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"content": "\u003cp>LOS ANGELES — A firefighter among those battling the \u003ca href=\"http://firetracker.scpr.org/canyon-fire-santa-barbara-county-2016/\" target=\"_blank\">Canyon Fire\u003c/a> in Central California died Wednesday and another firefighter was hurt when the water tanker truck they were driving overturned near Vandenberg Air Force Base, officials said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The accident happened as firefighting crews gained ground in their effort to contain the 19-square-mile fire at Vandenberg near launch pads used to send satellites into space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/KTLA/status/778644959544999937\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The truck crashed before dawn at a roundabout on a two-lane highway just outside Vandenberg, said Ventura County Fire Department spokesman Steve Swindle. There were no other occupants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ventura County was among several departments that sent more than 1,000 firefighters to the fire, which was 45 percent contained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/VCFD/status/778634255572144128\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Firefighters focused Wednesday on the blaze's southeast boundary. Voluntary evacuation orders were in place for about 400 residents of the San Miguelito Canyon area just off the base near Lompoc.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were no indications that the fire on undeveloped and rugged mountainous land threatened any structures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials said the fire did not pose an immediate threat to the space launch complex, and that its cause is under investigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"eywulnqbsSH8usBJ9Z33bV0dkMBo6Abv\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swindle identified the dead firefighter as Ryan Osler and said the injured firefighter, Adam Price, was hospitalized. The California Highway Patrol was investigating the cause of the crash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Osler was in his 30s and a second-generation firefighter, Swindle said. His father also worked for the Ventura County department.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>Firefighters focused Wednesday on the blaze's southeast boundary. Voluntary evacuation orders were in place for about 400 residents of the San Miguelito Canyon area just off the base near Lompoc.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were no indications that the fire on undeveloped and rugged mountainous land threatened any structures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials said the fire did not pose an immediate threat to the space launch complex, and that its cause is under investigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swindle identified the dead firefighter as Ryan Osler and said the injured firefighter, Adam Price, was hospitalized. The California Highway Patrol was investigating the cause of the crash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Osler was in his 30s and a second-generation firefighter, Swindle said. His father also worked for the Ventura County department.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Drinking Water of Some Californians Exceeds Limit for ‘Erin Brockovich’ Chemical",
"headTitle": "Drinking Water of Some Californians Exceeds Limit for ‘Erin Brockovich’ Chemical | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>When Erin Brockovich went after PG&E for poisoning groundwater in the desert town of Hinkley, California — a campaign that later became a film starring Julia Roberts — the toxic chemical was a heavy metal called hexavalent chromium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also known as chromium 6, the chemical is listed under California’s \u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/media/downloads/proposition-65//p65single080516.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Prop 65 \u003c/a>as causing cancer, \u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/media/downloads/proposition-65/chemicals/chrome0908.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">developmental harm and reproductive harm\u003c/a> in both men and women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/enviroblog/2016/09/erin-brockovich-chemical-drinking-water-more-200-million-americans\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report \u003c/a>out today finds Hinkley isn’t the only California city with chromium 6 contamination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report found 11 water districts serving some 400,000 Californians had hexavalent chromium in their tap water at levels above the state’s legal limit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Above the Legal Limit\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>The state’s limit for chromium 6 in drinking water is 10 parts per billion. A part per billion is about a drop of water in an Olympic-sized swimming pool.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"520\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://kqednews.carto.com/viz/aa656a24-7e8c-11e6-94fa-0e3ff518bd15/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report also found the vast majority of samples from water districts serving roughly 8.5 million Californians across the state had hexavalent chromium at levels below the legal limit, but above the public health goal set by state scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/research/chromium-six-found-in-us-tap-water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report \u003c/a>is from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Environmental Working Group\u003c/a>, a watchdog agency based in Washington, D.C. The non-profit analyzed data the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency collected from water utilities across the country between 2013 and 2015. An \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/interactive-maps/2016-chromium6-lower-48.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">interactive map\u003c/a> developed from the data shows chromium 6 levels in California and throughout the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was eye opening,” says Bill Walker, co-author of the Environmental Working Group report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not trying to say the chromium 6 situation is as bad as the Flint situation but we’re saying if you start to look at it more closely you can find some really disturbing things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"datawrapper-chart-KU9ds\" src=\"//datawrapper.dwcdn.net/KU9ds/2/\" frameborder=\"0\" allowtransparency=\"true\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" webkitallowfullscreen=\"webkitallowfullscreen\" mozallowfullscreen=\"mozallowfullscreen\" oallowfullscreen=\"oallowfullscreen\" msallowfullscreen=\"msallowfullscreen\" width=\"100%\" height=\"400\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\nThe chemical occurs naturally in the environment from \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">the erosion of \u003c/span>natural\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> chromium deposits\u003c/span> but it’s also manufactured and used in stainless steel production, metal finishing, chrome plating, leather tanning, and to prevent corrosion in electrical plant cooling towers, as was the case in Hinkley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outside of the workplace, the main way people might be exposed to chromium 6 is through drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And although the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration regulates \u003ca href=\"https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=13096\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">chromium 6 in work environments\u003c/a>, the EPA doesn’t regulate chromium 6 in drinking water. In fact, California is the only state that does.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And California has two standards: a legally enforceable \u003cem>limit\u003c/em> on chromium 6 in drinking water, and a much lower public health \u003cem>goal\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Does the state want us to drink distilled water? Cause that’s basically what they’re trying to get us to do, it’s absurd.’\u003ccite>Ken Moore, Kerman City’s Public Works Director\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Toxicologists at the state Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment set the public health goal for chromium intake at .02 parts per billion. A part per billion is about a drop of water in an Olympic-sized swimming pool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A public health goal must represent a negligible health risk. State scientists said at .02 ppb, the risk of developing cancer for people who drink the water daily for 70 years is no more than a one-in-a-million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State law requires the legal limit be set “as close as is \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/Chromium6.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">technically and economically feasible\u003c/a>” to the public health goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the California Department of Public Health set a legally enforceable level in 2014, it took into account factors such as how costly it would be for water districts to monitor and clean up the chemical. Public health officials set the legally enforceable level 500 times higher than the public health goal, at 10 parts per billion. It \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/documents/chromium6/chromium_fact_sheet_2015_final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">was the first\u003c/a> drinking water standard for chromium 6 in the nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s legal limit represents a cancer risk of 500 people per-one-million, for people who drink the water daily for 70 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials found that getting chromium 6 levels below 10 ppb added significantly to the cost of compliance. To set the legal limit only half as high, at 5 ppb, would have tripled the cost. To reach 1 ppb, the cost would have been 11 times higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the EWG report, Los Banos water samples registered the highest level of chromium 6, at 31.5 ppb, followed by Kerman City at 19.2 ppb and Patterson City at 18 ppb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cities that tested above the state’s legal limit run from Sacramento to Los Angeles through California’s Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the water districts that tested below the legal limit, but above the public health goal are Hollister, L.A. County Waterworks Districts and Vacaville.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Residents concerned about elevated levels should “contact their water system to see exactly what is going on and what the treatment is,” says state water board public information officer Andrew DiLuccia.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since January 2015, public water systems in California have been required to test for chromium 6 in drinking water. If the contamination is above the legal limit, the district must test its water supplies four times a year. If the average of four consecutive tests exceeds the legal limit, the supplier is in violation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, since water filtration and well construction is expensive and time-consuming, \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/documents/lawbook/sb385_hexavalent_chromium_compliance_fnl_.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Senate Bill 385\u003c/a> gives water districts until 2020 to get their chromium 6 levels below the legal limit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But one city manager says California’s relatively new 10 ppb rule is too stringent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Does the state want us to drink distilled water?” asks Ken Moore, Kerman City’s Public Works Director. “Cause that’s basically what they’re trying to get us to do, it’s absurd.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Results from the EWG report show Kerman’s average chromium 6 level at 19.2 ppb, nearly double the legal limit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore says the cleaning costs would be millions of dollars and would raise residents’ water bills from $35 a month to $150 just to pay for filtering, disposal, and operational overhead associated with removing the chemical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s something we can’t afford,” he says. “The people of this community can’t afford to pay for it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other districts like the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kesq.com/news/indio-water-authority-opens-chromium-6-treatment-plants/33941540\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Indio Water Authority\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/article/ZZ/20141107/NEWS/141104274\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Soquel Creek\u003c/a> have been able to pay for removal and are now supplying water to their customers that tests below the legal limit for chromium 6.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last Thursday, Willows, a small town between Redding and Sacramento, held a \u003ca href=\"https://www.calwater.com/latest_news/cal-water-holds-ribbon-cutting-ceremony-to-celebrate-completion-of-chromium-6-treatment-plant-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ribbon cutting ceremony\u003c/a> to celebrate the successful installation of an ion exchange filtration system. The state-funded water purifier removes chromium 6 from its wells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kerman has also received state funding under \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/grants_loans/proposition1.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Proposition 1\u003c/a>. But Moore says the $3.5 million won’t cover all the costs to test, install and maintain six new groundwater wells in the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For individuals who want to remove chromium 6 from their tap, there are several types of water filters that will do it, including reverse osmosis filters that are available at many hardware stores. The EWG also has an \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/research/ewgs-water-filter-buying-guide?system_type=&technology=&contamcode=1080&submit_ty_1=Search\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">online guide\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A study out today reports on levels of hexavalent chromium in water districts across the country.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When Erin Brockovich went after PG&E for poisoning groundwater in the desert town of Hinkley, California — a campaign that later became a film starring Julia Roberts — the toxic chemical was a heavy metal called hexavalent chromium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also known as chromium 6, the chemical is listed under California’s \u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/media/downloads/proposition-65//p65single080516.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Prop 65 \u003c/a>as causing cancer, \u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/media/downloads/proposition-65/chemicals/chrome0908.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">developmental harm and reproductive harm\u003c/a> in both men and women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/enviroblog/2016/09/erin-brockovich-chemical-drinking-water-more-200-million-americans\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report \u003c/a>out today finds Hinkley isn’t the only California city with chromium 6 contamination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report found 11 water districts serving some 400,000 Californians had hexavalent chromium in their tap water at levels above the state’s legal limit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Above the Legal Limit\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>The state’s limit for chromium 6 in drinking water is 10 parts per billion. A part per billion is about a drop of water in an Olympic-sized swimming pool.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"520\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://kqednews.carto.com/viz/aa656a24-7e8c-11e6-94fa-0e3ff518bd15/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report also found the vast majority of samples from water districts serving roughly 8.5 million Californians across the state had hexavalent chromium at levels below the legal limit, but above the public health goal set by state scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/research/chromium-six-found-in-us-tap-water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report \u003c/a>is from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Environmental Working Group\u003c/a>, a watchdog agency based in Washington, D.C. The non-profit analyzed data the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency collected from water utilities across the country between 2013 and 2015. An \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/interactive-maps/2016-chromium6-lower-48.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">interactive map\u003c/a> developed from the data shows chromium 6 levels in California and throughout the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was eye opening,” says Bill Walker, co-author of the Environmental Working Group report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not trying to say the chromium 6 situation is as bad as the Flint situation but we’re saying if you start to look at it more closely you can find some really disturbing things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"datawrapper-chart-KU9ds\" src=\"//datawrapper.dwcdn.net/KU9ds/2/\" frameborder=\"0\" allowtransparency=\"true\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" webkitallowfullscreen=\"webkitallowfullscreen\" mozallowfullscreen=\"mozallowfullscreen\" oallowfullscreen=\"oallowfullscreen\" msallowfullscreen=\"msallowfullscreen\" width=\"100%\" height=\"400\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\nThe chemical occurs naturally in the environment from \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">the erosion of \u003c/span>natural\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> chromium deposits\u003c/span> but it’s also manufactured and used in stainless steel production, metal finishing, chrome plating, leather tanning, and to prevent corrosion in electrical plant cooling towers, as was the case in Hinkley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outside of the workplace, the main way people might be exposed to chromium 6 is through drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And although the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration regulates \u003ca href=\"https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=13096\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">chromium 6 in work environments\u003c/a>, the EPA doesn’t regulate chromium 6 in drinking water. In fact, California is the only state that does.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And California has two standards: a legally enforceable \u003cem>limit\u003c/em> on chromium 6 in drinking water, and a much lower public health \u003cem>goal\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Does the state want us to drink distilled water? Cause that’s basically what they’re trying to get us to do, it’s absurd.’\u003ccite>Ken Moore, Kerman City’s Public Works Director\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Toxicologists at the state Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment set the public health goal for chromium intake at .02 parts per billion. A part per billion is about a drop of water in an Olympic-sized swimming pool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A public health goal must represent a negligible health risk. State scientists said at .02 ppb, the risk of developing cancer for people who drink the water daily for 70 years is no more than a one-in-a-million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State law requires the legal limit be set “as close as is \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/Chromium6.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">technically and economically feasible\u003c/a>” to the public health goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the California Department of Public Health set a legally enforceable level in 2014, it took into account factors such as how costly it would be for water districts to monitor and clean up the chemical. Public health officials set the legally enforceable level 500 times higher than the public health goal, at 10 parts per billion. It \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/documents/chromium6/chromium_fact_sheet_2015_final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">was the first\u003c/a> drinking water standard for chromium 6 in the nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s legal limit represents a cancer risk of 500 people per-one-million, for people who drink the water daily for 70 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials found that getting chromium 6 levels below 10 ppb added significantly to the cost of compliance. To set the legal limit only half as high, at 5 ppb, would have tripled the cost. To reach 1 ppb, the cost would have been 11 times higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the EWG report, Los Banos water samples registered the highest level of chromium 6, at 31.5 ppb, followed by Kerman City at 19.2 ppb and Patterson City at 18 ppb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cities that tested above the state’s legal limit run from Sacramento to Los Angeles through California’s Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the water districts that tested below the legal limit, but above the public health goal are Hollister, L.A. County Waterworks Districts and Vacaville.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Residents concerned about elevated levels should “contact their water system to see exactly what is going on and what the treatment is,” says state water board public information officer Andrew DiLuccia.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since January 2015, public water systems in California have been required to test for chromium 6 in drinking water. If the contamination is above the legal limit, the district must test its water supplies four times a year. If the average of four consecutive tests exceeds the legal limit, the supplier is in violation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, since water filtration and well construction is expensive and time-consuming, \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/documents/lawbook/sb385_hexavalent_chromium_compliance_fnl_.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Senate Bill 385\u003c/a> gives water districts until 2020 to get their chromium 6 levels below the legal limit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But one city manager says California’s relatively new 10 ppb rule is too stringent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Does the state want us to drink distilled water?” asks Ken Moore, Kerman City’s Public Works Director. “Cause that’s basically what they’re trying to get us to do, it’s absurd.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Results from the EWG report show Kerman’s average chromium 6 level at 19.2 ppb, nearly double the legal limit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore says the cleaning costs would be millions of dollars and would raise residents’ water bills from $35 a month to $150 just to pay for filtering, disposal, and operational overhead associated with removing the chemical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s something we can’t afford,” he says. “The people of this community can’t afford to pay for it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other districts like the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kesq.com/news/indio-water-authority-opens-chromium-6-treatment-plants/33941540\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Indio Water Authority\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/article/ZZ/20141107/NEWS/141104274\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Soquel Creek\u003c/a> have been able to pay for removal and are now supplying water to their customers that tests below the legal limit for chromium 6.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last Thursday, Willows, a small town between Redding and Sacramento, held a \u003ca href=\"https://www.calwater.com/latest_news/cal-water-holds-ribbon-cutting-ceremony-to-celebrate-completion-of-chromium-6-treatment-plant-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ribbon cutting ceremony\u003c/a> to celebrate the successful installation of an ion exchange filtration system. The state-funded water purifier removes chromium 6 from its wells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kerman has also received state funding under \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/grants_loans/proposition1.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Proposition 1\u003c/a>. But Moore says the $3.5 million won’t cover all the costs to test, install and maintain six new groundwater wells in the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For individuals who want to remove chromium 6 from their tap, there are several types of water filters that will do it, including reverse osmosis filters that are available at many hardware stores. The EWG also has an \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/research/ewgs-water-filter-buying-guide?system_type=&technology=&contamcode=1080&submit_ty_1=Search\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">online guide\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A wildfire that's been burning for nearly two months in Monterey County east of the Big Sur coast has surpassed $200 million in firefighting costs, becoming the costliest to fight in U.S. history, according to data released Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of Sept. 20, \u003ca href=\"http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/4888/\">the Soberanes Fire \u003c/a>has cost $208.4 million to fight, according to the National Interagency Fire Center. And with the blaze only 67 percent contained, there could be weeks left before the firefight is done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cost of fighting the massive blaze is now well past the previous high of $165 million established by the 2002 Biscuit Fire that burned in California and Oregon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Soberanes Fire figure does not include actual damages done by the fire such as destroyed homes -- it reflects only the costs of extinguishing and containing it. It's also not adjusted for inflation, which would put the Biscuit Fire and others ahead of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"xaH6183hKhVSyVRCvSAkGxaUxNXK85Ga\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cost is mostly attributable to the long duration of the fire and the need to pay thousands of firefighters for their daily work, the U.S. Forest Service said. The daily costs got as high as $8 million at the fire's peak, though they've settled at closer to $2 million as the blaze has calmed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire burning in the Los Padres National Forest wrought havoc on the summer tourist season in the area after it broke out \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/07/29/soberanes-fire-containment-update/\" target=\"_blank\">because of an illegal, abandoned campfire\u003c/a> on July 22.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wildfire has also exacted a human toll. A \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/08/05/soberanes-fire-bulldozer-operator-killed/\" target=\"_blank\">bulldozer driver was killed\u003c/a> after being ejected from his machine as it rolled down a steep slope the night of July 26. More recently, another driver was seriously injured when his large water tender vehicle rolled over multiple times down an embankment. Both workers were employed by private contractors, and state regulators are \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/09/20/another-private-contractor-under-investigation-in-soberanes-fire-injury/\" target=\"_blank\">investigating both incidents\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A wildfire that's been burning for nearly two months in Monterey County east of the Big Sur coast has surpassed $200 million in firefighting costs, becoming the costliest to fight in U.S. history, according to data released Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of Sept. 20, \u003ca href=\"http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/4888/\">the Soberanes Fire \u003c/a>has cost $208.4 million to fight, according to the National Interagency Fire Center. And with the blaze only 67 percent contained, there could be weeks left before the firefight is done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cost of fighting the massive blaze is now well past the previous high of $165 million established by the 2002 Biscuit Fire that burned in California and Oregon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Soberanes Fire figure does not include actual damages done by the fire such as destroyed homes -- it reflects only the costs of extinguishing and containing it. It's also not adjusted for inflation, which would put the Biscuit Fire and others ahead of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cost is mostly attributable to the long duration of the fire and the need to pay thousands of firefighters for their daily work, the U.S. Forest Service said. The daily costs got as high as $8 million at the fire's peak, though they've settled at closer to $2 million as the blaze has calmed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire burning in the Los Padres National Forest wrought havoc on the summer tourist season in the area after it broke out \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/07/29/soberanes-fire-containment-update/\" target=\"_blank\">because of an illegal, abandoned campfire\u003c/a> on July 22.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wildfire has also exacted a human toll. A \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/08/05/soberanes-fire-bulldozer-operator-killed/\" target=\"_blank\">bulldozer driver was killed\u003c/a> after being ejected from his machine as it rolled down a steep slope the night of July 26. More recently, another driver was seriously injured when his large water tender vehicle rolled over multiple times down an embankment. Both workers were employed by private contractors, and state regulators are \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/09/20/another-private-contractor-under-investigation-in-soberanes-fire-injury/\" target=\"_blank\">investigating both incidents\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>State regulators have opened an investigation into Industrial Defense Development Inc., a private contractor that employs a worker who was seriously injured when his water tender flipped over while battling a massive wildfire burning in Monterey County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's the second time this summer a private contractor has come under scrutiny after a worker was hurt while battling the Soberanes Fire, which has \u003ca href=\"http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/4888/\">burned more than 117,000 acres\u003c/a> since it ignited two months ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first incident killed a bulldozer operator in late July. A \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/08/05/soberanes-fire-bulldozer-operator-killed/\">preliminary report\u003c/a> by Cal Fire found that Robert Reagan, the operator, was ejected from his machine as it tipped over on a steep embankment. Czirban Concrete, the construction company that employed Reagan, had its \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/08/02/employer-of-worker-killed-in-soberanes-fire-under-scrutiny/\">license suspended eight times\u003c/a> by state regulators in the last four years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.montereyherald.com/article/NF/20160912/NEWS/160919935\">most recent water tender incident\u003c/a> took place on the west side of the Soberanes Fire on Sept. 11.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"Fqq1COqypACCr6uCXLJoSz3vqiESsrrM\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The large vehicle rolled over multiple times down an embankment, according to the U.S. Forest Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The injured 60-year-old man inside was taken to a hospital, where he was expected to make a full recovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forest Service officials have released little about the incident or the worker, despite repeated requests for information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For several days, officials with California’s Division of Occupational Safety and Health (Cal/OSHA) did not believe the incident was in their jurisdiction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the Sobranes Fire is managed by federal fire officials on federal land, Cal/OSHA did not immediately investigate the incident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But last Friday afternoon, five days after the accident, that changed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Per legal guidance that we have recently received, Cal/OSHA ... opened an investigation into this case,\" said agency spokeswoman Julia Bernstein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Industrial Defense Development Inc. is based in both Groveland in Tuolomne County and San Luis Obispo, and is owned by Scott Harvey, who could not be reached for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Czirban Concrete and Industrial Defense Development are just two of a number of companies that Cal Fire and the Forest Service contracted with on the Soberanes Fire, a practice the agencies employ for large wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>State regulators have opened an investigation into Industrial Defense Development Inc., a private contractor that employs a worker who was seriously injured when his water tender flipped over while battling a massive wildfire burning in Monterey County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's the second time this summer a private contractor has come under scrutiny after a worker was hurt while battling the Soberanes Fire, which has \u003ca href=\"http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/4888/\">burned more than 117,000 acres\u003c/a> since it ignited two months ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first incident killed a bulldozer operator in late July. A \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/08/05/soberanes-fire-bulldozer-operator-killed/\">preliminary report\u003c/a> by Cal Fire found that Robert Reagan, the operator, was ejected from his machine as it tipped over on a steep embankment. Czirban Concrete, the construction company that employed Reagan, had its \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/08/02/employer-of-worker-killed-in-soberanes-fire-under-scrutiny/\">license suspended eight times\u003c/a> by state regulators in the last four years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.montereyherald.com/article/NF/20160912/NEWS/160919935\">most recent water tender incident\u003c/a> took place on the west side of the Soberanes Fire on Sept. 11.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The large vehicle rolled over multiple times down an embankment, according to the U.S. Forest Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The injured 60-year-old man inside was taken to a hospital, where he was expected to make a full recovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forest Service officials have released little about the incident or the worker, despite repeated requests for information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For several days, officials with California’s Division of Occupational Safety and Health (Cal/OSHA) did not believe the incident was in their jurisdiction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the Sobranes Fire is managed by federal fire officials on federal land, Cal/OSHA did not immediately investigate the incident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But last Friday afternoon, five days after the accident, that changed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Per legal guidance that we have recently received, Cal/OSHA ... opened an investigation into this case,\" said agency spokeswoman Julia Bernstein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Industrial Defense Development Inc. is based in both Groveland in Tuolomne County and San Luis Obispo, and is owned by Scott Harvey, who could not be reached for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Czirban Concrete and Industrial Defense Development are just two of a number of companies that Cal Fire and the Forest Service contracted with on the Soberanes Fire, a practice the agencies employ for large wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "a-year-after-the-valley-fire-lake-county-residents-rise-from-the-ashes",
"title": "A Year After the Valley Fire, Lake County Residents Rise From the Ashes",
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"content": "\u003cp>Just last year a massive wildfire was ripping through my \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/10/01/the-valley-fire-what-it-burned-and-what-it-left-behind/\">hometown\u003c/a> in Lake County, a small rural county in the mountains above Napa Valley. The Valley Fire ended up being the third most \u003ca href=\"http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=1226\">destructive\u003c/a> fire in California history, burning 76,067 acres and razing 1,955 structures to the ground. Four people were killed and four firefighters were seriously injured in the blaze.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[gallery type=\"columns\" columns=\"2\" size=\"full\" ids=\"11089308,11089373\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, I made the road trip back up to Cobb Mountain — a small township hit hard by the fire — to see how residents were recovering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/283269036″ params=”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false” width=”100%” height=”166″ iframe=”true” /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nothing’s gotten easier … sorry to say, but you cope with it,” local resident Dean Nicolaides said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11089388\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11089388 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/IMG_0316-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Dean Nicolaides runs the small corner store in Loch Lomond. He lost his home in the Valley Fire. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/IMG_0316-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/IMG_0316-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/IMG_0316-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/IMG_0316-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/IMG_0316-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dean Nicolaides runs the small corner store in Loch Lomond. He lost his home in the Valley Fire. \u003ccite>(Sukey Lewis/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire experts I spoke to said the Valley Fire was unprecedented. Drought, extreme temperatures, high winds and hillsides of densely packed fuel all made it uniquely devastating. But then just last month \u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents/incidentdetails/Index/1390\">another fire\u003c/a> hit the small town of Lower Lake a few miles away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was as if a monster was reappearing, literally, and nobody knew what to do about it,” Nicolaides said. “Like is this the way life is now? There’s always a terror over your shoulder like something else is going to burn?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11089442\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11089442 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/IMG_5820-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Firefighters battling the Clayton Fire in Lower Lake. The blaze destroyed 300 structures in August, 2016.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/IMG_5820-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/IMG_5820-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/IMG_5820-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/IMG_5820-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/IMG_5820-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Firefighters battling the Clayton Fire in Lower Lake. The blaze destroyed 300 structures in August 2016. \u003ccite>(Sukey Lewis/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>According to officials, an arsonist who’s now in custody set the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/08/14/clayton-fire-update-lake-county/\">Clayton Fire\u003c/a>, which destroyed almost 200 homes. Residents were somewhat relieved by this, Nicolaides said, but the fear of fire is still pervasive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I know a lot of people that have suitcases by the door,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I drove through Cobb Mountain’s neighborhood, I saw evidence of the Valley Fire and its aftermath everywhere. Trucks drove past me hauling out dead trees, and contractor advertisements dotted the roadside. And while I saw a few houses going up, many of the lots I passed remained empty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[gallery type=\"columns\" size=\"full\" ids=\"11089438,11089385\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local resident Karl Parker says he and his wife, Linda Liang, are planning to rebuild, but they told me it’s a long process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had to remove over 80 tall trees,” Parker explained. And removing those trees was just one of a million details they’ve had to deal with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to constantly deal and communicate with insurance,” Liang said. “And then there are the permits, and then there are the town meetings, and then there’s the water company, and the PG&E company, and the manufactured home, and replacement of this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11089444\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11089444 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/IMG_0403-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Cobb resident Linda Liang points out the site where her house used to be along with more than 80 tall trees. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/IMG_0403-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/IMG_0403-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/IMG_0403-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/IMG_0403-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/IMG_0403-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cobb resident Linda Liang points out the site where her house used to be along with more than 80 tall trees. \u003ccite>(Sukey Lewis/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s a lot of work to lose a house,” Parker said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This work has stalled rebuilding efforts for many residents. County supervisor and Valley Fire recovery coordinator Rob Brown said only about 20 homes have been completed in the past year. That’s out of 1,281 homes that burned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[gallery size=\"full\" type=\"columns\" ids=\"11089439,11089389\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cleanup so far has cost over $1 billion, according to Brown. And this is in a county of just over \u003ca href=\"http://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/PST045215/06033\">60,000 residents\u003c/a> that was already among the\u003ca href=\"http://www.usatoday.com/story/money/personalfinance/2015/01/10/247-wall-st-poorest-county-each-state/21388095/\"> poorest\u003c/a> in the state. Now the fire has gutted revenue from property taxes, and the recovery is far from over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But where government agencies and even nonprofits have fallen short, another kind of safety net has sprung from the ashes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I stopped in at what’s always been called the Little Red Schoolhouse, where I once performed in a talent show as a kid. Now out back are three shipping containers and a small community garden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11089437\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11089437\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/IMG_0353-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Seven retired schoolteachers set up this community garden and unofficial donation site in Cobb to connect Valley Fire victims with the items they most needed. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/IMG_0353-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/IMG_0353-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/IMG_0353-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/IMG_0353-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/IMG_0353-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Seven retired schoolteachers set up this community garden and unofficial donation site in Cobb to connect Valley Fire victims with the items they most needed. \u003ccite>(Sukey Lewis/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For the past year, retired schoolteacher Dave Geck, along with six other retirees, has been running this makeshift donation and distribution center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People didn’t say ‘go do it, you have to do it,’ ” Geck said. “You just have to feel it in your heart that it’s the thing to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geck and his team took Facebook requests from local residents and did their best to connect them with the things they needed, like tools, shoes, winter clothes and even housing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had somebody who was living in a tent,” Geck said. “And I said, ‘Can we help this person?’ Somebody that weekend donated a trailer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11089451\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11089451\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/IMG_0358-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"For the past year retired schoolteacher Dave Geck volunteered to help victims of the Valley Fire.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/IMG_0358-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/IMG_0358-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/IMG_0358-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/IMG_0358-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/IMG_0358-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">For the past year retired schoolteacher Dave Geck volunteered to help victims of the Valley Fire. \u003ccite>(Sukey Lewis/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I started off my trip with a question: How’s my hometown recovering? And by the end I realized there are so many answers to that question. Four people died. Seven million trees were killed. It’s never going to be the same. But unlike last year, there is a sense of possibility. As my friend Dean Nicolaides said to me, “What was once forest will become a meadow.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, I made the road trip back up to Cobb Mountain — a small township hit hard by the fire — to see how residents were recovering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='”100%”' height='”166″'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/283269036″&visual=true&”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false”'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/283269036″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nothing’s gotten easier … sorry to say, but you cope with it,” local resident Dean Nicolaides said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11089388\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11089388 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/IMG_0316-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Dean Nicolaides runs the small corner store in Loch Lomond. He lost his home in the Valley Fire. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/IMG_0316-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/IMG_0316-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/IMG_0316-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/IMG_0316-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/IMG_0316-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dean Nicolaides runs the small corner store in Loch Lomond. He lost his home in the Valley Fire. \u003ccite>(Sukey Lewis/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire experts I spoke to said the Valley Fire was unprecedented. Drought, extreme temperatures, high winds and hillsides of densely packed fuel all made it uniquely devastating. But then just last month \u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents/incidentdetails/Index/1390\">another fire\u003c/a> hit the small town of Lower Lake a few miles away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was as if a monster was reappearing, literally, and nobody knew what to do about it,” Nicolaides said. “Like is this the way life is now? There’s always a terror over your shoulder like something else is going to burn?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11089442\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11089442 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/IMG_5820-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Firefighters battling the Clayton Fire in Lower Lake. The blaze destroyed 300 structures in August, 2016.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/IMG_5820-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/IMG_5820-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/IMG_5820-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/IMG_5820-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/IMG_5820-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Firefighters battling the Clayton Fire in Lower Lake. The blaze destroyed 300 structures in August 2016. \u003ccite>(Sukey Lewis/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>According to officials, an arsonist who’s now in custody set the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/08/14/clayton-fire-update-lake-county/\">Clayton Fire\u003c/a>, which destroyed almost 200 homes. Residents were somewhat relieved by this, Nicolaides said, but the fear of fire is still pervasive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I know a lot of people that have suitcases by the door,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I drove through Cobb Mountain’s neighborhood, I saw evidence of the Valley Fire and its aftermath everywhere. Trucks drove past me hauling out dead trees, and contractor advertisements dotted the roadside. And while I saw a few houses going up, many of the lots I passed remained empty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local resident Karl Parker says he and his wife, Linda Liang, are planning to rebuild, but they told me it’s a long process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had to remove over 80 tall trees,” Parker explained. And removing those trees was just one of a million details they’ve had to deal with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to constantly deal and communicate with insurance,” Liang said. “And then there are the permits, and then there are the town meetings, and then there’s the water company, and the PG&E company, and the manufactured home, and replacement of this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11089444\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11089444 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/IMG_0403-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Cobb resident Linda Liang points out the site where her house used to be along with more than 80 tall trees. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/IMG_0403-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/IMG_0403-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/IMG_0403-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/IMG_0403-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/IMG_0403-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cobb resident Linda Liang points out the site where her house used to be along with more than 80 tall trees. \u003ccite>(Sukey Lewis/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s a lot of work to lose a house,” Parker said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This work has stalled rebuilding efforts for many residents. County supervisor and Valley Fire recovery coordinator Rob Brown said only about 20 homes have been completed in the past year. That’s out of 1,281 homes that burned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cleanup so far has cost over $1 billion, according to Brown. And this is in a county of just over \u003ca href=\"http://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/PST045215/06033\">60,000 residents\u003c/a> that was already among the\u003ca href=\"http://www.usatoday.com/story/money/personalfinance/2015/01/10/247-wall-st-poorest-county-each-state/21388095/\"> poorest\u003c/a> in the state. Now the fire has gutted revenue from property taxes, and the recovery is far from over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But where government agencies and even nonprofits have fallen short, another kind of safety net has sprung from the ashes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I stopped in at what’s always been called the Little Red Schoolhouse, where I once performed in a talent show as a kid. Now out back are three shipping containers and a small community garden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11089437\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11089437\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/IMG_0353-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Seven retired schoolteachers set up this community garden and unofficial donation site in Cobb to connect Valley Fire victims with the items they most needed. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/IMG_0353-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/IMG_0353-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/IMG_0353-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/IMG_0353-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/IMG_0353-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Seven retired schoolteachers set up this community garden and unofficial donation site in Cobb to connect Valley Fire victims with the items they most needed. \u003ccite>(Sukey Lewis/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For the past year, retired schoolteacher Dave Geck, along with six other retirees, has been running this makeshift donation and distribution center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People didn’t say ‘go do it, you have to do it,’ ” Geck said. “You just have to feel it in your heart that it’s the thing to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geck and his team took Facebook requests from local residents and did their best to connect them with the things they needed, like tools, shoes, winter clothes and even housing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had somebody who was living in a tent,” Geck said. “And I said, ‘Can we help this person?’ Somebody that weekend donated a trailer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11089451\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11089451\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/IMG_0358-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"For the past year retired schoolteacher Dave Geck volunteered to help victims of the Valley Fire.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/IMG_0358-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/IMG_0358-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/IMG_0358-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/IMG_0358-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/IMG_0358-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">For the past year retired schoolteacher Dave Geck volunteered to help victims of the Valley Fire. \u003ccite>(Sukey Lewis/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I started off my trip with a question: How’s my hometown recovering? And by the end I realized there are so many answers to that question. Four people died. Seven million trees were killed. It’s never going to be the same. But unlike last year, there is a sense of possibility. As my friend Dean Nicolaides said to me, “What was once forest will become a meadow.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Congress is moving closer to spending hundreds of millions of dollars to further restore and protect Lake Tahoe, just two weeks after President Obama made his first visit and delivered an impassioned plea about the inseparable link between its economy and environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With a 95-3 vote Thursday, the Senate approved a measure that calls for spending $10 billion on water quality projects nationwide over the next decade, including $415 million for the Lake Tahoe Restoration Act. The measure now goes to the House.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This legislation is critical to continue our progress in restoring and conserving Lake Tahoe's environment for future generations,\" said Joanne Marchetta, executive director of the bistate Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, which oversees the lake that straddles the Nevada-California line atop the Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since President Bill Clinton signed the initial act into law in 2000, nearly $2 billion has been spent on projects at the lake by private entities, along with the federal, state and local governments. The measure, which expired in 2009, authorized $300 million in federal money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clinton attended the first Tahoe Summit at the invitation of U.S. Sen. Harry Reid, D-Nev., in 1997. Obama accepted a similar invitation to speak at the 20th annual summit on Aug. 31.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The beauty of Lake Tahoe is unparalleled,\" Reid said. \"We must do everything we can to keep it that way.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill before Congress includes money for projects to improve water quality, reduce wildfire threats, combat aquatic invasive species and build new public transit systems featuring ecologically friendly roads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obama said in his address that tourist-based economies like the one at Tahoe \"live or die by the health of the environment.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bipartisan cooperation at the lake is evidence \"there's no contradiction between being smart on the environment and having a strong economy,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sen. Dianne Feinstein, D-Calif., praised efforts by Sen. Dean Heller, R-Nev., to gather Republican support for the bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Feinstein said she's most impressed by the more than $330 million the private sector has contributed to the effort that has restored 1,500 streamside zones and added 2,700 linear feet of shoreline to public access areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She noted, however, that experts recently warned Tahoe is warming faster than any large lake in the world due to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This red flag reminds us why additional funding is vital to preserve the pristine nature of Lake Tahoe,\" she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Underwater visibility stretched to a depth of 105 feet in 1968 when scientists first measured it by lowering a white, dinner-plate-size disk into the water until it disappeared. Clarity worsened by 30 percent over the next three decades — about a foot a year — falling to a record-poor 64 feet in 1997.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, the loss of clarity has slowed, registering 73 feet last year. The long-term goal is to get back to 100 feet, with a short-term goal of 78 feet by 2026, sustained for five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Feinstein, who grew up in the San Francisco Bay Area, and Heller, former chairman of the Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, have been visiting the lake since they were children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"With five generations of Hellers enjoying the Lake Tahoe Basin, this bill hits close to home for me,\" Heller said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Congress is moving closer to spending hundreds of millions of dollars to further restore and protect Lake Tahoe, just two weeks after President Obama made his first visit and delivered an impassioned plea about the inseparable link between its economy and environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With a 95-3 vote Thursday, the Senate approved a measure that calls for spending $10 billion on water quality projects nationwide over the next decade, including $415 million for the Lake Tahoe Restoration Act. The measure now goes to the House.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This legislation is critical to continue our progress in restoring and conserving Lake Tahoe's environment for future generations,\" said Joanne Marchetta, executive director of the bistate Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, which oversees the lake that straddles the Nevada-California line atop the Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since President Bill Clinton signed the initial act into law in 2000, nearly $2 billion has been spent on projects at the lake by private entities, along with the federal, state and local governments. The measure, which expired in 2009, authorized $300 million in federal money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clinton attended the first Tahoe Summit at the invitation of U.S. Sen. Harry Reid, D-Nev., in 1997. Obama accepted a similar invitation to speak at the 20th annual summit on Aug. 31.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The beauty of Lake Tahoe is unparalleled,\" Reid said. \"We must do everything we can to keep it that way.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill before Congress includes money for projects to improve water quality, reduce wildfire threats, combat aquatic invasive species and build new public transit systems featuring ecologically friendly roads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obama said in his address that tourist-based economies like the one at Tahoe \"live or die by the health of the environment.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bipartisan cooperation at the lake is evidence \"there's no contradiction between being smart on the environment and having a strong economy,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sen. Dianne Feinstein, D-Calif., praised efforts by Sen. Dean Heller, R-Nev., to gather Republican support for the bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Feinstein said she's most impressed by the more than $330 million the private sector has contributed to the effort that has restored 1,500 streamside zones and added 2,700 linear feet of shoreline to public access areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She noted, however, that experts recently warned Tahoe is warming faster than any large lake in the world due to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This red flag reminds us why additional funding is vital to preserve the pristine nature of Lake Tahoe,\" she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Underwater visibility stretched to a depth of 105 feet in 1968 when scientists first measured it by lowering a white, dinner-plate-size disk into the water until it disappeared. Clarity worsened by 30 percent over the next three decades — about a foot a year — falling to a record-poor 64 feet in 1997.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, the loss of clarity has slowed, registering 73 feet last year. The long-term goal is to get back to 100 feet, with a short-term goal of 78 feet by 2026, sustained for five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Feinstein, who grew up in the San Francisco Bay Area, and Heller, former chairman of the Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, have been visiting the lake since they were children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"With five generations of Hellers enjoying the Lake Tahoe Basin, this bill hits close to home for me,\" Heller said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Two recently passed bills -- one of which Gov. Jerry Brown has not yet signed -- could play a big role in a trio of Bay Area water pollution lawsuits against agricultural chemical giant Monsanto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Jose, Berkeley and Oakland have each sued the company in federal court to recover costs associated with cleaning up stormwater containing polychlorinated biphenyls, or PCBs, that the company manufactured from the 1930s through the time they were banned in the late 1970s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The toxic chemicals were widely used to insulate electrical transformers and in a variety of other applications, including paint, caulking, ink and lubricants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. District Court Judge Edward J. Davila \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/08/26/bay-area-cities-try-to-revive-pcb-pollution-case-against-monsanto/\">ruled last month\u003c/a> the cities did not have ownership over the stormwater that's at issue in the case and thus lacked legal standing to sue Monsanto for creating a public nuisance. But Davila did allow the cities to amend their complaints and refile them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The amended complaints, filed earlier this week, rely in part on two laws just passed by the Legislature. One of them, \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB2594\" target=\"_blank\">AB 2594\u003c/a>, allows cities to capture and reuse storm runoff and thus gives them a property interest in stormwater. Gov. Brown has not yet signed the legislation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this week, Brown did sign a second bill, \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB859\" target=\"_blank\">SB 859\u003c/a>, which gives local governments new power -- and responsibility -- to sue to stop public nuisances on property that has been granted in trust by the state. In the Bay Area, some of those public trust lands are actually offshore and include tidelands and submerged property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So if I’m a city and I have public trust lands in my trust, then I need to do what I need to do, including file lawsuits, to protect those lands,\" said John Fiske, an attorney for the cities suing Monsanto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley's lawsuit against Monsanto says the city holds more than 4,300 acres of offshore property polluted by the company's PCBs. Oakland's tidelands and submerged lands total 5,000 acres, its lawsuit says. The refiled San Jose lawsuit does not cite SB 859.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Both of these (measures) confirm the arguments that the cities have had, which is that the people of the state of California want cities to protect natural resources such as water and tidelands,\" Fiske said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scott Partridge, Monsanto vice president for global strategy, blasted the amended complaints as \"defective.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The cities continue to invent new theories of owning abandoned stormwater and urban runoff that will only make the cities more liable -- and in more cases -- for impacts to San Francisco Bay,\" Partridge said. \"... No court in the country has imposed the costs associated with city discharge permits onto others. The product manufacturer did not place any PCBs into the bay, and the new complaints do not change that basic fact.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cities in the case are among several in the country that want Monsanto to contribute to the cost of cleaning up PCB contamination.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Two recently passed bills -- one of which Gov. Jerry Brown has not yet signed -- could play a big role in a trio of Bay Area water pollution lawsuits against agricultural chemical giant Monsanto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Jose, Berkeley and Oakland have each sued the company in federal court to recover costs associated with cleaning up stormwater containing polychlorinated biphenyls, or PCBs, that the company manufactured from the 1930s through the time they were banned in the late 1970s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The toxic chemicals were widely used to insulate electrical transformers and in a variety of other applications, including paint, caulking, ink and lubricants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. District Court Judge Edward J. Davila \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/08/26/bay-area-cities-try-to-revive-pcb-pollution-case-against-monsanto/\">ruled last month\u003c/a> the cities did not have ownership over the stormwater that's at issue in the case and thus lacked legal standing to sue Monsanto for creating a public nuisance. But Davila did allow the cities to amend their complaints and refile them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The amended complaints, filed earlier this week, rely in part on two laws just passed by the Legislature. One of them, \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB2594\" target=\"_blank\">AB 2594\u003c/a>, allows cities to capture and reuse storm runoff and thus gives them a property interest in stormwater. Gov. Brown has not yet signed the legislation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this week, Brown did sign a second bill, \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB859\" target=\"_blank\">SB 859\u003c/a>, which gives local governments new power -- and responsibility -- to sue to stop public nuisances on property that has been granted in trust by the state. In the Bay Area, some of those public trust lands are actually offshore and include tidelands and submerged property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So if I’m a city and I have public trust lands in my trust, then I need to do what I need to do, including file lawsuits, to protect those lands,\" said John Fiske, an attorney for the cities suing Monsanto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley's lawsuit against Monsanto says the city holds more than 4,300 acres of offshore property polluted by the company's PCBs. Oakland's tidelands and submerged lands total 5,000 acres, its lawsuit says. The refiled San Jose lawsuit does not cite SB 859.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Both of these (measures) confirm the arguments that the cities have had, which is that the people of the state of California want cities to protect natural resources such as water and tidelands,\" Fiske said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scott Partridge, Monsanto vice president for global strategy, blasted the amended complaints as \"defective.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The cities continue to invent new theories of owning abandoned stormwater and urban runoff that will only make the cities more liable -- and in more cases -- for impacts to San Francisco Bay,\" Partridge said. \"... No court in the country has imposed the costs associated with city discharge permits onto others. The product manufacturer did not place any PCBs into the bay, and the new complaints do not change that basic fact.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cities in the case are among several in the country that want Monsanto to contribute to the cost of cleaning up PCB contamination.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Part one of “Cannabis at a Crossroads” looks at a new program launched in Humboldt County, 300 miles north of San Francisco, where people from around the world have been rushing to grow marijuana. The county’s new cannabis cultivation rules allow growers to apply for a permit to grow their crop and help keep it out of the black market. But it’s uncharted territory for the county, law enforcement and thousands of marijuana farmers in Humboldt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/tv/programs/newsroom/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">KQED NEWSROOM\u003c/a> is a weekly news magazine program that airs on television, radio and online. Watch Fridays at 8 p.m. on KQED Public Television 9, listen on Sundays at 6 p.m. on KQED Public Radio 88.5 FM, or watch online \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/tv/programs/newsroom/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"title": "Bay Area Water Supply in the Crosshairs of New River Plan",
"headTitle": "Bay Area Water Supply in the Crosshairs of New River Plan | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>State water officials have released a proposal to boost the flow of California’s second-longest river, the San Joaquin. The river plays a \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/08/19/the-biggest-california-water-decision-youve-never-heard-of/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">huge role in the state’s water supply\u003c/a>, which means even San Francisco and other Bay Area cities could be facing cutbacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The State Water Resources Control Board says restoring water to the river is necessary to bring back endangered salmon and protect water quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an unprecedented move, the water board will likely take that water from districts with “senior” rights, like the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission. Their water rights have long been considered untouchable because they’re some of the oldest in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Reviving a Dry River\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”kHU93rSb6DA8Obd13j5cs0uyT28It0sC”]The San Joaquin River isn’t considered a “river” by some. It goes completely dry in places because farms and cities pump so much water out of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All of this unsustainable diversion of water has led to a collapse of salmon populations that used to be the most abundant salmon populations in California,” says Jon Rosenfield, a biologist with the Bay Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As required by federal law, the state water board must review water quality on the San Joaquin River, but \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/08/19/the-biggest-california-water-decision-youve-never-heard-of/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hasn’t substantially updated its plan for the river in 20 years\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taking recent salmon declines into account, the board is proposing that 40 percent of the river’s flow be restored, including the water flowing down the river’s three tributaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bay Area Supply\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The SFPUC and its Hetch Hetchy Water System gets the majority of its water from one of those tributaries, the Tuolumne River. It supplies more than two million people in San Francisco and on the Peninsula.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a big deal,” says Steven Ritchie, SFPUC’s Assistant General Manager. “It’s not whether or not, but how much of an impact an action like this would have on us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cutbacks could also affect the agricultural water districts on the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is an all-out assault on the people in these affected communities,” says Jake Wenger of Modesto Irrigation District.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s going to be huge because it’s going to set a precedent for every water rights holder in the state of California.’\u003ccite>Jake Wenger, Modesto Irrigation District\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Wenger expects to see fallowed farmland and job losses in his district. State officials estimate $64 million dollars in economic losses statewide, though agricultural areas estimate it to be higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The SFPUC’s water supply would be cut before supplies for agricultural areas like Turlock Irrigation District and Modesto Irrigation District, because its water rights are junior to theirs. The state water board will hold lengthy hearings determining where the water cuts should come from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If cutbacks are implemented, the SFPUC would have to ramp up conservation or look for new water supplies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By using water more efficiently, we can continue to have a strong economy while restoring our rivers and the Bay-Delta,” says Peter Drekmeier of the Tuolumne River Trust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Urban people tend to have more resources than agricultural people, so urbans have more flexibility,” says Ritchie. “But when the requirements get extreme, you’re pushing that to the extreme and the water rate implications of dealing with this are probably significant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Untouchable Water Rights\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water board’s plan marks \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/08/19/the-biggest-california-water-decision-youve-never-heard-of/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the first time that many “senior” water districts\u003c/a> will contend with cuts for endangered wildlife, which is common for many districts with junior rights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to be huge because it’s going to set a precedent for every water rights holder in the state of California,” says Wenger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conservationists are equally unhappy about the proposal, but for the opposite reason. They say it’s not enough water in the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The flows called for are very unlikely to make the San Joaquin into a functioning, viable river again,” says Rosenfield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state is trying to strike a balance between people and wildlife on the San Joaquin River, but no one is happy. The proposal could be approved early next year. Lawsuits will probably follow soon after.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>State water officials have released a proposal to boost the flow of California’s second-longest river, the San Joaquin. The river plays a \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/08/19/the-biggest-california-water-decision-youve-never-heard-of/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">huge role in the state’s water supply\u003c/a>, which means even San Francisco and other Bay Area cities could be facing cutbacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The State Water Resources Control Board says restoring water to the river is necessary to bring back endangered salmon and protect water quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an unprecedented move, the water board will likely take that water from districts with “senior” rights, like the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission. Their water rights have long been considered untouchable because they’re some of the oldest in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Reviving a Dry River\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The San Joaquin River isn’t considered a “river” by some. It goes completely dry in places because farms and cities pump so much water out of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All of this unsustainable diversion of water has led to a collapse of salmon populations that used to be the most abundant salmon populations in California,” says Jon Rosenfield, a biologist with the Bay Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As required by federal law, the state water board must review water quality on the San Joaquin River, but \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/08/19/the-biggest-california-water-decision-youve-never-heard-of/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hasn’t substantially updated its plan for the river in 20 years\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taking recent salmon declines into account, the board is proposing that 40 percent of the river’s flow be restored, including the water flowing down the river’s three tributaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bay Area Supply\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The SFPUC and its Hetch Hetchy Water System gets the majority of its water from one of those tributaries, the Tuolumne River. It supplies more than two million people in San Francisco and on the Peninsula.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a big deal,” says Steven Ritchie, SFPUC’s Assistant General Manager. “It’s not whether or not, but how much of an impact an action like this would have on us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cutbacks could also affect the agricultural water districts on the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is an all-out assault on the people in these affected communities,” says Jake Wenger of Modesto Irrigation District.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s going to be huge because it’s going to set a precedent for every water rights holder in the state of California.’\u003ccite>Jake Wenger, Modesto Irrigation District\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Wenger expects to see fallowed farmland and job losses in his district. State officials estimate $64 million dollars in economic losses statewide, though agricultural areas estimate it to be higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The SFPUC’s water supply would be cut before supplies for agricultural areas like Turlock Irrigation District and Modesto Irrigation District, because its water rights are junior to theirs. The state water board will hold lengthy hearings determining where the water cuts should come from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If cutbacks are implemented, the SFPUC would have to ramp up conservation or look for new water supplies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By using water more efficiently, we can continue to have a strong economy while restoring our rivers and the Bay-Delta,” says Peter Drekmeier of the Tuolumne River Trust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Urban people tend to have more resources than agricultural people, so urbans have more flexibility,” says Ritchie. “But when the requirements get extreme, you’re pushing that to the extreme and the water rate implications of dealing with this are probably significant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Untouchable Water Rights\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water board’s plan marks \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/08/19/the-biggest-california-water-decision-youve-never-heard-of/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the first time that many “senior” water districts\u003c/a> will contend with cuts for endangered wildlife, which is common for many districts with junior rights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to be huge because it’s going to set a precedent for every water rights holder in the state of California,” says Wenger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conservationists are equally unhappy about the proposal, but for the opposite reason. They say it’s not enough water in the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The flows called for are very unlikely to make the San Joaquin into a functioning, viable river again,” says Rosenfield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state is trying to strike a balance between people and wildlife on the San Joaquin River, but no one is happy. The proposal could be approved early next year. Lawsuits will probably follow soon after.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "The Surprising Science of Wildfires and Tree-Killing Beetles",
"headTitle": "The Surprising Science of Wildfires and Tree-Killing Beetles | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>So far this year \u003ca href=\"http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_stats?year=2016\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">4,636 wildfires\u003c/a> in California have burned more than 200,000 acres. That’s more fires than this time last year and more fires than the five-year average. In fact, in the last few decades, the number of large fires are on the rise across the Western United States and the length of the fire season continues to expand.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">There are some areas, particularly in parts of the southern Sierra Nevada, where up to 85 percent of the large trees are dead or dying.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>One of the biggest reasons for this is \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/07/05/summer-of-fire-climate-change-driving-wildfires\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">warming temperatures\u003c/a>, which are impacting snowpack and ushering in an earlier spring. California has an added challenge of dealing with a five-year drought. The drought and climate change have allowed bark beetles to get the upper hand in swathes of forest in the Sierra Nevada, creating what ecologists call “pulses” of tree mortality. To the average person it looks like a lot of red needles on dead trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Forest Service last estimated some \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/06/29/summer-of-fire-drought-transforms-southern-sierra\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">66 million dead trees\u003c/a> in the Sierra Nevada based on aerial surveys – it’s not a huge number compared to the entire region, but the dead trees aren’t spread out evenly across the mountain range. Instead, there are some areas, particularly in parts of the southern Sierra Nevada, where up to 85 percent of the large trees are dead or dying. This rings alarm bells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One such bell is the role that these beetle-killed trees play in increasing fire danger. Lots of dead trees surely means there is an increased risk of severe wildfires, right? \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack \u003ca href=\"http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdamobile?contentid=2016/06/0150.xml&contentidonly=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">said\u003c/a>, “Tree dies-offs of this magnitude are unprecedented and increase the risk of catastrophic wildfires that puts property and lives at risk.” The media have also repeatedly reported that beetle-killed trees are creating a tinder box.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It makes logical sense, but a growing body of scientific research being conducted in the field is revealing otherwise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fire Probability\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”iPsN9cgY2cE59mWyfxqdPy9Jbqn9goW6″]In considering whether beetle-killed trees affect fire risk, researchers often consider two different dimensions. The first is the probability that a fire will occur. So, are we likely to see more wildfires in places with pulses of tree mortality from beetles? And second, when fires do occur in an area with beetle-killed trees, will it burn more severely?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to the first area of study, the science conducted in the mountains in the American West in recent years is growing in consensus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://geography.colorado.edu/people/faculty_member/veblen_tom\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tom Veblen\u003c/a>, a professor of geography at the University of Colorado at Boulder, has been involved in studying the effects of fire and mountain pine beetle outbreaks in the Rocky Mountains for 25 years. He is also the co-author of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/112/14/4375.abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study led by Sarah J. Hart\u003c/a>, also of\u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.C.\u003c/span>-Boulder, that was published last year in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Hart study looked at the effects of mountain pine beetles across forests in the Western \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> (excluding Alaska) and found definitively that the area burned has not increased because of beetle-killed trees. This includes whether the trees were in the “red stage,” which means the dead needles are still on the trees, or the “grey stage,” in which the needles have fallen off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is one of several studies that have reached the same conclusion,” said Veblen. “There are no studies that I know that have shown the opposite, even though my intuitive expectation and that of many other researchers at the outset was that we should find either an increase in likelihood of fire, meaning probability of fire occurrence after bark beetle outbreaks, or we should see an increase of fire severity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harold Zald, now at Humboldt State University, found similar results in the Pacific Northwest. He co-authored a \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1890/ES15-00037.1/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> that looked at data beginning in the 1970s to determine the effects of two insects – mountain pine beetles and western spruce budworm – on fires in the mountains of Oregon and Washington. “You just don’t see the probability of fire increasing after a lot of tree mortality due to these insects,” said Zald. In fact, in some cases, fire likelihood was lower where western spruce budworm, a “defoliator” that consumes needles, had killed trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fire Severity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you move beyond fire probability to whether or not these dead trees increase fire severity, things get a bit more complicated. Some studies using computer modeling have shown that fire severity could increase, especially shortly following tree mortality when red needles are still on the trees. The Forest Service maintains that fire risk also increases when dead trees fall to the forest floor. The service states on its \u003ca href=\"http://www.fs.usda.gov/detail/catreemortality/home/?cid=fseprd499698\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">website\u003c/a>, “Observation of recent wildfires has shown that dead trees ignited easily and burned hotter and faster than the living trees containing minimal moisture.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://nature.berkeley.edu/stephenslab/lab-members/dr-brandon-collins/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Brandon Collins\u003c/a>, a research fire scientist with the Forest Service and University of California at Berkeley, said that since green trees contain more moisture than dead trees, it’s easier for combustion to take place. “In a beetle-killed tree there is much less of a threshold to get over in terms of driving off moisture,” he said. And if surrounding trees also contain low moisture, there is the potential of the fire to spread at a higher rate as a burning tree throws off embers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But recent field studies found different results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128027493000062\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published\u003c/a> by Veblen and Clark University’s Dominik Kulakowski in 2015 found that “the best available science indicates that outbreaks of bark beetles do not increase the risk of high-severity fires in lodgepole pine and spruce-fir forests of the Rocky Mountains.” It’s possible that in some cases the loss of needles would reduce the risk of crown fires, which spread from the canopy of trees and are associated with severe fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2011 \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1890/10-1176.1/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> led by Martin Simard of the University of Wisconsin looked at lodgepole pine forests in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, which encompasses parts of Wyoming, Montana and Idaho, and found that when it comes to beetles and fire, “contrary to conventional wisdom, the interaction was a negative feedback in which the probability of active crown fire appeared to be reduced.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2009 \u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/publications/papers/Bond_et_al.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> looked at conifer forests in the San Bernardino Mountains in Southern California after significant tree mortality, stemming from a pine beetle outbreak in 2002, was followed by fires in subsequent years. The study also did not find evidence of increased severity in pre-killed trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The forests with a lot of snags [dead trees] including with a lot of snags with orange needles still on the trees, they did not burn more severely than the areas with few or no snags,” said \u003ca href=\"http://johnmuirproject.org/profile/chad-hanson/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chad Hanson\u003c/a>, an ecologist with the John Muir Project and one of the study’s co-authors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In that study the researchers also found that larger trees, those over 61 centimeters (24 inches) in diameter, burned less severely than areas with trees that were 28 to 60 centimeters in diameter. “This result suggests that harvesting larger-sized trees for fire-severity reduction purposes is likely to be ineffective and possibly counter-productive,” the researchers wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Zald, whose work has focused on the Pacific Northwest, said that one of the biggest findings from looking at the research is that context matters – findings can change based on location, the kind of insect, how long ago the tree mortality occurred and whether studies were done on individual fires or across regions. What may be true for lodgepole pine forests in the Rocky Mountains may not be true for mixed conifer forests in the Sierra Nevada, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Veblen said that not much research has been done yet in California. “There has been a disconnect between the researchers in California, who are sometimes quoted as saying [that] because of bark beetle mortality we are very likely to see an increase in fire severity, versus a large body of research on the Rocky Mountain region which does not support that assertion,” said Veblen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research location is key. “We have pretty clear answers to these questions for high elevations, subalpine forests,” said Veblen. This include forests with Engelmann spruce, subalpine fir and lodgepole pine. But at lower elevations with chaparral and patches of conifer, there has been little research, and changes in vegetation type can result in radical changes in fuels, affecting fire behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fire Drivers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These findings may seem counterintuitive if you’ve ever made a campfire, as dead wood clearly burns more readily than green wood. But the magnitude of forest fires can change the equation. Findings suggest that under certain conditions, it actually doesn’t matter if the trees are alive or dead. “During extreme fire weather that promotes high fire activity in the western United States, fuels are likely dry enough to promote extensive burning regardless of alterations to fuels due to [mountain pine beetle] infestation,” the Hart study found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Collins concurred, and said that under dry and windy conditions, tree moisture may not matter. But he added, “Under anything less than those extreme examples, then yes, the moisture does matter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also another explanation. “The increase in bark beetle activity hasn’t fundamentally changed the potential for fire because fire is being driven by climate,” said Veblen. “It’s a tinderbox because of global warming – it’s really that simple.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Veblen’s work points out that the overwhelming conclusion of the growing body of research highlights a much larger problem that is driving both fires and tree mortality from beetles: climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Research conducted thus far has consistently indicated that weather and climate are more important than the effects of outbreaks in determining fire risk and behavior in Rocky Mountain subalpine forests,” wrote Veblen and Kulakowski. “Although thoroughly considering the nuanced links between outbreaks and wildfires is important, recognizing that the increase in both outbreaks and wildfires is primarily driven by climatic warming may be as, or perhaps even more, important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just because the findings may not implicate beetle-killed trees in increased fire severity or probability in some places, there may still be other ways in which they affect fire behavior. And, if the trees are in places near homes and other infrastructure, they do still require mitigation, said Veblen, because they can be a danger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">“If we focus on protecting homes, it gives us the potential to reintroduce fire, including larger, mixed intensity fires, into our forests in remote areas and allow those fires to burn without trying to suppress them,” said Hanson. “For the next decade or more, the bulk of our resources need to be spent making sure homes are protected.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003cem>This article originally appeared on \u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Water Deeply\u003c/a>, and you can find the original \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/09/14/the-surprising-science-of-wildfires-and-tree-killing-beetles\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003ca href=\"http://nwsdp.ly/waterlist\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sign up to the Water Deeply email list\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Beetles are killing trees in the Western United States and it seems only logical that the dead, dry trees would increase risk of wildfires, but recent scientific studies suggest the issue is more complicated.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>So far this year \u003ca href=\"http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_stats?year=2016\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">4,636 wildfires\u003c/a> in California have burned more than 200,000 acres. That’s more fires than this time last year and more fires than the five-year average. In fact, in the last few decades, the number of large fires are on the rise across the Western United States and the length of the fire season continues to expand.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">There are some areas, particularly in parts of the southern Sierra Nevada, where up to 85 percent of the large trees are dead or dying.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>One of the biggest reasons for this is \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/07/05/summer-of-fire-climate-change-driving-wildfires\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">warming temperatures\u003c/a>, which are impacting snowpack and ushering in an earlier spring. California has an added challenge of dealing with a five-year drought. The drought and climate change have allowed bark beetles to get the upper hand in swathes of forest in the Sierra Nevada, creating what ecologists call “pulses” of tree mortality. To the average person it looks like a lot of red needles on dead trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Forest Service last estimated some \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/06/29/summer-of-fire-drought-transforms-southern-sierra\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">66 million dead trees\u003c/a> in the Sierra Nevada based on aerial surveys – it’s not a huge number compared to the entire region, but the dead trees aren’t spread out evenly across the mountain range. Instead, there are some areas, particularly in parts of the southern Sierra Nevada, where up to 85 percent of the large trees are dead or dying. This rings alarm bells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One such bell is the role that these beetle-killed trees play in increasing fire danger. Lots of dead trees surely means there is an increased risk of severe wildfires, right? \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack \u003ca href=\"http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdamobile?contentid=2016/06/0150.xml&contentidonly=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">said\u003c/a>, “Tree dies-offs of this magnitude are unprecedented and increase the risk of catastrophic wildfires that puts property and lives at risk.” The media have also repeatedly reported that beetle-killed trees are creating a tinder box.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It makes logical sense, but a growing body of scientific research being conducted in the field is revealing otherwise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fire Probability\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>In considering whether beetle-killed trees affect fire risk, researchers often consider two different dimensions. The first is the probability that a fire will occur. So, are we likely to see more wildfires in places with pulses of tree mortality from beetles? And second, when fires do occur in an area with beetle-killed trees, will it burn more severely?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to the first area of study, the science conducted in the mountains in the American West in recent years is growing in consensus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://geography.colorado.edu/people/faculty_member/veblen_tom\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tom Veblen\u003c/a>, a professor of geography at the University of Colorado at Boulder, has been involved in studying the effects of fire and mountain pine beetle outbreaks in the Rocky Mountains for 25 years. He is also the co-author of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/112/14/4375.abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study led by Sarah J. Hart\u003c/a>, also of\u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.C.\u003c/span>-Boulder, that was published last year in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Hart study looked at the effects of mountain pine beetles across forests in the Western \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> (excluding Alaska) and found definitively that the area burned has not increased because of beetle-killed trees. This includes whether the trees were in the “red stage,” which means the dead needles are still on the trees, or the “grey stage,” in which the needles have fallen off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is one of several studies that have reached the same conclusion,” said Veblen. “There are no studies that I know that have shown the opposite, even though my intuitive expectation and that of many other researchers at the outset was that we should find either an increase in likelihood of fire, meaning probability of fire occurrence after bark beetle outbreaks, or we should see an increase of fire severity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harold Zald, now at Humboldt State University, found similar results in the Pacific Northwest. He co-authored a \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1890/ES15-00037.1/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> that looked at data beginning in the 1970s to determine the effects of two insects – mountain pine beetles and western spruce budworm – on fires in the mountains of Oregon and Washington. “You just don’t see the probability of fire increasing after a lot of tree mortality due to these insects,” said Zald. In fact, in some cases, fire likelihood was lower where western spruce budworm, a “defoliator” that consumes needles, had killed trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fire Severity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you move beyond fire probability to whether or not these dead trees increase fire severity, things get a bit more complicated. Some studies using computer modeling have shown that fire severity could increase, especially shortly following tree mortality when red needles are still on the trees. The Forest Service maintains that fire risk also increases when dead trees fall to the forest floor. The service states on its \u003ca href=\"http://www.fs.usda.gov/detail/catreemortality/home/?cid=fseprd499698\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">website\u003c/a>, “Observation of recent wildfires has shown that dead trees ignited easily and burned hotter and faster than the living trees containing minimal moisture.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://nature.berkeley.edu/stephenslab/lab-members/dr-brandon-collins/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Brandon Collins\u003c/a>, a research fire scientist with the Forest Service and University of California at Berkeley, said that since green trees contain more moisture than dead trees, it’s easier for combustion to take place. “In a beetle-killed tree there is much less of a threshold to get over in terms of driving off moisture,” he said. And if surrounding trees also contain low moisture, there is the potential of the fire to spread at a higher rate as a burning tree throws off embers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But recent field studies found different results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128027493000062\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published\u003c/a> by Veblen and Clark University’s Dominik Kulakowski in 2015 found that “the best available science indicates that outbreaks of bark beetles do not increase the risk of high-severity fires in lodgepole pine and spruce-fir forests of the Rocky Mountains.” It’s possible that in some cases the loss of needles would reduce the risk of crown fires, which spread from the canopy of trees and are associated with severe fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2011 \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1890/10-1176.1/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> led by Martin Simard of the University of Wisconsin looked at lodgepole pine forests in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, which encompasses parts of Wyoming, Montana and Idaho, and found that when it comes to beetles and fire, “contrary to conventional wisdom, the interaction was a negative feedback in which the probability of active crown fire appeared to be reduced.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2009 \u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/publications/papers/Bond_et_al.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> looked at conifer forests in the San Bernardino Mountains in Southern California after significant tree mortality, stemming from a pine beetle outbreak in 2002, was followed by fires in subsequent years. The study also did not find evidence of increased severity in pre-killed trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The forests with a lot of snags [dead trees] including with a lot of snags with orange needles still on the trees, they did not burn more severely than the areas with few or no snags,” said \u003ca href=\"http://johnmuirproject.org/profile/chad-hanson/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chad Hanson\u003c/a>, an ecologist with the John Muir Project and one of the study’s co-authors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In that study the researchers also found that larger trees, those over 61 centimeters (24 inches) in diameter, burned less severely than areas with trees that were 28 to 60 centimeters in diameter. “This result suggests that harvesting larger-sized trees for fire-severity reduction purposes is likely to be ineffective and possibly counter-productive,” the researchers wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Zald, whose work has focused on the Pacific Northwest, said that one of the biggest findings from looking at the research is that context matters – findings can change based on location, the kind of insect, how long ago the tree mortality occurred and whether studies were done on individual fires or across regions. What may be true for lodgepole pine forests in the Rocky Mountains may not be true for mixed conifer forests in the Sierra Nevada, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Veblen said that not much research has been done yet in California. “There has been a disconnect between the researchers in California, who are sometimes quoted as saying [that] because of bark beetle mortality we are very likely to see an increase in fire severity, versus a large body of research on the Rocky Mountain region which does not support that assertion,” said Veblen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research location is key. “We have pretty clear answers to these questions for high elevations, subalpine forests,” said Veblen. This include forests with Engelmann spruce, subalpine fir and lodgepole pine. But at lower elevations with chaparral and patches of conifer, there has been little research, and changes in vegetation type can result in radical changes in fuels, affecting fire behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fire Drivers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These findings may seem counterintuitive if you’ve ever made a campfire, as dead wood clearly burns more readily than green wood. But the magnitude of forest fires can change the equation. Findings suggest that under certain conditions, it actually doesn’t matter if the trees are alive or dead. “During extreme fire weather that promotes high fire activity in the western United States, fuels are likely dry enough to promote extensive burning regardless of alterations to fuels due to [mountain pine beetle] infestation,” the Hart study found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Collins concurred, and said that under dry and windy conditions, tree moisture may not matter. But he added, “Under anything less than those extreme examples, then yes, the moisture does matter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also another explanation. “The increase in bark beetle activity hasn’t fundamentally changed the potential for fire because fire is being driven by climate,” said Veblen. “It’s a tinderbox because of global warming – it’s really that simple.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Veblen’s work points out that the overwhelming conclusion of the growing body of research highlights a much larger problem that is driving both fires and tree mortality from beetles: climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Research conducted thus far has consistently indicated that weather and climate are more important than the effects of outbreaks in determining fire risk and behavior in Rocky Mountain subalpine forests,” wrote Veblen and Kulakowski. “Although thoroughly considering the nuanced links between outbreaks and wildfires is important, recognizing that the increase in both outbreaks and wildfires is primarily driven by climatic warming may be as, or perhaps even more, important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just because the findings may not implicate beetle-killed trees in increased fire severity or probability in some places, there may still be other ways in which they affect fire behavior. And, if the trees are in places near homes and other infrastructure, they do still require mitigation, said Veblen, because they can be a danger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">“If we focus on protecting homes, it gives us the potential to reintroduce fire, including larger, mixed intensity fires, into our forests in remote areas and allow those fires to burn without trying to suppress them,” said Hanson. “For the next decade or more, the bulk of our resources need to be spent making sure homes are protected.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003cem>This article originally appeared on \u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Water Deeply\u003c/a>, and you can find the original \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/09/14/the-surprising-science-of-wildfires-and-tree-killing-beetles\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003ca href=\"http://nwsdp.ly/waterlist\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sign up to the Water Deeply email list\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Southern California Gas Co. has agreed to pay $4 million to settle a case in which it \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/02/03/california-utility-faces-criminal-charges-over-ongoing-gas-leak/\" target=\"_blank\">faced a criminal charge\u003c/a> associated with its handling of a massive gas leak in Porter Ranch, an affluent neighborhood of Los Angeles, last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The utility pleaded no contest to a single misdemeanor count for failing to immediately report the gas leak to state officials as required by law when it occurred on Oct. 23, 2015. Instead, the company waited three days before alerting state emergency officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This agreement ensures that Southern California Gas Co. is held accountable for its criminal actions for failing to immediately report the leak,\" District Attorney Jackie Lacey said in a \u003ca href=\"http://da.co.la.ca.us/media/news/socal-gas-pay-4-million-failing-immediately-report-aliso-canyon-leak-authorities\">statement.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"PKIoXl6cq2rgVBicxM2h6VX2rKtBem2G\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gas leak caused about 8,000 families to leave their homes for months. Many displaced residents complained of headaches, nosebleeds and nausea. The leak wasn't capped until February 2016. It is \u003ca href=\"http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/U/US_CALIFORNIA_GAS_LEAK?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT\">reported\u003c/a> to be the largest known release of climate-changing methane in U.S. history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The settlement calls for SoCal Gas to pay a maximum fine of $75,000 and a penalty of $232,000. The bulk of the $4 million settlement cost will come from the installation and maintenance of an infrared methane leak detection system, including the hiring of six full-time monitors over the next three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-porter-ranch-settlement-20160913-snap-story.html\">Los Angeles Times\u003c/a>, the utility still faces civil lawsuits from thousands of Porter Ranch residents, including some who are demanding the closure of the Aliso Canyon facility. But SoCal Gas officials say that facility is an essential part of the company's energy infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Southern California Gas Co. has agreed to pay $4 million to settle a case in which it \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/02/03/california-utility-faces-criminal-charges-over-ongoing-gas-leak/\" target=\"_blank\">faced a criminal charge\u003c/a> associated with its handling of a massive gas leak in Porter Ranch, an affluent neighborhood of Los Angeles, last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The utility pleaded no contest to a single misdemeanor count for failing to immediately report the gas leak to state officials as required by law when it occurred on Oct. 23, 2015. Instead, the company waited three days before alerting state emergency officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This agreement ensures that Southern California Gas Co. is held accountable for its criminal actions for failing to immediately report the leak,\" District Attorney Jackie Lacey said in a \u003ca href=\"http://da.co.la.ca.us/media/news/socal-gas-pay-4-million-failing-immediately-report-aliso-canyon-leak-authorities\">statement.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gas leak caused about 8,000 families to leave their homes for months. Many displaced residents complained of headaches, nosebleeds and nausea. The leak wasn't capped until February 2016. It is \u003ca href=\"http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/U/US_CALIFORNIA_GAS_LEAK?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT\">reported\u003c/a> to be the largest known release of climate-changing methane in U.S. history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The settlement calls for SoCal Gas to pay a maximum fine of $75,000 and a penalty of $232,000. The bulk of the $4 million settlement cost will come from the installation and maintenance of an infrared methane leak detection system, including the hiring of six full-time monitors over the next three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-porter-ranch-settlement-20160913-snap-story.html\">Los Angeles Times\u003c/a>, the utility still faces civil lawsuits from thousands of Porter Ranch residents, including some who are demanding the closure of the Aliso Canyon facility. But SoCal Gas officials say that facility is an essential part of the company's energy infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California's Warmest Summer: This Is It",
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"content": "\u003cp>Okay, okay, so Mark Twain never said that the coldest winter he’d ever spent was a summer in San Francisco. But were he alive today to be misquoted, he might proclaim this summer in California the warmest he’d experienced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And he’d be right. Federal climate trackers \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/summary-info/national/201608\">confirmed Thursday\u003c/a> that this summer (defined as June through August) was California’s warmest in 122 years of records. The statewide average temperature for the three months was 75.5°F, or 3.3°F above average. Jan Null, a noted meteorologist with Golden Gate Weather Services, called out Fresno and Redding as hotspots, with summer temperatures 2.5 and 2.1 degrees above the norm, respectively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While California was one of only three states that set temperature records for the period, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration reported that every state across the Lower 48 had a warmer-than-average summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_979648\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 650px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-979648\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/statewidetavgrank-201606-201608.gif\" alt=\"California, Connecticut and Rhode Island set heat records for the summer season.\" width=\"650\" height=\"475\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California, Connecticut and Rhode Island set heat records for the summer season. The “122” indicates the warmest period in 122 years of record-keeping. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California, with its quirky micro-climates, had some notable exceptions. In San Francisco, not a single day during the month of August breached the 70-degree mark. Null noted that was only the fourth time that’s happened since records have been kept. (He also pointed out that typically, San Francisco’s warmest day of the year doesn’t occur until late September.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Pacific Ocean, on the other hand, remains stubbornly warm — enough so that NOAA has called off its La Niña Watch for this fall and winter. Forecasts now favor “neutral” or near-normal temperatures in the Pacific when California’s rainy season would normally set in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_979647\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 641px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-979647\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/ENSOForecast_1609.png\" alt=\"Neutral (green) conditions now dominate the forecast for Pacific Ocean temperatures this winter.\" width=\"641\" height=\"372\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/ENSOForecast_1609.png 641w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/ENSOForecast_1609-400x232.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 641px) 100vw, 641px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Neutral (green) conditions now dominate the forecast for Pacific Ocean temperatures this winter. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That could be good news. In previous months, NOAA had set the odds slightly in favor of colder La Niña conditions, which could favor an extension of California’s five-year drought. But they now say there’s a 55-60 percent chance that neither La Niña nor its warm-water opposite, El Niño, will develop this winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last winter marked one of the strongest El Niños ever recorded, raising hopes of a drought-busting wet season. Those hopes never quite materialized, as Northern California saw close-to-average precipitation and Southern California remained relatively parched. About 60 percent of the state remains in \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/Home/StateDroughtMonitor.aspx?CA\">severe-to-exceptional drought\u003c/a>, according to the U.S. Drought Monitor.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Okay, okay, so Mark Twain never said that the coldest winter he’d ever spent was a summer in San Francisco. But were he alive today to be misquoted, he might proclaim this summer in California the warmest he’d experienced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And he’d be right. Federal climate trackers \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/summary-info/national/201608\">confirmed Thursday\u003c/a> that this summer (defined as June through August) was California’s warmest in 122 years of records. The statewide average temperature for the three months was 75.5°F, or 3.3°F above average. Jan Null, a noted meteorologist with Golden Gate Weather Services, called out Fresno and Redding as hotspots, with summer temperatures 2.5 and 2.1 degrees above the norm, respectively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While California was one of only three states that set temperature records for the period, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration reported that every state across the Lower 48 had a warmer-than-average summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_979648\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 650px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-979648\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/statewidetavgrank-201606-201608.gif\" alt=\"California, Connecticut and Rhode Island set heat records for the summer season.\" width=\"650\" height=\"475\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California, Connecticut and Rhode Island set heat records for the summer season. The “122” indicates the warmest period in 122 years of record-keeping. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California, with its quirky micro-climates, had some notable exceptions. In San Francisco, not a single day during the month of August breached the 70-degree mark. Null noted that was only the fourth time that’s happened since records have been kept. (He also pointed out that typically, San Francisco’s warmest day of the year doesn’t occur until late September.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Pacific Ocean, on the other hand, remains stubbornly warm — enough so that NOAA has called off its La Niña Watch for this fall and winter. Forecasts now favor “neutral” or near-normal temperatures in the Pacific when California’s rainy season would normally set in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_979647\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 641px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-979647\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/ENSOForecast_1609.png\" alt=\"Neutral (green) conditions now dominate the forecast for Pacific Ocean temperatures this winter.\" width=\"641\" height=\"372\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/ENSOForecast_1609.png 641w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/ENSOForecast_1609-400x232.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 641px) 100vw, 641px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Neutral (green) conditions now dominate the forecast for Pacific Ocean temperatures this winter. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That could be good news. In previous months, NOAA had set the odds slightly in favor of colder La Niña conditions, which could favor an extension of California’s five-year drought. But they now say there’s a 55-60 percent chance that neither La Niña nor its warm-water opposite, El Niño, will develop this winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last winter marked one of the strongest El Niños ever recorded, raising hopes of a drought-busting wet season. Those hopes never quite materialized, as Northern California saw close-to-average precipitation and Southern California remained relatively parched. About 60 percent of the state remains in \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/Home/StateDroughtMonitor.aspx?CA\">severe-to-exceptional drought\u003c/a>, according to the U.S. Drought Monitor.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"soldout": {
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"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
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