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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/nano.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/nano-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"nano\" title=\"nano\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-28041\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From hackerspaces to banana slugs, flying telescopes to cheese — it’s been a quite a diverse year of storytelling here at QUEST. Here’s a round-up of the top 10 video and audio stories and blog posts (based on page views) that you’ve enjoyed from the past year. Please let us know what other stories you’ve enjoyed in the comments section below, and if there’s anything you’d like to see in the coming season!\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/stem-cell-gold-rush/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stem Cell Gold Rush \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-banana-slugs-unpeeled/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science on the SPOT: Banana Slugs Unpeeled \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/dark-energy/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Berkeley Lab Physicist Shares Nobel\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-open-source-creativity-hackerspaces/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science on the SPOT: Open Source Creativity – Hackerspaces\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/super-laser-at-the-national-ignition-facility/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Super Laser at the National Ignition Facility\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-worlds-most-powerful-microscope/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The World’s Most Powerful Microscope \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-science-art-of-cheese/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Science & Art of Cheese \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/mt-umunhum-return-to-the-summit/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mt. Umunhum: Return to the Summit\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-fierce-humboldt-squid/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Fierce Humboldt Squid \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>AUDIO:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/up-all-night-on-nasas-flying-telescope/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Up All Night on NASA’s Flying Telescope/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/the-lost-lagoon/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Lost Lagoon\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"/quest/audio/energy-saving-windows-get-smarter/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Energy-Saving Windows Get Smarter \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/the-amazing-transformation-of-san-franciscos-sludge-puddle/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Amazing Transformation of San Francisco’s “Sludge Puddle” \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/06/24/supercomputing-draft/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Supercomputers Hit an Energy Wall \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/from-tunnel-to-tap-quake-proofing-our-water-supply/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">From Tunnel to Tap: Quake-Proofing Our Water Supply \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/a-big-captivating-idea-the-bay-area-ridge-trail/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“A Big, Captivating Idea”: The Bay Area Ridge Trail \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/architecture-for-the-birds/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Architecture for the Birds \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/gulls-threaten-south-bay-salt-pond-restoration-work/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gulls Threaten South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Work \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/in-a-sea-of-energy-data-utilities-try-to-inspire-conservation/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">In a Sea of Energy Data, Utilities Try to Inspire Conservation \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>BLOG:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/03/17/explosive-hypothesis-about-humans-lack-of-genetic-diversity/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Explosive hypothesis about humans’ lack of genetic diversity \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/01/diet-sodas-may-not-be-as-harmless-as-you-think/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Diet Sodas May Not Be As Harmless As You Think\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/13/health-officials-to-consider-tightening-vaccine-exemptions/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Health Officials to Consider Tightening Vaccine Exemptions\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/02/18/scientists-understand-heart-disease-better-still-give-bad-advice/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Scientists Understand Heart Disease Better, Still Give Bad Advice\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/06/24/the-megalodons-descendents/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Megalodon’s Descendants \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/02/20/famous-african-american-scientists-innovators-part-ii/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Famous African American Scientists & Innovators: Part II\u003cbr>\n\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/04/30/swine-flu-a-virus-or-a-bacteria/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Swine Flu – A Virus or a Bacteria? \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/11/16/dont-get-hacked-by-firesheep-over-open-wi-fi/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cyber Wolves in (Fire)Sheep Clothing\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/07/05/why-mosquitoes-buzz-in-peoples-ears/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Why Do Mosquitoes Buzz in People’s Ears?\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/01/19/15-months-later-rediscovered-san-francisco-plant-thrives/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">15 Months Later, Rediscovered San Francisco Plant Thrives\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/12/2011-12-19-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28569\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/DSC00009.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-28569\" title=\"DSC00009\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/DSC00009-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A woody grass called Miscanthus is one of the biofuel feedstocks being examined.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Despite all the buzz around biofuels, commercial production has been slow to scale up. As a result, the EPA scaled back its goals for advanced biofuels earlier this year. Still, some Bay Area scientists recently made a breakthrough that could move us one step closer to a day when our cars run on fuels from plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea behind biofuels is pretty simple. Plants take sunlight and use that energy to make sugars. The biofuels industry wants to transform those sugars into fuel. That requires some molecular rearranging, so they’re looking to microbes to do the job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the \u003ca href=\"http://www.jbei.org/\">Joint BioEnergy Institute\u003c/a> (JBEI) in Emeryville, e.coli is the microbe of choice. Researcher Greg Bokinsky shows me racks of glass tubes that are home to e.coli cultures that have been biologically engineered. They’ve created e.coli that munch on a woody plant called \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panicum_virgatum\">switchgrass\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’ve heard anything about biofuels, you’ve probably heard about ethanol that’s made from corn, which you can buy at gas stations today. But ethanol can’t be transported long distances because it corrodes pipelines. And using corn for fuel has also raised some concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Corn is used extensively to feed animals. Corn is also used for some food as well, human consumption. So we want to be very careful about using corn itself,” says Jay Keasling, CEO of JBEI.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Engineering Microbes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JBEI was founded 5 years ago with a $125 million grant from the Department of Energy. It’s a partnership between UC Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab and other groups with the mission of creating biofuels from plants that aren’t used for food – also known as cellulosic biofuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Switchgrass is one that gets mentioned a lot,” says Keasling. “Switchgrass is a native to much of the Midwest. It grows without a lot of water and fertilizer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But unlocking the energy inside switchgrass is no easy task. “Plants have evolved to be tough. There are beetles, there are fungi that want to attack them all the time and get access to those sugars. So they’ve evolved defense mechanisms,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/DSC00005-2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-28582\" title=\"DSC00005-2\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/DSC00005-2.jpg\" alt=\"A jar of ground-up switchgrass at the Joint BioEnergy Institute.\" width=\"240\" height=\"194\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first line of defense is like a barbed wire fence. Plants protect their sugars with a tough material called lignin. Keasling’s team breaks through it using a liquid salt solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once it’s gone, the sugars still have to be broken down further. Most companies use industrial enzymes to do that. But this is where Keasling’s \u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.lbl.gov/news-releases/2011/11/29/e-coli-make-three-fuels/\">engineered e.coli\u003c/a> comes in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’ve done is we’ve gone to places like the rainforest in Puerto Rico and to compost piles. We’ve sequenced the organisms that are breaking down that biomass and then cloned those genes into e.coli,” Keasling says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The e.coli break down the sugars for themselves, saving an expensive step in the process. Using the sugars, they produce fuels. “Really they’re pooping out fuels,” says Keasling. “And these are fuels that can be put directly into gasoline engines, diesel engines or jet engines.” These microbes are an exciting breakthrough for Keasling, since they could help bring down the cost of production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Federal Goals Scale Back\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government was once excited about cellulosic biofuels, too. In 2006, former President George W Bush included them in his State of the Union address, saying “we'll also fund additional research in cutting-edge methods of producing ethanol, not just from corn but from wood chips and stalks or switchgrass. Our goal is to make this new kind of ethanol practical and competitive within 6 years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Congress set up tax credits for cellulosic biofuels with a goal of seeing 500 million gallons produced in 2012. Since then, the industry has faced a harsh reality. The \u003ca href=\"http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/1e5ab1124055f3b28525781f0042ed40/477321f362225aac852578b60068bf16!OpenDocument\">goal for next year\u003c/a> has been cut back to just 12 million gallons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was oversold. There was a lot of hype around it. It’s a tough problem. We can’t expect this to happen overnight,” says Keasling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keasling says if there’s anything that casts a shadow over biofuels, it’s the price of their biggest competitor. “If oil is under $100 a barrel, we’re not going to see many advanced biofuels on the market. They’re just not going to be able to compete. It’s virtually impossible,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chris Somerville, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.energybiosciencesinstitute.org/\">Energy Biosciences Institute\u003c/a> (EBI), agrees. “The costs are still not where we need them to be.” EBI is also run by UC Berkeley and Berkeley Lab, among other collaborators. It was started with a $500 million grant from BP.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like JBEI, EBI’s mission is also engineering cellulosic biofuels. They’ve developed specially engineered yeast that eat feedstocks like miscanthus. “It’s going to be another 10 years before it really scales up. And it’s not because there’s a big problem. It’s just takes time to build and bring online big industrial facilities that are first of a kind.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Companies, including BP, are now building commercial-scale biofuel plants. But the science is evolving so quickly, Somerville says it’s hard for companies to commit. “If you’re a company that has to lay down some hundreds of millions of dollars for a new facility and you look around and everyday, there’s new advances, you think, well maybe I’ll wait until next week and build a better facility.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although some in Congress are impatient over the progress of advanced biofuels, Somerville is confident that it’s just a matter of time before the industry scales up. “What we’re really trying to do is change the world. And we have this huge entrenched energy sector. And so there’s lots of entrenched players that don’t welcome change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And he says, if we care about addressing climate change, we won’t be able to do it without remaking the fuels that go in our cars.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Corn is used extensively to feed animals. Corn is also used for some food as well, human consumption. So we want to be very careful about using corn itself,” says Jay Keasling, CEO of JBEI.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Engineering Microbes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JBEI was founded 5 years ago with a $125 million grant from the Department of Energy. It’s a partnership between UC Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab and other groups with the mission of creating biofuels from plants that aren’t used for food – also known as cellulosic biofuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Switchgrass is one that gets mentioned a lot,” says Keasling. “Switchgrass is a native to much of the Midwest. It grows without a lot of water and fertilizer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But unlocking the energy inside switchgrass is no easy task. “Plants have evolved to be tough. There are beetles, there are fungi that want to attack them all the time and get access to those sugars. So they’ve evolved defense mechanisms,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/DSC00005-2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-28582\" title=\"DSC00005-2\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/DSC00005-2.jpg\" alt=\"A jar of ground-up switchgrass at the Joint BioEnergy Institute.\" width=\"240\" height=\"194\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first line of defense is like a barbed wire fence. Plants protect their sugars with a tough material called lignin. Keasling’s team breaks through it using a liquid salt solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once it’s gone, the sugars still have to be broken down further. Most companies use industrial enzymes to do that. But this is where Keasling’s \u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.lbl.gov/news-releases/2011/11/29/e-coli-make-three-fuels/\">engineered e.coli\u003c/a> comes in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’ve done is we’ve gone to places like the rainforest in Puerto Rico and to compost piles. We’ve sequenced the organisms that are breaking down that biomass and then cloned those genes into e.coli,” Keasling says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The e.coli break down the sugars for themselves, saving an expensive step in the process. Using the sugars, they produce fuels. “Really they’re pooping out fuels,” says Keasling. “And these are fuels that can be put directly into gasoline engines, diesel engines or jet engines.” These microbes are an exciting breakthrough for Keasling, since they could help bring down the cost of production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Federal Goals Scale Back\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government was once excited about cellulosic biofuels, too. In 2006, former President George W Bush included them in his State of the Union address, saying “we'll also fund additional research in cutting-edge methods of producing ethanol, not just from corn but from wood chips and stalks or switchgrass. Our goal is to make this new kind of ethanol practical and competitive within 6 years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Congress set up tax credits for cellulosic biofuels with a goal of seeing 500 million gallons produced in 2012. Since then, the industry has faced a harsh reality. The \u003ca href=\"http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/1e5ab1124055f3b28525781f0042ed40/477321f362225aac852578b60068bf16!OpenDocument\">goal for next year\u003c/a> has been cut back to just 12 million gallons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was oversold. There was a lot of hype around it. It’s a tough problem. We can’t expect this to happen overnight,” says Keasling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keasling says if there’s anything that casts a shadow over biofuels, it’s the price of their biggest competitor. “If oil is under $100 a barrel, we’re not going to see many advanced biofuels on the market. They’re just not going to be able to compete. It’s virtually impossible,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chris Somerville, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.energybiosciencesinstitute.org/\">Energy Biosciences Institute\u003c/a> (EBI), agrees. “The costs are still not where we need them to be.” EBI is also run by UC Berkeley and Berkeley Lab, among other collaborators. It was started with a $500 million grant from BP.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like JBEI, EBI’s mission is also engineering cellulosic biofuels. They’ve developed specially engineered yeast that eat feedstocks like miscanthus. “It’s going to be another 10 years before it really scales up. And it’s not because there’s a big problem. 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"disqusTitle": "Clean Tech Earns Its Stripes",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/10/2011-10-03-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25574\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 354px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/BEST-101022-N-6889J-107.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-25574\" title=\"A Riverine Command Boat running on a 50/50 blend of algae-based and traditional fuel.\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/BEST-101022-N-6889J-107-354x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"354\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Riverine Command Boat running on a 50/50 blend of algae-based and traditional fuel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here's a question: Who’s the largest energy user, by far, in the United States?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Answer: the U.S. Military. Its annual energy bill runs about $15 billion dollars a year, which is why the Department of Defense has developed a keen interest in finding other ways to meet its energy needs, including investing in alternative energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traditionally, the military has been deeply dependent on fossil fuels, which power its helicopters and ships, as well as over a hundred thousand diesel generators that keep tents air conditioned and batteries charged in places like Iraq and Afghanistan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But on the battlefield, oil can be a dangerous liability. Last year there were more than a thousand attacks on US military fuel convoys. US Navy Secretary Ray Mabus says in order to be an effective military force, you have to know what your own vulnerabilities are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"One of the ones that rose to the top was our dependence on fossil fuels,\" says Mabus.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nThe Price -- and Opportunity -- of Instability\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fossil fuels aren't just highly flammable, they can also require doing business with the very countries the US is often in conflict with. Political instability often leads to price spikes. Take, for example, the recent conflict in Libya.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Libya is a big oil producer, but not the biggest one,\" says Mabus. \"But simply the disruption in Libya caused the price of oil to go up almost $30 a barrel.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's no small hiccup for an organization that consumes 300,000 barrels of oil a day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even an increase of just one dollar a barrel can force a major reshuffling of funds, says Mabus. \"Every time the price of oil goes up a dollar a barrel it costs the Navy an extra $31 million in fuel costs.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The only place we have to get that is from our readiness account,\" he says, \"so [there are] fewer flying hours, less training.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This sensitivity to price spikes has sent the military in what might seem an unlikely direction: It’s become a major investor in alternative energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phyllis Cuttino directs the clean energy program for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewenvironment.org/campaigns/pew-energy-and-climate-campaign/id/8589935316\">Pew Charitable Trusts\u003c/a> and is author of a recent report on the military and alternative energy, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewenvironment.org/news-room/reports/from-barracks-to-battlefield-clean-energy-innovation-and-americas-armed-forces-85899364060\">From Barracks to the Battlefield: Clean Energy Innovation and America's Armed Forces\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says whatever the military can do to reduce fuel use, it's doing. According to the report, over the last four years the military has tripled its investment in technologies like biofuels, solar panels, and electric vehicles, to $1.2 billion a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The Department of Defense is not doing all this work in biofuels and efficiency, for example, because they are green, or because they are environmentalists,\" says Cuttino. \"They are doing it because they want to increase effectiveness and reduce costs.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New Partnerships in Silicon Valley\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s been a boon for people like Bob MacDonald, the CTO and co-founder of Skyline Solar, in Mountain View, California. Skyline's solar arrays are relatively low-tech, made from off-the-shelf components and are easy to assemble.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25579\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 189px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Bob-MacDonald-e1317365300647.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-25579\" title=\"Bob MacDonald helped get Skyline Solar its $1.58 million military contract\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Bob-MacDonald-e1317365300647-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bob MacDonald helped get Skyline Solar its $1.58 million military contract\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A few years ago, MacDonald saw that the military was looking for clean tech companies like his to partner with. He flew to Washington to present Skyline's product. He says it was a bit intimidating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There was a lot of brass,\" he recalls, \"literally, a lot of stripes and shoulder adornments around the table. I kept it simple. Sir, yes sir.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MacDonald soon realized his audience had a lot in common with the venture capitalists he does business with out here in California. The military officials liked that Skyline's components are easy to source and that they're portable. An added benefit is the stealth effect, says MacDonald: Solar panels are a lot quieter than a diesel generator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Macdonald has a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pv-tech.org/news/project_focus_skyline_solar_to_deploy_two_100kw_demo_systems_on_u.s._milita\">$1.58 million contract\u003c/a> to try out his arrays on two US military bases, one in Texas, one in Southern California. If the pilot is successful, he’d like to see his systems operating overseas, powering remote bases in Iraq and Afghanistan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solazyme, in South San Francisco, is also benefiting from military investment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company's algae-based biofuel is being tested in Seahawk helicopters, as well as Navy vessels in Virginia and other parts of the country. CEO Jonathan Wolfson says the $8 million military contract is less than a quarter of his company's revenue, but it sends a powerful message to other investors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25580\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/GOOD_WOLFSON-012.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-25580\" title=\"Jonathan Wolfson is CEO of Solazyme, which produces algae-based biofuel for the US Navy\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/GOOD_WOLFSON-012-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jonathan Wolfson is CEO of Solazyme, which produces algae-based biofuel for the US Navy\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"I mean, eight years ago we were five people with a completely delusional dream,\" says Wolfson. \"So go from that to [being partnered with] an entity like the military, which is very, very disciplined and demands an enormous level of discipline out of its suppliers. It does really good things to help a company like Solazyme.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bridging the \"Valley of Death\" Between Innovation and the Market\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wolfson says by the sheer force of its purchasing power, the military can transform a technology from cutting edge to mainstream. He points out that it's happened before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People forget that the Internet they go log onto every day was funded by the Department of Defense. They forget that the entire semiconductor industry was [built up] by they Defense Department. They were the ones that got the first orders and got the first plants built.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nThe Solyndra Effect\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lately, in Washington, the words “clean technology” have become \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_18887134\">a political flashpoint\u003c/a>. At a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/23/science/earth/23energy.html\">September 22 hearing\u003c/a> focused on the bankruptcy of Fremont-based solar panel maker Solyndra. Issa, who chairs the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee railed against the Obama Administration's investments in alternative technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The Obama Administration has systematically waged a war on carbon-based energy in pursuit of new green energy,\" said Issa. \"Jobs have not been produced in a sustained fashion or in the number promised and bills of taxpayer dollars have done little to truly stimulate the economy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Issa and other Republicans have argued government should avoid investing in clean tech all together. And this has put Navy Secretary Mabus in a curious position: A high level military official turned into one of clean tech’s most vocal defenders. He says as the head of the US Navy, that’s his job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We’re doing this to become a better military, to make us better war fighters. We’re doing this as a matter of security, of energy security and national security. The fundamental purpose of our doing this is so that we will be better at the mission that the US has given us.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mabus says \u003ca href=\"http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=56757\">his goal \u003c/a>is that by the year 2020, the Navy and Marine Corps will get at least half its fuel from non fossil-fuel sources.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The largest energy user in the United States is the U.S. Military. Its annual energy bill runs about $15 billion dollars a year, which is why the Department of Defense has developed a keen interest in finding other ways to meet its energy needs, including investing in alternative energy. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/10/2011-10-03-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25574\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 354px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/BEST-101022-N-6889J-107.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-25574\" title=\"A Riverine Command Boat running on a 50/50 blend of algae-based and traditional fuel.\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/BEST-101022-N-6889J-107-354x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"354\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Riverine Command Boat running on a 50/50 blend of algae-based and traditional fuel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here's a question: Who’s the largest energy user, by far, in the United States?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Answer: the U.S. Military. Its annual energy bill runs about $15 billion dollars a year, which is why the Department of Defense has developed a keen interest in finding other ways to meet its energy needs, including investing in alternative energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traditionally, the military has been deeply dependent on fossil fuels, which power its helicopters and ships, as well as over a hundred thousand diesel generators that keep tents air conditioned and batteries charged in places like Iraq and Afghanistan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But on the battlefield, oil can be a dangerous liability. Last year there were more than a thousand attacks on US military fuel convoys. US Navy Secretary Ray Mabus says in order to be an effective military force, you have to know what your own vulnerabilities are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"One of the ones that rose to the top was our dependence on fossil fuels,\" says Mabus.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nThe Price -- and Opportunity -- of Instability\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fossil fuels aren't just highly flammable, they can also require doing business with the very countries the US is often in conflict with. Political instability often leads to price spikes. Take, for example, the recent conflict in Libya.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Libya is a big oil producer, but not the biggest one,\" says Mabus. \"But simply the disruption in Libya caused the price of oil to go up almost $30 a barrel.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's no small hiccup for an organization that consumes 300,000 barrels of oil a day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even an increase of just one dollar a barrel can force a major reshuffling of funds, says Mabus. \"Every time the price of oil goes up a dollar a barrel it costs the Navy an extra $31 million in fuel costs.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The only place we have to get that is from our readiness account,\" he says, \"so [there are] fewer flying hours, less training.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This sensitivity to price spikes has sent the military in what might seem an unlikely direction: It’s become a major investor in alternative energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phyllis Cuttino directs the clean energy program for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewenvironment.org/campaigns/pew-energy-and-climate-campaign/id/8589935316\">Pew Charitable Trusts\u003c/a> and is author of a recent report on the military and alternative energy, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewenvironment.org/news-room/reports/from-barracks-to-battlefield-clean-energy-innovation-and-americas-armed-forces-85899364060\">From Barracks to the Battlefield: Clean Energy Innovation and America's Armed Forces\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says whatever the military can do to reduce fuel use, it's doing. According to the report, over the last four years the military has tripled its investment in technologies like biofuels, solar panels, and electric vehicles, to $1.2 billion a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The Department of Defense is not doing all this work in biofuels and efficiency, for example, because they are green, or because they are environmentalists,\" says Cuttino. \"They are doing it because they want to increase effectiveness and reduce costs.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New Partnerships in Silicon Valley\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s been a boon for people like Bob MacDonald, the CTO and co-founder of Skyline Solar, in Mountain View, California. Skyline's solar arrays are relatively low-tech, made from off-the-shelf components and are easy to assemble.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25579\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 189px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Bob-MacDonald-e1317365300647.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-25579\" title=\"Bob MacDonald helped get Skyline Solar its $1.58 million military contract\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Bob-MacDonald-e1317365300647-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bob MacDonald helped get Skyline Solar its $1.58 million military contract\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A few years ago, MacDonald saw that the military was looking for clean tech companies like his to partner with. He flew to Washington to present Skyline's product. He says it was a bit intimidating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There was a lot of brass,\" he recalls, \"literally, a lot of stripes and shoulder adornments around the table. I kept it simple. Sir, yes sir.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MacDonald soon realized his audience had a lot in common with the venture capitalists he does business with out here in California. The military officials liked that Skyline's components are easy to source and that they're portable. An added benefit is the stealth effect, says MacDonald: Solar panels are a lot quieter than a diesel generator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Macdonald has a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pv-tech.org/news/project_focus_skyline_solar_to_deploy_two_100kw_demo_systems_on_u.s._milita\">$1.58 million contract\u003c/a> to try out his arrays on two US military bases, one in Texas, one in Southern California. If the pilot is successful, he’d like to see his systems operating overseas, powering remote bases in Iraq and Afghanistan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solazyme, in South San Francisco, is also benefiting from military investment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company's algae-based biofuel is being tested in Seahawk helicopters, as well as Navy vessels in Virginia and other parts of the country. CEO Jonathan Wolfson says the $8 million military contract is less than a quarter of his company's revenue, but it sends a powerful message to other investors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25580\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/GOOD_WOLFSON-012.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-25580\" title=\"Jonathan Wolfson is CEO of Solazyme, which produces algae-based biofuel for the US Navy\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/GOOD_WOLFSON-012-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jonathan Wolfson is CEO of Solazyme, which produces algae-based biofuel for the US Navy\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"I mean, eight years ago we were five people with a completely delusional dream,\" says Wolfson. \"So go from that to [being partnered with] an entity like the military, which is very, very disciplined and demands an enormous level of discipline out of its suppliers. It does really good things to help a company like Solazyme.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bridging the \"Valley of Death\" Between Innovation and the Market\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wolfson says by the sheer force of its purchasing power, the military can transform a technology from cutting edge to mainstream. He points out that it's happened before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People forget that the Internet they go log onto every day was funded by the Department of Defense. They forget that the entire semiconductor industry was [built up] by they Defense Department. They were the ones that got the first orders and got the first plants built.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nThe Solyndra Effect\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lately, in Washington, the words “clean technology” have become \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_18887134\">a political flashpoint\u003c/a>. At a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/23/science/earth/23energy.html\">September 22 hearing\u003c/a> focused on the bankruptcy of Fremont-based solar panel maker Solyndra. Issa, who chairs the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee railed against the Obama Administration's investments in alternative technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The Obama Administration has systematically waged a war on carbon-based energy in pursuit of new green energy,\" said Issa. \"Jobs have not been produced in a sustained fashion or in the number promised and bills of taxpayer dollars have done little to truly stimulate the economy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Issa and other Republicans have argued government should avoid investing in clean tech all together. And this has put Navy Secretary Mabus in a curious position: A high level military official turned into one of clean tech’s most vocal defenders. He says as the head of the US Navy, that’s his job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We’re doing this to become a better military, to make us better war fighters. We’re doing this as a matter of security, of energy security and national security. The fundamental purpose of our doing this is so that we will be better at the mission that the US has given us.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mabus says \u003ca href=\"http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=56757\">his goal \u003c/a>is that by the year 2020, the Navy and Marine Corps will get at least half its fuel from non fossil-fuel sources.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Climate Change Could Mean Cloudy Future for Lake Tahoe",
"title": "Climate Change Could Mean Cloudy Future for Lake Tahoe",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/09/2011-09-19-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24562\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Lake-Tahoe.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-24562\" title=\"Lake Tahoe\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Lake-Tahoe-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Climate change and invasive species threaten Lake Tahoe just as restoration funding dwindles. (Photo: Lauren Sommer)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Over the last 15 years, more than a billion dollars has been spent to protect Lake Tahoe's clear waters from runoff and erosion. Now, new threats to lake's clarity are emerging, just as restoration funding is drying up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers from UC Davis are hot on the trail of one of those threats. On a recent late summer morning, Katie Webb and a team from UC Davis's \u003ca href=\"http://terc.ucdavis.edu/\">Tahoe Environmental Research Center\u003c/a> went looking for it on a boat near South Lake Tahoe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So what we're looking for is a metal clam corral,\" Webb says, pulling on her scuba gear. The \"clam corral\" is a wire basket that holds clams living on the lake bottom. Webb swims down to it and attaches a rope, so the team can pull it on board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The clams inside are \u003ca href=\"http://terc.ucdavis.edu/research/aquaticinvasives.html\">Asian clams\u003c/a>, an invasive species. They were not a welcome visitor when they were discovered in Lake Tahoe in 2002. Webb and her team are monitoring these corralled clams to see how fast the population is growing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So you can see this individual is number 11,\" she says, pointing to a tiny number super-glued on its shell. They use the numbers to track individuals over time. \"We can see how much they've grown since we checked them in February and it should be a lot. They grow a lot in the summertime,\" Webb says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What they do is somewhat disturbing,\" says Geoff Schladow, director of the Tahoe Environmental Research Center. Asian clams filter massive amounts of lake water and that's where the problem starts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Of everything they filter, they consume about 10 percent of it and 90 percent they excrete. So their excretions are like these huge nutrient bombs,\" Schladow says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24565\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 192px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Asianclam.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-24565\" title=\"Asianclam\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Asianclam-192x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"192\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UC Davis researcher Katie Webb holds an Asian clam from their population study. (Photo: Lauren Sommer)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With thousands of clams per square meter in some parts of the lake, their \"nutrient bombs\" help create algae blooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So you have this bright green, stringy algae, sort of clinging to the bottom, a few tens of yards from the beach. People would be astounded to see this cause it looks like any place but Tahoe,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the face of this invasion, a team from UC Davis has been experimenting with \u003ca href=\"http://terc.ucdavis.edu/research/aquaticinvasives.html\">rubber mats that suffocate Asian clams\u003c/a> on the lake bottom. So far, the treatment looks promising.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tahoe Basin Building Boom\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keeping the lake blue - and not green - has been a rallying cry for both environmental groups and Tahoe's tourism industry. Forty years ago, scientists could see 100 feet into the lake. Today, the clarity has decreased significantly to 64 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're essentially like a bowl and what happens on the land affects the water,\" says Julie Regan of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.trpa.org/\">Tahoe Regional Planning Agency\u003c/a>. The agency oversees development on both the California and Nevada sides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What happened on the land in the 50s, 60s and 70s is that we had a lot of development – rampant overdevelopment,\" she says. Tahoe hosted 1960 Winter Olympics at Squaw Valley. Casinos went up. Building was booming. And soon, the region had a runoff problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's driveways. It's houses. What you cover on the land then interferes with the soils ability to filter runoff. That's what's causing clarity loss,\" says Regan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the past 15 years, local agencies have tried to stop this decline with $1.5 billion of federal, state and local money. They've preserved open space and built projects to control erosion and filter runoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In 2008 we got the news from the scientific community that we had stopped the slide and decline of lake clarity. That was great news,\" says Regan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scientists See Climate Change Impacts\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010, however, researchers at UC Davis found the \u003ca href=\"http://terc.ucdavis.edu/images/SecchiDepthChart_1967-2010.jpg\">second worst clarity level ever recorded\u003c/a>. Geoff Schladow says runoff isn't the only culprit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we've had just in the last few years is this explosion, this large increase in algae and they seem to be concentrated right near the surface,\" says Schladow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These algae are invisible to the eye, but they're the right size to make the water look cloudier. Normally, they're competing with large algae near the surface. But Schladow says that's changing. Algae are heavier than water, so they gradually sink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The algae in the past tended to be mixed by the wind every few days. So if you're a large algae and you sank down 50 or 100 feet, you could be brought up again into the light by mixing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, the lake hasn't been mixing as much. The reason, Schladow thinks, is that the surface waters of the lake have gotten warmer with climate change. Warmer water is lighter than the cold, dense water at the bottom of the lake. So it's little bit like oil and water. The layers of the lake are more resistant to mixing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Now when we have less mixing, the large algae sink out. All we're left with are the small ones. And so their numbers are going up,\" says Schladow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After decades of conservation work to reduce runoff, a lot of people are disappointed to see climate change posing a new threat to Lake Tahoe's clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schladow thinks it's not hopeless. \"It's a call to redouble what we're doing, not to give up and walk away. It's now needed not just to restore clarity but to ward off what may be some pretty uncomfortable and disturbing features of climate change.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Restoration Funds Running Out\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After an unprecedented influx of restoration funding, resources are now running low. Senator Dianne Feinstein introduced the Lake Tahoe Restoration Act of 2011 in Congress to authorize more, but has said she's not optimistic about getting it passed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We know the funding picture could potentially be bleak, so we're looking to any strategy that we can to keep this momentum going in terms of restoration,\" says Julie Regan of TRPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On top of that, Nevada is threatening to end its forty-year partnership with California by pulling out of the Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, unless concessions are made about its voting power on new development. Regan says it's just one more challenge that will make the next few years a critical time for Lake Tahoe's future.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Over the last 15 years, more than a billion dollars has been spent to protect Lake Tahoe's clear waters from runoff and erosion. Now, new threats to lake's clarity are emerging, just as restoration funding is drying up. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/09/2011-09-19-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24562\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Lake-Tahoe.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-24562\" title=\"Lake Tahoe\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Lake-Tahoe-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Climate change and invasive species threaten Lake Tahoe just as restoration funding dwindles. (Photo: Lauren Sommer)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Over the last 15 years, more than a billion dollars has been spent to protect Lake Tahoe's clear waters from runoff and erosion. Now, new threats to lake's clarity are emerging, just as restoration funding is drying up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers from UC Davis are hot on the trail of one of those threats. On a recent late summer morning, Katie Webb and a team from UC Davis's \u003ca href=\"http://terc.ucdavis.edu/\">Tahoe Environmental Research Center\u003c/a> went looking for it on a boat near South Lake Tahoe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So what we're looking for is a metal clam corral,\" Webb says, pulling on her scuba gear. The \"clam corral\" is a wire basket that holds clams living on the lake bottom. Webb swims down to it and attaches a rope, so the team can pull it on board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The clams inside are \u003ca href=\"http://terc.ucdavis.edu/research/aquaticinvasives.html\">Asian clams\u003c/a>, an invasive species. They were not a welcome visitor when they were discovered in Lake Tahoe in 2002. Webb and her team are monitoring these corralled clams to see how fast the population is growing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So you can see this individual is number 11,\" she says, pointing to a tiny number super-glued on its shell. They use the numbers to track individuals over time. \"We can see how much they've grown since we checked them in February and it should be a lot. They grow a lot in the summertime,\" Webb says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What they do is somewhat disturbing,\" says Geoff Schladow, director of the Tahoe Environmental Research Center. Asian clams filter massive amounts of lake water and that's where the problem starts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Of everything they filter, they consume about 10 percent of it and 90 percent they excrete. So their excretions are like these huge nutrient bombs,\" Schladow says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24565\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 192px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Asianclam.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-24565\" title=\"Asianclam\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Asianclam-192x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"192\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UC Davis researcher Katie Webb holds an Asian clam from their population study. (Photo: Lauren Sommer)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With thousands of clams per square meter in some parts of the lake, their \"nutrient bombs\" help create algae blooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So you have this bright green, stringy algae, sort of clinging to the bottom, a few tens of yards from the beach. People would be astounded to see this cause it looks like any place but Tahoe,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the face of this invasion, a team from UC Davis has been experimenting with \u003ca href=\"http://terc.ucdavis.edu/research/aquaticinvasives.html\">rubber mats that suffocate Asian clams\u003c/a> on the lake bottom. So far, the treatment looks promising.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tahoe Basin Building Boom\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keeping the lake blue - and not green - has been a rallying cry for both environmental groups and Tahoe's tourism industry. Forty years ago, scientists could see 100 feet into the lake. Today, the clarity has decreased significantly to 64 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're essentially like a bowl and what happens on the land affects the water,\" says Julie Regan of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.trpa.org/\">Tahoe Regional Planning Agency\u003c/a>. The agency oversees development on both the California and Nevada sides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What happened on the land in the 50s, 60s and 70s is that we had a lot of development – rampant overdevelopment,\" she says. Tahoe hosted 1960 Winter Olympics at Squaw Valley. Casinos went up. Building was booming. And soon, the region had a runoff problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's driveways. It's houses. What you cover on the land then interferes with the soils ability to filter runoff. That's what's causing clarity loss,\" says Regan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the past 15 years, local agencies have tried to stop this decline with $1.5 billion of federal, state and local money. They've preserved open space and built projects to control erosion and filter runoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In 2008 we got the news from the scientific community that we had stopped the slide and decline of lake clarity. That was great news,\" says Regan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scientists See Climate Change Impacts\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010, however, researchers at UC Davis found the \u003ca href=\"http://terc.ucdavis.edu/images/SecchiDepthChart_1967-2010.jpg\">second worst clarity level ever recorded\u003c/a>. Geoff Schladow says runoff isn't the only culprit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we've had just in the last few years is this explosion, this large increase in algae and they seem to be concentrated right near the surface,\" says Schladow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These algae are invisible to the eye, but they're the right size to make the water look cloudier. Normally, they're competing with large algae near the surface. But Schladow says that's changing. Algae are heavier than water, so they gradually sink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The algae in the past tended to be mixed by the wind every few days. So if you're a large algae and you sank down 50 or 100 feet, you could be brought up again into the light by mixing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, the lake hasn't been mixing as much. The reason, Schladow thinks, is that the surface waters of the lake have gotten warmer with climate change. Warmer water is lighter than the cold, dense water at the bottom of the lake. So it's little bit like oil and water. The layers of the lake are more resistant to mixing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Now when we have less mixing, the large algae sink out. All we're left with are the small ones. And so their numbers are going up,\" says Schladow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After decades of conservation work to reduce runoff, a lot of people are disappointed to see climate change posing a new threat to Lake Tahoe's clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schladow thinks it's not hopeless. \"It's a call to redouble what we're doing, not to give up and walk away. It's now needed not just to restore clarity but to ward off what may be some pretty uncomfortable and disturbing features of climate change.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Restoration Funds Running Out\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After an unprecedented influx of restoration funding, resources are now running low. Senator Dianne Feinstein introduced the Lake Tahoe Restoration Act of 2011 in Congress to authorize more, but has said she's not optimistic about getting it passed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We know the funding picture could potentially be bleak, so we're looking to any strategy that we can to keep this momentum going in terms of restoration,\" says Julie Regan of TRPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Editor's Note\u003c/strong>: 10/24/12 - We are saddened to report that \u003ca href=\"http://www.otherlab.com/news/?p=435\">Corwin Hardam\u003c/a>, wind energy pioneer and CEO of Makani Power has \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/default/article/Corwin-Hardham-wind-power-pioneer-dies-3982587.php\">died unexpectedly at age 38\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/propeller300.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-24140\" title=\"propeller300\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/propeller300.jpg\" alt=\"propeller\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A dreamer stares up into the sky, watches the clouds slowly pass by and ponders what could be. From da Vinci to Newton to the Wright brothers to the little kid down the street, sometimes there’s a fine line between the day-dreamer and the visionary. And now a group of innovative thinkers are looking at those same passing clouds in a whole new way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking up at the jet stream, \u003ca href=\"http://dge.stanford.edu/labs/caldeiralab/\">Ken Caldeira\u003c/a>, a climate scientist from the Carnegie Institution of Global Ecology at Stanford University says, “We find that there’s more than 100 times the power necessary to power civilization in these high altitude winds.” 100 times the energy to power the world is going to get people's attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The global need for clean energy is pushing scientists and engineers to search for new, untapped sources of energy. “To solve this problem we need a real revolution in our system of energy development,” continues Caldeira, “We need huge amounts of power, and the things that can provide huge amounts of power include fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas; nuclear power, solar power and wind.” The strongest and most consistent winds are found in the \u003ca href=\"http://squall.sfsu.edu/crws/jetstream.html\">jet stream\u003c/a> as high as 30,000 feet above the earth. But how do you harness the wind power from that high? Now the race is on to find the answer to that question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may seem pie-in-the-sky, but over 20 companies around the world are now working to develop technology to tap the strong and consistent power of high altitude wind. One company we profiled here on QUEST, \u003ca href=\"http://www.makanipower.com/\">Makani Power\u003c/a> in Alameda, California, has received a $15 million grant from Google to build a wing concept that would autonomously fly in high circles, capturing energy with small turbines and sending the power down its tether. Other companies are exploring the use of kites, parachutes, balloons and other fanciful flying machines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no shortage of skeptics and there are plenty of obstacles to hurdle before true high altitude wind energy can get off the ground. But still, it’s fun and interesting to stare up at the floating clouds and dare to dream.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Editor's Note\u003c/strong>: 10/24/12 - We are saddened to report that \u003ca href=\"http://www.otherlab.com/news/?p=435\">Corwin Hardam\u003c/a>, wind energy pioneer and CEO of Makani Power has \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/default/article/Corwin-Hardham-wind-power-pioneer-dies-3982587.php\">died unexpectedly at age 38\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/propeller300.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-24140\" title=\"propeller300\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/propeller300.jpg\" alt=\"propeller\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A dreamer stares up into the sky, watches the clouds slowly pass by and ponders what could be. From da Vinci to Newton to the Wright brothers to the little kid down the street, sometimes there’s a fine line between the day-dreamer and the visionary. And now a group of innovative thinkers are looking at those same passing clouds in a whole new way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking up at the jet stream, \u003ca href=\"http://dge.stanford.edu/labs/caldeiralab/\">Ken Caldeira\u003c/a>, a climate scientist from the Carnegie Institution of Global Ecology at Stanford University says, “We find that there’s more than 100 times the power necessary to power civilization in these high altitude winds.” 100 times the energy to power the world is going to get people's attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The global need for clean energy is pushing scientists and engineers to search for new, untapped sources of energy. “To solve this problem we need a real revolution in our system of energy development,” continues Caldeira, “We need huge amounts of power, and the things that can provide huge amounts of power include fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas; nuclear power, solar power and wind.” The strongest and most consistent winds are found in the \u003ca href=\"http://squall.sfsu.edu/crws/jetstream.html\">jet stream\u003c/a> as high as 30,000 feet above the earth. But how do you harness the wind power from that high? Now the race is on to find the answer to that question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Bird-and-cap.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-23808\" title=\"Bird and cap\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Bird-and-cap.jpg\" alt=\"Bird and cap\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>A few years ago while sailing a boat back from Hawaii, we skirted the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Pacific_High\">North Pacific High\u003c/a>. This is a pressure zone midway between the mainland and the islands. Along the margins is the great current that circulates around the Pacific concentrating flotsam into what is known as the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Pacific_Gyre\">North Pacific Gyre\u003c/a>. Now considered the “Great Pacific Garbage Patch”, we pass fishing buoys, old nets and plastic bottles. Small colorful bits of plastic bob on the waves as \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shearwater\">shearwaters\u003c/a> swoop down to investigate them as food. We pass a refrigerator overgrown with barnacles, but most of the debris is plastic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Work from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.algalita.org/index.php\">Algalita Marine Research Foundation\u003c/a> indicates there is six times more plastic than phytoplankton (single-celled marine algae) per weight and fifty times more plastic than zooplankton (small crustaceans and larvae) in the North Pacific Gyre. Over half this plastic is plankton size: less than 60 mm or a quarter-inch in size. These tiny plants and animals are the base of the ocean food web, and animals consuming plankton from herring to whales are ingesting plastic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Plastics are Forever\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plastic doesn’t go away, it just gets smaller. Approximately 70% of plastic sinks to the bottom where it sits like a time bomb waiting to be assimilated. The larger pieces float along until cast ashore or ingested by a marine animal. Plastics absorb organic pollutants like toxic sponges, concentrating the poisons and finding their way into the food chain from fish to humans. One study found \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulmar\">fulmars\u003c/a>, ocean-going birds that visit our waters, have over 30 pieces of plastic in their stomachs. A sea turtle found dead off Hawaii had over 1000 pieces of plastics in its intestines. Hundreds of thousands of seabirds, sea turtles and marine mammals die from plastic ingestion each year. Americans generate 10.5 million tons of plastic waste a year but recycle only 1 or 2% of it. An estimated 14 billion pounds of trash – most of it plastic – is dumped in the world’s oceans every year. Plastic bags and other plastic garbage thrown into the ocean kill as many as 1 million sea creatures every year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This problem occurs in every ocean in the world. We are killing our wildlife and poisoning ourselves through a preventable problem. For hundreds of miles of ocean, patches of plastic cross our bow. A sailboat is like a small planet: we have limited food and water and we generate waste. On past \u003ca href=\"http://SeaStewards.org\">Sea Stewards\u003c/a> expeditions, we are careful to keep all plastic aboard, and minimize plastic wrapping and bags in our provisioning. No plastic goes into the ocean on our watch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Make a Change, Clean it Up\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can reduce our waste using less, bringing your own bag to the grocer and using a metal water bottle.\u003cbr>\nJoin us and hundreds of thousands of Californians on September 17, \u003ca href=\"http://www.coastal.ca.gov/publiced/ccd/ccd.html\">California Coastal Clean Up Day\u003c/a>. You can participate at one of the regular clean ups organized by your local \u003ca href=\"http://www.surfrider.org/\">Surfrider Foundation\u003c/a> or start your own. Plastics reduction and marine debris clean up is part of \u003ca href=\"http://seastewards.org/healthy-oceans-initiative/\">Sea Stewards Healthy Oceans Initiative\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Bird-and-cap.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-23808\" title=\"Bird and cap\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Bird-and-cap.jpg\" alt=\"Bird and cap\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>A few years ago while sailing a boat back from Hawaii, we skirted the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Pacific_High\">North Pacific High\u003c/a>. This is a pressure zone midway between the mainland and the islands. Along the margins is the great current that circulates around the Pacific concentrating flotsam into what is known as the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Pacific_Gyre\">North Pacific Gyre\u003c/a>. Now considered the “Great Pacific Garbage Patch”, we pass fishing buoys, old nets and plastic bottles. Small colorful bits of plastic bob on the waves as \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shearwater\">shearwaters\u003c/a> swoop down to investigate them as food. We pass a refrigerator overgrown with barnacles, but most of the debris is plastic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Work from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.algalita.org/index.php\">Algalita Marine Research Foundation\u003c/a> indicates there is six times more plastic than phytoplankton (single-celled marine algae) per weight and fifty times more plastic than zooplankton (small crustaceans and larvae) in the North Pacific Gyre. Over half this plastic is plankton size: less than 60 mm or a quarter-inch in size. These tiny plants and animals are the base of the ocean food web, and animals consuming plankton from herring to whales are ingesting plastic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Plastics are Forever\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plastic doesn’t go away, it just gets smaller. Approximately 70% of plastic sinks to the bottom where it sits like a time bomb waiting to be assimilated. The larger pieces float along until cast ashore or ingested by a marine animal. Plastics absorb organic pollutants like toxic sponges, concentrating the poisons and finding their way into the food chain from fish to humans. One study found \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulmar\">fulmars\u003c/a>, ocean-going birds that visit our waters, have over 30 pieces of plastic in their stomachs. A sea turtle found dead off Hawaii had over 1000 pieces of plastics in its intestines. Hundreds of thousands of seabirds, sea turtles and marine mammals die from plastic ingestion each year. Americans generate 10.5 million tons of plastic waste a year but recycle only 1 or 2% of it. An estimated 14 billion pounds of trash – most of it plastic – is dumped in the world’s oceans every year. Plastic bags and other plastic garbage thrown into the ocean kill as many as 1 million sea creatures every year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This problem occurs in every ocean in the world. We are killing our wildlife and poisoning ourselves through a preventable problem. For hundreds of miles of ocean, patches of plastic cross our bow. A sailboat is like a small planet: we have limited food and water and we generate waste. On past \u003ca href=\"http://SeaStewards.org\">Sea Stewards\u003c/a> expeditions, we are careful to keep all plastic aboard, and minimize plastic wrapping and bags in our provisioning. No plastic goes into the ocean on our watch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Every day, San Francisco’s compostables – all 600 tons of them – are hauled away from the city. I found myself asking, “Where does it all go?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While looking for the answers, I found agronomist Bob Shaffer. Shaffer started out as a farmer, but soon realized that he was more interested in the soil than in what grew out of it. That led to a career in making and applying compost. He now works with \u003ca href=\"http://www.recology.com/index.htm\">Recology\u003c/a>, the company that composts San Francisco's green waste, at their \u003ca href=\"http://www.jepsonprairieorganics.com/\">composting facility in Vacaville\u003c/a> and with farmers who want to improve their crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of Shaffer’s clients is \u003ca href=\"http://www.buckzin.com/index.html\">Old Hill Ranch\u003c/a> in Glen Ellen. As the name suggests, the vineyard is one of the earliest in Sonoma County and has many 100-year-old vines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Old Hill was first established, it was planted in the traditional way – a lot of different grape varietals were planted, producing a blended wine. The vineyard has a colorful map that identifies the patchwork of varietals on the property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vines are dry farmed, with no irrigation system running between the vine rows. This makes adding compost really important, as it helps with water retention in the soil. Old Hill’s owner, Will Bucklin, is also experimenting with compost tea, in which a small amount of compost is “brewed” into a dark tea to develop beneficial microbes. The tea can be added to a water supply or sprayed onto the leaves directly. It’s another way of making nutrients and protective microbes available to the plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23733\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Compost_grapes_640.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-23733\" title=\"Compost_grapes_640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Compost_grapes_640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tiny young grapes on a vine at Old Hill Ranch, in Glen Ellen. Photo: Kate Szrom.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When QUEST visited Old Hill Ranch, it was a hot, sunny June day. There had just been a full moon and the blooms on the vines had set into tiny green grapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As he does in the summer season, Shaffer checked to see if the vines were getting water and nutrients by observing the leaves and tendrils on the vines. He pointed out some of the cover crops he has planted to prevent soil erosion. Through their roots, cover crops like grasses and legumes can also carry carbon deeper into the soil than compost alone would.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the fall, compost will be applied at Old Hill and on other vineyards like it. Over the winter, rains will help spread the nutrients and beneficial microbes in the compost through the ground to be made available for next year’s growing season.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Every day, San Francisco’s compostables – all 600 tons of them – are hauled away from the city. I found myself asking, “Where does it all go?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While looking for the answers, I found agronomist Bob Shaffer. Shaffer started out as a farmer, but soon realized that he was more interested in the soil than in what grew out of it. That led to a career in making and applying compost. He now works with \u003ca href=\"http://www.recology.com/index.htm\">Recology\u003c/a>, the company that composts San Francisco's green waste, at their \u003ca href=\"http://www.jepsonprairieorganics.com/\">composting facility in Vacaville\u003c/a> and with farmers who want to improve their crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of Shaffer’s clients is \u003ca href=\"http://www.buckzin.com/index.html\">Old Hill Ranch\u003c/a> in Glen Ellen. As the name suggests, the vineyard is one of the earliest in Sonoma County and has many 100-year-old vines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Old Hill was first established, it was planted in the traditional way – a lot of different grape varietals were planted, producing a blended wine. The vineyard has a colorful map that identifies the patchwork of varietals on the property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vines are dry farmed, with no irrigation system running between the vine rows. This makes adding compost really important, as it helps with water retention in the soil. Old Hill’s owner, Will Bucklin, is also experimenting with compost tea, in which a small amount of compost is “brewed” into a dark tea to develop beneficial microbes. The tea can be added to a water supply or sprayed onto the leaves directly. It’s another way of making nutrients and protective microbes available to the plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23733\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Compost_grapes_640.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-23733\" title=\"Compost_grapes_640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Compost_grapes_640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tiny young grapes on a vine at Old Hill Ranch, in Glen Ellen. Photo: Kate Szrom.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When QUEST visited Old Hill Ranch, it was a hot, sunny June day. There had just been a full moon and the blooms on the vines had set into tiny green grapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As he does in the summer season, Shaffer checked to see if the vines were getting water and nutrients by observing the leaves and tendrils on the vines. He pointed out some of the cover crops he has planted to prevent soil erosion. Through their roots, cover crops like grasses and legumes can also carry carbon deeper into the soil than compost alone would.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the fall, compost will be applied at Old Hill and on other vineyards like it. Over the winter, rains will help spread the nutrients and beneficial microbes in the compost through the ground to be made available for next year’s growing season.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23340\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/cattle.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-23340\" title=\"cattle\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/cattle-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">How can California cattle ranches pull carbon out of the atmosphere? Photo courtesy of Becca Ryals.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What if we could pull carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere and store it underground? Well, plants do this every day—through photosynthesis. Plants take CO2 from the air and incorporate it into their tissues. When their leaves drop to the ground, or bits of their roots slough off, or they die and decompose, the carbon from the plants’ tissues goes into the soil. Researchers from UC Berkeley are working with cattle ranchers in Marin County to figure out how to increase the amount of carbon stored in the soil. I spoke to Berkeley grad student \u003ca href=\"http://nature.berkeley.edu/silverlab/?p=110\">Becca Ryals\u003c/a> to learn more about the \u003ca href=\"http://www.marincarbonproject.org/\">Marin Carbon Project\u003c/a>.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Becca and other students in her advisor \u003ca href=\"http://cnr.berkeley.edu/silverlab/\">Whendee Silver’s lab\u003c/a>, in the \u003ca href=\"http://ourenvironment.berkeley.edu/\">Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management\u003c/a> at Berkeley, had been studying the effects of climate change on the carbon in soil. They were taking soil samples from California’s rangelands to see how much carbon is stored—or sequestered—in the soil, and why carbon storage varies so much from place to place. The cattle ranchers, on whose land the researchers were working, wanted to know how their land management practices could increase carbon sequestration in their soils. The ranchers’ questions were the catalyst for the next step in Becca and her colleagues’ research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They did an experiment to see whether adding compost affects the amount of carbon stored in the soil. They set up a study in 2008 in two places—Nicasio Ranch, in Marin county, and the \u003ca href=\"http://ucanr.org/sites/sfrec/\">Sierra Foothill Research and Extension Center\u003c/a> in the Sierra Valley. At each site, in some areas they added a half-inch thick layer of commercially available compost, made from yard waste and food scraps, to the soil. In other areas, they left the soil alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23342\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/tractor2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-23342\" title=\"tractor2\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/tractor2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"290\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/tractor2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/tractor2-400x181.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Compost is added to the soil at a cattle ranch, part of the Marin Carbon Project. Photo courtesy of Becca Ryals.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When they returned to the plots a few months later, they found that the plots with compost had a 50-70% increase in grass production. The compost had fertilized the grass and increased its growth. The ranchers were happy to see the increase in grass production—there was more forage for their cattle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23343\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/MarinCarbonExperimentalPlots.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-23343\" title=\"MarinCarbonExperimentalPlots\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/MarinCarbonExperimentalPlots.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"484\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/MarinCarbonExperimentalPlots.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/MarinCarbonExperimentalPlots-400x303.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The boxed areas were treated with a ½ inch layer of compost; the grass there grew thicker for 3 years after the compost was added. Photo courtesy of Becca Ryals.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Becca and her colleagues expected that after a year, the effect of the compost would have worn off. They were wrong. When they went back the next year, the grass production was still up 50-70%. They went back three years after the compost was added, and they could still see its effects—grass production was still up by 50-70%. The compost acted as a slow-release fertilizer. They’re continuing to monitor the plots: for how long will the compost added in 2008 continue to benefit the grass, the soil, and the ranchers?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Becca and her colleagues took multiple soil samples from the different plots, and found that in the compost-treated plots the amount of carbon in the soil had increased by about 20%. This is a huge increase in the world of soil carbon. Some of this carbon comes directly from the compost, and some is there because of the increase in grass production—grass dies and the carbon from its tissues enters the soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://nature.berkeley.edu/silverlab/?p=635\">Marcia DeLonge\u003c/a>, a post-doc in Becca’s lab, is looking at whether the type of compost matters. She’s comparing the effects of yard waste/food scrap compost and compost made from cow manure—which is readily available at her field sites, three dairies in Marin County. Their work has become well known to local ranchers, and they received offers from so many ranchers to do the study on their land that they had difficulty choosing their field sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Marin Carbon Project is starting to talk with ranchers and local agencies about a \u003ca href=\"http://www.marincarbonproject.org/programs.php\">carbon market\u003c/a>—using the researchers’ findings, they can monitor the amount of carbon in the soil, and ranchers can be rewarded for the carbon sequestered on their property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Becca, Whendee, and her lab-mates share their research findings with ranchers through presentations at public venues. The ranchers ask them questions, and the researchers figure out how they can answer them, by designing new studies and asking more questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Becca enjoys the science: “There are interesting, challenging questions,” she says. But “I really like working with the ranchers and seeing the research findings applied to everyday land management decisions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her work also gives her an appreciation for local food. “When I see Point Reyes Blue Cheese,” Becca says, “I know that rancher. I saw those soils.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23340\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/cattle.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-23340\" title=\"cattle\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/cattle-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">How can California cattle ranches pull carbon out of the atmosphere? Photo courtesy of Becca Ryals.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What if we could pull carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere and store it underground? Well, plants do this every day—through photosynthesis. Plants take CO2 from the air and incorporate it into their tissues. When their leaves drop to the ground, or bits of their roots slough off, or they die and decompose, the carbon from the plants’ tissues goes into the soil. Researchers from UC Berkeley are working with cattle ranchers in Marin County to figure out how to increase the amount of carbon stored in the soil. I spoke to Berkeley grad student \u003ca href=\"http://nature.berkeley.edu/silverlab/?p=110\">Becca Ryals\u003c/a> to learn more about the \u003ca href=\"http://www.marincarbonproject.org/\">Marin Carbon Project\u003c/a>.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Becca and other students in her advisor \u003ca href=\"http://cnr.berkeley.edu/silverlab/\">Whendee Silver’s lab\u003c/a>, in the \u003ca href=\"http://ourenvironment.berkeley.edu/\">Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management\u003c/a> at Berkeley, had been studying the effects of climate change on the carbon in soil. They were taking soil samples from California’s rangelands to see how much carbon is stored—or sequestered—in the soil, and why carbon storage varies so much from place to place. The cattle ranchers, on whose land the researchers were working, wanted to know how their land management practices could increase carbon sequestration in their soils. The ranchers’ questions were the catalyst for the next step in Becca and her colleagues’ research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They did an experiment to see whether adding compost affects the amount of carbon stored in the soil. They set up a study in 2008 in two places—Nicasio Ranch, in Marin county, and the \u003ca href=\"http://ucanr.org/sites/sfrec/\">Sierra Foothill Research and Extension Center\u003c/a> in the Sierra Valley. At each site, in some areas they added a half-inch thick layer of commercially available compost, made from yard waste and food scraps, to the soil. In other areas, they left the soil alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23342\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/tractor2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-23342\" title=\"tractor2\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/tractor2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"290\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/tractor2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/tractor2-400x181.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Compost is added to the soil at a cattle ranch, part of the Marin Carbon Project. Photo courtesy of Becca Ryals.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When they returned to the plots a few months later, they found that the plots with compost had a 50-70% increase in grass production. The compost had fertilized the grass and increased its growth. The ranchers were happy to see the increase in grass production—there was more forage for their cattle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23343\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/MarinCarbonExperimentalPlots.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-23343\" title=\"MarinCarbonExperimentalPlots\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/MarinCarbonExperimentalPlots.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"484\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/MarinCarbonExperimentalPlots.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/MarinCarbonExperimentalPlots-400x303.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The boxed areas were treated with a ½ inch layer of compost; the grass there grew thicker for 3 years after the compost was added. Photo courtesy of Becca Ryals.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Becca and her colleagues expected that after a year, the effect of the compost would have worn off. They were wrong. When they went back the next year, the grass production was still up 50-70%. They went back three years after the compost was added, and they could still see its effects—grass production was still up by 50-70%. The compost acted as a slow-release fertilizer. They’re continuing to monitor the plots: for how long will the compost added in 2008 continue to benefit the grass, the soil, and the ranchers?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Becca and her colleagues took multiple soil samples from the different plots, and found that in the compost-treated plots the amount of carbon in the soil had increased by about 20%. This is a huge increase in the world of soil carbon. Some of this carbon comes directly from the compost, and some is there because of the increase in grass production—grass dies and the carbon from its tissues enters the soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://nature.berkeley.edu/silverlab/?p=635\">Marcia DeLonge\u003c/a>, a post-doc in Becca’s lab, is looking at whether the type of compost matters. She’s comparing the effects of yard waste/food scrap compost and compost made from cow manure—which is readily available at her field sites, three dairies in Marin County. Their work has become well known to local ranchers, and they received offers from so many ranchers to do the study on their land that they had difficulty choosing their field sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Marin Carbon Project is starting to talk with ranchers and local agencies about a \u003ca href=\"http://www.marincarbonproject.org/programs.php\">carbon market\u003c/a>—using the researchers’ findings, they can monitor the amount of carbon in the soil, and ranchers can be rewarded for the carbon sequestered on their property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Becca, Whendee, and her lab-mates share their research findings with ranchers through presentations at public venues. The ranchers ask them questions, and the researchers figure out how they can answer them, by designing new studies and asking more questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Becca enjoys the science: “There are interesting, challenging questions,” she says. But “I really like working with the ranchers and seeing the research findings applied to everyday land management decisions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her work also gives her an appreciation for local food. “When I see Point Reyes Blue Cheese,” Becca says, “I know that rancher. I saw those soils.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A few weeks ago, scuba divers in \u003ca href=\"http://tahoe.usgs.gov/facts.html\">Lake Tahoe\u003c/a> found the body of a man who had drowned in the lake 17 years ago. Still in its wetsuit, the body was very well preserved. Because the water in this high alpine lake is so cold, decomposition is very slow. This fact has spawned rumors, the most famous of which involves Jacques Cousteau and still makes me shudder, years after I first heard it. Apparently, years ago, Cousteau went scuba diving in Lake Tahoe. He emerged from the water shaken, but not with cold. He said, “The world is not ready for what I have seen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What did Cousteau see? Maybe the bodies of unlucky gamblers who crossed the Mafia in 1950s Reno. Or maybe it was Tahoe Tessie, the Loch Ness likeness of the lake. But, in its \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-missing-diver-20110809,0,7841332.story\">coverage\u003c/a> of the recent discovery, the LA Times said that Cousteau never actually visited Lake Tahoe. The Cousteau story may be a myth, but it is no less chilling, because the physical conditions of the lake are such that bodies could still be drifting beneath the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At 1645 feet (depending on the level of water in the basin), Lake Tahoe is the second deepest lake in the US. (Crater Lake in Oregon is the deepest in the country. The world record goes to Russia’s Lake Baikal, which is some 5,369 feet deep.) Lake Tahoe is located between two fault zones, and it formed through a tectonic combo of uplift and subsidence. The Sierra Nevada mountains rose up on the west and the Carson Range rose up on the east. The rock underneath the lake sank down to form a flat-bottomed basin called a \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graben\">graben\u003c/a>. The word is German for “grave” and refers to the lake’s low-lying nature—and perhaps also to whatever Cousteau purportedly saw underwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lake Tahoe is cold. The temperature at the surface of the lake varies, from a low of about 40 degrees in February or March to a high of about 75 degrees towards the end of the summer. Below the surface, the temperature is a chilly 39 degrees. In the winter, when the surface and the deep waters are relatively close in temperature, the wind blowing across the surface of the lake mixes the water. This brings oxygen from the surface layer down to the depths, and nutrients from the depths up to the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010, the mixing occurred from the surface down to about 550 feet, because the surface of the lake remained relatively warm throughout the winter. In previous years, mixing has occurred down to about 1500 feet. Since the 1970s, the surface layer of the lake has gotten warmer in the summer, and it retains that heat throughout the winter. Just like \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/08/the-deep-cold-secret-behind-summer-fog/\">in the ocean\u003c/a>, stratification—a warm surface layer that is distinct from the cold bottom layer—means it is hard to get the surface and deep waters to mix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lake Tahoe is famous for its clear waters. But, as UC Davis’s recently released \u003ca href=\"http://terc.ucdavis.edu/stateofthelake/\">Tahoe: State of the Lake Report\u003c/a> explains, the lake is \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2011/08/12/state/n133751D33.DTL\">not as clear as it used to be\u003c/a>. In the 1960s, you could see down to a depth of about 100 feet, but now you can see down to only about 70 feet. The lake has become cloudier because nutrients enter the lake via 63 rivers and streams, and those nutrients fuel the growth of algae. And, global warming plays a role: the warm surface of the lake gives a particular species of microalgae a competitive advantage, and the tiny bodies of the microalgae cloud the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The clarity of the lake, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.tahoefund.org/about-tahoe/threats-to-tahoe/\">its invasive species\u003c/a>, will be on the agenda today at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.tahoefund.org/events/the-2011-lake-tahoe-environmental-summit/\">Lake Tahoe Environmental Summit\u003c/a>. Nevada Senator Harry Reid and California Senator Dianne Feinstein will both be at the Homewood Resort, discussing Lake Tahoe’s economic and ecological challenges.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A few weeks ago, scuba divers in \u003ca href=\"http://tahoe.usgs.gov/facts.html\">Lake Tahoe\u003c/a> found the body of a man who had drowned in the lake 17 years ago. Still in its wetsuit, the body was very well preserved. Because the water in this high alpine lake is so cold, decomposition is very slow. This fact has spawned rumors, the most famous of which involves Jacques Cousteau and still makes me shudder, years after I first heard it. Apparently, years ago, Cousteau went scuba diving in Lake Tahoe. He emerged from the water shaken, but not with cold. He said, “The world is not ready for what I have seen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What did Cousteau see? Maybe the bodies of unlucky gamblers who crossed the Mafia in 1950s Reno. Or maybe it was Tahoe Tessie, the Loch Ness likeness of the lake. But, in its \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-missing-diver-20110809,0,7841332.story\">coverage\u003c/a> of the recent discovery, the LA Times said that Cousteau never actually visited Lake Tahoe. The Cousteau story may be a myth, but it is no less chilling, because the physical conditions of the lake are such that bodies could still be drifting beneath the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At 1645 feet (depending on the level of water in the basin), Lake Tahoe is the second deepest lake in the US. (Crater Lake in Oregon is the deepest in the country. The world record goes to Russia’s Lake Baikal, which is some 5,369 feet deep.) Lake Tahoe is located between two fault zones, and it formed through a tectonic combo of uplift and subsidence. The Sierra Nevada mountains rose up on the west and the Carson Range rose up on the east. The rock underneath the lake sank down to form a flat-bottomed basin called a \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graben\">graben\u003c/a>. The word is German for “grave” and refers to the lake’s low-lying nature—and perhaps also to whatever Cousteau purportedly saw underwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lake Tahoe is cold. The temperature at the surface of the lake varies, from a low of about 40 degrees in February or March to a high of about 75 degrees towards the end of the summer. Below the surface, the temperature is a chilly 39 degrees. In the winter, when the surface and the deep waters are relatively close in temperature, the wind blowing across the surface of the lake mixes the water. This brings oxygen from the surface layer down to the depths, and nutrients from the depths up to the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010, the mixing occurred from the surface down to about 550 feet, because the surface of the lake remained relatively warm throughout the winter. In previous years, mixing has occurred down to about 1500 feet. Since the 1970s, the surface layer of the lake has gotten warmer in the summer, and it retains that heat throughout the winter. Just like \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/08/the-deep-cold-secret-behind-summer-fog/\">in the ocean\u003c/a>, stratification—a warm surface layer that is distinct from the cold bottom layer—means it is hard to get the surface and deep waters to mix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lake Tahoe is famous for its clear waters. But, as UC Davis’s recently released \u003ca href=\"http://terc.ucdavis.edu/stateofthelake/\">Tahoe: State of the Lake Report\u003c/a> explains, the lake is \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2011/08/12/state/n133751D33.DTL\">not as clear as it used to be\u003c/a>. In the 1960s, you could see down to a depth of about 100 feet, but now you can see down to only about 70 feet. The lake has become cloudier because nutrients enter the lake via 63 rivers and streams, and those nutrients fuel the growth of algae. And, global warming plays a role: the warm surface of the lake gives a particular species of microalgae a competitive advantage, and the tiny bodies of the microalgae cloud the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The clarity of the lake, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.tahoefund.org/about-tahoe/threats-to-tahoe/\">its invasive species\u003c/a>, will be on the agenda today at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.tahoefund.org/events/the-2011-lake-tahoe-environmental-summit/\">Lake Tahoe Environmental Summit\u003c/a>. Nevada Senator Harry Reid and California Senator Dianne Feinstein will both be at the Homewood Resort, discussing Lake Tahoe’s economic and ecological challenges.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Another foggy morning. Why is the Bay Area so foggy in summer? To answer that question, look west—at the Pacific Ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’ve ever tried to swim at the beach in Northern California, your chattering teeth will tell you that the water is cold. This cold water makes fog form. The cold water cools down the air above it, and cool air can’t hold as much moisture as warm air. The moisture condenses into fog.\u003c!--more--> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://ceres.ca.gov/ceres/calweb/coastal/waters.html\">water along the coast of California\u003c/a> is cold for a couple of reasons. First, the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Current\">California Current\u003c/a> brings cold water from Alaska southward along the coast. And second, cold water from the deep ocean comes up to the surface through a process called \u003ca href=\"http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/02quest/background/upwelling/upwelling.html\">upwelling\u003c/a>. From March through September, wind blows southward along the coast. This wind, combined with the rotation of the earth, creates surface currents that move water from the coast out into the ocean. Something has to fill in the space that was left behind when the surface waters moved out to sea. So water from the deep ocean is sucked to the surface. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water from the deep ocean is full of nutrients. Upwelling is super important for ocean dwelling creatures—the nutrients in the water feed the phytoplankton and move on up the food web. The lush kelp forests along the California coast exist because of upwelling. And the water from the deep ocean is really cold, which makes fog form over the areas of upwelling. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fog rolls in from the ocean onto land in the morning as the rising sun heats up the land. Warm air rises, and something has to fill its place—the foggy air that’s hanging out above the ocean. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So to summarize, summer winds create upwelling, fog forms over the cold water, summer sun heats the air above the land and makes it rise, and the fog gets sucked in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the amount of fog has declined by 33% over the past 60 years. UC Berkeley professor Todd Dawson talks about this in QUEST’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-science-of-fog/\">Science on the SPOT: Science of Fog\u003c/a>. Fog is declining in part because upwelling along the coast has weakened, thanks to global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warmer air temperatures are heating the surface layer of the ocean. As the surface layer gets warmer and thicker, it becomes harder for the cold deep water to mix with the warm surface layer. This weakens the upwelling. Weak upwelling means less fog is produced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Someone (\u003ca href=\"http://books.google.com/books?id=d6JZryGvfxYC&lpg=PA33&ots=-GMOc8cu2Z&dq=get%20out%20of%20wet%20dry%20martini%20benchley%20butterworth&pg=PA232#v=onepage&q=%22the%20coldest%20winter%20I%20ever%20spent%20was%20a%20summer%20in%20san%20francisco%22&f=false\">though maybe not Mark Twain\u003c/a>) once said that the coldest winter they ever spent was a summer in San Francisco. That San Francisco summer was cold because of the fog. Which brings to mind another (potential) Twain quote: “Everybody talks about the weather, but nobody does anything about it.” San Francisco is getting less and less foggy, thanks to global warming, and so far we aren’t really doing anything about it.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Another foggy morning. Why is the Bay Area so foggy in summer? To answer that question, look west—at the Pacific Ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’ve ever tried to swim at the beach in Northern California, your chattering teeth will tell you that the water is cold. This cold water makes fog form. The cold water cools down the air above it, and cool air can’t hold as much moisture as warm air. The moisture condenses into fog.\u003c!--more--> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://ceres.ca.gov/ceres/calweb/coastal/waters.html\">water along the coast of California\u003c/a> is cold for a couple of reasons. First, the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Current\">California Current\u003c/a> brings cold water from Alaska southward along the coast. And second, cold water from the deep ocean comes up to the surface through a process called \u003ca href=\"http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/02quest/background/upwelling/upwelling.html\">upwelling\u003c/a>. From March through September, wind blows southward along the coast. This wind, combined with the rotation of the earth, creates surface currents that move water from the coast out into the ocean. Something has to fill in the space that was left behind when the surface waters moved out to sea. So water from the deep ocean is sucked to the surface. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water from the deep ocean is full of nutrients. Upwelling is super important for ocean dwelling creatures—the nutrients in the water feed the phytoplankton and move on up the food web. The lush kelp forests along the California coast exist because of upwelling. And the water from the deep ocean is really cold, which makes fog form over the areas of upwelling. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fog rolls in from the ocean onto land in the morning as the rising sun heats up the land. Warm air rises, and something has to fill its place—the foggy air that’s hanging out above the ocean. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So to summarize, summer winds create upwelling, fog forms over the cold water, summer sun heats the air above the land and makes it rise, and the fog gets sucked in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the amount of fog has declined by 33% over the past 60 years. UC Berkeley professor Todd Dawson talks about this in QUEST’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-science-of-fog/\">Science on the SPOT: Science of Fog\u003c/a>. Fog is declining in part because upwelling along the coast has weakened, thanks to global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warmer air temperatures are heating the surface layer of the ocean. As the surface layer gets warmer and thicker, it becomes harder for the cold deep water to mix with the warm surface layer. This weakens the upwelling. Weak upwelling means less fog is produced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Someone (\u003ca href=\"http://books.google.com/books?id=d6JZryGvfxYC&lpg=PA33&ots=-GMOc8cu2Z&dq=get%20out%20of%20wet%20dry%20martini%20benchley%20butterworth&pg=PA232#v=onepage&q=%22the%20coldest%20winter%20I%20ever%20spent%20was%20a%20summer%20in%20san%20francisco%22&f=false\">though maybe not Mark Twain\u003c/a>) once said that the coldest winter they ever spent was a summer in San Francisco. That San Francisco summer was cold because of the fog. Which brings to mind another (potential) Twain quote: “Everybody talks about the weather, but nobody does anything about it.” San Francisco is getting less and less foggy, thanks to global warming, and so far we aren’t really doing anything about it.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Climate Change Favors Invasive Species in California Grasslands",
"title": "Climate Change Favors Invasive Species in California Grasslands",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21062\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/25/climate-change-favors-invasive-species-in-california-grasslands/tomspoint/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-21062\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-21062\" title=\"TomsPoint\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/TomsPoint-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Grasses blow in the wind near Toms Point in Marin County, on the east side of Tomales Bay. Most of the grasses in the photo are exotic. Photo: Brody Sandel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California’s grasslands are some of the most heavily invaded habitats in the state. As the climate changes—temperatures increase and water becomes scarcer—the conditions will favor exotic grasses, which will become even more prevalent. These are the conclusions drawn by Brody Sandel, a post-doc at Aarhus University in Denmark, and Emily Dangremond, a grad student at UC Berkeley, in their recent paper, \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02480.x/full\">\"\u003cem>Climate change and the invasion of California by grasses\u003c/em>\"\u003c/a> in \u003ca href=\"http://www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref=1354-1013\">Global Change Biology\u003c/a>. They studied the traits of native and exotic grasses. Many of the characteristics that make an exotic grass successful in a new habitat (tall stature, big leaves, big seeds) will also be beneficial traits in the world to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Full disclosure here: Brody, Emily and I were all grad students together in the same \u003ca href=\"http://ib.berkeley.edu/labs/sousa/\">lab at UC Berkeley\u003c/a>. So when Emily told me she had a new paper, I was curious to see what it was all about. It turns out their study is really cool. It looks at the interaction of two major world-changers: invasive species and climate change. Their paper talks about exotic species—species that are not native to a particular habitat but are not necessarily detrimental, and noxious weeds—species that are somehow disruptive, because they outcompete native species or alter the habitat. Noxious weeds are what we would also call invasive plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brody and Emily’s study draws on existing datasets on current plant distribution across the state, plant traits, and current and future climate. They mapped the distribution of all the different species in California grasslands, using data from the Jepson Manual (the bible of California plant life), and a few other sources, to fill out an 800-cell grid of the state. They looked at the traits of the species—including how tall the plants are, whether they are annual or perennial, how much of their leaf mass comes from nitrogen, and the size of their seeds—and examined how the traits relate to the climate where the plants live today. Especially important was the proportion of exotic species in each of the grid cells. Then they turned up the temperature. They predicted the proportion of exotic species in each grid under climate change scenarios: higher average temperatures and less available water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They found that as the temperature increases and water availability decreases, the proportion of exotic species increases. And, the proportion of noxious weeds increases. Higher temperatures favor traits that tend to be possessed by exotic species, such as tall plants with big leaves and annual lifestyles. These are the same traits that made the plants successful invaders in the first place. For example, a tall plant extends above a short plant, stealing its light. But burly exotic plants like Holcus lanatus outcompete native species for light. And generally, plants with big seeds grow to be hearty seedlings, which are better competitors than scrappy little seedlings grown from modest sized seeds. This study predicts that noxious weeds will become even more prevalent, because they have traits that will serve them well under the conditions of climate change. The changing climate acts as a filter, straining out the native species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21065\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Holcus.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-21065\" title=\"Holcus\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Holcus.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The noxious weed Holcus lanatus, a.k.a. “The Hulk,” so named because it towers above native grasses and outcompetes them for light. Photo courtesy of Brody Sandel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Years ago, I asked a grad student friend why she studied grasslands. I just couldn’t understand the appeal of a field of grass—it seemed boring. My friend Tasha explained that she just loved the way grasses look when they blow in the wind. A few weeks later, I went with her to her field site near Point Reyes, and I immediately understood the aesthetic appeal of grasslands. If you’re picturing a green manicured lawn with short little blades of grass, toss that idea right now. Instead, think of taller grasses, shin height or higher, in all shades of green, brown, gold and even purple. Think of the colors shifting as the wind blows. It is really a beautiful sight. California’s grasslands are expected to expand as the climate changes. But the inhabitants of these grasslands won’t be the grasses that were there 100 or 200 years ago. Instead, there will be a bunch of weeds blowing in the wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To learn more about the interplay between California’s native plants and exotic species, check out the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnps.org/\">California Native Plant Society\u003c/a>, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cal-ipc.org/\">California Invasive Plant Council\u003c/a>, or take a \u003ca href=\"http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/workshops/\">workshop\u003c/a> with the \u003ca href=\"http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/jeps/\">Jepson Herbarium\u003c/a> at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "California’s grasslands are some of the most heavily invaded habitats in the state. As the climate changes—temperatures increase and water becomes scarcer—the conditions will favor exotic grasses, which will become even more prevalent.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21062\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/25/climate-change-favors-invasive-species-in-california-grasslands/tomspoint/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-21062\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-21062\" title=\"TomsPoint\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/TomsPoint-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Grasses blow in the wind near Toms Point in Marin County, on the east side of Tomales Bay. Most of the grasses in the photo are exotic. Photo: Brody Sandel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California’s grasslands are some of the most heavily invaded habitats in the state. As the climate changes—temperatures increase and water becomes scarcer—the conditions will favor exotic grasses, which will become even more prevalent. These are the conclusions drawn by Brody Sandel, a post-doc at Aarhus University in Denmark, and Emily Dangremond, a grad student at UC Berkeley, in their recent paper, \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02480.x/full\">\"\u003cem>Climate change and the invasion of California by grasses\u003c/em>\"\u003c/a> in \u003ca href=\"http://www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref=1354-1013\">Global Change Biology\u003c/a>. They studied the traits of native and exotic grasses. Many of the characteristics that make an exotic grass successful in a new habitat (tall stature, big leaves, big seeds) will also be beneficial traits in the world to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Full disclosure here: Brody, Emily and I were all grad students together in the same \u003ca href=\"http://ib.berkeley.edu/labs/sousa/\">lab at UC Berkeley\u003c/a>. So when Emily told me she had a new paper, I was curious to see what it was all about. It turns out their study is really cool. It looks at the interaction of two major world-changers: invasive species and climate change. Their paper talks about exotic species—species that are not native to a particular habitat but are not necessarily detrimental, and noxious weeds—species that are somehow disruptive, because they outcompete native species or alter the habitat. Noxious weeds are what we would also call invasive plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brody and Emily’s study draws on existing datasets on current plant distribution across the state, plant traits, and current and future climate. They mapped the distribution of all the different species in California grasslands, using data from the Jepson Manual (the bible of California plant life), and a few other sources, to fill out an 800-cell grid of the state. They looked at the traits of the species—including how tall the plants are, whether they are annual or perennial, how much of their leaf mass comes from nitrogen, and the size of their seeds—and examined how the traits relate to the climate where the plants live today. Especially important was the proportion of exotic species in each of the grid cells. Then they turned up the temperature. They predicted the proportion of exotic species in each grid under climate change scenarios: higher average temperatures and less available water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They found that as the temperature increases and water availability decreases, the proportion of exotic species increases. And, the proportion of noxious weeds increases. Higher temperatures favor traits that tend to be possessed by exotic species, such as tall plants with big leaves and annual lifestyles. These are the same traits that made the plants successful invaders in the first place. For example, a tall plant extends above a short plant, stealing its light. But burly exotic plants like Holcus lanatus outcompete native species for light. And generally, plants with big seeds grow to be hearty seedlings, which are better competitors than scrappy little seedlings grown from modest sized seeds. This study predicts that noxious weeds will become even more prevalent, because they have traits that will serve them well under the conditions of climate change. The changing climate acts as a filter, straining out the native species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21065\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Holcus.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-21065\" title=\"Holcus\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Holcus.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The noxious weed Holcus lanatus, a.k.a. “The Hulk,” so named because it towers above native grasses and outcompetes them for light. Photo courtesy of Brody Sandel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Years ago, I asked a grad student friend why she studied grasslands. I just couldn’t understand the appeal of a field of grass—it seemed boring. My friend Tasha explained that she just loved the way grasses look when they blow in the wind. A few weeks later, I went with her to her field site near Point Reyes, and I immediately understood the aesthetic appeal of grasslands. If you’re picturing a green manicured lawn with short little blades of grass, toss that idea right now. Instead, think of taller grasses, shin height or higher, in all shades of green, brown, gold and even purple. Think of the colors shifting as the wind blows. It is really a beautiful sight. California’s grasslands are expected to expand as the climate changes. But the inhabitants of these grasslands won’t be the grasses that were there 100 or 200 years ago. Instead, there will be a bunch of weeds blowing in the wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To learn more about the interplay between California’s native plants and exotic species, check out the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnps.org/\">California Native Plant Society\u003c/a>, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cal-ipc.org/\">California Invasive Plant Council\u003c/a>, or take a \u003ca href=\"http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/workshops/\">workshop\u003c/a> with the \u003ca href=\"http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/jeps/\">Jepson Herbarium\u003c/a> at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
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"onourwatch": {
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
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"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
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