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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39111\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/06/ford-focus-electric-hits-the-market-with-faster-charging-times/focus-electric-640-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39111\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/focus-electric-6401.jpg\" alt=\"2012 Ford Focus Electric near the Altamone Pass. \" title=\"focus-electric-640\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-39111\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/focus-electric-6401.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/focus-electric-6401-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">2012 Ford Focus Electric near the Altamont Pass. (Photo by Bradley Berman)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The all-electric Nissan Leaf first went on sale in December 2010. Until a couple of weeks ago, the Leaf had been the only EV available to U.S. consumers from a major automaker. That changed in mid-May when, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/05/18/us-ford-focus-idUSBRE84H19N20120518\">report by Reuters\u003c/a>, Ford started shipping the 2012 Focus Electric to dealers. At last, car shoppers are able to compare the design and features of competing relatively affordable all-electric models.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ford reported its very first month of sales of the Focus Electric: six units in May 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the car hit the market, in late April, I was able to spend a full week with the 2012 Ford Focus Electric—plenty of time to compare the first Detroit-made EV of the 21st century with the 2011 Nissan Leaf that serves as my usual daily ride. I was \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/06/automobiles/autoreviews/the-battery-driven-car-just-got-a-lot-more-normal.html?pagewanted=all\">on assignment for The New York Times\u003c/a>. As I wrote in the paper, the most immediately striking difference between the two cars is how they look. While the Leaf exudes a Japanese gizmo aesthetic, the Focus Electric looks just like a regular Focus, which happens to be quite handsome. Ford wanted to make the Focus Electric as familiar and accessible as possible for mainstream car buyers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39110\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/06/ford-focus-electric-hits-the-market-with-faster-charging-times/focus-charging-300/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39110\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/focus-charging-300.jpg\" alt=\"Charging the Ford Focus Electric in Pleasanton, Calif.\" title=\"focus-charging-300\" width=\"300\" height=\"400\" class=\"size-full wp-image-39110\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Charging the Ford Focus Electric for free, at a Walgreens in Pleasanton, Calif. (Photo by Bradley Berman)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Both cars have the telltale driving characteristics of an electric car: smooth, silent and brisk acceleration. I love that. The EV driving experience is so much better, that it makes driving a gas-powered car, even a hybrid, feel a lot less satisfying. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Leaf has more passenger and cargo space than the Focus Electric. But looking back at my week with the Focus EV, there’s one compelling feature that’s lacking in the Leaf. The battery-powered Focus uses a 6.6-kilowatt onboard charger, while the Leaf carries a charger rated at 3.3 kilowatts. In functional terms, that means the Focus Electric adds about 20 miles of range for every hour that it’s hooked up to a 220v charger, while the Leaf only adds 10 miles of range per hour of charging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was reminded of the benefits of the faster charger when I was recently coming home in my Leaf. In one of the very few experiences of range anxiety during my year with the EV, I was about five miles from home when the dashboard indicated that the car’s battery was nearly completely depleted. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39111\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/06/ford-focus-electric-hits-the-market-with-faster-charging-times/focus-electric-640-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39111\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/focus-electric-6401.jpg\" alt=\"2012 Ford Focus Electric near the Altamone Pass. \" title=\"focus-electric-640\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-39111\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/focus-electric-6401.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/focus-electric-6401-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">2012 Ford Focus Electric near the Altamont Pass. (Photo by Bradley Berman)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The all-electric Nissan Leaf first went on sale in December 2010. Until a couple of weeks ago, the Leaf had been the only EV available to U.S. consumers from a major automaker. That changed in mid-May when, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/05/18/us-ford-focus-idUSBRE84H19N20120518\">report by Reuters\u003c/a>, Ford started shipping the 2012 Focus Electric to dealers. At last, car shoppers are able to compare the design and features of competing relatively affordable all-electric models.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ford reported its very first month of sales of the Focus Electric: six units in May 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the car hit the market, in late April, I was able to spend a full week with the 2012 Ford Focus Electric—plenty of time to compare the first Detroit-made EV of the 21st century with the 2011 Nissan Leaf that serves as my usual daily ride. I was \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/06/automobiles/autoreviews/the-battery-driven-car-just-got-a-lot-more-normal.html?pagewanted=all\">on assignment for The New York Times\u003c/a>. As I wrote in the paper, the most immediately striking difference between the two cars is how they look. While the Leaf exudes a Japanese gizmo aesthetic, the Focus Electric looks just like a regular Focus, which happens to be quite handsome. Ford wanted to make the Focus Electric as familiar and accessible as possible for mainstream car buyers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39110\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/06/ford-focus-electric-hits-the-market-with-faster-charging-times/focus-charging-300/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39110\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/focus-charging-300.jpg\" alt=\"Charging the Ford Focus Electric in Pleasanton, Calif.\" title=\"focus-charging-300\" width=\"300\" height=\"400\" class=\"size-full wp-image-39110\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Charging the Ford Focus Electric for free, at a Walgreens in Pleasanton, Calif. (Photo by Bradley Berman)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Both cars have the telltale driving characteristics of an electric car: smooth, silent and brisk acceleration. I love that. The EV driving experience is so much better, that it makes driving a gas-powered car, even a hybrid, feel a lot less satisfying. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Leaf has more passenger and cargo space than the Focus Electric. But looking back at my week with the Focus EV, there’s one compelling feature that’s lacking in the Leaf. The battery-powered Focus uses a 6.6-kilowatt onboard charger, while the Leaf carries a charger rated at 3.3 kilowatts. In functional terms, that means the Focus Electric adds about 20 miles of range for every hour that it’s hooked up to a 220v charger, while the Leaf only adds 10 miles of range per hour of charging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/22/brammo-unveils-powerful-new-all-electric-motorcycle/empulse-640-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38560\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Empulse-6401.jpg\" alt=\"Empulse electric motorcyle\" title=\"Empulse-640\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-38560\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Empulse-6401.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Empulse-6401-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider these two numbers: 100 and 100, as in 100 miles-per-hour and 100 miles of driving range. Those are the two key metrics for the all-electric Brammo Empulse motorcycle that was launched in Los Angeles earlier this month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was thrilled to hear that Oregon-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.brammo.com/home/\">Brammo\u003c/a> is ready to start selling the Empulse, after writing about the promise of electric motorcycles for \u003ca href=\"http://homepower.com/home/\">Home Power Magazine\u003c/a>’s August-September 2011 issue (\u003ca href=\"http://homepower.com/view/?file=HP144_pg48_Berman\">PDF article here)\u003c/a>. One of the key factors holding back the electric motorcycle industry is lack of product choice—as well as undeveloped sales and service channels. The Enertia, Brammo's previous product that it's been selling for a few years, is capable of a top-speed of 60 mph, and a range of 42 miles on a single charge. So, the Empulse represents a serious bump up in power and range—giving it an appeal that the Enertia lacked. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, the extra power and range comes at a cost. The Empulse R, the upscale version of the new model utilizing carbon fiber, is priced at a lofty $18,995—compared to the Enertia’s $7,995 sticker price. Production for the Empulse R will take place first with limited availability in June 2012 and in volume by Q3 2012. The more modest Empulse with plastic bodywork will be available in Q1 2013 for $16,995.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both Empulse models come with a water-cooled AC motor, integrated six-speed transmission, seating for two, regenerative braking and on board J1772 Level 2 charging capability. (That’s the same J1772 charging standard used for electric cars.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regardless of range, top-speed and price, electric motorcycles are a thrill. “Every opportunity we’ve had to put motorcyclists on our bikes, they come away with smiles on their faces,” said Brian Wismann, director of product development at Brammo, when I interviewed him last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, electric motorcycles can accelerate so fast from a standstill that manufacturers have to be careful that they don’t shoot out from between the rider’s legs. At the same time, they are very quiet—providing a sensation of flying down the road. “The only thing I hear when I ride my motorcycle is the wind inside my helmet, a little bit of chain noise, and the tires on the road,” said Harry Mallin, a Kansas City-based attorney who has been riding a Brammo bike for nearly two years. “It’s much more of a visceral experience and closer to nature, compared to the rumble of a gas bike,” he said. “On an electric bike, you can hear the crickets in the summer.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/22/brammo-unveils-powerful-new-all-electric-motorcycle/empulse-640-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38560\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Empulse-6401.jpg\" alt=\"Empulse electric motorcyle\" title=\"Empulse-640\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-38560\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Empulse-6401.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Empulse-6401-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider these two numbers: 100 and 100, as in 100 miles-per-hour and 100 miles of driving range. Those are the two key metrics for the all-electric Brammo Empulse motorcycle that was launched in Los Angeles earlier this month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was thrilled to hear that Oregon-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.brammo.com/home/\">Brammo\u003c/a> is ready to start selling the Empulse, after writing about the promise of electric motorcycles for \u003ca href=\"http://homepower.com/home/\">Home Power Magazine\u003c/a>’s August-September 2011 issue (\u003ca href=\"http://homepower.com/view/?file=HP144_pg48_Berman\">PDF article here)\u003c/a>. One of the key factors holding back the electric motorcycle industry is lack of product choice—as well as undeveloped sales and service channels. The Enertia, Brammo's previous product that it's been selling for a few years, is capable of a top-speed of 60 mph, and a range of 42 miles on a single charge. So, the Empulse represents a serious bump up in power and range—giving it an appeal that the Enertia lacked. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, the extra power and range comes at a cost. The Empulse R, the upscale version of the new model utilizing carbon fiber, is priced at a lofty $18,995—compared to the Enertia’s $7,995 sticker price. Production for the Empulse R will take place first with limited availability in June 2012 and in volume by Q3 2012. The more modest Empulse with plastic bodywork will be available in Q1 2013 for $16,995.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both Empulse models come with a water-cooled AC motor, integrated six-speed transmission, seating for two, regenerative braking and on board J1772 Level 2 charging capability. (That’s the same J1772 charging standard used for electric cars.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regardless of range, top-speed and price, electric motorcycles are a thrill. “Every opportunity we’ve had to put motorcyclists on our bikes, they come away with smiles on their faces,” said Brian Wismann, director of product development at Brammo, when I interviewed him last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, electric motorcycles can accelerate so fast from a standstill that manufacturers have to be careful that they don’t shoot out from between the rider’s legs. At the same time, they are very quiet—providing a sensation of flying down the road. “The only thing I hear when I ride my motorcycle is the wind inside my helmet, a little bit of chain noise, and the tires on the road,” said Harry Mallin, a Kansas City-based attorney who has been riding a Brammo bike for nearly two years. “It’s much more of a visceral experience and closer to nature, compared to the rumble of a gas bike,” he said. “On an electric bike, you can hear the crickets in the summer.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38676\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/17/a-ribbon-cutting-with-a-green-twist/picture-2-3/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38676\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-38676\" title=\"Gas Hose Ribbon Cutting\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Picture-22-300x169.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo of Ribbon Cutting by Christopher Lane\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>5/22/12 Update: I was just sent images from Christopher Lane, Assistant Director of Marketing at the Stanford Shopping Center, who helped produce this press event so I'm updating this blog with one of his images. (A link to all the images is given at the end of this blog.)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the afternoon of Tuesday, May 15, 2012, I hitched a ride with my closest friend from San Francisco out to Palo Alto to attend the ribbon cutting for the first public fast charger in California for electric vehicles in Stanford Mall. This was definitely a green carpet event as it took place in the shopping mall’s garage within walking distance of the fast charger. Many people drove in zero emission cars to attend and the podium was lined on both sides with electric vehicles. Out of the many electric vehicles that were parked, most of them were \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/12/life-with-the-leaf-lessons-from-an-early-adopter/\">Nissan Leafs\u003c/a>, the same model we drove in from San Francisco. I counted 17 electric vehicles in all which I was told was a modest turnout at a EV event!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now I’m not new to electric vehicles and the infrastructure. I tagged along with Obrie Hostetter, the Northern California EV Infrastructure Director at \u003ca href=\"http://350green.com/\">350 Green\u003c/a>, a developer of electric vehicle (EV) charging station networks. Her company, along with a partnership with the city of Palo Alto and John Ryan Company, Inc., was responsible for the permitting and construction necessary to place the Level 3 Fast Charger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A level 2 charger will take about 7 hours to fully charge an EV battery; the Level 3 fast charger can charge the battery up to 80% in 30 minutes. Most EV owners do the majority of their charging at night at home and stay within a close proximity mitigating \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/03/life-with-the-leaf-5-tips-to-beat-range-anxiety/\">“range anxiety”\u003c/a>. To give you an example: the ideal range of a Nissan Leaf for freeway driving is about 100 miles. With an infrastructure of fast chargers, that range can be increased without spending a lot of time to recharge the battery. This is just the first step in a fast charger infrastructure, as plans are in place to install 25 public fast chargers near retail locations by the fall of 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EV drivers sign up for a payment \u003ca href=\"https://350green.com/card/\">card\u003c/a> from 350Green to use the fast charger station. Use of the card and how to properly use the station was demonstrated after remarks from Palo Alto's Mayor Yiaway Yeh as well as the partners involved in making the public charging station possible. There were quite a few statistics that came out that were enlightening about this new technological movement: 1) There are over 3000 EVs in the Silicon Valley making Palo Alto a great corner stone for the EV infrastructure; the fast charger has already gotten quite a bit of use -- since being turned on, it’s been used 3 to 4 times a day; 136 EV drivers have already signed up for the payment card to use at the station and the infrastructure to follow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what is the best ribbon to cut at such a green event? Applause went up when a gas hose was cut in front of the fast charger station and the Nissan Leaf it was charging with 100% renewable energy!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More photos of this event can be found \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.10150963301784462.478479.179798759461&type=1http://\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36851\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/03/which-are-gassier-volcanoes-or-humans/gasbubbles/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36851\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/gasbubbles-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"gasbubbles\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-36851\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Carbon dioxide streams into a pond near the Sulphur Bank mine at Clear Lake. Volcanic gases are a very small factor in the atmospheric system that controls world climate. Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here in the Bay Area, it's easy to find volcanic influences: Just visit one of our many hot springs, or Clear Lake, where I took this photo. These gassy springs that are bubbling with carbon dioxide are associated with young magma underneath the northern Coast Range. Many people believe that volcanic emissions of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> are a much greater influence on world climate than CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> from human activities. Is that right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer is no. It's a persistent delusion, similar to the idea that U.S. foreign aid is responsible for the national debt. Volcanoes erupt because of water vapor dissolved in lava. Volcanoes do release CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>, sometimes a great deal of it, but humans have been outdoing nature for a long time. Geoscientists have made many estimates of global volcanic CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> production because it's one of those important numbers in the long-term, geologic carbon cycle. Plate tectonics carries buried carbon down into the deep Earth, and volcanoes burp it back up again. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the global scale, the natural carbon cycle is slow and gentle, although the numbers may seem large: Volcanoes on land and under the sea release somewhere between 150 and 260 million tons of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> per year. However, human emissions of this greenhouse gas are around 35 billion-with-a-B tons a year when you add up burning oil and gas, manufacturing cement, running coal-fired power plants, and changes in land use like digging up soil and cutting down forests. We are a preposterously greater emitter of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> -- two orders of magnitude greater. And while volcanoes are pretty steady, humans are getting worse and worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Volcanologist Terry Gerlach, of the U.S. Geological Survey, has been publicizing this inconvenient truth. \u003ca href=\"http://www.agu.org/pubs/pdf/2011EO240001.pdf\">In a 2011 article in \u003ci>Eos\u003c/i>\u003c/a>, aimed at scientists, he puts the numbers in a geological context. If volcanoes had to match the human output, he says, it would require one or more Yellowstone-size supereruptions every year. Put another way, there would have to be ten Mount St. Helens eruptions every single day. (By the law of averages the U.S. would get one of these about once a week.) I say, lie back in your local hot spring and rejoice that CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> emissions are a problem that human ingenuity and action can address.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/gases\">Learn more about the basics of volcanic gases at Volcano World.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35924\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/24/plug-in-version-of-prius-quietly-rolls-out-on-california-roads/plug-in-prius-640x-3/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35924\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/plug-in-prius-640x2.jpg\" alt=\"2012 Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid\" title=\"plug-in-prius-640x\" width=\"640\" height=\"397\" class=\"size-full wp-image-35924\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/plug-in-prius-640x2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/plug-in-prius-640x2-400x248.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">2012 Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid. (Photo: Toyota)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When Nissan delivered the world’s first \u003ca href=\"http://www.nissanusa.com/leaf-electric-car/index#/leaf-electric-car/index\" target=\"_blank\">Nissan Leaf\u003c/a> all-electric car to its inaugural customer in San Francisco in December 2010, the company staged a media event with great fanfare in front of City Hall. By contrast, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.toyota.com/prius-plug-in/\" target=\"_blank\">Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid's\u003c/a> first set of real-world customers—who snagged keys in the past few weeks—drove off dealership lots without cameras flashing or much media exposure of any kind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because Toyota and its customers see the plug-in version of the Prius as an extension of well-established hybrid vehicle technology, rather than the dawn of a new automotive future. “Over the years, we heard that there were certain things certain market groups wanted from the Prius, and we weren’t offering them,” said Erica Gartsbeyn, Toyota’s Prius Product marketing manager. “I want a bigger one. I want a smaller one. I want one that’s more fun to drive. I want one that plugs in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gartsbeyn views the Prius Plug-in Hybrid, one of four vehicles in the Prius family, as catering to that hybrid owner who wants to drive using a bit more electricity and a little bit less gasoline. That plug-in customer is eager to try new technology, but is unwilling to make a shift to a pure electric car limited to about 100 miles of driving on a single charge. Pure electric cars can require trip planning and installation of home charging equipment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first retail customers received plug-in Priuses during the week of February 24, many of them having pre-ordered their cars in 2011. Toyota tallied 891 sales of the Prius Plug-in Hybrid in March. Gartsbeyn said the company is on track to sell approximately 15,000 units in 2012. Although consistently popular in the Bay Area, national Prius sales have been flat or down in the past four years. With the introduction of multiple versions of the Prius, sales are expected to significantly grow in 2012. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Natural Progression\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35919\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/24/plug-in-version-of-prius-quietly-rolls-out-on-california-roads/prius-plug-in-plug-300-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35919\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/prius-plug-in-plug-3001.jpg\" alt=\"2012 Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid plugged in\" title=\"prius-plug-in-plug-300\" width=\"300\" height=\"207\" class=\"size-full wp-image-35919\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jean Elbaz gets a full charge of his Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid in three hours, using a standard 120v plug. Charging time is cut in half using a 220v plug. (Photo: Toyota)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Comfort and familiarity were at the heart of the purchase decision for Jean Albaz, an art salesman with an 18-mile one-way daily commute from San Rafael to San Francisco. “I love Toyota Prius. I didn’t even think about another car,” said Albaz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having driven a Prius since 2005, the plug-in version—although a few thousand dollars more than a conventional Prius—was a no-brainer. (The new plug-in Prius starts at $32,000.) “Another reason I got it is so I can drive as a single guy in the carpool lane. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having driven a Prius since 2005, the plug-in version—although a few thousand dollars more than a conventional Prius—was a no-brainer. (The new plug-in Prius starts at $32,000.) “Another reason I got it is so I can drive as a single guy in the carpool lane. You get the HOV sticker,” said Albaz. “I come home during commute hours, so I use it.” As of June 30, 2011, solo drivers of conventional hybrids were \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2011/jul/02/local/la-me-07-02-carpool-lanes-20110702\" target=\"_blank\">no longer granted access\u003c/a> to the HOV lanes—but the plug-in Prius qualifies for the carpool lane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Albaz charges the Prius Plug-in Hybrid, which he purchased last month, using a standard 120v plug at home and at work. As a result, he drives anywhere from 11 to 15 miles of his commute running on electricity instead of gasoline. Almost as an afterthought, Albaz added, “It goes 97 miles a gallon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See other posts from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/clean-car-diaries/\">this series\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/17/how-green-are-electric-cars/chargingup-6/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35387\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-35387\" title=\"chargingup\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/chargingup1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"350\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/chargingup1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/chargingup1-400x219.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just because an electric vehicle (EV) lacks a tail pipe, it doesn’t mean it’s always cleaner than other fuel efficient cars. According to a new report from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucsusa.org/\">Union of Concerned Scientists\u003c/a>, where you live may determine how clean your electric car is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new report, called \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_vehicles/technologies_and_fuels/hybrid_fuelcell_and_electric_vehicles/emissions-and-charging-costs-electric-cars.html?utm_source=SP&utm_medium=head&utm_campaign=EV%2BReport\">State of Charge\u003c/a>,\" looks at the entire life cycle of EV emissions that includes energy inputs from start to finish, not just during drive time. In other words, what kind of emissions do EVs create from charging on an electric grid and how does the cost of that charging compare to filling up a gasoline-powered vehicle?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nonprofit group of scientists has found that the greenhouse gases emitted from EVs depends on the sources of electricity. For example, California does not rely on coal fired power plants and the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/race-for-renewables/\">state has aggressive renewable energy goals\u003c/a>. According to the report, charging (not driving) an all-electric car in the golden state results in global warming emissions equivalent to a car with a mileage rating of 80 mpg. But in several states, such as the mid-west, plug-in drivers charge their cars from electricity generated by burning coal or natural gas. There, the report has found that charging an EV may result in emissions similar to a car with a mileage rating between 31mpg. to 40 mpg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not surprisingly, the report finds that no matter where one lives in the United States, electric cars are a good choice for reducing global warming emissions and saving money on fueling up. The authors also note that projected increases in solar and wind on the grid will mean that the global warming emissions from electric vehicles in those areas will decrease over time. Also, what time of day you charge matters. Charging at night is not only cheaper, it has less of an impact on the grid. \u003ca href=\"http://news.cnet.com/8301-11386_3-57414623-76/hybrids-can-be-less-polluting-than-coal-powered-evs/?part=rss&tag=feed&subj=\">Check out a great map from CNET on how EV emissions compare to gasoline emissions in your region.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See other posts from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/clean-car-diaries/\">this series\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/17/how-green-are-electric-cars/chargingup-6/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35387\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-35387\" title=\"chargingup\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/chargingup1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"350\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/chargingup1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/chargingup1-400x219.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just because an electric vehicle (EV) lacks a tail pipe, it doesn’t mean it’s always cleaner than other fuel efficient cars. According to a new report from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucsusa.org/\">Union of Concerned Scientists\u003c/a>, where you live may determine how clean your electric car is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new report, called \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_vehicles/technologies_and_fuels/hybrid_fuelcell_and_electric_vehicles/emissions-and-charging-costs-electric-cars.html?utm_source=SP&utm_medium=head&utm_campaign=EV%2BReport\">State of Charge\u003c/a>,\" looks at the entire life cycle of EV emissions that includes energy inputs from start to finish, not just during drive time. In other words, what kind of emissions do EVs create from charging on an electric grid and how does the cost of that charging compare to filling up a gasoline-powered vehicle?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nonprofit group of scientists has found that the greenhouse gases emitted from EVs depends on the sources of electricity. For example, California does not rely on coal fired power plants and the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/race-for-renewables/\">state has aggressive renewable energy goals\u003c/a>. According to the report, charging (not driving) an all-electric car in the golden state results in global warming emissions equivalent to a car with a mileage rating of 80 mpg. But in several states, such as the mid-west, plug-in drivers charge their cars from electricity generated by burning coal or natural gas. There, the report has found that charging an EV may result in emissions similar to a car with a mileage rating between 31mpg. to 40 mpg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not surprisingly, the report finds that no matter where one lives in the United States, electric cars are a good choice for reducing global warming emissions and saving money on fueling up. The authors also note that projected increases in solar and wind on the grid will mean that the global warming emissions from electric vehicles in those areas will decrease over time. Also, what time of day you charge matters. Charging at night is not only cheaper, it has less of an impact on the grid. \u003ca href=\"http://news.cnet.com/8301-11386_3-57414623-76/hybrids-can-be-less-polluting-than-coal-powered-evs/?part=rss&tag=feed&subj=\">Check out a great map from CNET on how EV emissions compare to gasoline emissions in your region.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34718\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 649px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/10/natural-gas-cars-remain-niche-choice-for-bay-area-commuters/civic-natgas-side-640b/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34718\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/civic-natgas-side-640b-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"2012 Honda Civic Natural Gas\" title=\"civic-natgas-side-640b\" width=\"640\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-34718\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">2012 Honda Civic Natural Gas. (Photo: Honda Motor Co.)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last July, the State of California told 85,000 hybrid car owners they could no longer \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/carpool/carpool.htm\">drive solo in carpool lanes\u003c/a>. That perk was designed to spur sales of clean-burning cars. The end of the incentive for hybrids sent thousands of long-distance solo commuters looking for an even greener car that would be eligible to stay in the diamond lane. The 2012 Honda Civic Natural Gas is one option, the only new car in the U.S. market that runs on CNG. It's eligible for a white HOV (High-Occupancy Vehicle) lane decal—granted only to cars that run on compressed natural gas or purely on electricity. But adoption of CNG cars is only slightly increasing. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Benefits of CNG\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like an EV, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cngprices.com/\"> the cost of fueling a CNG car\u003c/a> is less than half that of a gas-powered vehicle. CNG-driving commuters also enjoy a 50 percent discount for tolls on Bay Area bridges during commute times. While most all-electric cars are limited to about 80 reliable miles of range, the Honda Civic Natural Gas goes about 220 miles on a full tank of pressurized gaseous fuel. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our sales of the Civic CNG have more than doubled so far this year,” said Chris Rigalia, sales manager at Berkeley Honda, but the dealership only sold about a dozen of the cars throughout 2011. Now, Rigalia can’t get enough of Civic Natural Gas cars to meet demand. Berkeley Honda has already sold about 20 units so far this year and predicts selling another 20 before the end of 2012. This mismatch of supply and demand means that Berkeley Honda is charging a $1,000 to $2,000 premium over the $26,125 suggested retail price.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34723\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/10/natural-gas-cars-remain-niche-choice-for-bay-area-commuters/civic-natgas-pump-300/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34723\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/civic-natgas-pump-300.jpg\" alt=\"Natural gas pump for a CNG vehicle\" title=\"civic-natgas-pump-300\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-34723\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Photo: Honda Motor Co.)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Honda Motor Co. is aware of increased interest. “We just closed our best first quarter ever for CNG sales, just shy of 450 units,” said Eric Rosenberg, who is responsible for Honda’s national marketing of the Civic Natural Gas. Yet, Rosenberg said the company needs a few more months of sales before deciding to expand production. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So even though interest is expanding, the numbers remain extremely low and Honda is reluctant to ramp up volume. “I suspect Honda is unlikely to gamble with over production for a niche market,” said Dave Hurst, a transportation industry analyst at Pike Research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The natural gas and fracking controversy \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe Honda is also hesitant to draw too much attention to the controversial issue of natural gas production via hydraulic fracturing. Fracking, as it is commonly known, is associated with a myriad of detrimental environmental impacts throughout the United States. Honda wouldn't take a position on fracking and referred me to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.aga.org/our-issues/natural-gas-vehicles/Pages/default.aspx\">Drive Natural Gas Initiative\u003c/a>, a project of the American Gas Association. Jake Rubin, AGA’s director of Public Relations, refused to say if eco-minded drivers should be dissuaded from buying a CNG car out of concerns about fracking. “We don’t have a position,” said Rubin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35014\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 333px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/10/natural-gas-cars-remain-niche-choice-for-bay-area-commuters/cng-prices-640/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35014\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/cng-prices-640-333x253.jpg\" alt=\"Prices and locations for natural gas stations\" title=\"Prices and locations for natural gas stations\" width=\"333\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-35014\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Prices and station locations for natural gas\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Obstacles to purchase\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the need for commuters to find economic ways to get back into the carpool lane, a number of factors are likely to limit the market for CNG cars, including: low inventory, lack of familiarity with the fuel, lack of filling stations (\u003ca href=\"http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/locator/stations/\">there are fewer than a dozen in the Bay Area\u003c/a>) and questions about fracking. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, electric cars and plug-in hybrids, like the Chevy Volt and Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid, continue to generate a lot of buzz. These two cars have recently been granted green decals—which also give HOV access to solo drivers. Production and sales volume is solid and growing for these vehicles, which I suspect will become an increasingly common sight in the state’s carpool lanes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See other posts from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/clean-car-diaries/\">this series\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34718\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 649px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/10/natural-gas-cars-remain-niche-choice-for-bay-area-commuters/civic-natgas-side-640b/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34718\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/civic-natgas-side-640b-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"2012 Honda Civic Natural Gas\" title=\"civic-natgas-side-640b\" width=\"640\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-34718\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">2012 Honda Civic Natural Gas. (Photo: Honda Motor Co.)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last July, the State of California told 85,000 hybrid car owners they could no longer \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/carpool/carpool.htm\">drive solo in carpool lanes\u003c/a>. That perk was designed to spur sales of clean-burning cars. The end of the incentive for hybrids sent thousands of long-distance solo commuters looking for an even greener car that would be eligible to stay in the diamond lane. The 2012 Honda Civic Natural Gas is one option, the only new car in the U.S. market that runs on CNG. It's eligible for a white HOV (High-Occupancy Vehicle) lane decal—granted only to cars that run on compressed natural gas or purely on electricity. But adoption of CNG cars is only slightly increasing. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Benefits of CNG\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like an EV, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cngprices.com/\"> the cost of fueling a CNG car\u003c/a> is less than half that of a gas-powered vehicle. CNG-driving commuters also enjoy a 50 percent discount for tolls on Bay Area bridges during commute times. While most all-electric cars are limited to about 80 reliable miles of range, the Honda Civic Natural Gas goes about 220 miles on a full tank of pressurized gaseous fuel. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our sales of the Civic CNG have more than doubled so far this year,” said Chris Rigalia, sales manager at Berkeley Honda, but the dealership only sold about a dozen of the cars throughout 2011. Now, Rigalia can’t get enough of Civic Natural Gas cars to meet demand. Berkeley Honda has already sold about 20 units so far this year and predicts selling another 20 before the end of 2012. This mismatch of supply and demand means that Berkeley Honda is charging a $1,000 to $2,000 premium over the $26,125 suggested retail price.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34723\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/10/natural-gas-cars-remain-niche-choice-for-bay-area-commuters/civic-natgas-pump-300/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34723\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/civic-natgas-pump-300.jpg\" alt=\"Natural gas pump for a CNG vehicle\" title=\"civic-natgas-pump-300\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-34723\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Photo: Honda Motor Co.)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Honda Motor Co. is aware of increased interest. “We just closed our best first quarter ever for CNG sales, just shy of 450 units,” said Eric Rosenberg, who is responsible for Honda’s national marketing of the Civic Natural Gas. Yet, Rosenberg said the company needs a few more months of sales before deciding to expand production. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So even though interest is expanding, the numbers remain extremely low and Honda is reluctant to ramp up volume. “I suspect Honda is unlikely to gamble with over production for a niche market,” said Dave Hurst, a transportation industry analyst at Pike Research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The natural gas and fracking controversy \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe Honda is also hesitant to draw too much attention to the controversial issue of natural gas production via hydraulic fracturing. Fracking, as it is commonly known, is associated with a myriad of detrimental environmental impacts throughout the United States. Honda wouldn't take a position on fracking and referred me to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.aga.org/our-issues/natural-gas-vehicles/Pages/default.aspx\">Drive Natural Gas Initiative\u003c/a>, a project of the American Gas Association. Jake Rubin, AGA’s director of Public Relations, refused to say if eco-minded drivers should be dissuaded from buying a CNG car out of concerns about fracking. “We don’t have a position,” said Rubin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35014\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 333px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/10/natural-gas-cars-remain-niche-choice-for-bay-area-commuters/cng-prices-640/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35014\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/cng-prices-640-333x253.jpg\" alt=\"Prices and locations for natural gas stations\" title=\"Prices and locations for natural gas stations\" width=\"333\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-35014\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Prices and station locations for natural gas\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Obstacles to purchase\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the need for commuters to find economic ways to get back into the carpool lane, a number of factors are likely to limit the market for CNG cars, including: low inventory, lack of familiarity with the fuel, lack of filling stations (\u003ca href=\"http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/locator/stations/\">there are fewer than a dozen in the Bay Area\u003c/a>) and questions about fracking. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, electric cars and plug-in hybrids, like the Chevy Volt and Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid, continue to generate a lot of buzz. These two cars have recently been granted green decals—which also give HOV access to solo drivers. Production and sales volume is solid and growing for these vehicles, which I suspect will become an increasingly common sight in the state’s carpool lanes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See other posts from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/clean-car-diaries/\">this series\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "California Utility Commission Defends $100 Million EV Charging Deal",
"title": "California Utility Commission Defends $100 Million EV Charging Deal",
"headTitle": "Clean Car Diaries | QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34107\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/30/california-utility-commission-defends-100-million-ev-charging-deal/evgo-houston-640/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34107\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/evgo-houston-640-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"eVgo electric car charging station in Houston, Texas\" title=\"evgo-houston-640\" width=\"640\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-34107\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two-hundred eVgo electric car fast-charging stations, like this one in Houston, will be installed in California over the next four years. EVs can add 50 miles or more in less than 30 minutes. (Photo courtesy of eVgo.)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Electric car drivers cheered last week when the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) and NRG Energy \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/23/ca-electric-car-drivers-get-a-charge-from-the-gov/\">announced plans\u003c/a> to invest $100 million in the state’s electric vehicle charging infrastructure. NRG will invest in EV charging infrastructure in exchange for settling claims for overcharges during the 1999 California energy crisis. For the past several months, CPUC and \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrgenergy.com/\">NRG Energy\u003c/a> worked behind closed door to establish the terms of the settlement. Opinions on the deal’s fairness are divided.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most benefit to rate payers would have been a direct cash settlement,” said Eileen Tutt, executive director of \u003ca href=\"http://www.caletc.com/\">California Electric Transportation Coalition.\u003c/a> But instead, NRG proposed an in-kind deal, and CPUC agreed. At first glance, the settlement gives NRG, a New Jersey-based energy industry behemoth, a near-monopoly on California’s electric car charging. The majority of the $100 million investment will go to installing at least 200 480-volt EV fast-charge stations—resembling traditional gas stations in appearance and refueling times. The company will own and charge fees for using these locations, which it calls “freedom stations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Something Today\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34108\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 132px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/30/california-utility-commission-defends-100-million-ev-charging-deal/nancyryanlg/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34108\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/NancyRyanlg.jpg\" alt=\"Nancy Ryan, deputy executive director for policy at the California Public Utilities Commission.\" title=\"NancyRyanlg\" width=\"132\" height=\"167\" class=\"size-full wp-image-34108\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nancy Ryan, deputy executive director for policy at the California Public Utilities Commission.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We did not have the total cash option,” said Nancy Ryan, deputy executive director for policy at CPUC. “The choice we had was to get the best deal today that was primarily in-kind with a cash component, versus continuing to litigate for years and years, and still maybe coming up with nothing.” The CPUC insisted on two key provisions: serving the state’s policy goals for electric transportation, and getting at least some cash for ratepayers. The final settlement includes $20 million in cash. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NRG is pleased with the outcome. “The settlement guarantees EV investment at a much higher rate and a much higher speed than would otherwise be done,” said David Knox, NRG’s director of communications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jay Friedland, legislative director for \u003ca href=\"http://www.pluginamerica.org/\">Plug In America\u003c/a>, an electric car advocacy group, also likes the settlement. “At first, we questioned whether or not CPUC negotiated well.” After learning more, Friedland said the CPUC “got a pretty darn good deal, but the devil is in the details.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Restrictions Apply\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those exact terms will not be known for another month or so, but there are clear signs that CPUC put teeth into the deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the first five years after installing a station, NRG can’t require EV drivers to pay a monthly subscription fee, as it does with its \u003ca href=\"http://www.evgonetwork.com\">eVgo Network\u003c/a> in Texas. Instead, the public will have open access on a pay-as-you-go basis. Fees for fast charging are capped at $10 per session during off-peak hours, and $15 during peak hours. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NRG can put stations where it likes, but within constraints: 55 stations in the Bay Area, and 110 stations in and around Los Angeles. The rest will be divided between San Diego County and San Joaquin Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Approximately $40 million must be spent on preparing workplaces, multi-family dwellings and other locations allowing people without garages to gain access to EV charging. These so-called “make readies” lay groundwork—such as conduits, power upgrades, and stubs—for equipment installation to occur later. Property owners, not NRG, will own the locations. NRG has the exclusive right for 18 months to sell equipment and related services to the property owners, after which those locations are open to competition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CPUC acknowledges that it will receive some criticism for allowing NRG to earn a profit. However, the agency insists the settlement is consistent with CPUC policy. “If NRG puts charging stations where people use them, and drivers are willing to pay to use them, then we’re getting value for ratepayers,” said CPUC's Ryan. “We’re building a network to make it attractive and appealing to buy and drive electric vehicles.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See other posts from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/clean-car-diaries/\">this series\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34107\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/30/california-utility-commission-defends-100-million-ev-charging-deal/evgo-houston-640/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34107\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/evgo-houston-640-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"eVgo electric car charging station in Houston, Texas\" title=\"evgo-houston-640\" width=\"640\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-34107\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two-hundred eVgo electric car fast-charging stations, like this one in Houston, will be installed in California over the next four years. EVs can add 50 miles or more in less than 30 minutes. (Photo courtesy of eVgo.)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Electric car drivers cheered last week when the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) and NRG Energy \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/23/ca-electric-car-drivers-get-a-charge-from-the-gov/\">announced plans\u003c/a> to invest $100 million in the state’s electric vehicle charging infrastructure. NRG will invest in EV charging infrastructure in exchange for settling claims for overcharges during the 1999 California energy crisis. For the past several months, CPUC and \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrgenergy.com/\">NRG Energy\u003c/a> worked behind closed door to establish the terms of the settlement. Opinions on the deal’s fairness are divided.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most benefit to rate payers would have been a direct cash settlement,” said Eileen Tutt, executive director of \u003ca href=\"http://www.caletc.com/\">California Electric Transportation Coalition.\u003c/a> But instead, NRG proposed an in-kind deal, and CPUC agreed. At first glance, the settlement gives NRG, a New Jersey-based energy industry behemoth, a near-monopoly on California’s electric car charging. The majority of the $100 million investment will go to installing at least 200 480-volt EV fast-charge stations—resembling traditional gas stations in appearance and refueling times. The company will own and charge fees for using these locations, which it calls “freedom stations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Something Today\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34108\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 132px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/30/california-utility-commission-defends-100-million-ev-charging-deal/nancyryanlg/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34108\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/NancyRyanlg.jpg\" alt=\"Nancy Ryan, deputy executive director for policy at the California Public Utilities Commission.\" title=\"NancyRyanlg\" width=\"132\" height=\"167\" class=\"size-full wp-image-34108\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nancy Ryan, deputy executive director for policy at the California Public Utilities Commission.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We did not have the total cash option,” said Nancy Ryan, deputy executive director for policy at CPUC. “The choice we had was to get the best deal today that was primarily in-kind with a cash component, versus continuing to litigate for years and years, and still maybe coming up with nothing.” The CPUC insisted on two key provisions: serving the state’s policy goals for electric transportation, and getting at least some cash for ratepayers. The final settlement includes $20 million in cash. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NRG is pleased with the outcome. “The settlement guarantees EV investment at a much higher rate and a much higher speed than would otherwise be done,” said David Knox, NRG’s director of communications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jay Friedland, legislative director for \u003ca href=\"http://www.pluginamerica.org/\">Plug In America\u003c/a>, an electric car advocacy group, also likes the settlement. “At first, we questioned whether or not CPUC negotiated well.” After learning more, Friedland said the CPUC “got a pretty darn good deal, but the devil is in the details.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Restrictions Apply\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those exact terms will not be known for another month or so, but there are clear signs that CPUC put teeth into the deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the first five years after installing a station, NRG can’t require EV drivers to pay a monthly subscription fee, as it does with its \u003ca href=\"http://www.evgonetwork.com\">eVgo Network\u003c/a> in Texas. Instead, the public will have open access on a pay-as-you-go basis. Fees for fast charging are capped at $10 per session during off-peak hours, and $15 during peak hours. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NRG can put stations where it likes, but within constraints: 55 stations in the Bay Area, and 110 stations in and around Los Angeles. The rest will be divided between San Diego County and San Joaquin Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Approximately $40 million must be spent on preparing workplaces, multi-family dwellings and other locations allowing people without garages to gain access to EV charging. These so-called “make readies” lay groundwork—such as conduits, power upgrades, and stubs—for equipment installation to occur later. Property owners, not NRG, will own the locations. NRG has the exclusive right for 18 months to sell equipment and related services to the property owners, after which those locations are open to competition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CPUC acknowledges that it will receive some criticism for allowing NRG to earn a profit. However, the agency insists the settlement is consistent with CPUC policy. “If NRG puts charging stations where people use them, and drivers are willing to pay to use them, then we’re getting value for ratepayers,” said CPUC's Ryan. “We’re building a network to make it attractive and appealing to buy and drive electric vehicles.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See other posts from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/clean-car-diaries/\">this series\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Signs of Spring: Earlier this Year?",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_31017\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 643px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Gooseberry1-e1329950707238.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Gooseberry1-e1329950707238.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Fuchsia Flowering Gooseberry 643\" width=\"643\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-31017\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Gooseberry1-e1329950707238.jpg 643w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Gooseberry1-e1329950707238-400x224.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 643px) 100vw, 643px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fuchsia Flowering Gooseberry\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Seems like spring is \"bustin' out all over\" the Bay Area in the last few weeks. Bare branches of deciduous plants, dormant through the short days of winter, are swelling with new life. In my yard, the ornamental plum is attracting bees and songbirds. The flowers rain down under the weight of sparrows combing through the new growth. Out on the trails, native plants are doing the same, putting the short, dry winter behind them and unfurling the welcome mat to longer, warmer days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are enlisting the help of \"citizen scientists,\" students, and a corp of academics and volunteers, to help assess the effects of global climate change on seasonal plant and animal behavior. The USA National Phenology Network, with a statewide associated arm, the California Phenology Project, was started in 2010. The intent of the project is to collect data on the seasonal behavior of both plants and animals. Seasonal occurrences include bud burst and leafing out, blooming, fruiting, seed dispersal, and leaf wilt leading to dormancy. They are also tracking similar behavior in animal species along with migration. With enough data, scientists can then get a better idea of some of potential impacts of climate change. One of the plants they're tracking is poison oak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30994\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/02/signs-of-spring-earlier-this-year/poison-oak-new-leaf/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30994\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-30994 \" title=\"Poison Oak new leaf\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Poison-Oak-new-leaf-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bud burst of poison oak\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While poison oak has a deserved bad rap as a plant most of us avoid, it's an important plant for wildlife who are immune to the irritating oils. It provides food from its white berries in the fall and shelter in its dense branches. If plant bud and blooms happen earlier due to climate change for this and other native plants, there may be important outcomes related to availability of food from the berries, for example, in late fall. Like a line of dominoes, changes in food availability can affect animal species and their predators as well as insect populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn more about the \u003ca title=\"California Phenology Project\" href=\"http://www.usanpn.org/cpp/\" target=\"_blank\">California Phenology Project\u003c/a>. You can become one of the volunteer \"citizen scientists\" who help collect data on this national effort. You can also learn more about our native plants through the \u003ca title=\"CA Native Plant Society\" href=\"http://www.cnps.org/cnps/chapters/list.php\" target=\"_blank\">California Native Plant Society\u003c/a> with local chapters in many cities around the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_31017\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 643px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Gooseberry1-e1329950707238.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Gooseberry1-e1329950707238.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Fuchsia Flowering Gooseberry 643\" width=\"643\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-31017\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Gooseberry1-e1329950707238.jpg 643w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Gooseberry1-e1329950707238-400x224.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 643px) 100vw, 643px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fuchsia Flowering Gooseberry\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Seems like spring is \"bustin' out all over\" the Bay Area in the last few weeks. Bare branches of deciduous plants, dormant through the short days of winter, are swelling with new life. In my yard, the ornamental plum is attracting bees and songbirds. The flowers rain down under the weight of sparrows combing through the new growth. Out on the trails, native plants are doing the same, putting the short, dry winter behind them and unfurling the welcome mat to longer, warmer days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are enlisting the help of \"citizen scientists,\" students, and a corp of academics and volunteers, to help assess the effects of global climate change on seasonal plant and animal behavior. The USA National Phenology Network, with a statewide associated arm, the California Phenology Project, was started in 2010. The intent of the project is to collect data on the seasonal behavior of both plants and animals. Seasonal occurrences include bud burst and leafing out, blooming, fruiting, seed dispersal, and leaf wilt leading to dormancy. They are also tracking similar behavior in animal species along with migration. With enough data, scientists can then get a better idea of some of potential impacts of climate change. One of the plants they're tracking is poison oak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30994\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/02/signs-of-spring-earlier-this-year/poison-oak-new-leaf/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30994\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-30994 \" title=\"Poison Oak new leaf\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Poison-Oak-new-leaf-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bud burst of poison oak\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While poison oak has a deserved bad rap as a plant most of us avoid, it's an important plant for wildlife who are immune to the irritating oils. It provides food from its white berries in the fall and shelter in its dense branches. If plant bud and blooms happen earlier due to climate change for this and other native plants, there may be important outcomes related to availability of food from the berries, for example, in late fall. Like a line of dominoes, changes in food availability can affect animal species and their predators as well as insect populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn more about the \u003ca title=\"California Phenology Project\" href=\"http://www.usanpn.org/cpp/\" target=\"_blank\">California Phenology Project\u003c/a>. You can become one of the volunteer \"citizen scientists\" who help collect data on this national effort. You can also learn more about our native plants through the \u003ca title=\"CA Native Plant Society\" href=\"http://www.cnps.org/cnps/chapters/list.php\" target=\"_blank\">California Native Plant Society\u003c/a> with local chapters in many cities around the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "California’s Gray Wolves",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30291\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/gray_wolf.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-30291\" title=\"gray_wolf\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/gray_wolf-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Will gray wolves return to California? Photo: MacNeil Lyons, National Park Service/{link url=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/usfwsmidwest/6545954933/in/set-72157628504266513/\"} U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service – Midwest Region{/link}.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When a gray wolf wearing a GPS collar crossed from Oregon into California in December, it was the first wild gray wolf to tread on California soil since the 1920s. Wolves once roamed throughout California, and some people think packs may prowl the state again. It is debatable whether this lone wolf is a sign of things to come, but if wolves return to California, their role in the ecosystem will be different than it was in times past.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until the early 1900s, \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/wildlife/nongame/wolf/\">gray wolves\u003c/a> (\u003cem>Canis lupus\u003c/em>) lived throughout much of North America. They were present in California’s Sierra Nevada Mountains, the Coast Range, and the Central Valley, among other locations. Their range was not well documented. Gray wolves are predators; they hunt in packs and eat all kinds of prey, from small rodents on up to Bison. Their main prey items were \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tule_elk\">Tule Elk\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronghorn\">Pronghorn\u003c/a>, an animal similar to an antelope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As California’s Central Valley was converted to agricultural fields and pastures, the number of Tule Elk and Pronghorn dwindled. A shrinking supply of wild \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungulate\">ungulates\u003c/a> (hoofed mammals, such as elk, Pronghorn, and deer) meant that wolves started going after livestock—with major repercussions. Predator control programs led to extinction of the gray wolf in the lower 48 states. In 1924, the last known wolf in California was trapped and killed in Lassen County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gray wolves were added to the Endangered Species List in 1974, shortly after the Endangered Species Act was passed. Then, in the mid 1990s, gray wolves from Canada were re-introduced to Idaho and to Yellowstone National Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gray wolves introduced to Idaho expanded their range, and there are now about 1600 wolves in the Northern Rocky Mountains and Pacific Northwest. In Idaho, there are concerns that the local population is growing too large, and the wolves are getting too close to human habitation. Last year, \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2011/06/23/58434/gray_wolf_in_cross_hairs_again_after_delisting?source=npr&category=politics\">gray wolves were de-listed\u003c/a> in certain areas, where it became legal to hunt them. Five wolves were killed via aerial gunning in Idaho.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies on the wolves in Yellowstone, conducted by \u003ca href=\"http://people.ucsc.edu/~cwilmers/index.html\">Chris Wilmers\u003c/a>, Assistant Professor in the Environmental Studies Department at the University of California Santa Cruz, have found that \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.0030092\">gray wolves buffer the effects of climate change\u003c/a> for other carnivores. Many scavengers, such as bald eagles, coyotes, and black bears, feed on elk carcasses during the winter. After heavy snowfall, elk become exhausted from walking through deep snow and eventually expire. However, winters are becoming shorter as a result of climate change, and there are fewer elk carcasses to be scavenged. After wolves were released in Yellowstone, their hunting activity increased the availability of food for scavengers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Gray Wolf that recently crossed into California—named \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/wildlife/nongame/wolf/OR7story.html\">OR7\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/28/us/wildlife-activists-follow-lone-wolfs-trek-into-california.html\">re-named “Journey” in a naming contest\u003c/a>—split off from his pack in Oregon. Wolves can outgrow their packs and will disperse to find a mate. As the only known wild gray wolf in the state, is highly unlikely that Journey will find a mate. And without a pack to hunt with, this lone wolf will probably need to scavenge for food. Journey probably won’t father California’s future wolf population, but it is possible that other Oregon wolves may follow in his nearly 1000 miles of footsteps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has suitable habitat for gray wolves, and has plenty of potential prey. But the state has changed a lot since gray wolves had the run of the place in the 1800s. There is little open space, and the climate is drastically altered; if wolves return, their ecological role will be very different.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30291\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/gray_wolf.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-30291\" title=\"gray_wolf\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/gray_wolf-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Will gray wolves return to California? Photo: MacNeil Lyons, National Park Service/{link url=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/usfwsmidwest/6545954933/in/set-72157628504266513/\"} U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service – Midwest Region{/link}.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When a gray wolf wearing a GPS collar crossed from Oregon into California in December, it was the first wild gray wolf to tread on California soil since the 1920s. Wolves once roamed throughout California, and some people think packs may prowl the state again. It is debatable whether this lone wolf is a sign of things to come, but if wolves return to California, their role in the ecosystem will be different than it was in times past.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until the early 1900s, \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/wildlife/nongame/wolf/\">gray wolves\u003c/a> (\u003cem>Canis lupus\u003c/em>) lived throughout much of North America. They were present in California’s Sierra Nevada Mountains, the Coast Range, and the Central Valley, among other locations. Their range was not well documented. Gray wolves are predators; they hunt in packs and eat all kinds of prey, from small rodents on up to Bison. Their main prey items were \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tule_elk\">Tule Elk\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronghorn\">Pronghorn\u003c/a>, an animal similar to an antelope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As California’s Central Valley was converted to agricultural fields and pastures, the number of Tule Elk and Pronghorn dwindled. A shrinking supply of wild \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungulate\">ungulates\u003c/a> (hoofed mammals, such as elk, Pronghorn, and deer) meant that wolves started going after livestock—with major repercussions. Predator control programs led to extinction of the gray wolf in the lower 48 states. In 1924, the last known wolf in California was trapped and killed in Lassen County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gray wolves were added to the Endangered Species List in 1974, shortly after the Endangered Species Act was passed. Then, in the mid 1990s, gray wolves from Canada were re-introduced to Idaho and to Yellowstone National Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gray wolves introduced to Idaho expanded their range, and there are now about 1600 wolves in the Northern Rocky Mountains and Pacific Northwest. In Idaho, there are concerns that the local population is growing too large, and the wolves are getting too close to human habitation. Last year, \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2011/06/23/58434/gray_wolf_in_cross_hairs_again_after_delisting?source=npr&category=politics\">gray wolves were de-listed\u003c/a> in certain areas, where it became legal to hunt them. Five wolves were killed via aerial gunning in Idaho.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies on the wolves in Yellowstone, conducted by \u003ca href=\"http://people.ucsc.edu/~cwilmers/index.html\">Chris Wilmers\u003c/a>, Assistant Professor in the Environmental Studies Department at the University of California Santa Cruz, have found that \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.0030092\">gray wolves buffer the effects of climate change\u003c/a> for other carnivores. Many scavengers, such as bald eagles, coyotes, and black bears, feed on elk carcasses during the winter. After heavy snowfall, elk become exhausted from walking through deep snow and eventually expire. However, winters are becoming shorter as a result of climate change, and there are fewer elk carcasses to be scavenged. After wolves were released in Yellowstone, their hunting activity increased the availability of food for scavengers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Gray Wolf that recently crossed into California—named \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/wildlife/nongame/wolf/OR7story.html\">OR7\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/28/us/wildlife-activists-follow-lone-wolfs-trek-into-california.html\">re-named “Journey” in a naming contest\u003c/a>—split off from his pack in Oregon. Wolves can outgrow their packs and will disperse to find a mate. As the only known wild gray wolf in the state, is highly unlikely that Journey will find a mate. And without a pack to hunt with, this lone wolf will probably need to scavenge for food. Journey probably won’t father California’s future wolf population, but it is possible that other Oregon wolves may follow in his nearly 1000 miles of footsteps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has suitable habitat for gray wolves, and has plenty of potential prey. But the state has changed a lot since gray wolves had the run of the place in the 1800s. There is little open space, and the climate is drastically altered; if wolves return, their ecological role will be very different.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29014\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/farallones.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/farallones.jpg\" alt=\"farallones\" title=\"farallones\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29014\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/farallones.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/farallones-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Do you have a unique voice that sets you apart from the crowd? Contribute your stories to QUEST!\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We're looking to include folks who are actively involved in the science, environment and nature blogging community – e.g. have a blog, guest post on others' site, and comment / participate in relevant discussions. And we're looking locally. Our blog has a strong SF Bay Area focus, though we do occasionally cover and/or perform analysis on how this stuff elsewhere that affects the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What we cover\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>QUEST’s geographic coverage is from Mendocino to Monterey and from Sacramento to Santa Clara, and generally covers 9 content areas: astronomy, biology, chemistry, engineering, environment, geology, health, physics and weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Requirements\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• Original posts, 3-500 words with at least 1 image. Schedule determined on availability, but weekly or bi-monthly is preferred.\u003cbr>\n• Posts should relate back to at least one of our 9 themes for the program: Astronomy, Chemistry, Engineering, Physics, Weather, Geology, Biology, Environment, Health.\u003cbr>\n• Topic should be something about which you have some expertise and/or passion.\u003cbr>\n• A unique voice and ability to follow our QUEST writing guidelines (see below).\u003cbr>\n• Experience with WordPress or similar blogging platform.\u003cbr>\n• Willingness to occasionally be assigned a post topic by the editor as current events dictate.\u003cbr>\n• Respect for copyright and fair use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Would I get paid?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes – we offer a small stipend on a per post basis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Alrighty, then. How do I apply?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Email us a note and bio to questeditor@kqed.org explaining what you'd like to write for us. Please also include some links to relevant blogs you admire, and/or participate in, and why. Send us a writing sample or two (links are fine), and we'll review it in the next couple weeks. Last day to submit is February 1st. Our hope is to bring aboard a few new bloggers by mid-February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Some beats we're interested in \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although we want to hear from a wide range of writers, here are a few coverage areas we're keen on in particular:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• Bay ecology background and issues\u003cbr>\n• Science education\u003cbr>\n• Silicon Valley / engineering innovations\u003cbr>\n• Hacks, DIY, and hands-on science activities\u003cbr>\n• Hiking and outdoors (with a science focus)\u003cbr>\n• Food science\u003cbr>\n• Convergence of art & science\u003cbr>\n• Nature & science photography\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Writing Guidelines\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(As laid out by our managing editor, Paul Rogers)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why does my grandmother care? \u003c/strong>A key requirement of QUEST bloggers will be to explain scientific and environmental issues in a way that the general public can understand. Our audience is mostly made up of people who aren’t scientists or environmental activists. Posts should explain why the topics they are writing about are relevant to Bay Area residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Get to the point.\u003c/strong> Studies have shown that readers spend only a minute or two on most web sites before moving on. The average reader reads about 200 words a minute. Write tight, and lively. Keep it interesting and informative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Avoid jargon.\u003c/strong> The purpose of good writing is to communicate clearly. Don’t use complex, esoteric scientific terms. Instead of saying \"non-point source pollution,\" say \"polluted runoff.\" Instead of \"extravehicular activity,\" say “space walk.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Be personal.\u003c/strong> Relate personal experiences. Speak in the first person. Tell them where you saw the blue herons or which movie best depicts what a real moon base might look like. Find your own voice and write in a compelling, approachable way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Be passionate.\u003c/strong> Write about subjects and topics that you care about. Please don’t feel you have to stick to a script or formula. Express yourself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Drive traffic to the blog.\u003c/strong> Place a link in your correspondence and comments to the blog. Mention it on other web forums.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Write for the bigger picture.\u003c/strong> Don’t view the blog as a place just to promote your institution or pet cause. Keep in mind your audience is made up of a wide diversity of people, with wide interests. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Speak your mind, but check your facts.\u003c/strong> Or your audience will do it for you with painful results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Know your fellow bloggers.\u003c/strong> You'll be part of a vibrant community with fresh ideas and discussions nearly every day. Don't be afraid to comment on their posts, or link to their entries. Have fun with it! Dreary bloggers or insufferable policy wonks need not apply.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29014\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/farallones.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/farallones.jpg\" alt=\"farallones\" title=\"farallones\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29014\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/farallones.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/farallones-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Do you have a unique voice that sets you apart from the crowd? Contribute your stories to QUEST!\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We're looking to include folks who are actively involved in the science, environment and nature blogging community – e.g. have a blog, guest post on others' site, and comment / participate in relevant discussions. And we're looking locally. Our blog has a strong SF Bay Area focus, though we do occasionally cover and/or perform analysis on how this stuff elsewhere that affects the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What we cover\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>QUEST’s geographic coverage is from Mendocino to Monterey and from Sacramento to Santa Clara, and generally covers 9 content areas: astronomy, biology, chemistry, engineering, environment, geology, health, physics and weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Requirements\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• Original posts, 3-500 words with at least 1 image. Schedule determined on availability, but weekly or bi-monthly is preferred.\u003cbr>\n• Posts should relate back to at least one of our 9 themes for the program: Astronomy, Chemistry, Engineering, Physics, Weather, Geology, Biology, Environment, Health.\u003cbr>\n• Topic should be something about which you have some expertise and/or passion.\u003cbr>\n• A unique voice and ability to follow our QUEST writing guidelines (see below).\u003cbr>\n• Experience with WordPress or similar blogging platform.\u003cbr>\n• Willingness to occasionally be assigned a post topic by the editor as current events dictate.\u003cbr>\n• Respect for copyright and fair use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Would I get paid?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes – we offer a small stipend on a per post basis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Alrighty, then. How do I apply?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Email us a note and bio to questeditor@kqed.org explaining what you'd like to write for us. Please also include some links to relevant blogs you admire, and/or participate in, and why. Send us a writing sample or two (links are fine), and we'll review it in the next couple weeks. Last day to submit is February 1st. Our hope is to bring aboard a few new bloggers by mid-February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Some beats we're interested in \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although we want to hear from a wide range of writers, here are a few coverage areas we're keen on in particular:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• Bay ecology background and issues\u003cbr>\n• Science education\u003cbr>\n• Silicon Valley / engineering innovations\u003cbr>\n• Hacks, DIY, and hands-on science activities\u003cbr>\n• Hiking and outdoors (with a science focus)\u003cbr>\n• Food science\u003cbr>\n• Convergence of art & science\u003cbr>\n• Nature & science photography\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Writing Guidelines\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(As laid out by our managing editor, Paul Rogers)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why does my grandmother care? \u003c/strong>A key requirement of QUEST bloggers will be to explain scientific and environmental issues in a way that the general public can understand. Our audience is mostly made up of people who aren’t scientists or environmental activists. Posts should explain why the topics they are writing about are relevant to Bay Area residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Get to the point.\u003c/strong> Studies have shown that readers spend only a minute or two on most web sites before moving on. The average reader reads about 200 words a minute. Write tight, and lively. Keep it interesting and informative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Avoid jargon.\u003c/strong> The purpose of good writing is to communicate clearly. Don’t use complex, esoteric scientific terms. Instead of saying \"non-point source pollution,\" say \"polluted runoff.\" Instead of \"extravehicular activity,\" say “space walk.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Be personal.\u003c/strong> Relate personal experiences. Speak in the first person. Tell them where you saw the blue herons or which movie best depicts what a real moon base might look like. Find your own voice and write in a compelling, approachable way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Be passionate.\u003c/strong> Write about subjects and topics that you care about. Please don’t feel you have to stick to a script or formula. Express yourself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Drive traffic to the blog.\u003c/strong> Place a link in your correspondence and comments to the blog. Mention it on other web forums.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Write for the bigger picture.\u003c/strong> Don’t view the blog as a place just to promote your institution or pet cause. Keep in mind your audience is made up of a wide diversity of people, with wide interests. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Speak your mind, but check your facts.\u003c/strong> Or your audience will do it for you with painful results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Know your fellow bloggers.\u003c/strong> You'll be part of a vibrant community with fresh ideas and discussions nearly every day. Don't be afraid to comment on their posts, or link to their entries. Have fun with it! Dreary bloggers or insufferable policy wonks need not apply.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Climate Change Throws a Wrench in Water and Weather Forecasts",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/12/2011-12-26-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2011 has been a record-breaking year for extreme weather events. There were a dozen disasters nationwide that cost more than a billion dollars, including floods and heat waves. Both the government and insurance companies try to plan for these events by predicting the risk. But climate change is making that tougher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of us don't think about risk. We think about randomness. That's illustrated by a scene in the 1982 movie, \"\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_According_to_Garp\">The World According to Garp\u003c/a>\", where Robin Williams is shopping for a new house with his wife. They're standing in front of one home when a plane crashes into it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the crash, the Robin Williams character agrees to buy the house saying, \"It's been pre-disastered! We'll be safe here.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may not be a typical reaction, but climatologist Kelly Redmond says it reveals a lot about how we think about risk. \"It has to do with how we describe rare things. We spend societally an enormous amount of resources and time and attention guarding against the very worst possibilities.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You've probably heard of the \"\u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/FS-229-96/\">100-year flood\u003c/a>.\" That's a flood so severe that it has a one in one hundred chance of happening every year. But how do we know that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"About the only way we can get at how rare a rare thing is is by looking at a past record,\" says Redmond. So for floods, government agencies look into the historical record to see when floods happened in the past. They use that record to predict future flood risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this relies on a very basic assumption. According to Redmond, the assumption is that the statistics of the future will look like the statistics of the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's a fancy term for this – it's called \u003ca href=\"http://aquadoc.typepad.com/waterwired/2008/02/stationarity-is.html\">stationarity\u003c/a>. But there's a problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we don't know but what we suspect with changes in climate is that those statistics, especially about rare things, may change,\" says Redmond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The US is already warming. Climate models show that western states could see more extreme weather as the climate continues to change. So, Redmond says, chances are good the future won't look like the recent past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeanine Jones of the California Department Water of Resources agrees, saying \"a lot of California's existing infrastructure was designed on assumptions that are no longer valid.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>History of Water Forecasting in the West\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jones says using the past as a guide for the future is a huge part of water planning and building codes. The idea was first adopted in the 1940s and 50s, when dams and infrastructure were built at record speed in western states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Congress was looking at all these water development plans coming in from the Corps of Engineers and the Bureau of Reclamation and wanting a common standard to compare all the projects,\" says Jones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So they forecasted flood risk and water supply by looking at historical data. \"But they had very short data records. Maybe they only measured records of 20 years, 50 years. And that's not really very long,\" Jones says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, everything from building codes to home insurance is based on this short window of data. And so is another critical forecast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the winter, surveyors measure the Sierra Nevada snow pack every month, so they can crunch the numbers and predict the year's water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It is very widely used by reservoir operators, by water agencies, by farmers who are looking at what are my chances for having a full water supply,\" says Jones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But climate models show that more precipitation will fall as rain in California, instead of snow. And that means spring runoff could behave very differently. \"At some point, conditions will change enough that we've reached a tipping point where those statistical approaches really aren't valid anymore,\" Jones says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An accurate water forecast is crucial to California's economy. So Jones says water officials are looking at using computer models to forecast spring runoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when it comes to updating flood risk and building codes to reflect climate change, Kelly Redmond says that could take decades. \"We have to get a buy in from the engineering community, the city planners. Because there's so much expense to goes into building a bridge or a culvert or a building.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A New Breed of Insurance Company\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is one industry that's taking note of climate change – insurance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The increased variability in climate is going to start to dramatically affect the profits of corporations worldwide,\" says David Friedberg, CEO of San Francisco-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.climate.com/\">The Climate Corporation\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Climate Corporation is something of a next generation insurance company. They start with computer models that simulate weather and climate patterns. \"We then use those sorts of models to determine what sort of price we should charge for certain weather events occurring,\" says Friedberg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company works mostly with farmers, insuring them against extreme weather for between 40 and 400 dollars an acre. \"There's a range of things that can occur and that range is certainly widening. And as a result we should start to charge more for those sorts of events when we're insuring them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Friedberg says this kind of insurance makes sense to a lot of farmers they work with, who are already noticing changing weather patterns. Investor Vinod Kholsa and Google have also noticed and put millions into the company. They're betting new software will be the answer when today's methods no longer work.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "2011 has been a record-breaking year for extreme weather events. Both the government and insurance companies try to plan for these events by predicting the risk. But as Lauren Sommer reports, climate change is making that tougher. \r\n\r\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/12/2011-12-26-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2011 has been a record-breaking year for extreme weather events. There were a dozen disasters nationwide that cost more than a billion dollars, including floods and heat waves. Both the government and insurance companies try to plan for these events by predicting the risk. But climate change is making that tougher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of us don't think about risk. We think about randomness. That's illustrated by a scene in the 1982 movie, \"\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_According_to_Garp\">The World According to Garp\u003c/a>\", where Robin Williams is shopping for a new house with his wife. They're standing in front of one home when a plane crashes into it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the crash, the Robin Williams character agrees to buy the house saying, \"It's been pre-disastered! We'll be safe here.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may not be a typical reaction, but climatologist Kelly Redmond says it reveals a lot about how we think about risk. \"It has to do with how we describe rare things. We spend societally an enormous amount of resources and time and attention guarding against the very worst possibilities.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You've probably heard of the \"\u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/FS-229-96/\">100-year flood\u003c/a>.\" That's a flood so severe that it has a one in one hundred chance of happening every year. But how do we know that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"About the only way we can get at how rare a rare thing is is by looking at a past record,\" says Redmond. So for floods, government agencies look into the historical record to see when floods happened in the past. They use that record to predict future flood risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this relies on a very basic assumption. According to Redmond, the assumption is that the statistics of the future will look like the statistics of the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's a fancy term for this – it's called \u003ca href=\"http://aquadoc.typepad.com/waterwired/2008/02/stationarity-is.html\">stationarity\u003c/a>. But there's a problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we don't know but what we suspect with changes in climate is that those statistics, especially about rare things, may change,\" says Redmond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The US is already warming. Climate models show that western states could see more extreme weather as the climate continues to change. So, Redmond says, chances are good the future won't look like the recent past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeanine Jones of the California Department Water of Resources agrees, saying \"a lot of California's existing infrastructure was designed on assumptions that are no longer valid.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>History of Water Forecasting in the West\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jones says using the past as a guide for the future is a huge part of water planning and building codes. The idea was first adopted in the 1940s and 50s, when dams and infrastructure were built at record speed in western states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Congress was looking at all these water development plans coming in from the Corps of Engineers and the Bureau of Reclamation and wanting a common standard to compare all the projects,\" says Jones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So they forecasted flood risk and water supply by looking at historical data. \"But they had very short data records. Maybe they only measured records of 20 years, 50 years. And that's not really very long,\" Jones says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, everything from building codes to home insurance is based on this short window of data. And so is another critical forecast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the winter, surveyors measure the Sierra Nevada snow pack every month, so they can crunch the numbers and predict the year's water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It is very widely used by reservoir operators, by water agencies, by farmers who are looking at what are my chances for having a full water supply,\" says Jones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But climate models show that more precipitation will fall as rain in California, instead of snow. And that means spring runoff could behave very differently. \"At some point, conditions will change enough that we've reached a tipping point where those statistical approaches really aren't valid anymore,\" Jones says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An accurate water forecast is crucial to California's economy. So Jones says water officials are looking at using computer models to forecast spring runoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when it comes to updating flood risk and building codes to reflect climate change, Kelly Redmond says that could take decades. \"We have to get a buy in from the engineering community, the city planners. Because there's so much expense to goes into building a bridge or a culvert or a building.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A New Breed of Insurance Company\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is one industry that's taking note of climate change – insurance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The increased variability in climate is going to start to dramatically affect the profits of corporations worldwide,\" says David Friedberg, CEO of San Francisco-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.climate.com/\">The Climate Corporation\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Climate Corporation is something of a next generation insurance company. They start with computer models that simulate weather and climate patterns. \"We then use those sorts of models to determine what sort of price we should charge for certain weather events occurring,\" says Friedberg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company works mostly with farmers, insuring them against extreme weather for between 40 and 400 dollars an acre. \"There's a range of things that can occur and that range is certainly widening. And as a result we should start to charge more for those sorts of events when we're insuring them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Friedberg says this kind of insurance makes sense to a lot of farmers they work with, who are already noticing changing weather patterns. Investor Vinod Kholsa and Google have also noticed and put millions into the company. They're betting new software will be the answer when today's methods no longer work.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
"airtime": "SAT 4pm-5pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
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