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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.sfmoma.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">SFMOMA \u003c/a>has some 34,000 pieces of art in its collection. But the museum has room to show only about 5 percent of it. Wanna see the rest? Text them. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This is how it works: Text the number 57251 with the message “send me” and a request. For example, “send me love” or “send me flowers.” You can even insert an emoji. I tried it on a Friday afternoon and so inserted a beer emoji and hit \"send.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Once the SFMOMA text bot receives that text, it turns it into keywords to search,” explained \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfmoma.org/author/keir-winesmith/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Keir Winesmith\u003c/a>, the head of digital at SFMOMA. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[audio src=\"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/2017/08/SFMOMAtext.mp3\" /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In my case, the bot searched the museum’s database of artwork to find all the pieces that have the word “beer” in their description. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We get back some number of works, often a hundred or two hundred if it’s a really common phrase,” Winesmith said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It sent \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">me\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> a photo of an artwork by \u003ca href=\"http://tommarioni.com/gallery/about/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Tom Marioni\u003c/a>. It shows shelves lined with beers and an old-timey refrigerator in front of it. The work is called “FREE BEER (The Act of Drinking Beer with Friends is the Highest Form of Art).”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">While the text bot took only a week to program, it builds on a decade of work by the archivists. During that time, SFMOMA digitized about half of its 34,000 artworks to include a description and photo. The text bot culls through that data. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Winesmith said the idea behind the text bot was to reach new audiences. They wanted to reach people who might not know about SFMOMA or might not feel comfortable going to museums. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We wanted to do it in a way where they didn’t need to know art history, they didn’t know art language,” Winesmith said. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">They simply need to know how to text. To get the broadest reach, SFMOMA shied away from developing an app, which requires a smartphone. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">SFMOMA’s text project is part of a larger trend among arts organizations, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.americansforthearts.org/about-americans-for-the-arts/staff/graham-dunstan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Graham Dunstan\u003c/a>. He's the vice president of marketing at \u003ca href=\"http://www.americansforthearts.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Americans for the Arts\u003c/a>. Bringing in new audiences has been a challenge for many arts organizations and increasingly, they’re experimenting with technology to do it. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I think for so long arts organizations have said, ‘Hey we have a 7 p.m. performance' or a ‘limited exhibition engagement,’ ” said Dunstan. “But these kinds of uses of technology allow people to participate the way they want to participate.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">At the same time, projects like the SFMOMA text bot can help drive ticket sales. Dunstan lives in New York and said he kind of forgot about SFMOMA. But after trying out the bot, he put the museum on his list to visit the next time he’s in San Francisco. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In my case, the bot searched the museum’s database of artwork to find all the pieces that have the word “beer” in their description. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We get back some number of works, often a hundred or two hundred if it’s a really common phrase,” Winesmith said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It sent \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">me\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> a photo of an artwork by \u003ca href=\"http://tommarioni.com/gallery/about/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Tom Marioni\u003c/a>. It shows shelves lined with beers and an old-timey refrigerator in front of it. The work is called “FREE BEER (The Act of Drinking Beer with Friends is the Highest Form of Art).”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">While the text bot took only a week to program, it builds on a decade of work by the archivists. During that time, SFMOMA digitized about half of its 34,000 artworks to include a description and photo. The text bot culls through that data. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Winesmith said the idea behind the text bot was to reach new audiences. They wanted to reach people who might not know about SFMOMA or might not feel comfortable going to museums. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We wanted to do it in a way where they didn’t need to know art history, they didn’t know art language,” Winesmith said. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">They simply need to know how to text. To get the broadest reach, SFMOMA shied away from developing an app, which requires a smartphone. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">SFMOMA’s text project is part of a larger trend among arts organizations, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.americansforthearts.org/about-americans-for-the-arts/staff/graham-dunstan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Graham Dunstan\u003c/a>. He's the vice president of marketing at \u003ca href=\"http://www.americansforthearts.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Americans for the Arts\u003c/a>. Bringing in new audiences has been a challenge for many arts organizations and increasingly, they’re experimenting with technology to do it. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I think for so long arts organizations have said, ‘Hey we have a 7 p.m. performance' or a ‘limited exhibition engagement,’ ” said Dunstan. “But these kinds of uses of technology allow people to participate the way they want to participate.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">At the same time, projects like the SFMOMA text bot can help drive ticket sales. Dunstan lives in New York and said he kind of forgot about SFMOMA. But after trying out the bot, he put the museum on his list to visit the next time he’s in San Francisco. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "A Sneak Peek at Plans to Expand the Priscilla Chan School",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Primary School, a free private school backed by Priscilla Chan, wife of Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg, is planning to construct a 76,000-square-foot building that will serve as a school and health center in East Palo Alto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The school just completed its first full year and is temporarily operating out of the Ravenswood Child Development campus. School leaders unveiled for the first time last week renderings of the plans during a community meeting. The campus will sit on 3.5 acres of land on Weeks Street near the East Palo Alto Baylands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The school serves low-income students and their families from East Palo Alto and the Belle Haven neighborhood of Menlo Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The renderings show a rooftop playground for students, an 11,000-square-foot gymnasium and several play yards and recreation areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11579453\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11579453 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/IMG_1676-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/IMG_1676-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/IMG_1676-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/IMG_1676-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/IMG_1676-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/IMG_1676-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/IMG_1676-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/IMG_1676-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/IMG_1676-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/IMG_1676-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An overhead map of the proposed building, which will be built on 3.5 acres of land off Weeks Street in East Palo Alto. The school will have capacity for 511 students (K-8). \u003ccite>(Tonya Mosley/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The color scheme, according to \u003ca href=\"http://studiobondy.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Studio Bondy Architecture\u003c/a>, is inspired by the changing colors of the Baylands. Twenty-five percent of the building would serve as a community space for \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">adult-learning classrooms, a meeting space for parents, and a parent education library. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the first community meeting, some residents expressed concern over increased traffic, and the accessibility of the school for other students, who don’t qualify as low income. City planners said there will be at least two additional community meetings for residents to give their input into the plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11579455\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11579455 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/IMG_1679-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/IMG_1679-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/IMG_1679-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/IMG_1679-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/IMG_1679-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/IMG_1679-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/IMG_1679-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/IMG_1679-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/IMG_1679-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/IMG_1679-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A rendering of the proposed 76,000-square-foot expansion site of The Primary School. The school will have capacity for 511 students (K-8). \u003ccite>(Tonya Mosley/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In June, the school held its first graduation ceremony for 51 preschoolers. This coming school year, it will welcome 150 preschoolers and serve an additional 100 infants and toddlers. The ultimate goal is to provide on-site health care services and education to 511 students and their families from birth through eighth grade. The school partners with the Ravenswood Health Clinic to provide health services to its students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is still a long way to go before the new school campus becomes official. The plans must first go through a city environmental review and traffic analysis this fall and winter. The East Palo Alto City Council will vote on the plan sometime in 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11579456\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11579456 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/IMG_1675-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/IMG_1675-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/IMG_1675-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/IMG_1675-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/IMG_1675-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/IMG_1675-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/IMG_1675-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/IMG_1675-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/IMG_1675-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/IMG_1675-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An overhead map of the proposed building, which will be built on 3.5 acres of land off of Weeks Street in East Palo Alto. The school will have capacity for 511 students (K-8). \u003ccite>(Tonya Mosley/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Note: This post has been updated to clarify the number of students expected to attend the school in the fall. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Primary School, a free private school backed by Priscilla Chan, wife of Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg, is planning to construct a 76,000-square-foot building that will serve as a school and health center in East Palo Alto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The school just completed its first full year and is temporarily operating out of the Ravenswood Child Development campus. School leaders unveiled for the first time last week renderings of the plans during a community meeting. The campus will sit on 3.5 acres of land on Weeks Street near the East Palo Alto Baylands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The school serves low-income students and their families from East Palo Alto and the Belle Haven neighborhood of Menlo Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The renderings show a rooftop playground for students, an 11,000-square-foot gymnasium and several play yards and recreation areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11579453\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11579453 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/IMG_1676-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/IMG_1676-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/IMG_1676-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/IMG_1676-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/IMG_1676-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/IMG_1676-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/IMG_1676-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/IMG_1676-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/IMG_1676-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/IMG_1676-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An overhead map of the proposed building, which will be built on 3.5 acres of land off Weeks Street in East Palo Alto. The school will have capacity for 511 students (K-8). \u003ccite>(Tonya Mosley/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The color scheme, according to \u003ca href=\"http://studiobondy.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Studio Bondy Architecture\u003c/a>, is inspired by the changing colors of the Baylands. Twenty-five percent of the building would serve as a community space for \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">adult-learning classrooms, a meeting space for parents, and a parent education library. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the first community meeting, some residents expressed concern over increased traffic, and the accessibility of the school for other students, who don’t qualify as low income. City planners said there will be at least two additional community meetings for residents to give their input into the plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11579455\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11579455 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/IMG_1679-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/IMG_1679-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/IMG_1679-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/IMG_1679-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/IMG_1679-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/IMG_1679-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/IMG_1679-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/IMG_1679-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/IMG_1679-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/IMG_1679-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A rendering of the proposed 76,000-square-foot expansion site of The Primary School. The school will have capacity for 511 students (K-8). \u003ccite>(Tonya Mosley/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In June, the school held its first graduation ceremony for 51 preschoolers. This coming school year, it will welcome 150 preschoolers and serve an additional 100 infants and toddlers. The ultimate goal is to provide on-site health care services and education to 511 students and their families from birth through eighth grade. The school partners with the Ravenswood Health Clinic to provide health services to its students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is still a long way to go before the new school campus becomes official. The plans must first go through a city environmental review and traffic analysis this fall and winter. The East Palo Alto City Council will vote on the plan sometime in 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11579456\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11579456 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/IMG_1675-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/IMG_1675-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/IMG_1675-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/IMG_1675-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/IMG_1675-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/IMG_1675-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/IMG_1675-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/IMG_1675-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/IMG_1675-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/IMG_1675-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An overhead map of the proposed building, which will be built on 3.5 acres of land off of Weeks Street in East Palo Alto. The school will have capacity for 511 students (K-8). \u003ccite>(Tonya Mosley/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Note: This post has been updated to clarify the number of students expected to attend the school in the fall. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Attorney Brooke Oliver, who represents \u003ca href=\"https://www.dykesonbikes.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">San Francisco Dykes on Bikes\u003c/a>, is one of the people whose Facebook account was suspended last month during San Francisco's Pride Week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oliver was apparently targeted for her post announcing a U.S. Supreme Court ruling allowing her group to register its trademark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Facebook has since restored Oliver’s account, but she says the issue hasn’t been resolved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It’s very much more widespread,\" Oliver says. \"It happened to the Dykes on Bikes chapter in Australia, and to many, many other women who were posting, and gay men and trans people.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Facebook has apologized to some members of the Bay Area LGBT community, but its response has disappointed users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These absolutely were not hate speech. They were Pride speech,\" says Oliver. \"But Facebook’s content reviewers couldn’t tell the difference.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco resident Bruce Beaudette also saw his account temporarily suspended. \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10155384767566063&set=p.10155384767566063&type=3&theater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">His post\u003c/a> referred to the 1970s lesbian magazine called \"DYKE, A Quarterly.\" He says that, over the weekend, the social media giant sent him a generic apology message.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A member of our team accidentally removed something you posted on Facebook,\" it said. \"This was a mistake and we sincerely apologize for this error.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Facebook put back the original post, but Beaudette isn’t entirely satisfied with what he calls \"a robotic response.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It’s got to be an algorithm that’s well intended, but it failed because they’re not accepting the fact that humans need to interact with other humans,\" says Beaudette.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Facebook maintains that it relies on a content review team that receives millions of reports a week. But the company acknowledged that sometimes content is removed in error.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beaudette says he would like to see a call center established to resolve disputes like his.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Irina Raicu, at the\u003ca href=\"https://www.scu.edu/ethics/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Markkula Center for Applied Ethics\u003c/a> at Santa Clara University, would also like to see Facebook engage the community in defining the rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Whether it’s humans or software making the decisions, moderating content is hard,\" she says. \"The real issue with Facebook is we don’t really know how those decisions are being made.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://newsroom.fb.com/news/2017/06/hard-questions-hate-speech/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">A recent Facebook blog\u003c/a> acknowledges errors can be upsetting to users, and says the firm is working to fix its mistakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Oliver and San Francisco Dykes on Bikes pledge to keep pressuring Facebook.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 10 days ago, she sent Facebook a cease-and-desist letter on behalf of Dykes on Bikes. She said she is still waiting on a response.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Attorney Brooke Oliver, who represents \u003ca href=\"https://www.dykesonbikes.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">San Francisco Dykes on Bikes\u003c/a>, is one of the people whose Facebook account was suspended last month during San Francisco's Pride Week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oliver was apparently targeted for her post announcing a U.S. Supreme Court ruling allowing her group to register its trademark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Facebook has since restored Oliver’s account, but she says the issue hasn’t been resolved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It’s very much more widespread,\" Oliver says. \"It happened to the Dykes on Bikes chapter in Australia, and to many, many other women who were posting, and gay men and trans people.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Facebook has apologized to some members of the Bay Area LGBT community, but its response has disappointed users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These absolutely were not hate speech. They were Pride speech,\" says Oliver. \"But Facebook’s content reviewers couldn’t tell the difference.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco resident Bruce Beaudette also saw his account temporarily suspended. \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10155384767566063&set=p.10155384767566063&type=3&theater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">His post\u003c/a> referred to the 1970s lesbian magazine called \"DYKE, A Quarterly.\" He says that, over the weekend, the social media giant sent him a generic apology message.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A member of our team accidentally removed something you posted on Facebook,\" it said. \"This was a mistake and we sincerely apologize for this error.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Facebook put back the original post, but Beaudette isn’t entirely satisfied with what he calls \"a robotic response.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It’s got to be an algorithm that’s well intended, but it failed because they’re not accepting the fact that humans need to interact with other humans,\" says Beaudette.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Facebook maintains that it relies on a content review team that receives millions of reports a week. But the company acknowledged that sometimes content is removed in error.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beaudette says he would like to see a call center established to resolve disputes like his.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Irina Raicu, at the\u003ca href=\"https://www.scu.edu/ethics/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Markkula Center for Applied Ethics\u003c/a> at Santa Clara University, would also like to see Facebook engage the community in defining the rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Whether it’s humans or software making the decisions, moderating content is hard,\" she says. \"The real issue with Facebook is we don’t really know how those decisions are being made.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://newsroom.fb.com/news/2017/06/hard-questions-hate-speech/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">A recent Facebook blog\u003c/a> acknowledges errors can be upsetting to users, and says the firm is working to fix its mistakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Oliver and San Francisco Dykes on Bikes pledge to keep pressuring Facebook.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 10 days ago, she sent Facebook a cease-and-desist letter on behalf of Dykes on Bikes. She said she is still waiting on a response.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Senate voted Tuesday to begin debating a replacement for the Affordable Care Act. It remains uncertain as to what that replacement might look like. No formal legislation has been drafted. But senators moved to take the procedural first step, known as a \"motion to proceed.\" The vote was 51-50, with Vice President Pence casting the tiebreaking vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Debate will now begin, most likely on a measure to fully repeal the law, also known as Obamacare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With all Democrats opposing the measure, Senate Republican Leader Mitch McConnell could afford only to lose two votes from his 52-vote majority and two GOP senators did vote no, Maine's Susan Collins and Alaska's Lisa Murkowski.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was more drama. The vote marked the return of Sen. John McCain, the Arizona Republican whose \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/07/19/538204928/sen-john-mccain-diagnosed-with-brain-cancer-hospital-says\">brain cancer diagnosis\u003c/a> stunned his colleagues. He was greeted with a standing ovation on the Senate floor and was embraced by senators from both sides of the aisle. McCain then voted yes on the motion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"8Us7AiHnJd8mC6pTnEwJ0h69AraZFv4r\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Trump, speaking at a news conference with Lebanese Prime Minister Saad al-Hariri in the Rose Garden, pronounced himself \"extremely happy\" and predicted, \"We're going to come up with a plan that's really, really wonderful for the American people.\" He also thanked McCain for coming for the vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before voting began, a group of protesters shouted \"kill the bill'\" and \"shame\" from the Senate's galleries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With debate formally opened, senators will be able to freely offer amendments, so nobody knows what the final product will look like. It's an unusual and perhaps unprecedented way to draft a bill that will affect millions of Americans and a large chunk of the economy, to say the least. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But McConnell said after the vote that \"we'll finish at the end of the week.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Watch Archived Video of the Proceedings\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https://www.npr.org/templates/event/embeddedVideo.php?storyId=539270923&mediaId=539272166\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Senators+Vote+To+Proceed+With+Health+Care+Debate&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Senate voted Tuesday to begin debating a replacement for the Affordable Care Act. It remains uncertain as to what that replacement might look like. No formal legislation has been drafted. But senators moved to take the procedural first step, known as a \"motion to proceed.\" The vote was 51-50, with Vice President Pence casting the tiebreaking vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Debate will now begin, most likely on a measure to fully repeal the law, also known as Obamacare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With all Democrats opposing the measure, Senate Republican Leader Mitch McConnell could afford only to lose two votes from his 52-vote majority and two GOP senators did vote no, Maine's Susan Collins and Alaska's Lisa Murkowski.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was more drama. The vote marked the return of Sen. John McCain, the Arizona Republican whose \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/07/19/538204928/sen-john-mccain-diagnosed-with-brain-cancer-hospital-says\">brain cancer diagnosis\u003c/a> stunned his colleagues. He was greeted with a standing ovation on the Senate floor and was embraced by senators from both sides of the aisle. McCain then voted yes on the motion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Trump, speaking at a news conference with Lebanese Prime Minister Saad al-Hariri in the Rose Garden, pronounced himself \"extremely happy\" and predicted, \"We're going to come up with a plan that's really, really wonderful for the American people.\" He also thanked McCain for coming for the vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before voting began, a group of protesters shouted \"kill the bill'\" and \"shame\" from the Senate's galleries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With debate formally opened, senators will be able to freely offer amendments, so nobody knows what the final product will look like. It's an unusual and perhaps unprecedented way to draft a bill that will affect millions of Americans and a large chunk of the economy, to say the least. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But McConnell said after the vote that \"we'll finish at the end of the week.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Watch Archived Video of the Proceedings\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https://www.npr.org/templates/event/embeddedVideo.php?storyId=539270923&mediaId=539272166\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Senators+Vote+To+Proceed+With+Health+Care+Debate&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "California Decides All Drinking Water Must Be Tested for a Toxin. But Who Pays?",
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"content": "\u003cp>It’s just after 7:30 p.m. on a recent evening as Celerina Chavez finishes the supper dishes in the Kern County home she and her husband Bartolo Chavez have owned for more than two decades. This after-dinner scene is fairly ordinary, except for the water flowing from the kitchen faucet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here in the small city of Arvin, near Bakersfield, the tap water is tainted with \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-03/documents/ffrrofactsheet_contaminant_tcp_january2014_final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">1,2,3-Trichloropropane\u003c/a> (TCP). It’s a man-made chemical that California has \u003ca href=\"https://oehha.ca.gov/chemicals/123-trichloropropane)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">identified\u003c/a> as a carcinogen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“TCP is actually one of the most toxic chemicals that we’re finding in water,” says Andria Ventura, toxics program manager for the nonprofit \u003ca href=\"https://www.cleanwateraction.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Clean Water Action\u003c/a>. “People should not drink TCP.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But people are drinking it. Statewide, the toxic chemical has contaminated water supplies throughout the state, particularly in the agricultural communities of the Central Valley, where Celerina and Bartolo raised their two daughters, both now away at college.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would ... give them that water,” Celerina Chavez says. “I didn't know that it was contaminated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The couple now receives tokens from the water district to receive free filtered water. Their drinking water also contains the toxins arsenic and chromium-6.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But the tokens aren’t enough,” Bartolo Chavez says. “So in addition, we buy bottled water at Costco.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bartolo works in the juice industry and Celerina is a hotel worker. They pay about $50 a month for the extra bottles — a price they say they can ill afford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[TCP]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">State Water Resources Control Board\u003c/a> on July 18 \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/press_room/press_releases/2017/pr071817_123tcp.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">adopted\u003c/a> the strictest possible standard (5 parts per trillion or less) for the contaminant in public drinking water. That's the lowest level at which existing technology can detect the chemical and remove it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Statewide, the tap water of about a million Californians is known to contain TCP at levels higher than that, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/documents/123-tcp/tcp_mcl_presentation.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">data\u003c/a> from the state water board. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, the contamination is tied to the historic use of industrial solvent. TCP has been found in many urban areas, including Los Angeles, San Bernardino and San Mateo counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the agricultural Central Valley, it’s linked to a type of pesticide once made by two manufacturers, Shell Oil and Dow Chemical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From at least the 1950s into the 1980s, farmers spread the pesticide on fields to kill tiny, soil-dwelling worms that attacked the roots of plants, causing millions of dollars in crop losses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is extremely persistent,” says \u003ca href=\"http://rbwaterlaw.com/people/todd-e-robins/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Todd E. Robins\u003c/a>, a San Francisco attorney representing more than two dozen Central Valley water suppliers that are now suing Shell and Dow for the cost of cleanup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“TCP lasts in the ground and in the groundwater for literally centuries,\" he adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting in January 2018, all public water systems in the state -- more than 4,000 of them -- must test for TCP. If the average of four quarters of sampling shows the chemical exceeding levels of the new limit, the state will require cleanup, says Andrew DiLuccia, spokesman for the water board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that won’t be cheap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Currently we have an estimation of approximately a little over $33 million a year,” DiLuccia says. Over the next 20 years, the state estimates $500 million in cleanup may be necessary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But that could change as more systems begin to test,” he adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Attorney Robins claims some of the TCP pollution in the agricultural areas of California could have been avoided. According to the lawsuits he has filed, both Shell and Dow knew early on that TCP was \u003cem>not\u003c/em> an active ingredient in the pesticide — rather, it was a different chemical in the pesticide that actually killed the worms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And yet, Robins says, both companies kept putting TCP in their pesticides as a way to get rid of their TCP inventories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Rather than spending money to dispose of this chemical waste,” Robins explains, “they could put it in barrels and sell it to farmers and have farmers dispose of the chemical waste in soil and in farm fields all around the United States.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public relations representatives for Shell and Dow wouldn’t comment on whether discarding TCP was a motive for adding it to the pesticides, citing the lawsuits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dow spokesman Jarrod Erpelding released a statement saying:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"TCP was a trace constituent associated with highly beneficial agricultural product formulations, which have not been on the market for several decades, that controlled pests that otherwise would have caused millions of dollars in annual crop losses. TCP is also associated with products that Dow did not manufacture or sell and with certain industrial processes in which Dow had no involvement. All regulations should be predicated on sound science, and the MCL [Maximum Contaminant Level] for TCP is no different.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Shell representatives emailed a statement:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“The former Shell agricultural product, last manufactured more than 30 years ago, contained trace amounts of 1,2,3 trichloropropane (TCP). It was used to control microscopic worms that attacked crops causing millions of dollars a year of crop loss for farmers, and was approved for use by the U.S. government and the State of California.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Many of the hardest-hit California communities are rural, with small water districts that won't be able to afford the cleanup costs. Among them is the water supplier for the city where the Chavez family lives: Arvin, on the outskirts of Bakersfield in Kern County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s something that’s going to place a humongous burden on the residents of Arvin,” says Raul Barraza Jr., general manager of the Arvin Community Services District. “You’re talking about very complex treatment ... each water system has its completely own personality.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barraza says water suppliers will have to decide whether to treat TCP on-site or whether to pipe the contaminated water to a central treatment facility. In either case, Barraza says, they’ll likely be running it through a granular activated carbon filter, much like a Brita filter placed in a pitcher of water – only a lot bigger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re generally 20,000-pound vessels,” says Lisa Koehn, assistant public utilities director for the city of Clovis, near Fresno. “And they’re about 12 foot in diameter, about 20 feet tall.” And costly to operate, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clovis recently settled a lawsuit against Dow Chemical for $7.5 million. The city also won a jury verdict in its favor after suing Shell Oil, then settled with the company for $15 million, says David J. Wolfe, city attorney for Clovis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Koehn cautions that the settlement monies aren't likely to cover all the costs of cleanup. To do that, she says, taxpayer-funded grants and higher water fees will likely be needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state attorney general’s office would not comment on whether it’s also pursuing legal action against the companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robins, meanwhile, says none of this had to happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The real tragedy is the active ingredient in these products was extremely effective,” he says. “It broke down into harmless byproducts in a matter of days after these products were injected into the soil.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was produced by \u003ca href=\"http://khn.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Kaiser Health News\u003c/a>, which publishes \u003ca href=\"http://californiahealthline.org/\" target=\"_blank\">California Healthline\u003c/a>, an editorially independent service of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.chcf.org/\" target=\"_blank\">California Health Care Foundation\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It’s just after 7:30 p.m. on a recent evening as Celerina Chavez finishes the supper dishes in the Kern County home she and her husband Bartolo Chavez have owned for more than two decades. This after-dinner scene is fairly ordinary, except for the water flowing from the kitchen faucet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here in the small city of Arvin, near Bakersfield, the tap water is tainted with \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-03/documents/ffrrofactsheet_contaminant_tcp_january2014_final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">1,2,3-Trichloropropane\u003c/a> (TCP). It’s a man-made chemical that California has \u003ca href=\"https://oehha.ca.gov/chemicals/123-trichloropropane)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">identified\u003c/a> as a carcinogen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“TCP is actually one of the most toxic chemicals that we’re finding in water,” says Andria Ventura, toxics program manager for the nonprofit \u003ca href=\"https://www.cleanwateraction.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Clean Water Action\u003c/a>. “People should not drink TCP.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But people are drinking it. Statewide, the toxic chemical has contaminated water supplies throughout the state, particularly in the agricultural communities of the Central Valley, where Celerina and Bartolo raised their two daughters, both now away at college.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would ... give them that water,” Celerina Chavez says. “I didn't know that it was contaminated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The couple now receives tokens from the water district to receive free filtered water. Their drinking water also contains the toxins arsenic and chromium-6.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But the tokens aren’t enough,” Bartolo Chavez says. “So in addition, we buy bottled water at Costco.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bartolo works in the juice industry and Celerina is a hotel worker. They pay about $50 a month for the extra bottles — a price they say they can ill afford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[TCP]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">State Water Resources Control Board\u003c/a> on July 18 \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/press_room/press_releases/2017/pr071817_123tcp.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">adopted\u003c/a> the strictest possible standard (5 parts per trillion or less) for the contaminant in public drinking water. That's the lowest level at which existing technology can detect the chemical and remove it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Statewide, the tap water of about a million Californians is known to contain TCP at levels higher than that, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/documents/123-tcp/tcp_mcl_presentation.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">data\u003c/a> from the state water board. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, the contamination is tied to the historic use of industrial solvent. TCP has been found in many urban areas, including Los Angeles, San Bernardino and San Mateo counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the agricultural Central Valley, it’s linked to a type of pesticide once made by two manufacturers, Shell Oil and Dow Chemical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From at least the 1950s into the 1980s, farmers spread the pesticide on fields to kill tiny, soil-dwelling worms that attacked the roots of plants, causing millions of dollars in crop losses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is extremely persistent,” says \u003ca href=\"http://rbwaterlaw.com/people/todd-e-robins/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Todd E. Robins\u003c/a>, a San Francisco attorney representing more than two dozen Central Valley water suppliers that are now suing Shell and Dow for the cost of cleanup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“TCP lasts in the ground and in the groundwater for literally centuries,\" he adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting in January 2018, all public water systems in the state -- more than 4,000 of them -- must test for TCP. If the average of four quarters of sampling shows the chemical exceeding levels of the new limit, the state will require cleanup, says Andrew DiLuccia, spokesman for the water board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that won’t be cheap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Currently we have an estimation of approximately a little over $33 million a year,” DiLuccia says. Over the next 20 years, the state estimates $500 million in cleanup may be necessary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But that could change as more systems begin to test,” he adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Attorney Robins claims some of the TCP pollution in the agricultural areas of California could have been avoided. According to the lawsuits he has filed, both Shell and Dow knew early on that TCP was \u003cem>not\u003c/em> an active ingredient in the pesticide — rather, it was a different chemical in the pesticide that actually killed the worms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And yet, Robins says, both companies kept putting TCP in their pesticides as a way to get rid of their TCP inventories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Rather than spending money to dispose of this chemical waste,” Robins explains, “they could put it in barrels and sell it to farmers and have farmers dispose of the chemical waste in soil and in farm fields all around the United States.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public relations representatives for Shell and Dow wouldn’t comment on whether discarding TCP was a motive for adding it to the pesticides, citing the lawsuits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dow spokesman Jarrod Erpelding released a statement saying:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"TCP was a trace constituent associated with highly beneficial agricultural product formulations, which have not been on the market for several decades, that controlled pests that otherwise would have caused millions of dollars in annual crop losses. TCP is also associated with products that Dow did not manufacture or sell and with certain industrial processes in which Dow had no involvement. All regulations should be predicated on sound science, and the MCL [Maximum Contaminant Level] for TCP is no different.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Shell representatives emailed a statement:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“The former Shell agricultural product, last manufactured more than 30 years ago, contained trace amounts of 1,2,3 trichloropropane (TCP). It was used to control microscopic worms that attacked crops causing millions of dollars a year of crop loss for farmers, and was approved for use by the U.S. government and the State of California.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Many of the hardest-hit California communities are rural, with small water districts that won't be able to afford the cleanup costs. Among them is the water supplier for the city where the Chavez family lives: Arvin, on the outskirts of Bakersfield in Kern County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s something that’s going to place a humongous burden on the residents of Arvin,” says Raul Barraza Jr., general manager of the Arvin Community Services District. “You’re talking about very complex treatment ... each water system has its completely own personality.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barraza says water suppliers will have to decide whether to treat TCP on-site or whether to pipe the contaminated water to a central treatment facility. In either case, Barraza says, they’ll likely be running it through a granular activated carbon filter, much like a Brita filter placed in a pitcher of water – only a lot bigger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re generally 20,000-pound vessels,” says Lisa Koehn, assistant public utilities director for the city of Clovis, near Fresno. “And they’re about 12 foot in diameter, about 20 feet tall.” And costly to operate, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clovis recently settled a lawsuit against Dow Chemical for $7.5 million. The city also won a jury verdict in its favor after suing Shell Oil, then settled with the company for $15 million, says David J. Wolfe, city attorney for Clovis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Koehn cautions that the settlement monies aren't likely to cover all the costs of cleanup. To do that, she says, taxpayer-funded grants and higher water fees will likely be needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state attorney general’s office would not comment on whether it’s also pursuing legal action against the companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robins, meanwhile, says none of this had to happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The real tragedy is the active ingredient in these products was extremely effective,” he says. “It broke down into harmless byproducts in a matter of days after these products were injected into the soil.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was produced by \u003ca href=\"http://khn.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Kaiser Health News\u003c/a>, which publishes \u003ca href=\"http://californiahealthline.org/\" target=\"_blank\">California Healthline\u003c/a>, an editorially independent service of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.chcf.org/\" target=\"_blank\">California Health Care Foundation\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Senate is expected to vote Tuesday on whether to advance health care legislation to the Senate floor. That would open up debate on an Obamacare repeal and/or replacement plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The importance of the vote was highlighted by \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/SenJohnMcCain/status/889652943791824897\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Sen. John McCain’s decision\u003c/a> to return to Washington to take part. He announced last week that he had been diagnosed with brain cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a White House event Monday, President Trump highlighted what he called the “failures” of the Affordable Care Act, also known as Obamacare, and called on senators to pass a bill that both repeals and replaces the ACA. Last week, Trump \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/887134287350439936\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">urged an approach\u003c/a> that would repeal the law over two years, giving lawmakers more time to craft new health care legislation. Several days later \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/07/20/538171317/fact-check-trumps-confusing-remarks-to-senate-republicans-on-health-care\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">at a lunch\u003c/a> with lawmakers, he advocated repeal and replace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s still not clear what the Senate will be voting on. There are \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/07/20/538360550/with-so-many-obamacare-repeal-options-in-play-confusion-reigns\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">multiple bills\u003c/a> in play.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Senate hopes it can muster the 51 votes needed to pass a bill, but some Republicans are wavering, both in the center and on the right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPR’s health and politics teams have been doing our best to shed some light on what’s a very confusing situation, even by health policy standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What are they voting on?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are at least four bills that could advance to the Senate floor. \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/07/20/538360550/with-so-many-obamacare-repeal-options-in-play-confusion-reigns\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Here’s our summary\u003c/a>, with a chart comparing House and Senate bills to the Affordable Care Act, and links to stories that dive into the implications of the legislation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Who wins? Who loses?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We worked with NPR member station reporters and editors to create an interactive \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/07/10/535851043/faq-how-would-the-republican-health-care-bills-affect-you\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Q&A\u003c/a> on how key elements of the bills would affect people in different states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What if the Senate parliamentarian says “nope”?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another \u003ca href=\"http://khn.org/news/ruling-by-senate-parliamentarian-upends-gop-hopes-for-health-care-bill/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">potential wrinkle\u003c/a> came up late Friday. Julie Rovner with Kaiser Health News reports that the Senate rule-keeper has advised that some key parts of some of the bills could need 60 votes to proceed. They include defunding Planned Parenthood and incentives to have people keep health insurance. Getting 60 votes would require Democratic support, which they won’t get.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>And if Obamacare remains the law of the land?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, the Affordable Care Act is still the law, and insurers are trying to plan for next year. That’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/07/21/538399298/even-talking-about-weakening-obamacare-provisions-weakens-the-exchanges\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">proving to be difficult\u003c/a> and might \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=538099050\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">drive up costs\u003c/a> for \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/07/22/538396570/rural-californians-want-price-relief-from-gop-health-bill-but-most-won-t-get-it\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">consumers\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Congressional action could have an enormous impact on people’s health insurance. But the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services has some wide berth in interpreting the law and could make a lot of changes without congressional action. Here are some \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/03/29/521713002/even-without-congress-the-trump-administration-can-still-redo-obamacare\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">key actions\u003c/a> and regulations that could affect the exchanges and Medicaid (and more).\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=The+Senate+Health+Care+Vote%2C+Simplified&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The president called on the Senate to repeal and replace the ACA this week. Here's what they would vote on.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Senate is expected to vote Tuesday on whether to advance health care legislation to the Senate floor. That would open up debate on an Obamacare repeal and/or replacement plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The importance of the vote was highlighted by \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/SenJohnMcCain/status/889652943791824897\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Sen. John McCain’s decision\u003c/a> to return to Washington to take part. He announced last week that he had been diagnosed with brain cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a White House event Monday, President Trump highlighted what he called the “failures” of the Affordable Care Act, also known as Obamacare, and called on senators to pass a bill that both repeals and replaces the ACA. Last week, Trump \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/887134287350439936\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">urged an approach\u003c/a> that would repeal the law over two years, giving lawmakers more time to craft new health care legislation. Several days later \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/07/20/538171317/fact-check-trumps-confusing-remarks-to-senate-republicans-on-health-care\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">at a lunch\u003c/a> with lawmakers, he advocated repeal and replace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s still not clear what the Senate will be voting on. There are \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/07/20/538360550/with-so-many-obamacare-repeal-options-in-play-confusion-reigns\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">multiple bills\u003c/a> in play.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Senate hopes it can muster the 51 votes needed to pass a bill, but some Republicans are wavering, both in the center and on the right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPR’s health and politics teams have been doing our best to shed some light on what’s a very confusing situation, even by health policy standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What are they voting on?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are at least four bills that could advance to the Senate floor. \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/07/20/538360550/with-so-many-obamacare-repeal-options-in-play-confusion-reigns\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Here’s our summary\u003c/a>, with a chart comparing House and Senate bills to the Affordable Care Act, and links to stories that dive into the implications of the legislation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Who wins? Who loses?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We worked with NPR member station reporters and editors to create an interactive \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/07/10/535851043/faq-how-would-the-republican-health-care-bills-affect-you\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Q&A\u003c/a> on how key elements of the bills would affect people in different states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What if the Senate parliamentarian says “nope”?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another \u003ca href=\"http://khn.org/news/ruling-by-senate-parliamentarian-upends-gop-hopes-for-health-care-bill/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">potential wrinkle\u003c/a> came up late Friday. Julie Rovner with Kaiser Health News reports that the Senate rule-keeper has advised that some key parts of some of the bills could need 60 votes to proceed. They include defunding Planned Parenthood and incentives to have people keep health insurance. Getting 60 votes would require Democratic support, which they won’t get.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>And if Obamacare remains the law of the land?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, the Affordable Care Act is still the law, and insurers are trying to plan for next year. That’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/07/21/538399298/even-talking-about-weakening-obamacare-provisions-weakens-the-exchanges\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">proving to be difficult\u003c/a> and might \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=538099050\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">drive up costs\u003c/a> for \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/07/22/538396570/rural-californians-want-price-relief-from-gop-health-bill-but-most-won-t-get-it\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">consumers\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Congressional action could have an enormous impact on people’s health insurance. But the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services has some wide berth in interpreting the law and could make a lot of changes without congressional action. Here are some \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/03/29/521713002/even-without-congress-the-trump-administration-can-still-redo-obamacare\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">key actions\u003c/a> and regulations that could affect the exchanges and Medicaid (and more).\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=The+Senate+Health+Care+Vote%2C+Simplified&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s a familiar story. A wealthy business person, actor, real estate mogul (you can fill in the blank here) isn’t happy with government and so runs for office. Sometimes they succeed — President Trump and former Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger — but often they fail. (See Carly Fiorina and \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2010/OPINION/11/03/navarrette.california.whitman/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Meg Whitman\u003c/a>).\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[audio src=\"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/2017/07/AltmanInterview.mp3\" Image=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/RS6844_182551894.jpg\" Title=\"The United Slate of Sam Altman: A Tech Investor's Call for Candidates\" program=\"The California Report\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Tech entrepreneur \u003ca href=\"https://www.ycombinator.com/people/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Sam Altman\u003c/a> is taking a different tack. He’s the president of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ycombinator.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Y Combinator\u003c/a>, an incubator that helps entrepreneurs start up their tech companies. After the presidential election, Altman went on a \u003ca href=\"http://blog.samaltman.com/what-i-heard-from-trump-supporters\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">listening tour\u003c/a> to meet voters across the Golden State. He’s also been meeting with policy experts, grass-roots activists and politicos. That has sparked reports that Altman might be considering a \u003ca href=\"https://www.recode.net/2017/5/14/15638046/willie-brown-column-sam-altman-might-run-governor-california-2018\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">run for office\u003c/a>.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of people have tried to convince me to run for governor,” Altman said in an interview with KQED. “ I think I can make a much better impact if I can find a slate of candidates to work together. I think it’s always hard for one person to make a change. I think it’s usually small groups that can do that, and so I’m trying to focus my efforts on this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“This” is the \u003ca href=\"http://unitedslate.samaltman.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">United Slate\u003c/a>. Altman is looking to fund a slate of candidates to run in the 2018 California elections. He’s got a \u003ca href=\"http://unitedslate.samaltman.com/ten-policy-goals.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">platform of 10 policy goals\u003c/a>, among them tackling the housing crisis, universal health care and improving the education system to give students the skills they need for the future. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I think we’re in the middle of a human socioeconomic revolution,” Altman said. “It will be as big, when we look back at it, as the agricultural revolution or the industrial revolution. And this is the automation revolution. Software and artificial intelligence are going to work in this really fundamental way.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Altman believes both state and federal government aren’t addressing these problems. At the same time, it can’t be missed that the United Slate’s platform is in line with the Democratic Party’s. So why not just fund Democratic politicians who are already working on the policies?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I think we will support some existing candidates,” Altman said. But “we are particularly interested in candidates who are already out there doing good work, but not the chosen ones of the existing party.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Altman says the political parties have become too entrenched and beholden to wealthy donors, and in California to wealthy homeowners. He tells a joke to make his point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 1.5\">“In California, you can vote for any Democrat you like as long as it’s the one the California Democratic Party chose for you,” Altman quipped. “And I don’t like that!”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Altman said that since launching the United Slate, he’s discovered that there are a number of people who have been working in government and have new ideas but haven’t been anointed by the Democratic Party. Without that backing, these people can’t raise enough money to run for office.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“They don’t have a fair shot,” he said. “I think there are plenty of people with experience in government who could be great …”\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But it’s not just candidates Altman is looking to back. Many of the issues outlined in the United Slate platform will need local buy-in. For example, housing. To this end, Altman said he’s also been talking to grass-roots organizations that are trying to make change locally or propose ballot measures. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Tech entrepreneur \u003ca href=\"https://www.ycombinator.com/people/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Sam Altman\u003c/a> is taking a different tack. He’s the president of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ycombinator.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Y Combinator\u003c/a>, an incubator that helps entrepreneurs start up their tech companies. After the presidential election, Altman went on a \u003ca href=\"http://blog.samaltman.com/what-i-heard-from-trump-supporters\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">listening tour\u003c/a> to meet voters across the Golden State. He’s also been meeting with policy experts, grass-roots activists and politicos. That has sparked reports that Altman might be considering a \u003ca href=\"https://www.recode.net/2017/5/14/15638046/willie-brown-column-sam-altman-might-run-governor-california-2018\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">run for office\u003c/a>.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of people have tried to convince me to run for governor,” Altman said in an interview with KQED. “ I think I can make a much better impact if I can find a slate of candidates to work together. I think it’s always hard for one person to make a change. I think it’s usually small groups that can do that, and so I’m trying to focus my efforts on this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“This” is the \u003ca href=\"http://unitedslate.samaltman.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">United Slate\u003c/a>. Altman is looking to fund a slate of candidates to run in the 2018 California elections. He’s got a \u003ca href=\"http://unitedslate.samaltman.com/ten-policy-goals.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">platform of 10 policy goals\u003c/a>, among them tackling the housing crisis, universal health care and improving the education system to give students the skills they need for the future. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I think we’re in the middle of a human socioeconomic revolution,” Altman said. “It will be as big, when we look back at it, as the agricultural revolution or the industrial revolution. And this is the automation revolution. Software and artificial intelligence are going to work in this really fundamental way.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Altman believes both state and federal government aren’t addressing these problems. At the same time, it can’t be missed that the United Slate’s platform is in line with the Democratic Party’s. So why not just fund Democratic politicians who are already working on the policies?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I think we will support some existing candidates,” Altman said. But “we are particularly interested in candidates who are already out there doing good work, but not the chosen ones of the existing party.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Altman says the political parties have become too entrenched and beholden to wealthy donors, and in California to wealthy homeowners. He tells a joke to make his point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 1.5\">“In California, you can vote for any Democrat you like as long as it’s the one the California Democratic Party chose for you,” Altman quipped. “And I don’t like that!”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Altman said that since launching the United Slate, he’s discovered that there are a number of people who have been working in government and have new ideas but haven’t been anointed by the Democratic Party. Without that backing, these people can’t raise enough money to run for office.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“They don’t have a fair shot,” he said. “I think there are plenty of people with experience in government who could be great …”\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But it’s not just candidates Altman is looking to back. Many of the issues outlined in the United Slate platform will need local buy-in. For example, housing. To this end, Altman said he’s also been talking to grass-roots organizations that are trying to make change locally or propose ballot measures. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update at 4:05 p.m. ET\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sen. John McCain, diagnosed with a deadly form of brain cancer just five days ago, returned to applause on the Senate floor Tuesday, where he cast a crucial vote to move forward on repeal of the Affordable Care Act and urged his colleagues to regain their sense of bipartisan cooperation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the longtime Arizona senator, two-time presidential candidate and perhaps America’s most famous former prisoner of war, warned that he “will not vote for this bill as it is today,” describing it as “a shell.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McCain said he would attend the Senate for a few days and then go home to Arizona to recuperate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have every intention of returning here to give you all reason to regret the nice things you said about me,” he told his fellow senators, addressing the outpouring of support he’s received since announcing his diagnosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a remarkable moment, to see McCain, whose daughter described him poetically as a “warrior at dusk,” take his place again in the “world’s greatest deliberative body,” where he has represented his Southwestern state for 30 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McCain, with surgical stitches clearly visible above his left eye, admonished both Republicans and Democrats to work together in the old way and to stop trying to make laws “behind closed doors.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He acknowledged that it was easy to fall victim to the urge to win instead of doing what is right. “Merely preventing your political opponents from getting what they want isn’t very inspiring,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, he advised strongly: “Stop listening to the bombastic loudmouths on the television, radio and internet. The hell with them!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cw4RqZAKa5A\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, McCain’s vote, along with a tiebreaker from Vice President Mike Pence, gave Republicans the 51 votes they needed for the “motion to proceed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A motion to proceed is what it sounds like — a measure to allow debate to begin. There will be 20 hours of debate, which will expire Wednesday, NPR’s Susan Davis reports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Republicans could only lose two votes for a majority without any Democratic support. Sens. Susan Collins, R-Maine, and Lisa Murkowski, R-Alaska, both voted no.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond the motion-to-proceed vote and the ensuing debate, no one is quite sure — not even Republicans — what of substance the GOP will try to pass to overhaul health care, which affects roughly one-sixth of the U.S. economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, of Kentucky, promised to bring a full repeal of the Affordable Care Act with a two-year delay to the floor, which President Trump seemed to be on board with. But, up to this point, the votes aren’t there for that approach; too many Republicans have come out publicly opposing the idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So then what? If the full repeal isn’t brought to the floor, or if it fails, then it’s on to the Senate’s version of no-holds barred — a “vote-o-rama,” where anyone can bring any amendment to the floor and have it voted on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That would be kind of like doing the work normally done for months in committees out on the Senate floor in a matter of hours and days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”A1BV4vIZp3nWCZPcR9pkrpepufcyYqww”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is just the latest chapter in Republicans’ difficulty replacing the ACA, also known as Obamacare. Legislatively, they have been plagued by starts and stops during the Trump presidency, unable to get their differing ideological factions on the same page.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Obamacare is the law of the land,” House Speaker Paul Ryan, R-Wis., declared after the House’s health care flameout months ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, through arm twisting and legislative tweaks, the House eventually passed a version that tinkered with the ACA. The Congressional Budget Office said the law would increase the number of uninsured by tens of millions, especially because of how it would change Medicaid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nonetheless it was a political victory, if only a lead at halftime. It was greeted by Bud Lights in the House and a Rose Garden celebration with the president of the United States. There was no “45” jersey with GOP on the front and “Trump” on the back, but there might as well have been.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One would have thought a new law had been signed. It hadn’t. The House version was headed to the Senate, where it would certainly change and have to be reconciled with the House.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back to the drawing board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly three months later, that Rose Garden ceremony remains the high point for Republicans. The GOP has not been able to gather the votes in the Senate — and that has started to really rankle Trump. His irritation was evident during his appearance Monday at the Boy Scouts National Jamboree in West Virginia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As the Scout law says, a Scout is trustworthy, loyal,” Trump said. He added, “We could use some more loyalty, I will tell you that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speaking of Health and Human Services Secretary Tom Price, who was on stage with him, Trump said, “Hopefully he’s going to get the votes tomorrow to start our path toward killing this horrible thing known as Obamacare that’s really hurting us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump spoke of Price as if he were McConnell, as if he had some control over whipping the votes on health care. Price wasn’t even a senator before joining Trump’s Cabinet; he was a member of the House from Georgia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He went on: “By the way, are you going to get the votes? He better get them. He better get them. Oh, he better. Otherwise, I’ll say, ‘Tom, you’re fired.’ I’ll get somebody.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then Trump turned to Price, smiling, as if to say, “Only kidding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or maybe not. That came on the same day he called his attorney general, Jeff Sessions, “beleaguered.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday morning, he tweeted criticism of Sessions, calling him “weak” on Hillary Clinton and “leakers” from the intelligence community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/889790429398528000\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speaking to the Scouts, Trump wasn’t quite done yet: “He better get Sen. [Shelley Moore] Capito to vote for it. He better get the other senators to vote for it. It’s time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At that time, Capito, a West Virginia Republican, was one of the holdouts on voting for what Republicans have so far proposed when it comes to health care. She was one of a dozen or so senators who had not committed to even voting for the motion to proceed. (During Tuesday’s vote, she did support the motion.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Boy Scouts is supposed to be an apolitical organization, and after the speech, the group put out a statement saying it does not endorse any candidate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump has begun referring to Republicans as “they” and “you” (“they” promised to repeal and replace Obamacare for seven years; “you” didn’t do it). It’s a remarkable effort to separate himself from the party he is supposed to lead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He tweeted that any senator who votes against the motion to proceed is for Obamacare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And he seemed to threaten them politically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/889599425458327552\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where any of this goes is anyone’s guess. But as a nation watches a new president who is blowing through with Twitter maelstroms and appears ready to politically fire in all directions, the Senate paused for a few moments Tuesday to recognize a man in McCain who means something very different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then it was back to the wind — with Trump, speaking immediately after McCain’s remarks on the Senate floor, about how no Democrats had voted in favor of the Republican effort to undo Obamacare and reaffirming his recent negative comments about Sessions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=John+McCain+Makes+Dramatic+Return+Amid+Political+Storm&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update at 4:05 p.m. ET\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sen. John McCain, diagnosed with a deadly form of brain cancer just five days ago, returned to applause on the Senate floor Tuesday, where he cast a crucial vote to move forward on repeal of the Affordable Care Act and urged his colleagues to regain their sense of bipartisan cooperation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the longtime Arizona senator, two-time presidential candidate and perhaps America’s most famous former prisoner of war, warned that he “will not vote for this bill as it is today,” describing it as “a shell.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McCain said he would attend the Senate for a few days and then go home to Arizona to recuperate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have every intention of returning here to give you all reason to regret the nice things you said about me,” he told his fellow senators, addressing the outpouring of support he’s received since announcing his diagnosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a remarkable moment, to see McCain, whose daughter described him poetically as a “warrior at dusk,” take his place again in the “world’s greatest deliberative body,” where he has represented his Southwestern state for 30 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McCain, with surgical stitches clearly visible above his left eye, admonished both Republicans and Democrats to work together in the old way and to stop trying to make laws “behind closed doors.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He acknowledged that it was easy to fall victim to the urge to win instead of doing what is right. “Merely preventing your political opponents from getting what they want isn’t very inspiring,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, he advised strongly: “Stop listening to the bombastic loudmouths on the television, radio and internet. The hell with them!”\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/Cw4RqZAKa5A'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/Cw4RqZAKa5A'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Meanwhile, McCain’s vote, along with a tiebreaker from Vice President Mike Pence, gave Republicans the 51 votes they needed for the “motion to proceed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A motion to proceed is what it sounds like — a measure to allow debate to begin. There will be 20 hours of debate, which will expire Wednesday, NPR’s Susan Davis reports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Republicans could only lose two votes for a majority without any Democratic support. Sens. Susan Collins, R-Maine, and Lisa Murkowski, R-Alaska, both voted no.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond the motion-to-proceed vote and the ensuing debate, no one is quite sure — not even Republicans — what of substance the GOP will try to pass to overhaul health care, which affects roughly one-sixth of the U.S. economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, of Kentucky, promised to bring a full repeal of the Affordable Care Act with a two-year delay to the floor, which President Trump seemed to be on board with. But, up to this point, the votes aren’t there for that approach; too many Republicans have come out publicly opposing the idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So then what? If the full repeal isn’t brought to the floor, or if it fails, then it’s on to the Senate’s version of no-holds barred — a “vote-o-rama,” where anyone can bring any amendment to the floor and have it voted on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That would be kind of like doing the work normally done for months in committees out on the Senate floor in a matter of hours and days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is just the latest chapter in Republicans’ difficulty replacing the ACA, also known as Obamacare. Legislatively, they have been plagued by starts and stops during the Trump presidency, unable to get their differing ideological factions on the same page.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Obamacare is the law of the land,” House Speaker Paul Ryan, R-Wis., declared after the House’s health care flameout months ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, through arm twisting and legislative tweaks, the House eventually passed a version that tinkered with the ACA. The Congressional Budget Office said the law would increase the number of uninsured by tens of millions, especially because of how it would change Medicaid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nonetheless it was a political victory, if only a lead at halftime. It was greeted by Bud Lights in the House and a Rose Garden celebration with the president of the United States. There was no “45” jersey with GOP on the front and “Trump” on the back, but there might as well have been.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One would have thought a new law had been signed. It hadn’t. The House version was headed to the Senate, where it would certainly change and have to be reconciled with the House.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back to the drawing board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly three months later, that Rose Garden ceremony remains the high point for Republicans. The GOP has not been able to gather the votes in the Senate — and that has started to really rankle Trump. His irritation was evident during his appearance Monday at the Boy Scouts National Jamboree in West Virginia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As the Scout law says, a Scout is trustworthy, loyal,” Trump said. He added, “We could use some more loyalty, I will tell you that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speaking of Health and Human Services Secretary Tom Price, who was on stage with him, Trump said, “Hopefully he’s going to get the votes tomorrow to start our path toward killing this horrible thing known as Obamacare that’s really hurting us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump spoke of Price as if he were McConnell, as if he had some control over whipping the votes on health care. Price wasn’t even a senator before joining Trump’s Cabinet; he was a member of the House from Georgia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He went on: “By the way, are you going to get the votes? He better get them. He better get them. Oh, he better. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>Speaking to the Scouts, Trump wasn’t quite done yet: “He better get Sen. [Shelley Moore] Capito to vote for it. He better get the other senators to vote for it. It’s time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At that time, Capito, a West Virginia Republican, was one of the holdouts on voting for what Republicans have so far proposed when it comes to health care. She was one of a dozen or so senators who had not committed to even voting for the motion to proceed. (During Tuesday’s vote, she did support the motion.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Boy Scouts is supposed to be an apolitical organization, and after the speech, the group put out a statement saying it does not endorse any candidate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump has begun referring to Republicans as “they” and “you” (“they” promised to repeal and replace Obamacare for seven years; “you” didn’t do it). It’s a remarkable effort to separate himself from the party he is supposed to lead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He tweeted that any senator who votes against the motion to proceed is for Obamacare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And he seemed to threaten them politically.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>Where any of this goes is anyone’s guess. But as a nation watches a new president who is blowing through with Twitter maelstroms and appears ready to politically fire in all directions, the Senate paused for a few moments Tuesday to recognize a man in McCain who means something very different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then it was back to the wind — with Trump, speaking immediately after McCain’s remarks on the Senate floor, about how no Democrats had voted in favor of the Republican effort to undo Obamacare and reaffirming his recent negative comments about Sessions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=John+McCain+Makes+Dramatic+Return+Amid+Political+Storm&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "what-dinosaurs-roamed-the-bay-area",
"title": "Which Dinosaurs Roamed the Bay Area?",
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"headTitle": "Which Dinosaurs Roamed the Bay Area? | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"#episode-transcript\">\u003ci>View the full episode transcript.\u003c/i> This story first aired June 1, 2017.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[dropcap]K[/dropcap]olten Wong, a shy 5-year-old from Daly City, loves dinosaurs. He draws them, goes with his family to museums, wears dinosaur shirts, and has tons of dinosaur books and toys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At last year’s Bay Area Science Festival, Kolten asked Bay Curious: What sort of dinosaurs roamed the Bay Area? And are there fossils here?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[audio src=\"https://dts.podtrac.com/redirect.mp3/www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/bay-curious/2017/05/dinosaurs-in-the-bay-area.mp3\" Image=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Ichthyosaur_hharder.png\" Title=\"LISTEN: What Dinosaurs Roamed the Bay Area?\" program=\"Bay Curious\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer is satisfyingly full of toothy prehistoric beasts. But before we get to those, we need to explain a bit about the Bay Area during the Mesozoic era — the geologic time of the dinosaurs, ending with their \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/20/if-you-think-you-understand-the-death-of-the-dinosaurs-youre-wrong/\">sudden extinction\u003c/a> 66 million years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11487451\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11487451\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/WdS0M20kyClZUKlpDXvw_iYx57ZOawsF_C-_XJHsfC-w6DanKBvq82Of7z9tAX3XsaWw7EDhi57jWdqlK1lV92alkRAs2048-e1496253100491-1020x765.jpg\" alt=\"Kolten Wong, a five-year-old dinosaur aficionado seen here at home in Daly City with his mom, Annie, wanted to know what dinosaurs used to roam the Bay Area.\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/WdS0M20kyClZUKlpDXvw_iYx57ZOawsF_C-_XJHsfC-w6DanKBvq82Of7z9tAX3XsaWw7EDhi57jWdqlK1lV92alkRAs2048-e1496253100491-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/WdS0M20kyClZUKlpDXvw_iYx57ZOawsF_C-_XJHsfC-w6DanKBvq82Of7z9tAX3XsaWw7EDhi57jWdqlK1lV92alkRAs2048-e1496253100491-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/WdS0M20kyClZUKlpDXvw_iYx57ZOawsF_C-_XJHsfC-w6DanKBvq82Of7z9tAX3XsaWw7EDhi57jWdqlK1lV92alkRAs2048-e1496253100491-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/WdS0M20kyClZUKlpDXvw_iYx57ZOawsF_C-_XJHsfC-w6DanKBvq82Of7z9tAX3XsaWw7EDhi57jWdqlK1lV92alkRAs2048-e1496253100491-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/WdS0M20kyClZUKlpDXvw_iYx57ZOawsF_C-_XJHsfC-w6DanKBvq82Of7z9tAX3XsaWw7EDhi57jWdqlK1lV92alkRAs2048-e1496253100491-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/WdS0M20kyClZUKlpDXvw_iYx57ZOawsF_C-_XJHsfC-w6DanKBvq82Of7z9tAX3XsaWw7EDhi57jWdqlK1lV92alkRAs2048-e1496253100491-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/WdS0M20kyClZUKlpDXvw_iYx57ZOawsF_C-_XJHsfC-w6DanKBvq82Of7z9tAX3XsaWw7EDhi57jWdqlK1lV92alkRAs2048-e1496253100491-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/WdS0M20kyClZUKlpDXvw_iYx57ZOawsF_C-_XJHsfC-w6DanKBvq82Of7z9tAX3XsaWw7EDhi57jWdqlK1lV92alkRAs2048-e1496253100491-520x390.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/WdS0M20kyClZUKlpDXvw_iYx57ZOawsF_C-_XJHsfC-w6DanKBvq82Of7z9tAX3XsaWw7EDhi57jWdqlK1lV92alkRAs2048-e1496253100491.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kolten Wong, a 5-year-old dinosaur aficionado seen here at home in Daly City with his mom, Annie, wanted to know what dinosaurs used to roam the Bay Area. \u003ccite>(Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Mesozoic Bay Area\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>“Through all of the Mesozoic, the Bay Area as we know it didn’t exist,” says Doris Sloan, a retired geologist from UC Berkeley and author of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucpress.edu/book.php?isbn=9780520241268\">“Geology of the San Francisco Bay Region.”\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California coastline was 100 miles farther east, toward the Sierra Foothills, putting the Bay Area thousands of feet underwater. And much of our ancient seafloor is long gone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over millions of years, the Farallon Plate subducted into an underwater trench, melting under the continent. This, along with frequent earthquakes and underwater landslides, meant bad news for ancient bones we’d like to find today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriouspodcastinfo]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This would shake a skeleton apart, and the sediments being dragged down into a zone where heat and pressure would metamorphose them—all of this argues you wouldn’t get much preserved,” Sloan says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So you won’t find many fossils in the Bay Area — though a few have survived.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11487453\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11487453\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/YwhiaRwP3KrFrMZXXkjfA82iDgpuPuR_sUVsy4RvF3u2uY3knGq9wJ9G8Hakylr3MhdK-eG6V7ENW-9Xi6JNIWPv9dIs2048-160x213.jpg\" alt=\"Doris Sloan, a retired geologist seen here holding a sample of serpentinite at her home in Berkeley, says during the time of the dinosaurs, the Bay Area was thousands of feet underwater.\" width=\"300\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/YwhiaRwP3KrFrMZXXkjfA82iDgpuPuR_sUVsy4RvF3u2uY3knGq9wJ9G8Hakylr3MhdK-eG6V7ENW-9Xi6JNIWPv9dIs2048-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/YwhiaRwP3KrFrMZXXkjfA82iDgpuPuR_sUVsy4RvF3u2uY3knGq9wJ9G8Hakylr3MhdK-eG6V7ENW-9Xi6JNIWPv9dIs2048-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/YwhiaRwP3KrFrMZXXkjfA82iDgpuPuR_sUVsy4RvF3u2uY3knGq9wJ9G8Hakylr3MhdK-eG6V7ENW-9Xi6JNIWPv9dIs2048-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/YwhiaRwP3KrFrMZXXkjfA82iDgpuPuR_sUVsy4RvF3u2uY3knGq9wJ9G8Hakylr3MhdK-eG6V7ENW-9Xi6JNIWPv9dIs2048-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/YwhiaRwP3KrFrMZXXkjfA82iDgpuPuR_sUVsy4RvF3u2uY3knGq9wJ9G8Hakylr3MhdK-eG6V7ENW-9Xi6JNIWPv9dIs2048-960x1280.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/YwhiaRwP3KrFrMZXXkjfA82iDgpuPuR_sUVsy4RvF3u2uY3knGq9wJ9G8Hakylr3MhdK-eG6V7ENW-9Xi6JNIWPv9dIs2048-240x320.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/YwhiaRwP3KrFrMZXXkjfA82iDgpuPuR_sUVsy4RvF3u2uY3knGq9wJ9G8Hakylr3MhdK-eG6V7ENW-9Xi6JNIWPv9dIs2048-375x500.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/YwhiaRwP3KrFrMZXXkjfA82iDgpuPuR_sUVsy4RvF3u2uY3knGq9wJ9G8Hakylr3MhdK-eG6V7ENW-9Xi6JNIWPv9dIs2048-520x693.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/YwhiaRwP3KrFrMZXXkjfA82iDgpuPuR_sUVsy4RvF3u2uY3knGq9wJ9G8Hakylr3MhdK-eG6V7ENW-9Xi6JNIWPv9dIs2048.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Doris Sloan, a retired geologist seen here holding a sample of serpentinite at her home in Berkeley, says during the time of the dinosaurs, the Bay Area was thousands of feet underwater. \u003ccite>(Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/21/geological-outings-around-the-bay-marin-headlands/\">Marin Headlands\u003c/a>, you can find reddish chert made up of tiny prehistoric shells of radiolarians — think of plankton. A few larger spiral shells from extinct mollusks have also turned up; these belonged to ammonites, which swam through the water kind of like the modern-day nautilus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But to find evidence of the predators that ate those ammonites, you have to look closer to the prehistoric shoreline to the east.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Our Aquatic Beasts\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11487517\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-11487517\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/YqePtwfcDpsX9E_zBWbs3SUPWhZr9T78Pjmdx_-Vqnb24HwY79-Hc6DT33Id97UmP60IbGHuIQIfiAkXVv2Fz81aqc8s2048-1-1020x729.jpg\" alt=\"Dick Hilton, co-chair of the Sierra College Natural History Museum, says fully intact skeletons from the time of the dinosaurs are rare in California. Because of the state’s jumbled geology, what’s found instead are mostly fragments.\" width=\"640\" height=\"457\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/YqePtwfcDpsX9E_zBWbs3SUPWhZr9T78Pjmdx_-Vqnb24HwY79-Hc6DT33Id97UmP60IbGHuIQIfiAkXVv2Fz81aqc8s2048-1-1020x729.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/YqePtwfcDpsX9E_zBWbs3SUPWhZr9T78Pjmdx_-Vqnb24HwY79-Hc6DT33Id97UmP60IbGHuIQIfiAkXVv2Fz81aqc8s2048-1-160x114.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/YqePtwfcDpsX9E_zBWbs3SUPWhZr9T78Pjmdx_-Vqnb24HwY79-Hc6DT33Id97UmP60IbGHuIQIfiAkXVv2Fz81aqc8s2048-1-800x572.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/YqePtwfcDpsX9E_zBWbs3SUPWhZr9T78Pjmdx_-Vqnb24HwY79-Hc6DT33Id97UmP60IbGHuIQIfiAkXVv2Fz81aqc8s2048-1-1180x844.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/YqePtwfcDpsX9E_zBWbs3SUPWhZr9T78Pjmdx_-Vqnb24HwY79-Hc6DT33Id97UmP60IbGHuIQIfiAkXVv2Fz81aqc8s2048-1-960x686.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/YqePtwfcDpsX9E_zBWbs3SUPWhZr9T78Pjmdx_-Vqnb24HwY79-Hc6DT33Id97UmP60IbGHuIQIfiAkXVv2Fz81aqc8s2048-1-240x172.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/YqePtwfcDpsX9E_zBWbs3SUPWhZr9T78Pjmdx_-Vqnb24HwY79-Hc6DT33Id97UmP60IbGHuIQIfiAkXVv2Fz81aqc8s2048-1-375x268.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/YqePtwfcDpsX9E_zBWbs3SUPWhZr9T78Pjmdx_-Vqnb24HwY79-Hc6DT33Id97UmP60IbGHuIQIfiAkXVv2Fz81aqc8s2048-1-520x372.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/YqePtwfcDpsX9E_zBWbs3SUPWhZr9T78Pjmdx_-Vqnb24HwY79-Hc6DT33Id97UmP60IbGHuIQIfiAkXVv2Fz81aqc8s2048-1.jpg 1487w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dick Hilton, co-chair of the Sierra College Natural History Museum, says fully intact skeletons from the time of the dinosaurs are rare in California. Because of the state’s jumbled geology, what’s found instead are mostly fragments. \u003ccite>(Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Northeast of Sacramento, in Rocklin, Dick Hilton is co-chair of the Sierra College Natural History Museum. Hilton authored the 3.4-pound \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucpress.edu/ebook.php?isbn=9780520928459\">“Dinosaurs and Other Mesozoic Reptiles of California,”\u003c/a> and is careful to say that many of the superb beasts above what’s now San Francisco were not \u003cem>exactly\u003c/em> dinosaurs per se.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dinosaurs, he explains, are terrestrial — land dwelling. So a Mesozoic creature swimming through the modern-day bay’s waters or flying overhead wouldn’t qualify. There are also taxonomic distinctions to do with skulls and hip structure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Hilton says, all kinds of gnarly reptiles that \u003cem>weren’t\u003c/em> dinosaurs swam along the coast, like one that resembled a dolphin — if dolphins were terrifying reptiles. Known as ichthyosaurus, the name literally means fish lizard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11487610\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 660px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11487610\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Ichthyosaur_hharder.png\" alt=\"Ichthyosaurus' name means fish lizard. \" width=\"660\" height=\"411\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Ichthyosaur_hharder.png 660w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Ichthyosaur_hharder-160x100.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Ichthyosaur_hharder-240x149.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Ichthyosaur_hharder-375x234.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Ichthyosaur_hharder-520x324.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 660px) 100vw, 660px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ichthyosaurus’ name means fish lizard. \u003ccite>(From \u003ca href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ichthyosaur_hharder.png\" target=\"_blank\">The Wonderful Paleo Art of Heinrich Harder\u003c/a>/Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another toothy carnivore upwards of 30 feet long was mosasaurus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you saw the latest Jurassic Park movie, one of these comes out of the water and scares the heck out of you, doesn’t it?” Hilton remarks. \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g6AKOTqDJeA\">Indeed\u003c/a>. Mosasaur fossils have been found just a few miles from Sierra College.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11487612\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11487612\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Mosasaurus_beaugei1DB-1020x380.jpg\" alt=\"Mosasaur fossils have been found just a few miles from Sierra College.\" width=\"400\" height=\"149\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Mosasaurus_beaugei1DB-1020x380.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Mosasaurus_beaugei1DB-160x60.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Mosasaurus_beaugei1DB-800x298.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Mosasaurus_beaugei1DB-1920x716.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Mosasaurus_beaugei1DB-1180x440.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Mosasaurus_beaugei1DB-960x358.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Mosasaurus_beaugei1DB-240x89.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Mosasaurus_beaugei1DB-375x140.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Mosasaurus_beaugei1DB-520x194.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mosasaur fossils have been found just a few miles from Sierra College. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of \u003ca href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mosasaurus_beaugei1DB.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">dmitrchel@mail.ru\u003c/a>/Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Among the favorites of Kolten, our young question asker, is another sometimes found in California called plesiosaurus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And everybody says, well, what’s that? And I always refer them to the Loch Ness monster,” Hilton jokes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plesiosaurs had four flippers, long necks and sharp teeth. Their fossils sometimes turn up with rocks inside the rib cage. Hilton believes they swallowed the rocks to attain neutral buoyancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You don’t wanna sink to the bottom, you don’t wanna float to the top, so if you can swallow just enough rocks and keep them in your body, then you’re neutrally buoyant and you just glide through the ocean,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11487616\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11487616 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Pterano-1020x817.jpg\" alt=\"The huge wings of the pterosaurs would have given the flying reptile a large range. Scientific note: This illustration depicts an incorrect wing attachment.\" width=\"640\" height=\"513\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Pterano-1020x817.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Pterano-160x128.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Pterano-800x641.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Pterano-1180x945.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Pterano-960x769.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Pterano-240x192.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Pterano-375x300.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Pterano-520x417.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Pterano.jpg 1282w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The huge wings of the pterosaurs would have given the flying reptile a large range. Scientific note: This illustration depicts an incorrect wing attachment. \u003ccite>(From \u003ca href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pterano.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">The Wonderful Paleo Art of Heinrich Harder\u003c/a>/Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There were also pterosaurs, the flying family of the iconic pterodactyl and its cousin, the pteranodon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The largest ones may have had a wingspan of around 40 feet, so we’re talking of a flying reptile here the size of a jet fighter,” Hilton smiles, “which is pretty cool.” (Fact check: accurate.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the bay’s jumbled, messy geology makes it difficult to find definitive fossil evidence, Hilton is convinced they were around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like today. You go along the coastline and you’re liable to see whales. And they stay usually fairly close to the coastline. But you can go out on a boat 500 miles from the shore and still see whales and still see birds, just probably not as numerous,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousbug]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for actual dinosaurs in California, much of what’s found are fragments — a finger or two here, a scrap of leg there. The only California fossil suggesting a meat-eating dinosaur once lived here is on display in Hilton’s museum: a dark gray chunk of theropod leg small enough to hold in your palm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the few largely intact dinosaur skeletons found in the state, one belonged to a duck-billed plant eater known as Augustynolophus morrisi. State lawmakers are\u003ca href=\"http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/opinion/sd-california-state-dinosaur-20170331-htmlstory.html\"> considering\u003c/a> a \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB1540\">bill\u003c/a> this year to make it California’s state dinosaur. (Update: \u003ca href=\"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/meet-augustynolophus-morrisi-californias-new-state-dinosaur-180965038/\">The bill passed\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11488098\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11488098\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Augustynolophus_sculpt1sm-1-800x601.jpeg\" alt=\"The duck-billed plant-eater Augustynolophus could soon be named California's state dinosaur.\" width=\"800\" height=\"601\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Augustynolophus_sculpt1sm-1-800x601.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Augustynolophus_sculpt1sm-1-160x120.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Augustynolophus_sculpt1sm-1-1020x767.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Augustynolophus_sculpt1sm-1-1920x1443.jpeg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Augustynolophus_sculpt1sm-1-1180x887.jpeg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Augustynolophus_sculpt1sm-1-960x721.jpeg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Augustynolophus_sculpt1sm-1-240x180.jpeg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Augustynolophus_sculpt1sm-1-375x282.jpeg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Augustynolophus_sculpt1sm-1-520x391.jpeg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Augustynolophus_sculpt1sm-1.jpeg 2024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The duck-billed plant-eater Augustynolophus could soon be named California’s state dinosaur. \u003ccite>(Image courtesy of the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousquestion]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 id=\"episode-transcript\">Episode Transcript\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Hey guys, I want to introduce you to our Bay Curious question asker this week, and I have to warn you… he’s a little shy.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kolten Wong: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">My name is Kolten Wong and I love dinosaurs.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kolten, how old are you?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kolten Wong:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Five!\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This is Kolten Wong. We met him last year at the Bay Area Science Festival. It’s this huge event at AT&T Park, and thousands of kids were there to learn about all things science. The Bay Curious team went to get questions—and Kolten’s really stood out. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kolten Wong\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: What dinosaurs lived in the Bay Area?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">So, what dinosaurs used to roam the Bay Area? Science reporter Daniel Potter went to meet Kolten and his mom, Annie, at their house in Daly City.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Can you say it one more time, just to make sure I have it?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kolten Wong:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> How many dinosaurs in the Bay Area?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I’m gonna work on finding out.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Today on Bay Curious, we’re going back in time … like way, way back… to discover California’s dinosaurs, and other prehistoric creatures. This episode first aired in 2017, but it continues to blow my mind even today. I’m Olivia Allen-Price. We’ll get started after this break.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[SPONSORSHIP MESSAGE]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Five year old Kolton wants to know: What dinosaurs used to roam the Bay Area? Let’s explore the prehistoric past around San Francisco long before it was a city…\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Or, turns out, even before it was on dry land.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Now, Daniel, before we dive in I think we should lay out your extensive credentials for everyone. After all, you and Kolten share a deep love of dinosaurs.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A mild obsession…Okay, I grew up rocking dinosaur shirts, had tons of books, my toy collection was peak jurassic park. These days I read up and go to museums and do stories about them, when I can. I draw stegosaurus on napkins, I own more than one pair of dinosaur socks. Kolten is similar. He has the shirts, the books, the toys:\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What’s that?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kolten Wong: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A triceratops that does this:\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[toy roars]\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">So Kolten wanted to know what dinosaurs used to stomp around his neighborhood.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[thunderous stomping]\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It turned out the answer was easy—zero dinosaurs. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Whomp whomp.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But the reason is highly neat. And, this story does have lots of rad prehistoric beasts. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[roar] \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">First, we need to explain where San Francisco was during the Mesozoic Era. That’s the geologic time of the dinosaurs, before they suddenly died off about 66 million years ago.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Doris Sloan: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Through all of the Mesozoic, the Bay Area as we know it didn’t exist.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This is Doris Sloan, a retired geologist from UC Berkeley who wrote a book called \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Geology of the San Francisco Bay Region.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Doris Sloan: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Bay Area was underwater. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">So hundreds of feet, thousand of feet deep?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Doris Sloan:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Probably thousands.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">That seafloor wasn’t kind to old bones we’d like to find today. It was a trench, with an ocean plate slowly sliding under the continent and melting. Plus, it was prone to earthquakes, triggering powerful underwater landslides.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Doris Sloan:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This would shake a skeleton apart, and the sediments being dragged down into a zone where heat and pressure would metamorphose them—All of this argues that you wouldn’t get much preserved.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">California is, in a lot of ways, messier, more challenging to tease apart.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Doris Sloan: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Good way to put that, messier. Certainly more mixed up and scrambled and there’s not a lot of layer-cake geology in California.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Still, a \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">few\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Mesozoic fossils did survive.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the Marin Headlands, you can spot radiolarian chert. It’s a reddish rock made up of crumpled layers of tiny ancient shells—think of plankton—called radiolarians. A few larger spiral shells from extinct mollusks have also shown up. They belonged to ammonites, which swam through the water kind of like the modern-day nautilus.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Alright Daniel, there’s a five-year-old kid waiting for nasty big pointy teeth.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kolten Wong: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yes!\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We’re on our way… So while the Bay Area was deep underwater, the coastline was a hundred miles further east. Picture a shoreline toward the Sierra foothills. I made the long drive to a museum out that way, on the other side of Sacramento. That’s where I met this guy:\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dick Hilton:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> My name’s Dick Hilton, and this is Sierra College. And I’m co-chair of the Sierra College Natural History Museum. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hilton’s book is titled \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dinosaurs and Other Mesozoic Reptiles of California.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Shipping weight: three and a half pounds.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What’s different between a Mesozoic reptile and a dinosaur?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dick Hilton:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Well a dinosaur, first of all they’re terrestrial. They’re totally terrestrial…\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Terrestrial. This is why the Bay Area didn’t have dinosaurs stomping around: it was underwater, so whatever passed through was either swimming or flying. Not a dinosaur per se.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dick Hilton:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">So it’s the skull, it’s the hip structure that sets them apart from other reptiles.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hilton says all kinds of reptiles that weren’t dinosaurs swam along the coast, chowing down on fish and ammonites. One resembled dolphins, \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[dolphin screech]\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If dolphins were terrifying reptiles. That’s ichthyosaurus. The name literally means fish lizard. Another toothy predator upwards of 30 feet long was mosasaurs…\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dick Hilton: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If you saw the latest Jurassic Park movie, one of these comes out of the water and scares the heck out of you.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[Jurassic World clip]\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dick Hilton:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> This one was found right here, three miles south of the college…\u003c/span>\u003cb> \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Also, one with four flippers, a long neck, and sharp teeth– Plesiosaurus. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dick Hilton:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And everybody says “Well what’s that?” And I always refer them to the Loch Ness monster.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When I first visited Kolten and asked about his favorites, he reached for a toy plesiosaur.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dick Hilton:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What’s interesting is they will come up on the beach with their long neck and scoop up rocks and swallow the rocks.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Alligators and crocodiles do the same thing today. The stones are called gastroliths.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Some animals do it for digestion, but Hilton thinks plesiosaurs did it for neutral buoyancy.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dick Hilton: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">You don’t wanna sink to the bottom, you don’t wanna float to the top, so if you can swallow just enough rocks and keep them in your body, then you’re neutrally buoyant and you just glide through the ocean, which is pretty cool.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> So have these been found then, fossils with rocks inside of them?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dick Hilton: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yeah, we find them inside the rib cage, nests of rocks … These would’ve been swimming over San Francisco, at one time.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">More Mesozoic reptiles were overhead, gliding and swooping through the air. The family of the iconic pterodactyl and its cousin, the pteranodon.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dick Hilton: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The largest ones may have had a wingspan of around 40 feet, so we’re talking of a flying reptile here the size of a jet fighter, which is pretty cool.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">So is it your thought that pteranodons and other flying reptiles could’ve likely been circling over what’s now Bay Area?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dick Hilton: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Oh of course, yeah. They probably flew way out to sea, they had such huge wingspans.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It’s rare to find reptile or dinosaur fossils anywhere near California’s coast. A lot of what Hilton showed me were fragments from further east—a finger bone here, a piece of leg there. But Hilton is convinced, if they were on the Mesozoic shoreline around the Sierra foothills, they were swimming and flying above the modern-day Bay.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dick Hilton: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Undoubtedly. It’s like today. You go along the coastline and you’re liable to see whales, okay? And they stay usually fairly close to the coastline. But you can go out on a boat 500 miles from the shore and still see whales and still see birds, just probably not as numerous.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">So I reported this back to Kolten the next day.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Have you ever seen a whale from the beach, Kolten?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kolten Wong: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yes.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Eric Wong:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yeah, we saw one. Where?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kolten Wong: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hawaii\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">You saw a whale from the beach when you were in Hawaii?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kolten Wong: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yes.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We were on campus at Berkeley for an open house at the Museum of Paleontology, which has triceratops skulls, a pteranodon and a huge T-Rex. Kolten also pointed out the skull of a member of the duck-billed dinosaur family, the hadrosaurs, to me and his mom Annie.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Annie Wong:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> What’s that one again, Kolten? I don’t know.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kolten Wong\u003c/b>\u003cb>\u003ci>: \u003c/i>\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A parasaurolophus!\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Annie Wong:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> How did you recognize that?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kolten Wong: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cause its crest.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Annie Wong\u003c/b>\u003cb>\u003ci>: \u003c/i>\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The crest?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kolten Wong: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yes!\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Related hadrosaurs are among the few dinosaur skeletons found intact in California, at least so far. Lawmakers are considering a bill to make one such duck-billed herbivore the state dinosaur.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">So how’d we do? Was Kolten satisfied?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I feel like we’ve covered a lot of ground, what do you think?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kolten Wong:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Yes.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Enough to call it a podcast?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kolten Wong: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yes!\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Thanks, Kolten.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kolten Wong: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Thank you.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Alright, that’s Bay Curious. Daniel Potter, thanks so much for the story.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It was fun! Quick thanks to Lisa White, Paul Renne, Kevin Padian, Charles Marshall, Danna Staaf and Matthew Clapham, all experts who helped background this story. Thanks especially to Kolten, Annie, Eric and the entire Wong family. Thanks also to Lisa Pickoff-White and Craig Miller.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If you’re new to Bay Curious, welcome! Please consider subscribing so you don’t miss a future episode. And if you like what you’re hearing, share it with a friend!\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Bay Curious is made in San Francisco at member-supported KQED. The show is produced by Amanda Font, Ana De Almeida Amaral, Christopher Beale, and me, Olivia Allen-Price.\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Additional support from Jen Chien, Katrina Shwartz, Holly Kernan, and the whole KQED family. And we were trying to think of a send off that was related to dinosaurs but we were drawing blanks.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We’re glad you saurus.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How about just like… roaaar! No?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nailed it.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I’m Olivia Allen-Price, I’ll see you next week.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"#episode-transcript\">\u003ci>View the full episode transcript.\u003c/i> This story first aired June 1, 2017.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__dropcapShortcode__dropcap\">K\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>olten Wong, a shy 5-year-old from Daly City, loves dinosaurs. He draws them, goes with his family to museums, wears dinosaur shirts, and has tons of dinosaur books and toys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At last year’s Bay Area Science Festival, Kolten asked Bay Curious: What sort of dinosaurs roamed the Bay Area? And are there fossils here?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer is satisfyingly full of toothy prehistoric beasts. But before we get to those, we need to explain a bit about the Bay Area during the Mesozoic era — the geologic time of the dinosaurs, ending with their \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/20/if-you-think-you-understand-the-death-of-the-dinosaurs-youre-wrong/\">sudden extinction\u003c/a> 66 million years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11487451\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11487451\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/WdS0M20kyClZUKlpDXvw_iYx57ZOawsF_C-_XJHsfC-w6DanKBvq82Of7z9tAX3XsaWw7EDhi57jWdqlK1lV92alkRAs2048-e1496253100491-1020x765.jpg\" alt=\"Kolten Wong, a five-year-old dinosaur aficionado seen here at home in Daly City with his mom, Annie, wanted to know what dinosaurs used to roam the Bay Area.\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/WdS0M20kyClZUKlpDXvw_iYx57ZOawsF_C-_XJHsfC-w6DanKBvq82Of7z9tAX3XsaWw7EDhi57jWdqlK1lV92alkRAs2048-e1496253100491-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/WdS0M20kyClZUKlpDXvw_iYx57ZOawsF_C-_XJHsfC-w6DanKBvq82Of7z9tAX3XsaWw7EDhi57jWdqlK1lV92alkRAs2048-e1496253100491-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/WdS0M20kyClZUKlpDXvw_iYx57ZOawsF_C-_XJHsfC-w6DanKBvq82Of7z9tAX3XsaWw7EDhi57jWdqlK1lV92alkRAs2048-e1496253100491-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/WdS0M20kyClZUKlpDXvw_iYx57ZOawsF_C-_XJHsfC-w6DanKBvq82Of7z9tAX3XsaWw7EDhi57jWdqlK1lV92alkRAs2048-e1496253100491-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/WdS0M20kyClZUKlpDXvw_iYx57ZOawsF_C-_XJHsfC-w6DanKBvq82Of7z9tAX3XsaWw7EDhi57jWdqlK1lV92alkRAs2048-e1496253100491-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/WdS0M20kyClZUKlpDXvw_iYx57ZOawsF_C-_XJHsfC-w6DanKBvq82Of7z9tAX3XsaWw7EDhi57jWdqlK1lV92alkRAs2048-e1496253100491-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/WdS0M20kyClZUKlpDXvw_iYx57ZOawsF_C-_XJHsfC-w6DanKBvq82Of7z9tAX3XsaWw7EDhi57jWdqlK1lV92alkRAs2048-e1496253100491-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/WdS0M20kyClZUKlpDXvw_iYx57ZOawsF_C-_XJHsfC-w6DanKBvq82Of7z9tAX3XsaWw7EDhi57jWdqlK1lV92alkRAs2048-e1496253100491-520x390.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/WdS0M20kyClZUKlpDXvw_iYx57ZOawsF_C-_XJHsfC-w6DanKBvq82Of7z9tAX3XsaWw7EDhi57jWdqlK1lV92alkRAs2048-e1496253100491.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kolten Wong, a 5-year-old dinosaur aficionado seen here at home in Daly City with his mom, Annie, wanted to know what dinosaurs used to roam the Bay Area. \u003ccite>(Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Mesozoic Bay Area\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>“Through all of the Mesozoic, the Bay Area as we know it didn’t exist,” says Doris Sloan, a retired geologist from UC Berkeley and author of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucpress.edu/book.php?isbn=9780520241268\">“Geology of the San Francisco Bay Region.”\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California coastline was 100 miles farther east, toward the Sierra Foothills, putting the Bay Area thousands of feet underwater. And much of our ancient seafloor is long gone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over millions of years, the Farallon Plate subducted into an underwater trench, melting under the continent. This, along with frequent earthquakes and underwater landslides, meant bad news for ancient bones we’d like to find today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This would shake a skeleton apart, and the sediments being dragged down into a zone where heat and pressure would metamorphose them—all of this argues you wouldn’t get much preserved,” Sloan says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So you won’t find many fossils in the Bay Area — though a few have survived.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11487453\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11487453\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/YwhiaRwP3KrFrMZXXkjfA82iDgpuPuR_sUVsy4RvF3u2uY3knGq9wJ9G8Hakylr3MhdK-eG6V7ENW-9Xi6JNIWPv9dIs2048-160x213.jpg\" alt=\"Doris Sloan, a retired geologist seen here holding a sample of serpentinite at her home in Berkeley, says during the time of the dinosaurs, the Bay Area was thousands of feet underwater.\" width=\"300\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/YwhiaRwP3KrFrMZXXkjfA82iDgpuPuR_sUVsy4RvF3u2uY3knGq9wJ9G8Hakylr3MhdK-eG6V7ENW-9Xi6JNIWPv9dIs2048-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/YwhiaRwP3KrFrMZXXkjfA82iDgpuPuR_sUVsy4RvF3u2uY3knGq9wJ9G8Hakylr3MhdK-eG6V7ENW-9Xi6JNIWPv9dIs2048-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/YwhiaRwP3KrFrMZXXkjfA82iDgpuPuR_sUVsy4RvF3u2uY3knGq9wJ9G8Hakylr3MhdK-eG6V7ENW-9Xi6JNIWPv9dIs2048-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/YwhiaRwP3KrFrMZXXkjfA82iDgpuPuR_sUVsy4RvF3u2uY3knGq9wJ9G8Hakylr3MhdK-eG6V7ENW-9Xi6JNIWPv9dIs2048-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/YwhiaRwP3KrFrMZXXkjfA82iDgpuPuR_sUVsy4RvF3u2uY3knGq9wJ9G8Hakylr3MhdK-eG6V7ENW-9Xi6JNIWPv9dIs2048-960x1280.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/YwhiaRwP3KrFrMZXXkjfA82iDgpuPuR_sUVsy4RvF3u2uY3knGq9wJ9G8Hakylr3MhdK-eG6V7ENW-9Xi6JNIWPv9dIs2048-240x320.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/YwhiaRwP3KrFrMZXXkjfA82iDgpuPuR_sUVsy4RvF3u2uY3knGq9wJ9G8Hakylr3MhdK-eG6V7ENW-9Xi6JNIWPv9dIs2048-375x500.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/YwhiaRwP3KrFrMZXXkjfA82iDgpuPuR_sUVsy4RvF3u2uY3knGq9wJ9G8Hakylr3MhdK-eG6V7ENW-9Xi6JNIWPv9dIs2048-520x693.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/YwhiaRwP3KrFrMZXXkjfA82iDgpuPuR_sUVsy4RvF3u2uY3knGq9wJ9G8Hakylr3MhdK-eG6V7ENW-9Xi6JNIWPv9dIs2048.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Doris Sloan, a retired geologist seen here holding a sample of serpentinite at her home in Berkeley, says during the time of the dinosaurs, the Bay Area was thousands of feet underwater. \u003ccite>(Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/21/geological-outings-around-the-bay-marin-headlands/\">Marin Headlands\u003c/a>, you can find reddish chert made up of tiny prehistoric shells of radiolarians — think of plankton. A few larger spiral shells from extinct mollusks have also turned up; these belonged to ammonites, which swam through the water kind of like the modern-day nautilus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But to find evidence of the predators that ate those ammonites, you have to look closer to the prehistoric shoreline to the east.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Our Aquatic Beasts\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11487517\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-11487517\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/YqePtwfcDpsX9E_zBWbs3SUPWhZr9T78Pjmdx_-Vqnb24HwY79-Hc6DT33Id97UmP60IbGHuIQIfiAkXVv2Fz81aqc8s2048-1-1020x729.jpg\" alt=\"Dick Hilton, co-chair of the Sierra College Natural History Museum, says fully intact skeletons from the time of the dinosaurs are rare in California. Because of the state’s jumbled geology, what’s found instead are mostly fragments.\" width=\"640\" height=\"457\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/YqePtwfcDpsX9E_zBWbs3SUPWhZr9T78Pjmdx_-Vqnb24HwY79-Hc6DT33Id97UmP60IbGHuIQIfiAkXVv2Fz81aqc8s2048-1-1020x729.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/YqePtwfcDpsX9E_zBWbs3SUPWhZr9T78Pjmdx_-Vqnb24HwY79-Hc6DT33Id97UmP60IbGHuIQIfiAkXVv2Fz81aqc8s2048-1-160x114.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/YqePtwfcDpsX9E_zBWbs3SUPWhZr9T78Pjmdx_-Vqnb24HwY79-Hc6DT33Id97UmP60IbGHuIQIfiAkXVv2Fz81aqc8s2048-1-800x572.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/YqePtwfcDpsX9E_zBWbs3SUPWhZr9T78Pjmdx_-Vqnb24HwY79-Hc6DT33Id97UmP60IbGHuIQIfiAkXVv2Fz81aqc8s2048-1-1180x844.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/YqePtwfcDpsX9E_zBWbs3SUPWhZr9T78Pjmdx_-Vqnb24HwY79-Hc6DT33Id97UmP60IbGHuIQIfiAkXVv2Fz81aqc8s2048-1-960x686.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/YqePtwfcDpsX9E_zBWbs3SUPWhZr9T78Pjmdx_-Vqnb24HwY79-Hc6DT33Id97UmP60IbGHuIQIfiAkXVv2Fz81aqc8s2048-1-240x172.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/YqePtwfcDpsX9E_zBWbs3SUPWhZr9T78Pjmdx_-Vqnb24HwY79-Hc6DT33Id97UmP60IbGHuIQIfiAkXVv2Fz81aqc8s2048-1-375x268.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/YqePtwfcDpsX9E_zBWbs3SUPWhZr9T78Pjmdx_-Vqnb24HwY79-Hc6DT33Id97UmP60IbGHuIQIfiAkXVv2Fz81aqc8s2048-1-520x372.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/YqePtwfcDpsX9E_zBWbs3SUPWhZr9T78Pjmdx_-Vqnb24HwY79-Hc6DT33Id97UmP60IbGHuIQIfiAkXVv2Fz81aqc8s2048-1.jpg 1487w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dick Hilton, co-chair of the Sierra College Natural History Museum, says fully intact skeletons from the time of the dinosaurs are rare in California. Because of the state’s jumbled geology, what’s found instead are mostly fragments. \u003ccite>(Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Northeast of Sacramento, in Rocklin, Dick Hilton is co-chair of the Sierra College Natural History Museum. Hilton authored the 3.4-pound \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucpress.edu/ebook.php?isbn=9780520928459\">“Dinosaurs and Other Mesozoic Reptiles of California,”\u003c/a> and is careful to say that many of the superb beasts above what’s now San Francisco were not \u003cem>exactly\u003c/em> dinosaurs per se.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dinosaurs, he explains, are terrestrial — land dwelling. So a Mesozoic creature swimming through the modern-day bay’s waters or flying overhead wouldn’t qualify. There are also taxonomic distinctions to do with skulls and hip structure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Hilton says, all kinds of gnarly reptiles that \u003cem>weren’t\u003c/em> dinosaurs swam along the coast, like one that resembled a dolphin — if dolphins were terrifying reptiles. Known as ichthyosaurus, the name literally means fish lizard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11487610\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 660px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11487610\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Ichthyosaur_hharder.png\" alt=\"Ichthyosaurus' name means fish lizard. \" width=\"660\" height=\"411\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Ichthyosaur_hharder.png 660w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Ichthyosaur_hharder-160x100.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Ichthyosaur_hharder-240x149.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Ichthyosaur_hharder-375x234.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Ichthyosaur_hharder-520x324.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 660px) 100vw, 660px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ichthyosaurus’ name means fish lizard. \u003ccite>(From \u003ca href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ichthyosaur_hharder.png\" target=\"_blank\">The Wonderful Paleo Art of Heinrich Harder\u003c/a>/Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another toothy carnivore upwards of 30 feet long was mosasaurus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you saw the latest Jurassic Park movie, one of these comes out of the water and scares the heck out of you, doesn’t it?” Hilton remarks. \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g6AKOTqDJeA\">Indeed\u003c/a>. Mosasaur fossils have been found just a few miles from Sierra College.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11487612\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11487612\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Mosasaurus_beaugei1DB-1020x380.jpg\" alt=\"Mosasaur fossils have been found just a few miles from Sierra College.\" width=\"400\" height=\"149\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Mosasaurus_beaugei1DB-1020x380.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Mosasaurus_beaugei1DB-160x60.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Mosasaurus_beaugei1DB-800x298.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Mosasaurus_beaugei1DB-1920x716.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Mosasaurus_beaugei1DB-1180x440.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Mosasaurus_beaugei1DB-960x358.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Mosasaurus_beaugei1DB-240x89.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Mosasaurus_beaugei1DB-375x140.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Mosasaurus_beaugei1DB-520x194.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mosasaur fossils have been found just a few miles from Sierra College. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of \u003ca href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mosasaurus_beaugei1DB.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">dmitrchel@mail.ru\u003c/a>/Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Among the favorites of Kolten, our young question asker, is another sometimes found in California called plesiosaurus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And everybody says, well, what’s that? And I always refer them to the Loch Ness monster,” Hilton jokes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plesiosaurs had four flippers, long necks and sharp teeth. Their fossils sometimes turn up with rocks inside the rib cage. Hilton believes they swallowed the rocks to attain neutral buoyancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You don’t wanna sink to the bottom, you don’t wanna float to the top, so if you can swallow just enough rocks and keep them in your body, then you’re neutrally buoyant and you just glide through the ocean,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11487616\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11487616 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Pterano-1020x817.jpg\" alt=\"The huge wings of the pterosaurs would have given the flying reptile a large range. Scientific note: This illustration depicts an incorrect wing attachment.\" width=\"640\" height=\"513\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Pterano-1020x817.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Pterano-160x128.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Pterano-800x641.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Pterano-1180x945.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Pterano-960x769.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Pterano-240x192.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Pterano-375x300.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Pterano-520x417.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Pterano.jpg 1282w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The huge wings of the pterosaurs would have given the flying reptile a large range. Scientific note: This illustration depicts an incorrect wing attachment. \u003ccite>(From \u003ca href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pterano.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">The Wonderful Paleo Art of Heinrich Harder\u003c/a>/Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There were also pterosaurs, the flying family of the iconic pterodactyl and its cousin, the pteranodon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The largest ones may have had a wingspan of around 40 feet, so we’re talking of a flying reptile here the size of a jet fighter,” Hilton smiles, “which is pretty cool.” (Fact check: accurate.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the bay’s jumbled, messy geology makes it difficult to find definitive fossil evidence, Hilton is convinced they were around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like today. You go along the coastline and you’re liable to see whales. And they stay usually fairly close to the coastline. But you can go out on a boat 500 miles from the shore and still see whales and still see birds, just probably not as numerous,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n What do you wonder about the Bay Area, its culture or people that you want KQED to investigate?\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Ask Bay Curious.\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for actual dinosaurs in California, much of what’s found are fragments — a finger or two here, a scrap of leg there. The only California fossil suggesting a meat-eating dinosaur once lived here is on display in Hilton’s museum: a dark gray chunk of theropod leg small enough to hold in your palm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the few largely intact dinosaur skeletons found in the state, one belonged to a duck-billed plant eater known as Augustynolophus morrisi. State lawmakers are\u003ca href=\"http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/opinion/sd-california-state-dinosaur-20170331-htmlstory.html\"> considering\u003c/a> a \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB1540\">bill\u003c/a> this year to make it California’s state dinosaur. (Update: \u003ca href=\"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/meet-augustynolophus-morrisi-californias-new-state-dinosaur-180965038/\">The bill passed\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11488098\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11488098\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Augustynolophus_sculpt1sm-1-800x601.jpeg\" alt=\"The duck-billed plant-eater Augustynolophus could soon be named California's state dinosaur.\" width=\"800\" height=\"601\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Augustynolophus_sculpt1sm-1-800x601.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Augustynolophus_sculpt1sm-1-160x120.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Augustynolophus_sculpt1sm-1-1020x767.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Augustynolophus_sculpt1sm-1-1920x1443.jpeg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Augustynolophus_sculpt1sm-1-1180x887.jpeg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Augustynolophus_sculpt1sm-1-960x721.jpeg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Augustynolophus_sculpt1sm-1-240x180.jpeg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Augustynolophus_sculpt1sm-1-375x282.jpeg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Augustynolophus_sculpt1sm-1-520x391.jpeg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/06/Augustynolophus_sculpt1sm-1.jpeg 2024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The duck-billed plant-eater Augustynolophus could soon be named California’s state dinosaur. \u003ccite>(Image courtesy of the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-content post-body\">\u003ch2 id=\"episode-transcript\">Episode Transcript\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Hey guys, I want to introduce you to our Bay Curious question asker this week, and I have to warn you… he’s a little shy.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kolten Wong: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">My name is Kolten Wong and I love dinosaurs.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kolten, how old are you?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kolten Wong:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Five!\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This is Kolten Wong. We met him last year at the Bay Area Science Festival. It’s this huge event at AT&T Park, and thousands of kids were there to learn about all things science. The Bay Curious team went to get questions—and Kolten’s really stood out. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kolten Wong\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: What dinosaurs lived in the Bay Area?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">So, what dinosaurs used to roam the Bay Area? Science reporter Daniel Potter went to meet Kolten and his mom, Annie, at their house in Daly City.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Can you say it one more time, just to make sure I have it?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kolten Wong:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> How many dinosaurs in the Bay Area?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I’m gonna work on finding out.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Today on Bay Curious, we’re going back in time … like way, way back… to discover California’s dinosaurs, and other prehistoric creatures. This episode first aired in 2017, but it continues to blow my mind even today. I’m Olivia Allen-Price. We’ll get started after this break.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[SPONSORSHIP MESSAGE]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Five year old Kolton wants to know: What dinosaurs used to roam the Bay Area? Let’s explore the prehistoric past around San Francisco long before it was a city…\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Or, turns out, even before it was on dry land.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Now, Daniel, before we dive in I think we should lay out your extensive credentials for everyone. After all, you and Kolten share a deep love of dinosaurs.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A mild obsession…Okay, I grew up rocking dinosaur shirts, had tons of books, my toy collection was peak jurassic park. These days I read up and go to museums and do stories about them, when I can. I draw stegosaurus on napkins, I own more than one pair of dinosaur socks. Kolten is similar. He has the shirts, the books, the toys:\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What’s that?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kolten Wong: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A triceratops that does this:\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[toy roars]\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">So Kolten wanted to know what dinosaurs used to stomp around his neighborhood.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[thunderous stomping]\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It turned out the answer was easy—zero dinosaurs. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Whomp whomp.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But the reason is highly neat. And, this story does have lots of rad prehistoric beasts. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[roar] \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">First, we need to explain where San Francisco was during the Mesozoic Era. That’s the geologic time of the dinosaurs, before they suddenly died off about 66 million years ago.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Doris Sloan: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Through all of the Mesozoic, the Bay Area as we know it didn’t exist.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This is Doris Sloan, a retired geologist from UC Berkeley who wrote a book called \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Geology of the San Francisco Bay Region.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Doris Sloan: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Bay Area was underwater. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">So hundreds of feet, thousand of feet deep?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Doris Sloan:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Probably thousands.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">That seafloor wasn’t kind to old bones we’d like to find today. It was a trench, with an ocean plate slowly sliding under the continent and melting. Plus, it was prone to earthquakes, triggering powerful underwater landslides.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Doris Sloan:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This would shake a skeleton apart, and the sediments being dragged down into a zone where heat and pressure would metamorphose them—All of this argues that you wouldn’t get much preserved.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">California is, in a lot of ways, messier, more challenging to tease apart.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Doris Sloan: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Good way to put that, messier. Certainly more mixed up and scrambled and there’s not a lot of layer-cake geology in California.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Still, a \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">few\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Mesozoic fossils did survive.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the Marin Headlands, you can spot radiolarian chert. It’s a reddish rock made up of crumpled layers of tiny ancient shells—think of plankton—called radiolarians. A few larger spiral shells from extinct mollusks have also shown up. They belonged to ammonites, which swam through the water kind of like the modern-day nautilus.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Alright Daniel, there’s a five-year-old kid waiting for nasty big pointy teeth.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kolten Wong: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yes!\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We’re on our way… So while the Bay Area was deep underwater, the coastline was a hundred miles further east. Picture a shoreline toward the Sierra foothills. I made the long drive to a museum out that way, on the other side of Sacramento. That’s where I met this guy:\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dick Hilton:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> My name’s Dick Hilton, and this is Sierra College. And I’m co-chair of the Sierra College Natural History Museum. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hilton’s book is titled \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dinosaurs and Other Mesozoic Reptiles of California.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Shipping weight: three and a half pounds.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What’s different between a Mesozoic reptile and a dinosaur?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dick Hilton:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Well a dinosaur, first of all they’re terrestrial. They’re totally terrestrial…\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Terrestrial. This is why the Bay Area didn’t have dinosaurs stomping around: it was underwater, so whatever passed through was either swimming or flying. Not a dinosaur per se.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dick Hilton:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">So it’s the skull, it’s the hip structure that sets them apart from other reptiles.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hilton says all kinds of reptiles that weren’t dinosaurs swam along the coast, chowing down on fish and ammonites. One resembled dolphins, \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[dolphin screech]\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If dolphins were terrifying reptiles. That’s ichthyosaurus. The name literally means fish lizard. Another toothy predator upwards of 30 feet long was mosasaurs…\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dick Hilton: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If you saw the latest Jurassic Park movie, one of these comes out of the water and scares the heck out of you.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[Jurassic World clip]\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dick Hilton:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> This one was found right here, three miles south of the college…\u003c/span>\u003cb> \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Also, one with four flippers, a long neck, and sharp teeth– Plesiosaurus. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dick Hilton:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And everybody says “Well what’s that?” And I always refer them to the Loch Ness monster.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When I first visited Kolten and asked about his favorites, he reached for a toy plesiosaur.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dick Hilton:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What’s interesting is they will come up on the beach with their long neck and scoop up rocks and swallow the rocks.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Alligators and crocodiles do the same thing today. The stones are called gastroliths.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Some animals do it for digestion, but Hilton thinks plesiosaurs did it for neutral buoyancy.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dick Hilton: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">You don’t wanna sink to the bottom, you don’t wanna float to the top, so if you can swallow just enough rocks and keep them in your body, then you’re neutrally buoyant and you just glide through the ocean, which is pretty cool.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> So have these been found then, fossils with rocks inside of them?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dick Hilton: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yeah, we find them inside the rib cage, nests of rocks … These would’ve been swimming over San Francisco, at one time.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">More Mesozoic reptiles were overhead, gliding and swooping through the air. The family of the iconic pterodactyl and its cousin, the pteranodon.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dick Hilton: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The largest ones may have had a wingspan of around 40 feet, so we’re talking of a flying reptile here the size of a jet fighter, which is pretty cool.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">So is it your thought that pteranodons and other flying reptiles could’ve likely been circling over what’s now Bay Area?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dick Hilton: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Oh of course, yeah. They probably flew way out to sea, they had such huge wingspans.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It’s rare to find reptile or dinosaur fossils anywhere near California’s coast. A lot of what Hilton showed me were fragments from further east—a finger bone here, a piece of leg there. But Hilton is convinced, if they were on the Mesozoic shoreline around the Sierra foothills, they were swimming and flying above the modern-day Bay.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dick Hilton: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Undoubtedly. It’s like today. You go along the coastline and you’re liable to see whales, okay? And they stay usually fairly close to the coastline. But you can go out on a boat 500 miles from the shore and still see whales and still see birds, just probably not as numerous.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">So I reported this back to Kolten the next day.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Have you ever seen a whale from the beach, Kolten?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kolten Wong: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yes.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Eric Wong:\u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yeah, we saw one. Where?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kolten Wong: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hawaii\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">You saw a whale from the beach when you were in Hawaii?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kolten Wong: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yes.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We were on campus at Berkeley for an open house at the Museum of Paleontology, which has triceratops skulls, a pteranodon and a huge T-Rex. Kolten also pointed out the skull of a member of the duck-billed dinosaur family, the hadrosaurs, to me and his mom Annie.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Annie Wong:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> What’s that one again, Kolten? I don’t know.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kolten Wong\u003c/b>\u003cb>\u003ci>: \u003c/i>\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A parasaurolophus!\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Annie Wong:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> How did you recognize that?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kolten Wong: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cause its crest.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Annie Wong\u003c/b>\u003cb>\u003ci>: \u003c/i>\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The crest?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kolten Wong: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yes!\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Related hadrosaurs are among the few dinosaur skeletons found intact in California, at least so far. Lawmakers are considering a bill to make one such duck-billed herbivore the state dinosaur.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">So how’d we do? Was Kolten satisfied?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I feel like we’ve covered a lot of ground, what do you think?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kolten Wong:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Yes.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Enough to call it a podcast?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kolten Wong: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yes!\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Thanks, Kolten.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kolten Wong: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Thank you.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Alright, that’s Bay Curious. Daniel Potter, thanks so much for the story.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It was fun! Quick thanks to Lisa White, Paul Renne, Kevin Padian, Charles Marshall, Danna Staaf and Matthew Clapham, all experts who helped background this story. Thanks especially to Kolten, Annie, Eric and the entire Wong family. Thanks also to Lisa Pickoff-White and Craig Miller.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If you’re new to Bay Curious, welcome! Please consider subscribing so you don’t miss a future episode. And if you like what you’re hearing, share it with a friend!\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Bay Curious is made in San Francisco at member-supported KQED. The show is produced by Amanda Font, Ana De Almeida Amaral, Christopher Beale, and me, Olivia Allen-Price.\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Additional support from Jen Chien, Katrina Shwartz, Holly Kernan, and the whole KQED family. And we were trying to think of a send off that was related to dinosaurs but we were drawing blanks.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We’re glad you saurus.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How about just like… roaaar! No?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Potter: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nailed it.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I’m Olivia Allen-Price, I’ll see you next week.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>"
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"disqusTitle": "Governor Signs Law Allowing Californians to Choose to Liquefy Their Remains",
"title": "Governor Signs Law Allowing Californians to Choose to Liquefy Their Remains",
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"content": "\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>Update, October 16, 2017:\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Gov. Jerry Brown last night signed into law the \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB967\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">bill\u003c/a> that legalizes a method of disposing of human remains commonly called 'water cremation.' \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The method doesn't actually use water, but uses a chemical that speeds up decomposition of bodies and leaves behind only sterile water, bones, and medical implants or devices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The new law establishes procedures for licensing and regulating mortuaries or other companies that aim to adopt the method, to be overseen by the Cemetery and Funeral Bureau within the state Department of Consumer Affairs. \u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters say water cremation offers a green alternative to traditional cremation or burial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original Story, July 24, 2017:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You may not equate death with climate change, but disposing of human remains leaves a fairly hefty \u003ca href=\"https://www3.epa.gov/carbon-footprint-calculator/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">carbon footprint\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Supporters of a California bill allowing dead bodies to be dissolved in a hot chemical bath are hoping to overcome the 'ick factor.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Cremation is really what people hold up as the environmentally friendly option,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.caitlindoughty.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Caitlin Doughty\u003c/a>, a mortician in Los Angeles. “It’s better than the whole rigmarole of formaldehyde and chemicals and big caskets that go into the more traditional funeral industry, but it still releases mercury into the air, and it uses a whole ton of natural gas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus, Doughty says, cemeteries monopolize land, an increasingly precious resource as the population grows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hence the growing popularity of a green alternative, known as water cremation, bio-cremation or flameless cremation. Basically, the body is dissolved in a hot chemical bath, leaving a sterile solution that can be flushed down the drain. The carbon footprint of this process is just a quarter of traditional fire cremation because it uses so much less energy; and only a sixth of a burial because it doesn't require the materials for concrete headstones, mahogany caskets or the chemicals used in embalming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State lawmakers are considering a \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB967\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">bill\u003c/a> that would legalize water cremation. In the last decade, two previous efforts have failed, although the process has been approved in 14 other states, including neighboring Nevada. This year, a third attempt is gaining momentum in California, progressing further in the Legislature than the previous bills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Not an Acid Bath\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s only one place in California where bodies are currently dissolved — legally, at least. That would be a chilly lab at UCLA, where cadavers that have outlived their usefulness at the medical school end up. The room smells a little like shellfish, which I think might be the smell of melted flesh. But the guy in charge, Dean Fisher, laughs at that notion.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'This just leaves us questioning. Why did part of grandma go to the waste treatment plant?'\u003ccite>Ned Dolejsi, Catholic Church spokesman\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Fisher, the head of the university's \u003ca href=\"https://www.uclahealth.org/donatedbody/default.cfm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Donated Body Program,\u003c/a> explains that I'm sniffing potassium hydroxide\u003cb>,\u003c/b> a base, and the chemical of choice for liquefying bodies, because it catalyzes the hydrogen in water to more rapidly attack the chemical bonds between molecules in the body. (The process is technically called\u003cem> alkaline hydrolysis.)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So, it's not an acid at all,\" said Fisher. \"Some people say this is an acid bath, and they're wrong.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Potassium hydroxide is found in the Earth's crust — and in many household cleaning products. It's the same chemical that breaks down or composts organic matter in dirt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So, like, if you were to bury a body in soil, all we're doing is we're speeding that up,\" says Fisher. \"We're adding heat to that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_428986\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-428986 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Fisher-machine-800x599.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"599\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Fisher-machine-800x599.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Fisher-machine-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Fisher-machine-768x575.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Fisher-machine-1020x764.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Fisher-machine-1180x883.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Fisher-machine-960x719.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Fisher-machine-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Fisher-machine-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Fisher-machine-520x389.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Fisher-machine.jpg 1893w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UCLA's Dean Fisher opens an alkaline hydrolysis machine that can dissolve bodies. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Whirlpool for the Dead\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That heat is applied inside a shiny stainless-steel chamber, about the size of a large van. The front of the machine has a circular hatch, modeled after a submarine door. The hatch leads to a dark tunnel where cadavers are heated to 302 degrees and then bathed in 270 gallons of liquid for three to four hours. That's about twice as long as the time required for a fire cremation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cost varies widely in the U.S., depending on location, but typically, funeral homes charge $150-$500 more for a water cremation than for one done with flames.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's usually left at the end of the process is a tray scattered with clean white bones, and maybe some items of medical hardware. Fisher shows me an example when he opens the door, revealing the remains of a dissolved male body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a pacemaker in there,\" says Fisher. \"There’s a couple of prosthetics. It looks like he’s had a hip replacement, and it looks like he’s had a knee replacement, also.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the metal in these parts can be recycled, and everything left over is sterile. Nothing organic survives during a water cremation. No bacteria — not even a strand of DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bones will be pulverized into a white powder that can be placed in an urn, just like the ashes in a traditional cremation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_429008\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-429008\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/IMG_33511-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/IMG_33511-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/IMG_33511-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/IMG_33511-768x576.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/IMG_33511-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/IMG_33511-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/IMG_33511-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/IMG_33511-960x720.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/IMG_33511-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/IMG_33511-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/IMG_33511-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The pulverized bones from a water cremation ready to be placed inside an urn. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>From a cupboard nearby, Fisher holds up a tooth with a mercury filling. The silver molar demonstrates part of why water is more eco-friendly than flame. When you burn a body, the toxic mercury in dental fillings vaporizes and escapes into the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ick Factor\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But water cremation proved a tough sell the last two times legalization was tried in California. There's an inherent ick factor: You’re reducing loved ones to a chemical broth that swirls down the drain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This just leaves us questioning,\" said Ned Dolejsi, the executive director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cacatholic.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">California Catholic Conference\u003c/a>. \"Why did part of grandma go to the waste treatment plant?”\u003cb> \u003c/b>He says water cremation isn't inherently wrong, but it also doesn’t treat life — or death — with dignity and respect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposed bill sailed through the Assembly in June. Now it's before the Senate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the bill is made law, water cremation will be available in California starting in 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This post has been edited.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>Update, October 16, 2017:\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Gov. Jerry Brown last night signed into law the \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB967\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">bill\u003c/a> that legalizes a method of disposing of human remains commonly called 'water cremation.' \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The method doesn't actually use water, but uses a chemical that speeds up decomposition of bodies and leaves behind only sterile water, bones, and medical implants or devices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The new law establishes procedures for licensing and regulating mortuaries or other companies that aim to adopt the method, to be overseen by the Cemetery and Funeral Bureau within the state Department of Consumer Affairs. \u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters say water cremation offers a green alternative to traditional cremation or burial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original Story, July 24, 2017:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You may not equate death with climate change, but disposing of human remains leaves a fairly hefty \u003ca href=\"https://www3.epa.gov/carbon-footprint-calculator/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">carbon footprint\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Supporters of a California bill allowing dead bodies to be dissolved in a hot chemical bath are hoping to overcome the 'ick factor.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Cremation is really what people hold up as the environmentally friendly option,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.caitlindoughty.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Caitlin Doughty\u003c/a>, a mortician in Los Angeles. “It’s better than the whole rigmarole of formaldehyde and chemicals and big caskets that go into the more traditional funeral industry, but it still releases mercury into the air, and it uses a whole ton of natural gas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus, Doughty says, cemeteries monopolize land, an increasingly precious resource as the population grows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hence the growing popularity of a green alternative, known as water cremation, bio-cremation or flameless cremation. Basically, the body is dissolved in a hot chemical bath, leaving a sterile solution that can be flushed down the drain. The carbon footprint of this process is just a quarter of traditional fire cremation because it uses so much less energy; and only a sixth of a burial because it doesn't require the materials for concrete headstones, mahogany caskets or the chemicals used in embalming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State lawmakers are considering a \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB967\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">bill\u003c/a> that would legalize water cremation. In the last decade, two previous efforts have failed, although the process has been approved in 14 other states, including neighboring Nevada. This year, a third attempt is gaining momentum in California, progressing further in the Legislature than the previous bills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Not an Acid Bath\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s only one place in California where bodies are currently dissolved — legally, at least. That would be a chilly lab at UCLA, where cadavers that have outlived their usefulness at the medical school end up. The room smells a little like shellfish, which I think might be the smell of melted flesh. But the guy in charge, Dean Fisher, laughs at that notion.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'This just leaves us questioning. Why did part of grandma go to the waste treatment plant?'\u003ccite>Ned Dolejsi, Catholic Church spokesman\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Fisher, the head of the university's \u003ca href=\"https://www.uclahealth.org/donatedbody/default.cfm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Donated Body Program,\u003c/a> explains that I'm sniffing potassium hydroxide\u003cb>,\u003c/b> a base, and the chemical of choice for liquefying bodies, because it catalyzes the hydrogen in water to more rapidly attack the chemical bonds between molecules in the body. (The process is technically called\u003cem> alkaline hydrolysis.)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So, it's not an acid at all,\" said Fisher. \"Some people say this is an acid bath, and they're wrong.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Potassium hydroxide is found in the Earth's crust — and in many household cleaning products. It's the same chemical that breaks down or composts organic matter in dirt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So, like, if you were to bury a body in soil, all we're doing is we're speeding that up,\" says Fisher. \"We're adding heat to that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_428986\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-428986 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Fisher-machine-800x599.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"599\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Fisher-machine-800x599.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Fisher-machine-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Fisher-machine-768x575.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Fisher-machine-1020x764.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Fisher-machine-1180x883.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Fisher-machine-960x719.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Fisher-machine-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Fisher-machine-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Fisher-machine-520x389.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Fisher-machine.jpg 1893w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UCLA's Dean Fisher opens an alkaline hydrolysis machine that can dissolve bodies. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Whirlpool for the Dead\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That heat is applied inside a shiny stainless-steel chamber, about the size of a large van. The front of the machine has a circular hatch, modeled after a submarine door. The hatch leads to a dark tunnel where cadavers are heated to 302 degrees and then bathed in 270 gallons of liquid for three to four hours. That's about twice as long as the time required for a fire cremation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cost varies widely in the U.S., depending on location, but typically, funeral homes charge $150-$500 more for a water cremation than for one done with flames.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's usually left at the end of the process is a tray scattered with clean white bones, and maybe some items of medical hardware. Fisher shows me an example when he opens the door, revealing the remains of a dissolved male body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a pacemaker in there,\" says Fisher. \"There’s a couple of prosthetics. It looks like he’s had a hip replacement, and it looks like he’s had a knee replacement, also.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the metal in these parts can be recycled, and everything left over is sterile. Nothing organic survives during a water cremation. No bacteria — not even a strand of DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bones will be pulverized into a white powder that can be placed in an urn, just like the ashes in a traditional cremation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_429008\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-429008\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/IMG_33511-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/IMG_33511-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/IMG_33511-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/IMG_33511-768x576.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/IMG_33511-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/IMG_33511-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/IMG_33511-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/IMG_33511-960x720.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/IMG_33511-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/IMG_33511-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/IMG_33511-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The pulverized bones from a water cremation ready to be placed inside an urn. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>From a cupboard nearby, Fisher holds up a tooth with a mercury filling. The silver molar demonstrates part of why water is more eco-friendly than flame. When you burn a body, the toxic mercury in dental fillings vaporizes and escapes into the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ick Factor\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But water cremation proved a tough sell the last two times legalization was tried in California. There's an inherent ick factor: You’re reducing loved ones to a chemical broth that swirls down the drain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This just leaves us questioning,\" said Ned Dolejsi, the executive director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cacatholic.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">California Catholic Conference\u003c/a>. \"Why did part of grandma go to the waste treatment plant?”\u003cb> \u003c/b>He says water cremation isn't inherently wrong, but it also doesn’t treat life — or death — with dignity and respect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposed bill sailed through the Assembly in June. Now it's before the Senate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the bill is made law, water cremation will be available in California starting in 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This post has been edited.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Man Charged With Attempting to Support Terrorism Talked About Attacking S.F., East Bay Targets",
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"content": "\u003cp>An Oakland man facing federal criminal charges, including attempting to support a terrorism organization, had described plans to attack several targets in San Francisco and the East Bay, according to recently unsealed audio of a detention hearing late last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, then 21-year-old Amer Sinan Alhaggagi was already in custody after being arrested in November 2016. He was facing a single charge of aggravated identity theft. Magistrate Judge Kandis A. Westmore said that defendants with similar charges would normally be considered for pretrial release, but on Dec. 20 ordered that he be held pending trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But prosecutors were still building a case against Alhaggagi based on electronic communication and a face-to-face meeting with an undercover FBI agent in which he relayed plans for multiple attacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The communication started in late July 2016, Assistant U.S. Attorney S. Waqar Hasib said at the hearing in December, when Alhaggagi was trading messages with an unidentified FBI source about the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria -- known as ISIS or ISIL.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then they started talking about plans, like one to mix cocaine with a lethal amount of strychnine -- a small rodent pesticide -- and distribute it at nightclubs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FBI was watching, but at the outset didn't know who, or where, Alhaggagi was. Until he mentioned more ideas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He wanted to plan to start a huge fire in an area near where he lived and he specifically mentioned the Berkeley Hills as a potential target,\" Hasib told the court in December. \"That was our first indication that we were dealing with someone in the Bay Area.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several of Alhaggagi's alleged communications identified San Francisco as a good target for an attack because the city is known for its acceptance of LGBT people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hasib quoted from one of the messages: \" 'I live close to San Francisco. That's like the gay capital of the world. I'm going to handle them right. LOL,' meaning laughing out loud. 'I'm going to place a bomb in a gay club. ... I'm going to tear up the city. ... The whole Bay Area is going to be up in flames. My ideas are genius. LMAO,' meaning laughing my ass off.' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alhaggagi was represented at the Dec. 14 hearing by an assistant federal public defender, Hanni Fakhoury, who did not dispute the government's evidence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There is a bit of a disconnect between Mr. Alhaggagi's words and his actions,\" Fakhoury told the court. He said the ultimate issue was how much of what his client said was \"very stupid and very inappropriate and very disturbing puffery and how much of it was actually intended to be acted out.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The defense stated that Alhaggagi was born in Lodi, grew up in the East Bay and attended Berkeley High School. Part of the non-terrorism charge against him involves using a stolen credit card and a fraudulent address to steal $4,932 in clothes from an online retailer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"To me that doesn’t smack as someone who is a radicalized jihadi,\" Fakhoury said. \"This is a young man who wants to have some nice clothes.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While he was using fraudulent credit card information to steal clothes, Alhaggagi was allegedly chatting about leveraging those skills toward terrorism in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He told the FBI source that he had access to equipment \"to make the cards and checks,\" according to the prosecution at the December detention hearing. \"I'm trying to make bombs. I'm going to need funds.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alhaggagi allegedly told the FBI's source that he planned to work for a local police department and steal weapons. Agents started canvassing Bay Area police departments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They learned that Mr. Alhaggagi had submitted an application to the Oakland Police Department,\" just a few days earlier, Hasib said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The source introduced Alhaggagi to an undercover agent posing as an al-Qaida-trained fighter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"His plan was to blow up a car bomb at an unidentified gay nightclub in San Francisco and then place backpack bombs around the East Bay,\" Hasib said. \"He also took the undercover around the UC Berkeley campus and identified buildings, including dorms, where he wanted to plant backpack bombs.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The undercover agent reportedly convinced Alhaggagi to put anything he planned to use in attacks in a storage locker, which in reality was closely monitored by the FBI. Alhaggagi allegedly stored several backpacks there, then suddenly stopped communicating with both the initial source and undercover agent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FBI continued close surveillance and arrested Alhaggagi late last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prosecutors also say time he spent in Yemen from 2002 to 2009 -- from when he was approximately 7 years old until he was about 14 years old -- \"gives us great concern,\" as well as trips that Alhaggagi has reportedly taken to Saudi Arabia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Alhaggagi's attorney, Mary McNamara, who took over his defense in March, paints a different picture from the evidence presented at the detention hearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What is clear from that hearing is that Mr. Al Haggagi ran away when he believed that things had gone beyond talk with the undercover agent,\" McNamara wrote in a statement to KQED on Monday. \"Mr. Al Haggagi never re-engaged with him and never took any steps to commit any violent act. Unlike most of the cases charged under this statute, Mr. Al Haggagi is not radicalized, is not a supporter of ISIS or any terrorist network. He is a peaceful, sociable and well-liked person. He is also young and naïve. It appears that he allowed himself to be drawn into conversations that he should have been far more suspicious of.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>An Oakland man facing federal criminal charges, including attempting to support a terrorism organization, had described plans to attack several targets in San Francisco and the East Bay, according to recently unsealed audio of a detention hearing late last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, then 21-year-old Amer Sinan Alhaggagi was already in custody after being arrested in November 2016. He was facing a single charge of aggravated identity theft. Magistrate Judge Kandis A. Westmore said that defendants with similar charges would normally be considered for pretrial release, but on Dec. 20 ordered that he be held pending trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But prosecutors were still building a case against Alhaggagi based on electronic communication and a face-to-face meeting with an undercover FBI agent in which he relayed plans for multiple attacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The communication started in late July 2016, Assistant U.S. Attorney S. Waqar Hasib said at the hearing in December, when Alhaggagi was trading messages with an unidentified FBI source about the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria -- known as ISIS or ISIL.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then they started talking about plans, like one to mix cocaine with a lethal amount of strychnine -- a small rodent pesticide -- and distribute it at nightclubs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FBI was watching, but at the outset didn't know who, or where, Alhaggagi was. Until he mentioned more ideas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He wanted to plan to start a huge fire in an area near where he lived and he specifically mentioned the Berkeley Hills as a potential target,\" Hasib told the court in December. \"That was our first indication that we were dealing with someone in the Bay Area.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several of Alhaggagi's alleged communications identified San Francisco as a good target for an attack because the city is known for its acceptance of LGBT people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hasib quoted from one of the messages: \" 'I live close to San Francisco. That's like the gay capital of the world. I'm going to handle them right. LOL,' meaning laughing out loud. 'I'm going to place a bomb in a gay club. ... I'm going to tear up the city. ... The whole Bay Area is going to be up in flames. My ideas are genius. LMAO,' meaning laughing my ass off.' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alhaggagi was represented at the Dec. 14 hearing by an assistant federal public defender, Hanni Fakhoury, who did not dispute the government's evidence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There is a bit of a disconnect between Mr. Alhaggagi's words and his actions,\" Fakhoury told the court. He said the ultimate issue was how much of what his client said was \"very stupid and very inappropriate and very disturbing puffery and how much of it was actually intended to be acted out.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The defense stated that Alhaggagi was born in Lodi, grew up in the East Bay and attended Berkeley High School. Part of the non-terrorism charge against him involves using a stolen credit card and a fraudulent address to steal $4,932 in clothes from an online retailer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"To me that doesn’t smack as someone who is a radicalized jihadi,\" Fakhoury said. \"This is a young man who wants to have some nice clothes.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While he was using fraudulent credit card information to steal clothes, Alhaggagi was allegedly chatting about leveraging those skills toward terrorism in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He told the FBI source that he had access to equipment \"to make the cards and checks,\" according to the prosecution at the December detention hearing. \"I'm trying to make bombs. I'm going to need funds.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alhaggagi allegedly told the FBI's source that he planned to work for a local police department and steal weapons. Agents started canvassing Bay Area police departments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They learned that Mr. Alhaggagi had submitted an application to the Oakland Police Department,\" just a few days earlier, Hasib said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The source introduced Alhaggagi to an undercover agent posing as an al-Qaida-trained fighter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"His plan was to blow up a car bomb at an unidentified gay nightclub in San Francisco and then place backpack bombs around the East Bay,\" Hasib said. \"He also took the undercover around the UC Berkeley campus and identified buildings, including dorms, where he wanted to plant backpack bombs.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The undercover agent reportedly convinced Alhaggagi to put anything he planned to use in attacks in a storage locker, which in reality was closely monitored by the FBI. Alhaggagi allegedly stored several backpacks there, then suddenly stopped communicating with both the initial source and undercover agent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FBI continued close surveillance and arrested Alhaggagi late last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prosecutors also say time he spent in Yemen from 2002 to 2009 -- from when he was approximately 7 years old until he was about 14 years old -- \"gives us great concern,\" as well as trips that Alhaggagi has reportedly taken to Saudi Arabia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Alhaggagi's attorney, Mary McNamara, who took over his defense in March, paints a different picture from the evidence presented at the detention hearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What is clear from that hearing is that Mr. Al Haggagi ran away when he believed that things had gone beyond talk with the undercover agent,\" McNamara wrote in a statement to KQED on Monday. \"Mr. Al Haggagi never re-engaged with him and never took any steps to commit any violent act. Unlike most of the cases charged under this statute, Mr. Al Haggagi is not radicalized, is not a supporter of ISIS or any terrorist network. He is a peaceful, sociable and well-liked person. He is also young and naïve. It appears that he allowed himself to be drawn into conversations that he should have been far more suspicious of.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The brand-new BART train -- the Midday Monday Media Special -- was late getting to South Hayward Station. And when it started up, it sent its first carload of passengers -- or some of us, anyway -- flying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More on that later. But first, let's go down the list of things you, the riding public, will love when BART starts operating its new generation of train cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cars are clean. They smell great. The air-conditioning is awesome. They have signs telling passengers that vaping and panhandling are verboten. They're actually quiet enough that you can talk to the person next to you without shouting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"no\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/334806909&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the wait for the so-called Fleet of the Future is almost over. BART officials on hand for a media ride-along Monday say that they hope to begin using the first 10 new cars, the vanguard of the 775 the system hopes to put into service over the next four years, by late September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That September timetable depends, though, on BART and the fleet's manufacturer, Montreal-based Bombardier, working through the last in a long list of bugs that have appeared since the first cars were received last year. BART say the delays are due to vehicles that sound fantastically complex, with 30 computers and 180 software packages running each car.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If we're going to take a delay, this is the point where we want to take the delay and resolve all the engineering and technical issues,\" said Paul Oversier, BART's assistant general manager for operations. \"What Bombardier is best at is manufacturing, and the more stable the car is when they start manufacturing, the quicker they can produce the cars.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Garnham, who has spent most of his seven years at BART managing the Fleet of the Future program, said testing has been slowed by the fact there's no testing facility at Bombardier, or anywhere else, that could handle BART's unique track gauge and voltage requirements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That has meant limited hours for testing and longer waits to solve problems as they've arisen, Garnham said, \"whereas if we were at the factory and got behind, we could test for three shifts. We can't do that at BART.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garnham said that BART and Bombardier are closing in on the last items on their fix-it list, including the trains' new dynamic map display and an issue with flickering lights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So -- what about that late train and that wild start?\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/01/26/after-a-million-miles-bart-is-hella-old/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Old BART Cars are \u003cem>Hella\u003c/em> Old\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://player.vimeo.com/video/153028955?title=0&byline=0\" width=\"375\" height=\"211\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The media mini-throng was told the new train would arrive at 12 noon. The appointed hour came and went.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At 12:20, Oversier, the BART assistant general manager, explained that they'd had a problem working in the media train among the in-service trains carrying paying passengers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, in the distance, a new five-car train rolled into view from the south.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Here it comes,\" Oversier said. \"It's moving. That's a good sign. At full speed -- that's an even better sign.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the assembled print, TV and radio types were aboard, the train got started rolling. As it was picking up speed, it jerked to a halt. Those who weren't hanging on to an overhead strap or one of the new cars' nifty grab bars, your correspondent among them, were sent flying, or at least staggering in a state of surprise, across the car.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doug Sovern of KCBS captured the scene:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/SovernNation/status/889572690356338689\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kirk Paulsen, a BART train operator who's been helping debug and break in the new cars for the past year, was riding with us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm going to tell you probably exactly what happened,\" Paulsen said. \"There's a stop button\" -- akin to an emergency stop mechanism -- \"on the opposite side from the cab seat. And all you have to do is hit it a little bit and it'll stop the train.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He speculated that maybe an extra media day rider in the cab had touched the button by accident and triggered the jarring stop -- perhaps another kink to be worked out of the Fleet of the Future.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The brand-new BART train -- the Midday Monday Media Special -- was late getting to South Hayward Station. And when it started up, it sent its first carload of passengers -- or some of us, anyway -- flying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More on that later. But first, let's go down the list of things you, the riding public, will love when BART starts operating its new generation of train cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cars are clean. They smell great. The air-conditioning is awesome. They have signs telling passengers that vaping and panhandling are verboten. They're actually quiet enough that you can talk to the person next to you without shouting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"no\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/334806909&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the wait for the so-called Fleet of the Future is almost over. BART officials on hand for a media ride-along Monday say that they hope to begin using the first 10 new cars, the vanguard of the 775 the system hopes to put into service over the next four years, by late September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That September timetable depends, though, on BART and the fleet's manufacturer, Montreal-based Bombardier, working through the last in a long list of bugs that have appeared since the first cars were received last year. BART say the delays are due to vehicles that sound fantastically complex, with 30 computers and 180 software packages running each car.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If we're going to take a delay, this is the point where we want to take the delay and resolve all the engineering and technical issues,\" said Paul Oversier, BART's assistant general manager for operations. \"What Bombardier is best at is manufacturing, and the more stable the car is when they start manufacturing, the quicker they can produce the cars.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Garnham, who has spent most of his seven years at BART managing the Fleet of the Future program, said testing has been slowed by the fact there's no testing facility at Bombardier, or anywhere else, that could handle BART's unique track gauge and voltage requirements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That has meant limited hours for testing and longer waits to solve problems as they've arisen, Garnham said, \"whereas if we were at the factory and got behind, we could test for three shifts. We can't do that at BART.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garnham said that BART and Bombardier are closing in on the last items on their fix-it list, including the trains' new dynamic map display and an issue with flickering lights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So -- what about that late train and that wild start?\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/01/26/after-a-million-miles-bart-is-hella-old/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Old BART Cars are \u003cem>Hella\u003c/em> Old\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://player.vimeo.com/video/153028955?title=0&byline=0\" width=\"375\" height=\"211\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The media mini-throng was told the new train would arrive at 12 noon. The appointed hour came and went.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At 12:20, Oversier, the BART assistant general manager, explained that they'd had a problem working in the media train among the in-service trains carrying paying passengers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, in the distance, a new five-car train rolled into view from the south.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Here it comes,\" Oversier said. \"It's moving. That's a good sign. At full speed -- that's an even better sign.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the assembled print, TV and radio types were aboard, the train got started rolling. As it was picking up speed, it jerked to a halt. Those who weren't hanging on to an overhead strap or one of the new cars' nifty grab bars, your correspondent among them, were sent flying, or at least staggering in a state of surprise, across the car.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doug Sovern of KCBS captured the scene:\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
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"masters-of-scale": {
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"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"onourwatch": {
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"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"order": 11
},
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"on-the-media": {
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"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
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},
"pbs-newshour": {
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
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},
"perspectives": {
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"order": 14
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"planet-money": {
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
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},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 5
},
"link": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/e0c2d153-ad36-4c8d-901d-f1da6a724824/political-breakdown",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
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