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"content": "\u003cp>Not everyone wore flowers in their hair during the Summer of Love. Some got their kicks from laughing and pouring scorn from the sidelines, like William F. Buckley, Jr., one of the most iconic conservatives of the era.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With his arch wit and possibly affected transatlantic accent, Buckley by turns charmed and offended liberal America on his television show, \u003ci>Firing Line\u003c/i>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can see for yourself on \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC9lqW3pQDcUuugXLIpzcUdA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">YouTube\u003c/a>, because Buckley left roughly 30 years worth of episodes to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.hoover.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Hoover Institution\u003c/a> at Stanford, the conservative research center and think tank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BYgv7ur8ipg\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one of the more bizarre panel discussions ever held on television, Buckley broke down the hippie phenomenon. “The topic tonight is hippies, and understanding of whom we must acquire or die painfully,” Buckley says, before suffering through an awkward hour featuring an obviously intoxicated Jack Kerouac (who wasn’t, technically speaking, a hippie. He was a beat.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much more elucidating is Buckley’s hour with Timothy Leary, a psychologist famous for popularizing psychedelic drugs. He’s the guy who coined the phrase “Tune in, turn on, drop out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The conversation, as you can imagine, focused mostly on drug culture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BnoCHlybAnU\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m trying to see what your problem is, and I think I’ve diagnosed it,” Leary says in one engaging exchange.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Go ahead, doc,” Buckley replies, as the audience laughs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Your approach to the word ‘drugs’ is that of, I think, many Americans over the age of 50: when the word ‘drug’ is mentioned, think of an opiate, something that is an escape, something that takes you away from reality, something you take if you’re a failure,” Leary continues. “All the statistics that I’ve seen show that the people who use drugs are pretty well adjusted by any standard or criterion you want to name: income, education, creativity, productivity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Buckley probably thought Leary was almost willfully naive, ignoring the fact that LSD landed some people in mental hospitals. “You can go to Bellevue tonight, as you know, and find people who took a trip, and the consequences of that we will not know for years, perhaps,” Buckley says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13653320\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13653320\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/Screen-Shot-2017-07-07-at-1.47.21-PM-800x611.png\" alt='William F. Buckley, Jr. and Dr. Timothy Leary debate in front of a live audience on Firing Line. (Episode 53, \"The World of LSD\")' width=\"800\" height=\"611\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/Screen-Shot-2017-07-07-at-1.47.21-PM-800x611.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/Screen-Shot-2017-07-07-at-1.47.21-PM-160x122.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/Screen-Shot-2017-07-07-at-1.47.21-PM-768x587.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/Screen-Shot-2017-07-07-at-1.47.21-PM-1020x779.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/Screen-Shot-2017-07-07-at-1.47.21-PM-1180x901.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/Screen-Shot-2017-07-07-at-1.47.21-PM-960x733.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/Screen-Shot-2017-07-07-at-1.47.21-PM-240x183.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/Screen-Shot-2017-07-07-at-1.47.21-PM-375x286.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/Screen-Shot-2017-07-07-at-1.47.21-PM-520x397.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/Screen-Shot-2017-07-07-at-1.47.21-PM.png 1363w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">William F. Buckley, Jr. and Dr. Timothy Leary debate in front of a live audience on Firing Line. (Episode 53, “The World of LSD”) \u003ccite>(Photo: Courtesy of the Hoover Institution Archives)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Firing Line\u003c/em> started broadcasting in 1966. Today, it provides a compelling showcase for how various political and cultural ideas have held up over time — or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to right-wing columnist George Will, the show also stands in stark contrast to the tenor of conservative conversation today. “It is the screechy and dominant tone of the loutish faux conservatism that today is erasing Buckley’s legacy of infectious cheerfulness and unapologetic embrace of high culture,” Will recently wrote in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/conservatism-is-soiled-by-scowling-primitives/2017/05/31/786317a8-4559-11e7-a196-a1bb629f64cb_story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Washington Post\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if Buckley represents a more civilized, shall we say, expression of conservative politics, the test of time does not prove kind to the meat of many of his arguments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pfGhxKxzYdM\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1967, shortly after Ronald Reagan became governor of California, Buckley introducing him as a guest on \u003ci>Firing Line \u003c/i>during the Summer of Love, gushing at the electoral victory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Perhaps the only mutiny against the political script writers in recent times, it having been ordained that no forthright conservative could be elective to any important executive office, particularly not in the largest and reputedly the most progressive states in the union,” Buckley says, with his characteristically droll attitude.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Half a century later, California is still one of the largest and reputedly progressive states in the nation…effectively thumbing its nose at Buckley’s self-assured prescriptions for American politics and culture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-12127869\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"78\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-400x39.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-768x75.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"title": "How William F. Buckley Jr. Tore Down Summer of Love Liberalisms | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Not everyone wore flowers in their hair during the Summer of Love. Some got their kicks from laughing and pouring scorn from the sidelines, like William F. Buckley, Jr., one of the most iconic conservatives of the era.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With his arch wit and possibly affected transatlantic accent, Buckley by turns charmed and offended liberal America on his television show, \u003ci>Firing Line\u003c/i>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can see for yourself on \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC9lqW3pQDcUuugXLIpzcUdA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">YouTube\u003c/a>, because Buckley left roughly 30 years worth of episodes to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.hoover.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Hoover Institution\u003c/a> at Stanford, the conservative research center and think tank.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/BYgv7ur8ipg'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/BYgv7ur8ipg'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>In one of the more bizarre panel discussions ever held on television, Buckley broke down the hippie phenomenon. “The topic tonight is hippies, and understanding of whom we must acquire or die painfully,” Buckley says, before suffering through an awkward hour featuring an obviously intoxicated Jack Kerouac (who wasn’t, technically speaking, a hippie. He was a beat.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much more elucidating is Buckley’s hour with Timothy Leary, a psychologist famous for popularizing psychedelic drugs. He’s the guy who coined the phrase “Tune in, turn on, drop out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The conversation, as you can imagine, focused mostly on drug culture.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/BnoCHlybAnU'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/BnoCHlybAnU'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>“I’m trying to see what your problem is, and I think I’ve diagnosed it,” Leary says in one engaging exchange.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Go ahead, doc,” Buckley replies, as the audience laughs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Your approach to the word ‘drugs’ is that of, I think, many Americans over the age of 50: when the word ‘drug’ is mentioned, think of an opiate, something that is an escape, something that takes you away from reality, something you take if you’re a failure,” Leary continues. “All the statistics that I’ve seen show that the people who use drugs are pretty well adjusted by any standard or criterion you want to name: income, education, creativity, productivity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Buckley probably thought Leary was almost willfully naive, ignoring the fact that LSD landed some people in mental hospitals. “You can go to Bellevue tonight, as you know, and find people who took a trip, and the consequences of that we will not know for years, perhaps,” Buckley says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13653320\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13653320\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/Screen-Shot-2017-07-07-at-1.47.21-PM-800x611.png\" alt='William F. Buckley, Jr. and Dr. Timothy Leary debate in front of a live audience on Firing Line. (Episode 53, \"The World of LSD\")' width=\"800\" height=\"611\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/Screen-Shot-2017-07-07-at-1.47.21-PM-800x611.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/Screen-Shot-2017-07-07-at-1.47.21-PM-160x122.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/Screen-Shot-2017-07-07-at-1.47.21-PM-768x587.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/Screen-Shot-2017-07-07-at-1.47.21-PM-1020x779.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/Screen-Shot-2017-07-07-at-1.47.21-PM-1180x901.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/Screen-Shot-2017-07-07-at-1.47.21-PM-960x733.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/Screen-Shot-2017-07-07-at-1.47.21-PM-240x183.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/Screen-Shot-2017-07-07-at-1.47.21-PM-375x286.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/Screen-Shot-2017-07-07-at-1.47.21-PM-520x397.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/Screen-Shot-2017-07-07-at-1.47.21-PM.png 1363w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">William F. Buckley, Jr. and Dr. Timothy Leary debate in front of a live audience on Firing Line. (Episode 53, “The World of LSD”) \u003ccite>(Photo: Courtesy of the Hoover Institution Archives)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Firing Line\u003c/em> started broadcasting in 1966. Today, it provides a compelling showcase for how various political and cultural ideas have held up over time — or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to right-wing columnist George Will, the show also stands in stark contrast to the tenor of conservative conversation today. “It is the screechy and dominant tone of the loutish faux conservatism that today is erasing Buckley’s legacy of infectious cheerfulness and unapologetic embrace of high culture,” Will recently wrote in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/conservatism-is-soiled-by-scowling-primitives/2017/05/31/786317a8-4559-11e7-a196-a1bb629f64cb_story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Washington Post\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if Buckley represents a more civilized, shall we say, expression of conservative politics, the test of time does not prove kind to the meat of many of his arguments.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/pfGhxKxzYdM'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/pfGhxKxzYdM'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>In 1967, shortly after Ronald Reagan became governor of California, Buckley introducing him as a guest on \u003ci>Firing Line \u003c/i>during the Summer of Love, gushing at the electoral victory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Perhaps the only mutiny against the political script writers in recent times, it having been ordained that no forthright conservative could be elective to any important executive office, particularly not in the largest and reputedly the most progressive states in the union,” Buckley says, with his characteristically droll attitude.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Half a century later, California is still one of the largest and reputedly progressive states in the nation…effectively thumbing its nose at Buckley’s self-assured prescriptions for American politics and culture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-12127869\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"78\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-400x39.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-768x75.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "NOAA Halts Whale Disentanglement Efforts After Rescuer Dies",
"headTitle": "NOAA Halts Whale Disentanglement Efforts After Rescuer Dies | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>After a noted emergency responder died in rescuing an endangered right whale, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration says it’s suspending efforts to free whales that are similarly trapped by fishing lines and gear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>News of the suspension comes as the whale rescue community mourns Joe Howlett, a Canadian who died during a rescue operation July 10. Howlett, a former fisherman and boat captain, had founded a whale rescue team and was based in Campobello Island, just across the border from Lubec, Maine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Howlett died after freeing a right whale in Canada’s Gulf of St. Lawrence. At the time, he was aboard a fast response vessel and had just cut the whale loose—an operation that often involves using long poles with blades on the end to sever crab floats and fishing lines that have become wrapped around the large mammals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“His colleagues reported that he was struck by the animal as it sped away,” \u003ca href=\"http://mainepublic.org/post/us-suspends-efforts-free-tangled-whales-after-death-lobsterman-canada\">Maine Public Radio reports\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QcHY3-3qkTw\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Howlett was considered an expert in his field. His death is believed to be the first ever in the community that seeks to disentangle North Atlantic right whales, which migrate between Canada and the southeastern U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“His death is a devastating tragedy, and those that knew him are in a state of shock. His loss will be felt in many ways,” says a statement from the Anderson Cabot Center for Ocean Life at the New England Aquarium, which tracks and rescues right whales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While offering condolences to Howlett’s family and community, NOAA Fisheries’ public affairs officer Kate Brogan says the agency “is suspending all large whale entanglement response activities nationally until further notice,” to allow NOAA to review its emergency response protocols.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1854803\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 750px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Rightwhale.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1854803\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Rightwhale.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"502\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Rightwhale.jpg 750w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Rightwhale-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Rightwhale-240x161.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Rightwhale-375x251.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Rightwhale-520x348.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration of how North Atlantic right whales get entangled in fishing gear. The gear hinders whales’ ability to eat and migrate, depletes their energy as they drag gear for months or years, and can result in a slow death. \u003ccite>(Illustration by Graphic Services, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Brogan adds, “NOAA Fisheries and partners will continue to provide all other stranding response services to marine mammals in distress.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As A.J. Higgins of Maine Public Radio reports for our Newscast unit from Bangor, “Whale rescuers and researchers at Allied Whale in Bar Harbor say they hope that NOAA will at least consider some whale rescue efforts on a case-by-case basis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, Canada’s Department of Fisheries and Oceans said it’s immediately closing part of the snow crab fishing area where whales have been spotted. It also asked fishermen and commercial sailors to reduce speeds and share any whale sightings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=NOAA+Halts+Whale+Disentanglement+Efforts+After+Rescuer+Dies&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Howlett was considered an expert in his field. His death is believed to be the first ever in the community that seeks to disentangle North Atlantic right whales, which migrate between Canada and the southeastern U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“His death is a devastating tragedy, and those that knew him are in a state of shock. His loss will be felt in many ways,” says a statement from the Anderson Cabot Center for Ocean Life at the New England Aquarium, which tracks and rescues right whales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While offering condolences to Howlett’s family and community, NOAA Fisheries’ public affairs officer Kate Brogan says the agency “is suspending all large whale entanglement response activities nationally until further notice,” to allow NOAA to review its emergency response protocols.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1854803\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 750px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Rightwhale.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1854803\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Rightwhale.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"502\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Rightwhale.jpg 750w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Rightwhale-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Rightwhale-240x161.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Rightwhale-375x251.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Rightwhale-520x348.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration of how North Atlantic right whales get entangled in fishing gear. The gear hinders whales’ ability to eat and migrate, depletes their energy as they drag gear for months or years, and can result in a slow death. \u003ccite>(Illustration by Graphic Services, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Brogan adds, “NOAA Fisheries and partners will continue to provide all other stranding response services to marine mammals in distress.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As A.J. Higgins of Maine Public Radio reports for our Newscast unit from Bangor, “Whale rescuers and researchers at Allied Whale in Bar Harbor say they hope that NOAA will at least consider some whale rescue efforts on a case-by-case basis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, Canada’s Department of Fisheries and Oceans said it’s immediately closing part of the snow crab fishing area where whales have been spotted. It also asked fishermen and commercial sailors to reduce speeds and share any whale sightings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=NOAA+Halts+Whale+Disentanglement+Efforts+After+Rescuer+Dies&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Elon Musk Warns Governors: Artificial Intelligence Poses 'Existential Risk'",
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"content": "\u003cp>Tesla CEO Elon Musk, speaking to U.S. governors this weekend, told the political leaders that artificial intelligence poses an \"existential threat\" to human civilization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the bipartisan National Governors Association in Rhode Island, Musk also spoke about energy sources, his own electric car company and space travel. But when Gov. Brian Sandoval of Nevada, grinning, asked if robots will take everyone's jobs in the future, Musk wasn't joking when he responded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, \"robots will do everything better than us,\" Musk said. But he's worried about more than the job market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"AI is a fundamental existential risk for human civilization, and I don't think people fully appreciate that,\" Musk said. He said he has access to cutting-edge AI technology, and that based on what he's seen, AI is \"the scariest problem.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Once there is awareness, people will be extremely afraid. As they should be.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Musk told the governors that AI calls for precautionary, proactive government intervention: \"I think by the time we are reactive in AI regulation, it's too late,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was clearly not thrilled to make that argument, calling regulation generally \"not fun\" and \"irksome,\" but he said that in the case of AI, the risks are too high to allow AI to develop unfettered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think people should be really concerned about it,\" Musk said. \"I keep sounding the alarm bell.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's true: For years, Musk has issued Cassandra-like cautions about the risks of artificial intelligence. In 2014, he \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/oct/27/elon-musk-artificial-intelligence-ai-biggest-existential-threat\">likened AI developers to people summoning demons\u003c/a> they think they can control. In 2015, he signed a letter warning of \u003ca href=\"http://money.cnn.com/2015/07/28/technology/ai-weapons-robots-musk-hawking/index.html\">the risk of an AI arms race\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"OSgeAyt47B8JGjKrS6vu8odhvruxrhgG\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Musk has invested in \u003ca href=\"https://www.wired.com/2016/04/openai-elon-musk-sam-altman-plan-to-set-artificial-intelligence-free/\">a project\u003c/a> designed to make AI tech open source, which he asserts will prevent it from being controlled by one company. And earlier this year, Maureen Dowd wrote \u003ca href=\"http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2017/03/elon-musk-billion-dollar-crusade-to-stop-ai-space-x\">a lengthy piece\u003c/a> for \u003cem>Vanity Fair \u003c/em>about Musk's \"crusade to stop the A.I. apocalypse.\" Dowd noted that some Silicon Valley leaders — including Google co-founder Larry Page — do not share Musk's skepticism, and describe AI as a possible force for good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics \"argue that Musk is interested less in saving the world than in buffing his brand,\" Dowd writes, and that his speeches on the threat of AI are part of a larger sales strategy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back at the governors conference, some politicians expressed skepticism about the wisdom of regulating a technology that's still in development. Musk said the first step would be for the government to gain \"insight\" into the actual status of current research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Once there is awareness, people will be extremely afraid,\" Musk said. \"As they should be.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the reaction to Musk's comments on the part of governors in attendance, Colorado Gov. John Hickenlooper said, \"You could have heard a pin drop.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/537844706/537844707\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Elon+Musk+Warns+Governors%3A+Artificial+Intelligence+Poses+%27Existential+Risk%27&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Tesla CEO Elon Musk, speaking to U.S. governors this weekend, told the political leaders that artificial intelligence poses an \"existential threat\" to human civilization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the bipartisan National Governors Association in Rhode Island, Musk also spoke about energy sources, his own electric car company and space travel. But when Gov. Brian Sandoval of Nevada, grinning, asked if robots will take everyone's jobs in the future, Musk wasn't joking when he responded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, \"robots will do everything better than us,\" Musk said. But he's worried about more than the job market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"AI is a fundamental existential risk for human civilization, and I don't think people fully appreciate that,\" Musk said. He said he has access to cutting-edge AI technology, and that based on what he's seen, AI is \"the scariest problem.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Once there is awareness, people will be extremely afraid. As they should be.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Musk told the governors that AI calls for precautionary, proactive government intervention: \"I think by the time we are reactive in AI regulation, it's too late,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was clearly not thrilled to make that argument, calling regulation generally \"not fun\" and \"irksome,\" but he said that in the case of AI, the risks are too high to allow AI to develop unfettered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think people should be really concerned about it,\" Musk said. \"I keep sounding the alarm bell.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's true: For years, Musk has issued Cassandra-like cautions about the risks of artificial intelligence. In 2014, he \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/oct/27/elon-musk-artificial-intelligence-ai-biggest-existential-threat\">likened AI developers to people summoning demons\u003c/a> they think they can control. In 2015, he signed a letter warning of \u003ca href=\"http://money.cnn.com/2015/07/28/technology/ai-weapons-robots-musk-hawking/index.html\">the risk of an AI arms race\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Musk has invested in \u003ca href=\"https://www.wired.com/2016/04/openai-elon-musk-sam-altman-plan-to-set-artificial-intelligence-free/\">a project\u003c/a> designed to make AI tech open source, which he asserts will prevent it from being controlled by one company. And earlier this year, Maureen Dowd wrote \u003ca href=\"http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2017/03/elon-musk-billion-dollar-crusade-to-stop-ai-space-x\">a lengthy piece\u003c/a> for \u003cem>Vanity Fair \u003c/em>about Musk's \"crusade to stop the A.I. apocalypse.\" Dowd noted that some Silicon Valley leaders — including Google co-founder Larry Page — do not share Musk's skepticism, and describe AI as a possible force for good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics \"argue that Musk is interested less in saving the world than in buffing his brand,\" Dowd writes, and that his speeches on the threat of AI are part of a larger sales strategy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back at the governors conference, some politicians expressed skepticism about the wisdom of regulating a technology that's still in development. Musk said the first step would be for the government to gain \"insight\" into the actual status of current research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Once there is awareness, people will be extremely afraid,\" Musk said. \"As they should be.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the reaction to Musk's comments on the part of governors in attendance, Colorado Gov. John Hickenlooper said, \"You could have heard a pin drop.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/537844706/537844707\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Elon+Musk+Warns+Governors%3A+Artificial+Intelligence+Poses+%27Existential+Risk%27&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Charge-as-You-Go Electric Cars: Sounds Great, But Do We Really Need Them?",
"headTitle": "Charge-as-You-Go Electric Cars: Sounds Great, But Do We Really Need Them? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Drivers of electric cars are quick to tell you how much they love never having to stop at a gas station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they still have to stop and plug in. What if you could completely cut loose electric cars to roam this great land, recharging their batteries on the fly?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s been a dream of automotive engineers for years, and scientists at \u003ca href=\"https://www.stanford.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Stanford University\u003c/a> say it just took a leap forward in one of their labs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Electrical engineer \u003ca href=\"http://web.stanford.edu/group/fan/\">Shanhui Fan\u003c/a> and graduate student Sid Assawaworrarit say they’ve \u003ca href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/press/view/14763\">broken through\u003c/a> a major technical barrier on the road to what engineers call “dynamic charging.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dynamic Charging Gets a Boost\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Generally speaking,” says Fan, with his gift for understatement, “I think what we have done here is really to show that you could charge a moving object efficiently.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1843093\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1843093\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_7584.jpg\" alt=\"Electrical engineers Sid Assawaworrarit (left) and Shanhui Fan examine their demonstration apparatus for dynamic charging in their lab at Stanford.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_7584.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_7584-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_7584-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_7584-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_7584-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_7584-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_7584-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_7584-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_7584-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_7584-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_7584-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Electrical engineers Sid Assawaworrarit (left) and Shanhui Fan (right) examine their demonstration apparatus for dynamic charging in their lab at Stanford. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Wireless charging of stationary objects is already becoming ho-hum, finding uses from cell phones to shuttle buses. Ford recently rolled out a \u003ca href=\"http://www.express.co.uk/life-style/cars/750221/Ford-wireless-charging-electric-cars-CES-2017\">wireless system\u003c/a> that EV owners can install in their own garages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charging moving objects is a lot trickier. Previous work in the United Kingdom and South Korea has used magnetic induction systems, in which a charged coil creates a magnetic field that jiggles electrons in a nearby companion coil, causing it to create its own electric current. It’s what happens when you set your electric toothbrush onto the charging base. But the technology only works over very short distances and breaks down quickly as the two coils move apart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7nkOgiTxfEs&w=640&h=360]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By adding some off-the-shelf components, Fan and Assawaworrarit have found a way to amplify the voltage and current and keep the two coils humming, even as one of them moves through the field. Their magnetic resonance approach has been called “ingenious,” and while they’ve so far demonstrated it only at very low power—enough to keep two LEDs lit for a few feet—Fan suggests that a scaled-up version could be the answer to charge-as-you-go electric driving. Their work was published in June, in the journal Nature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Always a Catch\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s the catch: it’s not just the cars that would need the necessary hardware. Arrays of charging pads would have to be embedded in roadways to create charging lanes. As dynamic charging cars passed over the pads, they would pick up the magnetic field and charge on the fly. The pads would have to be close enough together to create a continuous field for cars to pass through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Charging_V03.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1843403\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Charging_V03.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"340\" height=\"605\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Charging_V03.jpg 750w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Charging_V03-160x285.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Charging_V03-240x427.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Charging_V03-375x667.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Charging_V03-520x925.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">\u003c/a>“The technology is not going to be as efficient as just plugging in your car,” says \u003ca href=\"https://itspubs.ucdavis.edu/index.php/about/single/?person=tal-gil\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Gil Tal\u003c/a>, who directs research at the \u003ca href=\"https://its.ucdavis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Institute of Transportation Studies\u003c/a> at UC Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For one thing, cars are parked a lot more than they’re moving—on average 23 hours a day. And much of that time is overnight, the ideal time to plug in while there’s slack demand for electricity and thus, less pressure on the electric grid. Roadway pads would presumably be charged 24-7 off the grid or by nearby solar panels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You will have losses,” says Tal. Even with the best of technology, you’ll lose quite a bit of energy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EV age got a significant boost lately by a string of announcements from major players. With great fanfare, Tesla delivered its first car designed for the mass market, the Model 3. Volvo stunned many observers with its plan to build only EVs or hybrids within a couple of model years, and France says it plans to ban internal combustion engines all together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along with this momentum, automakers are racing to relieve the “range anxiety” (concern over how far EVs can go on a single charge) that has suppressed EV sales with advances in battery technology and rapid re-charging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If I have a car that has 300 miles of range and I only have to pull over every 4-5 hours for 15 minutes, do I really need dynamic wireless charging?” asks Mark Duvall, who heads technology utilization at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epri.com/#/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Electric Power Research Institute\u003c/a> in Palo Alto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Duvall says range anxiety is well on its way to being quelled without dynamic charging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A little bit of infrastructure can facilitate essentially continuous travel by electric vehicles,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Big Bucks\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dynamic charging would be hugely expensive to implement. Two years ago, the British government earmarked $800 million just for \u003ca href=\"http://www.altenergymag.com/article/2016/02/the-dynamic-road-ahead-england-to-conduct-trials-of-dynamic-wireless-charging-for-electric-cars/22820/\">early testing of dynamic charging\u003c/a>, before even taking it on the road. Laying down a single lane of freeway in California can run about $1 million per mile, with no frills like charging grids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Highways are expensive enough as they are,” says Duvall, “which is why many of them are not in the condition that we would like them to be in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But neither Duvall nor Tal are dismissing the potential of dynamic wireless charging in general. Both agree with Fan that the potential uses abound, including many that no one has yet thought of. Wearable and embedded medical devices could be recharged as patients go about their daily activities—or it could just turn that line at Starbucks into productive time for your phone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I can see many reasons why you would want to improve technology around wireless power transfer, even if you never used it for vehicles,” says Duvall.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"title": "Charge-as-You-Go Electric Cars: Sounds Great, But Do We Really Need Them? | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Drivers of electric cars are quick to tell you how much they love never having to stop at a gas station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they still have to stop and plug in. What if you could completely cut loose electric cars to roam this great land, recharging their batteries on the fly?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s been a dream of automotive engineers for years, and scientists at \u003ca href=\"https://www.stanford.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Stanford University\u003c/a> say it just took a leap forward in one of their labs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Electrical engineer \u003ca href=\"http://web.stanford.edu/group/fan/\">Shanhui Fan\u003c/a> and graduate student Sid Assawaworrarit say they’ve \u003ca href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/press/view/14763\">broken through\u003c/a> a major technical barrier on the road to what engineers call “dynamic charging.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dynamic Charging Gets a Boost\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Generally speaking,” says Fan, with his gift for understatement, “I think what we have done here is really to show that you could charge a moving object efficiently.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1843093\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1843093\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_7584.jpg\" alt=\"Electrical engineers Sid Assawaworrarit (left) and Shanhui Fan examine their demonstration apparatus for dynamic charging in their lab at Stanford.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_7584.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_7584-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_7584-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_7584-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_7584-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_7584-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_7584-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_7584-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_7584-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_7584-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_7584-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Electrical engineers Sid Assawaworrarit (left) and Shanhui Fan (right) examine their demonstration apparatus for dynamic charging in their lab at Stanford. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Wireless charging of stationary objects is already becoming ho-hum, finding uses from cell phones to shuttle buses. Ford recently rolled out a \u003ca href=\"http://www.express.co.uk/life-style/cars/750221/Ford-wireless-charging-electric-cars-CES-2017\">wireless system\u003c/a> that EV owners can install in their own garages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charging moving objects is a lot trickier. Previous work in the United Kingdom and South Korea has used magnetic induction systems, in which a charged coil creates a magnetic field that jiggles electrons in a nearby companion coil, causing it to create its own electric current. It’s what happens when you set your electric toothbrush onto the charging base. But the technology only works over very short distances and breaks down quickly as the two coils move apart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/7nkOgiTxfEs'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/7nkOgiTxfEs'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By adding some off-the-shelf components, Fan and Assawaworrarit have found a way to amplify the voltage and current and keep the two coils humming, even as one of them moves through the field. Their magnetic resonance approach has been called “ingenious,” and while they’ve so far demonstrated it only at very low power—enough to keep two LEDs lit for a few feet—Fan suggests that a scaled-up version could be the answer to charge-as-you-go electric driving. Their work was published in June, in the journal Nature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Always a Catch\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s the catch: it’s not just the cars that would need the necessary hardware. Arrays of charging pads would have to be embedded in roadways to create charging lanes. As dynamic charging cars passed over the pads, they would pick up the magnetic field and charge on the fly. The pads would have to be close enough together to create a continuous field for cars to pass through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Charging_V03.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1843403\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Charging_V03.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"340\" height=\"605\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Charging_V03.jpg 750w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Charging_V03-160x285.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Charging_V03-240x427.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Charging_V03-375x667.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Charging_V03-520x925.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">\u003c/a>“The technology is not going to be as efficient as just plugging in your car,” says \u003ca href=\"https://itspubs.ucdavis.edu/index.php/about/single/?person=tal-gil\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Gil Tal\u003c/a>, who directs research at the \u003ca href=\"https://its.ucdavis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Institute of Transportation Studies\u003c/a> at UC Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For one thing, cars are parked a lot more than they’re moving—on average 23 hours a day. And much of that time is overnight, the ideal time to plug in while there’s slack demand for electricity and thus, less pressure on the electric grid. Roadway pads would presumably be charged 24-7 off the grid or by nearby solar panels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You will have losses,” says Tal. Even with the best of technology, you’ll lose quite a bit of energy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EV age got a significant boost lately by a string of announcements from major players. With great fanfare, Tesla delivered its first car designed for the mass market, the Model 3. Volvo stunned many observers with its plan to build only EVs or hybrids within a couple of model years, and France says it plans to ban internal combustion engines all together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along with this momentum, automakers are racing to relieve the “range anxiety” (concern over how far EVs can go on a single charge) that has suppressed EV sales with advances in battery technology and rapid re-charging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If I have a car that has 300 miles of range and I only have to pull over every 4-5 hours for 15 minutes, do I really need dynamic wireless charging?” asks Mark Duvall, who heads technology utilization at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epri.com/#/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Electric Power Research Institute\u003c/a> in Palo Alto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Duvall says range anxiety is well on its way to being quelled without dynamic charging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A little bit of infrastructure can facilitate essentially continuous travel by electric vehicles,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Big Bucks\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dynamic charging would be hugely expensive to implement. Two years ago, the British government earmarked $800 million just for \u003ca href=\"http://www.altenergymag.com/article/2016/02/the-dynamic-road-ahead-england-to-conduct-trials-of-dynamic-wireless-charging-for-electric-cars/22820/\">early testing of dynamic charging\u003c/a>, before even taking it on the road. Laying down a single lane of freeway in California can run about $1 million per mile, with no frills like charging grids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Highways are expensive enough as they are,” says Duvall, “which is why many of them are not in the condition that we would like them to be in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But neither Duvall nor Tal are dismissing the potential of dynamic wireless charging in general. Both agree with Fan that the potential uses abound, including many that no one has yet thought of. Wearable and embedded medical devices could be recharged as patients go about their daily activities—or it could just turn that line at Starbucks into productive time for your phone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I can see many reasons why you would want to improve technology around wireless power transfer, even if you never used it for vehicles,” says Duvall.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "State Lawmakers to Decide Fate of Landmark Climate Law",
"title": "State Lawmakers to Decide Fate of Landmark Climate Law",
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"content": "\u003cp>State lawmakers are nearing a high-stakes decision that will decide the fate of a climate initiative that Gov. Jerry Brown holds up as a model to be replicated around the world to confront rising global temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vote Monday on whether to give another decade of life to California's cap-and-trade program has global implications, as the largest U.S. state moves to be a leader in reducing carbon emissions at a time when President Trump is pulling back from fighting global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown portrays the initiative as essential for the survival of civilization, but critics say it fails to aggressively combat pollution. It is one of his highest priorities as he nears the end of his fourth term, but he's struggled to line up support from two-thirds of lawmakers that he will need to pass the extension.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program expires in 2020 if lawmakers don't renew it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"xjhhEzWh4lPFlZ8KQAOa4BZ2i0vogYyQ\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown sounded an apocalyptic tone in a rare personal appeal before a Senate committee last week, telling lawmakers that failing to pass his bill would lead to fires, disease and mass migration, not to mention higher costs for food and gasoline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is supported by national environmental groups and business interests, which echo Brown's refrain that cap and trade is the most affordable way for California to meet its ambitious climate goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But his plan has mobilized intense opposition from conservatives who say it will raise costs in an already expensive state, as well as from liberals who say it's too timid for progressive California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cap and trade puts a limit on carbon emissions and requires polluters to obtain permits to release greenhouse gases. Some permits, known as allowances, are given away while others are auctioned, generating billions of dollars in revenue for the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawmakers are considering a two-measure package, one to renew cap and trade through 2030 and another aimed at improving local air quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State law requires California to reduce greenhouse gas emissions 40 percent from 1990 levels by 2030 — among the most aggressive mandates for carbon reduction in the world. Without cap and trade, state regulators will be forced to enact restrictive mandates on polluters that would be burdensome for businesses and significantly more expensive for consumers, Brown said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"dG4wmmAiWMmSs63qzXtekOcvdfTeZk0k\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legislation shows the divisions between environmentalists who work nationally, focusing on reducing global carbon emissions and creating a policy that can be replicated elsewhere, and environmental justice advocates who work locally. The latter group says cap and trade allows polluters to keep fouling the air around major sources of pollution like refineries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental justice advocates object to concessions Brown made to the oil industry and other polluters in a bid to win support from Republicans and moderate Democrats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some lawmakers have questioned why Brown so urgently wants to extend a program that doesn't expire for another 2½ years. Brown says extending it now would give businesses the certainty they need to plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A quick extension would also bolster Brown's global advocacy for climate action. He made a high-profile trip to China last month, plans to attend a climate summit in Germany in November and will host a climate conference next year in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>State lawmakers are nearing a high-stakes decision that will decide the fate of a climate initiative that Gov. Jerry Brown holds up as a model to be replicated around the world to confront rising global temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vote Monday on whether to give another decade of life to California's cap-and-trade program has global implications, as the largest U.S. state moves to be a leader in reducing carbon emissions at a time when President Trump is pulling back from fighting global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown portrays the initiative as essential for the survival of civilization, but critics say it fails to aggressively combat pollution. It is one of his highest priorities as he nears the end of his fourth term, but he's struggled to line up support from two-thirds of lawmakers that he will need to pass the extension.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program expires in 2020 if lawmakers don't renew it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown sounded an apocalyptic tone in a rare personal appeal before a Senate committee last week, telling lawmakers that failing to pass his bill would lead to fires, disease and mass migration, not to mention higher costs for food and gasoline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is supported by national environmental groups and business interests, which echo Brown's refrain that cap and trade is the most affordable way for California to meet its ambitious climate goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But his plan has mobilized intense opposition from conservatives who say it will raise costs in an already expensive state, as well as from liberals who say it's too timid for progressive California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cap and trade puts a limit on carbon emissions and requires polluters to obtain permits to release greenhouse gases. Some permits, known as allowances, are given away while others are auctioned, generating billions of dollars in revenue for the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawmakers are considering a two-measure package, one to renew cap and trade through 2030 and another aimed at improving local air quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State law requires California to reduce greenhouse gas emissions 40 percent from 1990 levels by 2030 — among the most aggressive mandates for carbon reduction in the world. Without cap and trade, state regulators will be forced to enact restrictive mandates on polluters that would be burdensome for businesses and significantly more expensive for consumers, Brown said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legislation shows the divisions between environmentalists who work nationally, focusing on reducing global carbon emissions and creating a policy that can be replicated elsewhere, and environmental justice advocates who work locally. The latter group says cap and trade allows polluters to keep fouling the air around major sources of pollution like refineries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental justice advocates object to concessions Brown made to the oil industry and other polluters in a bid to win support from Republicans and moderate Democrats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some lawmakers have questioned why Brown so urgently wants to extend a program that doesn't expire for another 2½ years. Brown says extending it now would give businesses the certainty they need to plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A quick extension would also bolster Brown's global advocacy for climate action. He made a high-profile trip to China last month, plans to attend a climate summit in Germany in November and will host a climate conference next year in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Spoken in Westeros, Born in California: How 'Game of Thrones' Languages Were Invented",
"headTitle": "Spoken in Westeros, Born in California: How ‘Game of Thrones’ Languages Were Invented | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The premiere episode of the final season of \u003cem>Game of Thrones\u003c/em> drew a record 17.4 million viewers across various platforms. But it’s not just HBO’s hit show that’s drawing big numbers. More than 1 million people have signed up to learn High Valyrian, a fictional language spoken in the series.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For linguist David Peterson, it all started six years after he graduated from UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003cem>Game of Thrones\u003c/em> producers held a competition looking for someone to create a different language, one for the Dothraki people, the nomadic warriors of Essos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peterson won, and went on to become the show’s language creator. With just a couple of lines to go on from George R. R. Martin’s books, Peterson also created High Valyrian, the native tongue of Daenerys Stormborn and House Targaryen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now some 1.2 million people have signed up to learn High Valyrian on the free language-learning app Duolingo. According to Duolingo, High Valyrian \u003ca href=\"https://www.duolingo.com/courses\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">currently has as many active learners as Hebrew\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So why is High Valyrian so popular?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Well first let’s be serious. It’s the dragons. That’s what draws people. I mean Daenerys is cool, but the dragons are awesome. So I’m sure that’s part of it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peterson recalls when High Valyrian was first introduced during Season 3, when Daenerys says, “A dragon is not a slave.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was a really cool moment for the series, a very memorable moment for the series,” said Peterson. “And unlike many memorable moments of the series, it was a positive one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bjkVgYZB0aA\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED first spoke with Peterson in the summer of 2017 when he was a visiting professor at UC Berkeley, teaching students how to speak and write like characters in \u003cem>Game of Thrones\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He assigned each of his students one language to build from the \u003cem>Game of Thrones\u003c/em> universe. John Clements created one for the people of Sarnor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clements, who was majoring in computer science at the University of Arkansas, said creating languages has been a hobby of his since he was a kid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s always something I’ve been interested in,” said Clements. “I remember in middle school I would sit at lunch and make up alphabets.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13655084\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13655084\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/RS25979_FullSizeRender-1-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Student Dash Stevens has a background in linguistics and has been creating his own languages for several years.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/RS25979_FullSizeRender-1-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/RS25979_FullSizeRender-1-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/RS25979_FullSizeRender-1-qut-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/RS25979_FullSizeRender-1-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/RS25979_FullSizeRender-1-qut-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/RS25979_FullSizeRender-1-qut-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/RS25979_FullSizeRender-1-qut-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/RS25979_FullSizeRender-1-qut-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/RS25979_FullSizeRender-1-qut-520x390.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/RS25979_FullSizeRender-1-qut.jpg 1632w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Student Dash Stevens has a background in linguistics and has been creating his own languages for several years. \u003ccite>(Tiffany Camhi/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Fellow student Dash Stevens fleshed out the language of the people of Jogos Nhai. Stevens studied linguistics at the University of Hawaii, and has been inventing new tongues for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s got a base consonant and then from there it has markings for vowels,” said Stevens of his linguistic project. “The closest kind of writing system in existence would be devanagari for Hindi.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13659116\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13659116\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/RS25980_FullSizeRender-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/RS25980_FullSizeRender-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/RS25980_FullSizeRender-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/RS25980_FullSizeRender-qut-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/RS25980_FullSizeRender-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/RS25980_FullSizeRender-qut-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/RS25980_FullSizeRender-qut-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/RS25980_FullSizeRender-qut-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/RS25980_FullSizeRender-qut-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/RS25980_FullSizeRender-qut-520x390.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/RS25980_FullSizeRender-qut.jpg 1632w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">U.C. Berkeley visiting professor David Peterson runs through translation exercises in a recent class. \u003ccite>(Tiffany Camhi)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The class was a crash-course in linguistics through a \u003cem>Game of Thrones\u003c/em> lens, said Peterson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In learning how to do this stuff you’re basically learning everything that there is to know about language,” Peterson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for how that course went in 2017, Peterson said he was pleased with his students’ progress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There have been lots of theft-worthy ideas that I’ve seen,” said Peterson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peterson said one of the most essential things the students learn is to make languages that people actually want to use on a daily basis. “That is what all languages are going to have in common,” said Peterson. “They evolve structures that are going to be useful in some way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, a word in English that would not be useful — if it existed — is “cattif.” Peterson made up the word and said it means “17 cats.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peterson said most people would have very little use for a word that means 17 cats, so it would just fall out of use. “That’s because of the way the human brain works, the way that we live our lives and our experience with cats.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the students, that meant making several changes to their languages to make them truly practical. Stevens said he went through seven versions of his written system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you want something to be even remotely realistic, you have to have that kind of depth to it,” Stevens said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13655086\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13655086\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/RS25981_IMG_0595-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/RS25981_IMG_0595-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/RS25981_IMG_0595-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/RS25981_IMG_0595-qut-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/RS25981_IMG_0595-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/RS25981_IMG_0595-qut-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/RS25981_IMG_0595-qut-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/RS25981_IMG_0595-qut-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/RS25981_IMG_0595-qut-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/RS25981_IMG_0595-qut-520x390.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/RS25981_IMG_0595-qut.jpg 1632w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of many drafts of Dash Stevens’ writing system for the people of Jogos Nhai. \u003ccite>(Tiffany Camhi)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So could one of these students be the next hot new language inventor in Hollywood?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The entertainment industry is just starting to develop serious careers for language creators, said Peterson. So the good news for his students: jobs are on the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although Peterson calls Orange County home, he watched the Season 8 premiere back on the Berkeley campus with some students Sunday night. And like all fans, he’s bracing himself because he knows a lot is about to go down in whatever language the character speaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This post includes reporting from KCRW’s Jenny Hamel and KQED’s David Marks. A version of this story was originally published on July 14, 2017.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-12127869\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"78\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-400x39.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-768x75.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "More than 1 million people have signed up online to learn High Valyrian, a fictional ‘Game of Thrones’ language. For creator David Peterson, it all started after he graduated from UC Berkeley and entered a contest.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The premiere episode of the final season of \u003cem>Game of Thrones\u003c/em> drew a record 17.4 million viewers across various platforms. But it’s not just HBO’s hit show that’s drawing big numbers. More than 1 million people have signed up to learn High Valyrian, a fictional language spoken in the series.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For linguist David Peterson, it all started six years after he graduated from UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003cem>Game of Thrones\u003c/em> producers held a competition looking for someone to create a different language, one for the Dothraki people, the nomadic warriors of Essos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peterson won, and went on to become the show’s language creator. With just a couple of lines to go on from George R. R. Martin’s books, Peterson also created High Valyrian, the native tongue of Daenerys Stormborn and House Targaryen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now some 1.2 million people have signed up to learn High Valyrian on the free language-learning app Duolingo. According to Duolingo, High Valyrian \u003ca href=\"https://www.duolingo.com/courses\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">currently has as many active learners as Hebrew\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So why is High Valyrian so popular?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Well first let’s be serious. It’s the dragons. That’s what draws people. I mean Daenerys is cool, but the dragons are awesome. So I’m sure that’s part of it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peterson recalls when High Valyrian was first introduced during Season 3, when Daenerys says, “A dragon is not a slave.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was a really cool moment for the series, a very memorable moment for the series,” said Peterson. “And unlike many memorable moments of the series, it was a positive one.”\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/bjkVgYZB0aA'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/bjkVgYZB0aA'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED first spoke with Peterson in the summer of 2017 when he was a visiting professor at UC Berkeley, teaching students how to speak and write like characters in \u003cem>Game of Thrones\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He assigned each of his students one language to build from the \u003cem>Game of Thrones\u003c/em> universe. John Clements created one for the people of Sarnor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clements, who was majoring in computer science at the University of Arkansas, said creating languages has been a hobby of his since he was a kid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s always something I’ve been interested in,” said Clements. “I remember in middle school I would sit at lunch and make up alphabets.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13655084\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13655084\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/RS25979_FullSizeRender-1-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Student Dash Stevens has a background in linguistics and has been creating his own languages for several years.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/RS25979_FullSizeRender-1-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/RS25979_FullSizeRender-1-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/RS25979_FullSizeRender-1-qut-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/RS25979_FullSizeRender-1-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/RS25979_FullSizeRender-1-qut-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/RS25979_FullSizeRender-1-qut-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/RS25979_FullSizeRender-1-qut-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/RS25979_FullSizeRender-1-qut-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/RS25979_FullSizeRender-1-qut-520x390.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/RS25979_FullSizeRender-1-qut.jpg 1632w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Student Dash Stevens has a background in linguistics and has been creating his own languages for several years. \u003ccite>(Tiffany Camhi/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Fellow student Dash Stevens fleshed out the language of the people of Jogos Nhai. Stevens studied linguistics at the University of Hawaii, and has been inventing new tongues for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s got a base consonant and then from there it has markings for vowels,” said Stevens of his linguistic project. “The closest kind of writing system in existence would be devanagari for Hindi.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13659116\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13659116\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/RS25980_FullSizeRender-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/RS25980_FullSizeRender-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/RS25980_FullSizeRender-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/RS25980_FullSizeRender-qut-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/RS25980_FullSizeRender-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/RS25980_FullSizeRender-qut-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/RS25980_FullSizeRender-qut-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/RS25980_FullSizeRender-qut-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/RS25980_FullSizeRender-qut-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/RS25980_FullSizeRender-qut-520x390.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/RS25980_FullSizeRender-qut.jpg 1632w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">U.C. Berkeley visiting professor David Peterson runs through translation exercises in a recent class. \u003ccite>(Tiffany Camhi)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The class was a crash-course in linguistics through a \u003cem>Game of Thrones\u003c/em> lens, said Peterson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In learning how to do this stuff you’re basically learning everything that there is to know about language,” Peterson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for how that course went in 2017, Peterson said he was pleased with his students’ progress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There have been lots of theft-worthy ideas that I’ve seen,” said Peterson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peterson said one of the most essential things the students learn is to make languages that people actually want to use on a daily basis. “That is what all languages are going to have in common,” said Peterson. “They evolve structures that are going to be useful in some way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, a word in English that would not be useful — if it existed — is “cattif.” Peterson made up the word and said it means “17 cats.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peterson said most people would have very little use for a word that means 17 cats, so it would just fall out of use. “That’s because of the way the human brain works, the way that we live our lives and our experience with cats.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the students, that meant making several changes to their languages to make them truly practical. Stevens said he went through seven versions of his written system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you want something to be even remotely realistic, you have to have that kind of depth to it,” Stevens said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13655086\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13655086\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/RS25981_IMG_0595-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/RS25981_IMG_0595-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/RS25981_IMG_0595-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/RS25981_IMG_0595-qut-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/RS25981_IMG_0595-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/RS25981_IMG_0595-qut-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/RS25981_IMG_0595-qut-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/RS25981_IMG_0595-qut-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/RS25981_IMG_0595-qut-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/RS25981_IMG_0595-qut-520x390.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/RS25981_IMG_0595-qut.jpg 1632w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of many drafts of Dash Stevens’ writing system for the people of Jogos Nhai. \u003ccite>(Tiffany Camhi)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So could one of these students be the next hot new language inventor in Hollywood?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The entertainment industry is just starting to develop serious careers for language creators, said Peterson. So the good news for his students: jobs are on the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although Peterson calls Orange County home, he watched the Season 8 premiere back on the Berkeley campus with some students Sunday night. And like all fans, he’s bracing himself because he knows a lot is about to go down in whatever language the character speaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This post includes reporting from KCRW’s Jenny Hamel and KQED’s David Marks. A version of this story was originally published on July 14, 2017.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-12127869\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"78\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-400x39.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-768x75.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Playing Tag With Southern California's Great White Sharks",
"title": "Playing Tag With Southern California's Great White Sharks",
"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>The Shark Lab at California State University Long Beach has a bumper crop of research subjects this summer. White sharks, more commonly known as great whites, have been hanging around L.A. and Orange County beaches in numbers \u003ca href=\"http://www.csulb.edu/shark-lab\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Shark Lab\u003c/a> director Chris Lowe only dreamed of a decade ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent months, he and his research assistants have tagged 18 sharks -- mostly 1- to 3-year-olds -- in local waters. That's more than they ever have this early in the year, Lowe said. \"And the peak of pupping season isn’t until late July.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pupping season, when female white sharks give birth to 4- to 5½-foot-long babies, generally runs from May to October. Researchers don’t know exactly where they give birth, but they suspect that the babies hightail it to warmer coastal waters quickly after they’re born. They then spend the next several years cruising the coast, eating stingrays and other small prey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dearth of knowledge about white sharks drives Lowe’s research. Asked how much we know about the ocean predators on a scale of 1 to 10, Lowe answered “2.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We’re getting there,” he said. \"We’ve jumped from zero to 2 in literally the last 20 years. And all the new technology that we have is going to get us up that scale much, much faster.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I recently joined Lowe on a trip off Dana Point to see some of that technology in action. The goal was to find baby white sharks and attach acoustic tags to their backs in order to track their movements up and down the coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11568132\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11568132\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164329-full-800x530.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"530\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164329-full-800x530.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164329-full-160x106.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164329-full-1020x675.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164329-full-960x636.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164329-full-240x159.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164329-full-375x248.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164329-full-520x344.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164329-full.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A research assistant working for Chris Lowe of California State University, Long Beach, attaches a device to a pole used to tag sharks for a research project near San Clemente, June 28, 2017. \u003ccite>(Andrew Cullen for KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Receivers attached to buoys along the shoreline register data any time one of the tagged sharks passes within 300 yards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s kind of like using E-ZPass on the toll road to keep track of who’s going by,” Lowe said. The city of San Clemente recently purchased several of its own receivers so that it can monitor sharks swimming near its public beaches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city has logged more than 100 shark sightings this year, forcing lifeguards to close sections of beach to swimming and surfing on several occasions out of safety concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of those closures followed an attack on a woman swimming at San Onofre State Beach on April 29. She survived but suffered serious injuries to her hip and upper leg that kept her in the hospital until mid-June, the last time she updated her status on a fundraising webpage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hers is the fifth confirmed unprovoked shark attack in Orange County since 1926, according to the International Shark Attack File maintained by the University of Florida. Another woman was bitten last year while swimming off Corona Del Mar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11568133\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11568133\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164334-full-800x532.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"532\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164334-full-800x532.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164334-full-160x106.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164334-full-1020x678.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164334-full-960x638.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164334-full-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164334-full-375x249.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164334-full-520x346.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164334-full.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chris Lowe of California State University, Long Beach, joins San Clemente lifeguard Rod Mellott on a jet ski while looking for sharks during a research project on shark behavior near the San Clemente Pier, June 28, 2017. \u003ccite>(Andrew Cullen for KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Trolling for Baby Sharks\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I set off with Lowe and his research team from Dana Point Harbor on the 22-foot boat “Wingman” as the morning fog began to break up. Near the San Clemente coast, local lifeguard Rod Mellott drove up on a jet ski. He wore a headset to communicate with the pilot of an Orange County Sheriff’s Department helicopter flying overhead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sheriff’s helicopter has become a key ally in Lowe’s research and in efforts to keep OC beaches safe for swimmers. It’s much easier to spot the outline of a shark from the sky on a sunny day than to scan the water for fins at sea level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus, Lowe said, the increasing number of tourist boats out looking for sharks may be starting to spook them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People want to see them, which is great, but they are kind of harassing the sharks,” he said, adding that he hoped his research might lead to guidelines for responsible shark watching.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lowe pulled on a wetsuit, attached a tag to the end of a spear and got on the back of the jet ski. He and Mellott headed a few hundred yards closer to shore and then we all turned south to troll for sharks. We scanned the water while the helicopter above did several laps up and down the coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nothing. Not a single shark, even though there were multiple sightings around San Clemente the previous day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the trip wasn’t a total bust: On the way back to Dana Point Harbor, we stopped at a buoy -- just outside of the designated swim zone at Doheny State Beach -- to check on one of Lowe's receivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lowe swam out to the buoy, detached a canister holding the device, then swam back to the boat and transferred the data to a laptop computer. Lowe’s research assistant, Echelle Burns, pulled up a graph showing dozens of blips, color-coded to represent individual, tagged sharks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scrolling through the data, Burns announced that the most recent detection was just a few hours before we passed by the same location.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In all, 17 tagged white sharks had swum by the buoy a cumulative 1,125 times in the previous two weeks. That means they’re hanging out in the area.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cbr>\nFollow the movement of tagged sharks and other fish at \u003ca href=\"http://scattn.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">scattn.org\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11568134\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11568134\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164346-full-800x532.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"532\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164346-full-800x532.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164346-full-160x106.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164346-full-1020x678.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164346-full-960x638.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164346-full-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164346-full-375x249.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164346-full-520x346.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164346-full.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shark researcher Chris Lowe of California State University, Long Beach swims to a buoy to attach a device that collects information from sharks that the team has tagged for a research project on shark behavior near Dana Point, June 28, 2017. \u003ccite>(Andrew Cullen for KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When Life Gives You No Sharks, Ask Questions Instead\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All these sharks hanging out together, does that make them a school? I asked Lowe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Technically, no,” he said. “They’re not that close together, but they do use the same general area. We’re not sure if there’s a social component or whether they’re all seeking out the same conditions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He thinks the latter is more likely. Historical fishing data show that there are at least four juvenile white shark “hot spots” in Southern California: Ventura/Oxnard, Santa Monica Bay, Huntington Beach and the stretch between Dana Point and San Onofre.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Lowe hasn’t yet been able to determine from his research what makes young white sharks pick one area one year and another the next.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, the summertime hot spot for baby sharks seems to be Ventura, Lowe said, and for juveniles (1- to 3-year-olds), it's Belmont Shore in Long Beach and between Dana Point and San Clemente.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Generally, Lowe said, the young sharks seem to be attracted by the warm coastal waters (juvenile sharks can’t handle cold temperatures the way adult sharks can), the lack of predators, like orcas and other big sharks, and abundant food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The number one thing we’ve found in baby white sharks’ stomachs are stingrays,” Lowe said. \"And stingrays are super abundant in Southern California. Their numbers have been going up over the last 50 years because we got rid of all the coastal predators.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lowe said the increased number of sharks we’re seeing this year is an ecological success story: Decades ago, we started to protect white sharks and the marine mammals that adult sharks feed on, and now there are more of both.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can’t just say we want to have marine mammals, but we don’t want to have sharks. We need them to have a healthy ecosystem,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lowe suspects that the sharks’ behavior might be changing because of rising ocean temperatures and changing climate patterns. The young sharks that usually migrate in the winter from Southern California to Baja haven’t done so in the past few years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We had weird oceanographic conditions this past winter,” Lowe said. \"It started to get cold, then all of a sudden a warm slug of water moved in close to shore again, so it's possible they started to move to Baja, got halfway there and then conditions changed, and they thought, 'Ok, maybe I should stay.' We just don’t know the answer to those questions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lowe hopes to get at some of these questions by tagging sharks and tracking their movements and behaviors. But right now he’s sort of a victim of his own -- and the sharks’ -- success: It’s barely the beginning of prime research season, and he’s pretty much out of tags and out of money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11568136\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11568136\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/165428-full-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/165428-full-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/165428-full-160x90.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/165428-full-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/165428-full-960x540.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/165428-full.jpg 1024w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/165428-full-240x135.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/165428-full-375x211.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/165428-full-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chris Lowe, director of the Shark Lab at California State University, Long Beach, releases a juvenile white shark off Belmont Shore in spring 2017 after successfully affixing a smart tag to its dorsal fin. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the Cal State Long Beach Shark Lab)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sharing the Waves\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lowe hopes the high demand for his research -- especially from local beaches wanting to keep visitors safe -- will translate into more resources to fund his work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, he's constantly reminding the public that the likelihood of being attacked by a shark is extremely slim -- much less than the chance of dying in a car accident on the way to the beach, he told me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you do see a shark, consider yourself lucky, he said. And respect its territory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We’ve basically had a sterile ocean for the last 50 years where we got rid of all the predators, either because we wanted to eat them or we killed them because we viewed them as a risk,” he said. \"People have to learn to share the waves again.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "White sharks, more commonly known as great whites, have been hanging around L.A. and Orange County beaches in numbers Shark Lab director Chris Lowe only dreamed of a decade ago.",
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"description": "White sharks, more commonly known as great whites, have been hanging around L.A. and Orange County beaches in numbers Shark Lab director Chris Lowe only dreamed of a decade ago.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Shark Lab at California State University Long Beach has a bumper crop of research subjects this summer. White sharks, more commonly known as great whites, have been hanging around L.A. and Orange County beaches in numbers \u003ca href=\"http://www.csulb.edu/shark-lab\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Shark Lab\u003c/a> director Chris Lowe only dreamed of a decade ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent months, he and his research assistants have tagged 18 sharks -- mostly 1- to 3-year-olds -- in local waters. That's more than they ever have this early in the year, Lowe said. \"And the peak of pupping season isn’t until late July.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pupping season, when female white sharks give birth to 4- to 5½-foot-long babies, generally runs from May to October. Researchers don’t know exactly where they give birth, but they suspect that the babies hightail it to warmer coastal waters quickly after they’re born. They then spend the next several years cruising the coast, eating stingrays and other small prey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dearth of knowledge about white sharks drives Lowe’s research. Asked how much we know about the ocean predators on a scale of 1 to 10, Lowe answered “2.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We’re getting there,” he said. \"We’ve jumped from zero to 2 in literally the last 20 years. And all the new technology that we have is going to get us up that scale much, much faster.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I recently joined Lowe on a trip off Dana Point to see some of that technology in action. The goal was to find baby white sharks and attach acoustic tags to their backs in order to track their movements up and down the coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11568132\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11568132\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164329-full-800x530.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"530\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164329-full-800x530.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164329-full-160x106.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164329-full-1020x675.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164329-full-960x636.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164329-full-240x159.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164329-full-375x248.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164329-full-520x344.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164329-full.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A research assistant working for Chris Lowe of California State University, Long Beach, attaches a device to a pole used to tag sharks for a research project near San Clemente, June 28, 2017. \u003ccite>(Andrew Cullen for KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Receivers attached to buoys along the shoreline register data any time one of the tagged sharks passes within 300 yards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s kind of like using E-ZPass on the toll road to keep track of who’s going by,” Lowe said. The city of San Clemente recently purchased several of its own receivers so that it can monitor sharks swimming near its public beaches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city has logged more than 100 shark sightings this year, forcing lifeguards to close sections of beach to swimming and surfing on several occasions out of safety concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of those closures followed an attack on a woman swimming at San Onofre State Beach on April 29. She survived but suffered serious injuries to her hip and upper leg that kept her in the hospital until mid-June, the last time she updated her status on a fundraising webpage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hers is the fifth confirmed unprovoked shark attack in Orange County since 1926, according to the International Shark Attack File maintained by the University of Florida. Another woman was bitten last year while swimming off Corona Del Mar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11568133\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11568133\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164334-full-800x532.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"532\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164334-full-800x532.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164334-full-160x106.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164334-full-1020x678.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164334-full-960x638.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164334-full-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164334-full-375x249.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164334-full-520x346.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164334-full.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chris Lowe of California State University, Long Beach, joins San Clemente lifeguard Rod Mellott on a jet ski while looking for sharks during a research project on shark behavior near the San Clemente Pier, June 28, 2017. \u003ccite>(Andrew Cullen for KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Trolling for Baby Sharks\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I set off with Lowe and his research team from Dana Point Harbor on the 22-foot boat “Wingman” as the morning fog began to break up. Near the San Clemente coast, local lifeguard Rod Mellott drove up on a jet ski. He wore a headset to communicate with the pilot of an Orange County Sheriff’s Department helicopter flying overhead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sheriff’s helicopter has become a key ally in Lowe’s research and in efforts to keep OC beaches safe for swimmers. It’s much easier to spot the outline of a shark from the sky on a sunny day than to scan the water for fins at sea level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus, Lowe said, the increasing number of tourist boats out looking for sharks may be starting to spook them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People want to see them, which is great, but they are kind of harassing the sharks,” he said, adding that he hoped his research might lead to guidelines for responsible shark watching.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lowe pulled on a wetsuit, attached a tag to the end of a spear and got on the back of the jet ski. He and Mellott headed a few hundred yards closer to shore and then we all turned south to troll for sharks. We scanned the water while the helicopter above did several laps up and down the coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nothing. Not a single shark, even though there were multiple sightings around San Clemente the previous day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the trip wasn’t a total bust: On the way back to Dana Point Harbor, we stopped at a buoy -- just outside of the designated swim zone at Doheny State Beach -- to check on one of Lowe's receivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lowe swam out to the buoy, detached a canister holding the device, then swam back to the boat and transferred the data to a laptop computer. Lowe’s research assistant, Echelle Burns, pulled up a graph showing dozens of blips, color-coded to represent individual, tagged sharks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scrolling through the data, Burns announced that the most recent detection was just a few hours before we passed by the same location.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In all, 17 tagged white sharks had swum by the buoy a cumulative 1,125 times in the previous two weeks. That means they’re hanging out in the area.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cbr>\nFollow the movement of tagged sharks and other fish at \u003ca href=\"http://scattn.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">scattn.org\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11568134\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11568134\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164346-full-800x532.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"532\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164346-full-800x532.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164346-full-160x106.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164346-full-1020x678.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164346-full-960x638.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164346-full-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164346-full-375x249.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164346-full-520x346.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164346-full.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shark researcher Chris Lowe of California State University, Long Beach swims to a buoy to attach a device that collects information from sharks that the team has tagged for a research project on shark behavior near Dana Point, June 28, 2017. \u003ccite>(Andrew Cullen for KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When Life Gives You No Sharks, Ask Questions Instead\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All these sharks hanging out together, does that make them a school? I asked Lowe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Technically, no,” he said. “They’re not that close together, but they do use the same general area. We’re not sure if there’s a social component or whether they’re all seeking out the same conditions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He thinks the latter is more likely. Historical fishing data show that there are at least four juvenile white shark “hot spots” in Southern California: Ventura/Oxnard, Santa Monica Bay, Huntington Beach and the stretch between Dana Point and San Onofre.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Lowe hasn’t yet been able to determine from his research what makes young white sharks pick one area one year and another the next.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, the summertime hot spot for baby sharks seems to be Ventura, Lowe said, and for juveniles (1- to 3-year-olds), it's Belmont Shore in Long Beach and between Dana Point and San Clemente.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Generally, Lowe said, the young sharks seem to be attracted by the warm coastal waters (juvenile sharks can’t handle cold temperatures the way adult sharks can), the lack of predators, like orcas and other big sharks, and abundant food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The number one thing we’ve found in baby white sharks’ stomachs are stingrays,” Lowe said. \"And stingrays are super abundant in Southern California. Their numbers have been going up over the last 50 years because we got rid of all the coastal predators.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lowe said the increased number of sharks we’re seeing this year is an ecological success story: Decades ago, we started to protect white sharks and the marine mammals that adult sharks feed on, and now there are more of both.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can’t just say we want to have marine mammals, but we don’t want to have sharks. We need them to have a healthy ecosystem,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lowe suspects that the sharks’ behavior might be changing because of rising ocean temperatures and changing climate patterns. The young sharks that usually migrate in the winter from Southern California to Baja haven’t done so in the past few years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We had weird oceanographic conditions this past winter,” Lowe said. \"It started to get cold, then all of a sudden a warm slug of water moved in close to shore again, so it's possible they started to move to Baja, got halfway there and then conditions changed, and they thought, 'Ok, maybe I should stay.' We just don’t know the answer to those questions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lowe hopes to get at some of these questions by tagging sharks and tracking their movements and behaviors. But right now he’s sort of a victim of his own -- and the sharks’ -- success: It’s barely the beginning of prime research season, and he’s pretty much out of tags and out of money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11568136\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11568136\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/165428-full-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/165428-full-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/165428-full-160x90.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/165428-full-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/165428-full-960x540.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/165428-full.jpg 1024w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/165428-full-240x135.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/165428-full-375x211.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/165428-full-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chris Lowe, director of the Shark Lab at California State University, Long Beach, releases a juvenile white shark off Belmont Shore in spring 2017 after successfully affixing a smart tag to its dorsal fin. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the Cal State Long Beach Shark Lab)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sharing the Waves\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lowe hopes the high demand for his research -- especially from local beaches wanting to keep visitors safe -- will translate into more resources to fund his work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, he's constantly reminding the public that the likelihood of being attacked by a shark is extremely slim -- much less than the chance of dying in a car accident on the way to the beach, he told me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you do see a shark, consider yourself lucky, he said. And respect its territory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We’ve basically had a sterile ocean for the last 50 years where we got rid of all the predators, either because we wanted to eat them or we killed them because we viewed them as a risk,” he said. \"People have to learn to share the waves again.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Ravens Surprise Scientists by Showing They Can Plan",
"headTitle": "Ravens Surprise Scientists by Showing They Can Plan | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>As recently as 10 years ago, humans were thought to be the only species with the ability to plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent studies on great apes showed the ability is not uniquely human. Now, scientists in Sweden have come to the surprising conclusion that ravens can also deliberately prepare for future events.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Ravens’ ability to plan ahead may have developed in reaction to their complex social hierarchy.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It is conservative to conclude that ravens perform similarly to great apes and young children,” the \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/suppl/2017/07/12/357.6347.202.DC1/aam8138-Kabadayi-SM.pdf\">researchers write\u003c/a>. However, monkeys have failed similar experiments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve known that ravens, and other members of the corvid family, are smart. Previously, they were shown to think ahead by caching food to eat later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some scientists argued that food caching was not proof of an ability to plan because the birds could simply be biologically wired to do so, \u003ca href=\"http://www.lunduniversity.lu.se/lucat/user/a31714f93191502f261ac513e14b797d\">cognitive zoologist Can Kabadayi\u003c/a> from Lund University tells The Two-Way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, Kabadayi and co-author Mathias Osvath set up a series of experiments to see if five ravens could flexibly plan during tasks that they don’t do in the wild: using tools and bartering. These are similar to studies done on great apes. Their findings were published Thursday \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/357/6347/202\">in the journal Science\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers trained the birds how to use a simple tool, a rock, that could be used to open a box containing a treat (a piece of dog food) if the birds dropped it through a small tube.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They then tested whether the birds could pick the right tool from a series of “distracter” objects — such as a wheel, a ball, a metal pipe and a toy car — then save it and use it later to open the box.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One version of the experiment had a delay of 15 minutes between selecting an object and being presented with the reward box, and the ravens succeeded 86 percent of the time. The second extended that period to 17 hours, and the success rate was even higher, at 88 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The birds were also trained to use a specific token to barter with a human for a food reward. Then, a different experimenter offered them a tray with the token on it along with other distracter objects. “When the ravens knew that trading would only happen on the next day, they chose and stored these tokens as soon as they were offered to them,” scientists Markus Boeckle and Nicola S. Clayton wrote in a separate \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/357/6347/126\">Science paper\u003c/a> on the Lund University research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers found that the birds would tend to opt out of immediate food rewards because of the promise of larger, tastier treats later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They were more likely to be willing to endure delayed gratification when they had to wait only a few seconds, rather than minutes for the larger treat, which is also a key component of human decision-making. “We basically found that the further ahead in the future a reward for ravens, the less value it gets,” says Kabadayi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s safe to say that ravens and mammals have not inherited planning skills through a common ancestor, says Kabadayi. They last shared an ancestor about 320 million years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To plan, “you need a lot of different skill sets to work together and that’s interesting, because how can that be similar between corvids and great apes given they are so different to each other evolutionarily?” says Kabadayi. The skills likely evolved independently, through convergent evolution, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why would ravens develop the ability to plan? Kabadayi says there are many different theories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says this kind of complex cognition may have developed in reaction to ravens’ complex social hierarchy. For example, they would need to remember previous interactions with other birds, which could contribute to memory and planning skills. However, he says there are many other hierarchical species that don’t have planning abilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Factors like environmental pressures or the fact that they are scavengers competing with each other could also contribute, he says. The sheer density of neurons in a bird’s brain, even though it is small compared to apes, might also play a role.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kabadayi says that scientists would need to test a large number of species for their abilities to plan, and see how this correlates with the possible explanations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parrots would be interesting to test next, he says, because they have a “huge number of neurons in their brains” and have been shown to have good memories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Ravens+Surprise+Scientists+By+Showing+They+Can+Plan&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As recently as 10 years ago, humans were thought to be the only species with the ability to plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent studies on great apes showed the ability is not uniquely human. Now, scientists in Sweden have come to the surprising conclusion that ravens can also deliberately prepare for future events.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Ravens’ ability to plan ahead may have developed in reaction to their complex social hierarchy.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It is conservative to conclude that ravens perform similarly to great apes and young children,” the \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/suppl/2017/07/12/357.6347.202.DC1/aam8138-Kabadayi-SM.pdf\">researchers write\u003c/a>. However, monkeys have failed similar experiments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve known that ravens, and other members of the corvid family, are smart. Previously, they were shown to think ahead by caching food to eat later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some scientists argued that food caching was not proof of an ability to plan because the birds could simply be biologically wired to do so, \u003ca href=\"http://www.lunduniversity.lu.se/lucat/user/a31714f93191502f261ac513e14b797d\">cognitive zoologist Can Kabadayi\u003c/a> from Lund University tells The Two-Way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, Kabadayi and co-author Mathias Osvath set up a series of experiments to see if five ravens could flexibly plan during tasks that they don’t do in the wild: using tools and bartering. These are similar to studies done on great apes. Their findings were published Thursday \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/357/6347/202\">in the journal Science\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers trained the birds how to use a simple tool, a rock, that could be used to open a box containing a treat (a piece of dog food) if the birds dropped it through a small tube.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They then tested whether the birds could pick the right tool from a series of “distracter” objects — such as a wheel, a ball, a metal pipe and a toy car — then save it and use it later to open the box.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One version of the experiment had a delay of 15 minutes between selecting an object and being presented with the reward box, and the ravens succeeded 86 percent of the time. The second extended that period to 17 hours, and the success rate was even higher, at 88 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The birds were also trained to use a specific token to barter with a human for a food reward. Then, a different experimenter offered them a tray with the token on it along with other distracter objects. “When the ravens knew that trading would only happen on the next day, they chose and stored these tokens as soon as they were offered to them,” scientists Markus Boeckle and Nicola S. Clayton wrote in a separate \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/357/6347/126\">Science paper\u003c/a> on the Lund University research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers found that the birds would tend to opt out of immediate food rewards because of the promise of larger, tastier treats later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They were more likely to be willing to endure delayed gratification when they had to wait only a few seconds, rather than minutes for the larger treat, which is also a key component of human decision-making. “We basically found that the further ahead in the future a reward for ravens, the less value it gets,” says Kabadayi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s safe to say that ravens and mammals have not inherited planning skills through a common ancestor, says Kabadayi. They last shared an ancestor about 320 million years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To plan, “you need a lot of different skill sets to work together and that’s interesting, because how can that be similar between corvids and great apes given they are so different to each other evolutionarily?” says Kabadayi. The skills likely evolved independently, through convergent evolution, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why would ravens develop the ability to plan? Kabadayi says there are many different theories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says this kind of complex cognition may have developed in reaction to ravens’ complex social hierarchy. For example, they would need to remember previous interactions with other birds, which could contribute to memory and planning skills. However, he says there are many other hierarchical species that don’t have planning abilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Factors like environmental pressures or the fact that they are scavengers competing with each other could also contribute, he says. The sheer density of neurons in a bird’s brain, even though it is small compared to apes, might also play a role.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kabadayi says that scientists would need to test a large number of species for their abilities to plan, and see how this correlates with the possible explanations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parrots would be interesting to test next, he says, because they have a “huge number of neurons in their brains” and have been shown to have good memories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Ravens+Surprise+Scientists+By+Showing+They+Can+Plan&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Here are Juno’s First Closeup Photos of the Great Red Spot",
"headTitle": "Here are Juno’s First Closeup Photos of the Great Red Spot | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>NASA’s Juno spacecraft got its first up-close-and-personal view with Jupiter’s Great Red Spot, and the space agency has released photos from the flyby, offering a rare glimpse of the planet’s giant storm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The images add to the wonder of this \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/juno-spacecraft-to-fly-over-jupiters-great-red-spot/\">10,000-mile-wide storm\u003c/a>, at which star gazers have marveled for more than a century. Monday’s flyby marked only the seventh time that Juno has made a close sweep—known as a perijove pass—of Jupiter since the spacecraft began orbiting the solar system’s biggest planet last summer. This perijove pass brought the spacecraft about 5,600 miles above the Great Red Spot’s churning clouds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During these close-ups, the spacecraft’s color camera—called JunoCam—snaps pictures, while its \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/spacecraft/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">seven scientific instruments\u003c/a> gather as much insight as possible about the gas giant’s magnetic fields and atmospheric composition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the new photos were processed into gorgeous art-like images by members of the public (NASA encourages citizen scientists to play with the raw photos from JunoCam) but Glenn Orton—a senior research scientist at JPL-Cal Tech—told NewsHour the images also reveal many tantalizing details about the what’s happening in this giant storm. Here’s what he sees in three of the photos. (\u003cem>Editor’s note: These descriptions were edited for brevity and clarity\u003c/em>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Calm in the Center\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The colors in this photo are enhanced, so they look richer. But in truth, Jupiter is more pastel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1843620\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Juno1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1843620\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Juno1-800x1854.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1854\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Juno1-800x1854.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Juno1-160x371.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Juno1-768x1780.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Juno1-1020x2364.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Juno1-1180x2735.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Juno1-960x2225.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Juno1-240x556.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Juno1-375x869.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Juno1-520x1205.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Juno1.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Great Red Spot. \u003ccite>(NASA/SwRI/MSSS/Gerald Eichstädt/Seán Doran)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There’s a deep red here—the core of the red spot. We don’t have all the details yet from Juno, but based on Earth-based observations, we suspect those are much higher clouds. Whatever chemistry is taking place in these clouds makes things turn red, due to UV radiation. We think it’s happening there because the clouds are higher in the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Surrounding the core, there’s a lot of mottled structures. There are swirls, typically associated with a counterclockwise motion. We know from past observations the wind currents at the center of the Great Red Spot are quite still. Everything around it increases in angular velocity, until you reach a maximum velocity at the edge of the Great Red Spot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/junocam/processing?id=1620\">If you download the image\u003c/a> and blow it up, in the upper right—the 1 o’clock position—there’s a whole bunch of brighter regions and a couple of streaks. Those look like white puffy clouds. I can’t call them thunderstorms, because thunder implies lightning, which we haven’t seen in the red spot, but they’re likely local upwellings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, look closely at the 12 o’clock position, right where the red starts to fade to white. There’s a very narrow set of vertical lines: |||||||||||. Those are gravity waves. [Gravity waves happen when a fluid or gas gets disturbed, and gravity pulls it back into a flat, balanced state. Examples include surf at a beach or wavy looking clouds on Earth or \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/hang-10-venus-huge-wave-spotted-planets-cloudy-atmosphere/\">Venus\u003c/a>].\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This set of gravity waves are right along a region where we expect the speed of air rotation is slowing down rapidly. Wind speeds at the center are essentially zero, they build to 290 to 335 miles per hour as you move toward the edge, and then drop to 223 miles per hour at the very edge. Each of those gravity waves is likely tens of kilometers long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The areas in the photo that look black aren’t really black. They’re just slightly less red than everything else. The regions that look darkest are likely deeper clouds in the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the white region that’s south of the red spot, at the bottom of the image, you can see similar mottles of upwellings—tiny bright clouds, where you are beginning to see hints of shadows. We call that the South White Belt region. Those are high clouds, though they are not as high as the Great Red Spot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one knows yet how deep the clouds in the red spot are, but we’re hopefully getting an answer soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Stovepipe\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1843622\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Stovepipe.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1843622\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Stovepipe-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Stovepipe-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Stovepipe-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Stovepipe-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Stovepipe-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Stovepipe-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Stovepipe-240x240.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Stovepipe-375x375.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Stovepipe-520x520.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Stovepipe-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Stovepipe-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Stovepipe-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Stovepipe-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Stovepipe-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Stovepipe-150x150.jpg 150w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Stovepipe.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This photo is inverted, so the Great Red Spot is toward the bottom of the strip. The red levels are also adjusted, so the spot appears blue. The blue-white curls is a flow of gases exiting the Great Red Spot. \u003ccite>(NASA/SwRI/MSSS/O.Sli)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The processing is doing some artsy work in this one. But it’s interesting because what looks like a stovepipe feature — the curly cue going toward the upper right — is actually the flow of gas going out of the red spot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juno’s microwave radiometer should be able to look deep into the atmosphere, where we expect to see an enhancement in ammonia levels over the Great Red Spot. We’re hoping to answer the question of how deep the ammonia is, which could be an indication of how deep the general wind circulation of Jupiter goes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are competing theories about the winds of Jupiter. Some say all the action happens toward the outside of the planet, the outer few kilometers or so. Others argue the winds actually go really deep, and create columns from one latitude in the north to the same latitude in the south, like big cylinders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Microwave radiometer measurements from the previous flybys have had mixed answers to that question so far. At the equator and just north of the equator, the turbulence goes immensely deep. There’s this huge plume, with a very concentrated ammonia level, coming from very deep in the atmosphere. But at higher latitudes toward the north and south poles, this turbulence doesn’t go as deep. What we see at the Great Red Spot will tell us what camp the mid-latitudes fall into and that’s really interesting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Anti-Cyclone\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1843626\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/anticyclone.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1843626\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/anticyclone-800x526.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"526\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/anticyclone-800x526.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/anticyclone-160x105.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/anticyclone-768x505.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/anticyclone-1020x670.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/anticyclone-960x631.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/anticyclone-240x158.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/anticyclone-375x246.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/anticyclone-520x342.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/anticyclone.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An anti-cyclone called NN-LRS-1 (upper left) swirls in the northern reaches of Jupiter. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS/SwRI/Kevin M. Gill)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This photo isn’t taken from the Great Red Spot. It’s much higher in latitude in the north. But in the upper left, you can see a small anti-cyclone that has been changing colors recently. It’s typically white, but it’s been turning pink, then red and then back again. We’re trying to track this color change with readings in other wavelengths to determine how high things are in the atmosphere and whether these shifts are due to elevation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To the right, there’s another cyclone or anti-cyclone. Here, there are darker circles, with relatively light stuff on the outside. We don’t know what that is. On the far right, you can see really turbulent and chaotic stuff. It’s an upwelling that’s been going on for sometime in the north. These types of turbulence happen from time to time, and we’re not quite sure why.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "This week, NASA’s Juno spacecraft got its first up-close-and-personal view with Jupiter’s famous Great Red Spot.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>NASA’s Juno spacecraft got its first up-close-and-personal view with Jupiter’s Great Red Spot, and the space agency has released photos from the flyby, offering a rare glimpse of the planet’s giant storm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The images add to the wonder of this \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/juno-spacecraft-to-fly-over-jupiters-great-red-spot/\">10,000-mile-wide storm\u003c/a>, at which star gazers have marveled for more than a century. Monday’s flyby marked only the seventh time that Juno has made a close sweep—known as a perijove pass—of Jupiter since the spacecraft began orbiting the solar system’s biggest planet last summer. This perijove pass brought the spacecraft about 5,600 miles above the Great Red Spot’s churning clouds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During these close-ups, the spacecraft’s color camera—called JunoCam—snaps pictures, while its \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/spacecraft/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">seven scientific instruments\u003c/a> gather as much insight as possible about the gas giant’s magnetic fields and atmospheric composition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the new photos were processed into gorgeous art-like images by members of the public (NASA encourages citizen scientists to play with the raw photos from JunoCam) but Glenn Orton—a senior research scientist at JPL-Cal Tech—told NewsHour the images also reveal many tantalizing details about the what’s happening in this giant storm. Here’s what he sees in three of the photos. (\u003cem>Editor’s note: These descriptions were edited for brevity and clarity\u003c/em>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Calm in the Center\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The colors in this photo are enhanced, so they look richer. But in truth, Jupiter is more pastel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1843620\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Juno1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1843620\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Juno1-800x1854.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1854\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Juno1-800x1854.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Juno1-160x371.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Juno1-768x1780.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Juno1-1020x2364.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Juno1-1180x2735.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Juno1-960x2225.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Juno1-240x556.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Juno1-375x869.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Juno1-520x1205.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Juno1.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Great Red Spot. \u003ccite>(NASA/SwRI/MSSS/Gerald Eichstädt/Seán Doran)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There’s a deep red here—the core of the red spot. We don’t have all the details yet from Juno, but based on Earth-based observations, we suspect those are much higher clouds. Whatever chemistry is taking place in these clouds makes things turn red, due to UV radiation. We think it’s happening there because the clouds are higher in the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Surrounding the core, there’s a lot of mottled structures. There are swirls, typically associated with a counterclockwise motion. We know from past observations the wind currents at the center of the Great Red Spot are quite still. Everything around it increases in angular velocity, until you reach a maximum velocity at the edge of the Great Red Spot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/junocam/processing?id=1620\">If you download the image\u003c/a> and blow it up, in the upper right—the 1 o’clock position—there’s a whole bunch of brighter regions and a couple of streaks. Those look like white puffy clouds. I can’t call them thunderstorms, because thunder implies lightning, which we haven’t seen in the red spot, but they’re likely local upwellings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, look closely at the 12 o’clock position, right where the red starts to fade to white. There’s a very narrow set of vertical lines: |||||||||||. Those are gravity waves. [Gravity waves happen when a fluid or gas gets disturbed, and gravity pulls it back into a flat, balanced state. Examples include surf at a beach or wavy looking clouds on Earth or \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/hang-10-venus-huge-wave-spotted-planets-cloudy-atmosphere/\">Venus\u003c/a>].\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This set of gravity waves are right along a region where we expect the speed of air rotation is slowing down rapidly. Wind speeds at the center are essentially zero, they build to 290 to 335 miles per hour as you move toward the edge, and then drop to 223 miles per hour at the very edge. Each of those gravity waves is likely tens of kilometers long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The areas in the photo that look black aren’t really black. They’re just slightly less red than everything else. The regions that look darkest are likely deeper clouds in the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the white region that’s south of the red spot, at the bottom of the image, you can see similar mottles of upwellings—tiny bright clouds, where you are beginning to see hints of shadows. We call that the South White Belt region. Those are high clouds, though they are not as high as the Great Red Spot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one knows yet how deep the clouds in the red spot are, but we’re hopefully getting an answer soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Stovepipe\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1843622\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Stovepipe.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1843622\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Stovepipe-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Stovepipe-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Stovepipe-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Stovepipe-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Stovepipe-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Stovepipe-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Stovepipe-240x240.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Stovepipe-375x375.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Stovepipe-520x520.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Stovepipe-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Stovepipe-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Stovepipe-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Stovepipe-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Stovepipe-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Stovepipe-150x150.jpg 150w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Stovepipe.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This photo is inverted, so the Great Red Spot is toward the bottom of the strip. The red levels are also adjusted, so the spot appears blue. The blue-white curls is a flow of gases exiting the Great Red Spot. \u003ccite>(NASA/SwRI/MSSS/O.Sli)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The processing is doing some artsy work in this one. But it’s interesting because what looks like a stovepipe feature — the curly cue going toward the upper right — is actually the flow of gas going out of the red spot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juno’s microwave radiometer should be able to look deep into the atmosphere, where we expect to see an enhancement in ammonia levels over the Great Red Spot. We’re hoping to answer the question of how deep the ammonia is, which could be an indication of how deep the general wind circulation of Jupiter goes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are competing theories about the winds of Jupiter. Some say all the action happens toward the outside of the planet, the outer few kilometers or so. Others argue the winds actually go really deep, and create columns from one latitude in the north to the same latitude in the south, like big cylinders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Microwave radiometer measurements from the previous flybys have had mixed answers to that question so far. At the equator and just north of the equator, the turbulence goes immensely deep. There’s this huge plume, with a very concentrated ammonia level, coming from very deep in the atmosphere. But at higher latitudes toward the north and south poles, this turbulence doesn’t go as deep. What we see at the Great Red Spot will tell us what camp the mid-latitudes fall into and that’s really interesting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Anti-Cyclone\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1843626\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/anticyclone.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1843626\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/anticyclone-800x526.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"526\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/anticyclone-800x526.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/anticyclone-160x105.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/anticyclone-768x505.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/anticyclone-1020x670.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/anticyclone-960x631.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/anticyclone-240x158.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/anticyclone-375x246.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/anticyclone-520x342.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/anticyclone.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An anti-cyclone called NN-LRS-1 (upper left) swirls in the northern reaches of Jupiter. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS/SwRI/Kevin M. Gill)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This photo isn’t taken from the Great Red Spot. It’s much higher in latitude in the north. But in the upper left, you can see a small anti-cyclone that has been changing colors recently. It’s typically white, but it’s been turning pink, then red and then back again. We’re trying to track this color change with readings in other wavelengths to determine how high things are in the atmosphere and whether these shifts are due to elevation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To the right, there’s another cyclone or anti-cyclone. Here, there are darker circles, with relatively light stuff on the outside. We don’t know what that is. On the far right, you can see really turbulent and chaotic stuff. It’s an upwelling that’s been going on for sometime in the north. These types of turbulence happen from time to time, and we’re not quite sure why.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "BART Crime: How Much Should the Agency Be Telling Us?",
"title": "BART Crime: How Much Should the Agency Be Telling Us?",
"headTitle": "News Fix | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>[dropcap]I[/dropcap]f you take BART every day, you know the system has issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rush-hour trains are very crowded. Equipment breakdowns, medical emergencies and \"police actions\" can bring the entire jam-packed system to a halt. Many stations are dirty -- really dirty -- and have become refuges for people living on the streets. And maybe it's just me, but I hardly ever make a trip on the system these days without seeing someone duck out through a side gate to avoid paying for their ride.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, crime on BART -- both how much crime occurs and how much the agency does and should tell the public about it -- has become the transit district's storm of the moment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not that there's a bloody reign of terror on BART. Although crime \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/crime/article/Crime-stats-show-where-surge-in-BART-robberies-is-11108092.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">is up\u003c/a> on the system, the transit agency's crime rate pales in comparison to that of some of the communities it serves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's drawing attention to crime on the system's trains right now is a series of high-profile crimes and a pair of recent BART decisions regarding what it discloses about offenses that occur on BART property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of those decisions involves whether to release video of recent mass robberies on BART.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other centers on a decision by the agency's new police chief, Carlos Rojas, to halt the distribution of detailed narratives of crimes on BART and instead give brief generic reports of offenses through \u003ca href=\"https://www.crimemapping.com/map/agency/454\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CrimeMapping.com\u003c/a>, a commercial online incident reporting system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[dropcap]T[/dropcap]he fact BART police produced a detailed daily crime log may come as news to most people. The log had only a few hundred email subscribers. But it served as a tip sheet for the news media and an alert to concerned members of the public. And in comparison to CrimeMapping.com, it gave detailed descriptions of crimes and suspects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below is one example of the difference. First, by way of \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/2017/07/11/bart-police-chief-crime-reports-released-to-public-on-case-by-case-basis/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the East Bay Times\u003c/a>, a copy of BART's daily crime log from June 3:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/bartlogs.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-11567666\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/bartlogs.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"620\" height=\"693\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/bartlogs.jpg 620w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/bartlogs-160x179.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/bartlogs-240x268.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/bartlogs-375x419.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/bartlogs-520x581.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take a look at the first item in that report:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sexual battery -- Lake Merritt Station\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>6/3/2017 2232 hours An officer responded to the station agent's booth to meet with a female victim who reported a male subject who had off-boarded from a train had reached under her skirt to grab her buttocks. The female described the person as being a Black male adult, 6', medium build, with a short buzz cut, wearing a light blue t-shirt and dark jeans. The male suspect fled out of the station via the 8th Street stairwell. An area check was conducted and the suspect was not located. L15 1706-171.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Now, after I've drilled down to the week in question and filtered out all the Oakland Police Department crime reports for the area, here's how CrimeMapping.com displays the incident:\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11567674\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/Screenshot-2017-07-14-10.50.15.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11567674\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/Screenshot-2017-07-14-10.50.15-800x382.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"382\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/Screenshot-2017-07-14-10.50.15-800x382.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/Screenshot-2017-07-14-10.50.15-160x76.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/Screenshot-2017-07-14-10.50.15-1020x487.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/Screenshot-2017-07-14-10.50.15-1180x564.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/Screenshot-2017-07-14-10.50.15-960x459.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/Screenshot-2017-07-14-10.50.15-240x115.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/Screenshot-2017-07-14-10.50.15-375x179.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/Screenshot-2017-07-14-10.50.15-520x248.png 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/Screenshot-2017-07-14-10.50.15.png 1229w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A screen shot of the CrimeMapping.com entry for a sexual battery complaint logged by BART police on June 3, 2017.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You can click on that image for a larger version of the screen shot and a better idea of what's on that page. But the description of the crime is now \"Sexual Battery,\" period. The address is given as the 800 block of Madison Street in Oakland, not Lake Merritt BART. And the circumstances -- information it would be helpful for other riders to know -- have vanished.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's not the only problem. The two other incidents reported at Oakland BART stations on the June 3 crime log -- one at MacArthur, one at West Oakland -- don't show up at all on CrimeMapping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chief Rojas has defended the adoption of CrimeMapping as a move to a \"modern\" crime-reporting tool that other agencies use. He has also said the site could be a challenge, \"especially if you're not technology-savvy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speaking to reporters Thursday at BART's Powell Street Station, he offered another justification for the change: Compiling the daily log took up too much time in a police agency that is seriously understaffed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"One of our problems is that we don't have enough officers out in the field, out on the system,\" Rojas said. \"And that log -- I'm not aware of any agency that creates a log in that detail and sends it out to folks -- it would take two to three hours a shift and usually four to six hours in a 24-hour period for a lieutenant to put that together.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Rojas conceded that CrimeMapping \"falls short\" when it comes to its crime narratives, and he repeated assurances he's given BART board members that the department will work to improve that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[dropcap]T[/dropcap]hen there's BART's video controversy. To understand that, it helps to go back 18 months to an embarrassing -- some would say scandalous -- moment for the transit agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January 2016, a man aboard a San Francisco-bound train shot and killed a fellow passenger at BART's West Oakland Station. The incident \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/01/21/bart-says-it-will-install-surveillance-cameras-on-every-car/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">exposed the fact\u003c/a> that virtually all of what looked like security cameras on the system's trains were merely boxes with flashing lights that looked like they were recording something.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The disclosure prompted BART to launch a crash program of installing cameras, and was well on its way to finishing that project when the first of a pair of headline-grabbing incidents occurred at BART's Coliseum Station in East Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/05/12/bart-cops-investigating-weekend-train-robbery-in-oakland/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">late April\u003c/a>, a crowd of teenagers jumped fare gates at the station and rushed aboard a train that was stopped at the platform. They robbed several passengers and beat up one of them before fleeing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/BART-robbery-mob-was-waiting-and-train-doors-11133988.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Subsequent reporting\u003c/a> on the incident disclosed that only five of the nine cars on the train -- not including the car where the attack occurred -- had working surveillance cameras. However, video was captured on the station's platform and fare gates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On June 30, \u003ca href=\"http://www.eastbaytimes.com/2017/07/06/another-teen-robbery-aboard-bart-train-at-coliseum-station-but-victim-ok/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a similar incident occurred\u003c/a> aboard a train at the station, with police reporting about a dozen teenagers robbing a passenger of a mobile phone, then fighting with a passenger who pursued them and managed to retrieve it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A couple salient points about the April 22 and June 30 incidents: The earlier attack was described in a BART police crime log, which alerted reporters and led to widespread media coverage within 48 hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But since the district had replaced its daily log with CrimeMapping.com weeks before the June 30 episode, its only public description of the crime was \"Robbery: first degree-strong arm, hands, fists, feet etc. Incident #1706-1626.\" The story, featuring an off-duty security guard who confronted a group of teenagers and retrieved a stolen phone, didn't become public until the San Francisco Chronicle \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Another-violent-teen-robbery-on-BART-in-Oakland-11268585.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">broke it\u003c/a> five days later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That left BART with some explaining to do, both internally and externally. What was up with CrimeMapping? Why hadn't the agency issued a press release about the second Coliseum robbery?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kerry Hamill, BART's assistant general manager for external affairs, set out to answer those questions in \u003ca href=\"http://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2017/07/09/bart-withholding-surveillance-videos-of-crime-to-avoid-stereotypes/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a July 7 memo\u003c/a> to the agency's elected board of directors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CrimeMapping, she wrote, \"has increased the efficiency, accuracy and transparency of our crime reporting.\" If members of the media were dissatisfied with it, Hamill said, it was because many reporters were unfamiliar with the CrimeMapping interface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Addressing why there was no press release on the June 30 incident, Hamill said it wasn't a serious enough matter to warrant an alert to the media:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The Media Department has criteria for whether to issue a press release, and this incident did not meet them. The robbery was thwarted by the victim’s fellow riders, then the assailants were all detained and identified thanks to a bolstered police presence at Coliseum station. No property was taken, and no injuries required medical attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no benefit to riders, criminal procedure, BART police investigations, or the District generally to elevate such an incident with a press release. To do so would be grossly out of step with other transit jurisdictions and municipal governments, and would paint an inaccurate picture of the BART system as crime-ridden when incidents of crime on transit, including BART, are fewer than in the surrounding communities. The new mapping tool presents crime in a context of what is occurring outside our stations—in the days following the recent attempted robbery, there were over 118 assaults and 33 robberies in the immediate area. All of these incidents were ignored by local media.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>From there, Hamill headed for deeper water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Disproportionate elevation of crimes on transit interfaces with local media in such a way to unfairly affect and characterize riders of color,\" she wrote, \"leading to sweeping generalizations in media reports and a high level of racially insensitive commentary directed toward the District through our social media channels, email, and call centers.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the BART directors, Contra Costa County board member Debora Allen, wrote back asking for a clarification. \"I don’t understand what role the color of one's skin plays in this issue,\" Allen wrote. \"Can you explain?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps thinking she was writing for an audience of one, Hamill did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The social media reaction to the original Coliseum incident in April was startling in the level of racial profiling that it prompted,\" Hamill told Allen. \"The General Manager got a call about the incident on her voicemail that used racist and incendiary language that made my mouth drop. Many posts used patently offensive language that often involved racial slurs (no news articles ever referenced the race of the offenders yet some members of the public leapt to their own conclusions). Some telephone calls and posts even involved vague threats. The media has proven its tendency to highlight material in the most inflammatory way possible.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neither she nor Allen had mentioned surveillance video to this point in their exchange. Then Hamill offered this observation:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>If we were to regularly feed the news media video of crimes on our system that involve minority suspects, particularly when they are minors, we would certainly face questions as to why we were sensationalizing relatively minor crimes and perpetuating false stereotypes in the process.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>[dropcap]H[/dropcap]amill is talking about stuff that actually happens in the world. It's undeniable that we in the media do gravitate toward crime stories, the more sensational and fear-inducing the better. Racial stereotyping is real and was rampant after the April 22 \"mob\" robbery at Coliseum BART.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Hamill's statements managed to plow into a crowd of politically and culturally explosive topics: race, people's sense of personal safety when they're out in public, crime and punishment, the public's right to know what their institutions are doing. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Allen, the BART director who called attention to Hamill's comments, said in an interview earlier this week that though she hasn't seen the available videos of the BART Coliseum robberies, she wants BART to make them public. She says it's a matter of transparency, of making the public aware of how such incidents can occur on the transit system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm not asking for video of every phone snatching to be shown on the nightly news,\" she said. \"I'm asking for the video of the larger attacks to be shown.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked whether there was a way of alerting the public to crime dangers on BART through some other means -- written reports like this one, for instance -- she said she didn't think so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I don't think people pay as close attention to a written report,\" Allen said. \"I think it (video) has a different value.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BART Board President Rebecca Saltzman, who represents a district that includes parts of Berkeley and Oakland, said she recognizes that there's public dissatisfaction with the amount of crime information the district is releasing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A regular BART rider herself, she said she feels safe when riding the trains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm often riding BART late at night or alone,\" Saltzman said. \"But I feel more secure on BART than on many city streets.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But staying alert is key, she added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You have to be aware, just like you should be aware when you're walking on a city street,\" Saltzman said. \"It's important not to get lost in your cellphone or your tablet, especially if you're sitting by a (train) door. ... You should behave the same way you would in any public place and know unfortunately there is a potential for crime, even though overall it's quite safe.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Agency officials caught in controversy about what they're willing to make public -- and about their reasoning for wanting to withhold some information. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__dropcapShortcode__dropcap\">I\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>f you take BART every day, you know the system has issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rush-hour trains are very crowded. Equipment breakdowns, medical emergencies and \"police actions\" can bring the entire jam-packed system to a halt. Many stations are dirty -- really dirty -- and have become refuges for people living on the streets. And maybe it's just me, but I hardly ever make a trip on the system these days without seeing someone duck out through a side gate to avoid paying for their ride.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, crime on BART -- both how much crime occurs and how much the agency does and should tell the public about it -- has become the transit district's storm of the moment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not that there's a bloody reign of terror on BART. Although crime \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/crime/article/Crime-stats-show-where-surge-in-BART-robberies-is-11108092.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">is up\u003c/a> on the system, the transit agency's crime rate pales in comparison to that of some of the communities it serves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's drawing attention to crime on the system's trains right now is a series of high-profile crimes and a pair of recent BART decisions regarding what it discloses about offenses that occur on BART property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of those decisions involves whether to release video of recent mass robberies on BART.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other centers on a decision by the agency's new police chief, Carlos Rojas, to halt the distribution of detailed narratives of crimes on BART and instead give brief generic reports of offenses through \u003ca href=\"https://www.crimemapping.com/map/agency/454\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CrimeMapping.com\u003c/a>, a commercial online incident reporting system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__dropcapShortcode__dropcap\">T\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>he fact BART police produced a detailed daily crime log may come as news to most people. The log had only a few hundred email subscribers. But it served as a tip sheet for the news media and an alert to concerned members of the public. And in comparison to CrimeMapping.com, it gave detailed descriptions of crimes and suspects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below is one example of the difference. First, by way of \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/2017/07/11/bart-police-chief-crime-reports-released-to-public-on-case-by-case-basis/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the East Bay Times\u003c/a>, a copy of BART's daily crime log from June 3:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/bartlogs.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-11567666\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/bartlogs.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"620\" height=\"693\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/bartlogs.jpg 620w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/bartlogs-160x179.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/bartlogs-240x268.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/bartlogs-375x419.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/bartlogs-520x581.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take a look at the first item in that report:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sexual battery -- Lake Merritt Station\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>6/3/2017 2232 hours An officer responded to the station agent's booth to meet with a female victim who reported a male subject who had off-boarded from a train had reached under her skirt to grab her buttocks. The female described the person as being a Black male adult, 6', medium build, with a short buzz cut, wearing a light blue t-shirt and dark jeans. The male suspect fled out of the station via the 8th Street stairwell. An area check was conducted and the suspect was not located. L15 1706-171.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Now, after I've drilled down to the week in question and filtered out all the Oakland Police Department crime reports for the area, here's how CrimeMapping.com displays the incident:\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11567674\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/Screenshot-2017-07-14-10.50.15.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11567674\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/Screenshot-2017-07-14-10.50.15-800x382.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"382\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/Screenshot-2017-07-14-10.50.15-800x382.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/Screenshot-2017-07-14-10.50.15-160x76.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/Screenshot-2017-07-14-10.50.15-1020x487.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/Screenshot-2017-07-14-10.50.15-1180x564.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/Screenshot-2017-07-14-10.50.15-960x459.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/Screenshot-2017-07-14-10.50.15-240x115.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/Screenshot-2017-07-14-10.50.15-375x179.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/Screenshot-2017-07-14-10.50.15-520x248.png 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/Screenshot-2017-07-14-10.50.15.png 1229w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A screen shot of the CrimeMapping.com entry for a sexual battery complaint logged by BART police on June 3, 2017.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You can click on that image for a larger version of the screen shot and a better idea of what's on that page. But the description of the crime is now \"Sexual Battery,\" period. The address is given as the 800 block of Madison Street in Oakland, not Lake Merritt BART. And the circumstances -- information it would be helpful for other riders to know -- have vanished.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's not the only problem. The two other incidents reported at Oakland BART stations on the June 3 crime log -- one at MacArthur, one at West Oakland -- don't show up at all on CrimeMapping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chief Rojas has defended the adoption of CrimeMapping as a move to a \"modern\" crime-reporting tool that other agencies use. He has also said the site could be a challenge, \"especially if you're not technology-savvy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speaking to reporters Thursday at BART's Powell Street Station, he offered another justification for the change: Compiling the daily log took up too much time in a police agency that is seriously understaffed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"One of our problems is that we don't have enough officers out in the field, out on the system,\" Rojas said. \"And that log -- I'm not aware of any agency that creates a log in that detail and sends it out to folks -- it would take two to three hours a shift and usually four to six hours in a 24-hour period for a lieutenant to put that together.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Rojas conceded that CrimeMapping \"falls short\" when it comes to its crime narratives, and he repeated assurances he's given BART board members that the department will work to improve that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__dropcapShortcode__dropcap\">T\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>hen there's BART's video controversy. To understand that, it helps to go back 18 months to an embarrassing -- some would say scandalous -- moment for the transit agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January 2016, a man aboard a San Francisco-bound train shot and killed a fellow passenger at BART's West Oakland Station. The incident \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/01/21/bart-says-it-will-install-surveillance-cameras-on-every-car/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">exposed the fact\u003c/a> that virtually all of what looked like security cameras on the system's trains were merely boxes with flashing lights that looked like they were recording something.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The disclosure prompted BART to launch a crash program of installing cameras, and was well on its way to finishing that project when the first of a pair of headline-grabbing incidents occurred at BART's Coliseum Station in East Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/05/12/bart-cops-investigating-weekend-train-robbery-in-oakland/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">late April\u003c/a>, a crowd of teenagers jumped fare gates at the station and rushed aboard a train that was stopped at the platform. They robbed several passengers and beat up one of them before fleeing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/BART-robbery-mob-was-waiting-and-train-doors-11133988.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Subsequent reporting\u003c/a> on the incident disclosed that only five of the nine cars on the train -- not including the car where the attack occurred -- had working surveillance cameras. However, video was captured on the station's platform and fare gates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On June 30, \u003ca href=\"http://www.eastbaytimes.com/2017/07/06/another-teen-robbery-aboard-bart-train-at-coliseum-station-but-victim-ok/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a similar incident occurred\u003c/a> aboard a train at the station, with police reporting about a dozen teenagers robbing a passenger of a mobile phone, then fighting with a passenger who pursued them and managed to retrieve it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A couple salient points about the April 22 and June 30 incidents: The earlier attack was described in a BART police crime log, which alerted reporters and led to widespread media coverage within 48 hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But since the district had replaced its daily log with CrimeMapping.com weeks before the June 30 episode, its only public description of the crime was \"Robbery: first degree-strong arm, hands, fists, feet etc. Incident #1706-1626.\" The story, featuring an off-duty security guard who confronted a group of teenagers and retrieved a stolen phone, didn't become public until the San Francisco Chronicle \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Another-violent-teen-robbery-on-BART-in-Oakland-11268585.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">broke it\u003c/a> five days later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That left BART with some explaining to do, both internally and externally. What was up with CrimeMapping? Why hadn't the agency issued a press release about the second Coliseum robbery?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kerry Hamill, BART's assistant general manager for external affairs, set out to answer those questions in \u003ca href=\"http://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2017/07/09/bart-withholding-surveillance-videos-of-crime-to-avoid-stereotypes/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a July 7 memo\u003c/a> to the agency's elected board of directors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CrimeMapping, she wrote, \"has increased the efficiency, accuracy and transparency of our crime reporting.\" If members of the media were dissatisfied with it, Hamill said, it was because many reporters were unfamiliar with the CrimeMapping interface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Addressing why there was no press release on the June 30 incident, Hamill said it wasn't a serious enough matter to warrant an alert to the media:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The Media Department has criteria for whether to issue a press release, and this incident did not meet them. The robbery was thwarted by the victim’s fellow riders, then the assailants were all detained and identified thanks to a bolstered police presence at Coliseum station. No property was taken, and no injuries required medical attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no benefit to riders, criminal procedure, BART police investigations, or the District generally to elevate such an incident with a press release. To do so would be grossly out of step with other transit jurisdictions and municipal governments, and would paint an inaccurate picture of the BART system as crime-ridden when incidents of crime on transit, including BART, are fewer than in the surrounding communities. The new mapping tool presents crime in a context of what is occurring outside our stations—in the days following the recent attempted robbery, there were over 118 assaults and 33 robberies in the immediate area. All of these incidents were ignored by local media.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>From there, Hamill headed for deeper water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Disproportionate elevation of crimes on transit interfaces with local media in such a way to unfairly affect and characterize riders of color,\" she wrote, \"leading to sweeping generalizations in media reports and a high level of racially insensitive commentary directed toward the District through our social media channels, email, and call centers.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the BART directors, Contra Costa County board member Debora Allen, wrote back asking for a clarification. \"I don’t understand what role the color of one's skin plays in this issue,\" Allen wrote. \"Can you explain?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps thinking she was writing for an audience of one, Hamill did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The social media reaction to the original Coliseum incident in April was startling in the level of racial profiling that it prompted,\" Hamill told Allen. \"The General Manager got a call about the incident on her voicemail that used racist and incendiary language that made my mouth drop. Many posts used patently offensive language that often involved racial slurs (no news articles ever referenced the race of the offenders yet some members of the public leapt to their own conclusions). Some telephone calls and posts even involved vague threats. The media has proven its tendency to highlight material in the most inflammatory way possible.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neither she nor Allen had mentioned surveillance video to this point in their exchange. Then Hamill offered this observation:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>If we were to regularly feed the news media video of crimes on our system that involve minority suspects, particularly when they are minors, we would certainly face questions as to why we were sensationalizing relatively minor crimes and perpetuating false stereotypes in the process.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__dropcapShortcode__dropcap\">H\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>amill is talking about stuff that actually happens in the world. It's undeniable that we in the media do gravitate toward crime stories, the more sensational and fear-inducing the better. Racial stereotyping is real and was rampant after the April 22 \"mob\" robbery at Coliseum BART.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Hamill's statements managed to plow into a crowd of politically and culturally explosive topics: race, people's sense of personal safety when they're out in public, crime and punishment, the public's right to know what their institutions are doing. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Allen, the BART director who called attention to Hamill's comments, said in an interview earlier this week that though she hasn't seen the available videos of the BART Coliseum robberies, she wants BART to make them public. She says it's a matter of transparency, of making the public aware of how such incidents can occur on the transit system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm not asking for video of every phone snatching to be shown on the nightly news,\" she said. \"I'm asking for the video of the larger attacks to be shown.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked whether there was a way of alerting the public to crime dangers on BART through some other means -- written reports like this one, for instance -- she said she didn't think so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I don't think people pay as close attention to a written report,\" Allen said. \"I think it (video) has a different value.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BART Board President Rebecca Saltzman, who represents a district that includes parts of Berkeley and Oakland, said she recognizes that there's public dissatisfaction with the amount of crime information the district is releasing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A regular BART rider herself, she said she feels safe when riding the trains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm often riding BART late at night or alone,\" Saltzman said. \"But I feel more secure on BART than on many city streets.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But staying alert is key, she added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You have to be aware, just like you should be aware when you're walking on a city street,\" Saltzman said. \"It's important not to get lost in your cellphone or your tablet, especially if you're sitting by a (train) door. ... You should behave the same way you would in any public place and know unfortunately there is a potential for crime, even though overall it's quite safe.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Feds Balk at Subpoena for Ranger's Testimony in Kathryn Steinle Murder Case",
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"content": "\u003cp>An attorney for the U.S. Department of the Interior's Bureau of Land Management is arguing that the federal government must give its permission for a \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/07/07/court-filing-ids-fed-whose-stolen-gun-was-used-in-kate-steinle-killing/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">ranger whose stolen gun\u003c/a> was used to kill Kathryn Steinle to testify in an upcoming murder trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that's unlikely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the legal reasoning offered in a Thursday letter to defense attorneys for Juan Francisco Lopez Sanchez, who is accused of killing Steinle, appears to contradict itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The letter cites a federal case from 1951, and Department of the Interior regulations growing out of it, that generally prohibit federal employees from being subpoenaed to testify about their jobs or as experts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"[I]t is the Department's general policy not to allow its employees to testify or to produce Department records either upon request or by subpoena,\" the letter says, citing U.S. Department of the Interior regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11553719\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11553719\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/Woychowski.jpg\" alt=\"Bureau of Land Management Ranger John Woychowski was named El Centro Field Office 'Ranger of the Year' in 2011.\" width=\"640\" height=\"465\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/Woychowski.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/Woychowski-160x116.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/Woychowski-240x174.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/Woychowski-375x272.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/Woychowski-520x378.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bureau of Land Management Ranger John Woychowski was named El Centro Field Office 'Ranger of the Year' in 2011. \u003ccite>(Bureau of Land Management California via Internet Archive)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The letter continues:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"While these regulations provide at § 2.80 (c) (4) that this subpart does not apply to 'Federal, State and Tribal criminal court proceedings' in fact, the Department will review your ... Request and decide whether to deny it, or narrow the scope of any testimony or production allowed based on your written response.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kathryn Steinle's slaying has garnered national attention, driven largely by politicians and pundits pushing for harsher immigration policies. Lopez Sanchez is a Mexican national with a long history of deportations and illegal re-entries in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But his defense attorneys argue that Lopez Sanchez has no history of violent crime or theft, and he simply picked up an object wrapped in cloth that he found on San Francisco's Pier 14. They say Steinle's death was an accident: Woychowski's lost Sig Sauer pistol went off in Lopez Sanchez's hands, the bullet ricocheted off the pier and struck Steinle in the back about 100 feet away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Woychowski's testimony is critical to the case, defense attorneys said, and the federal government's arguments against it don't apply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"sBZItuCVVdM4ftLgMpsKS5GAJe7ZUBnM\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We’re citing Bureau of Land Management’s own regulations for why the objection that they’re raising doesn’t apply,\" said Matt Gonzalez, San Francisco chief deputy public defender and one of Lopez Sanchez's defense attorneys. \"He started the chain of events that put this gun on that pier, in our opinion, and so his relevance is obvious.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The court's subpoena required Woychowski to attend a hearing in San Francisco on Friday and to bring \"documentation, records, and communications regarding your Sig Sauer firearm reported stolen to San Francisco Police Department on June 27, 2015, including any records, requests, or notice submitted to your employer.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Mr. Woychowski has in his possession evidence that is relevant to the case that will help the jury understand the condition of the weapon at the time that he left it in the back seat of a car in a backpack fully loaded,\" said Deputy Public Defender Francisco Ugarte, who also represents Lopez Sanchez. \"We don’t know the history of the weapon. We know nothing really about the condition it was held in. It’s the federal government: We’re not even sure why they should have standing in this case to prevent one of its employees, who was off-duty, to not testify in court.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ugarte wrote in a motion filed Friday in San Francisco Superior Court that \"[t]he agency's policy as stated to Defendant would prohibit an employee of BLM from responding to a service of divorce papers or a fix-it-ticket; the policy does not apply in those cases and does not apply here.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He’s the last known person to have held the weapon before it reached the pier,\" Ugarte said. \"He knows about the condition in which the weapon was stored and the history of the weapon itself. This incident involved a ricochet shot of 100 feet that points toward an accident. ... He should simply appear in court and help us understand what happened.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokeswoman for the Bureau of Land Management declined to comment. Read the defense attorneys' latest motion in the case, the subpoena and the Department of the Interior attorney's response below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[documentcloud url=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3894863-170714-Ex-Parte-Motion-Requesting-Issuance-of\" notes=\"true\" text=\"true\" search=\"true\" sidebar=\"true\" pdf=\"true\" responsive=\"true\" page=\"1\"]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>An attorney for the U.S. Department of the Interior's Bureau of Land Management is arguing that the federal government must give its permission for a \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/07/07/court-filing-ids-fed-whose-stolen-gun-was-used-in-kate-steinle-killing/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">ranger whose stolen gun\u003c/a> was used to kill Kathryn Steinle to testify in an upcoming murder trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that's unlikely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the legal reasoning offered in a Thursday letter to defense attorneys for Juan Francisco Lopez Sanchez, who is accused of killing Steinle, appears to contradict itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The letter cites a federal case from 1951, and Department of the Interior regulations growing out of it, that generally prohibit federal employees from being subpoenaed to testify about their jobs or as experts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"[I]t is the Department's general policy not to allow its employees to testify or to produce Department records either upon request or by subpoena,\" the letter says, citing U.S. Department of the Interior regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11553719\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11553719\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/Woychowski.jpg\" alt=\"Bureau of Land Management Ranger John Woychowski was named El Centro Field Office 'Ranger of the Year' in 2011.\" width=\"640\" height=\"465\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/Woychowski.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/Woychowski-160x116.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/Woychowski-240x174.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/Woychowski-375x272.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/Woychowski-520x378.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bureau of Land Management Ranger John Woychowski was named El Centro Field Office 'Ranger of the Year' in 2011. \u003ccite>(Bureau of Land Management California via Internet Archive)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The letter continues:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"While these regulations provide at § 2.80 (c) (4) that this subpart does not apply to 'Federal, State and Tribal criminal court proceedings' in fact, the Department will review your ... Request and decide whether to deny it, or narrow the scope of any testimony or production allowed based on your written response.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kathryn Steinle's slaying has garnered national attention, driven largely by politicians and pundits pushing for harsher immigration policies. Lopez Sanchez is a Mexican national with a long history of deportations and illegal re-entries in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But his defense attorneys argue that Lopez Sanchez has no history of violent crime or theft, and he simply picked up an object wrapped in cloth that he found on San Francisco's Pier 14. They say Steinle's death was an accident: Woychowski's lost Sig Sauer pistol went off in Lopez Sanchez's hands, the bullet ricocheted off the pier and struck Steinle in the back about 100 feet away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Woychowski's testimony is critical to the case, defense attorneys said, and the federal government's arguments against it don't apply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We’re citing Bureau of Land Management’s own regulations for why the objection that they’re raising doesn’t apply,\" said Matt Gonzalez, San Francisco chief deputy public defender and one of Lopez Sanchez's defense attorneys. \"He started the chain of events that put this gun on that pier, in our opinion, and so his relevance is obvious.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The court's subpoena required Woychowski to attend a hearing in San Francisco on Friday and to bring \"documentation, records, and communications regarding your Sig Sauer firearm reported stolen to San Francisco Police Department on June 27, 2015, including any records, requests, or notice submitted to your employer.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Mr. Woychowski has in his possession evidence that is relevant to the case that will help the jury understand the condition of the weapon at the time that he left it in the back seat of a car in a backpack fully loaded,\" said Deputy Public Defender Francisco Ugarte, who also represents Lopez Sanchez. \"We don’t know the history of the weapon. We know nothing really about the condition it was held in. It’s the federal government: We’re not even sure why they should have standing in this case to prevent one of its employees, who was off-duty, to not testify in court.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ugarte wrote in a motion filed Friday in San Francisco Superior Court that \"[t]he agency's policy as stated to Defendant would prohibit an employee of BLM from responding to a service of divorce papers or a fix-it-ticket; the policy does not apply in those cases and does not apply here.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He’s the last known person to have held the weapon before it reached the pier,\" Ugarte said. \"He knows about the condition in which the weapon was stored and the history of the weapon itself. This incident involved a ricochet shot of 100 feet that points toward an accident. ... He should simply appear in court and help us understand what happened.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokeswoman for the Bureau of Land Management declined to comment. Read the defense attorneys' latest motion in the case, the subpoena and the Department of the Interior attorney's response below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Greenhouse Gases Quickly Change the Atmosphere, Report Finds",
"headTitle": "Greenhouse Gases Quickly Change the Atmosphere, Report Finds | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Humanity’s grand \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/carbon-dioxide-all-time-monthly-high-21507\">experiment in the atmosphere\u003c/a> continues, and a new report documents just how far it’s gone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration released its \u003ca href=\"https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/aggi/aggi.html\">annual index of 20 key greenhouse gases\u003c/a>. It shows that their direct influence on the climate has risen 140 percent since 1750, with 40 percent of that rise coming in just the past 26 years. That increase is almost entirely due to human activities and has caused the planet to warm 1.8°F (1°C) above pre-industrial temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Carbon dioxide is responsible for 54 percent of the overall increase in climate warming seen since 1990.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The index takes greenhouse gas measurements from about 80 ships and observatories around the world—gathered in all their parts per million and parts per billion glory—and boils them down into a simple numerical index. This year’s number: 1.4.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a simple number that contains multitudes. For example, carbon dioxide is responsible for 54 percent of the overall increase in climate warming seen since 1990. The four other major greenhouse gases in the index, which include nitrous oxide, methane and two types of chlorofluorocarbons, are responsible for 42 percent of the increase with 15 minor greenhouse gases accounting for the missing 4 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1842657\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1842657\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-520x292.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85.jpg 1300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii. \u003ccite>(Jonathan Kingston/National Geographic/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Carbon dioxide has risen rapidly in the atmosphere, with 2016 marking the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/carbon-dioxide-record-rates-21242\">second-largest annual increase\u003c/a> ever observed at the Mauna Loa Observatory, the world’s main measuring station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This May, monthly carbon dioxide peaked at \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/carbon-dioxide-all-time-monthly-high-21507\">409.65 parts per million\u003c/a>. That’s a record high and a mark unseen in human history. If emissions continue on their current trend, the atmosphere will hit a state \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/climate-change-unseen-50-million-years-21312\">unseen in 50 million years\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A bright spot in the report is the decline of chlorofluorocarbons’ warming influence on the planet. The chemicals were commonly used as refrigerants until the Montreal Protocol banned them in 1989. The treaty came about because they deplete the protective ozone layer, but phasing them out has also helped reduce their warming impact on the climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even with their decrease, there are still a lot of greenhouse gases swirling in the atmosphere and trapping more energy on the planet’s surface. \u003ca href=\"http://www.michaelmann.net/\">Michael Mann\u003c/a>, a Penn State climate researcher, said the change in the amount of energy being trapped by all the extra greenhouse gases is roughly the equivalent of adding a Christmas tree light to every square yard around the world since 1982.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“(It) might seem small but it’s not. That alone is enough to raise Earth’s temperature by roughly 1.5°F,” he said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aerosols — light reflecting particles — and the slow nature of the earth’s climate to reach equilibrium are the main reason the planet hasn’t warmed that much since 1982, the first year in Mann’s calculation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carbon emissions have held steady the past three years after rising nearly every year since the Industrial Revolution. That plateau still means humans are putting tons upon tons of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, further altering it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The world only has a \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/two-decades-until-carbon-budget-is-eaten-through-18051\">finite amount of greenhouse gases\u003c/a> it can safely put in the atmosphere. Researchers recently warned that emissions need to begin \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2017/06/29/these-experts-say-we-have-until-2020-to-get-climate-change-under-control-and-theyre-the-optimists/\">declining in the next three years\u003c/a> in order to have a chance of limiting global warming to within 3.6°F (2°C) of pre-industrial temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 1.8°F (1°C) of warming fueled by greenhouse gas pollution has already \u003ca href=\"http://sealevel.climatecentral.org/\">caused seas to rise\u003c/a> nearly a foot, \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/arctic-crazy-warm-sea-ice-21599\">Arctic sea ice to vanish\u003c/a> at a quickening pace and made some \u003ca href=\"https://wwa.climatecentral.org/\">extreme weather more likely and extreme\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Low-lying small island states and coral ecosystems could vanish \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/the-forgotten-un-climate-goal-19701\">if warming hits 2.3°F (1.5°C)\u003c/a>. Passing the 3.6°F (2°C) threshold would put humanity outside the “safe” range of warming outlined by policymakers and scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Humanity’s grand \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/carbon-dioxide-all-time-monthly-high-21507\">experiment in the atmosphere\u003c/a> continues, and a new report documents just how far it’s gone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration released its \u003ca href=\"https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/aggi/aggi.html\">annual index of 20 key greenhouse gases\u003c/a>. It shows that their direct influence on the climate has risen 140 percent since 1750, with 40 percent of that rise coming in just the past 26 years. That increase is almost entirely due to human activities and has caused the planet to warm 1.8°F (1°C) above pre-industrial temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Carbon dioxide is responsible for 54 percent of the overall increase in climate warming seen since 1990.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The index takes greenhouse gas measurements from about 80 ships and observatories around the world—gathered in all their parts per million and parts per billion glory—and boils them down into a simple numerical index. This year’s number: 1.4.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a simple number that contains multitudes. For example, carbon dioxide is responsible for 54 percent of the overall increase in climate warming seen since 1990. The four other major greenhouse gases in the index, which include nitrous oxide, methane and two types of chlorofluorocarbons, are responsible for 42 percent of the increase with 15 minor greenhouse gases accounting for the missing 4 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1842657\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1842657\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-520x292.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85.jpg 1300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii. \u003ccite>(Jonathan Kingston/National Geographic/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Carbon dioxide has risen rapidly in the atmosphere, with 2016 marking the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/carbon-dioxide-record-rates-21242\">second-largest annual increase\u003c/a> ever observed at the Mauna Loa Observatory, the world’s main measuring station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This May, monthly carbon dioxide peaked at \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/carbon-dioxide-all-time-monthly-high-21507\">409.65 parts per million\u003c/a>. That’s a record high and a mark unseen in human history. If emissions continue on their current trend, the atmosphere will hit a state \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/climate-change-unseen-50-million-years-21312\">unseen in 50 million years\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A bright spot in the report is the decline of chlorofluorocarbons’ warming influence on the planet. The chemicals were commonly used as refrigerants until the Montreal Protocol banned them in 1989. The treaty came about because they deplete the protective ozone layer, but phasing them out has also helped reduce their warming impact on the climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even with their decrease, there are still a lot of greenhouse gases swirling in the atmosphere and trapping more energy on the planet’s surface. \u003ca href=\"http://www.michaelmann.net/\">Michael Mann\u003c/a>, a Penn State climate researcher, said the change in the amount of energy being trapped by all the extra greenhouse gases is roughly the equivalent of adding a Christmas tree light to every square yard around the world since 1982.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“(It) might seem small but it’s not. That alone is enough to raise Earth’s temperature by roughly 1.5°F,” he said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aerosols — light reflecting particles — and the slow nature of the earth’s climate to reach equilibrium are the main reason the planet hasn’t warmed that much since 1982, the first year in Mann’s calculation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carbon emissions have held steady the past three years after rising nearly every year since the Industrial Revolution. That plateau still means humans are putting tons upon tons of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, further altering it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The world only has a \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/two-decades-until-carbon-budget-is-eaten-through-18051\">finite amount of greenhouse gases\u003c/a> it can safely put in the atmosphere. Researchers recently warned that emissions need to begin \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2017/06/29/these-experts-say-we-have-until-2020-to-get-climate-change-under-control-and-theyre-the-optimists/\">declining in the next three years\u003c/a> in order to have a chance of limiting global warming to within 3.6°F (2°C) of pre-industrial temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 1.8°F (1°C) of warming fueled by greenhouse gas pollution has already \u003ca href=\"http://sealevel.climatecentral.org/\">caused seas to rise\u003c/a> nearly a foot, \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/arctic-crazy-warm-sea-ice-21599\">Arctic sea ice to vanish\u003c/a> at a quickening pace and made some \u003ca href=\"https://wwa.climatecentral.org/\">extreme weather more likely and extreme\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Low-lying small island states and coral ecosystems could vanish \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/the-forgotten-un-climate-goal-19701\">if warming hits 2.3°F (1.5°C)\u003c/a>. Passing the 3.6°F (2°C) threshold would put humanity outside the “safe” range of warming outlined by policymakers and scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
"airtime": "SAT 4pm-5pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"order": 16
},
"link": "/podcasts/rightnowish",
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