s energy to create steam, turn a turbine and make electricity. But this is educated guesswork on my part.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can pick up a chocolate bar, coffee, or other stuff at Trader Joe’s and read the label to see where it was made, whether or not it’s organic, if the people who grew it were paid a just wage, and how much high-fructose corn syrup is involved. Doesn’t it seem like the next step is to know what kind of energy was used to make it? Soon you’ll be able to go to a store and buy a product you know was made from pure, clean wind energy.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.gwec.net/\">Global Wind Energy Council\u003c/a>, WWF, the LEGO Group, the UN Global Compact, and others announced an initiative to create the first global consumer label that identifies a product made from wind power; they call themselves the \u003ca href=\"http://www.windmade.org\">WindMade\u003c/a> consortium. The announcement came in late January at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland—the uber gathering of world-grade economic movers and shakers. The consortium plans to disseminate the WindMade label through what it calls a “good corporate citizen initiative” that includes 6,200 corporations in more than 130 countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We hope that this will create a strong element of consumer pull which will accelerate the pace of wind energy development globally,” says Ditley Engel, CEO and President of \u003ca href=\"http://www.vestas.com/\">Vestas Wind Systems\u003c/a>, who pioneered the initiative. But it’s not just wind energy the consortium is pushing. The group wants to create labels for products made from solar energy, biomass, and other renewable sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/cool-roof1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Making cool roofs in Philadelphia. Photo by Scott Wagner, Energy Coordinating Agency \u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are cool roofs and not so cool roofs, and it has nothing to do with fashion. A cool roof reflects the non-visible part of the sun into space, reducing the atmospheric temperature, and reducing the temperature of whatever is beneath the roof. The same phenomenon is true on a global scale, if you consider the Arctic circle to be the roof of the world. As global average temperature increases, the Arctic becomes warmer, the snow melts, and seawater takes its place. Snow is a great reflector of invisible light; seawater isn’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the cities of the United States, it has been common to roof buildings with tar and gravel. But the result of that practice is that the summer temperatures in many large cities is up to 5°F higher during the day and 20°F higher at night than in the surrounding suburban and rural areas, where there is more green space. Lately, in cities like Chicago and San Francisco, builders are using white roofs or colored roofs that reflect light in the invisible range.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A typical white roof is made using a highly reflective elastomeric covering. But there are colored roofing shingles that look a lot like the traditional composite shingles that you find everywhere on houses. Only the reflective shingles reduce roof temperatures by 50°F to 60°F in the summer, reducing cooling load and air conditioning bills. Scientists at \u003ca href=\"http://coolcolor.lbl.gov\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a> helped produce the reflective coatings that allow shingles to be something other than pure white.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Florida Solar Energy Center in Cocoa, Florida, does research on cool roofs at its \u003ca href=\"http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/about/facilities/frf.htm\">Flexible Roof Facility\u003c/a>, where they measure the effects on attic temperature and heat flux using various roofing materials. Experiments show that a white metal roof decreases heat flux by 44% compared to traditional black shingles. This translates into 15% less cooling energy use in the house below and a 15% drop in cooling bills. Not a huge amount, but imagine if even one home in ten had a cool roof; the total effect on U.S. energy use in the summer would be significant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Central Valley of California, simulations done by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.energy.ca.gov/title24/coolroofs\">California Energy Commission\u003c/a> predict annual savings of more than 400 kWh for every 1,000 square feet of highly reflective roof surface. Because of the energy and money savings, cool roofs have been a prescriptive requirement in California’s Title 24 building codes since 2005.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.8686 -122.267\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Florida Solar Energy Center in Cocoa, Florida, does research on cool roofs at its \u003ca href=\"http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/about/facilities/frf.htm\">Flexible Roof Facility\u003c/a>, where they measure the effects on attic temperature and heat flux using various roofing materials. Experiments show that a white metal roof decreases heat flux by 44% compared to traditional black shingles. This translates into 15% less cooling energy use in the house below and a 15% drop in cooling bills. Not a huge amount, but imagine if even one home in ten had a cool roof; the total effect on U.S. energy use in the summer would be significant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Central Valley of California, simulations done by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.energy.ca.gov/title24/coolroofs\">California Energy Commission\u003c/a> predict annual savings of more than 400 kWh for every 1,000 square feet of highly reflective roof surface. Because of the energy and money savings, cool roofs have been a prescriptive requirement in California’s Title 24 building codes since 2005.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.8686 -122.267\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Rivers in the Sky Can Lead to Flooding on the Ground",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/quest1.jpg\">\u003cem>Severe flooding in Sacramento during 1861-1862 storms.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">Earth's 4.5 billion year history is riddled with the evidence of landscape-altering events that would be considered rare and catastrophic from a human perspective. Some of the 'normal' events that shape the Earth's surface occur at intervals longer than the lifespan of a human. For example, let's say that an abrupt event (an earthquake, flood, or tsunami) occurs, on average, once every 500 years. Such an event would have occurred more than \u003cem>5,000 times\u003c/em> since our species has walked the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have our grandparents and great-grandparents (and written/photographed history for that matter) to remind of us events that did happen. But there's nothing quite like direct experience. The stories of natural disasters that occurred many generations ago seem far away and detached from our current world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How do we deal with this? One tool to remind ourselves of what is possible when it comes to 'rare' natural events is science. Under the right circumstances and analyzed with the proper tools the geologic record holds clues to how often such events might occur (frequency) and how significant there effects might have been (magnitude). Combining this type of work with sophisticated modeling of the processes at work can provide insight into what to expect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following on the very successful \u003ca href=\"http://www.shakeout.org/scenario/\">ShakeOut Scenario\u003c/a> of 2008, the U.S. Geological Survey's Multi-Hazards Demonstration Project (MHDP) is working on another large-scale disaster awareness project. But instead of an earthquake, this one is about large storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project is nicknamed \u003cstrong>ARkStorm\u003c/strong>, which refers to storms related to atmospheric rivers (the 'AR') that occur on average once every 500 to 1,000 years ('k' refers to 1,000). The image below is from a USGS publication released last week about the ARkStorm scenario (\u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1312/\">Open File Report 2010-1312\u003c/a>) and shows an example of an atmospheric river in the Pacific in 2004. In this example, this relatively narrow arm of high water vapor content extends across the ocean basin to the town of Cazedero, California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/AR1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11596 aligncenter\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/AR1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"605\" height=\"423\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/AR1.jpg 901w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/AR1-400x280.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/AR1-800x559.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 605px) 100vw, 605px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A storm scenario similar to what is described in the ARkStorm report happened in California in the winter of 1861-1862. A series of powerful storms lasting a month flooded much of the Central Valley -- people described it as an inland sea. The ARkStorm scenario has happened before and is scientifically realistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similar to earthquakes, it's not so much a matter of \u003cem>if\u003c/em> a storm scenario like this will occur but \u003cem>when\u003c/em>. The point of an initiative like ARkStorm is about raising the collective awareness of what is possible. I think Californians are, for the most part, aware of the seismic hazards we face. Adding a super-storm to the list is not meant to be sensational or scary -- it's meant to communicate the inevitable so we are prepared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To learn more about how different agencies and authorities will be participating in \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1312/\">ARkStorm\u003c/a>, check out this short video put together by the USGS:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cobject width=\"640\" height=\"385\">\u003cparam name=\"movie\" value=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/UQHeidsBhyI?fs=1&hl=en_US\">\u003cparam name=\"allowFullScreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cparam name=\"allowscriptaccess\" value=\"always\">\u003cembed src=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/UQHeidsBhyI?fs=1&hl=en_US\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" allowscriptaccess=\"always\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" width=\"640\" height=\"385\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"color: #333333\">Thanks to Bay Area geologist and About.com 'guide' Andrew Alden for mentioning this story \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/b/2011/01/14/arkstorm-rivers-in-the-atmosphere.htm\">last week\u003c/a> on his blog.\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.762611 -122.409719\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/quest1.jpg\">\u003cem>Severe flooding in Sacramento during 1861-1862 storms.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">Earth's 4.5 billion year history is riddled with the evidence of landscape-altering events that would be considered rare and catastrophic from a human perspective. Some of the 'normal' events that shape the Earth's surface occur at intervals longer than the lifespan of a human. For example, let's say that an abrupt event (an earthquake, flood, or tsunami) occurs, on average, once every 500 years. Such an event would have occurred more than \u003cem>5,000 times\u003c/em> since our species has walked the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have our grandparents and great-grandparents (and written/photographed history for that matter) to remind of us events that did happen. But there's nothing quite like direct experience. The stories of natural disasters that occurred many generations ago seem far away and detached from our current world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How do we deal with this? One tool to remind ourselves of what is possible when it comes to 'rare' natural events is science. Under the right circumstances and analyzed with the proper tools the geologic record holds clues to how often such events might occur (frequency) and how significant there effects might have been (magnitude). Combining this type of work with sophisticated modeling of the processes at work can provide insight into what to expect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following on the very successful \u003ca href=\"http://www.shakeout.org/scenario/\">ShakeOut Scenario\u003c/a> of 2008, the U.S. Geological Survey's Multi-Hazards Demonstration Project (MHDP) is working on another large-scale disaster awareness project. But instead of an earthquake, this one is about large storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project is nicknamed \u003cstrong>ARkStorm\u003c/strong>, which refers to storms related to atmospheric rivers (the 'AR') that occur on average once every 500 to 1,000 years ('k' refers to 1,000). The image below is from a USGS publication released last week about the ARkStorm scenario (\u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1312/\">Open File Report 2010-1312\u003c/a>) and shows an example of an atmospheric river in the Pacific in 2004. In this example, this relatively narrow arm of high water vapor content extends across the ocean basin to the town of Cazedero, California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/AR1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11596 aligncenter\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/AR1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"605\" height=\"423\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/AR1.jpg 901w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/AR1-400x280.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/AR1-800x559.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 605px) 100vw, 605px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A storm scenario similar to what is described in the ARkStorm report happened in California in the winter of 1861-1862. A series of powerful storms lasting a month flooded much of the Central Valley -- people described it as an inland sea. The ARkStorm scenario has happened before and is scientifically realistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similar to earthquakes, it's not so much a matter of \u003cem>if\u003c/em> a storm scenario like this will occur but \u003cem>when\u003c/em>. The point of an initiative like ARkStorm is about raising the collective awareness of what is possible. I think Californians are, for the most part, aware of the seismic hazards we face. Adding a super-storm to the list is not meant to be sensational or scary -- it's meant to communicate the inevitable so we are prepared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To learn more about how different agencies and authorities will be participating in \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1312/\">ARkStorm\u003c/a>, check out this short video put together by the USGS:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cobject width=\"640\" height=\"385\">\u003cparam name=\"movie\" value=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/UQHeidsBhyI?fs=1&hl=en_US\">\u003cparam name=\"allowFullScreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cparam name=\"allowscriptaccess\" value=\"always\">\u003cembed src=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/UQHeidsBhyI?fs=1&hl=en_US\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" allowscriptaccess=\"always\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" width=\"640\" height=\"385\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"color: #333333\">Thanks to Bay Area geologist and About.com 'guide' Andrew Alden for mentioning this story \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/b/2011/01/14/arkstorm-rivers-in-the-atmosphere.htm\">last week\u003c/a> on his blog.\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.762611 -122.409719\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/lightbulb1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Say goodbye to an old friend. Photo by WikiMedia. \u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You know which light bulb I mean. It’s the one you’ve burned your hands on when trying to unscrew it too soon after it’s been turned off. It’s the one you put in the lamp in your living room to read by in your comfortable chair; the one you use to light the stairways at night. It’s the 100-watt incandescent that uses practically the same technology put together by Thomas Edison in 1879. It’s a metal filament inside a glass vacuum that gives off light and heat when exposed to an electric current. Say goodbye. It’s out of our hands. It’s a goner. I’m guessing it won’t go quietly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a little late to say goodbye in California, where 100-watt incandescents have been effectively banned since January 1. The rest of the country will catch up to us next year, when the popular light bulb will be banned everywhere in the United States. It is not really an outright ban that is clearing the shelves of 100-watt incandescents in 2012, followed by the 75-watt bulb in 2013, and the 60- and 40-watt bulbs beginning in 2014. What’s killing the familiar bulb is an act of Congress that mandated efficiency standards that incandescents cannot meet: the \u003ca href=\"http://www.1eere.energy.gov/femp/regulations/eisa.html\">Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007\u003c/a>. As the standard for watts per lumen (a measure of light output) become higher and higher, the familiar bulbs will begin disappearing from store shelves. It will be illegal to manufacture the less efficient bulbs in the United States or import them from abroad. A few special use incandescents will still be allowed, for example 3-way bulbs and appliance bulbs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most popular incandescents will gradually give way to more efficient halogen, fluorescent and compact fluorescent lights, and solid state lighting (SSL) devices like \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode\">light emitting diodes (LED)\u003c/a>. The reduction in total energy use and green house gas emissions in the United States will be dramatic. According to an analysis by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.aceee.org/fact-sheet/eisa-2007-provisions-analysis\">American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy (ACEEE) \u003c/a>the efficient light bulb provisions of the EISA will reduce national energy use by 60 terra-watt hours (terra equals trillion) of energy and reduce national emissions by 12 million metric tons of carbon by the year 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Incandescents are already banned in Europe, but according to Ira Eisenstein, writing in the \u003ca href=\"http://homeenergypros.lbl.gov/forum/topics/say-farewell-to-the-100watt\">Home Energy Pros blog space\u003c/a>, some stores there are selling 100-watt incandescents under the name “100-watt heat source.” Look for the creative American mind and the market to come up with similar workarounds in the United States. But gradually the incandescent bulb will be a thing of memory, while cleaner, more efficient, and longer lasting light sources become much less expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Look for more on the phaseout of the incandescent on the QUEST radio segment airing on Monday, January 24.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8686 -122.267\u003c/p>\n\n",
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