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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Updated 4:10 p.m.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SAN DIEGO — The Trump administration said Monday that California Gov. Jerry Brown rejected terms of the National Guard's initial deployment to the Mexican border, but a state official said nothing was decided.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The governor determined that what we asked for is unsupportable, but we will have other iterations,\" Ronald Vitiello, U.S. Customs and Border Protection's acting deputy commissioner, told reporters in Washington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown elicited rare and effusive praise from President Trump last week for pledging 400 troops to the Guard's third large-scale border mission since 2006.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Democratic governor conditioned his commitment on his state's troops having nothing to do with immigration enforcement, even in a supporting role.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown's announcement last week did not address what specific jobs the California Guard would and would not do and or answer the thorny question of how state officials would distinguish work related to immigration from other duties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vitiello said the governor decided California will not accept terms of an initial troop rollout for the state that was similar to plans for the other three border states, Arizona, New Mexico and Texas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to two U.S. officials, the initial jobs for those troops include fixing and maintaining vehicles, using remote-control surveillance cameras to report suspicious activity to U.S. Border Patrol agents, operating radios and providing \"mission support,\" which can include clerical work, buying gas and handling payrolls. The officials spoke to The Associated Press on condition of anonymity because they were not authorized to discuss the matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California National Guard spokesman Lt. Col. Thomas Keegan said \"state officials have not rejected anything\" since Brown proposed a formal agreement Wednesday with the Homeland Security and Defense Departments that prohibits any involvement in immigration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The federal government has not yet responded,\" Keegan said in an emailed statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vitiello said the federal government wanted 237 troops for work in two parts of the state that California \"has indicated they will not perform,\" but he emphasized that California may participate in other ways that must still be worked out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We are anticipating additional requirements, and we got a signal from California that they are interested in improving border security,\" Vitiello said. \"So, at some point that might come together.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown was clear last week that California troops will help go after drugs, guns and criminal gangs, but not immigrants. Drawing that line will likely prove difficult because the Border Patrol combats illegal immigration but also drug smuggling and other crimes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown's pledge of 400 troops allowed Trump to boast support from all four border-state governors and helped put the president above the lower end of his threshold of marshaling 2,000 to 4,000 troops that he wants to fight illegal immigration and drug trafficking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Democratic governor cast his decision as a welcome infusion of support paid for by the U.S. government to fight transnational criminal gangs and drug and firearms smugglers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Republican governors from Arizona, New Mexico and Texas have openly embraced the Trump administration's plans and specific jobs for their troops, as California did in previous Guard deployments. Texas National Guard members are already doing aerial and ground surveillance. The Arizona National Guard said last week that its troops will provide air and ground support.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Guard had about 900 troops working on the border mission Monday, a number that changes daily, said Lt. Gen. Daniel R. Hokanson, the National Guard Bureau's vice chief. Nearly 250 were in Arizona, more than 60 in New Mexico and about 650 in Texas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Alonso Lugo reported from Washington.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>More local governments in California are resisting the state’s efforts to resist the Trump administration’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11654570/trump-says-u-s-is-looking-into-oakland-mayor-libby-schaafs-immigration-raid-warning\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">immigration crackdown\u003c/a>, and political experts see politics at play as Republicans try to fire up voters in a state where the GOP has grown weak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Jeff Sessions-led Department of Justice \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101864188/u-s-attorney-general-sessions-sues-california-over-sanctuary-laws\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">sued California\u003c/a> last month over its so-called “sanctuary state” law limiting police collaboration with immigration agents, at least a dozen local governments have voted to either join or support the lawsuit or for resolutions opposing the state’s position. Those include the Board of Supervisors in Orange County, which has more than 3 million people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More action is coming this week, with leaders in the Orange County city of Los Alamitos scheduled to vote Monday on a proposal for a local law to exempt the community of 12,000 from the state law. On Tuesday, the San Diego County Board of Supervisors is meeting to consider joining the Trump administration lawsuit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Immigration has been a hot topic across the country since President Donald Trump campaigned in 2016 on promises of tougher enforcement and a wall on the U.S.-Mexico border. It has been a lightning rod issue in California far longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state passed a measure backed by Republican Gov. Pete Wilson in the 1990s to deny public health care and education to immigrants in the country illegally. It was later overturned but left a lingering resentment among the state’s growing Hispanic population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, California Republicans have taken a less strident approach to immigration in a state where one in four people are foreign-born. But the Trump administration lawsuit has energized many in a party that has been rendered nearly irrelevant at the state level, where Democrats control every key office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When the attorney general of the United States decides to take a firm position against it, I think that gave a signal to a lot of us that, ‘Hey, California is on the wrong side of this thing,'” said Fred Whitaker, chairman of the Republican Party in Orange County. He also is a councilman in the city of Orange who proposed a local resolution on the issue that passed last week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Raphael Sonenshein, executive director of the \u003ca href=\"https://calstatela.patbrowninstitute.org/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Pat Brown Institute for Public Affairs\u003c/a> at California State University, Los Angeles, said it’s not surprising Republicans are galvanizing over immigration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Politics is very much about emotions, especially in midterms,” he said. “I think it was only a matter of time when people went back to the issue that actually hits the nerve in the Republican base these days more than any other.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under Democratic leadership, California has enacted a series of laws in recent years aimed at helping immigrants, including issuing driver’s licenses regardless of legal status and assisting with tuition at state universities. After Trump was elected, lawmakers passed the measure to limit police collaboration with federal immigration agents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Immigrant and civil rights advocates applauded the measure, known as \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11616363/governor-senate-leader-reach-deal-on-california-sanctuary-state-bill\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">SB54\u003c/a>, as a way to encourage immigrants to report crime to police without fearing deportation. Critics said it would make it too hard for federal agents to find and deport ex-convicts who are a danger to communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the local governments siding with the Trump administration are in Orange County, an area once considered a GOP stronghold but that voted for Hillary Clinton in the 2016 presidential election. But it’s starting to spread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Escondido in neighboring San Diego County has voted to support the federal lawsuit and last week the small city of Ripon in the state’s Central Valley did the same.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In many cases, meetings on the issue have drawn boisterous crowds. Anti-illegal immigration activists have traveled from city to city to attend, heightening tensions with those who want their communities to support immigrant-friendly policies or stay out of the fray.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to the controversy, some local governments have taken the opposite approach. Leaders in Santa Ana, an Orange County city home to about 330,000 residents, voted to support California in the lawsuit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the supervisors pushing the issue in Orange and San Diego counties are Republicans running for Congress and they may see this as a way to generate needed enthusiasm, said Louis DeSipio, a political science professor at the University of California, Irvine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The mobilization that could come from introducing immigration debates into county political races may be a critical element in a year like 2018 when Democrats will likely be more mobilized than Republicans,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Since the Sessions-led lawsuit over the state's “sanctuary state” law, at least a dozen local governments have voted to either join or support the suit.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>More local governments in California are resisting the state’s efforts to resist the Trump administration’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11654570/trump-says-u-s-is-looking-into-oakland-mayor-libby-schaafs-immigration-raid-warning\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">immigration crackdown\u003c/a>, and political experts see politics at play as Republicans try to fire up voters in a state where the GOP has grown weak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Jeff Sessions-led Department of Justice \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101864188/u-s-attorney-general-sessions-sues-california-over-sanctuary-laws\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">sued California\u003c/a> last month over its so-called “sanctuary state” law limiting police collaboration with immigration agents, at least a dozen local governments have voted to either join or support the lawsuit or for resolutions opposing the state’s position. Those include the Board of Supervisors in Orange County, which has more than 3 million people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More action is coming this week, with leaders in the Orange County city of Los Alamitos scheduled to vote Monday on a proposal for a local law to exempt the community of 12,000 from the state law. On Tuesday, the San Diego County Board of Supervisors is meeting to consider joining the Trump administration lawsuit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Immigration has been a hot topic across the country since President Donald Trump campaigned in 2016 on promises of tougher enforcement and a wall on the U.S.-Mexico border. It has been a lightning rod issue in California far longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state passed a measure backed by Republican Gov. Pete Wilson in the 1990s to deny public health care and education to immigrants in the country illegally. It was later overturned but left a lingering resentment among the state’s growing Hispanic population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, California Republicans have taken a less strident approach to immigration in a state where one in four people are foreign-born. But the Trump administration lawsuit has energized many in a party that has been rendered nearly irrelevant at the state level, where Democrats control every key office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When the attorney general of the United States decides to take a firm position against it, I think that gave a signal to a lot of us that, ‘Hey, California is on the wrong side of this thing,'” said Fred Whitaker, chairman of the Republican Party in Orange County. He also is a councilman in the city of Orange who proposed a local resolution on the issue that passed last week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Raphael Sonenshein, executive director of the \u003ca href=\"https://calstatela.patbrowninstitute.org/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Pat Brown Institute for Public Affairs\u003c/a> at California State University, Los Angeles, said it’s not surprising Republicans are galvanizing over immigration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Politics is very much about emotions, especially in midterms,” he said. “I think it was only a matter of time when people went back to the issue that actually hits the nerve in the Republican base these days more than any other.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under Democratic leadership, California has enacted a series of laws in recent years aimed at helping immigrants, including issuing driver’s licenses regardless of legal status and assisting with tuition at state universities. After Trump was elected, lawmakers passed the measure to limit police collaboration with federal immigration agents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Immigrant and civil rights advocates applauded the measure, known as \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11616363/governor-senate-leader-reach-deal-on-california-sanctuary-state-bill\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">SB54\u003c/a>, as a way to encourage immigrants to report crime to police without fearing deportation. Critics said it would make it too hard for federal agents to find and deport ex-convicts who are a danger to communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the local governments siding with the Trump administration are in Orange County, an area once considered a GOP stronghold but that voted for Hillary Clinton in the 2016 presidential election. But it’s starting to spread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Escondido in neighboring San Diego County has voted to support the federal lawsuit and last week the small city of Ripon in the state’s Central Valley did the same.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In many cases, meetings on the issue have drawn boisterous crowds. Anti-illegal immigration activists have traveled from city to city to attend, heightening tensions with those who want their communities to support immigrant-friendly policies or stay out of the fray.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to the controversy, some local governments have taken the opposite approach. Leaders in Santa Ana, an Orange County city home to about 330,000 residents, voted to support California in the lawsuit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the supervisors pushing the issue in Orange and San Diego counties are Republicans running for Congress and they may see this as a way to generate needed enthusiasm, said Louis DeSipio, a political science professor at the University of California, Irvine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The mobilization that could come from introducing immigration debates into county political races may be a critical element in a year like 2018 when Democrats will likely be more mobilized than Republicans,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Deported Veteran Becomes U.S. Citizen After California Pardon",
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"content": "\u003cp>A decorated former U.S. Army paratrooper whose work on behalf of deported veterans drew widespread attention to his cause became a U.S. citizen Friday, giving immigration advocates a rare reason to celebrate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hector Barajas, who was deported to Mexico in 2010, beamed after taking his citizenship oath in a small, private ceremony at a government office in San Diego in full military uniform.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I get to live the American Dream for a second time,\" he said, holding a small American flag in his hand at a jubilant news conference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barajas has managed a shelter for deported veterans in the Mexican border city of Tijuana for the last eight years, drawing support from members of Congress and advocacy groups including the American Civil Liberties Union.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barajas got his break last year when California Gov. Jerry Brown pardoned a 2002 conviction for shooting at an occupied vehicle. Brown cited Barajas' military service and advocacy work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services told him in March that he was granted citizenship.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11659274\">Deported Army Veteran Wins Fight for U.S. Citizenship\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11659274\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/deportee-1020x765.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Hours before Barajas took his oath, President Donald Trump tweeted about plans for a border wall with Mexico and a crackdown on so-called sanctuary cities. A surge of deportation arrests and sweeping policy changes have reeled advocates of more open immigration policies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nathan Fletcher, a Marine combat veteran and chairman of the advocacy group Honorably Discharged, Dishonorably Discarded, said Trump's tweet started the day with \"division and conflict and tearing families apart\" and ended with Barajas taking his oath.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a tremendous contrast of what can happen and what should happen and it shows that injustice can be overcome,\" Fletcher said alongside Barajas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barajas came to the United States from Mexico with a green card obtained through family ties when he was 7 years old. After graduating from high school, he served in the U.S. Army from 1995 to 2001, when he was honorably discharged, according to his federal lawsuit filed in December seeking citizenship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was a member of the 82nd Airborne Division and received several military accolades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After serving prison time for his felony conviction, he was deported in 2004 to Mexico, lacking fluency in Spanish and struggling to find work, according to the lawsuit. He returned to the United States and was deported again in 2010 after police stopped him for a traffic infraction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some military members are entitled to seek citizenship. The American Civil Liberties Union said Barajas is the second deported veteran pardoned by Brown to be allowed to return to the United States and that there are hundreds, perhaps thousands, waiting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marine veteran Marco Chavez was pardoned for cruelty to animals and allowed to return to the U.S. from Mexico in December.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A decorated former U.S. Army paratrooper whose work on behalf of deported veterans drew widespread attention to his cause became a U.S. citizen Friday, giving immigration advocates a rare reason to celebrate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hector Barajas, who was deported to Mexico in 2010, beamed after taking his citizenship oath in a small, private ceremony at a government office in San Diego in full military uniform.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I get to live the American Dream for a second time,\" he said, holding a small American flag in his hand at a jubilant news conference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barajas has managed a shelter for deported veterans in the Mexican border city of Tijuana for the last eight years, drawing support from members of Congress and advocacy groups including the American Civil Liberties Union.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barajas got his break last year when California Gov. Jerry Brown pardoned a 2002 conviction for shooting at an occupied vehicle. Brown cited Barajas' military service and advocacy work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services told him in March that he was granted citizenship.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11659274\">Deported Army Veteran Wins Fight for U.S. Citizenship\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11659274\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/deportee-1020x765.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Hours before Barajas took his oath, President Donald Trump tweeted about plans for a border wall with Mexico and a crackdown on so-called sanctuary cities. A surge of deportation arrests and sweeping policy changes have reeled advocates of more open immigration policies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nathan Fletcher, a Marine combat veteran and chairman of the advocacy group Honorably Discharged, Dishonorably Discarded, said Trump's tweet started the day with \"division and conflict and tearing families apart\" and ended with Barajas taking his oath.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a tremendous contrast of what can happen and what should happen and it shows that injustice can be overcome,\" Fletcher said alongside Barajas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barajas came to the United States from Mexico with a green card obtained through family ties when he was 7 years old. After graduating from high school, he served in the U.S. Army from 1995 to 2001, when he was honorably discharged, according to his federal lawsuit filed in December seeking citizenship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was a member of the 82nd Airborne Division and received several military accolades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After serving prison time for his felony conviction, he was deported in 2004 to Mexico, lacking fluency in Spanish and struggling to find work, according to the lawsuit. He returned to the United States and was deported again in 2010 after police stopped him for a traffic infraction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some military members are entitled to seek citizenship. The American Civil Liberties Union said Barajas is the second deported veteran pardoned by Brown to be allowed to return to the United States and that there are hundreds, perhaps thousands, waiting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marine veteran Marco Chavez was pardoned for cruelty to animals and allowed to return to the U.S. from Mexico in December.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "what-ice-cream-flavors-can-teach-us-about-the-changing-california-dream",
"title": "What Ice Cream Flavors Can Teach Us About the Changing California Dream",
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"headTitle": "What Ice Cream Flavors Can Teach Us About the Changing California Dream | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>Chris and John Fosselman hoist ice cream flavors — mango, salty caramel, vanilla, coffee — into four mixers and wait for the churn before hand-packing buckets with their crew.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Fosselman’s Ice Cream in Alhambra, the family-run operation is streamlined, producing 200-plus flavors for the retail store and wholesale operation on Main Street.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The brothers are the third generation of Fosselmans to run the nearly century-old business, turning their grandfather’s California dream that he brought from Waverly, Iowa in 1924, into their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For families with generations in California, the dream evolves. For those who are new — like Asian and Latino immigrants who have been arriving in greater numbers since the 1970s — the dream also is evolutionary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What, if anything, does it mean for the California dream when the population changes? Despite generational and cultural differences most people seek a version of the same dream, said Bill Deverell, University of Southern California historian.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For most people the California dream is not that vaunted,” Deverell said. “The California dream is a better life for your grandchildren than you had; the California dream is a very, very strong public education system. The California dream is, of course, tied to a perspective about a particular kind of harmony with nature. So it’s an ambition and a hope.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the Fosselmans, the move to California made sense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He could sell a lot more ice cream in California than he could in Waverly, Iowa,” said John, 49. “He loved the people, he loved the ability to grow. Back then it was a lot easier business climate than it is now as far as, you know, regulations and what you could and couldn’t do. I think it was definitely the land of opportunity in his mind.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11661805\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11661805\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/FosselmanPours-800x663.jpg\" alt=\"Chris Fosselman, forefront, pours salted caramel into a bucket to use in a mixer. John, center back, coordinates the hand packing with other staff members.\" width=\"800\" height=\"663\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/FosselmanPours-800x663.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/FosselmanPours-160x133.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/FosselmanPours-1020x846.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/FosselmanPours-1200x995.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/FosselmanPours.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/FosselmanPours-1180x978.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/FosselmanPours-960x796.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/FosselmanPours-240x199.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/FosselmanPours-375x311.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/FosselmanPours-520x431.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chris Fosselman, forefront, pours salted caramel into a bucket to use in a mixer. John, center back, coordinates the hand packing with other staff members. \u003ccite>(Elizabeth Aguilera/CALmatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The brothers now have their version of the California dream going, seeded by the work of their grandfather, father and uncles. They have embraced the community as it has changed, while keeping the same recipe for ice cream — heavy on the buttercream and low on fillers — that makes them successful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this city about 10 miles outside of downtown Los Angeles, in the San Gabriel Valley, the population has shifted from majority white. The city is 54 percent Asian and 34 percent Latino, according to the 2016 Census American Community Survey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asians are the fastest-growing group of immigrants and are expected to exceed Latino immigrants in the U.S. within five decades, according to a Pew Research report. Between 2000 and 2015, the Asian population grew 72 percent with Chinese, Indian and Filipino making up the largest nationalities. California is home to about one-third of the Asian population in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The perspective on the dream appears to shift the longer a family has been in the state, especially among baby boomers. They worry that the new generation is doing worse than they were and that their children may not be able to be as successful. A recent USC Dornsife/Los Angeles Times poll found that 50 percent of Californians believe younger residents are doing worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While cost of living is rising, the middle class is shrinking, wages have remained relatively stagnant and housing prices have skyrocketed, many Californians are still optimistic about the dream for them and their children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11661854\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11661854\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/Fosselmans-800x582.jpg\" alt=\"Brothers John (L) and Chris Fosselman are the third generation in their family to run the ice cream business.\" width=\"800\" height=\"582\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/Fosselmans-800x582.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/Fosselmans-160x116.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/Fosselmans-1020x742.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/Fosselmans-1200x873.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/Fosselmans.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/Fosselmans-1180x859.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/Fosselmans-960x699.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/Fosselmans-240x175.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/Fosselmans-375x273.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/Fosselmans-520x378.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brothers John (L) and Chris Fosselman are the third generation in their family to run the ice cream business. \u003ccite>(Elizabeth Aguilera/CALmatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That includes the Fosselman brothers, who feel they’ve achieved their version of the dream. They bought into the business nearly three decades ago, purchased homes in Pasadena, have families and have grown the business every year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve already reached my dream a long time ago, I had a very small goal, I wanted to have a really nice family, a nice roof over my head and make a good product and help make my kids happy; and I’ve done that. I reached it. I don’t have giant expectations,” said Chris, 52.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For many people the California dream is not so much about vast wealth or family because those are fleeting and those aren’t necessarily equations that equal happiness in California,” said Deverell, the USC historian. “It doesn’t mean that it’s handed to people. It means that the California Dream asks people to, in essence, work for it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So just doing what the family has always done isn’t the way the Fosselmans have pursued their dream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Maybe the rebirth for Chris and I with the California Dream really has been the kind of the influx of new people and new immigrants to the area that didn’t have anybody there that was making that product for them,” John said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the late ’80s with the help of community members, Fosselman’s began producing different kinds of ice cream for the newcomers — flavors large producers would never make for burgeoning ethnic groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11661846\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11661846\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/TaroIceCream-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"A Fosselman's manager makes a shake, below a sign advertising Taro ice cream.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/TaroIceCream-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/TaroIceCream-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/TaroIceCream-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/TaroIceCream-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/TaroIceCream.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/TaroIceCream-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/TaroIceCream-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/TaroIceCream-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/TaroIceCream-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/TaroIceCream-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Fosselman’s manager makes a shake, below a sign advertising Taro ice cream. \u003ccite>(Elizabeth Aguilera/CALmatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We make lychee and taro and black sesame and matcha green tea and ginger and things like that, which were never obviously in my grandfather’s flavor catalog or my dad or uncles,” said John. “Then on the Latino side, we do horchata, Oaxacan chocolate and dulce de leche.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new menu didn’t happen by accident. Community members came to Fosselman’s to request them for their restaurants and businesses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The brothers said yes. They recognized an opportunity to serve the changing population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What they’ve come to know is that while the immigrants may have entirely different backgrounds, their dreams are similar. They want opportunities, jobs, good education and better lives for their children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11661819\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11661819\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/Pinki-800x558.jpg\" alt=\"Pinki Chen made the rounds at the recent Chinese New Year festival, greeting long-time vendors she worked with for the two decades she ran the celebration.\" width=\"800\" height=\"558\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/Pinki-800x558.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/Pinki-160x112.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/Pinki-1020x711.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/Pinki-1200x837.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/Pinki.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/Pinki-1180x823.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/Pinki-960x670.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/Pinki-240x167.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/Pinki-375x262.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/Pinki-520x363.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pinki Chen made the rounds at the recent Chinese New Year festival, greeting long-time vendors she worked with for the two decades she ran the celebration. \u003ccite>(Elizabeth Aguilera/CALmatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>About five minutes away at the annual Chinese New Year Festival another prominent Alhambran — Pinki Chen — made the rounds talking to long-time vendors, fire department representatives and children dressed up as dogs ready to go on stage after the dragon dancers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Hello, hello,” she called out to people she recognized. Chen ran the festival for 20 years until retiring last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chen arrived in the city in 1980 from Taiwan, after a few years in Boston to attend college.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California was the land of opportunity, she said, and great weather. Plus the growing Asian community made it easy for her to move West. Her vision of California was directly influenced by the western television programs she watched as a child in Taiwan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I remember watching a lot of the wagon trains coming into the West, the pioneer and also finding the gold,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, she found her version of that dream — a career, a family and a house.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The freedom, definitely is a very different from the old country,” said Chen, now 70. “Here, in spirit, you can pretty much do everything, anything, and then you know the opportunities are much greater.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11654616/for-the-middle-class-the-california-dream-has-become-a-california-joke\">For the Middle Class, the California Dream Has Become a California Joke\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11654616/for-the-middle-class-the-california-dream-has-become-a-california-joke\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/03/MiddleClassDream-1038x576.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>She started as a language instructor and, like the Fosselman brothers, reinvented herself over and over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chen became a Realtor and later a real estate developer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she saw the market starting to slow she knew she had to find something else. Around that time she was asked to serve on the New Year Festival committee. She was first a volunteer but eventually took it over as full-time executive director for two decades. She did all of this while raising two daughters with her late husband in San Marino, one of California’s wealthiest cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like the Fosselmans, Chen agrees the dream may be harder to attain these days. But she’s still a believer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sometimes you have to be very brave when there’s an opportunity,” she said. “And you just grab it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether you’re reinventing ice cream flavors or a career, California is a place where residents can evolve, which is something that still attracts people today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think traditionally people who come to California expecting to find the California dream work for it over the course of entire lives,” said Deverell. “So that kind of Californian dream about putting your shoulder to it and working hard, that seems to be constant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/series/californiadream/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The California Dream series\u003c/a> is a statewide media collaboration of CALmatters, KPBS, KPCC, KQED and Capital Public Radio with support from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, the James Irvine Foundation and the College Futures Foundation.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Correction: An earlier version of this story misstated the university where historian Bill Deverell works.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-11660142\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/CADreamBanner-800x219.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"219\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/CADreamBanner-800x219.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/CADreamBanner-160x44.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/CADreamBanner-1020x280.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/CADreamBanner-1180x324.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/CADreamBanner-960x263.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/CADreamBanner-240x66.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/CADreamBanner-375x103.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/CADreamBanner-520x143.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/CADreamBanner.jpg 1867w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A scoop of horchata or matcha green tea would have been all but impossible to find in the past. Now they're part of the evolving dream for some California businesses -- and the families they serve.",
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"title": "What Ice Cream Flavors Can Teach Us About the Changing California Dream | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Chris and John Fosselman hoist ice cream flavors — mango, salty caramel, vanilla, coffee — into four mixers and wait for the churn before hand-packing buckets with their crew.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Fosselman’s Ice Cream in Alhambra, the family-run operation is streamlined, producing 200-plus flavors for the retail store and wholesale operation on Main Street.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The brothers are the third generation of Fosselmans to run the nearly century-old business, turning their grandfather’s California dream that he brought from Waverly, Iowa in 1924, into their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For families with generations in California, the dream evolves. For those who are new — like Asian and Latino immigrants who have been arriving in greater numbers since the 1970s — the dream also is evolutionary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What, if anything, does it mean for the California dream when the population changes? Despite generational and cultural differences most people seek a version of the same dream, said Bill Deverell, University of Southern California historian.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For most people the California dream is not that vaunted,” Deverell said. “The California dream is a better life for your grandchildren than you had; the California dream is a very, very strong public education system. The California dream is, of course, tied to a perspective about a particular kind of harmony with nature. So it’s an ambition and a hope.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the Fosselmans, the move to California made sense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He could sell a lot more ice cream in California than he could in Waverly, Iowa,” said John, 49. “He loved the people, he loved the ability to grow. Back then it was a lot easier business climate than it is now as far as, you know, regulations and what you could and couldn’t do. I think it was definitely the land of opportunity in his mind.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11661805\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11661805\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/FosselmanPours-800x663.jpg\" alt=\"Chris Fosselman, forefront, pours salted caramel into a bucket to use in a mixer. John, center back, coordinates the hand packing with other staff members.\" width=\"800\" height=\"663\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/FosselmanPours-800x663.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/FosselmanPours-160x133.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/FosselmanPours-1020x846.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/FosselmanPours-1200x995.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/FosselmanPours.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/FosselmanPours-1180x978.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/FosselmanPours-960x796.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/FosselmanPours-240x199.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/FosselmanPours-375x311.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/FosselmanPours-520x431.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chris Fosselman, forefront, pours salted caramel into a bucket to use in a mixer. John, center back, coordinates the hand packing with other staff members. \u003ccite>(Elizabeth Aguilera/CALmatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The brothers now have their version of the California dream going, seeded by the work of their grandfather, father and uncles. They have embraced the community as it has changed, while keeping the same recipe for ice cream — heavy on the buttercream and low on fillers — that makes them successful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this city about 10 miles outside of downtown Los Angeles, in the San Gabriel Valley, the population has shifted from majority white. The city is 54 percent Asian and 34 percent Latino, according to the 2016 Census American Community Survey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asians are the fastest-growing group of immigrants and are expected to exceed Latino immigrants in the U.S. within five decades, according to a Pew Research report. Between 2000 and 2015, the Asian population grew 72 percent with Chinese, Indian and Filipino making up the largest nationalities. California is home to about one-third of the Asian population in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The perspective on the dream appears to shift the longer a family has been in the state, especially among baby boomers. They worry that the new generation is doing worse than they were and that their children may not be able to be as successful. A recent USC Dornsife/Los Angeles Times poll found that 50 percent of Californians believe younger residents are doing worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While cost of living is rising, the middle class is shrinking, wages have remained relatively stagnant and housing prices have skyrocketed, many Californians are still optimistic about the dream for them and their children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11661854\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11661854\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/Fosselmans-800x582.jpg\" alt=\"Brothers John (L) and Chris Fosselman are the third generation in their family to run the ice cream business.\" width=\"800\" height=\"582\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/Fosselmans-800x582.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/Fosselmans-160x116.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/Fosselmans-1020x742.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/Fosselmans-1200x873.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/Fosselmans.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/Fosselmans-1180x859.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/Fosselmans-960x699.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/Fosselmans-240x175.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/Fosselmans-375x273.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/Fosselmans-520x378.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brothers John (L) and Chris Fosselman are the third generation in their family to run the ice cream business. \u003ccite>(Elizabeth Aguilera/CALmatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That includes the Fosselman brothers, who feel they’ve achieved their version of the dream. They bought into the business nearly three decades ago, purchased homes in Pasadena, have families and have grown the business every year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve already reached my dream a long time ago, I had a very small goal, I wanted to have a really nice family, a nice roof over my head and make a good product and help make my kids happy; and I’ve done that. I reached it. I don’t have giant expectations,” said Chris, 52.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For many people the California dream is not so much about vast wealth or family because those are fleeting and those aren’t necessarily equations that equal happiness in California,” said Deverell, the USC historian. “It doesn’t mean that it’s handed to people. It means that the California Dream asks people to, in essence, work for it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So just doing what the family has always done isn’t the way the Fosselmans have pursued their dream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Maybe the rebirth for Chris and I with the California Dream really has been the kind of the influx of new people and new immigrants to the area that didn’t have anybody there that was making that product for them,” John said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the late ’80s with the help of community members, Fosselman’s began producing different kinds of ice cream for the newcomers — flavors large producers would never make for burgeoning ethnic groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11661846\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11661846\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/TaroIceCream-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"A Fosselman's manager makes a shake, below a sign advertising Taro ice cream.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/TaroIceCream-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/TaroIceCream-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/TaroIceCream-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/TaroIceCream-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/TaroIceCream.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/TaroIceCream-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/TaroIceCream-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/TaroIceCream-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/TaroIceCream-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/TaroIceCream-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Fosselman’s manager makes a shake, below a sign advertising Taro ice cream. \u003ccite>(Elizabeth Aguilera/CALmatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We make lychee and taro and black sesame and matcha green tea and ginger and things like that, which were never obviously in my grandfather’s flavor catalog or my dad or uncles,” said John. “Then on the Latino side, we do horchata, Oaxacan chocolate and dulce de leche.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new menu didn’t happen by accident. Community members came to Fosselman’s to request them for their restaurants and businesses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The brothers said yes. They recognized an opportunity to serve the changing population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What they’ve come to know is that while the immigrants may have entirely different backgrounds, their dreams are similar. They want opportunities, jobs, good education and better lives for their children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11661819\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11661819\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/Pinki-800x558.jpg\" alt=\"Pinki Chen made the rounds at the recent Chinese New Year festival, greeting long-time vendors she worked with for the two decades she ran the celebration.\" width=\"800\" height=\"558\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/Pinki-800x558.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/Pinki-160x112.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/Pinki-1020x711.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/Pinki-1200x837.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/Pinki.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/Pinki-1180x823.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/Pinki-960x670.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/Pinki-240x167.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/Pinki-375x262.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/Pinki-520x363.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pinki Chen made the rounds at the recent Chinese New Year festival, greeting long-time vendors she worked with for the two decades she ran the celebration. \u003ccite>(Elizabeth Aguilera/CALmatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>About five minutes away at the annual Chinese New Year Festival another prominent Alhambran — Pinki Chen — made the rounds talking to long-time vendors, fire department representatives and children dressed up as dogs ready to go on stage after the dragon dancers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Hello, hello,” she called out to people she recognized. Chen ran the festival for 20 years until retiring last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chen arrived in the city in 1980 from Taiwan, after a few years in Boston to attend college.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California was the land of opportunity, she said, and great weather. Plus the growing Asian community made it easy for her to move West. Her vision of California was directly influenced by the western television programs she watched as a child in Taiwan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I remember watching a lot of the wagon trains coming into the West, the pioneer and also finding the gold,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, she found her version of that dream — a career, a family and a house.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The freedom, definitely is a very different from the old country,” said Chen, now 70. “Here, in spirit, you can pretty much do everything, anything, and then you know the opportunities are much greater.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11654616/for-the-middle-class-the-california-dream-has-become-a-california-joke\">For the Middle Class, the California Dream Has Become a California Joke\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11654616/for-the-middle-class-the-california-dream-has-become-a-california-joke\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/03/MiddleClassDream-1038x576.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>She started as a language instructor and, like the Fosselman brothers, reinvented herself over and over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chen became a Realtor and later a real estate developer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she saw the market starting to slow she knew she had to find something else. Around that time she was asked to serve on the New Year Festival committee. She was first a volunteer but eventually took it over as full-time executive director for two decades. She did all of this while raising two daughters with her late husband in San Marino, one of California’s wealthiest cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like the Fosselmans, Chen agrees the dream may be harder to attain these days. But she’s still a believer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sometimes you have to be very brave when there’s an opportunity,” she said. “And you just grab it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether you’re reinventing ice cream flavors or a career, California is a place where residents can evolve, which is something that still attracts people today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think traditionally people who come to California expecting to find the California dream work for it over the course of entire lives,” said Deverell. “So that kind of Californian dream about putting your shoulder to it and working hard, that seems to be constant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/series/californiadream/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The California Dream series\u003c/a> is a statewide media collaboration of CALmatters, KPBS, KPCC, KQED and Capital Public Radio with support from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, the James Irvine Foundation and the College Futures Foundation.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Correction: An earlier version of this story misstated the university where historian Bill Deverell works.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Immigrants Seek Stability of U.S. Citizenship But Cost Is Often a Barrier",
"title": "Immigrants Seek Stability of U.S. Citizenship But Cost Is Often a Barrier",
"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>Guatemalan immigrant Elida Oxlaj and two dozen other adult students hunched over thick U.S. history books at a weekly class in Redwood City, preparing for a test they must pass to become U.S. citizens. Since President Trump took office, Oxlaj has felt an urgency to naturalize, fearing that her green card is no longer a guarantee of safety with the administration's hard-line immigration policies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So far, nothing bad has happened close to my family. But I am still nervous,\" said Oxlaj, adding that other legal permanent residents she knows share that concern. \"The worst fear is that they'll kick us out of the country.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Oxlaj, who has lived in this country for 10 years, has delayed submitting her application for citizenship to the federal government. She said can't afford the $725 filing costs on her modest income as a janitor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Immigrants are showing greater interest in securing the benefits of U.S. citizenship, including the right to vote and economic advantages, such as better job prospects. But experts warn the steep application fee, which has tripled over the last two decades, is a big barrier for many of the nearly 9 million adults eligible for citizenship nationwide. They say state and local communities are also losing out on additional tax revenue and more civic engagement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Representatives at the\u003ca href=\"https://iibayarea.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> International Institute of the Bay Area\u003c/a>, a nonprofit group that offers the free English and citizenship classes Oxlaj attends, said their organization and others nationwide are seeing more immigrants interested in naturalizing since the 2016 presidential campaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Many of our learners were perfectly happy to be permanent residents,\" said Sam Bianco, a class coordinator with the International Institute. \"But the current climate in the immigrant community is very tense and fearful, and the only way to have the security of being able to live the rest of your life in the United States is through obtaining citizenship.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fiscal year 2017, more people applied for citizenship than in any year but one in the last two decades, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.uscis.gov/tools/reports-studies/immigration-forms-data/data-set-form-n-400-application-naturalization\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">figures\u003c/a> from U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. The only exception was fiscal year 2007, when applications surged, largely in \u003ca href=\"http://thehill.com/sites/default/files/nclr_citizenship_beyond_reach_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">anticipation of a significant fee hike\u003c/a> scheduled for later that year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-11661581\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30430_jQ9P5-2-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1180\" height=\"804\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30430_jQ9P5-2-qut.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30430_jQ9P5-2-qut-160x109.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30430_jQ9P5-2-qut-800x545.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30430_jQ9P5-2-qut-1020x695.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30430_jQ9P5-2-qut-960x654.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30430_jQ9P5-2-qut-240x164.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30430_jQ9P5-2-qut-375x256.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30430_jQ9P5-2-qut-520x354.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1180px) 100vw, 1180px\">Most of the permanent residents the International Institute serves are from Central America and work in blue-collar jobs in the service and construction industries. Bianco said many students delay applying because they can’t come up with the money to pay for the fees. Immigrants may also struggle with limited English or lack information on the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The total cost of applying for citizenship has increased dramatically over the last 30 years. The price tag was only $35 in 1988 (about $80 in today’s dollars).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers say low-income workers have less disposable income for the fee in regions where the cost of living is high, such as the San Francisco Bay Area. Oxlaj, a mom of two, has been trying for months to save enough money for the citizenship application, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"More than $700 is just too much,\" said Oxlaj, who recently became the sole breadwinner for her family after her husband was injured. \"We need that money to pay rent and other bills.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-11661578\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30428_9kp9U-2-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1180\" height=\"780\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30428_9kp9U-2-qut.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30428_9kp9U-2-qut-160x106.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30428_9kp9U-2-qut-800x529.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30428_9kp9U-2-qut-1020x674.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30428_9kp9U-2-qut-960x635.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30428_9kp9U-2-qut-240x159.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30428_9kp9U-2-qut-375x248.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30428_9kp9U-2-qut-520x344.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1180px) 100vw, 1180px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Does It Cost $725?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.uscis.gov/us-citizenship\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services\u003c/a>, part of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, oversees lawful migration. In contrast to many other government agencies that are funded through appropriations of taxpayer money, USCIS relies on application fees to pay for more than 90 percent of its operations. That includes employee salaries and computer software.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Congress took a look at the fact that there is a cost to processing these immigration applications and they said, 'Who should pay the cost, the taxpayer or those who are applying for the benefits?' \" said Sharon Rummery, a spokeswoman with the agency. \"They decided it's the applicants who should pay.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every two years, USCIS conducts an audit to ensure that fees are sufficient to cover expenses. Rummery said one reason the agency charges more now is because of additional national security screenings. The current citizenship application is 20 pages long, but in 2013 it was only 10 pages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11661504\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11661504\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30421_IMG_1521-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30421_IMG_1521-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30421_IMG_1521-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30421_IMG_1521-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30421_IMG_1521-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30421_IMG_1521-qut-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30421_IMG_1521-qut-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30421_IMG_1521-qut-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30421_IMG_1521-qut-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30421_IMG_1521-qut-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">People wait in line at the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services offices in downtown San Francisco on March, 27, 2018. \u003ccite>(Farida Jhabvala Romero/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Agency Offers Discount\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>USCIS offers to \u003ca href=\"https://www.uscis.gov/feewaiver\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">waive the citizenship application fee\u003c/a> completely for extremely low-income immigrants who can prove they earn less than 150 percent of the federal poverty guidelines (an annual income of $37,650 for a family of four). In 2016, at the end of the Obama administration, the agency \u003ca href=\"https://www.uscis.gov/news/news-releases/uscis-announces-final-rule-adjusting-immigration-benefit-application-and-petition-fees\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">announced\u003c/a> it would also offer a substantial fee cut for immigrants who earn up to 200 percent of the federal poverty level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the kind of information that potential applicants can find at citizenship events organized regularly by nonprofits and cities. \u003ca href=\"http://newamericanscampaign.org/fee-waiver/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Online tools\u003c/a> are also available to help people figure out if they qualify.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But those who could benefit from the reduced-cost option often don't know about it, said Duncan Lawrence, who directs the \u003ca href=\"https://www.immigrationlab.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Immigration Policy Lab\u003c/a> at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We know there are actually lots of people who are unaware of the federal fee waiver program and so they may never in the first place apply for citizenship because they think that it costs $725,\" said Lawrence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And for those who make a bit too much to qualify for the agency's discount, the price of petitioning citizenship \"can be a huge barrier,\" said Lawrence. He estimates that about 400,000 lawful permanent residents in California could fit that description. The state has more than 2 million adults eligible to naturalize.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawrence wanted to know how big of an obstacle the cost of applying really is. He led \u003ca href=\"https://news.stanford.edu/press-releases/2018/01/17/low-income-immig-u-s-citizenship/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a study\u003c/a>, published in January, that followed about 860 low-income immigrants living in New York City who earn just a little more than the cutoff for the USCIS fee discount. Some got vouchers from New York State to cover their citizenship application, while another group didn't.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawrence found that financial aid made a tremendous difference: People were nearly twice as likely to apply for naturalization. He said other local governments may want to follow New York’s lead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For local communities and states, there's an opportunity, based on what we've demonstrated, to help this low-income group overcome the financial challenges,\" said Lawrence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11661502\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11661502 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30419_IMG_1464-Mirabel-Bermudez-44-and-Jacqueline-Castillo-32-work-on-a-worksheet-during-a-citizenship-class-at-Fair-Oaks-Community-Center-in-Redwood-City-Calif-on-March-22-2018-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30419_IMG_1464-Mirabel-Bermudez-44-and-Jacqueline-Castillo-32-work-on-a-worksheet-during-a-citizenship-class-at-Fair-Oaks-Community-Center-in-Redwood-City-Calif-on-March-22-2018-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30419_IMG_1464-Mirabel-Bermudez-44-and-Jacqueline-Castillo-32-work-on-a-worksheet-during-a-citizenship-class-at-Fair-Oaks-Community-Center-in-Redwood-City-Calif-on-March-22-2018-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30419_IMG_1464-Mirabel-Bermudez-44-and-Jacqueline-Castillo-32-work-on-a-worksheet-during-a-citizenship-class-at-Fair-Oaks-Community-Center-in-Redwood-City-Calif-on-March-22-2018-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30419_IMG_1464-Mirabel-Bermudez-44-and-Jacqueline-Castillo-32-work-on-a-worksheet-during-a-citizenship-class-at-Fair-Oaks-Community-Center-in-Redwood-City-Calif-on-March-22-2018-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30419_IMG_1464-Mirabel-Bermudez-44-and-Jacqueline-Castillo-32-work-on-a-worksheet-during-a-citizenship-class-at-Fair-Oaks-Community-Center-in-Redwood-City-Calif-on-March-22-2018-qut-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30419_IMG_1464-Mirabel-Bermudez-44-and-Jacqueline-Castillo-32-work-on-a-worksheet-during-a-citizenship-class-at-Fair-Oaks-Community-Center-in-Redwood-City-Calif-on-March-22-2018-qut-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30419_IMG_1464-Mirabel-Bermudez-44-and-Jacqueline-Castillo-32-work-on-a-worksheet-during-a-citizenship-class-at-Fair-Oaks-Community-Center-in-Redwood-City-Calif-on-March-22-2018-qut-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30419_IMG_1464-Mirabel-Bermudez-44-and-Jacqueline-Castillo-32-work-on-a-worksheet-during-a-citizenship-class-at-Fair-Oaks-Community-Center-in-Redwood-City-Calif-on-March-22-2018-qut-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30419_IMG_1464-Mirabel-Bermudez-44-and-Jacqueline-Castillo-32-work-on-a-worksheet-during-a-citizenship-class-at-Fair-Oaks-Community-Center-in-Redwood-City-Calif-on-March-22-2018-qut-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mirabel Bermudez, 44, (left) and Jacqueline Castillo, 32, follow a citizenship lesson in Redwood City on March 22, 2018. Many students struggle to pay the application fee but don't qualify for a federal discount, said Sam Bianco, class coordinator at the International Institute of the Bay Area. \u003ccite>(Farida Jhabvala Romero/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>'It's Important Cities Step Up'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, home to about one-quarter of all U.S. adults eligible to naturalize, some cities have started making a modest investment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Jose used a grant to cover the citizenship application fee for about 50 immigrants who finished a financial literacy course last year. The city is planning a similar program this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In San Francisco, the fear in immigrant communities after the 2016 presidential election motivated city leaders to allocate about $90,000 to pay half of the citizenship fee, said Rich Whipple, deputy director at the San Francisco \u003ca href=\"http://sfgov.org/oceia/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Office of Civic Engagement and Immigrant Affairs\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It’s important that cities step up to help people calm those fears, and I think that helping to cover the fee is part of that,\" said Whipple, adding that over 100 immigrants who live, work or study in San Francisco have benefited so far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several nonprofits in California help people fill out their citizenship applications, but few finance the fee. One of them is Mission Asset Fund, a financial services organization in San Francisco, which provides \u003ca href=\"https://missionassetfund.org/immigration-programs/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">zero-interest loans\u003c/a> statewide, said Mohan Kanungo, director of programs at the organization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘It Would Change The Country’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Immigrants who naturalize can benefit from a greater sense of security and are more likely to have higher incomes and own their homes, compared to people who don't get citizenship, according to researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If half of the eligible immigrants in California naturalized, they would earn a combined $18 billion more over 10 years, according to a 2016 \u003ca href=\"http://dornsife.usc.edu/assets/sites/731/docs/CSII_Data_Inform_Strategy_California_ETN_Final_July2016.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a> by the Center for the Study of Immigrant Integration at the University of Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State and local communities stand to gain tax revenue when immigrants earn more, and they also benefit from increased political participation, which would be a boon for American democracy, said Melissa Rodgers, who directs a national coalition of nonprofits called the New Americans Campaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It would change the country,\" said Rodgers. \"It makes an incredible difference when people become eligible to vote, to express their core beliefs and to engage in our democracy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be eligible for U.S. citizenship, lawful permanent residents must have a record of good moral character and have lived in the country for at least five years. The residency requirement is three years for green card holders who are married to U.S. citizens, like Elida Oxlaj, the citizenship student.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of her income, Oxlaj might qualify for a federal fee discount, but she didn’t know it was a possibility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m going to investigate what I have to do so I don’t have to pay so much. and I can finally send my application in,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Faced with President Trump's hard-line immigration policies, more immigrants are applying to naturalize. But experts say many of the 2 million eligible immigrants in California can't afford the $725 application fee. ",
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"description": "Faced with President Trump's hard-line immigration policies, more immigrants are applying to naturalize. But experts say many of the 2 million eligible immigrants in California can't afford the $725 application fee. ",
"title": "Immigrants Seek Stability of U.S. Citizenship But Cost Is Often a Barrier | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Guatemalan immigrant Elida Oxlaj and two dozen other adult students hunched over thick U.S. history books at a weekly class in Redwood City, preparing for a test they must pass to become U.S. citizens. Since President Trump took office, Oxlaj has felt an urgency to naturalize, fearing that her green card is no longer a guarantee of safety with the administration's hard-line immigration policies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So far, nothing bad has happened close to my family. But I am still nervous,\" said Oxlaj, adding that other legal permanent residents she knows share that concern. \"The worst fear is that they'll kick us out of the country.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Oxlaj, who has lived in this country for 10 years, has delayed submitting her application for citizenship to the federal government. She said can't afford the $725 filing costs on her modest income as a janitor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Immigrants are showing greater interest in securing the benefits of U.S. citizenship, including the right to vote and economic advantages, such as better job prospects. But experts warn the steep application fee, which has tripled over the last two decades, is a big barrier for many of the nearly 9 million adults eligible for citizenship nationwide. They say state and local communities are also losing out on additional tax revenue and more civic engagement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Representatives at the\u003ca href=\"https://iibayarea.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> International Institute of the Bay Area\u003c/a>, a nonprofit group that offers the free English and citizenship classes Oxlaj attends, said their organization and others nationwide are seeing more immigrants interested in naturalizing since the 2016 presidential campaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Many of our learners were perfectly happy to be permanent residents,\" said Sam Bianco, a class coordinator with the International Institute. \"But the current climate in the immigrant community is very tense and fearful, and the only way to have the security of being able to live the rest of your life in the United States is through obtaining citizenship.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fiscal year 2017, more people applied for citizenship than in any year but one in the last two decades, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.uscis.gov/tools/reports-studies/immigration-forms-data/data-set-form-n-400-application-naturalization\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">figures\u003c/a> from U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. The only exception was fiscal year 2007, when applications surged, largely in \u003ca href=\"http://thehill.com/sites/default/files/nclr_citizenship_beyond_reach_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">anticipation of a significant fee hike\u003c/a> scheduled for later that year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-11661581\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30430_jQ9P5-2-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1180\" height=\"804\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30430_jQ9P5-2-qut.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30430_jQ9P5-2-qut-160x109.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30430_jQ9P5-2-qut-800x545.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30430_jQ9P5-2-qut-1020x695.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30430_jQ9P5-2-qut-960x654.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30430_jQ9P5-2-qut-240x164.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30430_jQ9P5-2-qut-375x256.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30430_jQ9P5-2-qut-520x354.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1180px) 100vw, 1180px\">Most of the permanent residents the International Institute serves are from Central America and work in blue-collar jobs in the service and construction industries. Bianco said many students delay applying because they can’t come up with the money to pay for the fees. Immigrants may also struggle with limited English or lack information on the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The total cost of applying for citizenship has increased dramatically over the last 30 years. The price tag was only $35 in 1988 (about $80 in today’s dollars).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers say low-income workers have less disposable income for the fee in regions where the cost of living is high, such as the San Francisco Bay Area. Oxlaj, a mom of two, has been trying for months to save enough money for the citizenship application, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"More than $700 is just too much,\" said Oxlaj, who recently became the sole breadwinner for her family after her husband was injured. \"We need that money to pay rent and other bills.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-11661578\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30428_9kp9U-2-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1180\" height=\"780\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30428_9kp9U-2-qut.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30428_9kp9U-2-qut-160x106.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30428_9kp9U-2-qut-800x529.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30428_9kp9U-2-qut-1020x674.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30428_9kp9U-2-qut-960x635.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30428_9kp9U-2-qut-240x159.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30428_9kp9U-2-qut-375x248.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30428_9kp9U-2-qut-520x344.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1180px) 100vw, 1180px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Does It Cost $725?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.uscis.gov/us-citizenship\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services\u003c/a>, part of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, oversees lawful migration. In contrast to many other government agencies that are funded through appropriations of taxpayer money, USCIS relies on application fees to pay for more than 90 percent of its operations. That includes employee salaries and computer software.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Congress took a look at the fact that there is a cost to processing these immigration applications and they said, 'Who should pay the cost, the taxpayer or those who are applying for the benefits?' \" said Sharon Rummery, a spokeswoman with the agency. \"They decided it's the applicants who should pay.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every two years, USCIS conducts an audit to ensure that fees are sufficient to cover expenses. Rummery said one reason the agency charges more now is because of additional national security screenings. The current citizenship application is 20 pages long, but in 2013 it was only 10 pages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11661504\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11661504\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30421_IMG_1521-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30421_IMG_1521-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30421_IMG_1521-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30421_IMG_1521-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30421_IMG_1521-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30421_IMG_1521-qut-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30421_IMG_1521-qut-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30421_IMG_1521-qut-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30421_IMG_1521-qut-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30421_IMG_1521-qut-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">People wait in line at the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services offices in downtown San Francisco on March, 27, 2018. \u003ccite>(Farida Jhabvala Romero/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Agency Offers Discount\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>USCIS offers to \u003ca href=\"https://www.uscis.gov/feewaiver\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">waive the citizenship application fee\u003c/a> completely for extremely low-income immigrants who can prove they earn less than 150 percent of the federal poverty guidelines (an annual income of $37,650 for a family of four). In 2016, at the end of the Obama administration, the agency \u003ca href=\"https://www.uscis.gov/news/news-releases/uscis-announces-final-rule-adjusting-immigration-benefit-application-and-petition-fees\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">announced\u003c/a> it would also offer a substantial fee cut for immigrants who earn up to 200 percent of the federal poverty level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the kind of information that potential applicants can find at citizenship events organized regularly by nonprofits and cities. \u003ca href=\"http://newamericanscampaign.org/fee-waiver/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Online tools\u003c/a> are also available to help people figure out if they qualify.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But those who could benefit from the reduced-cost option often don't know about it, said Duncan Lawrence, who directs the \u003ca href=\"https://www.immigrationlab.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Immigration Policy Lab\u003c/a> at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We know there are actually lots of people who are unaware of the federal fee waiver program and so they may never in the first place apply for citizenship because they think that it costs $725,\" said Lawrence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And for those who make a bit too much to qualify for the agency's discount, the price of petitioning citizenship \"can be a huge barrier,\" said Lawrence. He estimates that about 400,000 lawful permanent residents in California could fit that description. The state has more than 2 million adults eligible to naturalize.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawrence wanted to know how big of an obstacle the cost of applying really is. He led \u003ca href=\"https://news.stanford.edu/press-releases/2018/01/17/low-income-immig-u-s-citizenship/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a study\u003c/a>, published in January, that followed about 860 low-income immigrants living in New York City who earn just a little more than the cutoff for the USCIS fee discount. Some got vouchers from New York State to cover their citizenship application, while another group didn't.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawrence found that financial aid made a tremendous difference: People were nearly twice as likely to apply for naturalization. He said other local governments may want to follow New York’s lead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For local communities and states, there's an opportunity, based on what we've demonstrated, to help this low-income group overcome the financial challenges,\" said Lawrence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11661502\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11661502 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30419_IMG_1464-Mirabel-Bermudez-44-and-Jacqueline-Castillo-32-work-on-a-worksheet-during-a-citizenship-class-at-Fair-Oaks-Community-Center-in-Redwood-City-Calif-on-March-22-2018-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30419_IMG_1464-Mirabel-Bermudez-44-and-Jacqueline-Castillo-32-work-on-a-worksheet-during-a-citizenship-class-at-Fair-Oaks-Community-Center-in-Redwood-City-Calif-on-March-22-2018-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30419_IMG_1464-Mirabel-Bermudez-44-and-Jacqueline-Castillo-32-work-on-a-worksheet-during-a-citizenship-class-at-Fair-Oaks-Community-Center-in-Redwood-City-Calif-on-March-22-2018-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30419_IMG_1464-Mirabel-Bermudez-44-and-Jacqueline-Castillo-32-work-on-a-worksheet-during-a-citizenship-class-at-Fair-Oaks-Community-Center-in-Redwood-City-Calif-on-March-22-2018-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30419_IMG_1464-Mirabel-Bermudez-44-and-Jacqueline-Castillo-32-work-on-a-worksheet-during-a-citizenship-class-at-Fair-Oaks-Community-Center-in-Redwood-City-Calif-on-March-22-2018-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30419_IMG_1464-Mirabel-Bermudez-44-and-Jacqueline-Castillo-32-work-on-a-worksheet-during-a-citizenship-class-at-Fair-Oaks-Community-Center-in-Redwood-City-Calif-on-March-22-2018-qut-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30419_IMG_1464-Mirabel-Bermudez-44-and-Jacqueline-Castillo-32-work-on-a-worksheet-during-a-citizenship-class-at-Fair-Oaks-Community-Center-in-Redwood-City-Calif-on-March-22-2018-qut-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30419_IMG_1464-Mirabel-Bermudez-44-and-Jacqueline-Castillo-32-work-on-a-worksheet-during-a-citizenship-class-at-Fair-Oaks-Community-Center-in-Redwood-City-Calif-on-March-22-2018-qut-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30419_IMG_1464-Mirabel-Bermudez-44-and-Jacqueline-Castillo-32-work-on-a-worksheet-during-a-citizenship-class-at-Fair-Oaks-Community-Center-in-Redwood-City-Calif-on-March-22-2018-qut-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30419_IMG_1464-Mirabel-Bermudez-44-and-Jacqueline-Castillo-32-work-on-a-worksheet-during-a-citizenship-class-at-Fair-Oaks-Community-Center-in-Redwood-City-Calif-on-March-22-2018-qut-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mirabel Bermudez, 44, (left) and Jacqueline Castillo, 32, follow a citizenship lesson in Redwood City on March 22, 2018. Many students struggle to pay the application fee but don't qualify for a federal discount, said Sam Bianco, class coordinator at the International Institute of the Bay Area. \u003ccite>(Farida Jhabvala Romero/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>'It's Important Cities Step Up'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, home to about one-quarter of all U.S. adults eligible to naturalize, some cities have started making a modest investment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Jose used a grant to cover the citizenship application fee for about 50 immigrants who finished a financial literacy course last year. The city is planning a similar program this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In San Francisco, the fear in immigrant communities after the 2016 presidential election motivated city leaders to allocate about $90,000 to pay half of the citizenship fee, said Rich Whipple, deputy director at the San Francisco \u003ca href=\"http://sfgov.org/oceia/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Office of Civic Engagement and Immigrant Affairs\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It’s important that cities step up to help people calm those fears, and I think that helping to cover the fee is part of that,\" said Whipple, adding that over 100 immigrants who live, work or study in San Francisco have benefited so far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several nonprofits in California help people fill out their citizenship applications, but few finance the fee. One of them is Mission Asset Fund, a financial services organization in San Francisco, which provides \u003ca href=\"https://missionassetfund.org/immigration-programs/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">zero-interest loans\u003c/a> statewide, said Mohan Kanungo, director of programs at the organization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘It Would Change The Country’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Immigrants who naturalize can benefit from a greater sense of security and are more likely to have higher incomes and own their homes, compared to people who don't get citizenship, according to researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If half of the eligible immigrants in California naturalized, they would earn a combined $18 billion more over 10 years, according to a 2016 \u003ca href=\"http://dornsife.usc.edu/assets/sites/731/docs/CSII_Data_Inform_Strategy_California_ETN_Final_July2016.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a> by the Center for the Study of Immigrant Integration at the University of Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State and local communities stand to gain tax revenue when immigrants earn more, and they also benefit from increased political participation, which would be a boon for American democracy, said Melissa Rodgers, who directs a national coalition of nonprofits called the New Americans Campaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It would change the country,\" said Rodgers. \"It makes an incredible difference when people become eligible to vote, to express their core beliefs and to engage in our democracy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be eligible for U.S. citizenship, lawful permanent residents must have a record of good moral character and have lived in the country for at least five years. The residency requirement is three years for green card holders who are married to U.S. citizens, like Elida Oxlaj, the citizenship student.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of her income, Oxlaj might qualify for a federal fee discount, but she didn’t know it was a possibility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m going to investigate what I have to do so I don’t have to pay so much. and I can finally send my application in,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "California to Join Guard Border Mission, but with Conditions",
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"content": "\u003cp>California Gov. Jerry Brown accepted President Donald Trump's call to send the National Guard to the Mexican border, but rejected the White House's portrait of a burgeoning border crisis and insisted that his troops will have nothing to do with immigration enforcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Democratic governor broke a week of silence Wednesday by agreeing to contribute 400 troops, though not all will be on the border. Brown's commitment brought the pledges from four states that border Mexico to just shy of the low end of the president's target of 2,000 to 4,000 troops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/984372760230154241\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Trump praised Brown\u003c/a> on Twitter Thursday, but did not address the governor's comments on immigration. The president said Brown was \"doing the right thing and sending the National Guard to the Border. Thank you Jerry, good move for the safety of our Country!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Combating these criminal threats are priorities for all Americans - Republicans and Democrats,\" Brown wrote in a letter to Defense Secretary James Mattis and Homeland Security Secretary Kirstjen Nielsen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal law, notably the Posse Comitatus Act of 1878, sharply limits military involvement in civilian law enforcement, creating a supporting role for the Guard. The Pentagon said last week that troops won't perform law enforcement functions or interact with people detained by border authorities without its approval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown released a proposed agreement with the federal government that emphasizes the widely shared understanding of the Guard's limited role but explicitly bans any support of immigration enforcement. It says troops cannot guard anyone in custody for immigration violations or participate in construction of border barriers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">California responds👇🏼 \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/8HCXoGXc87\">pic.twitter.com/8HCXoGXc87\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Jerry Brown (@JerryBrownGov) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/JerryBrownGov/status/984149390901178368?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">April 11, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The White House also praised Brown's decision without addressing his comments on immigration enforcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're also glad to see California Gov. Jerry Brown work with the administration and send members of the National Guard to help secure the southern border,\" White House Press Secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reaction in California was limited, with few of Brown's allies or opponents weighing in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State Sen. Kevin de Leon, a Democratic U.S. Senate candidate and author of California's so-called sanctuary state law, said Guard deployment was unnecessary and not a good use of resources. But he said more can be done to combat border crime and that he appreciated Brown's design of \"a clear and limited mission focused on real public safety threats.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I am confident Governor Brown will not use our National Guard to harass or tear apart immigrant families in California,\" he said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rob Stutzman, who advised former Republican Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger, praised the decision on Twitter, calling Brown's decision to accept money for using the Guard to fight drugs and human trafficking \"good government.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Immigration advocacy groups were critical, saying Brown's support was a boost for Trump's agenda. Lillian Serrano, chair of the San Diego Immigrant Rights Consortium, acknowledged the governor's proposed limits on the Guard's role but said his decision reflected \"flawed logic that we need more boots on the ground.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pedro Rios, director for the American Friends Service Committee's U.S.-Mexico border program in San Diego, questioned why Brown would send troops while rejecting Trump's premise that they are needed to help stop illegal immigration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If he's in disagreement with Donald Trump about the justifications for having the National Guard on the border, then why would he accept it?\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike Republican governors in other border states, Brown disagreed with Trump's portrayal of a border spiraling out of control, noting that Border Patrol arrests fell to the lowest level last year since 1971 and that California accounted for only 15 percent of the agency's arrests on the Mexican border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Here are the facts: there is no massive wave of migrants pouring into California,\" Brown wrote the Trump Cabinet members.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In contrast, Texas Republican Gov. Greg Abbott, who is contributing 1,000 troops, embraced Trump's mission the day it was announced, saying it would promote the rule of law and \"help ensure we are doing everything we can to stem the flow of illegal immigration.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown said California's troops would join an existing program to combat transnational drug crime, firearms smuggling and human trafficking. About 250 California National Guard troops are already participating, including 55 at the border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new contingent of California Guard members being deployed could be posted at the border, the coast and elsewhere statewide, Brown said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California deployed troops to the border under former Presidents George W. Bush in 2006 and Barack Obama in 2010.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California Gov. Jerry Brown accepted President Donald Trump's call to send the National Guard to the Mexican border, but rejected the White House's portrait of a burgeoning border crisis and insisted that his troops will have nothing to do with immigration enforcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Democratic governor broke a week of silence Wednesday by agreeing to contribute 400 troops, though not all will be on the border. Brown's commitment brought the pledges from four states that border Mexico to just shy of the low end of the president's target of 2,000 to 4,000 troops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/984372760230154241\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Trump praised Brown\u003c/a> on Twitter Thursday, but did not address the governor's comments on immigration. The president said Brown was \"doing the right thing and sending the National Guard to the Border. Thank you Jerry, good move for the safety of our Country!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Combating these criminal threats are priorities for all Americans - Republicans and Democrats,\" Brown wrote in a letter to Defense Secretary James Mattis and Homeland Security Secretary Kirstjen Nielsen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal law, notably the Posse Comitatus Act of 1878, sharply limits military involvement in civilian law enforcement, creating a supporting role for the Guard. The Pentagon said last week that troops won't perform law enforcement functions or interact with people detained by border authorities without its approval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown released a proposed agreement with the federal government that emphasizes the widely shared understanding of the Guard's limited role but explicitly bans any support of immigration enforcement. It says troops cannot guard anyone in custody for immigration violations or participate in construction of border barriers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">California responds👇🏼 \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/8HCXoGXc87\">pic.twitter.com/8HCXoGXc87\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Jerry Brown (@JerryBrownGov) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/JerryBrownGov/status/984149390901178368?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">April 11, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The White House also praised Brown's decision without addressing his comments on immigration enforcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're also glad to see California Gov. Jerry Brown work with the administration and send members of the National Guard to help secure the southern border,\" White House Press Secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reaction in California was limited, with few of Brown's allies or opponents weighing in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State Sen. Kevin de Leon, a Democratic U.S. Senate candidate and author of California's so-called sanctuary state law, said Guard deployment was unnecessary and not a good use of resources. But he said more can be done to combat border crime and that he appreciated Brown's design of \"a clear and limited mission focused on real public safety threats.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I am confident Governor Brown will not use our National Guard to harass or tear apart immigrant families in California,\" he said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rob Stutzman, who advised former Republican Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger, praised the decision on Twitter, calling Brown's decision to accept money for using the Guard to fight drugs and human trafficking \"good government.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Immigration advocacy groups were critical, saying Brown's support was a boost for Trump's agenda. Lillian Serrano, chair of the San Diego Immigrant Rights Consortium, acknowledged the governor's proposed limits on the Guard's role but said his decision reflected \"flawed logic that we need more boots on the ground.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pedro Rios, director for the American Friends Service Committee's U.S.-Mexico border program in San Diego, questioned why Brown would send troops while rejecting Trump's premise that they are needed to help stop illegal immigration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If he's in disagreement with Donald Trump about the justifications for having the National Guard on the border, then why would he accept it?\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike Republican governors in other border states, Brown disagreed with Trump's portrayal of a border spiraling out of control, noting that Border Patrol arrests fell to the lowest level last year since 1971 and that California accounted for only 15 percent of the agency's arrests on the Mexican border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Here are the facts: there is no massive wave of migrants pouring into California,\" Brown wrote the Trump Cabinet members.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In contrast, Texas Republican Gov. Greg Abbott, who is contributing 1,000 troops, embraced Trump's mission the day it was announced, saying it would promote the rule of law and \"help ensure we are doing everything we can to stem the flow of illegal immigration.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown said California's troops would join an existing program to combat transnational drug crime, firearms smuggling and human trafficking. About 250 California National Guard troops are already participating, including 55 at the border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new contingent of California Guard members being deployed could be posted at the border, the coast and elsewhere statewide, Brown said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California deployed troops to the border under former Presidents George W. Bush in 2006 and Barack Obama in 2010.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/2qsgq7o\">agreed to deploy 400 California National Guard troops\u003c/a>, saying they will \u003cstrong>not\u003c/strong> \"round up women and children or detain people escaping violence or seeking a better life.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a letter sent to the Trump administration, Brown went out of his way to distance the Guard deployment from the president's overall immigration policies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Brown, a former Jesuit seminarian, even quoted Catholic Bishops' recommendation that National Guard border deployment \"is measured and not disruptive to community life.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/JerryBrownGov/status/984149390901178368\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"disqusTitle": "California OKs Limited National Guard Deployment for Trump's Request",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>UPDATE: 1:15 p.m.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Gov. Jerry Brown has agreed to deploy 400 National Guard troops at President Trump's request, but not all will head to the U.S.-Mexico border and none will do federal immigration enforcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A letter sent Wednesday to the Trump administration by Brown says the California troops will focus on combating transnational drug crime, firearms smuggling and human trafficking. California Guard members may be deployed at the border, the coast and elsewhere statewide. They would join 250 existing California National Guard troops, including 55 who are at the border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown said the California troops will not help build a wall or \"detain people escaping violence and seeking a better life.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government must agree to the terms before the troops would be deployed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump wants up to 4,000 troops sent to the border to combat illegal immigration and drug trafficking. He already won commitments for about 1,600 from the Republican governors of the other states that border Mexico — Arizona, New Mexico and Texas. \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2018/04/10/gov-brown-quiet-on-deploying-national-guard-to-mexican-border/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Brown, a Democrat, originally said California was still reviewing the effort on Tuesday.\u003c/a> The Governor has repeatedly clashed with Trump over immigration policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The deployment of troops from Arizona, New Mexico and Texas was already underway Tuesday with a gradual ramp-up planned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration also announced that Homeland Security Secretary Kirstjen Nielsen will visit this week a stretch of \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/11/14/americas-wall-the-decades-long-struggle-to-secure-the-u-s-mexico-border/\">new border wall\u003c/a> breaking ground in New Mexico, putting additional focus on what Trump has called a crisis of migrant crossings and crime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The construction and the commitment of Guard members provoked fresh condemnation from immigrant activists and praise from border-state Republican governors, who will retain command and control of their state's Guard during a mission that for now has no firm end date.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Texas, where Republican Gov. Greg Abbott has pledged to put more than 1,000 Guard members into action, military officials said Tuesday that 300 troops would report to armories this week for preparation and training. Texas has previously kept about 100 Guard members stationed on the border for years as part of its own border security efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What is different now, it is happening in a different context and a different narrative,\" said Fernando Garcia, director of the Border Network for Human Rights, an immigrant advocacy group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speaking from the Rio Grande Valley where immigrant crossings are the highest along the 2,000-mile (3,200-kilometer) U.S.-Mexico border, Garcia said, \"When you hear the narrative of the president, it seems to him the enemy is the immigrant family.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Abbott said in a statement Tuesday that the Guard has \"proven to have a meaningful impact\" in reducing immigration and crime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Texas border town of Roma, about a half-dozen uniformed Guard members were seen Tuesday near an international bridge along the Rio Grande. Children played just across the river in Mexico, and it wasn't clear whether the Guard members were new or part of Texas' earlier observe-and-report missions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One Guard member was armed with an M4 rifle and used binoculars to peer across the river. Pickup trucks with Guard members inside circled the town square along with border patrol vehicles. Mexican children who had attended school on the U.S. side of the border showed their passports and paid a toll to cross a bridge over the river and walk home to the Mexican community of Ciudad Miguel Aleman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2018/04/03/trump-calls-for-military-forces-on-u-s-mexico-border/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Trump said last week he wants to send 2,000 to 4,000 National Guard members to the border\u003c/a>, issuing a \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2018/04/04/president-trump-to-sign-proclamation-to-send-national-guard-troops-to-mexican-border/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">proclamation\u003c/a> citing \"the lawlessness that continues at our southern border.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump administration officials have said that rising numbers of people being caught at the southern border, while in line with seasonal trends in recent years, require an immediate response.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monthly border arrests surpassed 50,000 in March for the first time since December 2016. The Border Patrol, which polices between but not at official crossings, made more than 37,000 of those arrests, including more than 14,000 in Texas' Rio Grande Valley, nearly 6,000 in its Tucson, Arizona, sector and more than 4,000 in San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inspectors at official crossings made nearly 13,000 arrests in March, led by the Laredo, Texas, field office with more than 4,800 and the San Diego field office with about 3,800.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apprehensions are still well below their historical trends during the terms of former Presidents George W. Bush and Barack Obama, both of whom also deployed the Guard to the border. California deployed troops to the border under both Bush and Obama.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some Guard members will be armed if they are placed in potential danger, Abbott said, adding he wanted to downplay speculation that \"our National Guard is showing up with military bayonets trying to take on anybody that's coming across the border, because that is not their role.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no end date for the deployment, Abbott said: \"We may be in this for the long haul.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump has said he wants to use the military at the border until progress is made on his proposed border wall, which has mostly stalled in Congress. Defense Secretary James Mattis last Friday approved paying for up to 4,000 National Guard personnel from the Pentagon budget through the end of September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mexico's foreign relations secretary said his government is evaluating its cooperation with the United States.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>UPDATE: 1:15 p.m.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Gov. Jerry Brown has agreed to deploy 400 National Guard troops at President Trump's request, but not all will head to the U.S.-Mexico border and none will do federal immigration enforcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A letter sent Wednesday to the Trump administration by Brown says the California troops will focus on combating transnational drug crime, firearms smuggling and human trafficking. California Guard members may be deployed at the border, the coast and elsewhere statewide. They would join 250 existing California National Guard troops, including 55 who are at the border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown said the California troops will not help build a wall or \"detain people escaping violence and seeking a better life.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government must agree to the terms before the troops would be deployed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump wants up to 4,000 troops sent to the border to combat illegal immigration and drug trafficking. He already won commitments for about 1,600 from the Republican governors of the other states that border Mexico — Arizona, New Mexico and Texas. \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2018/04/10/gov-brown-quiet-on-deploying-national-guard-to-mexican-border/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Brown, a Democrat, originally said California was still reviewing the effort on Tuesday.\u003c/a> The Governor has repeatedly clashed with Trump over immigration policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The deployment of troops from Arizona, New Mexico and Texas was already underway Tuesday with a gradual ramp-up planned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration also announced that Homeland Security Secretary Kirstjen Nielsen will visit this week a stretch of \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/11/14/americas-wall-the-decades-long-struggle-to-secure-the-u-s-mexico-border/\">new border wall\u003c/a> breaking ground in New Mexico, putting additional focus on what Trump has called a crisis of migrant crossings and crime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The construction and the commitment of Guard members provoked fresh condemnation from immigrant activists and praise from border-state Republican governors, who will retain command and control of their state's Guard during a mission that for now has no firm end date.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Texas, where Republican Gov. Greg Abbott has pledged to put more than 1,000 Guard members into action, military officials said Tuesday that 300 troops would report to armories this week for preparation and training. Texas has previously kept about 100 Guard members stationed on the border for years as part of its own border security efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What is different now, it is happening in a different context and a different narrative,\" said Fernando Garcia, director of the Border Network for Human Rights, an immigrant advocacy group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speaking from the Rio Grande Valley where immigrant crossings are the highest along the 2,000-mile (3,200-kilometer) U.S.-Mexico border, Garcia said, \"When you hear the narrative of the president, it seems to him the enemy is the immigrant family.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Abbott said in a statement Tuesday that the Guard has \"proven to have a meaningful impact\" in reducing immigration and crime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Texas border town of Roma, about a half-dozen uniformed Guard members were seen Tuesday near an international bridge along the Rio Grande. Children played just across the river in Mexico, and it wasn't clear whether the Guard members were new or part of Texas' earlier observe-and-report missions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One Guard member was armed with an M4 rifle and used binoculars to peer across the river. Pickup trucks with Guard members inside circled the town square along with border patrol vehicles. Mexican children who had attended school on the U.S. side of the border showed their passports and paid a toll to cross a bridge over the river and walk home to the Mexican community of Ciudad Miguel Aleman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2018/04/03/trump-calls-for-military-forces-on-u-s-mexico-border/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Trump said last week he wants to send 2,000 to 4,000 National Guard members to the border\u003c/a>, issuing a \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2018/04/04/president-trump-to-sign-proclamation-to-send-national-guard-troops-to-mexican-border/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">proclamation\u003c/a> citing \"the lawlessness that continues at our southern border.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump administration officials have said that rising numbers of people being caught at the southern border, while in line with seasonal trends in recent years, require an immediate response.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monthly border arrests surpassed 50,000 in March for the first time since December 2016. The Border Patrol, which polices between but not at official crossings, made more than 37,000 of those arrests, including more than 14,000 in Texas' Rio Grande Valley, nearly 6,000 in its Tucson, Arizona, sector and more than 4,000 in San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inspectors at official crossings made nearly 13,000 arrests in March, led by the Laredo, Texas, field office with more than 4,800 and the San Diego field office with about 3,800.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apprehensions are still well below their historical trends during the terms of former Presidents George W. Bush and Barack Obama, both of whom also deployed the Guard to the border. California deployed troops to the border under both Bush and Obama.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some Guard members will be armed if they are placed in potential danger, Abbott said, adding he wanted to downplay speculation that \"our National Guard is showing up with military bayonets trying to take on anybody that's coming across the border, because that is not their role.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no end date for the deployment, Abbott said: \"We may be in this for the long haul.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump has said he wants to use the military at the border until progress is made on his proposed border wall, which has mostly stalled in Congress. Defense Secretary James Mattis last Friday approved paying for up to 4,000 National Guard personnel from the Pentagon budget through the end of September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mexico's foreign relations secretary said his government is evaluating its cooperation with the United States.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>California Gov. Jerry Brown has been silent on President Donald Trump's call this week for National Guard troops to help protect the southern border with Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That contrasts with the Democratic governor's quick response when Trump's administration recently sued over the deep blue state's immigration policy days before the president journeyed to San Diego to view his border wall prototypes earlier this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was just the latest jousting in the escalating feud between the Trump administration and California, which has resisted the president at almost every turn on issues from marijuana policy to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are some of the questions and answers on relations between the Trump administration and California:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What does Trump want from California? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The president wants to send 2,000 to 4,000 National Guard troops to the U.S.-Mexico border to help federal authorities combat illegal immigration and drug trafficking. It isn't clear how many he would seek from California. They would provide support but not go on patrols or make arrests. Republican governors in the other border states of Arizona, New Mexico and Texas backed the deployment. Even Iowa's Republican governor offered to send National Guard troops from the Midwest. Democratic governors in Oregon and Montana have said they wouldn't send troops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Guard already has 55 employees helping fight drug trafficking, surveillance in the San Diego Harbor, repairing fences, roads and culverts and analyzing criminal activity in cooperation with state and federal law enforcement agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How had Gov. Brown responded?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown has personally spoken with U.S. Homeland Security Secretary Kirstjen Nielsen and other federal officials, but he hasn't publicly commented or made a decision. His office has instead referred questions to a spokesman for the California National Guard, which has said it needs more details.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's in contrast to Brown's sharp response last month when U.S. Attorney General Jeff Sessions sued to block three California laws to protect immigrants who are in the country illegally, which Brown called \"a political stunt.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Guard says it can't respond until it has more information, including who would pay for the deployment, how long it would last and what it is expected to accomplish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown's decision might depend on the mission: would California troops be fighting international drug smugglers, or helping block immigrants from crossing the border?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why is Gov. Brown keeping his powder dry?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He may just be weighing the state's policy and waiting for those answers, says Claremont McKenna College political science professor Jack Pitney. \"Trump's plan is pretty vague. It's possible at the end that Trump's request is somewhat reasonable,\" Pitney says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In contrast to his 1970s persona as an eccentric, Jerry Brown is actually a pretty cautious warrior and he's probably just weighing the policy merits of this move.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Are there political considerations?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, on both sides, says San Jose State University political science professor says Larry Gerston. Trump is appealing to his conservative base, he says, not only on immigration but on issues as broad as gay rights and automobile emissions, all touchstones for California's liberal majority. \"The list goes on and on and on and so the governor from his perspective has to ask himself 'Why? Why should I be interested in cooperating when I'm getting nothing back from the federal government,'\" he said. \"So I do think that policy and politics come together here.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What does the White House say? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump spokeswoman Sarah Huckabee Sanders says the administration will \"absolutely\" move forward with other border states if California balks at providing National Guard troops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're working with states' governors right now to go through this process and we hope to have National Guard on the ground as soon as possible,\" she said Friday. \"And we're going to continue to work with California and we're hopeful that they'll do the right thing and help protect our borders.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The president wants to send 2,000 to 4,000 National Guard troops to the U.S.-Mexico border to help federal authorities combat illegal immigration and drug trafficking. It isn't clear how many he would seek from California. They would provide support but not go on patrols or make arrests. Republican governors in the other border states of Arizona, New Mexico and Texas backed the deployment. Even Iowa's Republican governor offered to send National Guard troops from the Midwest. Democratic governors in Oregon and Montana have said they wouldn't send troops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Guard already has 55 employees helping fight drug trafficking, surveillance in the San Diego Harbor, repairing fences, roads and culverts and analyzing criminal activity in cooperation with state and federal law enforcement agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How had Gov. Brown responded?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown has personally spoken with U.S. Homeland Security Secretary Kirstjen Nielsen and other federal officials, but he hasn't publicly commented or made a decision. His office has instead referred questions to a spokesman for the California National Guard, which has said it needs more details.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's in contrast to Brown's sharp response last month when U.S. Attorney General Jeff Sessions sued to block three California laws to protect immigrants who are in the country illegally, which Brown called \"a political stunt.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Guard says it can't respond until it has more information, including who would pay for the deployment, how long it would last and what it is expected to accomplish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown's decision might depend on the mission: would California troops be fighting international drug smugglers, or helping block immigrants from crossing the border?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why is Gov. Brown keeping his powder dry?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He may just be weighing the state's policy and waiting for those answers, says Claremont McKenna College political science professor Jack Pitney. \"Trump's plan is pretty vague. It's possible at the end that Trump's request is somewhat reasonable,\" Pitney says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In contrast to his 1970s persona as an eccentric, Jerry Brown is actually a pretty cautious warrior and he's probably just weighing the policy merits of this move.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Are there political considerations?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, on both sides, says San Jose State University political science professor says Larry Gerston. Trump is appealing to his conservative base, he says, not only on immigration but on issues as broad as gay rights and automobile emissions, all touchstones for California's liberal majority. \"The list goes on and on and on and so the governor from his perspective has to ask himself 'Why? Why should I be interested in cooperating when I'm getting nothing back from the federal government,'\" he said. \"So I do think that policy and politics come together here.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What does the White House say? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump spokeswoman Sarah Huckabee Sanders says the administration will \"absolutely\" move forward with other border states if California balks at providing National Guard troops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're working with states' governors right now to go through this process and we hope to have National Guard on the ground as soon as possible,\" she said Friday. \"And we're going to continue to work with California and we're hopeful that they'll do the right thing and help protect our borders.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/26099305-72af-4542-9dde-ac1807fe36d5/kqed-s-the-california-report",
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},
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"id": "californiareportmagazine",
"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.cityarts.net/",
"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
"subscribe": {
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
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"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
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"meta": {
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"source": "WNYC"
},
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC2275451163"
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
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