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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/10/sharkschool1.jpg\">\u003cem>Mary Collins School teacher Blythe Shelley touching\u003cbr> a leopard shark at the Aquarium of the Bay\u003c/em>\u003c/span>That was the question put to a group of Bay Area teachers-all participants in Watershed Week, The Bay Institute's annual back-to-school teacher-training institute, facilitated by our \u003ca href=\"http://www.bay.org/watershed_education.htm\">Students and Teachers Restoring a Watershed (STRAW) Project\u003c/a>. At the \u003ca href=\"http://www.aquariumofthebay.com/\">Aquarium of the Bay\u003c/a>, these teachers-turned-students got to see, touch, and learn about some of the creatures that live under that Bay-including the Bay's sharks. They also learned about the Aquarium's \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/view/820\">shark tagging\u003c/a> program, which aims to help us better understand these amazing and elusive animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, how \u003cem>do\u003c/em> the Bay's leopard sharks, soupfin sharks, sevengill sharks, spiny dogfish, and other shark species differ from \"non-shark\" fishes? Here are a few key distinctions:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>#1. You could say that sharks don't have a bad bone in their bodies. In fact, sharks don't have \u003cem>any\u003c/em> bones in their bodies. Sharks-along with their relatives skates, rays, and ratfish-belong to a diverse class of fish that have \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartilage\">cartilaginous\u003c/a> skeletons, unlike the bony skeletons of other fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>#2. Body shape. If you look at most fish head on, they have a generally oval shape. Sharks, in contrast, tend to be more triangular with a wide, flat under-surface. Their broad pectoral fins give them lift as they move through the water, not unlike the wings of an airplane. This hydrodynamic shape is key to keeping sharks afloat (you'll see why as we move on to difference #3).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>#3. Besides bones, sharks lack the air-filled swim bladders that most fish use for buoyancy (If sharks are airplanes, does that mean bony fish are hot air balloons?) Instead, sharks keep afloat with the help of a large, low-density liver, their unique body designs, and the physics of forward motion. If a shark stops swimming it won't necessarily drown-only some sharks need to swim to breath-but it will sink!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>#4. While most fish have gills tucked behind a bony flap called an \u003cem>operculum\u003c/em>, sharks exhale water through \u003cem>gill slits\u003c/em> located behind their head. Five gill slits are typical, but some sharks -like the sevengill shark found in the Bay-have more. Most sharks use \u003cem>ram ventilation\u003c/em> to breath, swimming constantly with their mouths open to keep water flowing over their gills. Bottom dwelling sharks, whose mouths may be buried in the sand, inhale water through an opening on the top of their head called a \u003cem>spiracle\u003c/em> and pump water past their gills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>#5. A shark's skin is covered with tiny \u003cem>dermal denticles\u003c/em> that differ from scales on most fish. As their name indicates, they bear a physiological similarity to teeth. Their unique structure helps reduce drag as the shark moves through the water-in fact, sharkskin helped inspire the high-tech swimsuits we saw at the Summer Olympics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>#6. Most fish spawn by releasing large numbers of unfertilized eggs and sperm into the water. Sharks, in contrast, reproduce via internal fertilization. Depending on the species, they then lay a much smaller number of fertilized eggs, or carry the eggs inside until they hatch, giving birth to live pups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/10/sharkschool21.jpg\">\u003cem>Old Adobe Elementary teacher Juliet James examining shark teeth\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Sadly, these unique creatures are declining all over the world due to overfishing, pollution, loss of habitat from coastal development, and climate change. And that's bad news not just for sharks but also for their ecosystems. Like lions and wolves, most sharks sit atop the food chain as \u003cem>apex predators\u003c/em>; thus their disappearance can trigger a cascade of disruption up and down the chain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All the more reason for us to study up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 38.1048 -122.561\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/10/sharkschool1.jpg\">\u003cem>Mary Collins School teacher Blythe Shelley touching\u003cbr> a leopard shark at the Aquarium of the Bay\u003c/em>\u003c/span>That was the question put to a group of Bay Area teachers-all participants in Watershed Week, The Bay Institute's annual back-to-school teacher-training institute, facilitated by our \u003ca href=\"http://www.bay.org/watershed_education.htm\">Students and Teachers Restoring a Watershed (STRAW) Project\u003c/a>. At the \u003ca href=\"http://www.aquariumofthebay.com/\">Aquarium of the Bay\u003c/a>, these teachers-turned-students got to see, touch, and learn about some of the creatures that live under that Bay-including the Bay's sharks. They also learned about the Aquarium's \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/view/820\">shark tagging\u003c/a> program, which aims to help us better understand these amazing and elusive animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, how \u003cem>do\u003c/em> the Bay's leopard sharks, soupfin sharks, sevengill sharks, spiny dogfish, and other shark species differ from \"non-shark\" fishes? Here are a few key distinctions:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>#1. You could say that sharks don't have a bad bone in their bodies. In fact, sharks don't have \u003cem>any\u003c/em> bones in their bodies. Sharks-along with their relatives skates, rays, and ratfish-belong to a diverse class of fish that have \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartilage\">cartilaginous\u003c/a> skeletons, unlike the bony skeletons of other fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>#2. Body shape. If you look at most fish head on, they have a generally oval shape. Sharks, in contrast, tend to be more triangular with a wide, flat under-surface. Their broad pectoral fins give them lift as they move through the water, not unlike the wings of an airplane. This hydrodynamic shape is key to keeping sharks afloat (you'll see why as we move on to difference #3).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>#3. Besides bones, sharks lack the air-filled swim bladders that most fish use for buoyancy (If sharks are airplanes, does that mean bony fish are hot air balloons?) Instead, sharks keep afloat with the help of a large, low-density liver, their unique body designs, and the physics of forward motion. If a shark stops swimming it won't necessarily drown-only some sharks need to swim to breath-but it will sink!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>#4. While most fish have gills tucked behind a bony flap called an \u003cem>operculum\u003c/em>, sharks exhale water through \u003cem>gill slits\u003c/em> located behind their head. Five gill slits are typical, but some sharks -like the sevengill shark found in the Bay-have more. Most sharks use \u003cem>ram ventilation\u003c/em> to breath, swimming constantly with their mouths open to keep water flowing over their gills. Bottom dwelling sharks, whose mouths may be buried in the sand, inhale water through an opening on the top of their head called a \u003cem>spiracle\u003c/em> and pump water past their gills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>#5. A shark's skin is covered with tiny \u003cem>dermal denticles\u003c/em> that differ from scales on most fish. As their name indicates, they bear a physiological similarity to teeth. Their unique structure helps reduce drag as the shark moves through the water-in fact, sharkskin helped inspire the high-tech swimsuits we saw at the Summer Olympics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>#6. Most fish spawn by releasing large numbers of unfertilized eggs and sperm into the water. Sharks, in contrast, reproduce via internal fertilization. Depending on the species, they then lay a much smaller number of fertilized eggs, or carry the eggs inside until they hatch, giving birth to live pups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/10/sharkschool21.jpg\">\u003cem>Old Adobe Elementary teacher Juliet James examining shark teeth\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Sadly, these unique creatures are declining all over the world due to overfishing, pollution, loss of habitat from coastal development, and climate change. And that's bad news not just for sharks but also for their ecosystems. Like lions and wolves, most sharks sit atop the food chain as \u003cem>apex predators\u003c/em>; thus their disappearance can trigger a cascade of disruption up and down the chain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All the more reason for us to study up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 38.1048 -122.561\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/09/nose.jpg\">\u003cem>Love is in the air\u003c/em>\u003c/span>I love you. Because you smell different than I do. Not quite Titanic or Casablanca or even Olivia Newton-John in Grease. But smells may be part of the reason why we fall in love with a certain person. At least that is what a \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1000184\">new study\u003c/a> argues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We've known for awhile that animals find their \"true love\" partly through smells. One of the things they are sensing is whether the potential mate has a different set of MHC genes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MHC genes are a big part of our immune system. These genes are used to create the huge number of antibodies that we each make to battle bacteria, viruses, etc. Everyone has a different set of these antibodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The more varied your MHC genes are, the more invaders your immune system can recognize and defeat. So two parents with very different MHC genes will have kids with immune systems that can recognize (and so defeat) lots of different kinds of bacteria and viruses. Parents with similar MHC genes will have kids with less varied immune systems. (This is a big reason why \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=131\">inbred animals\u003c/a> are so sickly.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Animals can tell about a potential mate's MHC genes through smell. And people might be able to do this as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lots of experiments have been done where men or women \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/03/05/dna-and-love/\">sniff the sweaty t-shirts of members of the opposite sex\u003c/a> to see which t-shirt smells better. If the potential mates are of the same ethnic group, the sniffers tend to prefer mates with very dissimilar MHC genes. If the potential mates were of different ethnic groups, the sniffers preferred mates with somewhat but not wildly dissimilar MHC genes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1000184\">new study\u003c/a> looked at a group of 30 European American couples from Utah and 30 Yoruba couples from Nigeria. Thankfully there was no sweat smelling involved. Instead the researchers compared the DNA between the spouses of each couple in many different places throughout their genome. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What they found was that for the Utah couples, the DNA around the MHC genes was much less alike than the DNA almost everywhere else. This did not appear to be the case for the Yoruba couples. This suggests that at least for these 30 couples from Utah, having a very different set of MHC genes may have been part of picking a spouse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why the difference between the Utahans and the Yorubans? It is hard to say without more data but one possibility has to do with how much of a role social factors play in picking a spouse in each society. Perhaps the European Americans are freer to choose a mate. If this is the case, then they might be more likely to follow some sort of biological imperative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another possibility is that this smell test is only a big deal if the potential mates are all very similar to start with. The Utah couples all had pretty similar DNA to each other to begin with. The Yoruba couples' DNA was less alike. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, this is a total of 60 couples and so is in no way exhaustive and may be proven wrong tomorrow. But it adds to a growing pile of evidence that suggests how mate selection works at the biological level. And it shows the wide range of things we can learn about ourselves by studying our DNA in great detail. Maybe it even gives perfume companies some ideas too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.332 -121.903\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/09/nose.jpg\">\u003cem>Love is in the air\u003c/em>\u003c/span>I love you. Because you smell different than I do. Not quite Titanic or Casablanca or even Olivia Newton-John in Grease. But smells may be part of the reason why we fall in love with a certain person. At least that is what a \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1000184\">new study\u003c/a> argues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We've known for awhile that animals find their \"true love\" partly through smells. One of the things they are sensing is whether the potential mate has a different set of MHC genes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MHC genes are a big part of our immune system. These genes are used to create the huge number of antibodies that we each make to battle bacteria, viruses, etc. Everyone has a different set of these antibodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The more varied your MHC genes are, the more invaders your immune system can recognize and defeat. So two parents with very different MHC genes will have kids with immune systems that can recognize (and so defeat) lots of different kinds of bacteria and viruses. Parents with similar MHC genes will have kids with less varied immune systems. (This is a big reason why \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=131\">inbred animals\u003c/a> are so sickly.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Animals can tell about a potential mate's MHC genes through smell. And people might be able to do this as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lots of experiments have been done where men or women \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/03/05/dna-and-love/\">sniff the sweaty t-shirts of members of the opposite sex\u003c/a> to see which t-shirt smells better. If the potential mates are of the same ethnic group, the sniffers tend to prefer mates with very dissimilar MHC genes. If the potential mates were of different ethnic groups, the sniffers preferred mates with somewhat but not wildly dissimilar MHC genes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1000184\">new study\u003c/a> looked at a group of 30 European American couples from Utah and 30 Yoruba couples from Nigeria. Thankfully there was no sweat smelling involved. Instead the researchers compared the DNA between the spouses of each couple in many different places throughout their genome. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What they found was that for the Utah couples, the DNA around the MHC genes was much less alike than the DNA almost everywhere else. This did not appear to be the case for the Yoruba couples. This suggests that at least for these 30 couples from Utah, having a very different set of MHC genes may have been part of picking a spouse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why the difference between the Utahans and the Yorubans? It is hard to say without more data but one possibility has to do with how much of a role social factors play in picking a spouse in each society. Perhaps the European Americans are freer to choose a mate. If this is the case, then they might be more likely to follow some sort of biological imperative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another possibility is that this smell test is only a big deal if the potential mates are all very similar to start with. The Utah couples all had pretty similar DNA to each other to begin with. The Yoruba couples' DNA was less alike. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, this is a total of 60 couples and so is in no way exhaustive and may be proven wrong tomorrow. But it adds to a growing pile of evidence that suggests how mate selection works at the biological level. And it shows the wide range of things we can learn about ourselves by studying our DNA in great detail. Maybe it even gives perfume companies some ideas too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.332 -121.903\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Reporter's Notes: Sea Lion Rescue",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/sea-lion-rescue\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/09/necropsy_wide1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For these notes, I thought I'd focus on something that didn't make it into the sea lions radio broadcast: the necropsy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each year the \u003ca href=\"http://www.tmmc.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Marine Mammal Center\u003c/a> treats somewhere between 600-1000 animals, including California sea lions, Pacific harbor seals, Northern elephant seals, and steller sea lions. About half of them are treated successfully at the center and released into the Pacific. The other half either die naturally or have to be euthanized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of them end up at the center's hospital after passersby spot the animals on the beach and sense something's wrong. (The Marine Mammal center responds to calls anywhere between Mendocino and San Louis Obispo Counties -- some 600 miles of coastline.) Some problems are human-caused, like boat-propeller injuries or ingested fishing nets and hooks. Other times, it's cancer, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/06/080609103232.htm\" target=\"_blank\">domoic acid poisoning\u003c/a>, or increasingly these days, \u003ca href=\"http://www.tmmc.org/what_we_do/rehab/clin_med/bacterial.asp\" target=\"_blank\">leptospirosis\u003c/a>. Sometimes, it's hard to tell exactly what happened -- hence the need for necropsies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the day that Quest intern Jennifer Skene and I visited the center, veterinarian Nicola Pussini performed two necropsies, both on sea lions. One animal seemed to have died from a tumor underneath his fin; the other was a suspected domoic acid intoxication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/sea-lion-rescue\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/09/first-slice1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each necropsy takes about an hour and a half. First Pussini measures the animal, then he slices it open and inspects every part, from tongue to tail. He inspects the teeth, pulls out all the organs, checks to see how much fat the animal has. The data, along with tissue samples, are archived and shared with other research institutions. This is the kind of basic research that Marine Mammal Center staff cite when people ask why they devote so many resources (most of it from private donations) to animals whose populations are neither threatened nor endangered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I should mention that I didn't exactly see this entire process firsthand. Let's just say that after my first strong whiff of sea lion intestine, I felt a compelling need to go check on things outside the necropsy room. Luckily for me, Jennifer has the stomach of a true scientist and managed to both hold the microphone and take photos. Luckily for you, we’re sparing you her gorier shots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/sea-lion-rescue\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>Watch the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/sea-lion-rescue\">Sea Lion Rescue\u003c/a> audio slide show online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8345 -122.532\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "For these notes, I thought I'd focus on something that didn't make it into the sea lions radio broadcast: the necropsy.\r\n\r\nEach year the Marine Mammal Center treats somewhere between 600-1000 animals, including California sea lions, Pacific harbor seals, Northern elephant seals, and steller sea lions. About half of them are treated successfully at the center and released into the Pacific. The other half either die naturally or have to be euthanized.",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/09/johnedwards.jpg\">\u003cem>Did John's genes make him cheat on Elizabeth?\u003cbr>Photo by \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Mikemurphy\">Mike Murphy\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>I've brought up before how genes can affect our behavior. They don't necessarily determine what we do but they can make doing the \"right\" thing easier or harder. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2008/09/11/0803081105\">new study\u003c/a> suggests that having a certain version of a certain vasopressin receptor gene makes a man less likely to cheat on his partner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gene commonly comes in three different versions -- RS1, RS3, and GT25. Men with GT25 and RS1 reported more infidelity and had unhappier marriages on average than men with RS3. Which version a woman had didn't seem to matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists don't know why men with the RS3 version are more faithful but it makes sense that this gene would be involved. It has been implicated in pair bonding in other animals with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=9\">best and most comprehensive work\u003c/a> having been done on little rodents called voles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are many different kinds of voles but we’ll focus on prairie and meadow voles. Prairie voles stick with one female. Meadow voles are a bit more like men in country music songs -- they tend to love them and leave them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A bunch of wonderful experiments showed that the voles' different behaviors were because they had different versions of a certain vasopressin receptor gene. People don’t have the exact genetic difference that meadow and prairie voles have. But the exact same gene is involved in this new study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vole experiments showed that if the vasopressin receptor works less well in prairie voles, the boy voles develop a wandering eye. And male meadow voles with extra potent vasopressin receptors settle down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So at least in voles this vasopressin receptor gene is important for pair bonding. We'll need more studies in humans to nail down whether it plays as big a role in human male monogamy. But this study does bring up some interesting ideas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First off, we aren't voles so having this gene is no excuse for cheating on a partner. It just means that it is harder for these men to remain faithful. Sorry John but even if you have this gene version it doesn’t let you off the hook for cheating on Elizabeth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Second, if the study proves to be correct, then it suggests that there may be a pharmaceutical way to modify men's behavior. A pharmaceutical company would need to come up with a drug that targets this receptor. Now men who take this drug would be more likely to be faithful. I don’t know about you, but this form of pharmaceutical behavioral modification seems a little scary to me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.332 -121.903\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Oakland Zoo and the Western Pond Turtle Head Start Program\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/09/turtles.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Comparing a Head Started turtle to one that hibernated in the wild.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Alright, I am going to say the \"C\" word: these little guys are cute! As an environmental professional, I know this is a word I am not supposed to use, but it is impossible not to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barely bigger than a quarter, the baby \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_pond_turtle\">Western Pond Turtles\u003c/a> were drawing a cooing crowd of Oakland Zoo staff in their new, but temporary, home in the back room of the Bug House. Here, our animal management staff will happily feed and care for them until they grow big enough to fend for themselves back in their home in Lake County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nicholas Geist of Sonoma State University began a study of these natives when he feared that global warming would affect their future. As the sex of baby turtles is determined by temperature, he was curious if future high temperatures would cause only one future sex. In his exploration of the issue, he found these turtles to have some other serious current environmental challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To begin with, development near turtle habitat intrudes upon food availability and nesting sites for females, as they lay their eggs away from the water on the land nearby. American Bullfrogs, a non-native, predate upon the hatchlings, and \u003ca href=\"http://exoticpets.about.com/cs/reptilesturtles/a/reslidercare.htm\">Red Eared Slider Turtles\u003c/a>, also a non-native, compete for basking space and food. These turtles are commonly sold at pet stores without proper instructions and subsequently released by owners thinking they are doing the right thing. They grow twice the size and are more assertive than the Western Pond Turtles, and pretty much take over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a partnership with Sonoma County Fish and Wildlife Commission and Sonoma State University, the Head Start program sends Oakland Zoo staff and Sonoma State University students into the wild to collect eggs which are incubated at the university. Once hatched, they are transferred to the zoo to be raised for the first year under optimal conditions. By creating the best possible environment for the turtles, they grow 3-4 times faster than they would in the wild, where they would normally hibernate. At the end of the first year, the juvenile turtles will then be released back into their original lake, having grown too large to be eaten by those pesky bull frogs and the big mouth bass, and able to compete with those bully Red Eared Sliders. They will be bigger, smarter and…head started. Sigh...we will be so proud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.7772 -122.166595\u003c/p>\n\n",
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},
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"info": "The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
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},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
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"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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},
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"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
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"order": 10
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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},
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"order": 1
},
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 9
},
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"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"source": "NPR"
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 18
},
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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