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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/Humpback_tail_Fallarones.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-20112\" title=\"Humpback_tail_Fallarones\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/Humpback_tail_Fallarones-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>In June, a report was released by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.stateoftheocean.org/\">International Programmes on the State of the Ocean\u003c/a>, announcing the results of a high level summit. Conclusions? It’s worse than we thought. We are rapidly accelerating toward the next wide-scale extinction event in the oceans, and the rate of change is faster than anticipated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team of international scientists published a grave assessment of current threats and a stark conclusion about future risks to marine and human life. If the current trajectory of damage continues, the world's ocean is at high risk of entering an unprecedented phase of extinction of marine species.\u003cbr>\nThe greatest threat the group concluded was climate change leading to \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_acidification\">ocean acidification\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ocean acidification is a direct result of the absorption of carbon dioxide by the ocean. This threatens all marine animals and plants that secrete calcium carbonate as part of their structure. Ocean acidification can prevent marine animals, from snails to plankton to corals, from building their protective shells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Historically and before the presence of humans, three factors have been present in every mass extinction event: low oxygen levels (hypoxia) and the absence of oxygen (anoxia) causing ocean dead zones; ocean warming; and acean acidification. Thanks to modern technology, we have accelerated and exacerbated the conditions leading to the historical marine extinctions. Already one quarter of the world’s coral reefs have vanished and another one third are endangered. Ninety percent of many some of the ocean’s great fish have vanished. Species like sharks contribute to the health of the ocean yet are being systematically and unsustainably fished.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These climate and marine experts found strong evidence that the effects of the three factors, coupled with other human induced impacts such as overfishing and nutrient runoff from farming have already caused a dramatic decline in ocean health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last great extinction event occurred 55 million years ago, where over half of all deep sea species became extinct. It has been determined that the rate of carbon absorption in the ocean is already greater than the conditions leading to that event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was concluded that these impacts are synergistic and the rate of degeneration is far faster than previously predicted. The report urges strong and rapid action by governments to reduce carbon emissions such as those urged by the last \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipcc.ch/\">IPCC\u003c/a> report, better manage our fisheries - especially those of the high seas, and increase marine reserves to serve as pockets of resilience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The conclusions are serious indeed yet it also offers solutions, many of which we can deal with in our daily lives. As citizens, we can work for ocean health by driving less, eating only sustainable seafoods, minimizing run off from detergents and fertilizers and supporting marine protection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ocean and ocean life are too important to lose through negligence or ignorance.\u003cbr>\nAs one of the co-authors of the event Dr. Dan Laffoley stated, “The time to protect the blue heart of our planet is now, today and urgent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ocean is our planet’s heartbeat, and the future heartbeat for billions of humans. Lets keep it beating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.7699 -122.467174\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/Pier391.jpg\">\u003cem>San Francisco's Pier 39 is home to only a few sea lions this summer.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I spent Saturday sightseeing in San Francisco with a friend visiting from out of town, and I thought I’d check in on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/education/marine-mammal-information/pinnipeds/california-sea-lion/\">sea lions\u003c/a> at \u003ca href=\"http://www.pier39.com/Information/webcamnew.htm\">Pier 39\u003c/a>. Just a few years ago, there were about 1600 of them, slithering on and off the wooden docks, basking in the sun, and barking at one another. Then in 2009, most of them swam away, as QUEST blogger Amy Gotliffe \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/02/11/wonderin-where-the-lions-are/\">explained\u003c/a>. The sea lions’ favorite food, herring, was in short supply, so they went to Oregon to feast on anchovies and salmon. Now the herring are making a comeback—will the sea lions return too?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This weekend the floating wooden palates at Pier 39 were mostly bare; there were perhaps a dozen sea lions. We would expect the sea lion numbers to be low this time of year, herring or no herring. In the summer, sea lions travel down south (the Channel Islands, San Diego, Baja) to breed. But there were still fewer sea lions at Pier 39 than in summers past. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea lions will eat a lot of different prey items: octopus, squid, small sharks. But their bread and butter is herring, which have been hard to find in recent years. The herring fishery is the only fishery still in operation in San Francisco Bay, and it \u003ca href=\"http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/localnews/ci_13280772\">closed\u003c/a> during the 2009/2010 season (December through April), because there were so few fish. This year, \u003ca href=\"http://baynature.org/articles/web-only-articles/a-good-season-for-bay-herring\">the herring fishery opened again\u003c/a>, but with a lower quota than in the past, to allow the fish to recover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a few hypotheses about why the herring numbers dipped so low in 2009. First, herring lay their eggs in the brackish waters of the estuaries around San Francisco Bay. Each female fish can lay up to 50,000 eggs, which are a prized commodity in Japan. However, the years leading up to 2009 were drought years, so the estuaries were saltier than usual. That may have affected the herrings’ spawning success. Second, the 2007 Cosco Busan oil spill may have affected herring health. Researchers found oil-soaked embryos, which were deformed. Third, herring declines may be the result of climate change. As surface waters get warmer, there is less mixing with cold, nutrient-rich water from the bottom of the ocean. There are also big patches of the ocean that have very little oxygen. These hypoxic zones are deadly to their inhabitants, and are affecting many marine species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the herring appear to be making a comeback, possibly because the past few years have been wet and the estuaries are sufficiently fresh, or because the spilled oil has been flushed from the Bay. Time will tell whether the sea lions follow their food and return to Pier 39. I hope they come back—along with the twists and turns of Lombard Street and the Golden Gate Bridge, the Embarcadero’s sea lions are one of my favorite San Francisco treasures to show off to visiting friends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.809079 -122.411934\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/climateglobe1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>How one climate model breaks the planet into a 10,242-cell\u003cbr>\nspherical geodesic grid. Source: Prabhat, LBNL.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/the-future-of-supercomputers\">my QUEST radio story this week\u003c/a>, we learn about how faster supercomputers will help scientists run climate simulations. One of the trickiest aspects of that is dealing with clouds. 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A big questions is how much snowfall we'll get in the future. That's going to hinge on what the temperature is at the peaks of the Sierras. So knowing how fast the temperature change is going to happen at the peaks is going to make a big difference to our water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local climate predications are really important for state and local policymakers. How should building codes be changed? How will local areas adapt? We need accuracy at the state and local level to pull off that planning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I\u003cstrong>f you can resolve clouds better in the future, will that change overall projections about climate change?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I'd be shocked if they did. The physics of climate change is really basic. We're not going to get out of global warming. We know based on the projections that we've had in hand for the last 20 years that the time to act is now. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We started with by running simple climate models on supercomputers that included simulating the weather, rainfall, and carbon dioxide. In the last 20 years, the complexity of models has vastly increased. They now include ocean dynamics, glaciers, sea ice and the exchange of carbon dioxide between the ocean and the land, known as the carbon cycle. All of that has required an immense increase in computing power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Climate models today simulate the atmosphere and carbon cycle by breaking up the planet into a grid and running the calculations in those segments, right?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right, in modern climate models, we simulate the weather every two to five minutes and then average that to see how the climate is going to change across that grid. 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So knowing how fast the temperature change is going to happen at the peaks is going to make a big difference to our water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local climate predications are really important for state and local policymakers. How should building codes be changed? How will local areas adapt? We need accuracy at the state and local level to pull off that planning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I\u003cstrong>f you can resolve clouds better in the future, will that change overall projections about climate change?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I'd be shocked if they did. The physics of climate change is really basic. We're not going to get out of global warming. We know based on the projections that we've had in hand for the last 20 years that the time to act is now. The longer we wait, the harder the solutions are to avoid dangerous levels of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What better resolution of clouds is likely to give us is a better idea of changes in rainfall. That's really important to our water supply, our forests, and our crops. Higher resolution will also give us better predictions of climate change extremes, like when droughts happen or the impact of downpours on rivers and dams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We want to know about climate change that goes bump in the night. We're concerned about abrupt climate change - the type that occurs quickly over a large region, like the melting of the permafrost. We're also worried about extreme climate change - intense, highly-localized changes like heat waves, hurricanes and tornadoes. Both of those are stressors on society and the environment. They've been difficult to simulate since we haven't had the computing power. But now, thanks to advances, we're getting there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/baycheckerspot2.jpg\">\u003cem>The life history cycles of the bay checkerspot butterfly and its host plant, Plantago, don’t match up anymore. When the butterfly eggs hatch, the plant is no longer edible. Photo: \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/447852484/\">kqedquest\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tomorrow is our summer \u003ca href=\"http://scijinks.nasa.gov/solstice\">solstice\u003c/a>—the longest day of the year here in the Northern Hemisphere. For folks in the Southern Hemisphere, tomorrow is the winter solstice, the shortest day of the year. The solstices occur thanks to the tilt of the earth. Humans have been recognizing and celebrating the solstices throughout history; \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge\">Stonehenge\u003c/a> is just one example. But we humans are not the only creatures that pay attention to day length. The life cycles of myriad plants and animals are controlled by the length of the day.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many plants and animals are sensitive to the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoperiodism\">photoperiod\u003c/a>, or day length. As day length grows longer throughout the springtime, many species of plants begin to flower. Other plants are triggered to reproduce when the day length becomes shorter. In these plants, a protein is actually responding to the number of hours of darkness, not to the hours of light. Many animals respond to day length, too. For many bird species, a critical day length initiates their reproductive maturation and is their cue to begin migrating. Decreasing day length also prompts hibernation in many animals. In all of these examples, photoperiod is controlling organisms’ \u003ca href=\"http://www.usanpn.org/about/phenology\">phenology\u003c/a>—the timing of life events, like plant flowering and bird egg laying. Phenology is often tied to the seasons, because of organisms’ responses to day length.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phenology can also be controlled by other factors, like temperature and the amount of rainfall. As the days grow warmer because of climate change, the timing of organisms’ life cycles is shifting. Spring happens earlier than it used to, and many springtime life events are happening earlier too. In major 2003 \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v421/n6918/full/nature01286.html\">study\u003c/a> of nearly 700 species, including birds, insects, frogs, flowering plants, and trees, 62% of species’ life cycles had shifted over an average of 45 years. Birds and frogs bred earlier, migrating birds and butterflies arrived sooner, and plants flowered and buds burst earlier. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is likely leading to a widespread phenological mismatch; while some organisms are responding to earlier springtime temperatures, other organisms are still tracking day length. This means that insects emerge ready to feed on particular plants, but the plants are not yet edible. The insects don’t get their food, and the plants don’t get pollinated. Or migrating birds arrive hungry, and their food source has not yet ripened. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is difficult to know to what extent phonological mismatches are taking place. A proper study of phenology requires a lot of data—many widespread observations of when a particular plant is flowering, or when and where a particular migratory bird is present. This is where you come in. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.usanpn.org/\">National Phenology Network\u003c/a> has a \u003ca href=\"http://www.usanpn.org/participate\">citizen science program\u003c/a> that allows people across the country to record their observations of plants and animals. This crowd-sourced data will be used to determine the extent and effects of shifts in the timing of organisms’ life cycles. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.879329 -122.2463347\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/baycheckerspot2.jpg\">\u003cem>The life history cycles of the bay checkerspot butterfly and its host plant, Plantago, don’t match up anymore. When the butterfly eggs hatch, the plant is no longer edible. Photo: \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/447852484/\">kqedquest\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tomorrow is our summer \u003ca href=\"http://scijinks.nasa.gov/solstice\">solstice\u003c/a>—the longest day of the year here in the Northern Hemisphere. For folks in the Southern Hemisphere, tomorrow is the winter solstice, the shortest day of the year. The solstices occur thanks to the tilt of the earth. Humans have been recognizing and celebrating the solstices throughout history; \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge\">Stonehenge\u003c/a> is just one example. But we humans are not the only creatures that pay attention to day length. The life cycles of myriad plants and animals are controlled by the length of the day.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many plants and animals are sensitive to the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoperiodism\">photoperiod\u003c/a>, or day length. As day length grows longer throughout the springtime, many species of plants begin to flower. Other plants are triggered to reproduce when the day length becomes shorter. In these plants, a protein is actually responding to the number of hours of darkness, not to the hours of light. Many animals respond to day length, too. For many bird species, a critical day length initiates their reproductive maturation and is their cue to begin migrating. Decreasing day length also prompts hibernation in many animals. In all of these examples, photoperiod is controlling organisms’ \u003ca href=\"http://www.usanpn.org/about/phenology\">phenology\u003c/a>—the timing of life events, like plant flowering and bird egg laying. Phenology is often tied to the seasons, because of organisms’ responses to day length.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phenology can also be controlled by other factors, like temperature and the amount of rainfall. As the days grow warmer because of climate change, the timing of organisms’ life cycles is shifting. Spring happens earlier than it used to, and many springtime life events are happening earlier too. In major 2003 \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v421/n6918/full/nature01286.html\">study\u003c/a> of nearly 700 species, including birds, insects, frogs, flowering plants, and trees, 62% of species’ life cycles had shifted over an average of 45 years. Birds and frogs bred earlier, migrating birds and butterflies arrived sooner, and plants flowered and buds burst earlier. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is likely leading to a widespread phenological mismatch; while some organisms are responding to earlier springtime temperatures, other organisms are still tracking day length. This means that insects emerge ready to feed on particular plants, but the plants are not yet edible. The insects don’t get their food, and the plants don’t get pollinated. Or migrating birds arrive hungry, and their food source has not yet ripened. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"center\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/ClimateCousinLg.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"center\">\u003cem>Scrubby vegetation and vineyards: it may look like California, but it’s not. Photo: Jennifer Skene.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I just got back from a month-long rock climbing trip near Barcelona, Spain—and though I’d never been there before, the vegetation looked a bit familiar. Hiking around, my skin was constantly scratched by the stiff, sharp leaves of shrubby plants—similar to California’s chaparral. Lizards I almost recognized darted across dry patches of dirt. The weather was similar to California’s, too—being summer, it was hot and dry. This was no coincidence. Spain, in the Mediterranean Basin, is California’s climate cousin.\u003c!--more--> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On every continent except Antarctica, the west coasts share a similar climate, called the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_climate\">Mediterranean climate\u003c/a>. It is characterized by warm to hot summers with basically no rainfall, and winters that are short, mild, and wet. A world \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Medclim.png\">map\u003c/a> of Mediterranean climate regions shows that in addition to the Mediterranean Basin and the coast of California, the west coast of South America from Peru to Chile, the northwest part of Africa, parts of western and southern Australia, and parts of South Africa all share the Mediterranean climate. The sweet spot is at about 35 degrees latitude, both north and south. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate is a product of ocean currents and the up-and-down movement of air above Earth’s surface. In the northern hemisphere ocean currents swirl clockwise, and in the southern hemisphere ocean currents swirl counter-clockwise, thanks to Earth’s rotation and the resultant \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_36MiCUS1ro\">Coriolis Effect\u003c/a>. The direction of the currents means that water flowing along the west coast of all continents is cold, having recently come from the poles. Air follows the ocean currents, binging storms and precipitation in winter. In summer, the effect of the up-and-down movement of air in the atmosphere kicks in and influences climate. In summer, dry air sinks along the latitude band of about 30 degrees to 35 degrees. The dry sinking air prevents storms from moving in, and is largely responsible for Mediterranean regions’ summer droughts. Sinking and rising of air on Earth’s surface is due to the Sun’s uneven heating of Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those scratchy shrubs that plagued me throughout my vacation are the signature flora of Mediterranean climates. Drought-tolerant evergreen shrubs exist in every Mediterranean region. In fact, the word to describe California’s scrappy shrubs, chaparral, has \u003ca href=\"http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/chaparral\">Spanish origins\u003c/a>—chaparro (initially txapar in Basque) means dwarf evergreen oak. We now use the word chaparral to refer to the whole habitat type, not just the shrubs themselves. Elsewhere, this habitat type goes by other names. In the Mediterranean region, it is called \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maquis_shrubland\">maquis\u003c/a>; in South Africa, it is the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fynbos\">fynbos\u003c/a>; and in Australia, it’s called \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwongan\">kwongan\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These shrubs are not phased by the fact that Mediterranean summers are bone dry. They have evolved plenty of adaptations to drought: small, light-colored leaves that reflect sunlight, rather than absorb it; leaves that often point towards the sky, to minimize the amount of sunlight (and heat) they absorb; and the ability to hang on to those leaves from year to year, rather than waste energy making a new set each spring. But by autumn, the crispy vegetation is pretty flammable. Spain appears to be prepared; it seemed like half the rock climbers I met were bomberos, or firefighters. However, climbers are probably drawn to this career not because they could potentially save their favorite climbing areas from fiery infernos, but because the hours (24 hours of work, 72 hours of weekend, repeat) facilitate frequent climbing trips.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The similarity of climates at about 35 degrees latitude is not lost to the wine industry. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.thirtyfifty.co.uk/spotlight-sun-earth-wine.asp#Part3\">map of wine producing regions of the world\u003c/a> matches up almost exactly with a map of the Mediterranean climate regions. Growers can take advantage of the perfect conditions for growing grapes. And vacationers can take advantage of these conditions, too—I returned from my vacation relaxed, suntanned, and having tasted quite a few good wines. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.879329 -122.2463347\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"center\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/ClimateCousinLg.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"center\">\u003cem>Scrubby vegetation and vineyards: it may look like California, but it’s not. Photo: Jennifer Skene.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I just got back from a month-long rock climbing trip near Barcelona, Spain—and though I’d never been there before, the vegetation looked a bit familiar. Hiking around, my skin was constantly scratched by the stiff, sharp leaves of shrubby plants—similar to California’s chaparral. Lizards I almost recognized darted across dry patches of dirt. The weather was similar to California’s, too—being summer, it was hot and dry. This was no coincidence. Spain, in the Mediterranean Basin, is California’s climate cousin.\u003c!--more--> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On every continent except Antarctica, the west coasts share a similar climate, called the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_climate\">Mediterranean climate\u003c/a>. It is characterized by warm to hot summers with basically no rainfall, and winters that are short, mild, and wet. A world \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Medclim.png\">map\u003c/a> of Mediterranean climate regions shows that in addition to the Mediterranean Basin and the coast of California, the west coast of South America from Peru to Chile, the northwest part of Africa, parts of western and southern Australia, and parts of South Africa all share the Mediterranean climate. The sweet spot is at about 35 degrees latitude, both north and south. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate is a product of ocean currents and the up-and-down movement of air above Earth’s surface. In the northern hemisphere ocean currents swirl clockwise, and in the southern hemisphere ocean currents swirl counter-clockwise, thanks to Earth’s rotation and the resultant \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_36MiCUS1ro\">Coriolis Effect\u003c/a>. The direction of the currents means that water flowing along the west coast of all continents is cold, having recently come from the poles. Air follows the ocean currents, binging storms and precipitation in winter. In summer, the effect of the up-and-down movement of air in the atmosphere kicks in and influences climate. In summer, dry air sinks along the latitude band of about 30 degrees to 35 degrees. The dry sinking air prevents storms from moving in, and is largely responsible for Mediterranean regions’ summer droughts. Sinking and rising of air on Earth’s surface is due to the Sun’s uneven heating of Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those scratchy shrubs that plagued me throughout my vacation are the signature flora of Mediterranean climates. Drought-tolerant evergreen shrubs exist in every Mediterranean region. In fact, the word to describe California’s scrappy shrubs, chaparral, has \u003ca href=\"http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/chaparral\">Spanish origins\u003c/a>—chaparro (initially txapar in Basque) means dwarf evergreen oak. We now use the word chaparral to refer to the whole habitat type, not just the shrubs themselves. Elsewhere, this habitat type goes by other names. In the Mediterranean region, it is called \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maquis_shrubland\">maquis\u003c/a>; in South Africa, it is the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fynbos\">fynbos\u003c/a>; and in Australia, it’s called \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwongan\">kwongan\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These shrubs are not phased by the fact that Mediterranean summers are bone dry. They have evolved plenty of adaptations to drought: small, light-colored leaves that reflect sunlight, rather than absorb it; leaves that often point towards the sky, to minimize the amount of sunlight (and heat) they absorb; and the ability to hang on to those leaves from year to year, rather than waste energy making a new set each spring. But by autumn, the crispy vegetation is pretty flammable. Spain appears to be prepared; it seemed like half the rock climbers I met were bomberos, or firefighters. However, climbers are probably drawn to this career not because they could potentially save their favorite climbing areas from fiery infernos, but because the hours (24 hours of work, 72 hours of weekend, repeat) facilitate frequent climbing trips.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The similarity of climates at about 35 degrees latitude is not lost to the wine industry. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.thirtyfifty.co.uk/spotlight-sun-earth-wine.asp#Part3\">map of wine producing regions of the world\u003c/a> matches up almost exactly with a map of the Mediterranean climate regions. Growers can take advantage of the perfect conditions for growing grapes. And vacationers can take advantage of these conditions, too—I returned from my vacation relaxed, suntanned, and having tasted quite a few good wines. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.879329 -122.2463347\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Mount Diablo Views",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/mtdiablo300.jpg\" alt=\"mount diablo\" class=\"alignleft size-full\">\u003cem>\u003csup>Mount Diablo is seen with its foothills from Wildcat Canyon Road near Inspiration Point in the Berkeley Hills. Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/hortulus_aptus/\">Seán O'Hara\u003c/a> of Flickr under Creative commons license. Photos by Andrew Alden unless otherwise indicated.\u003c/sup>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mount Diablo, in the heart of the East Bay, is an interesting mountain in many ways. It has fossils. It has a lot of serpentinite in it, with the accompanying \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/08/16/home-sweet-serpentine/\">serpentine plant community\u003c/a>. It's been mined for mercury and other metals. It's an exceptional structure even in a region of crazy-complicated tectonic structures. But I expect to get into the geological details some other time. Because first of all, Mount Diablo is just \u003ci>there\u003c/i>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mount Diablo was always a landmark, so widely visible around the Bay and central California that in 1851 its peak was named the base line for land divisions. Around here and across the majority of California and all of Nevada, every \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/maps/ig/township-range/\">township and section\u003c/a> is numbered in relation to the north-south Mt. Diablo Meridian and the east-west Mt. Diablo Base Line. (Full details are given by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mdshs.org/\">Mount Diablo Surveyors Historical Society\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today few of us have any awareness of land division, and we can simply enjoy the peak's prominence as we drive Bay Area roads or hike the hills. Around the Bay proper, Mount Diablo peeks over the Berkeley Hills as seen from Corona Heights in San Francisco . . .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/mtdiablosf.jpg\" alt=\"mount diablo san francisco\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>. . . or from the hills above Marin City, where the \"devil's mountain\" overlooks Angel Island.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/mtdiabloangel.jpg\" alt=\"angel island\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To see the peak's full extent we need to cross the hills of the East Bay, or at least climb them. Here the mountain is seen from the Los Buellis Hills, east of San Jose, looking up the valley formed by the Calaveras fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/mtdiablosanjose.jpg\" alt=\"mount diablo san jose\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once over the hills, your every vista centers around Diablo whether it's the view from Oakland . . .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/mtdiablosiesta.jpg\" alt=\"mount diablo siesta valley\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>. . . or from the Tassajara Valley . . .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/mtdiablotassa.jpg\" alt=\"tassajara valley\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>. . . or from the Delta:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/mtdiablosjv.jpg\" alt=\"delta\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003ci>Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/philosophygeek/\">Mark Johnson\u003c/a> of Flickr under Creative Commons license\u003c/i>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Interstate 5, Mount Diablo can be spotted from the Dunnigan Hills in the north to near Patterson in the south. From state route 99 it's visible from a much longer stretch, but only if the conditions are right. In fact, instead of driving everywhere to determine Mount Diablo's viewshed, it's more efficient to visit the peak itself on a perfect day and look outward. There's a handy sign pointing out what's possible on a perfect day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/mtdiablosign.jpg\" alt=\"mount diablo sign\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003ci>Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/allaboutgeorge/\">George Kelly\u003c/a> of Flickr under Creative Commons license\u003c/i>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I've been up there on a perfect day, and while it's not geometrically possible, atmospheric refraction has allowed me to spot Mount Shasta. An example of a typical excellent (not perfect) day shows Pyramid Peak in the central Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/mtdiablosierra.jpg\" alt=\"sierra nevada\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003ci>Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/people/14657061@N00/\">advencap\u003c/a> of Flickr under Creative Commons license\u003c/i>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such days were once more common. A. J. McCall, standing at the Sierra's crest on September 7, 1849, recorded \"a picture of wonderful grandeur and magnificence\":\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\n\u003cp>\"Below were a succession of innumerable pine-covered mountain peaks, growing less and less until they disappeared in a broad, yellow valley sweeping north and south until lost to view, and beyond another range of mountains. This was the far-famed Sacramento Valley, nearly a hundred miles distant. The purity of the atmosphere rendered vision almost illimitable, showing every line and shadow distinctly.\" (\u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/b/2010/03/19/hard-road-west-by-keith-meldahl.htm\">source\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Today the activities of ten million modern Californians make such purity almost unattainable—especially around Labor Day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's a common belief that when pioneer scout Kit Carson guided the Fremont Expedition over the Sierra in the winter of 1844 (at today's Carson Pass), he recognized his position by spotting Mount Diablo: \"There is the little mountain—it is 15 years since I saw it; but I am just as sure as if I had seen it yesterday.\" But \u003ca href=\"http://www.longcamp.com/little_mountain.html\">Bob Graham and Peter Lathrop argue convincingly\u003c/a> that it was not Diablo, but the whole Coast Range that Carson meant. That's too bad; it was a good story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8817 -121.9146\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/mtdiablo300.jpg\" alt=\"mount diablo\" class=\"alignleft size-full\">\u003cem>\u003csup>Mount Diablo is seen with its foothills from Wildcat Canyon Road near Inspiration Point in the Berkeley Hills. Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/hortulus_aptus/\">Seán O'Hara\u003c/a> of Flickr under Creative commons license. Photos by Andrew Alden unless otherwise indicated.\u003c/sup>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mount Diablo, in the heart of the East Bay, is an interesting mountain in many ways. It has fossils. It has a lot of serpentinite in it, with the accompanying \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/08/16/home-sweet-serpentine/\">serpentine plant community\u003c/a>. It's been mined for mercury and other metals. It's an exceptional structure even in a region of crazy-complicated tectonic structures. But I expect to get into the geological details some other time. Because first of all, Mount Diablo is just \u003ci>there\u003c/i>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mount Diablo was always a landmark, so widely visible around the Bay and central California that in 1851 its peak was named the base line for land divisions. Around here and across the majority of California and all of Nevada, every \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/maps/ig/township-range/\">township and section\u003c/a> is numbered in relation to the north-south Mt. Diablo Meridian and the east-west Mt. Diablo Base Line. (Full details are given by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mdshs.org/\">Mount Diablo Surveyors Historical Society\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today few of us have any awareness of land division, and we can simply enjoy the peak's prominence as we drive Bay Area roads or hike the hills. Around the Bay proper, Mount Diablo peeks over the Berkeley Hills as seen from Corona Heights in San Francisco . . .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/mtdiablosf.jpg\" alt=\"mount diablo san francisco\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>. . . or from the hills above Marin City, where the \"devil's mountain\" overlooks Angel Island.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/mtdiabloangel.jpg\" alt=\"angel island\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To see the peak's full extent we need to cross the hills of the East Bay, or at least climb them. Here the mountain is seen from the Los Buellis Hills, east of San Jose, looking up the valley formed by the Calaveras fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/mtdiablosanjose.jpg\" alt=\"mount diablo san jose\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once over the hills, your every vista centers around Diablo whether it's the view from Oakland . . .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/mtdiablosiesta.jpg\" alt=\"mount diablo siesta valley\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>. . . or from the Tassajara Valley . . .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/mtdiablotassa.jpg\" alt=\"tassajara valley\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>. . . or from the Delta:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/mtdiablosjv.jpg\" alt=\"delta\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003ci>Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/philosophygeek/\">Mark Johnson\u003c/a> of Flickr under Creative Commons license\u003c/i>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Interstate 5, Mount Diablo can be spotted from the Dunnigan Hills in the north to near Patterson in the south. From state route 99 it's visible from a much longer stretch, but only if the conditions are right. In fact, instead of driving everywhere to determine Mount Diablo's viewshed, it's more efficient to visit the peak itself on a perfect day and look outward. There's a handy sign pointing out what's possible on a perfect day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/mtdiablosign.jpg\" alt=\"mount diablo sign\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003ci>Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/allaboutgeorge/\">George Kelly\u003c/a> of Flickr under Creative Commons license\u003c/i>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I've been up there on a perfect day, and while it's not geometrically possible, atmospheric refraction has allowed me to spot Mount Shasta. An example of a typical excellent (not perfect) day shows Pyramid Peak in the central Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/mtdiablosierra.jpg\" alt=\"sierra nevada\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003ci>Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/people/14657061@N00/\">advencap\u003c/a> of Flickr under Creative Commons license\u003c/i>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such days were once more common. A. J. McCall, standing at the Sierra's crest on September 7, 1849, recorded \"a picture of wonderful grandeur and magnificence\":\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\n\u003cp>\"Below were a succession of innumerable pine-covered mountain peaks, growing less and less until they disappeared in a broad, yellow valley sweeping north and south until lost to view, and beyond another range of mountains. This was the far-famed Sacramento Valley, nearly a hundred miles distant. The purity of the atmosphere rendered vision almost illimitable, showing every line and shadow distinctly.\" (\u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/b/2010/03/19/hard-road-west-by-keith-meldahl.htm\">source\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Today the activities of ten million modern Californians make such purity almost unattainable—especially around Labor Day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's a common belief that when pioneer scout Kit Carson guided the Fremont Expedition over the Sierra in the winter of 1844 (at today's Carson Pass), he recognized his position by spotting Mount Diablo: \"There is the little mountain—it is 15 years since I saw it; but I am just as sure as if I had seen it yesterday.\" But \u003ca href=\"http://www.longcamp.com/little_mountain.html\">Bob Graham and Peter Lathrop argue convincingly\u003c/a> that it was not Diablo, but the whole Coast Range that Carson meant. That's too bad; it was a good story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8817 -121.9146\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/shrimp2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Lobster mousse served at the \"Cooking for Solutions\" gala.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, I spent a couple of days in Monterey learning about the sustainability of our food chain, noshing on green fish and sipping eco-wines. Yeah, a hard assignment but an important one. The Sustainable Foods Institute is a two day symposium for journalists. Among the issues we covered: the state of the ocean's health, sustainable fishing, the farm bill and America’s obesity epidemic. The conference is a ramp up to the city's biggest event of the year. \u003ca href=\"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/vi/vi_events/cooking/\">Cooking for Solutions \u003c/a>features sustainable chefs, authors, growers and producers. Both events are hosted by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/default.asp?c=tn\">Monterey Bay Aquarium\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two day Sustainable Foods Institute was jam packed with over thirty speakers. Here are some highlights:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Lapp%C3%A9\">Anna Lappe\u003c/a>, author of: “Climate Change at the End of Your Fork” and co-founder, with her mother, Frances Moore Lappe, of the \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.smallplanet.org/\">Small Planet Institute\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Eco-Labels: The road to sustainability?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Paul Greenberg, author of\u003ca href=\"http://fourfish.org/\"> \"Four Fish: The Future of the Last Wild Food.”\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>The history, and future, of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/seafoodwatch.aspx\">Aquarium's Seafood Watch program\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Deputy Secretary of the USDA, Kathleen Merrigan\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>A conversation with Ted Turner; this was a very quirky discussion on land preservation and restaurant issues.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Trip to \u003ca href=\"http://ebfarm.com/\">Earthbound organic farms\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Panels on the high cost of cheap food and the 2012 Farm Bill\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two things of note: a discussion between \u003ca href=\"http://politicsoftheplate.com/\">Barry Estabrook\u003c/a> (Politics of the Plate blogger) and food sovereignty activist, \u003ca href=\"http://rajpatel.org/\">Raj Patel\u003c/a> yielded some heavy info. about how the price of our food does not reflect its true costs, and what this really means for society, at large. Raj’s books, “Stuffed and Starved” and “The Value of Nothing,” really get into this concept. Also, recent James Beard winner Estabrook has a new book out called, “\u003ca href=\"http://tomatoland.com/\">Tomatoland: How Modern Industrial Agriculture Destroyed our Most Alluring Fruit.” \u003c/a>Wow, I am just starting to read this and let’s just say I don't think I can ever buy a supermarket tomato again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/p_veggies12.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What I learned about the farm bill is that California seems to be getting ripped off. Ninety percent of the state’s farmers don’t get federal farm subsidies yet provide a majority of the fruit and veggies needed to stay healthy.Legislators decide on a new 5-year farm bill in 2012. Certainly, a better farm bill means everyone needs to be at the table. Connected to all of these issues is the obesity epidemic which by 2018 will consume 1 in 5 health care dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The conference ended on a light note with visits from celebrity chef Alton Brown and actress/environmental activist, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_Rossellini\">Isabella Rossellini\u003c/a>. If you have not seen her \u003ca href=\"http://www.sundancechannel.com/greenporno/\">Green Porno videos\u003c/a> you are really missing something. We watched three clips with her featuring the plight of shrimp, squid and anchovies. If you want to see one of the most beautiful, talented actresses in the world elaborately costumed having sex with fish while preaching sea life sustainability, this series is for you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>36.618266 -121.902339\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/shrimp2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Lobster mousse served at the \"Cooking for Solutions\" gala.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, I spent a couple of days in Monterey learning about the sustainability of our food chain, noshing on green fish and sipping eco-wines. Yeah, a hard assignment but an important one. The Sustainable Foods Institute is a two day symposium for journalists. Among the issues we covered: the state of the ocean's health, sustainable fishing, the farm bill and America’s obesity epidemic. The conference is a ramp up to the city's biggest event of the year. \u003ca href=\"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/vi/vi_events/cooking/\">Cooking for Solutions \u003c/a>features sustainable chefs, authors, growers and producers. Both events are hosted by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/default.asp?c=tn\">Monterey Bay Aquarium\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two day Sustainable Foods Institute was jam packed with over thirty speakers. Here are some highlights:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Lapp%C3%A9\">Anna Lappe\u003c/a>, author of: “Climate Change at the End of Your Fork” and co-founder, with her mother, Frances Moore Lappe, of the \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.smallplanet.org/\">Small Planet Institute\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Eco-Labels: The road to sustainability?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Paul Greenberg, author of\u003ca href=\"http://fourfish.org/\"> \"Four Fish: The Future of the Last Wild Food.”\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>The history, and future, of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/seafoodwatch.aspx\">Aquarium's Seafood Watch program\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Deputy Secretary of the USDA, Kathleen Merrigan\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>A conversation with Ted Turner; this was a very quirky discussion on land preservation and restaurant issues.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Trip to \u003ca href=\"http://ebfarm.com/\">Earthbound organic farms\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Panels on the high cost of cheap food and the 2012 Farm Bill\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two things of note: a discussion between \u003ca href=\"http://politicsoftheplate.com/\">Barry Estabrook\u003c/a> (Politics of the Plate blogger) and food sovereignty activist, \u003ca href=\"http://rajpatel.org/\">Raj Patel\u003c/a> yielded some heavy info. about how the price of our food does not reflect its true costs, and what this really means for society, at large. Raj’s books, “Stuffed and Starved” and “The Value of Nothing,” really get into this concept. Also, recent James Beard winner Estabrook has a new book out called, “\u003ca href=\"http://tomatoland.com/\">Tomatoland: How Modern Industrial Agriculture Destroyed our Most Alluring Fruit.” \u003c/a>Wow, I am just starting to read this and let’s just say I don't think I can ever buy a supermarket tomato again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/p_veggies12.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What I learned about the farm bill is that California seems to be getting ripped off. Ninety percent of the state’s farmers don’t get federal farm subsidies yet provide a majority of the fruit and veggies needed to stay healthy.Legislators decide on a new 5-year farm bill in 2012. Certainly, a better farm bill means everyone needs to be at the table. Connected to all of these issues is the obesity epidemic which by 2018 will consume 1 in 5 health care dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The conference ended on a light note with visits from celebrity chef Alton Brown and actress/environmental activist, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_Rossellini\">Isabella Rossellini\u003c/a>. If you have not seen her \u003ca href=\"http://www.sundancechannel.com/greenporno/\">Green Porno videos\u003c/a> you are really missing something. We watched three clips with her featuring the plight of shrimp, squid and anchovies. If you want to see one of the most beautiful, talented actresses in the world elaborately costumed having sex with fish while preaching sea life sustainability, this series is for you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>36.618266 -121.902339\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Insuring for Extreme Weather",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/extremeweather3002.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Water forecasting could be thrown off by a changing climate. Credit: Craig Miller\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The severe flooding on the Mississippi River has left a lot of damage in its wake. It's an extreme event that government and insurance companies try to plan for by predicting the risk. But climate change is throwing a wrench in those calculations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of us don't think about risk. We think about randomness. That's illustrated by a scene in the 1982 movie, \"\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_According_to_Garp\">The World According to Garp\u003c/a>\", where Robin Williams is shopping for a new house with his wife. They're standing in front of one home when...a plane crashes into it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the crash, the Robin Williams character agrees to buy the house saying, \"It's been pre-disastered! We'll be safe here.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may not be a typical reaction, but climatologist Kelly Redmond says it reveals a lot about how we think about risk. \"It has to do with how we describe rare things. We spend societally an enormous amount of resources and time and attention guarding against the very worst possibilities.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Audio Player\" skin=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip\" file=\"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/05/2011-05-16-quest.mp3\" ]\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/insuring-for-extreme-weather\">Insuring for Extreme Weather \u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>You've probably heard of the \"\u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/FS-229-96/\">100-year flood\u003c/a>.\" That's a flood so severe that it has a one in one hundred chance of happening every year. But how do we know that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"About the only way we can get at how rare a rare thing is is by looking at a past record,\" says Redmond. So for floods, government agencies look into the historical record to see when floods happened in the past. They use that record to predict future flood risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this relies on a very basic assumption. According to Redmond, the assumption is that the statistics of the future will look like the statistics of the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's a fancy term for this – it's called \u003ca href=\"http://aquadoc.typepad.com/waterwired/2008/02/stationarity-is.html\">stationarity\u003c/a>. But there's a problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we don't know but what we suspect with changes in climate is that those statistics, especially about rare things, may change,\" says Redmond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The US is already warming. Climate models show that western states could see more extreme weather as the climate continues to change. So, Redmond says, chances are good the future won't look like the recent past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeanine Jones of the California Department Water of Resources agrees, saying \"a lot of California's existing infrastructure was designed on assumptions that are no longer valid.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>History of Water Forecasting in the West\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jones says using the past as a guide for the future is a huge part of water planning and building codes. The idea was first adopted in the 1940s and 50s, when dams and infrastructure were built at record speed in western states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Congress was looking at all these water development plans coming in from the Corps of Engineers and the Bureau of Reclamation and wanting a common standard to compare all the projects,\" says Jones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So they forecasted flood risk and water supply by looking at historical data. \"But they had very short data records. Maybe they only measured records of 20 years, 50 years. And that's not really very long,\" Jones says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, everything from building codes to home insurance is based on this short window of data. And so is another critical forecast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the winter, surveyors measure the Sierra Nevada snow pack every month, so they can crunch the numbers and predict the year's water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It is very widely used by reservoir operators, by water agencies, by farmers who are looking at what are my chances for having a full water supply,\" says Jones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But climate models show that more precipitation will fall as rain in California, instead of snow. And that means spring runoff could behave very differently. \"At some point, conditions will change enough that we've reached a tipping point where those statistical approaches really aren't valid anymore,\" Jones says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An accurate water forecast is crucial to California's economy. So Jones says water officials are looking at using computer models to forecast spring runoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when it comes to updating flood risk and building codes to reflect climate change, Kelly Redmond says that could take decades. \"We have to get a buy in from the engineering community, the city planners. Because there's so much expense to goes into building a bridge or a culvert or a building.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A New Breed of Insurance Company\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is one industry that's taking note of climate change – insurance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The increased variability in climate is going to start to dramatically affect the profits of corporations worldwide,\" says David Friedberg, CEO of San Francisco-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherbill.com/\">Weatherbill\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weatherbill is something of a next generation insurance company. They start with computer models that simulate weather and climate patterns. \"We then use those sorts of models to determine what sort of price we should charge for certain weather events occurring,\" says Friedberg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weatherbill works mostly with farmers, insuring them against extreme weather for between 40 and 400 dollars an acre. \"There's a range of things that can occur and that range is certainly widening. And as a result we should start to charge more for those sorts of events when we're insuring them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Friedberg says this kind of insurance makes sense to a lot of farmers they work with, who are already noticing changing weather patterns. Investor Vinod Kholsa and Google have also noticed and put millions into the company. They're betting new software will be the answer when today's methods no longer work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/extremeweather3002.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Water forecasting could be thrown off by a changing climate. Credit: Craig Miller\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The severe flooding on the Mississippi River has left a lot of damage in its wake. It's an extreme event that government and insurance companies try to plan for by predicting the risk. But climate change is throwing a wrench in those calculations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of us don't think about risk. We think about randomness. That's illustrated by a scene in the 1982 movie, \"\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_According_to_Garp\">The World According to Garp\u003c/a>\", where Robin Williams is shopping for a new house with his wife. They're standing in front of one home when...a plane crashes into it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the crash, the Robin Williams character agrees to buy the house saying, \"It's been pre-disastered! We'll be safe here.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may not be a typical reaction, but climatologist Kelly Redmond says it reveals a lot about how we think about risk. \"It has to do with how we describe rare things. We spend societally an enormous amount of resources and time and attention guarding against the very worst possibilities.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Audio Player\" skin=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip\" file=\"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/05/2011-05-16-quest.mp3\" ]\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/insuring-for-extreme-weather\">Insuring for Extreme Weather \u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>You've probably heard of the \"\u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/FS-229-96/\">100-year flood\u003c/a>.\" That's a flood so severe that it has a one in one hundred chance of happening every year. But how do we know that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"About the only way we can get at how rare a rare thing is is by looking at a past record,\" says Redmond. So for floods, government agencies look into the historical record to see when floods happened in the past. They use that record to predict future flood risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this relies on a very basic assumption. According to Redmond, the assumption is that the statistics of the future will look like the statistics of the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's a fancy term for this – it's called \u003ca href=\"http://aquadoc.typepad.com/waterwired/2008/02/stationarity-is.html\">stationarity\u003c/a>. But there's a problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we don't know but what we suspect with changes in climate is that those statistics, especially about rare things, may change,\" says Redmond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The US is already warming. Climate models show that western states could see more extreme weather as the climate continues to change. So, Redmond says, chances are good the future won't look like the recent past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeanine Jones of the California Department Water of Resources agrees, saying \"a lot of California's existing infrastructure was designed on assumptions that are no longer valid.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>History of Water Forecasting in the West\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jones says using the past as a guide for the future is a huge part of water planning and building codes. The idea was first adopted in the 1940s and 50s, when dams and infrastructure were built at record speed in western states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Congress was looking at all these water development plans coming in from the Corps of Engineers and the Bureau of Reclamation and wanting a common standard to compare all the projects,\" says Jones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So they forecasted flood risk and water supply by looking at historical data. \"But they had very short data records. Maybe they only measured records of 20 years, 50 years. And that's not really very long,\" Jones says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, everything from building codes to home insurance is based on this short window of data. And so is another critical forecast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the winter, surveyors measure the Sierra Nevada snow pack every month, so they can crunch the numbers and predict the year's water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It is very widely used by reservoir operators, by water agencies, by farmers who are looking at what are my chances for having a full water supply,\" says Jones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But climate models show that more precipitation will fall as rain in California, instead of snow. And that means spring runoff could behave very differently. \"At some point, conditions will change enough that we've reached a tipping point where those statistical approaches really aren't valid anymore,\" Jones says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An accurate water forecast is crucial to California's economy. So Jones says water officials are looking at using computer models to forecast spring runoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when it comes to updating flood risk and building codes to reflect climate change, Kelly Redmond says that could take decades. \"We have to get a buy in from the engineering community, the city planners. Because there's so much expense to goes into building a bridge or a culvert or a building.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A New Breed of Insurance Company\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is one industry that's taking note of climate change – insurance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The increased variability in climate is going to start to dramatically affect the profits of corporations worldwide,\" says David Friedberg, CEO of San Francisco-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherbill.com/\">Weatherbill\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weatherbill is something of a next generation insurance company. 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"title": "Toxic Algae on the Loose",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/fisherman31.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>California’s commercial shellfish growers say there’s something fishy going on.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another mysterious fish die-off happened in a southern California harbor last week. Scientists are still trying to figure out what caused six tons of sardines to go belly-up in Ventura. Just six weeks ago something similar happened off Newport Beach. Those sardines tested positive for a neurotoxin caused by algae blooms. Meanwhile, commercial shellfish growers say they’re noticing some strange patterns with the algae as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A “depressing” problem\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bernard Friedman \u003ca href=\"http://www.sbmariculture.com/\">grows oysters and mussels\u003c/a> about a mile off the coast of Santa Barbara. But he says over the last couple years, he says, something has been happening in the water that makes \u003ca href=\"http://www.sbmariculture.com/aboutpage.html\">what he does\u003c/a> nearly impossible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s just so frequent now, it’s just sort of here we go again,” he says, with a grim laugh. “It’s depressing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/algae3001.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Pseudonitzschia is the type of algae responsible for domoic acid, a neurotoxin.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Friedman’s problem is something called domoic acid. It’s a neurotoxin that’s produced by a particular type of algae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Friedman’s oysters and mussels get hit with a wave of domoic acid, he can’t harvest them, because the shellfish would make his customers sick. Friedman has nothing to sell. He says last year domoic acid cost his business about $30,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Friedman thinks of himself as a canary in the coal mine, because out there in the ocean, he tends to see problems first. But scientists, like Raphael Kudela, a professor ocean sciences at the University of California, Santa Cruz, are noticing the same thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the past eleven years, Kudela and his team have been driving down to the Santa Cruz Municipal Wharf once a week, to take water samples. Those samples get put under a microscope at the lab, back on campus. The team keeps detailed records of the kinds and amounts of algae they find. (All of this data – along with some very nice photos – is available \u003ca href=\"http://oceandatacenter.ucsc.edu/home/\">on their website\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=”QUEST Audio Player” skin=”http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip” file=”http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/04/2011-04-25-quest.mp3″ ]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/slideshow/toxic-algae-on-the-loose\">Toxic Algae on the Loose\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>“Because we measure every week,” Kudela says, “we can watch the toxins coming and going and get a good idea of what’s going on in the water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This kind of information is important because even though these toxins don’t seem to harm shellfish, they can make people very sick. A mild case of domoic acid can cause vomiting and diarrhea. At its worst: seizures and memory loss. Domoic acid also takes a big toll on sea lions. (Marin’s Marine Mammal Center is \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/science/top-research-projects/domoic-acid-toxicity.html\">on the frontlines\u003c/a> of this problem.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the state takes toxic algae very seriously, with about 50 different testing sites up and down California’s coast. Kudela says this statewide monitoring program is the reason that no one has gotten seriously ill here from shellfish in over half a century, even though they have in other states like Louisiana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>These 2006 satellite images show algae blooms along the California coast. Red indicates high levels of chlorophyll; blue is low. This kind of data could one day help predict toxic algae events. (Credit: Yi Chao, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and Fei Chai, U. Maine.)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/MjikNhj9noM\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"480\" height=\"390\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An oceanic mystery\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But recently, Kudela and others have noticed something rather curious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kudela says in the past, domoic acid levels were pretty predictable. “For a long time,” he says, “it would come and go. It would be here in the Spring, then go away and come back in the Fall.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But about a year and a half ago, that pattern started to change. Kudela says over the last 13 months, pseudonitzchia, the algae that produces domoic acid, has been present in the water almost continuously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very unusual,” says Kudela.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of this, and other strange algae patterns up and down the coast, California’s Department of Public Health recently took an unusual step. Authorities issued \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/Pages/NR11-017.aspx\">their annual quarantine on sport-harvested mussels\u003c/a> a month earlier than in normal years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this is not just a California problem. In fact, around the world, algae is growing in places it didn’t used to, at different times of the year than in the past. And what everyone wants to know is: Why?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As scientists, we want proof,” says Kudela. “We want to be able to say it’s this and it’s not that, and we can tell you why.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when you’re talking about the entire ocean, he says, the biology is so complicated that it’s just incredibly hard to tease out causes and effects. Still, there are some theories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One is that increasing amounts of sewage and agricultural waste are seeping into the ocean, making algae grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then there’s climate change. The ocean is clearly becoming more acidic, thanks to the increase in carbon dioxide. So it’s not a stretch to wonder what effect warming temperatures could be having on algae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know that if you warm the ocean,” Kudela says, “some of these dangerous algae really love those conditions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But scientists have only been sampling toxic algae for a few decades. Kudela says there’s just not enough data to make a definitive link between the algae blooms and climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We see evidence for that,” he says, “but people are very hesitant to say yes, that’s what’s happening.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, all this speculation about causes isn’t much use to commercial harvesters, like Kevin Lunny, who runs Drakes Bay Oyster Company, out in Point Reyes. He says worrying about toxic algae is part of the job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even when you’re not thinking about, you need to be thinking about them a little.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lunny’s crew tests for toxins at least once a week, first the water, and the meat of the oysters, themselves. Last year, they had to recall an entire shipment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had to verify that every single jar, bag of oysters, and account for every single one of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> With a little warning\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes, Lunny says he can see the ocean change color, which alerts him to the fact that an algae bloom has entered the bay. But this time, he had no warning at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Raphael Kudela, at Santa Cruz, says there should be a way to predict when these blooms are coming. By using computer modeling and satellite images, they should be able to \u003ca href=\"http://calpreempt.ucsc.edu/\">give harvesters enough warning\u003c/a> that they could pull their products early, before the toxins hit. But that technology is several years away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bernard Friedman, down in Santa Barbara, says he doesn’t think he can wait that long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What am I gonna do? I don’t know,” he says. “I’m looking for another source of income.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>36.96246 -122.0233683\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "California's commercial shellfish growers say there's something fishy going on.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/fisherman31.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>California’s commercial shellfish growers say there’s something fishy going on.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another mysterious fish die-off happened in a southern California harbor last week. Scientists are still trying to figure out what caused six tons of sardines to go belly-up in Ventura. Just six weeks ago something similar happened off Newport Beach. Those sardines tested positive for a neurotoxin caused by algae blooms. Meanwhile, commercial shellfish growers say they’re noticing some strange patterns with the algae as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A “depressing” problem\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bernard Friedman \u003ca href=\"http://www.sbmariculture.com/\">grows oysters and mussels\u003c/a> about a mile off the coast of Santa Barbara. But he says over the last couple years, he says, something has been happening in the water that makes \u003ca href=\"http://www.sbmariculture.com/aboutpage.html\">what he does\u003c/a> nearly impossible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s just so frequent now, it’s just sort of here we go again,” he says, with a grim laugh. “It’s depressing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/algae3001.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Pseudonitzschia is the type of algae responsible for domoic acid, a neurotoxin.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Friedman’s problem is something called domoic acid. It’s a neurotoxin that’s produced by a particular type of algae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Friedman’s oysters and mussels get hit with a wave of domoic acid, he can’t harvest them, because the shellfish would make his customers sick. Friedman has nothing to sell. He says last year domoic acid cost his business about $30,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Friedman thinks of himself as a canary in the coal mine, because out there in the ocean, he tends to see problems first. But scientists, like Raphael Kudela, a professor ocean sciences at the University of California, Santa Cruz, are noticing the same thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the past eleven years, Kudela and his team have been driving down to the Santa Cruz Municipal Wharf once a week, to take water samples. Those samples get put under a microscope at the lab, back on campus. The team keeps detailed records of the kinds and amounts of algae they find. (All of this data – along with some very nice photos – is available \u003ca href=\"http://oceandatacenter.ucsc.edu/home/\">on their website\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=”QUEST Audio Player” skin=”http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip” file=”http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/04/2011-04-25-quest.mp3″ ]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/slideshow/toxic-algae-on-the-loose\">Toxic Algae on the Loose\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>“Because we measure every week,” Kudela says, “we can watch the toxins coming and going and get a good idea of what’s going on in the water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This kind of information is important because even though these toxins don’t seem to harm shellfish, they can make people very sick. A mild case of domoic acid can cause vomiting and diarrhea. At its worst: seizures and memory loss. Domoic acid also takes a big toll on sea lions. (Marin’s Marine Mammal Center is \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/science/top-research-projects/domoic-acid-toxicity.html\">on the frontlines\u003c/a> of this problem.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the state takes toxic algae very seriously, with about 50 different testing sites up and down California’s coast. Kudela says this statewide monitoring program is the reason that no one has gotten seriously ill here from shellfish in over half a century, even though they have in other states like Louisiana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>These 2006 satellite images show algae blooms along the California coast. Red indicates high levels of chlorophyll; blue is low. This kind of data could one day help predict toxic algae events. (Credit: Yi Chao, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and Fei Chai, U. Maine.)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/MjikNhj9noM\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"480\" height=\"390\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An oceanic mystery\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But recently, Kudela and others have noticed something rather curious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kudela says in the past, domoic acid levels were pretty predictable. “For a long time,” he says, “it would come and go. It would be here in the Spring, then go away and come back in the Fall.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But about a year and a half ago, that pattern started to change. Kudela says over the last 13 months, pseudonitzchia, the algae that produces domoic acid, has been present in the water almost continuously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very unusual,” says Kudela.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of this, and other strange algae patterns up and down the coast, California’s Department of Public Health recently took an unusual step. Authorities issued \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/Pages/NR11-017.aspx\">their annual quarantine on sport-harvested mussels\u003c/a> a month earlier than in normal years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this is not just a California problem. In fact, around the world, algae is growing in places it didn’t used to, at different times of the year than in the past. And what everyone wants to know is: Why?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As scientists, we want proof,” says Kudela. “We want to be able to say it’s this and it’s not that, and we can tell you why.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when you’re talking about the entire ocean, he says, the biology is so complicated that it’s just incredibly hard to tease out causes and effects. Still, there are some theories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One is that increasing amounts of sewage and agricultural waste are seeping into the ocean, making algae grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then there’s climate change. The ocean is clearly becoming more acidic, thanks to the increase in carbon dioxide. So it’s not a stretch to wonder what effect warming temperatures could be having on algae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know that if you warm the ocean,” Kudela says, “some of these dangerous algae really love those conditions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But scientists have only been sampling toxic algae for a few decades. Kudela says there’s just not enough data to make a definitive link between the algae blooms and climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We see evidence for that,” he says, “but people are very hesitant to say yes, that’s what’s happening.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, all this speculation about causes isn’t much use to commercial harvesters, like Kevin Lunny, who runs Drakes Bay Oyster Company, out in Point Reyes. He says worrying about toxic algae is part of the job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even when you’re not thinking about, you need to be thinking about them a little.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lunny’s crew tests for toxins at least once a week, first the water, and the meat of the oysters, themselves. Last year, they had to recall an entire shipment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had to verify that every single jar, bag of oysters, and account for every single one of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> With a little warning\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes, Lunny says he can see the ocean change color, which alerts him to the fact that an algae bloom has entered the bay. But this time, he had no warning at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Raphael Kudela, at Santa Cruz, says there should be a way to predict when these blooms are coming. 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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/main-12.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Courtesy of Kevin Manalili.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kevin Manalili, the Director of Operations recently sent out an email to Academy staff answering some questions about the California Academy of Sciences building. He gave me permission to share the email in this post. It details some of the more interesting methods needed to operate a Green building and it will show you some of what goes on behind the scenes at the Academy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ever wonder how the Academy makes salt water for our cold and tropical salt water tanks?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We start with salt – lots of salt. Each of these bags contains 2,000 lbs of it. Engineers use the power chain hoist to safely lift each bag over to the salt water mixing cistern located underneath the life support system room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to the salt, there are 11 additional ingredients to the CAS salt formula. Laurie’s demonstrating her new checklist that ensures the mix is correct 100% of the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/22.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-13427 aligncenter\" title=\"2\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/22.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"200\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Academy recently converted over from Instant Ocean (the Bisquick for salt water aquarists) to our own blend. The salt water team took months to investigate and test the new mixture that reduces our cost from $0.12 per gallon to under $0.08 per gallon. This is a big deal when you are making over 2.7 million gallons per year!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just before making the transition, the cisterns where the water is mixed and stored needed to be cleaned. In a joint effort, the Aquarium Staff and the Engineers drained the cisterns, washed down the silt, and collected it for disposal. Arnel’s in this tank after most of the water was drained and the space certified safe for people to enter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/32.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-13428 aligncenter\" title=\"3\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/32.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"267\" height=\"200\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ever wonder how the glass roof is cleaned?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The panes of glass that ring the living roof house thousands of solar cells and keep the perimeter of the building dry. Unlike a regular roof, the glass needs to be washed regularly to remove any debris and deposits that can permanently etch the glass. A soft brush at the end of a long pole, with filtered water that removes any chemicals and minerals that will spot the glass, are the only tools used – no chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/42.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-13429 aligncenter\" title=\"4\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/42.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"267\" height=\"200\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same technique is used on most of the building’s glass surfaces, both inside and out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ever wonder how we spread compost on a steep slope?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spreading compost to improve the planting conditions on the south slope is difficult. The process used to be carrying buckets of the stuff by hand, up and down a hill, trampling plants and compacting the soil in the process. Enter jet mulching! Specialty trucks use compressed air to push to compost through a flexible tube, literally blowing the mulch onto the hillside. Three trucks made quick work of our hillside in just a few hours. They placed three times the amount of mulch in a quarter of the time, for the same cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/72.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-13430 aligncenter\" title=\"7\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/72.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"200\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ever wonder what went into the Academy's LEED Platinum certification?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Academy earned its LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) Platinum certification for New Construction (NC) with a score of 54 out of a possible 69 points. The LEED NC was designed to guide and distinguish high-performance commercial and institutional projects. Our building was graded on six categories that included sustainability, water efficiency, energy use, and indoor environmental quality, and was based on how the building was constructed. We are now nearly complete with our submission to the United States Green Building Council (USGBC) for our Existing Building Operations and Maintenance (EB-OM) certification. The EB-OM checklist has a total of 110 points and helps us measure the operations, improvements, and maintenance with the goal of maximizing efficiency and minimizing environmental impacts. The project team are in the homestretch of this nearly two year project!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7699 -122.467174\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to the salt, there are 11 additional ingredients to the CAS salt formula. Laurie’s demonstrating her new checklist that ensures the mix is correct 100% of the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/22.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-13427 aligncenter\" title=\"2\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/22.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"200\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Academy recently converted over from Instant Ocean (the Bisquick for salt water aquarists) to our own blend. The salt water team took months to investigate and test the new mixture that reduces our cost from $0.12 per gallon to under $0.08 per gallon. This is a big deal when you are making over 2.7 million gallons per year!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just before making the transition, the cisterns where the water is mixed and stored needed to be cleaned. In a joint effort, the Aquarium Staff and the Engineers drained the cisterns, washed down the silt, and collected it for disposal. Arnel’s in this tank after most of the water was drained and the space certified safe for people to enter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/32.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-13428 aligncenter\" title=\"3\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/32.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"267\" height=\"200\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ever wonder how the glass roof is cleaned?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The panes of glass that ring the living roof house thousands of solar cells and keep the perimeter of the building dry. Unlike a regular roof, the glass needs to be washed regularly to remove any debris and deposits that can permanently etch the glass. A soft brush at the end of a long pole, with filtered water that removes any chemicals and minerals that will spot the glass, are the only tools used – no chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/42.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-13429 aligncenter\" title=\"4\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/42.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"267\" height=\"200\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same technique is used on most of the building’s glass surfaces, both inside and out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ever wonder how we spread compost on a steep slope?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spreading compost to improve the planting conditions on the south slope is difficult. The process used to be carrying buckets of the stuff by hand, up and down a hill, trampling plants and compacting the soil in the process. Enter jet mulching! Specialty trucks use compressed air to push to compost through a flexible tube, literally blowing the mulch onto the hillside. Three trucks made quick work of our hillside in just a few hours. They placed three times the amount of mulch in a quarter of the time, for the same cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/72.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-13430 aligncenter\" title=\"7\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/72.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"200\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ever wonder what went into the Academy's LEED Platinum certification?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Academy earned its LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) Platinum certification for New Construction (NC) with a score of 54 out of a possible 69 points. The LEED NC was designed to guide and distinguish high-performance commercial and institutional projects. Our building was graded on six categories that included sustainability, water efficiency, energy use, and indoor environmental quality, and was based on how the building was constructed. We are now nearly complete with our submission to the United States Green Building Council (USGBC) for our Existing Building Operations and Maintenance (EB-OM) certification. The EB-OM checklist has a total of 110 points and helps us measure the operations, improvements, and maintenance with the goal of maximizing efficiency and minimizing environmental impacts. The project team are in the homestretch of this nearly two year project!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7699 -122.467174\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/landslideintro2.jpg\" alt=\"landslides\" class=\"alignleft size-full\">\u003cem>\u003csup>\u003cbr>\nLandslides are widespread in the Bay Area by the end of wet winters like this year’s rainy season. They range from minor disturbances like these to large, ancient movements that awaken in the wettest years. All photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/sup>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every rainy season this happens: Bay Area homes are threatened by ground movement. While each landslide that damages someone’s home is a tragedy, as a general phenomenon landslides are interesting. So first let me commiserate with landslide victims; I’ve suffered land displacement in my home too. It’s no fun dealing with the upheaval, the neighbors look askance and worry about their own situations, and things are even worse when lawyers and the news media get involved. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now I’d like to show you some landslides and help you recognize their signs and symptoms. Landslides can result from human misjudgement, but they also occur on their own, quite naturally. It’s usually hard to tell the difference or assign blame. The state licenses geologists to ensure that the right expertise is available. In any case, I am keeping the locations anonymous. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Landslides happen when gravity overcomes the natural cohesion of a slope—the slope becomes too steep, the material becomes weak, or (usually) a combination of both. In the Bay Area, streams dig downward, earthquakes push the hills upward, and they reach an uneasy balance. At that point landslides are inevitable, and we can talk about the specific changes that \u003ci>cause\u003c/i> them, natural and artificial. Natural ones include changes in long-term climate and short-term weather. Artificial ones include oversteepening slopes by excavation and land-use changes that alter the groundwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s an example, a slump, with a clearly artificial cause: A road has been cut into and built out over a steep slope, and rain runoff from the road was concentrated into weak places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/roadslump2.jpg\" alt=\"roadside landslide\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the causes are in place, something has to \u003ci>trigger\u003c/i> landslides. The trigger at this point in 2011 is a long wet season. Early heavy rains seep into the landslide mass and fill up its pore spaces. Later heavy rains overload it through two physical mechanisms. The first is simply the weight of the extra water, which tends to push everything downhill. The second is more important: the extra water raises the water pressure inside the pores of the landslide mass. That actively works to lift the mass, the way that stepping into waist-high water makes it harder to keep your footing. This can work at quite shallow levels, as this earthflow shows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/earthslump.jpg\" alt=\"earthflow\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Notice the poppies in the newly exposed ground. Vegetation is very sensitive to these changes. In both of these simple examples you’ll see that the top of the slide is a scalloped shape; it’s called a headscarp. In the large, complex slide below the hillside was littered with them. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/slidehead2.jpg\" alt=\"headscarps\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of our landslides are actually old—they have moved previously, and this year the rains reactivated them. A practiced eye can readily pick out the resulting topography, which is hummocky rather than smooth. The photo below (click for full size) shows the whole length of a complex slide. On the right are scarps from activity in previous years. At the far left is the scar of an earthflow. On the crest, in the middle, is a brand-new headscarp from last week. And the landscape along the whole facing slope is hummocky, with different vegetation taking advantage of temporary high water tables.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/landslidescarps2.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/landslidescarps2.jpg\" width=\"500\" alt=\"complex landslide\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn more about landslides at these links.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca>Landslide terminology and classification\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1064/\">Rainfall and landslide forecasting\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://landslides.usgs.gov/regional/sanfrancisco.php\">Bay Area landslide info from the US Geological Survey\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.894 -122.252\u003c/p>\n\n",
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},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
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"order": 1
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"order": 9
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"order": 15
},
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"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
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},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
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"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
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"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
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},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/money/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
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