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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Today's filing is the result of unfortunate circumstances impacting the company's financial strength, including the ongoing closure of Plains All American Pipeline's Line 901,\" Mike Wracher, Venoco's chief operating officer, said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He added: \"We have pursued a number of market-based and regulatory solutions to address these challenges during the last year. Despite these considerable efforts, our financial position now compels us to take this action.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Venoco had been seeking to restructure as recently as last summer to eliminate $1 billion of debt, but said at the time that low price oil prices and the Line 901 shutdown were serious problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The State Lands Commission said the relinquishment of claims to the leases effectively ends commercial oil and gas production in state waters at that location in the Santa Barbara Channel and leaves about 85 million barrels of oil in the ground. New offshore oil and gas leases are prohibited by California's Coastal Sanctuary Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decommissioning of Platform Holly is a \"landmark in the evolution of California's energy portfolio,\" Lt. Gov. Gavin Newsom, the commission's chairman, said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As President Trump voices his determination to expand oil drilling and twentieth-century energy policies, California is pioneering the sustainable alternative that protects our coastlines and environment while gaining a strong foothold in the future energy and global economy,\" it said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Platform Holly stands a few miles off the coast of south Santa Barbara County, part of a series of oil platforms in waters between the mainland and the Channel Islands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decommissioning decision was celebrated by people who have been working to get rid of offshore drilling since the 1969 blowout of a Union Oil Co. platform in the Santa Barbara Channel fouled 30 miles of beaches, killed thousands of birds and other sea life, and gave rise to the American environmental movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This marks the end of an era of offshore oil production in this location, and we will never again go back,\" said state Sen. Hannah-Beth Jackson, D-Santa Barbara.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The commission said it will develop a plan for the costly process of plugging 32 wells in the South Ellwood Field, removing Platform Holly and decommissioning the Goleta Beach Pier, a process expected to take three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Venoco will remain responsible for securing and maintaining the facilities at its own cost until May 1, when the company will be temporarily reimbursed by the commission until a third party is hired. The commission said it will involve itself in the bankruptcy process and submit claims for costs against Venoco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The commission noted that Venoco generated about $160 million in state revenue from royalties and rent without any significant spills on state property during the past 20 years.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Fremont police detectives have joined the investigation into a fire that burned at least 34 cars at a massive auto yard in Fremont over the weekend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire took place at Insurance Auto Auctions (IAA) at 6700 Stevenson Blvd. on Saturday afternoon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It appears to be suspicious,\" said Fremont Fire Department Division Chief Diane Hendry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The yard was closed Saturday just after 4 p.m. when the fire began. A security guard alerted authorities to the blaze. When firefighters arrived multiple cars were engulfed in the fire, Hendry said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Initially the fire was difficult to fight. Because the facility was closed, firefighters had to cut through a fence to get to the blaze.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It did take more time in the beginning to determine the best access,\" Hendry said. She added that firefighters needed to lay out several hundred feet of hose to reach the nearest fire hydrant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A yard manager was brought in to use a forklift to pluck cars out of the fire's path to keep it from spreading. The fire was contained and then extinguished that afternoon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's unclear what caused the fire, and Hendry would not say what leads investigators to believe that it is suspicious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one was injured in the fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Insurance Auto Auction sells vehicles to the highest bidders. It sits on a 60-acre site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The facility reopened on Monday but cordoned off the area damaged by the fire, according to Tobin Richer, a spokesman for KAR Auction Services, the Indiana company that owns IAA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fremont fire officials say the blaze caused $34,000 in damages to the lot's vehicles, but the company is still working to quantify the extent of the financial damage, Richer said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Fremont police detectives have joined the investigation into a fire that burned at least 34 cars at a massive auto yard in Fremont over the weekend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire took place at Insurance Auto Auctions (IAA) at 6700 Stevenson Blvd. on Saturday afternoon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It appears to be suspicious,\" said Fremont Fire Department Division Chief Diane Hendry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The yard was closed Saturday just after 4 p.m. when the fire began. A security guard alerted authorities to the blaze. When firefighters arrived multiple cars were engulfed in the fire, Hendry said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Initially the fire was difficult to fight. Because the facility was closed, firefighters had to cut through a fence to get to the blaze.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It did take more time in the beginning to determine the best access,\" Hendry said. She added that firefighters needed to lay out several hundred feet of hose to reach the nearest fire hydrant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A yard manager was brought in to use a forklift to pluck cars out of the fire's path to keep it from spreading. The fire was contained and then extinguished that afternoon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's unclear what caused the fire, and Hendry would not say what leads investigators to believe that it is suspicious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one was injured in the fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Insurance Auto Auction sells vehicles to the highest bidders. It sits on a 60-acre site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The facility reopened on Monday but cordoned off the area damaged by the fire, according to Tobin Richer, a spokesman for KAR Auction Services, the Indiana company that owns IAA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fremont fire officials say the blaze caused $34,000 in damages to the lot's vehicles, but the company is still working to quantify the extent of the financial damage, Richer said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Report: Flaws in Design, Building and Upkeep Led to Oroville Spillway Failure",
"title": "Report: Flaws in Design, Building and Upkeep Led to Oroville Spillway Failure",
"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>An independent analysis of the spillway failure at Oroville Dam concludes that extensive sections of the concrete structure disintegrated due to a series of design, construction and maintenance flaws stretching back more than half a century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3673031-OrovilleSpillway-RootCauseAnalysis.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">root-cause analysis\u003c/a>, by Robert Bea, a retired professor of civil engineering at UC Berkeley and co-founder of the university's \u003ca href=\"http://ccrm.berkeley.edu/\">Center for Catastrophic Risk Management\u003c/a>, contends that \"the gated spillway failures are deeply rooted in pervasive design defects and flaws developed by the California Department of Water Resources\" -- the agency that built the dam in the 1960s and now owns it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bea has been called on \u003ca href=\"http://www.mensjournal.com/magazine/bob-bea-the-master-of-disaster-20130225\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">to investigate\u003c/a> high-profile engineering failures, including the loss of the space shuttle Columbia, the levee failure in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina and the Deepwater Horizon oil-rig disaster in the Gulf of Mexico.\u003cbr>\n[documentcloud url=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3673031-OrovilleSpillway-RootCauseAnalysis\" notes=\"true\" text=\"false\" search=\"true\" sidebar=\"false\" pdf=\"true\" responsive=\"true\" page=\"1\"]\u003cbr>\nIn a report for the UC Berkeley center circulated Monday, Bea contends that \"the gated spillway failures are deeply rooted in pervasive design defects and flaws developed by the California Department of Water Resources.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those defects include slabs that were much too thin -- an estimated 4 to 6 inches in critical spots -- and lacking in the reinforcement and anchoring they needed to withstand the destructive power of repeated water releases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[audio src=\"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/tcr/2017/04/2017-04-19c-tcr.mp3\" Image=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/ORO_FI_06-1920x1080.jpg\" Title=\"Report: Flaws in Design, Building and Upkeep Led to Oroville Spillway Failure\" program=\"The California Report\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DWR compounded those initial flaws, Bea's report says, by failing to ensure that the giant concrete chute was built on \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/04/07/how-incompetent-rock-led-to-the-oroville-dam-crisis/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">competent rock\u003c/a>. Contractors also used \"native soils\" -- mostly clay -- to grade sections of the spillway foundation, allowing extensive erosion and displacement of gravel intended to support a crucial drainage system, Bea concludes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The spillway's built-in problems led to extensive cracking of its concrete surface and openings in the joints between adjacent slabs of concrete. Bea says repeated repairs to the concrete were ineffective in preventing large volumes of water from getting under the concrete and further eroding the surface below.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'The gated spillway failures are deeply rooted in pervasive design defects and flaws developed by the California Department of Water Resources.'\u003ccite>Professor Robert Bea\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Bea also faults DWR for allowing large trees to grow adjacent to the spillway walls. Their roots could block pipes meant to drain water from beneath the concrete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dam is the key facility of the State Water Project, which conveys agricultural and urban water supplies from the massive reservoir of Lake Oroville to farms in the San Joaquin Valley and agencies serving 26 million people in the San Francisco Bay Area and Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Department of Water Resources had no immediate response to a request for comment on Bea's analysis. In past statements, the agency has said the Oroville spillway met the design and construction standards in place during the 1960s and that repeated inspections found it to be well-maintained and approved for continued use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bea's analysis challenges both of those DWR assertions. He concludes \"the wrong standards and guidelines are being used to requalify many critical infrastructure systems for continued service.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Spillway Breach Led to February Crisis\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dam became the focus of worldwide attention in early February when a large breach appeared in its main spillway just as a surge of storm runoff flowed into Lake Oroville, the state's second-largest reservoir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"o2IZ7WfchLDGTwdOK3eN9C8A4ixeo0kI\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With spillway releases reduced, a rapid rise in the lake sent water flowing over an untested emergency spillway. Severe erosion on the slope beneath that massive overflow structure prompted fears that it would collapse, triggering evacuation orders affecting about 180,000 people from communities along the Feather River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As that near-catastrophe unfolded, Bea said in interviews, he began assembling materials to try to explain it. He says the Department of Water Resources rebuffed a request for original design documents of the spillway and adjacent emergency weir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DWR representatives told him that agency guidelines barred the release of information on critical infrastructure systems -- data protected by a post-9/11 law designed to prevent such resources from falling into the hands of potential attackers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They looked at me and smiled and said, 'You might be a terrorist,' \" Bea recalls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bea then assembled on his own a collection of publicly available information -- including partial design information released by DWR in the 1960s and '70s, a selection of the department's dam inspection reports, and photographs from the agency, media sources and even Google Earth -- to try to analyze the causes of the spillway failure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While acknowledging that he was working with what he called \"incomplete information,\" Bea says the materials pointed to the defects he outlined in his analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Drainage System and Thin Concrete\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the crucial flaws in the construction, Bea says, concerns the complex drainage system installed beneath the slab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The system consists of a network of clay pipes with an inside diameter of 6 inches and outside diameter ranging from about 8 inches to 10.5 inches at their connecting ends. The pipes are laid out in a herringbone pattern beneath the concrete. They are designed to collect water that seeps through cracks in the slab and route it to drains in the spillway's sidewalls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bea says that since the slab is generally just 15 inches thick, the concrete over the drain pipes is much thinner -- between 4 and 6 inches thick, or about the same as a standard sidewalk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The thinness of the concrete over the pipes showed up as cracks on the surface of the spillway -- a fact Bea says was noted after extensive repairs to the concrete were performed in 2009.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The concrete along the spillway chute has been repaired,\" a dam inspector wrote in June 2010. \"The repaired herringbone crack pattern is said to reflect the underlying drain system.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Agency Consultants Share Similar Concerns\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some respects Bea's conclusions echo concerns raised in \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3523667-20170317-5113-32037979.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a report last month\u003c/a> by a board of engineering consultants DWR retained, at the direction of federal regulators, to oversee the agency's plans for rebuilding the spillway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The board expressed concern about the structure's repair history. Members noted that the slab was just 12 inches thick and thinner in some areas -- much thinner than current design standards -- and had been cut open repeatedly in the past to fill voids that had opened beneath the spillway. The engineers also noted that compacted clay had been used to fill spaces that have opened under the slab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The use of the clay \"calls into question whether the portions of the slab that appear undamaged by the failure should be replaced during the restoration,\" the board wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The consultants also observed that a drainage system installed beneath the spillway slab was discharging \"extraordinarily large\" amounts of water even days after flows were halted down the concrete chute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It seems likely that piping [erosion] of foundation material beneath the chute slab may be responsible for the voids that have been found and repaired in the past,\" the consultants' report said. The board called for an investigation of that possibility, a task that will likely be taken up by a separate panel appointed to conduct a forensic investigation of the spillway failure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DWR says the forensic panel, which was also created at the direction of federal overseers, began reviewing documents late last month and visited the spillway for the first time last week. There is no timeline yet for its report on the causes of the structure's failure, though it has been asked to submit preliminary conclusions to the spillway replacement design team by the end of the first week of May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>'A Regulated Failure'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bea calls the breach and destruction of the spillway \"a regulated failure.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The regulatory processes are not sufficient to put a check and balance into the system to say, 'Hey, what a minute, what you're thinking here about design is not appropriate,' or 'What you're concluding from your inspection and repair operations is not appropriate,' \" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why deficiencies in the spillway were allowed to occur and grow into a crisis, a process that took more than five decades, is an issue he says he's still wrestling with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's obvious these things were accumulating and persisting. Why?\" Bea says he asked himself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I looked back on my previous experience with our Department of Water Resources,\" Bea says. \"I worked with them back in the 2005 and 2010 period and had gotten to know [former DWR director] Lester Snow pretty well, and a couple of engineers. They're not really what I would call the evil empire.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Bea says it's clear to him that the agency and other oversight bodies, such as the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, are using standards that don't account for the deterioration of infrastructure over time or outdated technology. He points to the fact that the Bureau of Reclamation's current standard for spillway construction calls for 36 to 42 inches of concrete and other measures to reduce the destructive effects of high water flows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Much as I learned from working on Katrina,\" Bea said, \"DWR, FERC and our state regulatory system are using guidelines and standards that may have been appropriate for the 1960s, and were appropriate for the design and initial construction, but not appropriate for a 50-year-old system that's experienced aging and technological obsolescence. We're using the wrong standards to requalify these aged infrastructure systems.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bea's analysis of the failure comes as DWR rushes forward with plans to rebuild the spillway. The department announced Monday night that it had awarded a $275 million contract for the project to Kiewit Infrastructure West, the Northern California branch of an Omaha-based construction conglomerate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DWR says it estimates the project's cost at $231 million. Kiewit's was the lowest of three bids, which ranged up to $344 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The department says preparatory work will begin immediately. Acting Director Bill Croyle said as recently as last Thursday that it's still working to determine the project's scope and final design.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>An independent analysis of the spillway failure at Oroville Dam concludes that extensive sections of the concrete structure disintegrated due to a series of design, construction and maintenance flaws stretching back more than half a century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3673031-OrovilleSpillway-RootCauseAnalysis.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">root-cause analysis\u003c/a>, by Robert Bea, a retired professor of civil engineering at UC Berkeley and co-founder of the university's \u003ca href=\"http://ccrm.berkeley.edu/\">Center for Catastrophic Risk Management\u003c/a>, contends that \"the gated spillway failures are deeply rooted in pervasive design defects and flaws developed by the California Department of Water Resources\" -- the agency that built the dam in the 1960s and now owns it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bea has been called on \u003ca href=\"http://www.mensjournal.com/magazine/bob-bea-the-master-of-disaster-20130225\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">to investigate\u003c/a> high-profile engineering failures, including the loss of the space shuttle Columbia, the levee failure in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina and the Deepwater Horizon oil-rig disaster in the Gulf of Mexico.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cbr>\nIn a report for the UC Berkeley center circulated Monday, Bea contends that \"the gated spillway failures are deeply rooted in pervasive design defects and flaws developed by the California Department of Water Resources.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those defects include slabs that were much too thin -- an estimated 4 to 6 inches in critical spots -- and lacking in the reinforcement and anchoring they needed to withstand the destructive power of repeated water releases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DWR compounded those initial flaws, Bea's report says, by failing to ensure that the giant concrete chute was built on \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/04/07/how-incompetent-rock-led-to-the-oroville-dam-crisis/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">competent rock\u003c/a>. Contractors also used \"native soils\" -- mostly clay -- to grade sections of the spillway foundation, allowing extensive erosion and displacement of gravel intended to support a crucial drainage system, Bea concludes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The spillway's built-in problems led to extensive cracking of its concrete surface and openings in the joints between adjacent slabs of concrete. Bea says repeated repairs to the concrete were ineffective in preventing large volumes of water from getting under the concrete and further eroding the surface below.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'The gated spillway failures are deeply rooted in pervasive design defects and flaws developed by the California Department of Water Resources.'\u003ccite>Professor Robert Bea\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Bea also faults DWR for allowing large trees to grow adjacent to the spillway walls. Their roots could block pipes meant to drain water from beneath the concrete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dam is the key facility of the State Water Project, which conveys agricultural and urban water supplies from the massive reservoir of Lake Oroville to farms in the San Joaquin Valley and agencies serving 26 million people in the San Francisco Bay Area and Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Department of Water Resources had no immediate response to a request for comment on Bea's analysis. In past statements, the agency has said the Oroville spillway met the design and construction standards in place during the 1960s and that repeated inspections found it to be well-maintained and approved for continued use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bea's analysis challenges both of those DWR assertions. He concludes \"the wrong standards and guidelines are being used to requalify many critical infrastructure systems for continued service.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Spillway Breach Led to February Crisis\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dam became the focus of worldwide attention in early February when a large breach appeared in its main spillway just as a surge of storm runoff flowed into Lake Oroville, the state's second-largest reservoir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With spillway releases reduced, a rapid rise in the lake sent water flowing over an untested emergency spillway. Severe erosion on the slope beneath that massive overflow structure prompted fears that it would collapse, triggering evacuation orders affecting about 180,000 people from communities along the Feather River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As that near-catastrophe unfolded, Bea said in interviews, he began assembling materials to try to explain it. He says the Department of Water Resources rebuffed a request for original design documents of the spillway and adjacent emergency weir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DWR representatives told him that agency guidelines barred the release of information on critical infrastructure systems -- data protected by a post-9/11 law designed to prevent such resources from falling into the hands of potential attackers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They looked at me and smiled and said, 'You might be a terrorist,' \" Bea recalls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bea then assembled on his own a collection of publicly available information -- including partial design information released by DWR in the 1960s and '70s, a selection of the department's dam inspection reports, and photographs from the agency, media sources and even Google Earth -- to try to analyze the causes of the spillway failure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While acknowledging that he was working with what he called \"incomplete information,\" Bea says the materials pointed to the defects he outlined in his analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Drainage System and Thin Concrete\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the crucial flaws in the construction, Bea says, concerns the complex drainage system installed beneath the slab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The system consists of a network of clay pipes with an inside diameter of 6 inches and outside diameter ranging from about 8 inches to 10.5 inches at their connecting ends. The pipes are laid out in a herringbone pattern beneath the concrete. They are designed to collect water that seeps through cracks in the slab and route it to drains in the spillway's sidewalls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bea says that since the slab is generally just 15 inches thick, the concrete over the drain pipes is much thinner -- between 4 and 6 inches thick, or about the same as a standard sidewalk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The thinness of the concrete over the pipes showed up as cracks on the surface of the spillway -- a fact Bea says was noted after extensive repairs to the concrete were performed in 2009.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The concrete along the spillway chute has been repaired,\" a dam inspector wrote in June 2010. \"The repaired herringbone crack pattern is said to reflect the underlying drain system.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Agency Consultants Share Similar Concerns\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some respects Bea's conclusions echo concerns raised in \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3523667-20170317-5113-32037979.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a report last month\u003c/a> by a board of engineering consultants DWR retained, at the direction of federal regulators, to oversee the agency's plans for rebuilding the spillway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The board expressed concern about the structure's repair history. Members noted that the slab was just 12 inches thick and thinner in some areas -- much thinner than current design standards -- and had been cut open repeatedly in the past to fill voids that had opened beneath the spillway. The engineers also noted that compacted clay had been used to fill spaces that have opened under the slab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The use of the clay \"calls into question whether the portions of the slab that appear undamaged by the failure should be replaced during the restoration,\" the board wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The consultants also observed that a drainage system installed beneath the spillway slab was discharging \"extraordinarily large\" amounts of water even days after flows were halted down the concrete chute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It seems likely that piping [erosion] of foundation material beneath the chute slab may be responsible for the voids that have been found and repaired in the past,\" the consultants' report said. The board called for an investigation of that possibility, a task that will likely be taken up by a separate panel appointed to conduct a forensic investigation of the spillway failure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DWR says the forensic panel, which was also created at the direction of federal overseers, began reviewing documents late last month and visited the spillway for the first time last week. There is no timeline yet for its report on the causes of the structure's failure, though it has been asked to submit preliminary conclusions to the spillway replacement design team by the end of the first week of May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>'A Regulated Failure'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bea calls the breach and destruction of the spillway \"a regulated failure.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The regulatory processes are not sufficient to put a check and balance into the system to say, 'Hey, what a minute, what you're thinking here about design is not appropriate,' or 'What you're concluding from your inspection and repair operations is not appropriate,' \" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why deficiencies in the spillway were allowed to occur and grow into a crisis, a process that took more than five decades, is an issue he says he's still wrestling with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's obvious these things were accumulating and persisting. Why?\" Bea says he asked himself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I looked back on my previous experience with our Department of Water Resources,\" Bea says. \"I worked with them back in the 2005 and 2010 period and had gotten to know [former DWR director] Lester Snow pretty well, and a couple of engineers. They're not really what I would call the evil empire.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Bea says it's clear to him that the agency and other oversight bodies, such as the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, are using standards that don't account for the deterioration of infrastructure over time or outdated technology. He points to the fact that the Bureau of Reclamation's current standard for spillway construction calls for 36 to 42 inches of concrete and other measures to reduce the destructive effects of high water flows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Much as I learned from working on Katrina,\" Bea said, \"DWR, FERC and our state regulatory system are using guidelines and standards that may have been appropriate for the 1960s, and were appropriate for the design and initial construction, but not appropriate for a 50-year-old system that's experienced aging and technological obsolescence. We're using the wrong standards to requalify these aged infrastructure systems.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bea's analysis of the failure comes as DWR rushes forward with plans to rebuild the spillway. The department announced Monday night that it had awarded a $275 million contract for the project to Kiewit Infrastructure West, the Northern California branch of an Omaha-based construction conglomerate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DWR says it estimates the project's cost at $231 million. Kiewit's was the lowest of three bids, which ranged up to $344 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The department says preparatory work will begin immediately. Acting Director Bill Croyle said as recently as last Thursday that it's still working to determine the project's scope and final design.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>It's the stuff of nightmares.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A woman in Pescadero said she was sleeping with her child and her dog when she awoke around 3 a.m. on Monday to the sound of the 15-pound Portuguese Podengo barking aggressively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she looked up, she saw \"a shadow of an animal\" enter the room through the open French doors, take the dog from the foot of the bed and walk out, according to \u003ca href=\"http://smcsheriff.com/sites/default/files/articles/17-3887%20Mountain%20Lion.pdf\">the San Mateo County Sheriff's Office\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The woman took a flashlight outside to look for the dog but found only large wet paw prints.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After calling 911, deputies came to search the area and said the paw prints resembled those of a mountain lion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They are very shaken up about what happened,\" Detective Salvador Zuno was quoted as saying by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-mountain-lion-takes-dog-pescadero-20170417-story.html\">Los Angeles Times\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The newspaper reports it's still too early to confirm whether the animal was indeed a mountain lion. Wildlife sightings are not uncommon in the area around Pescadero and the Santa Cruz Mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"PsCm8vb5Wq0l4u6f09YbPBRziDfbKF5D\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mountain lions have the greatest range of any living mammal in the Americas, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nwf.org/Wildlife/Wildlife-Library/Mammals/Mountain-Lion.aspx\">National Wildlife Federation\u003c/a>. From mountains to forests, from deserts to wetlands, mountain lions can call it home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Keep-Me-Wild/Lion\">The California Department of Fish and Wildlife\u003c/a> says more than half of the state is mountain lion habitat. The animals are generally found where deer — a favorite food — are found. And while it is in their nature to avoid humans, mountain lions will go after pets, livestock and, in rare cases, people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The department suggests deer-proofing the landscape around homes and trimming bush to reduce hiding places for mountain lions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Mateo County Sheriff's Office also reminds residents to lock and secure windows and doors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2017 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It's the stuff of nightmares.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A woman in Pescadero said she was sleeping with her child and her dog when she awoke around 3 a.m. on Monday to the sound of the 15-pound Portuguese Podengo barking aggressively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she looked up, she saw \"a shadow of an animal\" enter the room through the open French doors, take the dog from the foot of the bed and walk out, according to \u003ca href=\"http://smcsheriff.com/sites/default/files/articles/17-3887%20Mountain%20Lion.pdf\">the San Mateo County Sheriff's Office\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The woman took a flashlight outside to look for the dog but found only large wet paw prints.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After calling 911, deputies came to search the area and said the paw prints resembled those of a mountain lion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They are very shaken up about what happened,\" Detective Salvador Zuno was quoted as saying by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-mountain-lion-takes-dog-pescadero-20170417-story.html\">Los Angeles Times\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The newspaper reports it's still too early to confirm whether the animal was indeed a mountain lion. Wildlife sightings are not uncommon in the area around Pescadero and the Santa Cruz Mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mountain lions have the greatest range of any living mammal in the Americas, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nwf.org/Wildlife/Wildlife-Library/Mammals/Mountain-Lion.aspx\">National Wildlife Federation\u003c/a>. From mountains to forests, from deserts to wetlands, mountain lions can call it home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Keep-Me-Wild/Lion\">The California Department of Fish and Wildlife\u003c/a> says more than half of the state is mountain lion habitat. The animals are generally found where deer — a favorite food — are found. And while it is in their nature to avoid humans, mountain lions will go after pets, livestock and, in rare cases, people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The department suggests deer-proofing the landscape around homes and trimming bush to reduce hiding places for mountain lions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Mateo County Sheriff's Office also reminds residents to lock and secure windows and doors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2017 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "From Moonscape to Lush: Photographs Capture California Drought's Story",
"title": "From Moonscape to Lush: Photographs Capture California Drought's Story",
"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>In California, an extremely wet winter put an end to the state's record-breaking drought. Heavy rainfall also produced welcome spring scenes — like replenished reservoirs and fields in bloom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a completely different look,\" says Justin Sullivan, a Getty Images photographer who took before-and-after photos of drought-stricken areas. \"It's just like a velvety green, lush landscape now — compared to just dry, brown, almost like a moonscape before.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sullivan's photos show how one of the wettest winters on record is bringing the land back to life. In early 2014, Sullivan documented the drought at its worst. He shot photos from a helicopter above reservoirs like Lake Oroville.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a little surprising to see the recessed water in reservoirs that reveals banks that are 50, 60, 100 feet tall,\" he says on NPR's \u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em>. \"They look like little mini-mountains and then a little river running through them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11415029\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/justin-sulivan-composite-02_custom-420c71c9f3efcd396c6337e12577eb946f2875a9-e1492541174471.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11415029 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/justin-sulivan-composite-02_custom-420c71c9f3efcd396c6337e12577eb946f2875a9-e1492541174471.jpg\" alt=\"The Enterprise Bridge in Oroville, during severe drought in 2014 (left) and this April, during the week that the majority of the state's drought emergency is due to be lifted.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"641\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Enterprise Bridge in Oroville, during severe drought in 2014 (left) and this April, during the week that the majority of the state's drought emergency is due to be lifted. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Fast forward to this spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this month, California Gov. Jerry Brown declared an end to the state's drought emergency. Now, many of those desolate landscapes Sullivan captured look completely different. So he went back and tried to re-create the same shots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11415030\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/justin-sullivan-composite-01_custom-6563d6bc6deaf1ac10eb3e978ef24d51ea6e63ca-e1492541378673.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11415030 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/justin-sullivan-composite-01_custom-6563d6bc6deaf1ac10eb3e978ef24d51ea6e63ca-e1492541378673.jpg\" alt=\"A dog walker on a dried section of Bernal Heights Park in 2014 in San Francisco (left). When Sullivan returned to the hillside this year, he was able to snap a photo of a woman walking her dog in almost the exact same spot.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"637\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A dog walker on a dried section of Bernal Heights Park in 2014 in San Francisco (left). When Sullivan returned to the hillside this year, he was able to snap a photo of a woman walking her dog in almost the exact same spot. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"We just wanted to show the contrast,\" he says, adding that it was a tricky assignment. \"Obviously, landscapes change over the course of three years. Trees grow bigger. So it was difficult to just remember in your mind exactly what lens you used and how you approached it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sullivan downloaded the 2014 images onto his iPad and brought it with him when he shot the \"after\" photos. In trying to re-create the exact same frame, Sullivan had some luck on his side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/523969466/524301409\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one side-by-side set of photos, the 2014 version shows a man walking his dog. The man is surrounded by dead grass, with the San Francisco skyline in the background. When Sullivan returned to the (now green, grassy) hillside this year, he was able to snap a photo of a woman walking another dog in almost the exact same spot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Sometimes they just work out perfectly,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=From+Moonscape+To+Lush%3A+Photographs+Capture+California+Drought%27s+Story&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In California, an extremely wet winter put an end to the state's record-breaking drought. Heavy rainfall also produced welcome spring scenes — like replenished reservoirs and fields in bloom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a completely different look,\" says Justin Sullivan, a Getty Images photographer who took before-and-after photos of drought-stricken areas. \"It's just like a velvety green, lush landscape now — compared to just dry, brown, almost like a moonscape before.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sullivan's photos show how one of the wettest winters on record is bringing the land back to life. In early 2014, Sullivan documented the drought at its worst. He shot photos from a helicopter above reservoirs like Lake Oroville.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a little surprising to see the recessed water in reservoirs that reveals banks that are 50, 60, 100 feet tall,\" he says on NPR's \u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em>. \"They look like little mini-mountains and then a little river running through them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11415029\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/justin-sulivan-composite-02_custom-420c71c9f3efcd396c6337e12577eb946f2875a9-e1492541174471.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11415029 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/justin-sulivan-composite-02_custom-420c71c9f3efcd396c6337e12577eb946f2875a9-e1492541174471.jpg\" alt=\"The Enterprise Bridge in Oroville, during severe drought in 2014 (left) and this April, during the week that the majority of the state's drought emergency is due to be lifted.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"641\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Enterprise Bridge in Oroville, during severe drought in 2014 (left) and this April, during the week that the majority of the state's drought emergency is due to be lifted. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Fast forward to this spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this month, California Gov. Jerry Brown declared an end to the state's drought emergency. Now, many of those desolate landscapes Sullivan captured look completely different. So he went back and tried to re-create the same shots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11415030\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/justin-sullivan-composite-01_custom-6563d6bc6deaf1ac10eb3e978ef24d51ea6e63ca-e1492541378673.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11415030 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/justin-sullivan-composite-01_custom-6563d6bc6deaf1ac10eb3e978ef24d51ea6e63ca-e1492541378673.jpg\" alt=\"A dog walker on a dried section of Bernal Heights Park in 2014 in San Francisco (left). When Sullivan returned to the hillside this year, he was able to snap a photo of a woman walking her dog in almost the exact same spot.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"637\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A dog walker on a dried section of Bernal Heights Park in 2014 in San Francisco (left). When Sullivan returned to the hillside this year, he was able to snap a photo of a woman walking her dog in almost the exact same spot. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"We just wanted to show the contrast,\" he says, adding that it was a tricky assignment. \"Obviously, landscapes change over the course of three years. Trees grow bigger. So it was difficult to just remember in your mind exactly what lens you used and how you approached it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sullivan downloaded the 2014 images onto his iPad and brought it with him when he shot the \"after\" photos. In trying to re-create the exact same frame, Sullivan had some luck on his side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/523969466/524301409\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one side-by-side set of photos, the 2014 version shows a man walking his dog. The man is surrounded by dead grass, with the San Francisco skyline in the background. When Sullivan returned to the (now green, grassy) hillside this year, he was able to snap a photo of a woman walking another dog in almost the exact same spot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Sometimes they just work out perfectly,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=From+Moonscape+To+Lush%3A+Photographs+Capture+California+Drought%27s+Story&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Widow of Bulldozer Operator Killed in Soberanes Fire Struggles to Get By",
"title": "Widow of Bulldozer Operator Killed in Soberanes Fire Struggles to Get By",
"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>Morgan Kemple heard a knock on her door at 4:30 in the morning on July 27, 2016. She was concerned that her daughters, ages 2 and 5, would wake up. She went to the door and saw several Cal Fire officials outside. They asked to come in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Days earlier her husband, 35-year-old Robert Reagan, pulled out of the driveway from their home in Friant, Fresno County, and headed off to help battle a massive blaze burning in Monterey County, which would become the costliest fire in U.S. history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[audio src=\"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/2017/04/goldberg20170418.mp3\" title=\"Widow of Bulldozer Operator Killed in Soberanes Fire Struggles to Get By\" program=\"KQED News\" image=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Screenshot-2016-08-05-09.33.35.png\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They told me there was an accident and that Robert wasn't OK,\" Kemple said in an interview with KQED. \"I immediately went to, 'Let's go, I'll get the kids right now.' They said, 'No, he's dead.' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reagan was working as a bulldozer driver for a private company that was contracted to help battle what became known as the Soberanes Fire. During massive fires, the U.S. Forest Service and Cal Fire rely heavily on hundreds of private contractors to supply heavy equipment and the people to operate them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"AU6NhmwSdu1KEGArzo8KjL1oGjslRBjZ\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bulldozer Reagan was driving tipped over on a steep embankment in the middle of the night and pinned him to the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the moments after learning of her husband's death, Kemple was given few details about the accident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They told me that the bulldozer had rolled. They said they didn't have all the details,\" Kemple said. \"It was probably midday when I learned that he was trapped underneath the dozer.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Family Lost a Husband, Father and Breadwinner\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tragedy came just over 12 years after Kemple and Reagan met. She remembers the very night it happened at a bar with her friends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I walked up and introduced myself, and the next thing I know he bought me a drink and he was singing karaoke to me and we were dancing and having a good time. And we were inseparable from that point on,\" Kemple said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11042174\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11042174\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Screenshot-2016-08-05-09.33.35-800x449.png\" alt=\"Robert Reagan, 35, of Fresno County, died July 26, 2016, when his bulldozer overturned while trying to access a proposed fire line near Big Sur. \" width=\"800\" height=\"449\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Screenshot-2016-08-05-09.33.35-800x449.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Screenshot-2016-08-05-09.33.35-400x225.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Screenshot-2016-08-05-09.33.35.png 935w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Robert Reagan, 35, of Fresno County, died July 26, 2016, when his bulldozer overturned while trying to access a proposed fire line near Big Sur. \u003ccite>(Cal Fire)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He was working as a truck driver when he met Kemple. Later, she would help him run a trucking company that he owned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 10 years ago one of Reagan's friends convinced him to help work a wildfire, Kemple said. Every season after that, he would take jobs operating heavy equipment like bulldozers and water trucks, traveling to different parts of the state each time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When he was in the field, the couple would text if he had good cellphone reception so she knew he was OK. But large wildfires often take place in remote areas and with no connections, so she would have to wait to be in touch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Accident Prompts Several Probes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The incident marked the first bulldozer operator fatality in a California wildfire in nearly nine years. State fire officials say it was the first time a private \"vendor\" was killed in a Cal Fire incident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the accident, three state agencies opened investigations into the incident and the company that hired Reagan, Czirban Concrete Construction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire's preliminary review found that Reagan was not wearing a seat belt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Division of Occupational Safety and Health (Cal/OSHA) fined Czirban and Cal Fire and confirmed that the concrete construction company did not have workers' compensation coverage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That oversight and other state violations prompted the Contractors State License Board to try to bar Czirban from working in California again and it led to an investigation by prosecutors in Monterey County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11413609\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11413609 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/reagan-family-photo-800x1001.jpg\" alt=\"Morgan Kemple and Robert Reagan with their two daughters. Reagan was killed on July 26, 2016 when his bulldozer toppled down a hill and pinned him underneath. This photo was posted to a GoFundMe page on behalf of Morgan Kemple.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1001\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/reagan-family-photo-800x1001.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/reagan-family-photo-160x200.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/reagan-family-photo-1020x1276.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/reagan-family-photo-1180x1476.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/reagan-family-photo-960x1201.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/reagan-family-photo-240x300.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/reagan-family-photo-375x469.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/reagan-family-photo-520x651.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/reagan-family-photo.jpg 1637w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Morgan Kemple and Robert Reagan with their two daughters. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Morgan Kemple)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On Friday, the Monterey County District Attorney's Office \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/04/17/prosecutors-file-criminal-charges-against-employer-of-private-contractor-killed-in-massive-big-sur-wildfire/\" target=\"_blank\">filed seven criminal charges against Czirban\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fact that Reagan's employer did not have workers' compensation insurance has made it tough for Kemple and her two daughters to collect money from his death. The family has applied for Social Security survivors' benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what's helped the most has been an \u003ca href=\"https://www.gofundme.com/2gtqxkxv\" target=\"_blank\">online fundraising effort\u003c/a> set up in the days after Reagan died. Its initial goal was to raise $16,000 but it's collected over $137,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kemple says she uses the money to pay bills, to buy the dresses her daughters wore at Reagan's service and for attorney fees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She and her two kids have filed a wrongful death lawsuit against Cal Fire, which is not commenting on the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few of the agency's officials who were in touch with her initially after Reagan's death stopped communicating with her after the suit was filed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kemple says private contractors like her late husband who handle large equipment in dangerous situations should have more protection in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There should be something set in place. You never know what's going to happen. They weren't supervising their workman's comp policies. There was no safeguards,\" she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He was devoted to me and these kids. Everything he did was for us.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "'They told me there was an accident and that Robert wasn't OK,' said Morgan Kemple, Robert Reagan's widow. ",
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"description": "'They told me there was an accident and that Robert wasn't OK,' said Morgan Kemple, Robert Reagan's widow. ",
"title": "Widow of Bulldozer Operator Killed in Soberanes Fire Struggles to Get By | KQED",
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"headline": "Widow of Bulldozer Operator Killed in Soberanes Fire Struggles to Get By",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Morgan Kemple heard a knock on her door at 4:30 in the morning on July 27, 2016. She was concerned that her daughters, ages 2 and 5, would wake up. She went to the door and saw several Cal Fire officials outside. They asked to come in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Days earlier her husband, 35-year-old Robert Reagan, pulled out of the driveway from their home in Friant, Fresno County, and headed off to help battle a massive blaze burning in Monterey County, which would become the costliest fire in U.S. history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They told me there was an accident and that Robert wasn't OK,\" Kemple said in an interview with KQED. \"I immediately went to, 'Let's go, I'll get the kids right now.' They said, 'No, he's dead.' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reagan was working as a bulldozer driver for a private company that was contracted to help battle what became known as the Soberanes Fire. During massive fires, the U.S. Forest Service and Cal Fire rely heavily on hundreds of private contractors to supply heavy equipment and the people to operate them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bulldozer Reagan was driving tipped over on a steep embankment in the middle of the night and pinned him to the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the moments after learning of her husband's death, Kemple was given few details about the accident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They told me that the bulldozer had rolled. They said they didn't have all the details,\" Kemple said. \"It was probably midday when I learned that he was trapped underneath the dozer.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Family Lost a Husband, Father and Breadwinner\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tragedy came just over 12 years after Kemple and Reagan met. She remembers the very night it happened at a bar with her friends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I walked up and introduced myself, and the next thing I know he bought me a drink and he was singing karaoke to me and we were dancing and having a good time. And we were inseparable from that point on,\" Kemple said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11042174\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11042174\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Screenshot-2016-08-05-09.33.35-800x449.png\" alt=\"Robert Reagan, 35, of Fresno County, died July 26, 2016, when his bulldozer overturned while trying to access a proposed fire line near Big Sur. \" width=\"800\" height=\"449\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Screenshot-2016-08-05-09.33.35-800x449.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Screenshot-2016-08-05-09.33.35-400x225.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Screenshot-2016-08-05-09.33.35.png 935w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Robert Reagan, 35, of Fresno County, died July 26, 2016, when his bulldozer overturned while trying to access a proposed fire line near Big Sur. \u003ccite>(Cal Fire)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He was working as a truck driver when he met Kemple. Later, she would help him run a trucking company that he owned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 10 years ago one of Reagan's friends convinced him to help work a wildfire, Kemple said. Every season after that, he would take jobs operating heavy equipment like bulldozers and water trucks, traveling to different parts of the state each time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When he was in the field, the couple would text if he had good cellphone reception so she knew he was OK. But large wildfires often take place in remote areas and with no connections, so she would have to wait to be in touch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Accident Prompts Several Probes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The incident marked the first bulldozer operator fatality in a California wildfire in nearly nine years. State fire officials say it was the first time a private \"vendor\" was killed in a Cal Fire incident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the accident, three state agencies opened investigations into the incident and the company that hired Reagan, Czirban Concrete Construction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire's preliminary review found that Reagan was not wearing a seat belt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Division of Occupational Safety and Health (Cal/OSHA) fined Czirban and Cal Fire and confirmed that the concrete construction company did not have workers' compensation coverage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That oversight and other state violations prompted the Contractors State License Board to try to bar Czirban from working in California again and it led to an investigation by prosecutors in Monterey County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11413609\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11413609 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/reagan-family-photo-800x1001.jpg\" alt=\"Morgan Kemple and Robert Reagan with their two daughters. Reagan was killed on July 26, 2016 when his bulldozer toppled down a hill and pinned him underneath. This photo was posted to a GoFundMe page on behalf of Morgan Kemple.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1001\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/reagan-family-photo-800x1001.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/reagan-family-photo-160x200.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/reagan-family-photo-1020x1276.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/reagan-family-photo-1180x1476.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/reagan-family-photo-960x1201.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/reagan-family-photo-240x300.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/reagan-family-photo-375x469.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/reagan-family-photo-520x651.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/reagan-family-photo.jpg 1637w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Morgan Kemple and Robert Reagan with their two daughters. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Morgan Kemple)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On Friday, the Monterey County District Attorney's Office \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/04/17/prosecutors-file-criminal-charges-against-employer-of-private-contractor-killed-in-massive-big-sur-wildfire/\" target=\"_blank\">filed seven criminal charges against Czirban\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fact that Reagan's employer did not have workers' compensation insurance has made it tough for Kemple and her two daughters to collect money from his death. The family has applied for Social Security survivors' benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what's helped the most has been an \u003ca href=\"https://www.gofundme.com/2gtqxkxv\" target=\"_blank\">online fundraising effort\u003c/a> set up in the days after Reagan died. Its initial goal was to raise $16,000 but it's collected over $137,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kemple says she uses the money to pay bills, to buy the dresses her daughters wore at Reagan's service and for attorney fees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She and her two kids have filed a wrongful death lawsuit against Cal Fire, which is not commenting on the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few of the agency's officials who were in touch with her initially after Reagan's death stopped communicating with her after the suit was filed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kemple says private contractors like her late husband who handle large equipment in dangerous situations should have more protection in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There should be something set in place. You never know what's going to happen. They weren't supervising their workman's comp policies. There was no safeguards,\" she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He was devoted to me and these kids. Everything he did was for us.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Casualties in Big Sur Blaze Point to Hazards of 'Wildfire Gig Economy'",
"title": "Casualties in Big Sur Blaze Point to Hazards of 'Wildfire Gig Economy'",
"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>The agencies that battle California wildfires every year rely on an army of private contractors for key firefighting roles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But two incidents during last year's Soberanes Fire in Big Sur -- one that killed a bulldozer operator and another that seriously injured a water tender driver -- reveal that many of those involved in what amounts to a wildfire gig economy regularly face potentially deadly conditions with little or no guarantee of basic protections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, the contractors who hired 35-year-old Robert Reagan, the bulldozer operator killed in the early days of the Soberanes Fire last July, and John Tiersma, a 60-year-old water tender driver injured six weeks later, did not carry workers' compensation insurance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public records requests, court documents and interviews have uncovered new details about the incidents, which are the subject of at least six investigations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Labor law and heavy equipment experts, as well as critics of the way wildfires are fought in California, say the accidents shine a light on worker-protection issues arising from the reliance on large numbers of private contractors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nwcg.gov/committees/risk-management-committee/resources\" target=\"_blank\">Data\u003c/a> from the U.S. Forest Service suggest it's relatively unusual for contract heavy equipment operators to be involved in major accidents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it's evident that these \"call when needed\" workers are vulnerable on the job, says Veena Dubal, an associate professor of law at UC Hastings who specializes in employment law and reviewed the California Division of Occupational Safety and Health's (Cal/OSHA) full investigative reports into the Reagan and Tiersma incidents for KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These people who are risking their lives have no recourse and their families have no recourse,\" Dubal said. \"They were putting their lives on the line to save California forests, to save California families.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That lack of protection is similar to what workers face in the growing gig economy, which relies on contractors to perform a wide range of jobs, such as driving passengers for Uber and Lyft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is no different, what's happening with these guys. It just didn't happen to occur through a smartphone,\" said Craig Peters, an attorney with the San Francisco-based Veen law firm who specializes in heavy equipment and construction-site injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These two cases highlight the human tragedies that can occur when basic health and safety laws are violated,\" said Laura Stock, director of UC Berkeley's Labor Occupational Health Program. \"These stories also highlight the need for state and federal agencies to do a better job in vetting the contractors they bring in.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's very challenging, I would say dangerous, trying to operate heavy equipment on these steep, winding, generally poorly maintained roads,\" said Timothy Ingalsbee, executive director of \u003ca href=\"http://www.fusee.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Firefighters United for Safety, Ethics and Ecology\u003c/a>. \"It's an accident waiting to happen, no matter who is behind the wheel.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Death of a Dozer Operator\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The Soberanes Fire started in Garrapata State Park, on the northern end of Big Sur's typically rugged terrain, on July 22. As the fire spread, Cal Fire began bringing in contractors, including dozer operators, to try to contain it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal/OSHA records say that on July 24, Cal Fire called in Czirban Concrete Construction, an agency bulldozer contractor in the Madera County town of Coarsegold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11042174\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11042174\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Screenshot-2016-08-05-09.33.35-800x449.png\" alt=\"Robert Reagan, 35, of Fresno County, died July 26, 2016, when his bulldozer overturned while trying to access a proposed fire line near Big Sur. \" width=\"800\" height=\"449\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Screenshot-2016-08-05-09.33.35-800x449.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Screenshot-2016-08-05-09.33.35-400x225.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Screenshot-2016-08-05-09.33.35.png 935w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Robert Reagan, 35, of Fresno County, died July 26, 2016, when his bulldozer overturned while trying to access a proposed fire line near Big Sur. \u003ccite>(Cal Fire)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The firm's owner, Ian Czirban, then texted a friend, Robert Reagan, to ask whether he was available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Hey bro can you do it?\" Czirban asked. Reagan agreed, saying he wasn't working on another fire at the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two nights later, on the evening of Tuesday, July 26, Reagan arrived at the fire and prepared to take over Czirban's bulldozer from another operator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But minutes after he began moving the dozer to its assigned position, the machine tipped over on a steep embankment. Reagan, who was not wearing a seat belt, was \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/08/05/soberanes-fire-bulldozer-operator-killed/\" target=\"_blank\">thrown from the dozer's cab and killed as the machine rolled over onto him.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reagan's death and the issues surrounding it are now the subject of a \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/03/16/prosecutors-launch-investigation-into-contractor-tied-to-soberanes-fire-bulldozer-death/\" target=\"_blank\">criminal investigation\u003c/a> by prosecutors in Monterey County and a \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/03/22/family-of-bulldozer-operator-killed-in-soberanes-fire-suing-california/\" target=\"_blank\">lawsuit\u003c/a> filed against the state of California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/03/14/calosha-cites-contractors-over-soberanes-fire-casualties/\" target=\"_blank\">workplace officials have cited Czirban\u003c/a> Concrete Construction for several violations connected to Reagan's death. The most serious penalty was for not ensuring Reagan wore his seat belt. Czirban did not appeal the citations and paid $20,000 in fines, according to Cal/OSHA spokeswoman Erika Monterroza.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal/OSHA also issued two citations to Cal Fire, one for failing to report a serious injury within eight hours and another for failing to maintain an effective injury and illness prevention program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The employer failed to ensure a supervisor was in the immediate area during all bulldozer activities,\" Cal/OSHA compliance officer Kelly Tatum wrote in the agency's citation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire, which also faces a wrongful death lawsuit filed on behalf of Reagan's wife and two young daughters, has appealed the findings.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>No Workers' Compensation Insurance\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, another state agency is moving to revoke Czirban's contractor's license.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Contractors State License Board \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/03/16/prosecutors-launch-investigation-into-contractor-tied-to-soberanes-fire-bulldozer-death/\" target=\"_blank\">alleged earlier this month\u003c/a> that Czirban violated three state regulations in connection with its work on the Soberanes Fire. The agency says the company lied about whether it had employees to get around offering workers' compensation insurance -- coverage that would provide Reagan's children hundreds of thousands of dollars in benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Czirban had its license suspended \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/08/02/employer-of-worker-killed-in-soberanes-fire-under-scrutiny/\" target=\"_blank\">eight times\u003c/a> by the board in four years -- several times because of workers' comp issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire's emergency equipment rental agreements require that private contractors provide copies of their workers' compensation coverage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We expect vendors to comply with the clauses spelled out in our Emergency Equipment Rental Agreements,\" said Cal Fire spokeswoman Janet Upton, in an emailed statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">[CalFireData]\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"Under the terms of these agreements, vendors choosing to do business with the state must affirm they meet all our requirements,\" Upton said. \"One such requirement is that vendors have either worker's compensation or that they undertake self-insurance in accordance with provisions in the labor code.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire's contract with Czirban listed an insurance policy with the State Compensation Insurance Fund that expired in January 2015, a year and a half before the Soberanes Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Czirban's lawyers have argued that the contractor was not required to carry workers' comp insurance and that Cal Fire, not the company, was responsible for Reagan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It is clear that Cal Fire and its Incident Commander are in 100% control of the dozer operator's actions, health and safety,\" Justin Reden wrote in a letter to Cal/OSHA in August.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reden said the fire agency chose the equipment, inspected it, provided operating procedures and safety protocols, and directed the operator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reagan was not Czirban's employee but instead an independent contractor, Reden argued, so the company did not need to provide coverage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Czirban and Reden have not responded to KQED's requests for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>'I Thought I Was a Goner'\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The Soberanes Fire wasn't John Tiersma's first wildfire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2015, the water tender driver had worked the Gasquet Fire Complex that burned more than 30,000 acres in Del Norte County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last summer he worked the Chimney Fire, which burned more than 43,000 acres and destroyed 70 structures in San Luis Obispo County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in September, he took a job with Tuolomne County-based Industrial Defense Development to help the U.S. Forest Service fight the Soberanes blaze.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Big Sur fire was the closest he'd gotten to one of the big blazes.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Everything was breaking around me. Stuff was just flying. Dirt was coming in. I thought I was a goner. Miraculously, I got ejected out. ... I prayed to God to deliver me and he did.'\u003ccite>John Tiersma\u003cbr>\nWater tender driver\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"At the Soberanes Fire a couple of times we were fairly close to the flames,\" Tiersma said in an interview from his home in Dunsmuir (Siskiyou County), conducted with the help of his wife, Cassandra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water tenders are essentially tanker trucks. In major wildland fires, they deliver water to fire engines and sprinkle back-country roads to keep the dust down for responding firefighters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tiersma's day on Sept. 11, 2016, started early in the morning. During a Forest Service briefing he was told the fire was moving south and he was assigned to a new stretch of road that had just opened up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His job was to fill inflatable water tanks -- known as pumpkins -- in an area near the Marble Peak Trail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He checked to make sure his vehicle was carrying a full 2,300 gallons of water -- almost 10 tons -- and he and another water tender headed out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His truck was moving between 5 and 10 mph, leading the other tender along a dusty road. He said he was wearing a seat belt and his driver's side window was open.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tiersma says he felt the vehicle's front end sink. He tried to steer out, but that didn't work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"All of the sudden the road just gave way,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Everything was breaking around me. Stuff was just flying. Dirt was coming in. I thought I was a goner,\" Tiersma said. \"Miraculously, I got ejected out. ... I prayed to God to deliver me and he did.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was thrown into some bushes, in what he describes as agony and with blood flowing from a wound on his head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The driver behind Tiersma saw the whole thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"All of a sudden I witnessed John rolled off the side of the mountain,\" said Briteney Rooffener, according to a statement she filed with the Forest Service that was given to Cal/OSHA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rooffener stopped and radioed for help. She and Cory Boekhaus, a Forest Service firefighter who was riding along, shouted to Tiersma, who yelled back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boekhaus ran down the hill to the injured driver, who was helicoptered to a hospital in Salinas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rollover broke or cracked 12 of Tiersma's ribs, bruised his spleen and broke his scapula. He had blood in his lungs and one lung had a small leak into his chest cavity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>State Blames Water Tender Contractor, Feds Suspend Firm's Contract\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, Tiersma has been left to deal with that long list of injuries himself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the immediate aftermath of Tiersma's accident, the Forest Service urged Industrial Defense Development's owner, Scott Harvey, to cooperate with investigators and to contact the hospitalized Tiersma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11035798\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11035798\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/soberanesnasa160729a-800x524.jpg\" alt=\"Satellite image Thursday, July 28, of smoke emitted from Soberanes Fire in Monterey County.\" width=\"800\" height=\"524\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/soberanesnasa160729a-800x524.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/soberanesnasa160729a-400x262.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/soberanesnasa160729a-1180x773.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/soberanesnasa160729a-960x629.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/soberanesnasa160729a.jpg 1508w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Satellite image Thursday, July 28, 2016, of smoke emitted from Soberanes Fire in Monterey County. \u003ccite>(NASA Worldview)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"You have been nonresponsive to the accident investigation and the medical support for your injured employee,\" wrote Steven Teves, contracting officer for the federal agency's Pacific Southwest Region Incident Procurement office, in an email to Harvey five days after the accident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I highly recommend you making contact with your injured operator and provide whatever required medical coverage that is needed as required by your agreement,\" Teves wrote in the email, later released to Cal/OSHA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like Cal Fire, the Forest Service requires its contractors to maintain workers' compensation for its employees. But, state workplace regulators found Industrial Development Defense did not have such coverage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harvey refused to be interviewed by Cal/OSHA, which later levied $6,000 in fines against his firm for violations, including failure to report Tiersma's injury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The heavy equipment firm had 14 contracts with the federal government between 2000 and 2014. The September incident, though, prompted the Forest Service to suspend the company from contracting with the agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harvey has not responded to KQED's requests for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The Forest Service' number one incident objective during any response is always public and firefighter safety,\" agency spokeswoman Kerry Greene said in an emailed statement. \"It does not matter if the firefighter is a contractor or a federal workforce employee, in terms of safety all workers are viewed the same.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tiersma says he's still recuperating and believes he'll be returning to work. Neither the Forest Service nor Industrial Defense has paid for his medical care, said his lawyer, Vesta Armstrong\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"John continues to struggle with the uncertainty of obtaining compensation for his injury,\" Armstrong said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Experts say heavy equipment operators hired for dangerous firefighting duty often lack basic worker protections. ",
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"description": "Experts say heavy equipment operators hired for dangerous firefighting duty often lack basic worker protections. ",
"title": "Casualties in Big Sur Blaze Point to Hazards of 'Wildfire Gig Economy' | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The agencies that battle California wildfires every year rely on an army of private contractors for key firefighting roles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But two incidents during last year's Soberanes Fire in Big Sur -- one that killed a bulldozer operator and another that seriously injured a water tender driver -- reveal that many of those involved in what amounts to a wildfire gig economy regularly face potentially deadly conditions with little or no guarantee of basic protections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, the contractors who hired 35-year-old Robert Reagan, the bulldozer operator killed in the early days of the Soberanes Fire last July, and John Tiersma, a 60-year-old water tender driver injured six weeks later, did not carry workers' compensation insurance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public records requests, court documents and interviews have uncovered new details about the incidents, which are the subject of at least six investigations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Labor law and heavy equipment experts, as well as critics of the way wildfires are fought in California, say the accidents shine a light on worker-protection issues arising from the reliance on large numbers of private contractors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nwcg.gov/committees/risk-management-committee/resources\" target=\"_blank\">Data\u003c/a> from the U.S. Forest Service suggest it's relatively unusual for contract heavy equipment operators to be involved in major accidents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it's evident that these \"call when needed\" workers are vulnerable on the job, says Veena Dubal, an associate professor of law at UC Hastings who specializes in employment law and reviewed the California Division of Occupational Safety and Health's (Cal/OSHA) full investigative reports into the Reagan and Tiersma incidents for KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These people who are risking their lives have no recourse and their families have no recourse,\" Dubal said. \"They were putting their lives on the line to save California forests, to save California families.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That lack of protection is similar to what workers face in the growing gig economy, which relies on contractors to perform a wide range of jobs, such as driving passengers for Uber and Lyft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is no different, what's happening with these guys. It just didn't happen to occur through a smartphone,\" said Craig Peters, an attorney with the San Francisco-based Veen law firm who specializes in heavy equipment and construction-site injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These two cases highlight the human tragedies that can occur when basic health and safety laws are violated,\" said Laura Stock, director of UC Berkeley's Labor Occupational Health Program. \"These stories also highlight the need for state and federal agencies to do a better job in vetting the contractors they bring in.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's very challenging, I would say dangerous, trying to operate heavy equipment on these steep, winding, generally poorly maintained roads,\" said Timothy Ingalsbee, executive director of \u003ca href=\"http://www.fusee.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Firefighters United for Safety, Ethics and Ecology\u003c/a>. \"It's an accident waiting to happen, no matter who is behind the wheel.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Death of a Dozer Operator\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The Soberanes Fire started in Garrapata State Park, on the northern end of Big Sur's typically rugged terrain, on July 22. As the fire spread, Cal Fire began bringing in contractors, including dozer operators, to try to contain it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal/OSHA records say that on July 24, Cal Fire called in Czirban Concrete Construction, an agency bulldozer contractor in the Madera County town of Coarsegold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11042174\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11042174\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Screenshot-2016-08-05-09.33.35-800x449.png\" alt=\"Robert Reagan, 35, of Fresno County, died July 26, 2016, when his bulldozer overturned while trying to access a proposed fire line near Big Sur. \" width=\"800\" height=\"449\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Screenshot-2016-08-05-09.33.35-800x449.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Screenshot-2016-08-05-09.33.35-400x225.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Screenshot-2016-08-05-09.33.35.png 935w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Robert Reagan, 35, of Fresno County, died July 26, 2016, when his bulldozer overturned while trying to access a proposed fire line near Big Sur. \u003ccite>(Cal Fire)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The firm's owner, Ian Czirban, then texted a friend, Robert Reagan, to ask whether he was available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Hey bro can you do it?\" Czirban asked. Reagan agreed, saying he wasn't working on another fire at the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two nights later, on the evening of Tuesday, July 26, Reagan arrived at the fire and prepared to take over Czirban's bulldozer from another operator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But minutes after he began moving the dozer to its assigned position, the machine tipped over on a steep embankment. Reagan, who was not wearing a seat belt, was \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/08/05/soberanes-fire-bulldozer-operator-killed/\" target=\"_blank\">thrown from the dozer's cab and killed as the machine rolled over onto him.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reagan's death and the issues surrounding it are now the subject of a \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/03/16/prosecutors-launch-investigation-into-contractor-tied-to-soberanes-fire-bulldozer-death/\" target=\"_blank\">criminal investigation\u003c/a> by prosecutors in Monterey County and a \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/03/22/family-of-bulldozer-operator-killed-in-soberanes-fire-suing-california/\" target=\"_blank\">lawsuit\u003c/a> filed against the state of California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/03/14/calosha-cites-contractors-over-soberanes-fire-casualties/\" target=\"_blank\">workplace officials have cited Czirban\u003c/a> Concrete Construction for several violations connected to Reagan's death. The most serious penalty was for not ensuring Reagan wore his seat belt. Czirban did not appeal the citations and paid $20,000 in fines, according to Cal/OSHA spokeswoman Erika Monterroza.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal/OSHA also issued two citations to Cal Fire, one for failing to report a serious injury within eight hours and another for failing to maintain an effective injury and illness prevention program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The employer failed to ensure a supervisor was in the immediate area during all bulldozer activities,\" Cal/OSHA compliance officer Kelly Tatum wrote in the agency's citation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire, which also faces a wrongful death lawsuit filed on behalf of Reagan's wife and two young daughters, has appealed the findings.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>No Workers' Compensation Insurance\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, another state agency is moving to revoke Czirban's contractor's license.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Contractors State License Board \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/03/16/prosecutors-launch-investigation-into-contractor-tied-to-soberanes-fire-bulldozer-death/\" target=\"_blank\">alleged earlier this month\u003c/a> that Czirban violated three state regulations in connection with its work on the Soberanes Fire. The agency says the company lied about whether it had employees to get around offering workers' compensation insurance -- coverage that would provide Reagan's children hundreds of thousands of dollars in benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Czirban had its license suspended \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/08/02/employer-of-worker-killed-in-soberanes-fire-under-scrutiny/\" target=\"_blank\">eight times\u003c/a> by the board in four years -- several times because of workers' comp issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire's emergency equipment rental agreements require that private contractors provide copies of their workers' compensation coverage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We expect vendors to comply with the clauses spelled out in our Emergency Equipment Rental Agreements,\" said Cal Fire spokeswoman Janet Upton, in an emailed statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">[CalFireData]\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"Under the terms of these agreements, vendors choosing to do business with the state must affirm they meet all our requirements,\" Upton said. \"One such requirement is that vendors have either worker's compensation or that they undertake self-insurance in accordance with provisions in the labor code.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire's contract with Czirban listed an insurance policy with the State Compensation Insurance Fund that expired in January 2015, a year and a half before the Soberanes Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Czirban's lawyers have argued that the contractor was not required to carry workers' comp insurance and that Cal Fire, not the company, was responsible for Reagan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It is clear that Cal Fire and its Incident Commander are in 100% control of the dozer operator's actions, health and safety,\" Justin Reden wrote in a letter to Cal/OSHA in August.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reden said the fire agency chose the equipment, inspected it, provided operating procedures and safety protocols, and directed the operator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reagan was not Czirban's employee but instead an independent contractor, Reden argued, so the company did not need to provide coverage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Czirban and Reden have not responded to KQED's requests for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>'I Thought I Was a Goner'\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The Soberanes Fire wasn't John Tiersma's first wildfire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2015, the water tender driver had worked the Gasquet Fire Complex that burned more than 30,000 acres in Del Norte County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last summer he worked the Chimney Fire, which burned more than 43,000 acres and destroyed 70 structures in San Luis Obispo County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in September, he took a job with Tuolomne County-based Industrial Defense Development to help the U.S. Forest Service fight the Soberanes blaze.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Big Sur fire was the closest he'd gotten to one of the big blazes.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Everything was breaking around me. Stuff was just flying. Dirt was coming in. I thought I was a goner. Miraculously, I got ejected out. ... I prayed to God to deliver me and he did.'\u003ccite>John Tiersma\u003cbr>\nWater tender driver\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"At the Soberanes Fire a couple of times we were fairly close to the flames,\" Tiersma said in an interview from his home in Dunsmuir (Siskiyou County), conducted with the help of his wife, Cassandra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water tenders are essentially tanker trucks. In major wildland fires, they deliver water to fire engines and sprinkle back-country roads to keep the dust down for responding firefighters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tiersma's day on Sept. 11, 2016, started early in the morning. During a Forest Service briefing he was told the fire was moving south and he was assigned to a new stretch of road that had just opened up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His job was to fill inflatable water tanks -- known as pumpkins -- in an area near the Marble Peak Trail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He checked to make sure his vehicle was carrying a full 2,300 gallons of water -- almost 10 tons -- and he and another water tender headed out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His truck was moving between 5 and 10 mph, leading the other tender along a dusty road. He said he was wearing a seat belt and his driver's side window was open.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tiersma says he felt the vehicle's front end sink. He tried to steer out, but that didn't work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"All of the sudden the road just gave way,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Everything was breaking around me. Stuff was just flying. Dirt was coming in. I thought I was a goner,\" Tiersma said. \"Miraculously, I got ejected out. ... I prayed to God to deliver me and he did.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was thrown into some bushes, in what he describes as agony and with blood flowing from a wound on his head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The driver behind Tiersma saw the whole thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"All of a sudden I witnessed John rolled off the side of the mountain,\" said Briteney Rooffener, according to a statement she filed with the Forest Service that was given to Cal/OSHA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rooffener stopped and radioed for help. She and Cory Boekhaus, a Forest Service firefighter who was riding along, shouted to Tiersma, who yelled back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boekhaus ran down the hill to the injured driver, who was helicoptered to a hospital in Salinas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rollover broke or cracked 12 of Tiersma's ribs, bruised his spleen and broke his scapula. He had blood in his lungs and one lung had a small leak into his chest cavity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>State Blames Water Tender Contractor, Feds Suspend Firm's Contract\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, Tiersma has been left to deal with that long list of injuries himself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the immediate aftermath of Tiersma's accident, the Forest Service urged Industrial Defense Development's owner, Scott Harvey, to cooperate with investigators and to contact the hospitalized Tiersma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11035798\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11035798\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/soberanesnasa160729a-800x524.jpg\" alt=\"Satellite image Thursday, July 28, of smoke emitted from Soberanes Fire in Monterey County.\" width=\"800\" height=\"524\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/soberanesnasa160729a-800x524.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/soberanesnasa160729a-400x262.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/soberanesnasa160729a-1180x773.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/soberanesnasa160729a-960x629.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/soberanesnasa160729a.jpg 1508w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Satellite image Thursday, July 28, 2016, of smoke emitted from Soberanes Fire in Monterey County. \u003ccite>(NASA Worldview)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"You have been nonresponsive to the accident investigation and the medical support for your injured employee,\" wrote Steven Teves, contracting officer for the federal agency's Pacific Southwest Region Incident Procurement office, in an email to Harvey five days after the accident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I highly recommend you making contact with your injured operator and provide whatever required medical coverage that is needed as required by your agreement,\" Teves wrote in the email, later released to Cal/OSHA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like Cal Fire, the Forest Service requires its contractors to maintain workers' compensation for its employees. But, state workplace regulators found Industrial Development Defense did not have such coverage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harvey refused to be interviewed by Cal/OSHA, which later levied $6,000 in fines against his firm for violations, including failure to report Tiersma's injury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The heavy equipment firm had 14 contracts with the federal government between 2000 and 2014. The September incident, though, prompted the Forest Service to suspend the company from contracting with the agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harvey has not responded to KQED's requests for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The Forest Service' number one incident objective during any response is always public and firefighter safety,\" agency spokeswoman Kerry Greene said in an emailed statement. \"It does not matter if the firefighter is a contractor or a federal workforce employee, in terms of safety all workers are viewed the same.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tiersma says he's still recuperating and believes he'll be returning to work. Neither the Forest Service nor Industrial Defense has paid for his medical care, said his lawyer, Vesta Armstrong\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"John continues to struggle with the uncertainty of obtaining compensation for his injury,\" Armstrong said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Researchers Find a New Way to Make Water From Thin Air",
"title": "Researchers Find a New Way to Make Water From Thin Air",
"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>Researchers have come up with a new way to extract water from thin air. Literally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This isn't the first technology that can turn water vapor in the atmosphere into liquid water that people can drink, but researchers from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and UC Berkeley say their approach uses less power and works in drier environments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new approach makes use of a substance called a \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/341/6149/1230444\">MOF\u003c/a>, a metal-organic framework. As the name suggests, these are materials made of metals mixed with organic compounds. Powders made from MOFs are very porous, so researchers have proposed using them to store hydrogen or methane fuels or to capture carbon dioxide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MIT's \u003ca href=\"http://meche.mit.edu/people/faculty/enwang@mit.edu\">Evelyn Wang\u003c/a> and her Berkeley colleague \u003ca href=\"http://yaghi.berkeley.edu/\">Omar Yaghi\u003c/a> decided to try using MOFs to capture water. MOF powders can not only suck up liquid water, they can also absorb water vapor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there's plenty of water vapor in the atmosphere. Even in the driest place on the planet there are tons of water molecules floating overhead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers built a small prototype water collector that contains a thin layer of MOF powder. The powder absorbs water vapor until it is saturated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Once you achieve that maximum amount,\" Wang says, \"you apply some type of heat to the system to release that water.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when the water is released, it collects in the bottom of the prototype.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are other compounds that can suck water from the air, \u003ca href=\"https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/zeolites/\">zeolites\u003c/a> for example, but Wang says it takes a significant amount of energy to get these materials to release the water. Not so with a MOF device. \"The amount of energy required is very low,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the prototype, the heat needed to drive the water out of the MOF comes from ambient sunlight — no external power supply is needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11408634\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11408634\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Atacama-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Even in Chile's Atacama Desert, the driest place on Earth, there are water molecules floating overhead.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Atacama-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Atacama-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Atacama-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Atacama.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Atacama-1180x785.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Atacama-960x639.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Atacama-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Atacama-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Atacama-520x346.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Even in Chile's Atacama Desert, the driest place on Earth, there are water molecules floating overhead. \u003ccite>(MARTIN BERNETTI/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As they report \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2017/04/12/science.aam8743\">in the journal Science\u003c/a>\u003cem>,\u003c/em> Wang and her colleagues tested the prototype of their MOF-based device on the roof of a building at MIT, and it worked great.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it's just a prototype. It used only a fraction of an ounce of the MOF powder. \"So the amount of water that we've shown is also pretty small,\" says Wang.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Wang's calculations, a full-size system using about 2 pounds of MOF powder could deliver close to three quarts of water per day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And she expects scaling up the prototype won't be all that expensive. Although MOFs are a relatively new material, \"there are companies that already make various MOFS at very large bulk scales,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are many steps before a mass-produced MOF-based water collector becomes a reality. It hasn't been shown, for example, that the water released by the MOF powder is free of contaminants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it's conceivable that someday if you're visiting Death Valley, one of the driest places in the United States, you'll be able to wet your whistle with a device based on Wang and Yaghi's concept.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Researchers+Find+A+New+Way+To+Make+Water+From+Thin+Air&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Researchers have come up with a new way to extract water from thin air. Literally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This isn't the first technology that can turn water vapor in the atmosphere into liquid water that people can drink, but researchers from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and UC Berkeley say their approach uses less power and works in drier environments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new approach makes use of a substance called a \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/341/6149/1230444\">MOF\u003c/a>, a metal-organic framework. As the name suggests, these are materials made of metals mixed with organic compounds. Powders made from MOFs are very porous, so researchers have proposed using them to store hydrogen or methane fuels or to capture carbon dioxide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MIT's \u003ca href=\"http://meche.mit.edu/people/faculty/enwang@mit.edu\">Evelyn Wang\u003c/a> and her Berkeley colleague \u003ca href=\"http://yaghi.berkeley.edu/\">Omar Yaghi\u003c/a> decided to try using MOFs to capture water. MOF powders can not only suck up liquid water, they can also absorb water vapor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there's plenty of water vapor in the atmosphere. Even in the driest place on the planet there are tons of water molecules floating overhead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers built a small prototype water collector that contains a thin layer of MOF powder. The powder absorbs water vapor until it is saturated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Once you achieve that maximum amount,\" Wang says, \"you apply some type of heat to the system to release that water.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when the water is released, it collects in the bottom of the prototype.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are other compounds that can suck water from the air, \u003ca href=\"https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/zeolites/\">zeolites\u003c/a> for example, but Wang says it takes a significant amount of energy to get these materials to release the water. Not so with a MOF device. \"The amount of energy required is very low,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the prototype, the heat needed to drive the water out of the MOF comes from ambient sunlight — no external power supply is needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11408634\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11408634\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Atacama-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Even in Chile's Atacama Desert, the driest place on Earth, there are water molecules floating overhead.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Atacama-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Atacama-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Atacama-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Atacama.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Atacama-1180x785.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Atacama-960x639.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Atacama-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Atacama-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Atacama-520x346.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Even in Chile's Atacama Desert, the driest place on Earth, there are water molecules floating overhead. \u003ccite>(MARTIN BERNETTI/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As they report \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2017/04/12/science.aam8743\">in the journal Science\u003c/a>\u003cem>,\u003c/em> Wang and her colleagues tested the prototype of their MOF-based device on the roof of a building at MIT, and it worked great.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it's just a prototype. It used only a fraction of an ounce of the MOF powder. \"So the amount of water that we've shown is also pretty small,\" says Wang.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Wang's calculations, a full-size system using about 2 pounds of MOF powder could deliver close to three quarts of water per day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And she expects scaling up the prototype won't be all that expensive. Although MOFs are a relatively new material, \"there are companies that already make various MOFS at very large bulk scales,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are many steps before a mass-produced MOF-based water collector becomes a reality. It hasn't been shown, for example, that the water released by the MOF powder is free of contaminants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it's conceivable that someday if you're visiting Death Valley, one of the driest places in the United States, you'll be able to wet your whistle with a device based on Wang and Yaghi's concept.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Researchers+Find+A+New+Way+To+Make+Water+From+Thin+Air&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>If you’re an inveterate rain watcher, or almost any other kind, you’ve probably \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/04/13/northern-sierra-8-station-index-sets-new-record/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">read somewhere\u003c/a> that an important index of Northern California precipitation has set a new record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The name of that somewhat arcane statistical measurement, a product of the California Department of Water Resources, is the \u003ca href=\"https://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/precipapp/get8SIPrecipIndex.action\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Northern Sierra Eight-Station Index\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, the index hit an all-time high — 89.7 — exceeding the mark of 88.5 set in the rainy season of 1982-83. On Friday, the index stood at 90.2, and, with more wet weather certain to visit the North State, that number will continue to rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve seen lots of references to the index this season, though no explanation of what it actually represents. Is it a simple mean of the eight stations? Or is there some sort of algebraic voodoo thrown in to flummox D students?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doug Carlson, a DWR spokesman, answered the question this way: “Every day, the accumulated precipitation among the stations is totaled up, and then divided by eight.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OK, then: a simple average reflecting the rainfall (and water content of snowfall) at the eight stations for the current water year, which begins on Oct. 1 and runs through Sept. 30.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next question: What stations are involved and why?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The eight sites are scattered across the Sacramento, Feather and American river watersheds. They’re generally very, very rainy-snowy spots compared to what we’re used to in most of the Bay Area. Brush Creek, northeast of Oroville, is one of the Feather basin sites. It has recorded a mind-boggling 121 inches of precipitation since last Oct. 1.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The watersheds themselves are tracked because it was recognized when the index was created in 1920 that rainfall they were the sources of an abundant water supply. In later decades, they became the key basins for the federal Central Valley Project and the State Water Project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below are the eight sites the Department of Water Resources uses in the Northern Sierra eight-station index. Try as we might to find the exact gauge numbers DWR is using, we have to concede that the numbers below represent only a close approximation of what the agency has produced. In some cases, the official index uses gauges whose readings don’t appear to be online or are not up to date. Individual station data are for April 13, 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003ctable>\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003cth>Station\u003c/th>\n\u003cth>Basin\u003c/th>\n\u003cth>’16-’17 Precipitation\u003c/th>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003ctfoot>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>\u003cstrong>April 13, 2017\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>\u003cstrong>Index\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>\u003cstrong>89.7\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tfoot>\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>\u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecstation2/?sta=msc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mount Shasta City\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Sacramento\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>56.14\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>\u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecstation2/?sta=sha\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Shasta Dam\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Sacramento\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>90.14\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>\u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecstation2/?sta=mnr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mineral\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Sacramento\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>92.80\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>\u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecstation2/?sta=qrd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Quincy\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Feather\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>73.11\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>\u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryDaily?bcm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Brush Creek\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Feather\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>120.97\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>\u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecstation2/?sta=srr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sierraville\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Feather\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>57.63\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>\u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecstation2/?sta=bym\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Blue Canyon\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>American\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>125.60\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>\u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecstation2/?sta=pcf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pacific House\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>American\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>101.15\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you’re an inveterate rain watcher, or almost any other kind, you’ve probably \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/04/13/northern-sierra-8-station-index-sets-new-record/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">read somewhere\u003c/a> that an important index of Northern California precipitation has set a new record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The name of that somewhat arcane statistical measurement, a product of the California Department of Water Resources, is the \u003ca href=\"https://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/precipapp/get8SIPrecipIndex.action\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Northern Sierra Eight-Station Index\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, the index hit an all-time high — 89.7 — exceeding the mark of 88.5 set in the rainy season of 1982-83. On Friday, the index stood at 90.2, and, with more wet weather certain to visit the North State, that number will continue to rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve seen lots of references to the index this season, though no explanation of what it actually represents. Is it a simple mean of the eight stations? Or is there some sort of algebraic voodoo thrown in to flummox D students?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doug Carlson, a DWR spokesman, answered the question this way: “Every day, the accumulated precipitation among the stations is totaled up, and then divided by eight.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OK, then: a simple average reflecting the rainfall (and water content of snowfall) at the eight stations for the current water year, which begins on Oct. 1 and runs through Sept. 30.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next question: What stations are involved and why?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The eight sites are scattered across the Sacramento, Feather and American river watersheds. They’re generally very, very rainy-snowy spots compared to what we’re used to in most of the Bay Area. Brush Creek, northeast of Oroville, is one of the Feather basin sites. It has recorded a mind-boggling 121 inches of precipitation since last Oct. 1.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The watersheds themselves are tracked because it was recognized when the index was created in 1920 that rainfall they were the sources of an abundant water supply. In later decades, they became the key basins for the federal Central Valley Project and the State Water Project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below are the eight sites the Department of Water Resources uses in the Northern Sierra eight-station index. Try as we might to find the exact gauge numbers DWR is using, we have to concede that the numbers below represent only a close approximation of what the agency has produced. In some cases, the official index uses gauges whose readings don’t appear to be online or are not up to date. Individual station data are for April 13, 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003ctable>\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003cth>Station\u003c/th>\n\u003cth>Basin\u003c/th>\n\u003cth>’16-’17 Precipitation\u003c/th>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003ctfoot>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>\u003cstrong>April 13, 2017\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>\u003cstrong>Index\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>\u003cstrong>89.7\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tfoot>\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>\u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecstation2/?sta=msc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mount Shasta City\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Sacramento\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>56.14\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>\u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecstation2/?sta=sha\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Shasta Dam\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Sacramento\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>90.14\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>\u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecstation2/?sta=mnr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mineral\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Sacramento\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>92.80\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>\u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecstation2/?sta=qrd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Quincy\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Feather\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>73.11\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>\u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryDaily?bcm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Brush Creek\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Feather\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>120.97\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>\u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecstation2/?sta=srr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sierraville\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Feather\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>57.63\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>\u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecstation2/?sta=bym\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Blue Canyon\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>American\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>125.60\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>\u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecstation2/?sta=pcf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pacific House\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>American\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>101.15\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "report-we-cant-stop-sea-level-rise-only-slow-it-down",
"title": "Report: We Can't Stop Sea Level Rise, Only Slow it Down",
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"headTitle": "Report: We Can’t Stop Sea Level Rise, Only Slow it Down | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>The sea is rising twice as fast as it did in 1990, and there’s no turning back — humans can only try to slow it down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.opc.ca.gov/webmaster/ftp/pdf/docs/rising-seas-in-california-an-update-on-sea-level-rise-science.pdf\">a new report\u003c/a> from a team of scientists working for the California Ocean Science Trust on behalf of Gov. Jerry Brown. They found the quickening of sea level rise is driven primarily by melting ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica, caused by rising global temperatures fueled by emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sea is rising 1.3 inches per decade, and the impact is already being felt in parts of coastal Southern California, where \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/03/27/study-predicts-significant-southern-california-beach-erosion/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">extensive beach erosion is occurring\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During last winter’s El Niño, waves were 50 percent larger than in the previous El Niño cycle, and beach erosion was 76 percent higher than normal, according to\u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-el-nino-california-20170214-story.html\"> a recent study\u003c/a> by the U.S. Geological Survey in Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”zRevpvHXwpaLTHar7YdMyBR93MhJaIcO”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are few natural wetlands or dunes to protect the coastline from the rising waves, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The California coast is pretty unprotected,” said Helen Fricker, a glaciologist at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography who co-authored the study. “There’s not really anywhere for the water to go except onto the land.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In oceanfront cities like Newport Beach, big waves that occur during high tides \u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/p7abSExQ-10?t=97\">regularly cause coastal flooding\u003c/a>. Now that city is raising the height of its seawalls by 6 inches, with the option to add on later if necessary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I liken it to Legos,” said Newport Beach City Manager David Kiff. “You snap one on, and then you snap something on, on top of that, when and if you need to do so.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/p7abSExQ-10?t=97\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How much Newport Beach will have to extend its walls is uncertain, and completely depends on global efforts to curb greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If nothing is done and we continue emitting greenhouse gases at the rate we are now, sea levels are likely to rise in Southern California by up to 3.6 feet by 2100, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if we dramatically cut our greenhouse gas emissions and keep global temperatures from rising more than 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels (the goal of the 2015 Paris Agreement), sea levels will still rise, although not as much: up to 2.5 feet by 2100.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The California coast is pretty unprotected.’\u003ccite>Helen Fricker, glaciologist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It’s uncertain whether people and governments around the world can cut enough greenhouse gases to avoid the worst-case scenario. In March, President Donald Trump announced efforts to undo President Obama’s Clean Power Plan, which would have required nearly all states to devise plans to cut carbon emissions from power plants. The plan was intended to play a major role in U.S. efforts to meet its goal under the Paris climate accord of cutting emissions by 2025 by roughly a quarter of what they were in 2005.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because people have so much influence over the outcome, and because scientists aren’t sure how ice sheets in Antarctica and Greenland will respond to warming temperatures, it’s still unclear exactly how much the sea will rise. But one thing is clear: We can’t stop the sea from rising anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Antarctica and Greenland are not going to stop losing mass,” Fricker said. “It’s not like we’re suddenly going to see a downturn in sea level.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why the report’s authors recommend coastal communities take action now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Waiting for scientific certainty is neither a safe nor prudent option,” they write.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The sea is rising twice as fast as it did in 1990, and there’s no turning back — humans can only try to slow it down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.opc.ca.gov/webmaster/ftp/pdf/docs/rising-seas-in-california-an-update-on-sea-level-rise-science.pdf\">a new report\u003c/a> from a team of scientists working for the California Ocean Science Trust on behalf of Gov. Jerry Brown. They found the quickening of sea level rise is driven primarily by melting ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica, caused by rising global temperatures fueled by emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sea is rising 1.3 inches per decade, and the impact is already being felt in parts of coastal Southern California, where \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/03/27/study-predicts-significant-southern-california-beach-erosion/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">extensive beach erosion is occurring\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During last winter’s El Niño, waves were 50 percent larger than in the previous El Niño cycle, and beach erosion was 76 percent higher than normal, according to\u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-el-nino-california-20170214-story.html\"> a recent study\u003c/a> by the U.S. Geological Survey in Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are few natural wetlands or dunes to protect the coastline from the rising waves, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The California coast is pretty unprotected,” said Helen Fricker, a glaciologist at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography who co-authored the study. “There’s not really anywhere for the water to go except onto the land.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In oceanfront cities like Newport Beach, big waves that occur during high tides \u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/p7abSExQ-10?t=97\">regularly cause coastal flooding\u003c/a>. Now that city is raising the height of its seawalls by 6 inches, with the option to add on later if necessary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I liken it to Legos,” said Newport Beach City Manager David Kiff. “You snap one on, and then you snap something on, on top of that, when and if you need to do so.”\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/p7abSExQ-10'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/p7abSExQ-10'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>How much Newport Beach will have to extend its walls is uncertain, and completely depends on global efforts to curb greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If nothing is done and we continue emitting greenhouse gases at the rate we are now, sea levels are likely to rise in Southern California by up to 3.6 feet by 2100, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if we dramatically cut our greenhouse gas emissions and keep global temperatures from rising more than 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels (the goal of the 2015 Paris Agreement), sea levels will still rise, although not as much: up to 2.5 feet by 2100.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The California coast is pretty unprotected.’\u003ccite>Helen Fricker, glaciologist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It’s uncertain whether people and governments around the world can cut enough greenhouse gases to avoid the worst-case scenario. In March, President Donald Trump announced efforts to undo President Obama’s Clean Power Plan, which would have required nearly all states to devise plans to cut carbon emissions from power plants. The plan was intended to play a major role in U.S. efforts to meet its goal under the Paris climate accord of cutting emissions by 2025 by roughly a quarter of what they were in 2005.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because people have so much influence over the outcome, and because scientists aren’t sure how ice sheets in Antarctica and Greenland will respond to warming temperatures, it’s still unclear exactly how much the sea will rise. But one thing is clear: We can’t stop the sea from rising anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Antarctica and Greenland are not going to stop losing mass,” Fricker said. “It’s not like we’re suddenly going to see a downturn in sea level.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why the report’s authors recommend coastal communities take action now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Waiting for scientific certainty is neither a safe nor prudent option,” they write.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "the-rainy-season-of-2016-17-is-officially-one-for-the-record-books",
"title": "California's Rainy Season of 2016-17 Is Officially One for the Record Books",
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"headTitle": "California’s Rainy Season of 2016-17 Is Officially One for the Record Books | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Updated 1:20 p.m. Friday\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You already know it’s been a wet winter. But is it the wettest on record?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one very important part of the state, the answer is a definite “yes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, the state Department of Water Resources \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/news/newsreleases/2017/%C2%A0041317snowpack.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">announced\u003c/a> that its \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/precipapp/get8SIPrecipIndex.action\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Northern Sierra Eight-Station Index\u003c/a> had surpassed its previous record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The index is an average of the total precipitation — both rain and snow — recorded at mostly high-elevation sites scattered across the Sacramento, Feather and American river basins. Those watersheds feed about half of California’s largest reservoirs and are key to the state’s annual water supply. The index, which \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/precip1/8STATIONHIST\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">goes back to 1921\u003c/a>, covers the rainy season from Oct. 1 to the following Sept. 30.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch4>The Eight Stations\u003cbr>\nin the Eight-Station Index\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The eight sites the Department of Water Resources uses in its Northern Sierra eight-station index are scattered across the Sacramento, Feather and American river watersheds (see sidebar). Those basins are the source of most of the water captured by the Central Valley Project and State Water Project and are key to the state’s annual water supply. The index itself is the average of the total precipitation for the current water year recorded at the eight stations. The eight stations and their approximate daily precipitation totals — in some cases, the index uses gauges whose readings are not online or are not up to date — are below. Individual station data are for April 13, 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003ctable>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003cth>Station\u003c/th>\n\u003cth>Basin\u003c/th>\n\u003cth>’16-’17 Precipitation\u003c/th>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctfoot>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>\u003cstrong>April 13, 2017\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>\u003cstrong>Index\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>\u003cstrong>89.7\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\u003c/tfoot>\n\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>\u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecstation2/?sta=msc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mount Shasta City\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Sacramento\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>56.14\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>\u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecstation2/?sta=sha\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Shasta Dam\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Sacramento\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>90.14\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>\u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecstation2/?sta=mnr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mineral\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Sacramento\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>92.80\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>\u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecstation2/?sta=qrd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Quincy\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Feather\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>73.11\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>\u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryDaily?bcm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Brush Creek\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Feather\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>120.97\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>\u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecstation2/?sta=srr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sierraville\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Feather\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>57.63\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>\u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecstation2/?sta=bym\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Blue Canyon\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>American\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>125.60\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>\u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecstation2/?sta=pcf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pacific House\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>American\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>101.15\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Until now, the “Godzilla El Niño” year of 1982-83 had stood as the Northern Sierra’s wettest season on record, with an index of 88.5.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By Wednesday, the 2016-17 index, boosted by the epic deluges of December, January and February, had reached 88.2.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“An average water year [for the index] is 50 inches and in those three months we got 56 inches,” Mike Anderson, California’s state climatologist,” told KQED’s Craig Miller. “So it’s just a truly impressive winter to wade through.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked whether he was hoping to see the 1982-83 record broken, Anderson didn’t hesitate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yes,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as the latest in a series of spring storms swept across Northern California overnight, the index hit 89.7 on Thursday morning, establishing a new record. On Friday, it was up to 90.2.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the all-time high — for now. But with the prospect of more rain on the way, the index is certain to keep rising. Models show a chance for three weakish storms to hit Northern California over the next 10 days, and the region has a shot at more rain and snow through at least the end of May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re wondering about the extent of the very heavy precipitation reflected in the eight-station index, well, so were we. A check of the California-Nevada River Forecast Center’s running total of water-year precipitation shows 37 sites, almost all in Northern California, with 100 inches or more of rain and snow since Oct. 1. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water-year leader so far is a place called Four Trees in the Feather River basin: 152 inches and counting. Venado, the hillside location west of Healdsburg in northern Sonoma County, comes in with a paltry 148.3 inches. Ben Lomond, a reliably rainy location in the Santa Cruz Mountains, has about 110.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several other indices of seasonal precipitation are far above average for this time of year if not in record territory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/precipapp/get5SIPrecipIndex.action\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">five-station San Joaquin index\u003c/a>, which records precipitation in the Stanislaus, Tuolumne, Merced and San Joaquin, stands at 68.2 inches and 194 percent above average. The 1982-83 record is 77.4.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/precipapp/get6SIPrecipIndex.action\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">six-station index in the Tulare Basin\u003c/a>, which includes the Kings, Kaweah, Tule and Kern river basins, is 45 inches, 178 percent of normal and about 150 percent of average for the entire water year. The record, 56.3, was set in 1968-69.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s mountain snowpack, which as a rule of thumb stores about one-third of the water the state uses in an “average” year, is far above normal, too. On Thursday, snow water content was 154 percent of its April 1 average in the northern Coast Ranges and Sierra, 180 percent in the central Sierra and 164 percent in the southern Sierra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 1982-83 El Niño season set the snowpack record, with well over 200 percent of April 1 snowfall being recorded throughout the range.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"title": "California's Rainy Season of 2016-17 Is Officially One for the Record Books | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Updated 1:20 p.m. Friday\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You already know it’s been a wet winter. But is it the wettest on record?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one very important part of the state, the answer is a definite “yes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, the state Department of Water Resources \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/news/newsreleases/2017/%C2%A0041317snowpack.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">announced\u003c/a> that its \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/precipapp/get8SIPrecipIndex.action\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Northern Sierra Eight-Station Index\u003c/a> had surpassed its previous record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The index is an average of the total precipitation — both rain and snow — recorded at mostly high-elevation sites scattered across the Sacramento, Feather and American river basins. Those watersheds feed about half of California’s largest reservoirs and are key to the state’s annual water supply. The index, which \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/precip1/8STATIONHIST\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">goes back to 1921\u003c/a>, covers the rainy season from Oct. 1 to the following Sept. 30.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch4>The Eight Stations\u003cbr>\nin the Eight-Station Index\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The eight sites the Department of Water Resources uses in its Northern Sierra eight-station index are scattered across the Sacramento, Feather and American river watersheds (see sidebar). Those basins are the source of most of the water captured by the Central Valley Project and State Water Project and are key to the state’s annual water supply. The index itself is the average of the total precipitation for the current water year recorded at the eight stations. The eight stations and their approximate daily precipitation totals — in some cases, the index uses gauges whose readings are not online or are not up to date — are below. Individual station data are for April 13, 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003ctable>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003cth>Station\u003c/th>\n\u003cth>Basin\u003c/th>\n\u003cth>’16-’17 Precipitation\u003c/th>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctfoot>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>\u003cstrong>April 13, 2017\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>\u003cstrong>Index\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>\u003cstrong>89.7\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\u003c/tfoot>\n\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>\u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecstation2/?sta=msc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mount Shasta City\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Sacramento\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>56.14\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>\u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecstation2/?sta=sha\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Shasta Dam\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Sacramento\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>90.14\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>\u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecstation2/?sta=mnr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mineral\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Sacramento\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>92.80\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>\u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecstation2/?sta=qrd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Quincy\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Feather\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>73.11\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>\u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryDaily?bcm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Brush Creek\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Feather\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>120.97\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>\u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecstation2/?sta=srr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sierraville\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Feather\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>57.63\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>\u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecstation2/?sta=bym\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Blue Canyon\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>American\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>125.60\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>\u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecstation2/?sta=pcf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pacific House\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>American\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>101.15\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Until now, the “Godzilla El Niño” year of 1982-83 had stood as the Northern Sierra’s wettest season on record, with an index of 88.5.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By Wednesday, the 2016-17 index, boosted by the epic deluges of December, January and February, had reached 88.2.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“An average water year [for the index] is 50 inches and in those three months we got 56 inches,” Mike Anderson, California’s state climatologist,” told KQED’s Craig Miller. “So it’s just a truly impressive winter to wade through.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked whether he was hoping to see the 1982-83 record broken, Anderson didn’t hesitate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yes,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as the latest in a series of spring storms swept across Northern California overnight, the index hit 89.7 on Thursday morning, establishing a new record. On Friday, it was up to 90.2.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the all-time high — for now. But with the prospect of more rain on the way, the index is certain to keep rising. Models show a chance for three weakish storms to hit Northern California over the next 10 days, and the region has a shot at more rain and snow through at least the end of May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re wondering about the extent of the very heavy precipitation reflected in the eight-station index, well, so were we. A check of the California-Nevada River Forecast Center’s running total of water-year precipitation shows 37 sites, almost all in Northern California, with 100 inches or more of rain and snow since Oct. 1. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water-year leader so far is a place called Four Trees in the Feather River basin: 152 inches and counting. Venado, the hillside location west of Healdsburg in northern Sonoma County, comes in with a paltry 148.3 inches. Ben Lomond, a reliably rainy location in the Santa Cruz Mountains, has about 110.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several other indices of seasonal precipitation are far above average for this time of year if not in record territory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/precipapp/get5SIPrecipIndex.action\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">five-station San Joaquin index\u003c/a>, which records precipitation in the Stanislaus, Tuolumne, Merced and San Joaquin, stands at 68.2 inches and 194 percent above average. The 1982-83 record is 77.4.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/precipapp/get6SIPrecipIndex.action\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">six-station index in the Tulare Basin\u003c/a>, which includes the Kings, Kaweah, Tule and Kern river basins, is 45 inches, 178 percent of normal and about 150 percent of average for the entire water year. The record, 56.3, was set in 1968-69.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s mountain snowpack, which as a rule of thumb stores about one-third of the water the state uses in an “average” year, is far above normal, too. On Thursday, snow water content was 154 percent of its April 1 average in the northern Coast Ranges and Sierra, 180 percent in the central Sierra and 164 percent in the southern Sierra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 1982-83 El Niño season set the snowpack record, with well over 200 percent of April 1 snowfall being recorded throughout the range.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Why Farmers Getting More Water Won't Lower Produce Prices",
"title": "Why Farmers Getting More Water Won't Lower Produce Prices",
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"content": "\u003cp>Thanks to a historically wet winter, Central Valley farmers south of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta got some long-awaited good news this week from federal water managers. For the first time in more than a decade, \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercedsunstar.com/news/local/central-valley/article144145604.html\">they will receive their full allotment of groundwater from the Central Valley Project\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a remarkable turnaround from last year, when farmers got only a 5 percent allotment, or even earlier this year, when they got 65 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But don't expect more water to trickle down to lower prices in your local produce aisle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You won’t notice,\" said Daniel Sumner, a professor of agricultural economics at UC Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because even during the driest days of the drought, farmers kept growing the kinds of high-value crops consumers buy in the grocery store, even if it meant pumping groundwater, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The crops that they make sure to keep the water on for are carrots, strawberries and things like that, that are high-revenue per drop of water,\" said Sumner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, farmers grew fewer low-value crops, like alfalfa and corn silage, which feed cows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You never move a drop of water to alfalfa if you can keep on strawberries,\" said Sumner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that farmers have their water back, it’s not like they can suddenly switch to avocado trees, which take 5-13 years to bear fruit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hence, they'll grow more feed. Down the line that could mean slightly lower milk prices. However, Sumner points out that most milk in California actually gets turned into cheese, which is often exported, or dry milk power, which goes into all sort of products, such as Balance Bars and PowerBars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It may well be over a year or two, if we keep having plenty of water, that I could show the sports bar you eat is a nickel cheaper out of the $2.50 price due to this water allocation,\" said Sumner.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Thanks to a historically wet winter, Central Valley farmers south of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta got some long-awaited good news this week from federal water managers. For the first time in more than a decade, \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercedsunstar.com/news/local/central-valley/article144145604.html\">they will receive their full allotment of groundwater from the Central Valley Project\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a remarkable turnaround from last year, when farmers got only a 5 percent allotment, or even earlier this year, when they got 65 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But don't expect more water to trickle down to lower prices in your local produce aisle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You won’t notice,\" said Daniel Sumner, a professor of agricultural economics at UC Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because even during the driest days of the drought, farmers kept growing the kinds of high-value crops consumers buy in the grocery store, even if it meant pumping groundwater, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"soldout": {
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"info": "The TED Radio Hour is a journey through fascinating ideas, astonishing inventions, fresh approaches to old problems, and new ways to think and create.",
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"tagline": "Local news to keep you rooted",
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