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"content": "\u003cp>State regulators have found that a truck driver killed while working last December on the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1919995\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">North Bay fire debris cleanup\u003c/a> was fatally injured after a safety system on his vehicle had been “hotwired” to bypass it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal/OSHA fined Chico-based Randy Hill Construction Inc. for violating several state laws in connection with the death of 60-year-old \u003ca href=\"https://www.gofundme.com/jaysumnerfund\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ezekiel Sumner\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sumner, who lived in the Butte County town of Paradise, died when his 1998 Peterbilt truck knocked him down and pinned him at a Petaluma landfill last Dec. 15. At the time of the accident, Sumner was apparently in the process of reconnecting the truck to a trailer after dumping a load of debris.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal/OSHA found that the wiring in a remote starter at the rear of the truck had been connected directly to the vehicle’s battery. The hotwired remote starter thus bypassed the truck’s “kill switch” system, which Cal/OSHA said should have been engaged at the time to prevent the truck from being started accidentally. With the safety system bypassed, the agency said, the truck backed over Sumner when he activated the remote starter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The workplace safety agency cited Hill Construction for failing to ensure that the modified wiring was “in accordance with good engineering practice.” The agency also levied penalties for the company’s failure to check vehicles for defects at the start of work shifts, as required by state regulations, and for failing to keep up-to-date fire extinguishers in two of its trucks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In February Cal/OSHA fined RHCI $32,450. After the company appealed, the penalty associated with the company’s failure to check the truck for defects was downgraded and the fine was reduced to $11,700.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal/OSHA’s description of Sumner’s death, which occurred just after dark had fallen on a Friday evening, is brief and graphic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sumner had just finished dumping his last load and was reconnecting the truck to its trailer. As part of the procedure, the vehicle was in reverse gear when Sumner hit the remote starter at the back of the vehicle. The Cal/OSHA report noted the remote starter had been “hotwired directly to the (truck’s) battery, bypassing all safety devices that would have prevented the truck from starting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The system itself was made defective by tampering,” said Cal/OSHA spokesman Frank Polizzi. “The modification of the wiring … was probably the cause of the fatal accident.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal/OSHA was unable to determine who exactly manipulated the wiring, according to Polizzi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report said that with the safety systems disabled, the truck continued to back up even as it knocked Sumner down, with its left rear wheels running over his left arm and vehicle, pinning him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The truck’s spinning tires sent smoke into the air for about 20 minutes before workers “some distance away” noticed, the report says. The workers had no idea someone was hurt — they thought there was a fire and called firefighters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was only after the truck was shut down and the smoke cleared that first responders realized Sumner was trapped beneath the truck. The Sonoma County coroner said he died from asphyxiation and that “multiple blunt force trauma and thermal injuries” were contributing factors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Craig Peters, a lawyer specializing in personal injury and wrongful death cases involving heavy equipment, said Sumner’s death was avoidable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The employer or somebody thought that they could do this more efficiently if they just disabled the pesky safety device,” said Peters, who reviewed Cal/OSHA’s summary report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The practice of modifying truck wiring for devices like kill switches is not rare, according to Peters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It definitely predominates in the industries in which marginalized and disenfranchised labor tends to be the labor pool,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A representative for Hill Construction did not respond to a request for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s unclear which of the cleanup project’s main contractors the firm was working for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokeswoman for AshBritt Environmental, the principal contractor for the cleanup, referred questions about the incident to the U.S. Army Corp of Engineers. AshBritt said Hill was contracted under another company, Petaluma-based Team Ghilotti.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An official at Team Ghilotti did not return a request for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Army Corp of Engineers, which is running the massive fire debris operation, conducted its own investigation into Sumner’s death but has yet to release the results of its probe. A spokeswoman for the federal agency said it did not have oversight over the “chain of subcontractors” hired by AshBritt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hill Construction says it has worked on close to $50 million dollars of public works contracts in the last five years. The company has not been the subject of complaints from state workplace or contracting regulators in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company, under the name RHC Equipment, has been hired several times by state firefighting officials to help work wildfires with heavy equipment, said Cal Fire spokeswoman Lynne Tolmachoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sumner’s death came two months after the death of another private contractor helping deal with the North Bay wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11634318/state-rejects-appeal-by-employer-of-truck-driver-killed-in-north-bay-fire\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Garrett Paiz\u003c/a>, 28, died Oct. 16 when his water tanker overturned in Napa County as he helped battle the Nuns Fire.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>State regulators have found that a truck driver killed while working last December on the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1919995\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">North Bay fire debris cleanup\u003c/a> was fatally injured after a safety system on his vehicle had been “hotwired” to bypass it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal/OSHA fined Chico-based Randy Hill Construction Inc. for violating several state laws in connection with the death of 60-year-old \u003ca href=\"https://www.gofundme.com/jaysumnerfund\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ezekiel Sumner\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sumner, who lived in the Butte County town of Paradise, died when his 1998 Peterbilt truck knocked him down and pinned him at a Petaluma landfill last Dec. 15. At the time of the accident, Sumner was apparently in the process of reconnecting the truck to a trailer after dumping a load of debris.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal/OSHA found that the wiring in a remote starter at the rear of the truck had been connected directly to the vehicle’s battery. The hotwired remote starter thus bypassed the truck’s “kill switch” system, which Cal/OSHA said should have been engaged at the time to prevent the truck from being started accidentally. With the safety system bypassed, the agency said, the truck backed over Sumner when he activated the remote starter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The workplace safety agency cited Hill Construction for failing to ensure that the modified wiring was “in accordance with good engineering practice.” The agency also levied penalties for the company’s failure to check vehicles for defects at the start of work shifts, as required by state regulations, and for failing to keep up-to-date fire extinguishers in two of its trucks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In February Cal/OSHA fined RHCI $32,450. After the company appealed, the penalty associated with the company’s failure to check the truck for defects was downgraded and the fine was reduced to $11,700.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal/OSHA’s description of Sumner’s death, which occurred just after dark had fallen on a Friday evening, is brief and graphic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sumner had just finished dumping his last load and was reconnecting the truck to its trailer. As part of the procedure, the vehicle was in reverse gear when Sumner hit the remote starter at the back of the vehicle. The Cal/OSHA report noted the remote starter had been “hotwired directly to the (truck’s) battery, bypassing all safety devices that would have prevented the truck from starting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The system itself was made defective by tampering,” said Cal/OSHA spokesman Frank Polizzi. “The modification of the wiring … was probably the cause of the fatal accident.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal/OSHA was unable to determine who exactly manipulated the wiring, according to Polizzi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report said that with the safety systems disabled, the truck continued to back up even as it knocked Sumner down, with its left rear wheels running over his left arm and vehicle, pinning him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The truck’s spinning tires sent smoke into the air for about 20 minutes before workers “some distance away” noticed, the report says. The workers had no idea someone was hurt — they thought there was a fire and called firefighters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was only after the truck was shut down and the smoke cleared that first responders realized Sumner was trapped beneath the truck. The Sonoma County coroner said he died from asphyxiation and that “multiple blunt force trauma and thermal injuries” were contributing factors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Craig Peters, a lawyer specializing in personal injury and wrongful death cases involving heavy equipment, said Sumner’s death was avoidable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The employer or somebody thought that they could do this more efficiently if they just disabled the pesky safety device,” said Peters, who reviewed Cal/OSHA’s summary report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The practice of modifying truck wiring for devices like kill switches is not rare, according to Peters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It definitely predominates in the industries in which marginalized and disenfranchised labor tends to be the labor pool,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A representative for Hill Construction did not respond to a request for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s unclear which of the cleanup project’s main contractors the firm was working for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokeswoman for AshBritt Environmental, the principal contractor for the cleanup, referred questions about the incident to the U.S. Army Corp of Engineers. AshBritt said Hill was contracted under another company, Petaluma-based Team Ghilotti.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An official at Team Ghilotti did not return a request for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Army Corp of Engineers, which is running the massive fire debris operation, conducted its own investigation into Sumner’s death but has yet to release the results of its probe. A spokeswoman for the federal agency said it did not have oversight over the “chain of subcontractors” hired by AshBritt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hill Construction says it has worked on close to $50 million dollars of public works contracts in the last five years. The company has not been the subject of complaints from state workplace or contracting regulators in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company, under the name RHC Equipment, has been hired several times by state firefighting officials to help work wildfires with heavy equipment, said Cal Fire spokeswoman Lynne Tolmachoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sumner’s death came two months after the death of another private contractor helping deal with the North Bay wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11634318/state-rejects-appeal-by-employer-of-truck-driver-killed-in-north-bay-fire\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Garrett Paiz\u003c/a>, 28, died Oct. 16 when his water tanker overturned in Napa County as he helped battle the Nuns Fire.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Battery Blood: How California Health Agencies Failed Exide Workers",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>This article from \u003ca href=\"https://capitalandmain.com/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Capital & Main\u003c/a> was produced as a project for the \u003ca href=\"https://www.centerforhealthjournalism.org/event/2015-california-health-data-journalism-fellowship\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">California Data Fellowship\u003c/a>, a program of the USC Annenberg \u003ca href=\"https://www.centerforhealthjournalism.org/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Center for Health Journalism\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[dropcap]F[/dropcap]or nearly a century a hulking industrial plant near downtown Los Angeles melted down car batteries to reclaim their lead. The facility, most recently owned by Exide Technologies, was shut down in 2015 in a deal the company made with the U.S. Department of Justice to avoid criminal prosecution for polluting nearby residential communities. Neighborhood activists have criticized California’s Department of Toxic Substances, which allowed Exide to continue operating for years with a temporary permit, despite evidence it was a major polluter. But a year-long investigation by \u003ca href=\"https://capitalandmain.com/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Capital & Main\u003c/a> and the University of Southern California’s Annenberg Health Reporting Center has found that two other agencies, the California Department of Public Health (CDPH) and the Division of Occupational Safety and Health (Cal/OSHA), failed to take action during a simmering public health crisis involving hundreds of lead-poisoned workers at the plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Between 1987 and 2014, according to records we obtained from CDPH, California health officials were aware of more than 2,300 blood tests from the plant’s workers revealing blood-lead levels above 25 micrograms per deciliter — high enough to cause miscarriages, tremors, mood disorders and heart disease. While CDPH lacks the power to levy fines or mandate changes, it may refer cases to Cal/OSHA, which has that authority. But except for one fleeting moment in 1996, the agencies have operated in virtual silos, failing to coordinate actions or share incontrovertible evidence that the facility was a potential death trap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/03/PossibleHealthLeadPoisoning-800x1371.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1371\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-11657148\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/03/PossibleHealthLeadPoisoning-800x1371.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/03/PossibleHealthLeadPoisoning-160x274.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/03/PossibleHealthLeadPoisoning-240x411.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/03/PossibleHealthLeadPoisoning-375x643.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/03/PossibleHealthLeadPoisoning-520x891.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/03/PossibleHealthLeadPoisoning.jpg 804w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s distressing to know that Exide workers were exposed at that level and chronically,” said Dr. Bruce Lanphear, a physician and leading lead researcher with Simon Fraser University in Vancouver, Canada. “We’ve known for decades that lead at those levels can lead to hypertension and chronic renal failure [kidney disease]. California regulators were aware of this information and should have better protected these workers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In contrast to the anemic enforcement by California officials, regulators in much of the rest of the nation have, thanks to a strict federal lead directive issued in 2001, cracked down on perilous battery recycling plants — issuing six-figure fines and requiring multimillion-dollar safety improvements. Although the federal lead directive is legally binding in states where workers are directly protected by federal OSHA and eight other state-run programs that adopted these standards, California, the nation’s most populous state, never embraced them.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Exide appealed a $280 Cal/OSHA fine. It was ultimately reduced to $150 — less than the cost of a speeding ticket.\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Despite California’s seemingly lower standards, Cal/OSHA told Capital & Main that “Cal/OSHA’s program is required to be, and is, at least as effective as federal OSHA.” However, despite hundreds of workers who developed lead poisoning at the plant, the only fine specifically related to lead that we found issued by Cal/OSHA at the site, which recycled about 25,000 lead-acid car batteries a day, was a 2008 citation for $150 — less than the cost of a speeding ticket.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[dropcap]T[/dropcap]he lead problem at the Vernon plant, which was acquired by Exide in 2000, goes back a long time. In the 1970s, Jim Dahlgren, today a retired physician, treated 120 severely lead-poisoned workers from the plant, then owned by National Lead, and helped qualify them for disability insurance. Dahlgren, who worked for UCLA, at the time, claimed that nearly all of those men died prematurely from complications due to lead exposure and that several patients fell into lead-induced comas. Dahlgren said his patients’ blood levels routinely measured above 100 micrograms per deciliter (μg/dL), a potentially lethal level. “Every single organ system of the body is impacted adversely by lead,” Dahlgren said. “These men had symptoms that ran the spectrum — severe abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, palpitations, chest pains, trouble thinking, headaches.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dahlgren’s account was echoed in a 1973 Los Angeles Times article headlined “Plant Fumes Poisoning Plant Workers, Union Says,” and an obscure 1976 documentary, “\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=APJXKJVlMVk&t=287s\">Lead Smelter\u003c/a>,” which interviewed Dahlgren, along with gaunt, bedridden workers and their families.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=APJXKJVlMVk&t=287s\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Luis Rodriguez, a poet and writer who achieved fame with his memoir about escaping gang life, “Always Running, La Vida Loca, Gang Days in L.A.,” spent six months in 1978 working in the Vernon plant as a smelter. The plant’s huge furnaces melted down car batteries and separated out the lead into what is called slag.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“After you use the furnace, all the lead would fall to the bottom and there was a hole in the back called a slag hole,” Rodriguez said. “I had to use a jackhammer to hammer it open, and pull the slag out and put it into carts. A good friend of mine said, ‘You know you got to get out of there. Lead will kill you and your family.’ That woke me up, might have saved my life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDPH declined interview requests or to answer specific questions by email, and instead issued a statement that read in part, “CDPH takes seriously any incidents that may affect the public health of the people in California,” adding that “there are always lessons to be learned, especially in the case of long-running complex community public health issues.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exide’s lead-poisoning problem, however, was well known to state officials. Because battery recycling involves potentially lethal exposure to lead, the company was required to test workers’ blood several times per year and to report the results to the CDPH. (Exide did not respond to emails and phone messages requesting comment.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the fact that CDPH was aware of more than 2,300 concerning blood lead tests among workers at the Vernon site, our investigation found that CDPH referred the company to Cal/OSHA only a few times in the 1990s, and that between 1990 and 2013, inspections of the plant related to lead by Cal/OSHA occurred only in 1995, 1996 and 2008. Records we obtained show the 1995 inspection was triggered by a complaint to Cal/OSHA from a private physician who had treated a plant worker with symptoms of lead poisoning and alarming blood-lead levels. Cal/OSHA determined “no serious injuries or illnesses detected” and issued no fines. The company, according to the inspection report, also told Cal/OSHA that “engineering controls were not feasible at the plant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"tableauPlaceholder\" id=\"viz1521665837143\" style=\"position: relative\">\u003cnoscript>\u003ca href=\"https://capitalandmain.com/battery-blood-how-california-health-agencies-failed-exide-workers-0321\">\u003cimg alt=\"Exide/GNB Workers' Annual Peak Blood Lead Levels (BLL)Tabulated by year, 1987-2014; data source: California Department of Public Health (CDPH). Exide Technologies acquired GNB Technologies in 2000. CDPH data reflects peak (BLL) test per individual worke \" src=\"https://public.tableau.com/static/images/Ta/Tableau_Book-3/CDPHAnnualPeakBLL/1_rss.png\" style=\"border: none\">\u003c/a>\u003c/noscript>\u003cobject class=\"tableauViz\" style=\"display:none;\">\u003cparam name=\"host_url\" value=\"https%3A%2F%2Fpublic.tableau.com%2F\">\u003cparam name=\"embed_code_version\" value=\"3\">\u003cparam name=\"site_root\" value=\"\">\u003cparam name=\"name\" value=\"Tableau_Book-3/CDPHAnnualPeakBLL\">\u003cparam name=\"tabs\" value=\"no\">\u003cparam name=\"toolbar\" value=\"yes\">\u003cparam name=\"static_image\" value=\"https://public.tableau.com/static/images/Ta/Tableau_Book-3/CDPHAnnualPeakBLL/1.png\">\u003cparam name=\"animate_transition\" value=\"yes\">\u003cparam name=\"display_static_image\" value=\"yes\">\u003cparam name=\"display_spinner\" value=\"yes\">\u003cparam name=\"display_overlay\" value=\"yes\">\u003cparam name=\"display_count\" value=\"yes\">\u003c/object>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003cscript type=\"text/javascript\"> var divElement = document.getElementById('viz1521665837143'); var vizElement = divElement.getElementsByTagName('object')[0]; vizElement.style.width='720px';vizElement.style.height='627px'; var scriptElement = document.createElement('script'); scriptElement.src = 'https://public.tableau.com/javascripts/api/viz_v1.js'; vizElement.parentNode.insertBefore(scriptElement, vizElement); \u003c/script>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By then the plant had changed hands and was owned by GNB Technologies. Despite the new ownership, lead poisoning among workers was still a huge problem. Blood-lead testing tracked by CDPH showed that in 1995, 135 workers at the site that year had seriously elevated levels of lead in their blood, and 33 workers had blood-lead levels above 40 μg/dL.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same year Cal/OSHA’s inspection report dismissed concerns about fundamental safety at the plant, CDPH was expressing extreme concern. In 1995 CDPH’s Occupational Lead Poisoning Prevention Program chief, Barbara Materna, wrote a letter to GNB’s regional director, David Wesley, noting that the Vernon workers had blood-lead levels high enough to cause “increased blood pressure, damaged sperm, and impaired learning ability in children exposed to lead during pregnancy.” CDPH also expressed grave concerns that airborne levels of lead found in parts of the plant were more than 50 times above federal safety standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The agency is a battleground between those who see the prime directive as protecting workers and others who are fearful of hurting the bottom line of industry.’\u003ccite>Mariano Kramer, former Cal/OSHA manager\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>By 1996 CDPH had had enough. “Our policy is to work cooperatively with those who are improving health and safety conditions in their workplace,” Materna wrote GNB. “However, if serious conditions are not addressed in a timely manner we are obligated to make referrals to Cal/OSHA for enforcement actions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Capital & Main spoke to Mariano Kramer, then a Los Angeles-area Cal/OSHA district manager, who CDPH sent the referral letter to. In 1996, after receiving a referral from CDPH, he supervised the only inspection we could find that appears to have had any teeth behind it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal/OSHA told us it was unable to locate records related to the 1996 inspection. Kramer recalls the case vividly, however: “It was a very messy situation at the plant and a lengthy process. We required them to make substantial safety improvements.” The fines and required safety upgrades, which Kramer said were levied, seemed to make a difference at the plant. Lead poisoning cases dropped 25 percent the following year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11657170\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/03/ExideExterior-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"The exterior of the now-shuttered Exide plant in Los Angeles.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11657170\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/03/ExideExterior-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/03/ExideExterior-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/03/ExideExterior-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/03/ExideExterior-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/03/ExideExterior-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/03/ExideExterior-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/03/ExideExterior-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/03/ExideExterior-520x347.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/03/ExideExterior.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The exterior of the now-shuttered Exide plant in Los Angeles. \u003ccite>(Joanne Kim/Capital & Main)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>[dropcap]H[/dropcap]owever, the monitoring of the Vernon plant, which Exide Technologies purchased in 2000, became less frequent and appears to have amounted to an annual form letter. In 2005 CDPH told Exide, “We recently received one or more reports of elevated blood-lead levels at or above 40 μg/dL for employees of Exide Technologies.” The letter continued, “Elevated BLLs indicate serious problems with your lead safety program that should be corrected. They may also indicate violations of the Cal/OSHA Lead Standard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By then, according to records provided to Capital & Main by CDPH, about 40 workers per year continued to show alarming levels of lead in their blood. It wasn’t until 2008 that Cal/OSHA performed a new lead-safety inspection at the site. The inspection stemmed from an anonymous complaint from an Exide worker, and the inspectors don’t appear to have been armed with any of the information collected by CDPH. When inspectors arrived at the sprawling Vernon plant, records show, they took just one swipe of a surface in search of evidence of lead dust. The sample was taken on a shelf next to a telephone — in an office that was designated a lead-free zone, where workers were supposed to be able to take breaks without wearing any protective equipment. While the shelf had lead levels far in excess of federal standards, Cal/OSHA fined Exide just $280 for the safety violation it labeled “low” in severity. Exide appealed the fine and the violation was ultimately reduced to $150.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal/OSHA appeared even less concerned with the toxic air to which workers were exposed in the plant’s smelting room. Alvin Richardson, a 20-year plant veteran, said he remembers Cal/OSHA coming to inspect the site in 2008 and affixing an air monitor to his clothing to measure the amount of lead that he and other workers were being exposed to. Richardson says he wasn’t told the results, even though he had become a canary in the coal mine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts we spoke to, including Kramer, say the results from Richardson’s air monitor, which measured airborne lead more than 13 times above levels federal limits, could have required the evacuation of workers and at a minimum should have resulted in stiff penalties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when the results came back, Cal/OSHA may have employed some creative math. (See equation below.) Because Richardson was wearing a respirator mask, Cal/OSHA’s report reasoned its inspectors could divide the level of exposure by a factor of 50. (See formula below.) After the airborne lead levels were divided by 50, the inspection gave the smelting operation a clean bill of health, no fines were issued for the airborne lead, and the company was allowed to keep up its operation without making any engineering changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/03/word-image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"691\" height=\"80\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-11657131\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/03/word-image.png 691w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/03/word-image-160x19.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/03/word-image-240x28.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/03/word-image-375x43.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/03/word-image-520x60.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 691px) 100vw, 691px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal/OSHA declined repeated requests for in-person interviews about its lead-related protocols or to comment on former workers who claim to be suffering today. In response to queries about the seemingly inadequate 2008 inspection, Cal/OSHA spokeswoman Erika Monterroza responded via email, “The division can only issue citations when it finds sufficient evidence of violations. The inspection was handled appropriately.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Clyde Payne, who for 23 years was the area director of U.S. OSHA’s Jackson, Mississippi, office, said that applying the equation employed by Cal/OSHA violated a fundamental OSHA principle. “The principle,” Payne said, “is you are not allowed to use the respirator to excuse toxic air. You have to implement other controls like ventilation and proper hygiene.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Payne explained that the equation which Cal/OSHA employed is intended to be used to determine if employers are using proper respirators, or if they need to provide a better respirator. “Because we assume that workers are going to get exposed in other ways, you don’t utilize that type of division to excuse violations of the air standards.” Payne added, “There is no question it’s challenging for companies to get those levels of airborne lead down, but if you do not have somebody riding your rear end, you won’t try.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[dropcap]M[/dropcap]ariano Kramer retired in 2011 and today works as an instructor at the Dominguez Hills OSHA Training Center. After reviewing the report of the 2008 inspection of the plant, he said the levels of airborne lead that Alvin Richardson and other workers were exposed to were completely unacceptable. “One of the basic tenets of safety and health is the hierarchy of controls,” Kramer said. “You start with administrative and engineering, and the last thing that you do is personal protective equipment. Because with ventilators, you are doing nothing to correct the hazard. All you’re doing is putting a barrier to the hazard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A review of federal OSHA inspections carried out around the same time as Cal/OSHA’s 2008 inspection of Exide in Vernon does show that dramatically different standards were employed. For example, during their 2012 inspection of a Johnson Controls battery recycling plant in Ohio, OSHA inspectors affixed air monitors to workers just as they did with Richardson in California. The level of lead detected was one-third what Richardson and other Exide workers were exposed to. But because the OSHA inspectors did not employ the division formula utilized in California, they deemed the exposure levels as a “serious” violation of OSHA regulations. All told, OSHA issued to Johnson Controls Battery Group Inc. fines of $188,000, more than 1,200 times the $150 fine issued to Exide during Cal/OSHA’s 2008 inspection for violating lead standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alvin Richardson told us that when he left the company in 2011 he suffered from what he believed to be lead-related symptoms, including exhaustion and tremors. After he departed his daily routine at Exide, Richardson hoped his symptoms would improve, but they worsened. Today the 53-year-old suffers from chronic weakness and kidney problems. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He can’t stand for very long,” Alvin’s wife LaShawn Richardson told us, adding that her husband had just received state disability status after a seven-year struggle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11657173\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/03/ExideExterior2-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"The exterior of the now-shuttered Exide plant in Los Angeles.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11657173\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/03/ExideExterior2-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/03/ExideExterior2-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/03/ExideExterior2-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/03/ExideExterior2-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/03/ExideExterior2-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/03/ExideExterior2-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/03/ExideExterior2-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/03/ExideExterior2-520x347.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/03/ExideExterior2.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The exterior of the now-shuttered Exide plant in Los Angeles. \u003ccite>(Joanne Kim/Capital & Main)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Kramer believes that two long-running problems at Cal/OSHA likely contributed to an inadequate inspection in 2008. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The agency is kind of a political football, a battleground between those who see the prime directive as protecting workers and others who are fearful of hurting the bottom line of industry. Some staff also have a poor understanding of health-related safety issues like lead. The agency is better at recognizing a crane that might fall. When it comes to nearly invisible toxins like lead dust, that can be a problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rania Sabty-Daily, an expert in industrial hygiene and an assistant professor at California State University, Northridge, told Capital & Main that one of the stumbling blocks preventing better protection of California workers are long-delayed changes to the state’s lead standards. The standards formulated in the 1970s allow employees to continue working even with blood lead levels up to 50 μg/dL. Health experts consider those standards out of date because the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and other authorities say permanent damage can occur at levels as low as 10 μg/dL. In 2009 CDPH issued new recommendations and asked Cal/OSHA to call for removing workers with lead levels above 20 μg/dL and not returning them until they fall to below 15 μg/dL. In addition CDPH proposed that a more protective standard be applied to airborne lead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because CDPH can only make recommendations, CDPH petitioned Cal/OSHA in 2010 to adopt the new standards. In a statement, Cal/OSHA told us it agreed with the necessity to make some changes. “The existing lead standard is based on pre-1978 data and subsequent research has shown significant adverse effects at lower levels. The advisory committee met six times from 2011-2015 to draft a proposed industrial regulation that will lower the blood-lead removal level (BLL) and Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL). \u003ca href=\"http://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/doshreg/5198Meetings.htm\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">That process is ongoing\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[dropcap]B[/dropcap]ut the process to change California regulations appears to have bogged down. Cal/OSHA invited companies like Exide and other stakeholders to participate in advisory meetings over the new standards. During one advisory meeting in 2011, industry representatives, particularly from battery recycling companies, hammered the proposal. According to minutes from the sessions, Terry Campbell, an executive from U.S. Battery, said that one-fourth of the company’s Corona workers would have to be pulled from their jobs because of high blood-lead levels. Ultimately, the company said, it could be forced to close up shop and move to Mexico. Representatives from Exide echoed similar sentiments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a totally dysfunctional system,” said Sabty-Daily. “We debate the toughest standards in the country — meanwhile, Cal/OSHA enforces [what are among] the weakest standards in the nation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There appears to be an even larger problem to fix. Our investigation found that workers protected by Cal/OSHA under the outdated standards continue to be harmed by unsafe lead conditions with little or no consequences.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The Public Health Department ‘ends up being a shield for companies which expose the public and workers to toxins.’\u003ccite>James Wheaton, First Amendment Project Lawyer, UC Berkeley\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In October we made a public records request asking CDPH for lists of workers who had lead levels at or above 20 μg/dL for the last 30 years. According to the data we received, the agency was aware of more than 26,000 blood tests from workers from more than 260 companies across the state. Workers were counted once per year at their highest level according to CDPH. We also learned that between 2010 and 2017, even as California’s regulatory agencies continued to debate toughening lead standards, CDPH was aware of an additional 2,256 blood tests at or above 20 μg/dL. Despite those alarming numbers, finding the locations of the workplaces that have had large numbers of lead poisoned workers is for the moment impossible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://gfycat.com/ifr/OccasionalFamousBangeltiger\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"800\" height=\"360\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although CDPH previously provided year-by-year anonymous data for lead-poisoned workers at Exide, the agency turned down our request for information about where those other cases in the state were occurring. Citing a “constitutional right to privacy,” CDPH says it is concerned that providing anonymous details about the extent of the problem at specific companies could somehow lead to identifying the individual workers. When there is “a high risk of re-identification, statistical masking must be applied,” the agency said in a March 14 statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Bruce Lanphear, the lead-poisoning expert, also was troubled by the withholding of specific numbers for where the lead poisoning incidents were occurring. “That’s just hogwash. One of the basic functions of public health is to make clear the extent of the problem and where it’s occurring. You can’t protect the public if you’re not armed with the information.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>James Wheaton, senior counsel for the First Amendment Project and a media-law professor at UC Berkeley, called the agency’s rationale for keeping the information secret “bogus” and said he believed the agency had violated California law with its refusal to disclose the information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“CDPH unfortunately has a tendency to jealously guard information which is vital to the public,” Wheaton said. “The net result is the agency ends up being a shield for companies which expose the public and workers to toxins.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Exide closed in 2015, several battery recycling plants continue to operate in the greater Los Angeles area, and they appear to represent an ongoing problem when it comes to workers exposed to lead. While CDPH would not provide Capital & Main with information about where the most serious cases are occurring, in response to a public records request the agency did provide similar data to the Los Angeles Times in 2016 for worker exposures in Los Angeles County from 2008 to 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data, provided to Los Angeles Times reporter Tony Barboza, show that Quemetco, another Los Angeles-area recycling plant which, unlike Exide, is still up and running, had 254 workers with elevated blood-lead levels (at or above 10 g/dL) between 2008 and 2014. By comparison, Exide had 175 workers during that same time period with similarly elevated levels. Quemetco also appears to have another Exide-like problem. Soil samples taken from homes within a quarter-mile of the plant, according to data we obtained from the Department of Toxic Substances Control, also show that surface soil is on average four times above acceptable levels, suggesting a multimillion-dollar cleanup could be necessary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[dropcap]P[/dropcap]rior to publication of this article we shared data we had gathered with several lawmakers and Bill Allayaud, the California director of the Environmental Working Group, a science-based watchdog organization. Allayaud’s group has spearheaded several proposed lead laws in California. “We all know how the neighborhoods around Exide were polluted with toxic lead over the long term, and now we are finding out how workers on the frontlines were neglected by the agencies that are supposed to monitor and demand that hazardous conditions be eliminated,” Allayaud said. “This needs to be fixed so this never happens again.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Allayaud collaborated with San Jose Assemblyman Ash Kalra, who introduced legislation sponsored by the Environmental Working Group that would require CDPH and Cal/OSHA to follow federal standards recognized in other states. Kalra’s measure, Assembly Bill 2963, would legally require the “State Department of Public Health to report to the Division of Occupational Safety and Health any instance where a worker’s blood-lead level is at or above a certain amount.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement to Capital & Main, Kalra said, “Lead poisoning is a serious matter and we need to consider the gravity of this hazard by ensuring that our state agencies are properly scrutinizing cases involving workers’ exposure to high levels of lead — this means that adequate inspections need to be carried out whenever there is evidence of serious lead-related exposure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kalra plans to hold hearings in April for his worker-protection bill based on our investigations. He told Capital & Main that he would like to have Alvin Richardson and other workers testify to educate the public about what it’s like to experience lead poisoning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Alvin’s a proud man,” said his wife, LaShawn. “Going through this has been a long, incredibly difficult struggle for our entire family.” She said she was speaking to us in the hope that future workers wouldn’t have to endure what her husband has.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Joe Rubin wrote this story while participating in the California Data Fellowship, a program of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.centerforhealthjournalism.org/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">USC Annenberg Center for Health Journalism\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"title": "Battery Blood: How California Health Agencies Failed Exide Workers | KQED",
"description": "For decades, California’s Dept. of Public Health and Cal/OSHA didn’t protect workers from lead contamination at the L.A. battery recycling plant.",
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"headline": "Battery Blood: How California Health Agencies Failed Exide Workers",
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"nprByline": "\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://capitalandmain.com/author/jrubin\">Joe Rubin\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>This article from \u003ca href=\"https://capitalandmain.com/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Capital & Main\u003c/a> was produced as a project for the \u003ca href=\"https://www.centerforhealthjournalism.org/event/2015-california-health-data-journalism-fellowship\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">California Data Fellowship\u003c/a>, a program of the USC Annenberg \u003ca href=\"https://www.centerforhealthjournalism.org/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Center for Health Journalism\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__dropcapShortcode__dropcap\">F\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>or nearly a century a hulking industrial plant near downtown Los Angeles melted down car batteries to reclaim their lead. The facility, most recently owned by Exide Technologies, was shut down in 2015 in a deal the company made with the U.S. Department of Justice to avoid criminal prosecution for polluting nearby residential communities. Neighborhood activists have criticized California’s Department of Toxic Substances, which allowed Exide to continue operating for years with a temporary permit, despite evidence it was a major polluter. But a year-long investigation by \u003ca href=\"https://capitalandmain.com/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Capital & Main\u003c/a> and the University of Southern California’s Annenberg Health Reporting Center has found that two other agencies, the California Department of Public Health (CDPH) and the Division of Occupational Safety and Health (Cal/OSHA), failed to take action during a simmering public health crisis involving hundreds of lead-poisoned workers at the plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Between 1987 and 2014, according to records we obtained from CDPH, California health officials were aware of more than 2,300 blood tests from the plant’s workers revealing blood-lead levels above 25 micrograms per deciliter — high enough to cause miscarriages, tremors, mood disorders and heart disease. While CDPH lacks the power to levy fines or mandate changes, it may refer cases to Cal/OSHA, which has that authority. But except for one fleeting moment in 1996, the agencies have operated in virtual silos, failing to coordinate actions or share incontrovertible evidence that the facility was a potential death trap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/03/PossibleHealthLeadPoisoning-800x1371.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1371\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-11657148\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/03/PossibleHealthLeadPoisoning-800x1371.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/03/PossibleHealthLeadPoisoning-160x274.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/03/PossibleHealthLeadPoisoning-240x411.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/03/PossibleHealthLeadPoisoning-375x643.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/03/PossibleHealthLeadPoisoning-520x891.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/03/PossibleHealthLeadPoisoning.jpg 804w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s distressing to know that Exide workers were exposed at that level and chronically,” said Dr. Bruce Lanphear, a physician and leading lead researcher with Simon Fraser University in Vancouver, Canada. “We’ve known for decades that lead at those levels can lead to hypertension and chronic renal failure [kidney disease]. California regulators were aware of this information and should have better protected these workers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In contrast to the anemic enforcement by California officials, regulators in much of the rest of the nation have, thanks to a strict federal lead directive issued in 2001, cracked down on perilous battery recycling plants — issuing six-figure fines and requiring multimillion-dollar safety improvements. Although the federal lead directive is legally binding in states where workers are directly protected by federal OSHA and eight other state-run programs that adopted these standards, California, the nation’s most populous state, never embraced them.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Exide appealed a $280 Cal/OSHA fine. It was ultimately reduced to $150 — less than the cost of a speeding ticket.\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Despite California’s seemingly lower standards, Cal/OSHA told Capital & Main that “Cal/OSHA’s program is required to be, and is, at least as effective as federal OSHA.” However, despite hundreds of workers who developed lead poisoning at the plant, the only fine specifically related to lead that we found issued by Cal/OSHA at the site, which recycled about 25,000 lead-acid car batteries a day, was a 2008 citation for $150 — less than the cost of a speeding ticket.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__dropcapShortcode__dropcap\">T\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>he lead problem at the Vernon plant, which was acquired by Exide in 2000, goes back a long time. In the 1970s, Jim Dahlgren, today a retired physician, treated 120 severely lead-poisoned workers from the plant, then owned by National Lead, and helped qualify them for disability insurance. Dahlgren, who worked for UCLA, at the time, claimed that nearly all of those men died prematurely from complications due to lead exposure and that several patients fell into lead-induced comas. Dahlgren said his patients’ blood levels routinely measured above 100 micrograms per deciliter (μg/dL), a potentially lethal level. “Every single organ system of the body is impacted adversely by lead,” Dahlgren said. “These men had symptoms that ran the spectrum — severe abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, palpitations, chest pains, trouble thinking, headaches.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dahlgren’s account was echoed in a 1973 Los Angeles Times article headlined “Plant Fumes Poisoning Plant Workers, Union Says,” and an obscure 1976 documentary, “\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=APJXKJVlMVk&t=287s\">Lead Smelter\u003c/a>,” which interviewed Dahlgren, along with gaunt, bedridden workers and their families.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/APJXKJVlMVk'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/APJXKJVlMVk'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Luis Rodriguez, a poet and writer who achieved fame with his memoir about escaping gang life, “Always Running, La Vida Loca, Gang Days in L.A.,” spent six months in 1978 working in the Vernon plant as a smelter. The plant’s huge furnaces melted down car batteries and separated out the lead into what is called slag.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“After you use the furnace, all the lead would fall to the bottom and there was a hole in the back called a slag hole,” Rodriguez said. “I had to use a jackhammer to hammer it open, and pull the slag out and put it into carts. A good friend of mine said, ‘You know you got to get out of there. Lead will kill you and your family.’ That woke me up, might have saved my life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDPH declined interview requests or to answer specific questions by email, and instead issued a statement that read in part, “CDPH takes seriously any incidents that may affect the public health of the people in California,” adding that “there are always lessons to be learned, especially in the case of long-running complex community public health issues.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exide’s lead-poisoning problem, however, was well known to state officials. Because battery recycling involves potentially lethal exposure to lead, the company was required to test workers’ blood several times per year and to report the results to the CDPH. (Exide did not respond to emails and phone messages requesting comment.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the fact that CDPH was aware of more than 2,300 concerning blood lead tests among workers at the Vernon site, our investigation found that CDPH referred the company to Cal/OSHA only a few times in the 1990s, and that between 1990 and 2013, inspections of the plant related to lead by Cal/OSHA occurred only in 1995, 1996 and 2008. Records we obtained show the 1995 inspection was triggered by a complaint to Cal/OSHA from a private physician who had treated a plant worker with symptoms of lead poisoning and alarming blood-lead levels. Cal/OSHA determined “no serious injuries or illnesses detected” and issued no fines. The company, according to the inspection report, also told Cal/OSHA that “engineering controls were not feasible at the plant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"tableauPlaceholder\" id=\"viz1521665837143\" style=\"position: relative\">\u003cnoscript>\u003ca href=\"https://capitalandmain.com/battery-blood-how-california-health-agencies-failed-exide-workers-0321\">\u003cimg alt=\"Exide/GNB Workers' Annual Peak Blood Lead Levels (BLL)Tabulated by year, 1987-2014; data source: California Department of Public Health (CDPH). Exide Technologies acquired GNB Technologies in 2000. CDPH data reflects peak (BLL) test per individual worke \" src=\"https://public.tableau.com/static/images/Ta/Tableau_Book-3/CDPHAnnualPeakBLL/1_rss.png\" style=\"border: none\">\u003c/a>\u003c/noscript>\u003cobject class=\"tableauViz\" style=\"display:none;\">\u003cparam name=\"host_url\" value=\"https%3A%2F%2Fpublic.tableau.com%2F\">\u003cparam name=\"embed_code_version\" value=\"3\">\u003cparam name=\"site_root\" value=\"\">\u003cparam name=\"name\" value=\"Tableau_Book-3/CDPHAnnualPeakBLL\">\u003cparam name=\"tabs\" value=\"no\">\u003cparam name=\"toolbar\" value=\"yes\">\u003cparam name=\"static_image\" value=\"https://public.tableau.com/static/images/Ta/Tableau_Book-3/CDPHAnnualPeakBLL/1.png\">\u003cparam name=\"animate_transition\" value=\"yes\">\u003cparam name=\"display_static_image\" value=\"yes\">\u003cparam name=\"display_spinner\" value=\"yes\">\u003cparam name=\"display_overlay\" value=\"yes\">\u003cparam name=\"display_count\" value=\"yes\">\u003c/object>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003cscript type=\"text/javascript\"> var divElement = document.getElementById('viz1521665837143'); var vizElement = divElement.getElementsByTagName('object')[0]; vizElement.style.width='720px';vizElement.style.height='627px'; var scriptElement = document.createElement('script'); scriptElement.src = 'https://public.tableau.com/javascripts/api/viz_v1.js'; vizElement.parentNode.insertBefore(scriptElement, vizElement); \u003c/script>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By then the plant had changed hands and was owned by GNB Technologies. Despite the new ownership, lead poisoning among workers was still a huge problem. Blood-lead testing tracked by CDPH showed that in 1995, 135 workers at the site that year had seriously elevated levels of lead in their blood, and 33 workers had blood-lead levels above 40 μg/dL.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same year Cal/OSHA’s inspection report dismissed concerns about fundamental safety at the plant, CDPH was expressing extreme concern. In 1995 CDPH’s Occupational Lead Poisoning Prevention Program chief, Barbara Materna, wrote a letter to GNB’s regional director, David Wesley, noting that the Vernon workers had blood-lead levels high enough to cause “increased blood pressure, damaged sperm, and impaired learning ability in children exposed to lead during pregnancy.” CDPH also expressed grave concerns that airborne levels of lead found in parts of the plant were more than 50 times above federal safety standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The agency is a battleground between those who see the prime directive as protecting workers and others who are fearful of hurting the bottom line of industry.’\u003ccite>Mariano Kramer, former Cal/OSHA manager\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>By 1996 CDPH had had enough. “Our policy is to work cooperatively with those who are improving health and safety conditions in their workplace,” Materna wrote GNB. “However, if serious conditions are not addressed in a timely manner we are obligated to make referrals to Cal/OSHA for enforcement actions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Capital & Main spoke to Mariano Kramer, then a Los Angeles-area Cal/OSHA district manager, who CDPH sent the referral letter to. In 1996, after receiving a referral from CDPH, he supervised the only inspection we could find that appears to have had any teeth behind it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal/OSHA told us it was unable to locate records related to the 1996 inspection. Kramer recalls the case vividly, however: “It was a very messy situation at the plant and a lengthy process. We required them to make substantial safety improvements.” The fines and required safety upgrades, which Kramer said were levied, seemed to make a difference at the plant. Lead poisoning cases dropped 25 percent the following year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11657170\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/03/ExideExterior-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"The exterior of the now-shuttered Exide plant in Los Angeles.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11657170\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/03/ExideExterior-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/03/ExideExterior-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/03/ExideExterior-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/03/ExideExterior-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/03/ExideExterior-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/03/ExideExterior-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/03/ExideExterior-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/03/ExideExterior-520x347.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/03/ExideExterior.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The exterior of the now-shuttered Exide plant in Los Angeles. \u003ccite>(Joanne Kim/Capital & Main)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__dropcapShortcode__dropcap\">H\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>owever, the monitoring of the Vernon plant, which Exide Technologies purchased in 2000, became less frequent and appears to have amounted to an annual form letter. In 2005 CDPH told Exide, “We recently received one or more reports of elevated blood-lead levels at or above 40 μg/dL for employees of Exide Technologies.” The letter continued, “Elevated BLLs indicate serious problems with your lead safety program that should be corrected. They may also indicate violations of the Cal/OSHA Lead Standard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By then, according to records provided to Capital & Main by CDPH, about 40 workers per year continued to show alarming levels of lead in their blood. It wasn’t until 2008 that Cal/OSHA performed a new lead-safety inspection at the site. The inspection stemmed from an anonymous complaint from an Exide worker, and the inspectors don’t appear to have been armed with any of the information collected by CDPH. When inspectors arrived at the sprawling Vernon plant, records show, they took just one swipe of a surface in search of evidence of lead dust. The sample was taken on a shelf next to a telephone — in an office that was designated a lead-free zone, where workers were supposed to be able to take breaks without wearing any protective equipment. While the shelf had lead levels far in excess of federal standards, Cal/OSHA fined Exide just $280 for the safety violation it labeled “low” in severity. Exide appealed the fine and the violation was ultimately reduced to $150.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal/OSHA appeared even less concerned with the toxic air to which workers were exposed in the plant’s smelting room. Alvin Richardson, a 20-year plant veteran, said he remembers Cal/OSHA coming to inspect the site in 2008 and affixing an air monitor to his clothing to measure the amount of lead that he and other workers were being exposed to. Richardson says he wasn’t told the results, even though he had become a canary in the coal mine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts we spoke to, including Kramer, say the results from Richardson’s air monitor, which measured airborne lead more than 13 times above levels federal limits, could have required the evacuation of workers and at a minimum should have resulted in stiff penalties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when the results came back, Cal/OSHA may have employed some creative math. (See equation below.) Because Richardson was wearing a respirator mask, Cal/OSHA’s report reasoned its inspectors could divide the level of exposure by a factor of 50. (See formula below.) After the airborne lead levels were divided by 50, the inspection gave the smelting operation a clean bill of health, no fines were issued for the airborne lead, and the company was allowed to keep up its operation without making any engineering changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/03/word-image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"691\" height=\"80\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-11657131\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/03/word-image.png 691w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/03/word-image-160x19.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/03/word-image-240x28.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/03/word-image-375x43.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/03/word-image-520x60.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 691px) 100vw, 691px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal/OSHA declined repeated requests for in-person interviews about its lead-related protocols or to comment on former workers who claim to be suffering today. In response to queries about the seemingly inadequate 2008 inspection, Cal/OSHA spokeswoman Erika Monterroza responded via email, “The division can only issue citations when it finds sufficient evidence of violations. The inspection was handled appropriately.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Clyde Payne, who for 23 years was the area director of U.S. OSHA’s Jackson, Mississippi, office, said that applying the equation employed by Cal/OSHA violated a fundamental OSHA principle. “The principle,” Payne said, “is you are not allowed to use the respirator to excuse toxic air. You have to implement other controls like ventilation and proper hygiene.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Payne explained that the equation which Cal/OSHA employed is intended to be used to determine if employers are using proper respirators, or if they need to provide a better respirator. “Because we assume that workers are going to get exposed in other ways, you don’t utilize that type of division to excuse violations of the air standards.” Payne added, “There is no question it’s challenging for companies to get those levels of airborne lead down, but if you do not have somebody riding your rear end, you won’t try.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__dropcapShortcode__dropcap\">M\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>ariano Kramer retired in 2011 and today works as an instructor at the Dominguez Hills OSHA Training Center. After reviewing the report of the 2008 inspection of the plant, he said the levels of airborne lead that Alvin Richardson and other workers were exposed to were completely unacceptable. “One of the basic tenets of safety and health is the hierarchy of controls,” Kramer said. “You start with administrative and engineering, and the last thing that you do is personal protective equipment. Because with ventilators, you are doing nothing to correct the hazard. All you’re doing is putting a barrier to the hazard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A review of federal OSHA inspections carried out around the same time as Cal/OSHA’s 2008 inspection of Exide in Vernon does show that dramatically different standards were employed. For example, during their 2012 inspection of a Johnson Controls battery recycling plant in Ohio, OSHA inspectors affixed air monitors to workers just as they did with Richardson in California. The level of lead detected was one-third what Richardson and other Exide workers were exposed to. But because the OSHA inspectors did not employ the division formula utilized in California, they deemed the exposure levels as a “serious” violation of OSHA regulations. All told, OSHA issued to Johnson Controls Battery Group Inc. fines of $188,000, more than 1,200 times the $150 fine issued to Exide during Cal/OSHA’s 2008 inspection for violating lead standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alvin Richardson told us that when he left the company in 2011 he suffered from what he believed to be lead-related symptoms, including exhaustion and tremors. After he departed his daily routine at Exide, Richardson hoped his symptoms would improve, but they worsened. Today the 53-year-old suffers from chronic weakness and kidney problems. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He can’t stand for very long,” Alvin’s wife LaShawn Richardson told us, adding that her husband had just received state disability status after a seven-year struggle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11657173\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/03/ExideExterior2-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"The exterior of the now-shuttered Exide plant in Los Angeles.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11657173\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/03/ExideExterior2-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/03/ExideExterior2-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/03/ExideExterior2-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/03/ExideExterior2-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/03/ExideExterior2-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/03/ExideExterior2-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/03/ExideExterior2-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/03/ExideExterior2-520x347.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/03/ExideExterior2.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The exterior of the now-shuttered Exide plant in Los Angeles. \u003ccite>(Joanne Kim/Capital & Main)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Kramer believes that two long-running problems at Cal/OSHA likely contributed to an inadequate inspection in 2008. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The agency is kind of a political football, a battleground between those who see the prime directive as protecting workers and others who are fearful of hurting the bottom line of industry. Some staff also have a poor understanding of health-related safety issues like lead. The agency is better at recognizing a crane that might fall. When it comes to nearly invisible toxins like lead dust, that can be a problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rania Sabty-Daily, an expert in industrial hygiene and an assistant professor at California State University, Northridge, told Capital & Main that one of the stumbling blocks preventing better protection of California workers are long-delayed changes to the state’s lead standards. The standards formulated in the 1970s allow employees to continue working even with blood lead levels up to 50 μg/dL. Health experts consider those standards out of date because the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and other authorities say permanent damage can occur at levels as low as 10 μg/dL. In 2009 CDPH issued new recommendations and asked Cal/OSHA to call for removing workers with lead levels above 20 μg/dL and not returning them until they fall to below 15 μg/dL. In addition CDPH proposed that a more protective standard be applied to airborne lead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because CDPH can only make recommendations, CDPH petitioned Cal/OSHA in 2010 to adopt the new standards. In a statement, Cal/OSHA told us it agreed with the necessity to make some changes. “The existing lead standard is based on pre-1978 data and subsequent research has shown significant adverse effects at lower levels. The advisory committee met six times from 2011-2015 to draft a proposed industrial regulation that will lower the blood-lead removal level (BLL) and Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL). \u003ca href=\"http://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/doshreg/5198Meetings.htm\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">That process is ongoing\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__dropcapShortcode__dropcap\">B\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>ut the process to change California regulations appears to have bogged down. Cal/OSHA invited companies like Exide and other stakeholders to participate in advisory meetings over the new standards. During one advisory meeting in 2011, industry representatives, particularly from battery recycling companies, hammered the proposal. According to minutes from the sessions, Terry Campbell, an executive from U.S. Battery, said that one-fourth of the company’s Corona workers would have to be pulled from their jobs because of high blood-lead levels. Ultimately, the company said, it could be forced to close up shop and move to Mexico. Representatives from Exide echoed similar sentiments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a totally dysfunctional system,” said Sabty-Daily. “We debate the toughest standards in the country — meanwhile, Cal/OSHA enforces [what are among] the weakest standards in the nation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There appears to be an even larger problem to fix. Our investigation found that workers protected by Cal/OSHA under the outdated standards continue to be harmed by unsafe lead conditions with little or no consequences.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The Public Health Department ‘ends up being a shield for companies which expose the public and workers to toxins.’\u003ccite>James Wheaton, First Amendment Project Lawyer, UC Berkeley\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In October we made a public records request asking CDPH for lists of workers who had lead levels at or above 20 μg/dL for the last 30 years. According to the data we received, the agency was aware of more than 26,000 blood tests from workers from more than 260 companies across the state. Workers were counted once per year at their highest level according to CDPH. We also learned that between 2010 and 2017, even as California’s regulatory agencies continued to debate toughening lead standards, CDPH was aware of an additional 2,256 blood tests at or above 20 μg/dL. Despite those alarming numbers, finding the locations of the workplaces that have had large numbers of lead poisoned workers is for the moment impossible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://gfycat.com/ifr/OccasionalFamousBangeltiger\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"800\" height=\"360\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although CDPH previously provided year-by-year anonymous data for lead-poisoned workers at Exide, the agency turned down our request for information about where those other cases in the state were occurring. Citing a “constitutional right to privacy,” CDPH says it is concerned that providing anonymous details about the extent of the problem at specific companies could somehow lead to identifying the individual workers. When there is “a high risk of re-identification, statistical masking must be applied,” the agency said in a March 14 statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Bruce Lanphear, the lead-poisoning expert, also was troubled by the withholding of specific numbers for where the lead poisoning incidents were occurring. “That’s just hogwash. One of the basic functions of public health is to make clear the extent of the problem and where it’s occurring. You can’t protect the public if you’re not armed with the information.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>James Wheaton, senior counsel for the First Amendment Project and a media-law professor at UC Berkeley, called the agency’s rationale for keeping the information secret “bogus” and said he believed the agency had violated California law with its refusal to disclose the information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“CDPH unfortunately has a tendency to jealously guard information which is vital to the public,” Wheaton said. “The net result is the agency ends up being a shield for companies which expose the public and workers to toxins.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Exide closed in 2015, several battery recycling plants continue to operate in the greater Los Angeles area, and they appear to represent an ongoing problem when it comes to workers exposed to lead. While CDPH would not provide Capital & Main with information about where the most serious cases are occurring, in response to a public records request the agency did provide similar data to the Los Angeles Times in 2016 for worker exposures in Los Angeles County from 2008 to 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data, provided to Los Angeles Times reporter Tony Barboza, show that Quemetco, another Los Angeles-area recycling plant which, unlike Exide, is still up and running, had 254 workers with elevated blood-lead levels (at or above 10 g/dL) between 2008 and 2014. By comparison, Exide had 175 workers during that same time period with similarly elevated levels. Quemetco also appears to have another Exide-like problem. Soil samples taken from homes within a quarter-mile of the plant, according to data we obtained from the Department of Toxic Substances Control, also show that surface soil is on average four times above acceptable levels, suggesting a multimillion-dollar cleanup could be necessary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__dropcapShortcode__dropcap\">P\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>rior to publication of this article we shared data we had gathered with several lawmakers and Bill Allayaud, the California director of the Environmental Working Group, a science-based watchdog organization. Allayaud’s group has spearheaded several proposed lead laws in California. “We all know how the neighborhoods around Exide were polluted with toxic lead over the long term, and now we are finding out how workers on the frontlines were neglected by the agencies that are supposed to monitor and demand that hazardous conditions be eliminated,” Allayaud said. “This needs to be fixed so this never happens again.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Allayaud collaborated with San Jose Assemblyman Ash Kalra, who introduced legislation sponsored by the Environmental Working Group that would require CDPH and Cal/OSHA to follow federal standards recognized in other states. Kalra’s measure, Assembly Bill 2963, would legally require the “State Department of Public Health to report to the Division of Occupational Safety and Health any instance where a worker’s blood-lead level is at or above a certain amount.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement to Capital & Main, Kalra said, “Lead poisoning is a serious matter and we need to consider the gravity of this hazard by ensuring that our state agencies are properly scrutinizing cases involving workers’ exposure to high levels of lead — this means that adequate inspections need to be carried out whenever there is evidence of serious lead-related exposure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kalra plans to hold hearings in April for his worker-protection bill based on our investigations. He told Capital & Main that he would like to have Alvin Richardson and other workers testify to educate the public about what it’s like to experience lead poisoning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Alvin’s a proud man,” said his wife, LaShawn. “Going through this has been a long, incredibly difficult struggle for our entire family.” She said she was speaking to us in the hope that future workers wouldn’t have to endure what her husband has.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Joe Rubin wrote this story while participating in the California Data Fellowship, a program of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.centerforhealthjournalism.org/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">USC Annenberg Center for Health Journalism\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>LOS ANGELES — Bumble Bee Foods and two managers were charged by Los Angeles prosecutors Monday with violating safety regulations in the death of a worker who was cooked in an industrial oven with tons of tuna.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jose Melena was performing maintenance in a 35-foot-long oven at the company's Santa Fe Springs plant before dawn on Oct. 11, 2012, when a co-worker, who mistakenly believed Melena was in the bathroom, filled the pressure cooker with 12,000 pounds of canned tuna and it was turned on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a supervisor noticed Melena, 62, was missing, an announcement was made on the intercom and employees searched for him in the facility and parking lot, according to a report by the California Division of Occupational Safety and Health. His body was found two hours later, after the steam-powered pressure cooker, which reached a temperature of 270 degrees, was turned off and opened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company, its plant Operations Director Angel Rodriguez and former safety manager Saul Florez were each charged with three counts of violating Occupational Safety & Health Administration rules that caused a death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The charges specify that the company and the two men willfully violated rules that require implementing a safety plan, rules for workers entering confined spaces, and a procedure to keep machinery or equipment turned off if someone's working on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rodriguez, 63, of Riverside, and Florez, 42, of Whittier, could face up to three years in prison and fines up to $250,000 if convicted of all charges, prosecutors said. Bumble Bee Foods faces a maximum fine of $1.5 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state's occupational safety agency previously cited the San Diego-based company for failing to properly assess the danger to employees working in large ovens and fined it $74,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bumble Bee, which has appealed the penalties, said the company improved its safety program after the tragedy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We remain devastated by the loss of our colleague Jose Melena in the tragic accident,\" the company said in a statement. \"We disagree with and are disappointed by the charges filed by the Los Angeles district attorney's office.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Florez refused to comment, and messages seeking comment from Rodriguez were not immediately returned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>District Attorney Jackie Lacey said prosecutors and investigators from her office have been going to major industrial accidents to ensure illegal and deadly work practices are prosecuted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prosecutions of workplace violations are uncommon — even in fatalities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state cited nearly 15,000 workplace violations in 2013, according to the state agency. Of 189 fatality investigations opened that year, the state referred only 29 to prosecutors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>District attorneys filed charges in only 14 cases that year, though some of those charges could have been for cases referred in earlier years. They could have brought charges subsequently for cases filed in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>LOS ANGELES — Bumble Bee Foods and two managers were charged by Los Angeles prosecutors Monday with violating safety regulations in the death of a worker who was cooked in an industrial oven with tons of tuna.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jose Melena was performing maintenance in a 35-foot-long oven at the company's Santa Fe Springs plant before dawn on Oct. 11, 2012, when a co-worker, who mistakenly believed Melena was in the bathroom, filled the pressure cooker with 12,000 pounds of canned tuna and it was turned on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a supervisor noticed Melena, 62, was missing, an announcement was made on the intercom and employees searched for him in the facility and parking lot, according to a report by the California Division of Occupational Safety and Health. His body was found two hours later, after the steam-powered pressure cooker, which reached a temperature of 270 degrees, was turned off and opened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company, its plant Operations Director Angel Rodriguez and former safety manager Saul Florez were each charged with three counts of violating Occupational Safety & Health Administration rules that caused a death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The charges specify that the company and the two men willfully violated rules that require implementing a safety plan, rules for workers entering confined spaces, and a procedure to keep machinery or equipment turned off if someone's working on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rodriguez, 63, of Riverside, and Florez, 42, of Whittier, could face up to three years in prison and fines up to $250,000 if convicted of all charges, prosecutors said. Bumble Bee Foods faces a maximum fine of $1.5 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state's occupational safety agency previously cited the San Diego-based company for failing to properly assess the danger to employees working in large ovens and fined it $74,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bumble Bee, which has appealed the penalties, said the company improved its safety program after the tragedy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We remain devastated by the loss of our colleague Jose Melena in the tragic accident,\" the company said in a statement. \"We disagree with and are disappointed by the charges filed by the Los Angeles district attorney's office.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Florez refused to comment, and messages seeking comment from Rodriguez were not immediately returned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>District Attorney Jackie Lacey said prosecutors and investigators from her office have been going to major industrial accidents to ensure illegal and deadly work practices are prosecuted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prosecutions of workplace violations are uncommon — even in fatalities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state cited nearly 15,000 workplace violations in 2013, according to the state agency. Of 189 fatality investigations opened that year, the state referred only 29 to prosecutors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>District attorneys filed charges in only 14 cases that year, though some of those charges could have been for cases referred in earlier years. They could have brought charges subsequently for cases filed in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "BART Fined $210,000 by Cal/OSHA for Accident That Killed 2 Workers",
"title": "BART Fined $210,000 by Cal/OSHA for Accident That Killed 2 Workers",
"headTitle": "News Fix | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_133074\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/04/BARTTrain.jpg\" alt=\"A BART train sits idle at the Millbrae station during a BART strike on July 3, 2013. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-133074\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A BART train sits idle at the Millbrae station during a BART strike on July 3, 2013. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update Thursday 1:08 p.m:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to the news of BART’s citation and penalty by Cal-OSHA, Patricia Schuchardt, president of AFSCME Local 3993, said:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“BART management and board members are finally being held accountable for the poor choices they make with regards to policies and procedures related to worker and rider safety. It was their arrogant belief during the strike last October that they could run the system without the people who possess the skills and experience to run BART safely, and two men are dead because of that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chris Sheppard, one of the two men killed in the October 2013 accident, was a member of Local 3993, which represents train controllers, among other supervisorial and professional staff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Hopefully, this will end BART’s culture of disregarding the concerns of the people who run the system on a daily basis and engaging in lengthy appeals processes rather than abating known workplace hazards,\" Schuchardt said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, KQED's Mina Kim talked with Michael LeRoy, a professor at the School of Labor and Employment Relations at the University of Illinois College of Law at Urbana-Champaign. He followed last year's BART strike, and this incident. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you read the actual citations, even a layperson would probably say 'What were you thinking when you did this?'\" LeRoy said. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They don't have any lookout posted, they've got two individuals working on a track that is active, you have a train coming through in excess of 65mph, and worse the two individuals inspecting a dip in the track have a metal pole that is determined to be too near an energized third-rail line.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"no\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/145237380&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_artwork=true\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original post:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal/OSHA is fining BART $210,000 for three \"willful serious violations\" that led to the Oct. 19 deaths of two workers, who were killed by a train in Walnut Creek that was going more than 65 mph.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The probe by Cal/OSHA found the workers, Christopher Sheppard and Laurence Daniels, didn't meet the qualifications needed to do work near hazardous energized third rails. Sheppard was a special projects manager for the transit system, while Daniels was a contractor and consulting engineer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The investigation also found that a trainee was at the controls when the accident happened. His trainer, described as a \"high-ranking transportation manager,\" was seated in the passenger car with other BART managers and another trainee, and he wasn't able to view the track from that vantage point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The third violation was the result of the fact that BART's \"simple approval\" procedures for employees working on the tracks were not adequate and weren't being followed in any case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Employers in California msut comply with safety standards to protect their employees, and diligence is vital in hazardous working conditions,\" said Christine Baker, director of the state Department of Industrial Relations, which includes Cal/OSHA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The accident occurred while BART workers were on strike.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BART General Manager Grace Crunican issued the following statement:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The BART family has spent the past six months mourning the loss of Christopher D. Sheppard and Laurence E. Daniels while making permanent changes to our safety procedures. Passenger and employee safety is our top priority at BART. BART has fundamentally upgraded its safety procedures with the implementation of an enhanced wayside safety program and a proposed budget investment of over $5 million in additional resources to bolster BART’s safety performance. Cal/OSHA has informed BART these changes correct the concerns which are at the heart of their citations, designating the issues as ‘abated,’ meaning that none are continuing violations or pose continuing safety hazards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's the citation:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe id=\"doc_84598\" src=\"//www.scribd.com/embeds/218857496/content?start_page=1&view_mode=scroll&access_key=key-1oae7fs0vfk6fta15npd&show_recommendations=true\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"640\" height=\"853\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And here's some previous coverage from KQED:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NTSB Urges Safety Upgrades in Wake of BART Worker Deaths\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/12/19/ntsb-urges-safety-upgrades-in-wake-of-BART-worker-deaths\" target=\"_blank\">http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/12/19/ntsb-urges-safety-upgrades-in-wake-of-BART-worker-deaths\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BART Probe: Investigators Re-Enact Fatal Accident\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/10/20/ntsb-investigating-bart-train-accident-that-killed-two-workers\" target=\"_blank\">http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/10/20/ntsb-investigating-bart-train-accident-that-killed-two-workers\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"slug": "bart-fined-210000-by-calosha-for-accident-that-killed-2-workers",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_133074\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/04/BARTTrain.jpg\" alt=\"A BART train sits idle at the Millbrae station during a BART strike on July 3, 2013. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-133074\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A BART train sits idle at the Millbrae station during a BART strike on July 3, 2013. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update Thursday 1:08 p.m:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to the news of BART’s citation and penalty by Cal-OSHA, Patricia Schuchardt, president of AFSCME Local 3993, said:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“BART management and board members are finally being held accountable for the poor choices they make with regards to policies and procedures related to worker and rider safety. It was their arrogant belief during the strike last October that they could run the system without the people who possess the skills and experience to run BART safely, and two men are dead because of that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chris Sheppard, one of the two men killed in the October 2013 accident, was a member of Local 3993, which represents train controllers, among other supervisorial and professional staff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Hopefully, this will end BART’s culture of disregarding the concerns of the people who run the system on a daily basis and engaging in lengthy appeals processes rather than abating known workplace hazards,\" Schuchardt said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, KQED's Mina Kim talked with Michael LeRoy, a professor at the School of Labor and Employment Relations at the University of Illinois College of Law at Urbana-Champaign. He followed last year's BART strike, and this incident. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you read the actual citations, even a layperson would probably say 'What were you thinking when you did this?'\" LeRoy said. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They don't have any lookout posted, they've got two individuals working on a track that is active, you have a train coming through in excess of 65mph, and worse the two individuals inspecting a dip in the track have a metal pole that is determined to be too near an energized third-rail line.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"no\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/145237380&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_artwork=true\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original post:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal/OSHA is fining BART $210,000 for three \"willful serious violations\" that led to the Oct. 19 deaths of two workers, who were killed by a train in Walnut Creek that was going more than 65 mph.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The probe by Cal/OSHA found the workers, Christopher Sheppard and Laurence Daniels, didn't meet the qualifications needed to do work near hazardous energized third rails. Sheppard was a special projects manager for the transit system, while Daniels was a contractor and consulting engineer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The investigation also found that a trainee was at the controls when the accident happened. His trainer, described as a \"high-ranking transportation manager,\" was seated in the passenger car with other BART managers and another trainee, and he wasn't able to view the track from that vantage point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The third violation was the result of the fact that BART's \"simple approval\" procedures for employees working on the tracks were not adequate and weren't being followed in any case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Employers in California msut comply with safety standards to protect their employees, and diligence is vital in hazardous working conditions,\" said Christine Baker, director of the state Department of Industrial Relations, which includes Cal/OSHA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The accident occurred while BART workers were on strike.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BART General Manager Grace Crunican issued the following statement:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The BART family has spent the past six months mourning the loss of Christopher D. Sheppard and Laurence E. Daniels while making permanent changes to our safety procedures. Passenger and employee safety is our top priority at BART. BART has fundamentally upgraded its safety procedures with the implementation of an enhanced wayside safety program and a proposed budget investment of over $5 million in additional resources to bolster BART’s safety performance. Cal/OSHA has informed BART these changes correct the concerns which are at the heart of their citations, designating the issues as ‘abated,’ meaning that none are continuing violations or pose continuing safety hazards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's the citation:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe id=\"doc_84598\" src=\"//www.scribd.com/embeds/218857496/content?start_page=1&view_mode=scroll&access_key=key-1oae7fs0vfk6fta15npd&show_recommendations=true\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"640\" height=\"853\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And here's some previous coverage from KQED:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NTSB Urges Safety Upgrades in Wake of BART Worker Deaths\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/12/19/ntsb-urges-safety-upgrades-in-wake-of-BART-worker-deaths\" target=\"_blank\">http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/12/19/ntsb-urges-safety-upgrades-in-wake-of-BART-worker-deaths\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BART Probe: Investigators Re-Enact Fatal Accident\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/10/20/ntsb-investigating-bart-train-accident-that-killed-two-workers\" target=\"_blank\">http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/10/20/ntsb-investigating-bart-train-accident-that-killed-two-workers\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
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"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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"reveal": {
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"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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},
"science-friday": {
"id": "science-friday",
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"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
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"snap-judgment": {
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"title": "Snap Judgment",
"tagline": "Real stories with killer beats",
"info": "The Snap Judgment radio show and podcast mixes real stories with killer beats to produce cinematic, dramatic radio. Snap's musical brand of storytelling dares listeners to see the world through the eyes of another. This is storytelling... with a BEAT!! Snap first aired on public radio stations nationwide in July 2010. Today, Snap Judgment airs on over 450 public radio stations and is brought to the airwaves by KQED & PRX.",
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