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"content": "\u003cp>Local air regulators have opened a new investigation into Valero's Benicia refinery after another malfunction at the facility sent black smoke into the air three times over the weekend. The flaring comes close to a month after the refinery experienced its first full outage in decades, resulting in toxic gases being released into the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the refinery's units had \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/CityBenicia/posts/1449022338493145\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">some sort of release\u003c/a> on Sunday afternoon, according to Benicia city officials, as the facility continues to struggle to fully restart its operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike the incident in early May, there were no shelter-in-place orders, evacuations and hospitalizations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"yGKTZuUIXBozwEhVUmmQCJW0b2Nm1S2M\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But state officials normally notified of similar refinery problems were not told about the latest incident. And the city and the Bay Area Air Quality Management District are unaware of what chemicals were sent into the air because of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That is part of the problem -- we don't know what is released,\" Benicia Mayor Elizabeth Patterson said in an email Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valero is not releasing detailed information about Sunday's malfunction, but it is linking it with the problem earlier in the month that sent flames, smoke and toxic gas into the sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Valero's Benicia refinery continues to work to restore operations following the May 5 power outage caused by disruption from Pacific Gas & Electric,\" said company spokeswoman Lillian Riojas in an email almost identical to one she sent to KQED two weeks ago about another release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Intermittent flaring and related startup issues may occur,\" Riojas said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem was tied to Valero's scrubber unit, city officials said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That unit acts as a large filter, cleaning up gas or liquid that exits a processing unit, according to Tulane professor Eric Smith, who specializes in gas and oil production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The refinery sent black smoke that came from oil residue into the sky on three occasions Sunday afternoon, each one lasting between 15 and 45 seconds, said Benicia Fire Chief Jim Lydon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The air district then sent an inspector to the facility, according to Tom Flannigan, a spokesman for the Bay Area Air Quality Management District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This new incident that happened over the weekend may have been tied to them testing out their equipment and their processes as they bring them back up to speed,\" Flannigan said in an interview Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The district has already issued \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/05/05/benicia-refinery-power-outage-triggers-evacuations/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">six notices of violation\u003c/a> against Valero in connection with the May 5 outage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We did see some dark black smoke that was released for a period of time,\" Flannigan said. \"We'll be taking a close look to see what exactly what was emitted and if they're subject to any fines.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike a series of releases that took place at the refinery in the days after the outage, Sunday's incident was not reported to the Governor's Office of Emergency Services, which administers a hazardous materials notification database. You can see the Valero outage notifications \u003ca href=\"https://w3.calema.ca.gov/operational/malhaz.nsf/f1841a103c102734882563e200760c4a/c772dcd437057a3488258125007de8ec?OpenDocument&Highlight=0,valero\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, state air regulators were not kept in the loop either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have nothing new, and nothing new was reported to Cal OES over the weekend,\" said David Clegern, a spokesman for the California Air Resources Board, which has had air monitors in place near the refinery since the outage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outage is \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/05/10/after-valero-refinery-outage-three-probes-and-rising-gas-prices/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">under investigation\u003c/a> by a third party hired by PG&E, the air district, California's Division of Occupational Safety and Health (Cal/OSHA) and Solano County's Department of Resource Management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The county is investigating \u003ca href=\"http://claycord.com/2017/05/18/employees-frustrated-after-oil-based-substance-lands-on-vehicles-businesses-near-valero-refinery/comment-page-1/#comment-1023805\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">another incident\u003c/a> that may be tied to the aftermath of the outage. On May 15, several people who work at MRC Global, a company on Bayshore Road not too far away the refinery, found an \"oil-based\" substance on their cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A hazardous materials specialist conducted tests on the vehicles, according to Terry Schmidtbauer, director of Solano County's Department of Resource Management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>City and county officials asked Valero to take the vehicles to a car-wash, Schmidtbauer said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The electricity failure at the refinery and resulting safety concerns have prompted a push for Benicia to develop an \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/05/23/valero-outage-prompts-benicia-to-consider-industrial-safety-ordinance/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">industrial safety ordinance\u003c/a> similar to one that governs refineries in Contra Costa County. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Local air regulators have opened a new investigation into Valero's Benicia refinery after another malfunction at the facility sent black smoke into the air three times over the weekend. The flaring comes close to a month after the refinery experienced its first full outage in decades, resulting in toxic gases being released into the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the refinery's units had \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/CityBenicia/posts/1449022338493145\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">some sort of release\u003c/a> on Sunday afternoon, according to Benicia city officials, as the facility continues to struggle to fully restart its operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike the incident in early May, there were no shelter-in-place orders, evacuations and hospitalizations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But state officials normally notified of similar refinery problems were not told about the latest incident. And the city and the Bay Area Air Quality Management District are unaware of what chemicals were sent into the air because of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That is part of the problem -- we don't know what is released,\" Benicia Mayor Elizabeth Patterson said in an email Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valero is not releasing detailed information about Sunday's malfunction, but it is linking it with the problem earlier in the month that sent flames, smoke and toxic gas into the sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Valero's Benicia refinery continues to work to restore operations following the May 5 power outage caused by disruption from Pacific Gas & Electric,\" said company spokeswoman Lillian Riojas in an email almost identical to one she sent to KQED two weeks ago about another release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Intermittent flaring and related startup issues may occur,\" Riojas said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem was tied to Valero's scrubber unit, city officials said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That unit acts as a large filter, cleaning up gas or liquid that exits a processing unit, according to Tulane professor Eric Smith, who specializes in gas and oil production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The refinery sent black smoke that came from oil residue into the sky on three occasions Sunday afternoon, each one lasting between 15 and 45 seconds, said Benicia Fire Chief Jim Lydon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The air district then sent an inspector to the facility, according to Tom Flannigan, a spokesman for the Bay Area Air Quality Management District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This new incident that happened over the weekend may have been tied to them testing out their equipment and their processes as they bring them back up to speed,\" Flannigan said in an interview Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The district has already issued \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/05/05/benicia-refinery-power-outage-triggers-evacuations/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">six notices of violation\u003c/a> against Valero in connection with the May 5 outage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We did see some dark black smoke that was released for a period of time,\" Flannigan said. \"We'll be taking a close look to see what exactly what was emitted and if they're subject to any fines.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike a series of releases that took place at the refinery in the days after the outage, Sunday's incident was not reported to the Governor's Office of Emergency Services, which administers a hazardous materials notification database. You can see the Valero outage notifications \u003ca href=\"https://w3.calema.ca.gov/operational/malhaz.nsf/f1841a103c102734882563e200760c4a/c772dcd437057a3488258125007de8ec?OpenDocument&Highlight=0,valero\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, state air regulators were not kept in the loop either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have nothing new, and nothing new was reported to Cal OES over the weekend,\" said David Clegern, a spokesman for the California Air Resources Board, which has had air monitors in place near the refinery since the outage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outage is \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/05/10/after-valero-refinery-outage-three-probes-and-rising-gas-prices/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">under investigation\u003c/a> by a third party hired by PG&E, the air district, California's Division of Occupational Safety and Health (Cal/OSHA) and Solano County's Department of Resource Management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The county is investigating \u003ca href=\"http://claycord.com/2017/05/18/employees-frustrated-after-oil-based-substance-lands-on-vehicles-businesses-near-valero-refinery/comment-page-1/#comment-1023805\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">another incident\u003c/a> that may be tied to the aftermath of the outage. On May 15, several people who work at MRC Global, a company on Bayshore Road not too far away the refinery, found an \"oil-based\" substance on their cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A hazardous materials specialist conducted tests on the vehicles, according to Terry Schmidtbauer, director of Solano County's Department of Resource Management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>City and county officials asked Valero to take the vehicles to a car-wash, Schmidtbauer said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The electricity failure at the refinery and resulting safety concerns have prompted a push for Benicia to develop an \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/05/23/valero-outage-prompts-benicia-to-consider-industrial-safety-ordinance/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">industrial safety ordinance\u003c/a> similar to one that governs refineries in Contra Costa County. And it also led Mayor Patterson to call for the city to do a \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/05/09/benicia-mayor-calls-for-key-emergency-improvements-after-valero-refinery-outage-and-flaring/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">better job\u003c/a> of telling its residents about major emergencies.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Sharks have been swarming around southern California beaches for weeks. \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR\u003c/a> wanted to know more about why, so we placed a call to Chris Lowe, a professor in marine biology and head of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.csulb.edu/natural-sciences-mathematics-biological-sciences/explore/shark-lab\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Shark Lab\u003c/a> at \u003ca href=\"http://web.csulb.edu/sites/commencement-2017/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">California State University at Long Beach\u003c/a> — or rather, we tried. Lowe was offshore on a boat trapping sharks to tag, and at the appointed time for our interview, Lowe had his hands full … of shark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>[contextly_sidebar id=”eJ0QXNOa8DNu6lO8Q91tUozjMG0obbS5″]\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Morning Edition\u003c/a>\u003c/em> producer Justin Richmond, who was on the boat with a microphone, delivered a play-by-play as Lowe and two of his students from Cal State Long Beach tugged on a net.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re literally catching a shark right now!” Justin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a great white shark — although not a big one. It was a baby, about six feet. The boat they were on was a 12-foot whaler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea was to tug the shark alongside that little boat, then hoist it up on the deck of a bigger boat — yes, in an all-too-appropriate \u003cem>Jaws\u003c/em> reference, there was a bigger boat — and there, the researchers quickly performed surgery, implanting tracking devices on and in the baby shark, so she could be studied later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All this action was happening only about 30 feet from Long Beach. In that neighborhood, Justin said, everybody has been talking about the sharks right there in shallow water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Lowe gently lowered the baby shark back in the water, he was able to describe what he thinks is going on. Lowe says though these beaches have been hot spots of nurseries for white sharks, what is different now is global climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s changing our ocean temperatures, it’s changing our ocean currents,” he says. “What it’s doing is it’s making conditions more favorable for some of these babies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los Angeles-area beaches are basically the nursery for white sharks in the northeast Pacific, he says. “And we need those sharks. They’re really important in keeping our oceans healthy. So while the public always has some concerns about the fact that there are white sharks off their beaches, what they have to remember is that these are babies and they’re coming to these beaches for the same reason they do: they want a safe place to hang out and enjoy life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lowe says that baby sharks are usually at least as afraid of people as we may be of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Morning Edition\u003c/a>\u003cem> producer Justin Richmond and \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Morning Edition\u003c/a>\u003cem> editor Amy Isackson and digital producer Heidi Glenn contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+An+Interview+With+A+Shark+Researcher+Wound+Up+Starring+A+Shark&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Sharks have been swarming around southern California beaches for weeks. \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR\u003c/a> wanted to know more about why, so we placed a call to Chris Lowe, a professor in marine biology and head of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.csulb.edu/natural-sciences-mathematics-biological-sciences/explore/shark-lab\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Shark Lab\u003c/a> at \u003ca href=\"http://web.csulb.edu/sites/commencement-2017/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">California State University at Long Beach\u003c/a> — or rather, we tried. Lowe was offshore on a boat trapping sharks to tag, and at the appointed time for our interview, Lowe had his hands full … of shark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Morning Edition\u003c/a>\u003c/em> producer Justin Richmond, who was on the boat with a microphone, delivered a play-by-play as Lowe and two of his students from Cal State Long Beach tugged on a net.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re literally catching a shark right now!” Justin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a great white shark — although not a big one. It was a baby, about six feet. The boat they were on was a 12-foot whaler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea was to tug the shark alongside that little boat, then hoist it up on the deck of a bigger boat — yes, in an all-too-appropriate \u003cem>Jaws\u003c/em> reference, there was a bigger boat — and there, the researchers quickly performed surgery, implanting tracking devices on and in the baby shark, so she could be studied later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All this action was happening only about 30 feet from Long Beach. In that neighborhood, Justin said, everybody has been talking about the sharks right there in shallow water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Lowe gently lowered the baby shark back in the water, he was able to describe what he thinks is going on. Lowe says though these beaches have been hot spots of nurseries for white sharks, what is different now is global climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s changing our ocean temperatures, it’s changing our ocean currents,” he says. “What it’s doing is it’s making conditions more favorable for some of these babies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los Angeles-area beaches are basically the nursery for white sharks in the northeast Pacific, he says. “And we need those sharks. They’re really important in keeping our oceans healthy. So while the public always has some concerns about the fact that there are white sharks off their beaches, what they have to remember is that these are babies and they’re coming to these beaches for the same reason they do: they want a safe place to hang out and enjoy life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lowe says that baby sharks are usually at least as afraid of people as we may be of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Morning Edition\u003c/a>\u003cem> producer Justin Richmond and \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Morning Edition\u003c/a>\u003cem> editor Amy Isackson and digital producer Heidi Glenn contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+An+Interview+With+A+Shark+Researcher+Wound+Up+Starring+A+Shark&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Before and After: Satellite Photos of Vast Big Sur Landslide",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe frameborder=\"0\" class=\"juxtapose\" width=\"90%\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=05a0ba2a-4263-11e7-9498-0edaf8f81e27\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[dropcap]L[/dropcap]ast Saturday night, a mountainside gave way along Highway 1, a mile or so down the road from the hamlet of Gorda on the southern end of the Big Sur coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can say lots of things about the landslide (depicted above in before-and-after satellite images from San Francisco's \u003ca href=\"https://www.planet.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Planet Labs\u003c/a>): That it was vast, sending millions of tons of rock, soil and mud down the mountain, across the precariously situated roadway and into the Pacific Ocean. That it's historic -- almost certainly the largest since a giant slide near the entrance to Julia Pfeiffer Burns State Park in March 1983 closed the coast highway for 13 months. That it's going to take a long, long time -- Caltrans says at least a year -- before this stretch of Highway 1 is clear again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing you can't say, though, is that the monster slide was a complete surprise. Weather and history both foretold something big happening along Highway 1 -- perhaps close to Gorda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rain fell long and hard on the slide area at Mud Creek and the mountains above it, with some highland locations getting as much as 117 inches from last October through early April. Caltrans engineers say that springs and seeps that came to life near Mud Creek saturated the mountainside and started several separate slides, occasionally closing the highway, before the entire slope collapsed last weekend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mud Creek is also in the middle of a zone that one might call particularly slide-prone. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.dot.ca.gov/dist05/projects/bigsur/pdfs/Landslide%20Guidelines_Complete-July2003.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">2003 Caltrans report\u003c/a> described the terrain where the latest slide happened as \"very active\" with \"high landslide potential.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>History bears out the truth of that statement. The latest slide occurred on a 5-mile stretch of Highway 1 that landslides have closed for a month or more on at least half a dozen occasions since 1982 -- typically during or after unusually wet winters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Caltrans spokeswoman Susana Cruz said Friday afternoon that engineers are continuing to assess the extent, composition and behavior of the slide -- investigating the area with drones and helicopters and drilling through the mass of rock and muck to see how deep it actually is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cruz said the agency will use ground-penetrating radar to assess how much the slide is still moving. The technology has been used to monitor a slope blocking Highway 1 at a location called Paul's Slide, near Limekiln State Park, 13 miles northwest of the Mud Creek slide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Caltrans managed to build a temporary lane around Paul's Slide, only to discover the earth is continuing to move there. The agency closed the location again earlier this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One immediate impact of the Paul's Slide closure is a potential delay in work to replace the Pfeiffer Canyon Bridge -- severely damaged by a slide, then demolished -- further north in Big Sur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Caltrans contractors have been trucking construction supplies from U.S. 101 in the Salinas Valley over steep, narrow, twisting Nacimiento-Fergusson Road to Highway 1, then hauling them north to Pfeiffer Canyon. Paul's Slide is now blocking that route indefinitely, and Cruz said contractors could be forced to fly supplies to the bridge site by helicopter.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe frameborder=\"0\" class=\"juxtapose\" width=\"90%\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=05a0ba2a-4263-11e7-9498-0edaf8f81e27\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__dropcapShortcode__dropcap\">L\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>ast Saturday night, a mountainside gave way along Highway 1, a mile or so down the road from the hamlet of Gorda on the southern end of the Big Sur coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can say lots of things about the landslide (depicted above in before-and-after satellite images from San Francisco's \u003ca href=\"https://www.planet.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Planet Labs\u003c/a>): That it was vast, sending millions of tons of rock, soil and mud down the mountain, across the precariously situated roadway and into the Pacific Ocean. That it's historic -- almost certainly the largest since a giant slide near the entrance to Julia Pfeiffer Burns State Park in March 1983 closed the coast highway for 13 months. That it's going to take a long, long time -- Caltrans says at least a year -- before this stretch of Highway 1 is clear again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing you can't say, though, is that the monster slide was a complete surprise. Weather and history both foretold something big happening along Highway 1 -- perhaps close to Gorda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rain fell long and hard on the slide area at Mud Creek and the mountains above it, with some highland locations getting as much as 117 inches from last October through early April. Caltrans engineers say that springs and seeps that came to life near Mud Creek saturated the mountainside and started several separate slides, occasionally closing the highway, before the entire slope collapsed last weekend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mud Creek is also in the middle of a zone that one might call particularly slide-prone. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.dot.ca.gov/dist05/projects/bigsur/pdfs/Landslide%20Guidelines_Complete-July2003.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">2003 Caltrans report\u003c/a> described the terrain where the latest slide happened as \"very active\" with \"high landslide potential.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>History bears out the truth of that statement. The latest slide occurred on a 5-mile stretch of Highway 1 that landslides have closed for a month or more on at least half a dozen occasions since 1982 -- typically during or after unusually wet winters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Caltrans spokeswoman Susana Cruz said Friday afternoon that engineers are continuing to assess the extent, composition and behavior of the slide -- investigating the area with drones and helicopters and drilling through the mass of rock and muck to see how deep it actually is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cruz said the agency will use ground-penetrating radar to assess how much the slide is still moving. The technology has been used to monitor a slope blocking Highway 1 at a location called Paul's Slide, near Limekiln State Park, 13 miles northwest of the Mud Creek slide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Caltrans managed to build a temporary lane around Paul's Slide, only to discover the earth is continuing to move there. The agency closed the location again earlier this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One immediate impact of the Paul's Slide closure is a potential delay in work to replace the Pfeiffer Canyon Bridge -- severely damaged by a slide, then demolished -- further north in Big Sur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Caltrans contractors have been trucking construction supplies from U.S. 101 in the Salinas Valley over steep, narrow, twisting Nacimiento-Fergusson Road to Highway 1, then hauling them north to Pfeiffer Canyon. Paul's Slide is now blocking that route indefinitely, and Cruz said contractors could be forced to fly supplies to the bridge site by helicopter.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Did you hear the one about the Great California Bee Caper? (Bonus points if you can guess Suspect #1's common name.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I thought some agricultural crime, bees and Winnie the Pooh would be a good Friday change of pace from \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/05/25/circuit-court-ruling-keeps-trumps-travel-ban-on-hold/\">executive orders\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/05/26/530103144/republican-gianforte-wins-montana-house-race-amid-assault-charge\">violent politicians\u003c/a> and \"\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/05/25/ag-becerra-wants-trump-administration-to-make-crude-carrying-bomb-trains-safer/\">bomb trains\u003c/a>.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/05/19/nearly-1-million-in-stolen-bees-recovered-in-fresno/\">Check out this fascinating story\u003c/a> about what Fresno authorities are calling the \"biggest beehive theft they’ve ever seen.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Did you hear the one about the Great California Bee Caper? (Bonus points if you can guess Suspect #1's common name.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I thought some agricultural crime, bees and Winnie the Pooh would be a good Friday change of pace from \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/05/25/circuit-court-ruling-keeps-trumps-travel-ban-on-hold/\">executive orders\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/05/26/530103144/republican-gianforte-wins-montana-house-race-amid-assault-charge\">violent politicians\u003c/a> and \"\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/05/25/ag-becerra-wants-trump-administration-to-make-crude-carrying-bomb-trains-safer/\">bomb trains\u003c/a>.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/05/19/nearly-1-million-in-stolen-bees-recovered-in-fresno/\">Check out this fascinating story\u003c/a> about what Fresno authorities are calling the \"biggest beehive theft they’ve ever seen.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "For Local Governments, Cashing in on Cannabis Won't Be Easy",
"title": "For Local Governments, Cashing in on Cannabis Won't Be Easy",
"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>At the office of Monterey County’s Treasurer-Tax Collector, gun-toting guards now stand sentry over the parking lot and entry door.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A newly renovated front office now serves as a secure drop-off point for taxpayers carrying duffel bags full of cash (payments made by appointment only). A fleet of state-of-the-art currency counters stand ready to speedily tally unprecedented sums of paper bills. And the regularly scheduled armored truck pickups are now passing through at a quicker clip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monterey County is among the many California cities and counties discovering a hard truth as they angle for a cut of the state’s newly legalized marijuana proceeds: Tax collecting in cannabis country comes with its share of obstacles. And there’s no “how to” guide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s been a challenge just to craft all of this from scratch,” county Treasurer-Tax Collector Mary Zeeb said from her office in Salinas. As of the first of this year, all licensed medical pot growers in unincorporated Monterey County owe Zeeb’s office $2 for every square foot they farm. That’s thanks to a measure passed by an overwhelming 74 percent of the county’s voters last November, who decided that if cannabis is going to be a mostly-legal local industry, the county treasury might as well get in on the action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the list of questions that city fiscal analysts and county councilmembers are now puzzling over:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What is the “sweet spot” tax rate that will keep local budgets in the black without chasing growers and vendors back into the black market?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Who exactly are the officially licensed weed dealers in their jurisdiction?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>When taxing an industry that is effectively barred from the traditional banking sector, what do you do with all their cash?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>And just how do you audit a pot farm anyway?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>“We set up our processes, and we hoped that they were going to work. So far, I’ve been pleasantly surprised that they mostly have,” says Zeeb, now processing the first quarter of collections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monterey County reports taking in roughly $700,000 from 60 growers (with 15 more still in arrears as of earlier this month). Those tax bills were based on self-report yield data from the growers themselves, but once all the permits are finalized, Zeeb says each grower will be taxed based on his or her permitted acreage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is kind of the startup period,” she says. “We had a very steep learning curve.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11479241\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/FistfullOfWeed-800x545.jpg\" alt=\"A marijuana grower displays cannabis grown at one of his properties.\" width=\"800\" height=\"545\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11479241\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/FistfullOfWeed-800x545.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/FistfullOfWeed-160x109.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/FistfullOfWeed-1020x695.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/FistfullOfWeed.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/FistfullOfWeed-1180x804.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/FistfullOfWeed-960x654.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/FistfullOfWeed-240x164.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/FistfullOfWeed-375x255.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/FistfullOfWeed-520x354.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A marijuana grower displays cannabis grown at one of his properties. \u003ccite>(JOSH EDELSON/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Monterey County isn’t the only local government learning on the fly. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last election, 32 cities and nine counties put marijuana tax measures on the ballot. All but two were approved -- and more measures have been scheduled during special elections since. These taxes largely apply to medical cannabis, but were designed to encompass recreational pot once the state begins issuing permits no sooner than the beginning of next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This certainly was by far the biggest year -- last November -- for these sorts of measures,” says Michael Coleman, fiscal policy advisor to the League of California Cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coleman attributes the green wave at the local level as a response to Proposition 64, by which state voters in November legalized the cultivation, sale and use of marijuana by adults for recreational purposes. Though the initiative gives local governments the right to restrict marijuana business activity within its borders, it requires them to do so proactively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposition “begged the question for everyone,” he says. “If you say nothing, you’re making the decision to allow a bunch of stuff to happen in your community.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"PPQ4MHu6h2RC7dD7w90QxkhQFwucFLqR\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, many local governments have opted to allow the marijuana industry to set up shop, but to tax them for the right to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alongside the cultivation tax, for example, Monterey County applies a 5 percent gross-receipts tax on all operations in the business of distributing, manufacturing and testing cannabis. That’s on top of the 15 percent excise tax and $9.25 per ounce cultivation tax the state will \u003ca href=\"https://www.boe.ca.gov/industry/medical_cannabis.html#Overview\">impose\u003c/a> on both medical and recreational marijuana under Prop. 64 (though card-carrying medical marijuana patients will be exempt from the state’s 7.25 percent sales tax) -- as well as the property, business license and corporate taxes that all companies pay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cannabis entrepreneurs complain about the heavy tab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these tax initiatives aren’t solely a cash grab by locals, said David McPherson, the cannabis compliance director at HdL Companies, which advises local governments on cannabis regulatory and tax issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some cities and counties are simply trying to recoup the expenses of setting up a new regulatory system and pay for the expected cost of cracking down on the non-compliant. Other communities want to hammer out rules and regulations early to send a message to the industry that they are legally (and maybe philosophically) open to a well-regulated, professional weed industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the potential growth of commercial cannabis represents an undeniable fiscal opportunity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cities and counties have been struggling for the last 20 years,” McPherson said, who used to be the head tax collector for the City of Oakland, the first municipality to tax and regulate the industry. “They’re just figuring out how to keep out bankruptcy.” He points to Proposition 13 and other constitutional restrictions on local taxes, and the escalating costs of public pension contributions. In constrained times, cannabis represents that rare opportunity for local government: a fresh source of untapped tax revenue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How to tap that source is a work in progress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"FnL06GXETZVM5xRCpnrI1ck3ODyq7JIy\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Humboldt County, where a world-renowned cannabis industry has long operated off the grid and off the books, voters approved a $1 to $3 per-square-foot cultivation tax on growers by a greater than 2-to-1 margin. But of the nearly 10,000 grow operations that local officials estimate lie scattered across the lightly populated, densely forested county, fewer than 2,500 have registered, according to Treasurer-Tax Collector John Bartholomew. And since the ordinance only allows the county to collect taxes from fully permitted growers, Bartholomew’s office has only sent out 13 tax bills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s just too bad that we couldn’t levy the taxes on any grower we knew that was operating,” he said. “If they don’t have the permit, we can’t bill them. I think that there was probably influence from the industry in how that measure was written.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, Bartholomew is concerned that transient operators -- so-called “trimmigrants” who arrive for the season, harvest a plot, and then leave the county -- may be able to skip town without paying their share. Bartholomew has lobbied Sacramento for a change to state law that would allow his department to seize the property of those who allow their land to be used for cultivation but don’t pay their taxes. So far, not a single legislator has agreed to carry such a bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11479245\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/WeedGrowRoom-800x586.jpg\" alt=\"A marijuana greenhouse at one of the relatively few registered Humboldt County pot farms.\" width=\"800\" height=\"586\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11479245\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/WeedGrowRoom-800x586.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/WeedGrowRoom-160x117.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/WeedGrowRoom-1020x747.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/WeedGrowRoom.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/WeedGrowRoom-1180x865.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/WeedGrowRoom-960x704.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/WeedGrowRoom-240x176.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/WeedGrowRoom-375x275.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/WeedGrowRoom-520x381.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A marijuana greenhouse at one of the relatively few registered Humboldt County pot farms. \u003ccite>(Sam Harnett/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But even in more urbanized areas, where the regulatory authority of local government is less contested, authorities are still puzzling over some basic questions when it comes to taxing marijuana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, what exactly is the “right” tax rate for the cannabis industry? Absent much economic literature on the subject, many cities and counties have established a maximum levy, while giving themselves a flexible range of rates to charge in the future. The Goldilocks-like task of finding that “just right” tax burden -- the rate that funds local regulatory requirements without pushing growers and vendors out of business -- is something that cities and counties will be experimenting with in the years to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What these county-by-county and city-by-city rates and policies will mean for the development of the industry is unclear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last March, Sonoma voters passed a gross receipts tax with a maximum rate of 10 percent for all marijuana businesses in unincorporated sections of the county. This came over the objections of the local growers alliance. But this June, Santa Rosa, the Sonoma County seat, will be voting on its own local gross receipts tax that will undercut the county rate, setting its ceiling at 8 percent. (The starting rates will range from 1 to 3 percent, depending on the type of business.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With Santa Rosa positioning itself as the more business friendly alternative in the area, the city has seen marijuana investment money pour in as the vacancy rate for industrial space plummets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s an enormous amount of speculation going on,” says David Guhin, director of the city’s planning and economic development department. “We’re hearing stories of other smaller industrial users -- like butcher shops and other things -- that can’t expand now because they can’t compete with the money that cannabis is bringing to the table.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"nBqw7bw7SflSaax3RHQQpSO6lA35zGKv\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Cara Martinson with the California State Association of Counties, cities and counties will need to coordinate to avoid creating a “patchwork” of tax rates that drives the cannabis industry in one direction or another. But she says coordination is tricky because state policy itself remains fluid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state has until the end of 2017 to craft regulations under Prop. 64 and to square them with existing rules that apply to medical marijuana, which are also in flux. Earlier this month the state released draft regulations for medical weed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, lawmakers and regulators in Sacramento are struggling with some of the same logistical issues that beguile local tax authorities. Chief among them is the question of how to collect an \u003ca href=\"http://www.lao.ca.gov/BallotAnalysis/Proposition?number=64&year=2016\">expected\u003c/a> $1 billion in annual tax revenue in cash -- a question that remains unresolved. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The State Treasurer’s Office has put together a group to figure out how to get otherwise “unbankable” cannabis businesses their own checking accounts. Likewise, state lawmakers have introduced bills that would \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB148\">set up\u003c/a> additional tax payment centers and \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB1410\">allow\u003c/a> cannabis distributors to collect tax payments from their farmers. Some state officials have even floated a proposal to establish a state-run \u003ca href=\"http://www.willitsnews.com/article/NR/20170202/NEWS/170209996\">bank\u003c/a> -- though it is unclear whether such a bank would have an easier time than the private sector skirting federal banking regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for now, these are simply proposals. As state lawmakers puzzle over these questions, local governments are forging ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"jOogNYU7ZRI2Hp6ASCtvDviVi1nWSytN\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fact that there’s a moving target at the state level makes it way more challenging for folks to develop thoughtful, comprehensive, local ordinances,” says Martinson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, David Guhin in Santa Rosa says he’s optimistic about the prospects of the local measure. That is in part because the city began offering interim permits to cannabis manufacturers and vendors as early as late 2015 while the regulations were still being hammered out. That gave city officials a year and half of lead time to figure out how big the local industry actually is, how much they can be taxed, and how much the new regulations will cost the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the city weed tax passes in June, Guhin says Santa Rosa will have an advantage over cities and counties that only began enacting their policies after a tax was approved. Still there is more learning ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We get a new question every day -- one that we haven’t thought of,” he says. “But we’re trying to figure it out with everyone else.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>CALmatters.org is a nonprofit, nonpartisan media venture explaining California policies and politics.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "California counties are angling for a cut of newly legalized pot proceeds. But tax collecting comes with its share of obstacles, and there’s no ‘how to’ guide.",
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"description": "California counties are angling for a cut of newly legalized pot proceeds. But tax collecting comes with its share of obstacles, and there’s no ‘how to’ guide.",
"title": "For Local Governments, Cashing in on Cannabis Won't Be Easy | KQED",
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"nprByline": "\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/articles/author/ben-christopher/\">Ben Christopher\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>At the office of Monterey County’s Treasurer-Tax Collector, gun-toting guards now stand sentry over the parking lot and entry door.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A newly renovated front office now serves as a secure drop-off point for taxpayers carrying duffel bags full of cash (payments made by appointment only). A fleet of state-of-the-art currency counters stand ready to speedily tally unprecedented sums of paper bills. And the regularly scheduled armored truck pickups are now passing through at a quicker clip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monterey County is among the many California cities and counties discovering a hard truth as they angle for a cut of the state’s newly legalized marijuana proceeds: Tax collecting in cannabis country comes with its share of obstacles. And there’s no “how to” guide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s been a challenge just to craft all of this from scratch,” county Treasurer-Tax Collector Mary Zeeb said from her office in Salinas. As of the first of this year, all licensed medical pot growers in unincorporated Monterey County owe Zeeb’s office $2 for every square foot they farm. That’s thanks to a measure passed by an overwhelming 74 percent of the county’s voters last November, who decided that if cannabis is going to be a mostly-legal local industry, the county treasury might as well get in on the action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the list of questions that city fiscal analysts and county councilmembers are now puzzling over:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What is the “sweet spot” tax rate that will keep local budgets in the black without chasing growers and vendors back into the black market?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Who exactly are the officially licensed weed dealers in their jurisdiction?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>When taxing an industry that is effectively barred from the traditional banking sector, what do you do with all their cash?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>And just how do you audit a pot farm anyway?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>“We set up our processes, and we hoped that they were going to work. So far, I’ve been pleasantly surprised that they mostly have,” says Zeeb, now processing the first quarter of collections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monterey County reports taking in roughly $700,000 from 60 growers (with 15 more still in arrears as of earlier this month). Those tax bills were based on self-report yield data from the growers themselves, but once all the permits are finalized, Zeeb says each grower will be taxed based on his or her permitted acreage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is kind of the startup period,” she says. “We had a very steep learning curve.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11479241\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/FistfullOfWeed-800x545.jpg\" alt=\"A marijuana grower displays cannabis grown at one of his properties.\" width=\"800\" height=\"545\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11479241\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/FistfullOfWeed-800x545.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/FistfullOfWeed-160x109.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/FistfullOfWeed-1020x695.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/FistfullOfWeed.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/FistfullOfWeed-1180x804.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/FistfullOfWeed-960x654.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/FistfullOfWeed-240x164.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/FistfullOfWeed-375x255.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/FistfullOfWeed-520x354.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A marijuana grower displays cannabis grown at one of his properties. \u003ccite>(JOSH EDELSON/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Monterey County isn’t the only local government learning on the fly. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last election, 32 cities and nine counties put marijuana tax measures on the ballot. All but two were approved -- and more measures have been scheduled during special elections since. These taxes largely apply to medical cannabis, but were designed to encompass recreational pot once the state begins issuing permits no sooner than the beginning of next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This certainly was by far the biggest year -- last November -- for these sorts of measures,” says Michael Coleman, fiscal policy advisor to the League of California Cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coleman attributes the green wave at the local level as a response to Proposition 64, by which state voters in November legalized the cultivation, sale and use of marijuana by adults for recreational purposes. Though the initiative gives local governments the right to restrict marijuana business activity within its borders, it requires them to do so proactively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposition “begged the question for everyone,” he says. “If you say nothing, you’re making the decision to allow a bunch of stuff to happen in your community.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, many local governments have opted to allow the marijuana industry to set up shop, but to tax them for the right to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alongside the cultivation tax, for example, Monterey County applies a 5 percent gross-receipts tax on all operations in the business of distributing, manufacturing and testing cannabis. That’s on top of the 15 percent excise tax and $9.25 per ounce cultivation tax the state will \u003ca href=\"https://www.boe.ca.gov/industry/medical_cannabis.html#Overview\">impose\u003c/a> on both medical and recreational marijuana under Prop. 64 (though card-carrying medical marijuana patients will be exempt from the state’s 7.25 percent sales tax) -- as well as the property, business license and corporate taxes that all companies pay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cannabis entrepreneurs complain about the heavy tab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these tax initiatives aren’t solely a cash grab by locals, said David McPherson, the cannabis compliance director at HdL Companies, which advises local governments on cannabis regulatory and tax issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some cities and counties are simply trying to recoup the expenses of setting up a new regulatory system and pay for the expected cost of cracking down on the non-compliant. Other communities want to hammer out rules and regulations early to send a message to the industry that they are legally (and maybe philosophically) open to a well-regulated, professional weed industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the potential growth of commercial cannabis represents an undeniable fiscal opportunity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cities and counties have been struggling for the last 20 years,” McPherson said, who used to be the head tax collector for the City of Oakland, the first municipality to tax and regulate the industry. “They’re just figuring out how to keep out bankruptcy.” He points to Proposition 13 and other constitutional restrictions on local taxes, and the escalating costs of public pension contributions. In constrained times, cannabis represents that rare opportunity for local government: a fresh source of untapped tax revenue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How to tap that source is a work in progress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Humboldt County, where a world-renowned cannabis industry has long operated off the grid and off the books, voters approved a $1 to $3 per-square-foot cultivation tax on growers by a greater than 2-to-1 margin. But of the nearly 10,000 grow operations that local officials estimate lie scattered across the lightly populated, densely forested county, fewer than 2,500 have registered, according to Treasurer-Tax Collector John Bartholomew. And since the ordinance only allows the county to collect taxes from fully permitted growers, Bartholomew’s office has only sent out 13 tax bills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s just too bad that we couldn’t levy the taxes on any grower we knew that was operating,” he said. “If they don’t have the permit, we can’t bill them. I think that there was probably influence from the industry in how that measure was written.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, Bartholomew is concerned that transient operators -- so-called “trimmigrants” who arrive for the season, harvest a plot, and then leave the county -- may be able to skip town without paying their share. Bartholomew has lobbied Sacramento for a change to state law that would allow his department to seize the property of those who allow their land to be used for cultivation but don’t pay their taxes. So far, not a single legislator has agreed to carry such a bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11479245\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/WeedGrowRoom-800x586.jpg\" alt=\"A marijuana greenhouse at one of the relatively few registered Humboldt County pot farms.\" width=\"800\" height=\"586\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11479245\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/WeedGrowRoom-800x586.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/WeedGrowRoom-160x117.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/WeedGrowRoom-1020x747.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/WeedGrowRoom.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/WeedGrowRoom-1180x865.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/WeedGrowRoom-960x704.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/WeedGrowRoom-240x176.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/WeedGrowRoom-375x275.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/WeedGrowRoom-520x381.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A marijuana greenhouse at one of the relatively few registered Humboldt County pot farms. \u003ccite>(Sam Harnett/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But even in more urbanized areas, where the regulatory authority of local government is less contested, authorities are still puzzling over some basic questions when it comes to taxing marijuana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, what exactly is the “right” tax rate for the cannabis industry? Absent much economic literature on the subject, many cities and counties have established a maximum levy, while giving themselves a flexible range of rates to charge in the future. The Goldilocks-like task of finding that “just right” tax burden -- the rate that funds local regulatory requirements without pushing growers and vendors out of business -- is something that cities and counties will be experimenting with in the years to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What these county-by-county and city-by-city rates and policies will mean for the development of the industry is unclear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last March, Sonoma voters passed a gross receipts tax with a maximum rate of 10 percent for all marijuana businesses in unincorporated sections of the county. This came over the objections of the local growers alliance. But this June, Santa Rosa, the Sonoma County seat, will be voting on its own local gross receipts tax that will undercut the county rate, setting its ceiling at 8 percent. (The starting rates will range from 1 to 3 percent, depending on the type of business.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With Santa Rosa positioning itself as the more business friendly alternative in the area, the city has seen marijuana investment money pour in as the vacancy rate for industrial space plummets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s an enormous amount of speculation going on,” says David Guhin, director of the city’s planning and economic development department. “We’re hearing stories of other smaller industrial users -- like butcher shops and other things -- that can’t expand now because they can’t compete with the money that cannabis is bringing to the table.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Cara Martinson with the California State Association of Counties, cities and counties will need to coordinate to avoid creating a “patchwork” of tax rates that drives the cannabis industry in one direction or another. But she says coordination is tricky because state policy itself remains fluid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state has until the end of 2017 to craft regulations under Prop. 64 and to square them with existing rules that apply to medical marijuana, which are also in flux. Earlier this month the state released draft regulations for medical weed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, lawmakers and regulators in Sacramento are struggling with some of the same logistical issues that beguile local tax authorities. Chief among them is the question of how to collect an \u003ca href=\"http://www.lao.ca.gov/BallotAnalysis/Proposition?number=64&year=2016\">expected\u003c/a> $1 billion in annual tax revenue in cash -- a question that remains unresolved. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The State Treasurer’s Office has put together a group to figure out how to get otherwise “unbankable” cannabis businesses their own checking accounts. Likewise, state lawmakers have introduced bills that would \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB148\">set up\u003c/a> additional tax payment centers and \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB1410\">allow\u003c/a> cannabis distributors to collect tax payments from their farmers. Some state officials have even floated a proposal to establish a state-run \u003ca href=\"http://www.willitsnews.com/article/NR/20170202/NEWS/170209996\">bank\u003c/a> -- though it is unclear whether such a bank would have an easier time than the private sector skirting federal banking regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for now, these are simply proposals. As state lawmakers puzzle over these questions, local governments are forging ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fact that there’s a moving target at the state level makes it way more challenging for folks to develop thoughtful, comprehensive, local ordinances,” says Martinson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, David Guhin in Santa Rosa says he’s optimistic about the prospects of the local measure. That is in part because the city began offering interim permits to cannabis manufacturers and vendors as early as late 2015 while the regulations were still being hammered out. That gave city officials a year and half of lead time to figure out how big the local industry actually is, how much they can be taxed, and how much the new regulations will cost the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the city weed tax passes in June, Guhin says Santa Rosa will have an advantage over cities and counties that only began enacting their policies after a tax was approved. Still there is more learning ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We get a new question every day -- one that we haven’t thought of,” he says. “But we’re trying to figure it out with everyone else.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>President Trump’s budget proposal would cut federal funding for an earthquake early warning system for California, Oregon and Washington state, a development that seismology experts and some local leaders say would be the end of the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”J4vlCvkAeZWaVnmm0lxvnwklOEYnJScM”]The system being developed in conjunction with various universities is intended to provide critical seconds of warning when an earthquake has started and potentially dangerous shaking is imminent, allowing time for people to take cover and to slow or halt such things as critical industrial processes and transportation systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A version of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.shakealert.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">ShakeAlert system\u003c/a> has been undergoing testing but still needs to have more seismic sensors installed in Northern California, Oregon and Washington. The proposed funding cuts for the next fiscal year starting Oct. 1 would come from the budget of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">U.S. Geological Survey\u003c/a>, a bureau of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.doi.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">U.S. Interior Department\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Veteran \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Jones\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">seismologist Lucy Jones\u003c/a>, who recently retired from the U.S. Geological Survey after years of providing earthquake information to the public, said she was deeply disappointed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Eliminating the $10 million (per) year that the government has been spending would stop the program and waste the $23 million that has already been invested,” she said in a statement. “The talented scientists and technicians that are working on the project now will go to other jobs, so their experience and expertise would be lost.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rep. \u003ca href=\"https://schiff.house.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Adam Schiff\u003c/a>, a Los Angeles-area Democrat, said in a Facebook post that the system should not be stopped just as it is being expanded after years of work to educate the public and Congress on its benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Support for the early warning system in Congress is sustained, growing and bipartisan, and we will not accept this attempt by the president to cut a vital funding stream for a program that will protect life, property and critical infrastructure,” Schiff wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rep. \u003ca href=\"https://calvert.house.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ken Calvert\u003c/a>, a Republican who represents an inland Southern California district, is chairman of the Appropriations Subcommittee on the Interior and the Environment and has supported funding of the earthquake warning system in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement Tuesday he did not mention the warning system specifically, but noted that the budget “proposes some reductions for agencies that fall within the Interior Subcommittee’s jurisdiction. Those agencies perform important work, so the members of our committee will be faced with making some difficult decisions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A telephone message seeking comment was left Friday morning at Calvert’s district office in Corona.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Los Angeles, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cd12.org/welcome?splash=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Councilman Mitch Englander \u003c/a>called the funding cuts “a threat to the lives of millions of people in California and beyond.”\u003cbr>\nEnglander’s district includes the epicenter of the deadly 1994 Northridge earthquake that caused billions of dollars in damage to Los Angeles and neighboring areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When it comes to earthquakes, seconds matter,” he said in a statement. “A fully deployed early warning system would give time for elevators to shut down, hospitals to turn on backup generators, and people to take cover.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The warning system would alert West Coast communities in Washington, Oregon and California seconds before shaking occurs.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>President Trump’s budget proposal would cut federal funding for an earthquake early warning system for California, Oregon and Washington state, a development that seismology experts and some local leaders say would be the end of the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The system being developed in conjunction with various universities is intended to provide critical seconds of warning when an earthquake has started and potentially dangerous shaking is imminent, allowing time for people to take cover and to slow or halt such things as critical industrial processes and transportation systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A version of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.shakealert.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">ShakeAlert system\u003c/a> has been undergoing testing but still needs to have more seismic sensors installed in Northern California, Oregon and Washington. The proposed funding cuts for the next fiscal year starting Oct. 1 would come from the budget of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">U.S. Geological Survey\u003c/a>, a bureau of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.doi.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">U.S. Interior Department\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Veteran \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Jones\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">seismologist Lucy Jones\u003c/a>, who recently retired from the U.S. Geological Survey after years of providing earthquake information to the public, said she was deeply disappointed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Eliminating the $10 million (per) year that the government has been spending would stop the program and waste the $23 million that has already been invested,” she said in a statement. “The talented scientists and technicians that are working on the project now will go to other jobs, so their experience and expertise would be lost.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rep. \u003ca href=\"https://schiff.house.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Adam Schiff\u003c/a>, a Los Angeles-area Democrat, said in a Facebook post that the system should not be stopped just as it is being expanded after years of work to educate the public and Congress on its benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Support for the early warning system in Congress is sustained, growing and bipartisan, and we will not accept this attempt by the president to cut a vital funding stream for a program that will protect life, property and critical infrastructure,” Schiff wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rep. \u003ca href=\"https://calvert.house.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ken Calvert\u003c/a>, a Republican who represents an inland Southern California district, is chairman of the Appropriations Subcommittee on the Interior and the Environment and has supported funding of the earthquake warning system in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement Tuesday he did not mention the warning system specifically, but noted that the budget “proposes some reductions for agencies that fall within the Interior Subcommittee’s jurisdiction. Those agencies perform important work, so the members of our committee will be faced with making some difficult decisions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A telephone message seeking comment was left Friday morning at Calvert’s district office in Corona.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Los Angeles, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cd12.org/welcome?splash=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Councilman Mitch Englander \u003c/a>called the funding cuts “a threat to the lives of millions of people in California and beyond.”\u003cbr>\nEnglander’s district includes the epicenter of the deadly 1994 Northridge earthquake that caused billions of dollars in damage to Los Angeles and neighboring areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When it comes to earthquakes, seconds matter,” he said in a statement. “A fully deployed early warning system would give time for elevators to shut down, hospitals to turn on backup generators, and people to take cover.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "AG Becerra Wants Trump Administration to Make Crude-Carrying 'Bomb Trains' Safer",
"title": "AG Becerra Wants Trump Administration to Make Crude-Carrying 'Bomb Trains' Safer",
"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>Attorney General Xavier Becerra wants federal regulators to place new rules on the oil industry in an effort to reduce the chances of a train carrying crude oil from exploding in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Becerra has joined prosecutors in five other states in lobbying the U.S. Department of Transportation to place limits on the vapor pressure inside train cars that carry crude -- limits the industry opposes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A derailment or explosion in California could put countless lives at risk and cause major damage to our land and waterways,\" Becerra said Thursday in a \u003ca href=\"https://oag.ca.gov/news/press-releases/attorney-general-becerra-calls-trump-close-loophole-exposes-vulnerable\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">statement \u003c/a>where he called crude-by-rail cars \"bomb trains.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California regulators, environmentalists and some residents have expressed concern that some oil train routes pass through urban areas, especially the San Bernardino-Riverside and San Luis Obispo regions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California, New York, Illinois, Maine, Maryland and Washington \u003ca href=\"https://ag.ny.gov/sites/default/files/2017_05_19_comments_to_phmsa_final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">recently filed comments\u003c/a> with the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA), which is considering a vapor pressure standard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The attorneys general in those states point to a number of derailments, explosions and fires, including one in Quebec in 2013 that killed 47 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They want the federal agency to bar oil trains from traveling unless their cars carrying crude have a vapor pressure of 9 pounds per square inch or less.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"History suggests that a protective vapor pressure standard is warranted to prevent future train disasters,\" wrote Mihir Desai, New York assistant attorney general in a filing with PHMSA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The six states say that vapor pressure is a key driver in the oil's explosiveness and flammability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups have long been opposed to the use of oil trains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the federal government shows no signs of outlawing their use, an effort to keep them safer is a good step, according to Jared Margolis, a lawyer at the Center for Biological Diversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The reason why the states are so worried about vapor pressure is because they know there are going to be accidents,\" Margolis said in an interview Thursday. \"They know that existing regulations are not sufficient to prevent accidents.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the oil industry says those existing rules adequately address the safety of crude by rail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposal is \"premised on fundamentally unsound assumptions about safety risks,\" wrote David Friedman, vice president of regulatory affairs at the American Fuel & Petrochemical Manufacturers, in the organization's \u003ca href=\"https://www.regulations.gov/docketBrowser?rpp=50&so=DESC&sb=postedDate&po=0&dct=PS&D=PHMSA-2016-0077\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">filings\u003c/a>, urging PHMSA to reject the limit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Vapor pressure is not the key cause of ignition events in rail accidents,\" Friedman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The American Petroleum Institute says 99.997 percent of crude-by-rail shipments arrive at their destination without incident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"API and our members do not believe this proposal will enhance safety in transportation,\" said API spokesman Reid Porter in an email. \"Our collective focus should be on preventing accidents. Proper infrastructure maintenance and transportation practices are the only ways to reduce accidents.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Attorney General Xavier Becerra wants federal regulators to place new rules on the oil industry in an effort to reduce the chances of a train carrying crude oil from exploding in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Becerra has joined prosecutors in five other states in lobbying the U.S. Department of Transportation to place limits on the vapor pressure inside train cars that carry crude -- limits the industry opposes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A derailment or explosion in California could put countless lives at risk and cause major damage to our land and waterways,\" Becerra said Thursday in a \u003ca href=\"https://oag.ca.gov/news/press-releases/attorney-general-becerra-calls-trump-close-loophole-exposes-vulnerable\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">statement \u003c/a>where he called crude-by-rail cars \"bomb trains.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California regulators, environmentalists and some residents have expressed concern that some oil train routes pass through urban areas, especially the San Bernardino-Riverside and San Luis Obispo regions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California, New York, Illinois, Maine, Maryland and Washington \u003ca href=\"https://ag.ny.gov/sites/default/files/2017_05_19_comments_to_phmsa_final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">recently filed comments\u003c/a> with the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA), which is considering a vapor pressure standard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The attorneys general in those states point to a number of derailments, explosions and fires, including one in Quebec in 2013 that killed 47 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They want the federal agency to bar oil trains from traveling unless their cars carrying crude have a vapor pressure of 9 pounds per square inch or less.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"History suggests that a protective vapor pressure standard is warranted to prevent future train disasters,\" wrote Mihir Desai, New York assistant attorney general in a filing with PHMSA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The six states say that vapor pressure is a key driver in the oil's explosiveness and flammability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups have long been opposed to the use of oil trains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the federal government shows no signs of outlawing their use, an effort to keep them safer is a good step, according to Jared Margolis, a lawyer at the Center for Biological Diversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The reason why the states are so worried about vapor pressure is because they know there are going to be accidents,\" Margolis said in an interview Thursday. \"They know that existing regulations are not sufficient to prevent accidents.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the oil industry says those existing rules adequately address the safety of crude by rail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposal is \"premised on fundamentally unsound assumptions about safety risks,\" wrote David Friedman, vice president of regulatory affairs at the American Fuel & Petrochemical Manufacturers, in the organization's \u003ca href=\"https://www.regulations.gov/docketBrowser?rpp=50&so=DESC&sb=postedDate&po=0&dct=PS&D=PHMSA-2016-0077\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">filings\u003c/a>, urging PHMSA to reject the limit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Vapor pressure is not the key cause of ignition events in rail accidents,\" Friedman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The American Petroleum Institute says 99.997 percent of crude-by-rail shipments arrive at their destination without incident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"API and our members do not believe this proposal will enhance safety in transportation,\" said API spokesman Reid Porter in an email. \"Our collective focus should be on preventing accidents. Proper infrastructure maintenance and transportation practices are the only ways to reduce accidents.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "State Democrats Have New Leverage in Effort to Curb Greenhouse Gases",
"title": "State Democrats Have New Leverage in Effort to Curb Greenhouse Gases",
"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>When Democratic lawmakers and Gov. Jerry Brown launched California last year \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/08/23/tougher-greenhouse-gas-emission-limits-move-forward-in-legislature/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">toward a new goal\u003c/a> of reducing greenhouse gases, they did so without addressing one of the state's key mechanisms for reaching the goal: the cap-and-trade program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By taking that first step of setting climate change reduction benchmarks, Democrats pushing for tougher environmental regulations now have leverage over businesses in determining how the state will reach its ambitious goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I’m sort of working backwards,\" said Sen. Bob Wieckowski (D-Fremont), who is carrying \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB775\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">SB 775\u003c/a>, a cap-and-trade extension bill. \"We said here are our targets. But now we really have to figure what to do on a year-to-year basis to make sure we meet that goal that we set. And the world is watching us.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California's current cap-and-trade program -- a market-based system in which companies purchase permits that allow them to pollute -- expires in 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"Sot4E0RV4fGlNdyzRrtTSZObBzCx8JgX\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts contend that cap and trade \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/09/26/10-years-in-has-californias-climate-law-really-lowered-emissions/\">wasn't the most vital initiative\u003c/a> in helping California achieve its current greenhouse gas targets, which mandate the state reduce emissions to 1990 levels by the year 2020. Instead, slow economic growth and new fuel and energy standards largely helped the state meet that goal. Questions remain as to whether cap and trade can assume such a supporting role going forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The state’s goal for 2030 is really bold and ambitious,\" said \u003ca href=\"https://law.stanford.edu/directory/michael-wara/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Michael Wara\u003c/a>, an associate professor at Stanford Law School who is advising legislators on cap and trade. \"Emissions reductions are going to be a little bit harder to achieve, because we can’t rely on unemployment and reduced income driving reductions.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new goals outlined in last year's landmark climate change law, SB 32, are pushing lawmakers to make the cap-and-trade system tougher on emissions. Having those goals set in place also gives environmentalists the upper hand. If lawmakers can't agree on a way to extend the market-based system, the state could place costly mandates on companies to cut emissions, even if it results in the closure of factories or refineries.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Command and control is the ultimate hammer. It’s a threat but there has to be some reality to the discussion.'\u003ccite>Loren Kaye, president of the California Foundation for Commerce and Education\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>That alternative is called command and control, and is vehemently opposed by business groups like the California Chamber of Commerce and the Western States Petroleum Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Command and control is the ultimate hammer. It’s a threat but there has to be some reality to the discussion,\" said Loren Kaye, president of the California Foundation for Commerce and Education, a think tank affiliated with the California Chamber of Commerce. \"Does it mean there’s going to be no more open-grill cooking in California?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawmakers acknowledge the high cost that command and control could place on businesses and consumers. But they're using the possibility as cover to propose significant changes to the current cap-and-trade program after 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You have to realize that if nothing happens, it’s command and control,\" said Assemblywoman Cristina Garcia (D-Downey), who is pushing her own cap-and-trade bill in the Assembly. \"It is something [business groups] forget but I haven’t forgot when I’m in the room negotiating.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wieckowski's bill in the Senate would raise the minimum price, or floor, of emission allowances that companies must buy to $20 per metric ton, up from the current price of around $13.50. The hope is that the higher prices push companies to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases they emit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"EZ320oGk3gEoJVXuwV70L5HRQIZCbyt6\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill would also end the business-friendly practice of offsets, in which companies can fund environmental projects around the country in exchange for the ability to pollute in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There has been some concern from the environmental justice community that these are not helping out the neighborhood,\" said Wieckowski.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garcia is pushing for a greater focus on addressing local clean air goals through cap and trade. One provision of her bill, \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB378\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">AB 378,\u003c/a> would penalize businesses if they don't reduce particulate matter in the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think where cap and trade has failed is we’ve done a great job of being global leaders, but we’ve done a poor job of helping our backyard,\" Garcia said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Business groups have come out against the bill, arguing its focus on clean air will prove costly. Kaye, who represents business interests, says it treats an actual cap-and-trade extension as an \"afterthought.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garcia's environmental justice focus on cap and trade is resonating. This week, Gov. Jerry Brown joined Garcia for a tour of her district, which includes cities along Interstate 5 southeast of Los Angeles like Downey, Bell Gardens and Commerce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/AsmGarcia/status/867123969140285441\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I live five blocks from the freeway, one of the heaviest corridors that we have in California,\" Garcia said. \"Bell Gardens and Commerce are among the 5 percent most polluted cities in the state, so it’s personal now.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The governor still disagrees with Garcia and Assembly Democrats over how many votes will be necessary to extend the cap-and-trade program. Brown's administration has been adamant that an extension should be approved on a two-thirds vote, to end an ongoing legal debate about how cap-and-trade revenues are raised and spent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/NancyEMcFadden/status/865358257145102336\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garcia said \"the courts are telling us it can\" proceed with a simple majority vote, referring to a recent state appeals court decision protecting the current cap-and-trade program. It's a sticking point that would have to be resolved in short order to meet the governor's desire to get a cap-and-trade deal in place next month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There is a deadline that he would like, but it’s a self-imposed deadline,\" said Garcia. \"He’s not the king of California. We have different groups, including the Legislature, that get to decide whether or not the deadline is necessary. And in reality it’s not necessary.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When Democratic lawmakers and Gov. Jerry Brown launched California last year \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/08/23/tougher-greenhouse-gas-emission-limits-move-forward-in-legislature/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">toward a new goal\u003c/a> of reducing greenhouse gases, they did so without addressing one of the state's key mechanisms for reaching the goal: the cap-and-trade program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By taking that first step of setting climate change reduction benchmarks, Democrats pushing for tougher environmental regulations now have leverage over businesses in determining how the state will reach its ambitious goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I’m sort of working backwards,\" said Sen. Bob Wieckowski (D-Fremont), who is carrying \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB775\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">SB 775\u003c/a>, a cap-and-trade extension bill. \"We said here are our targets. But now we really have to figure what to do on a year-to-year basis to make sure we meet that goal that we set. And the world is watching us.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California's current cap-and-trade program -- a market-based system in which companies purchase permits that allow them to pollute -- expires in 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts contend that cap and trade \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/09/26/10-years-in-has-californias-climate-law-really-lowered-emissions/\">wasn't the most vital initiative\u003c/a> in helping California achieve its current greenhouse gas targets, which mandate the state reduce emissions to 1990 levels by the year 2020. Instead, slow economic growth and new fuel and energy standards largely helped the state meet that goal. Questions remain as to whether cap and trade can assume such a supporting role going forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The state’s goal for 2030 is really bold and ambitious,\" said \u003ca href=\"https://law.stanford.edu/directory/michael-wara/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Michael Wara\u003c/a>, an associate professor at Stanford Law School who is advising legislators on cap and trade. \"Emissions reductions are going to be a little bit harder to achieve, because we can’t rely on unemployment and reduced income driving reductions.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new goals outlined in last year's landmark climate change law, SB 32, are pushing lawmakers to make the cap-and-trade system tougher on emissions. Having those goals set in place also gives environmentalists the upper hand. If lawmakers can't agree on a way to extend the market-based system, the state could place costly mandates on companies to cut emissions, even if it results in the closure of factories or refineries.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Command and control is the ultimate hammer. It’s a threat but there has to be some reality to the discussion.'\u003ccite>Loren Kaye, president of the California Foundation for Commerce and Education\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>That alternative is called command and control, and is vehemently opposed by business groups like the California Chamber of Commerce and the Western States Petroleum Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Command and control is the ultimate hammer. It’s a threat but there has to be some reality to the discussion,\" said Loren Kaye, president of the California Foundation for Commerce and Education, a think tank affiliated with the California Chamber of Commerce. \"Does it mean there’s going to be no more open-grill cooking in California?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawmakers acknowledge the high cost that command and control could place on businesses and consumers. But they're using the possibility as cover to propose significant changes to the current cap-and-trade program after 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You have to realize that if nothing happens, it’s command and control,\" said Assemblywoman Cristina Garcia (D-Downey), who is pushing her own cap-and-trade bill in the Assembly. \"It is something [business groups] forget but I haven’t forgot when I’m in the room negotiating.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wieckowski's bill in the Senate would raise the minimum price, or floor, of emission allowances that companies must buy to $20 per metric ton, up from the current price of around $13.50. The hope is that the higher prices push companies to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases they emit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill would also end the business-friendly practice of offsets, in which companies can fund environmental projects around the country in exchange for the ability to pollute in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There has been some concern from the environmental justice community that these are not helping out the neighborhood,\" said Wieckowski.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garcia is pushing for a greater focus on addressing local clean air goals through cap and trade. One provision of her bill, \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB378\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">AB 378,\u003c/a> would penalize businesses if they don't reduce particulate matter in the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think where cap and trade has failed is we’ve done a great job of being global leaders, but we’ve done a poor job of helping our backyard,\" Garcia said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Business groups have come out against the bill, arguing its focus on clean air will prove costly. Kaye, who represents business interests, says it treats an actual cap-and-trade extension as an \"afterthought.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garcia's environmental justice focus on cap and trade is resonating. This week, Gov. Jerry Brown joined Garcia for a tour of her district, which includes cities along Interstate 5 southeast of Los Angeles like Downey, Bell Gardens and Commerce.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>\"I live five blocks from the freeway, one of the heaviest corridors that we have in California,\" Garcia said. \"Bell Gardens and Commerce are among the 5 percent most polluted cities in the state, so it’s personal now.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The governor still disagrees with Garcia and Assembly Democrats over how many votes will be necessary to extend the cap-and-trade program. Brown's administration has been adamant that an extension should be approved on a two-thirds vote, to end an ongoing legal debate about how cap-and-trade revenues are raised and spent.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>Garcia said \"the courts are telling us it can\" proceed with a simple majority vote, referring to a recent state appeals court decision protecting the current cap-and-trade program. It's a sticking point that would have to be resolved in short order to meet the governor's desire to get a cap-and-trade deal in place next month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There is a deadline that he would like, but it’s a self-imposed deadline,\" said Garcia. \"He’s not the king of California. We have different groups, including the Legislature, that get to decide whether or not the deadline is necessary. And in reality it’s not necessary.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Gov. Brown Optimistic on Climate Change, Trump",
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"content": "\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown was optimistic about the state of climate change policy at a San Francisco conference on Wednesday, saying he was glad to see President Trump meet with Pope Francis this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pope Francis has been outspoken about the issue of climate change, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/05/24/pope-francis-presents-trump-with-a-politically-loaded-gift-his-encyclical-on-climate-change/?utm_term=.4bcd5941aafb\">gave Trump his nearly 200-page encyclical on the issue\u003c/a> at their Vatican meeting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It’s very good that the pope met with President Trump and very good that President Trump met with him. ... Don't underestimate the power of the Holy Father. I think that has effect,\" Brown told reporters before speaking to a group of Dutch and Californian public workers and business leaders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"MFdU8FibLbOIiWl2hAgstNPSvwXKezuz\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The governor said that despite Trump's rhetoric around climate change, \"I don't think President Donald Trump will want to stand aside as this climate story unfolds.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown noted the president's shifting views on NATO and other issues since he took office. Trump is \u003ca href=\"http://www.politico.com/story/2017/05/24/donald-trump-paris-climate-decision-238770\">expected to make a decision on whether the U.S. will stay\u003c/a> in the groundbreaking Paris climate treaty when he returns from his overseas trip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I am cautiously optimistic that we’re going to make progress -- not as fast as I would like but not as disastrous as we were thinking just a few months ago,\" Brown said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The governor appeared at the conference \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.climateisbigbusiness.com/home/default.aspx\">Climate is Big Business\u003c/a>,\" which is part of a Netherlands climate mission to California. The two-day event was co-hosted by the California Environmental Protection Agency and the Dutch government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"dixTukuEPCcdOsMISsyCddjJShWJ8Oqh\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The appearance came about a week before Brown is set to leave for a larger climate change event in China. That country has emerged as a leader and key partner in the climate change fight as \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/23/us/california-engages-world-and-fights-washington-on-climate-change.html?_r=0\">Brown continues to push ambitious anti-pollution and clean energy programs\u003c/a>, even as the federal government backs away from such commitments under Trump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a speech to the group, Brown boasted that California has built up expertise in its environmental agencies that are \"more numerous and coherent\" than the federal government's, and took one dig at Republicans in Washington, D.C.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you can sense and see what's up ahead early enough, then the action you take will be easier to manage and a lot cheaper,\" Brown said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's no free lunch here and no escape. If we dawdle along and the Congress doesn't do what it should do and the president doesn't take the action, probably they'll be thrown out in two years or four years or whatever it will take, but then we will have to spend more money.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "At a San Francisco climate change conference Wednesday, Gov. Jerry Brown said he’s ‘cautiously optimistic that we’re going to make progress.’",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown was optimistic about the state of climate change policy at a San Francisco conference on Wednesday, saying he was glad to see President Trump meet with Pope Francis this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pope Francis has been outspoken about the issue of climate change, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/05/24/pope-francis-presents-trump-with-a-politically-loaded-gift-his-encyclical-on-climate-change/?utm_term=.4bcd5941aafb\">gave Trump his nearly 200-page encyclical on the issue\u003c/a> at their Vatican meeting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It’s very good that the pope met with President Trump and very good that President Trump met with him. ... Don't underestimate the power of the Holy Father. I think that has effect,\" Brown told reporters before speaking to a group of Dutch and Californian public workers and business leaders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The governor said that despite Trump's rhetoric around climate change, \"I don't think President Donald Trump will want to stand aside as this climate story unfolds.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown noted the president's shifting views on NATO and other issues since he took office. Trump is \u003ca href=\"http://www.politico.com/story/2017/05/24/donald-trump-paris-climate-decision-238770\">expected to make a decision on whether the U.S. will stay\u003c/a> in the groundbreaking Paris climate treaty when he returns from his overseas trip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I am cautiously optimistic that we’re going to make progress -- not as fast as I would like but not as disastrous as we were thinking just a few months ago,\" Brown said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The governor appeared at the conference \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.climateisbigbusiness.com/home/default.aspx\">Climate is Big Business\u003c/a>,\" which is part of a Netherlands climate mission to California. The two-day event was co-hosted by the California Environmental Protection Agency and the Dutch government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The appearance came about a week before Brown is set to leave for a larger climate change event in China. That country has emerged as a leader and key partner in the climate change fight as \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/23/us/california-engages-world-and-fights-washington-on-climate-change.html?_r=0\">Brown continues to push ambitious anti-pollution and clean energy programs\u003c/a>, even as the federal government backs away from such commitments under Trump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a speech to the group, Brown boasted that California has built up expertise in its environmental agencies that are \"more numerous and coherent\" than the federal government's, and took one dig at Republicans in Washington, D.C.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you can sense and see what's up ahead early enough, then the action you take will be easier to manage and a lot cheaper,\" Brown said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's no free lunch here and no escape. If we dawdle along and the Congress doesn't do what it should do and the president doesn't take the action, probably they'll be thrown out in two years or four years or whatever it will take, but then we will have to spend more money.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Whales are the largest animals on the planet, but they haven't always been giants. Fossil records show that ancient whales were much smaller than the currently living behemoths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So when did whales get so big, and how?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new study suggests it might be due to changes in climate that affected the food that some whales eat: krill and small fish. Instead of being spread throughout the ocean, lots of krill started being packed into a small area. Bigger whales were simply more efficient at eating the dense pockets of krill, and they beat out their smaller cousins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These whales use filters to feed on the tiny krill. Known as baleens, they include the largest whale on Earth — the blue whale. The baleen filter looks like bristles of a comb and is made up of keratin — the same stuff in our fingernails. To eat, the whale opens its mouth and takes in a huge gulp of water. Then it spits the water back out, and food like krill are caught in the baleen filter. It's a highly efficient way to eat, allowing whales to pack on the pounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But according to Stanford University researcher \u003ca href=\"http://goldbogen.stanford.edu/people/\">Jeremy Goldbogen\u003c/a>, it can't be the only reason whales got so big. \"Baleen evolved about 20 million years ago, and we didn't see the evolution of gigantism until about very recently, about 3 million to 5 million years ago.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/529505847/529804700\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Goldbogen's group looked back to see what was happening in the ancient oceans, and if there were any clues about what caused the massive growth spurt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They found that around the time baleens began growing larger, the ice ages started. The researchers think changes in climate led to increased runoff and more nutrients pouring into the coasts. At the same time, there was an increase in ocean \u003ca href=\"http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/upwelling.html\">upwelling\u003c/a>, which occurs when wind pushes surface waters offshore and causes deeper ocean waters underneath surface waters to replace it. Those deep waters are often full of nutrients and food for the whales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The combination of the ice ages and more upwelling resulted in dense patches of food in the ocean — setting the stage for massive whales to win out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11475453\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11475453\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/upwelling_custom-4876c5f79aa32af72ea50670b7ad192f33be9115-800x313.jpg\" alt='During upwelling, wind-displaced surface waters are replaced by cold, nutrient-rich water that \"wells up\" from below.' width=\"800\" height=\"313\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/upwelling_custom-4876c5f79aa32af72ea50670b7ad192f33be9115-800x313.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/upwelling_custom-4876c5f79aa32af72ea50670b7ad192f33be9115-160x63.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/upwelling_custom-4876c5f79aa32af72ea50670b7ad192f33be9115.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/upwelling_custom-4876c5f79aa32af72ea50670b7ad192f33be9115-240x94.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/upwelling_custom-4876c5f79aa32af72ea50670b7ad192f33be9115-375x147.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/upwelling_custom-4876c5f79aa32af72ea50670b7ad192f33be9115-520x204.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">During upwelling, wind-displaced surface waters are replaced by cold, nutrient-rich water that \"wells up\" from below. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"As animals are getting bigger, they're getting much more efficient. So for every gulp, they're getting tremendous amounts of energy\" Goldbogen says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think about it this way: It takes a lot of energy for a giant whale to open its giant mouth. If a lot of food is packed into a small space, those whales can swallow it up in one big gulp and it's worth all the energy it takes. But if the food is spread out and the whales have to swim around opening and closing their mouths a lot — then it's not great to be a big ol' whale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So big whales are more efficient at eating the dense patches of food, while smaller whales might be more suited to eating food dispersed throughout the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The changes in the ocean also allowed whales to get really big, really fast. The researchers \u003ca href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.0546\">reported\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>Royal Society B \u003c/em>on Tuesday that the whales increased in body mass from 10 tons to 100 tons in just a few million years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"CfS5eSxdylyQtPKjztG9pbptFui3yNrB\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although it's hard to draw a direct connection between whale size and ocean dynamics 3 million years ago, other studies support the hypothesis. \"There are cases where food limitation or food production can basically control body size changes on very short time scales,\" Goldbogen says, referring to a 2013 study published in the \u003ca href=\"https://academic.oup.com/icesjms/article/70/6/1273/637166/Evidence-for-density-dependent-changes-in-body\">ICES Journal of Marine Science\u003c/a>. Therefore, \"the inference here is that if you have enough food available and very, very efficient animals, that perhaps they can evolve larger and larger body sizes.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Goldbogen is more than a little excited to be studying these ocean giants. \"We're totally living in a time of giants. Unlike no other time in Earth's history\" he says. \"We have a unique opportunity to study how the largest animals of all time function in these different ecosystems, and that's a lot of fun.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Goldbogen thinks the next question is: \"Are whales still getting bigger? If we fast-forward a few million years into the future if food is not limiting, can they evolve even greater body sizes?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We'll have to wait to find out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+The+Biggest+Animal+On+Earth+Got+So+Big&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Whales are the largest animals on the planet, but they haven't always been giants. Fossil records show that ancient whales were much smaller than the currently living behemoths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So when did whales get so big, and how?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new study suggests it might be due to changes in climate that affected the food that some whales eat: krill and small fish. Instead of being spread throughout the ocean, lots of krill started being packed into a small area. Bigger whales were simply more efficient at eating the dense pockets of krill, and they beat out their smaller cousins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These whales use filters to feed on the tiny krill. Known as baleens, they include the largest whale on Earth — the blue whale. The baleen filter looks like bristles of a comb and is made up of keratin — the same stuff in our fingernails. To eat, the whale opens its mouth and takes in a huge gulp of water. Then it spits the water back out, and food like krill are caught in the baleen filter. It's a highly efficient way to eat, allowing whales to pack on the pounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But according to Stanford University researcher \u003ca href=\"http://goldbogen.stanford.edu/people/\">Jeremy Goldbogen\u003c/a>, it can't be the only reason whales got so big. \"Baleen evolved about 20 million years ago, and we didn't see the evolution of gigantism until about very recently, about 3 million to 5 million years ago.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/529505847/529804700\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Goldbogen's group looked back to see what was happening in the ancient oceans, and if there were any clues about what caused the massive growth spurt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They found that around the time baleens began growing larger, the ice ages started. The researchers think changes in climate led to increased runoff and more nutrients pouring into the coasts. At the same time, there was an increase in ocean \u003ca href=\"http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/upwelling.html\">upwelling\u003c/a>, which occurs when wind pushes surface waters offshore and causes deeper ocean waters underneath surface waters to replace it. Those deep waters are often full of nutrients and food for the whales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The combination of the ice ages and more upwelling resulted in dense patches of food in the ocean — setting the stage for massive whales to win out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11475453\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11475453\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/upwelling_custom-4876c5f79aa32af72ea50670b7ad192f33be9115-800x313.jpg\" alt='During upwelling, wind-displaced surface waters are replaced by cold, nutrient-rich water that \"wells up\" from below.' width=\"800\" height=\"313\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/upwelling_custom-4876c5f79aa32af72ea50670b7ad192f33be9115-800x313.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/upwelling_custom-4876c5f79aa32af72ea50670b7ad192f33be9115-160x63.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/upwelling_custom-4876c5f79aa32af72ea50670b7ad192f33be9115.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/upwelling_custom-4876c5f79aa32af72ea50670b7ad192f33be9115-240x94.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/upwelling_custom-4876c5f79aa32af72ea50670b7ad192f33be9115-375x147.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/upwelling_custom-4876c5f79aa32af72ea50670b7ad192f33be9115-520x204.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">During upwelling, wind-displaced surface waters are replaced by cold, nutrient-rich water that \"wells up\" from below. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"As animals are getting bigger, they're getting much more efficient. So for every gulp, they're getting tremendous amounts of energy\" Goldbogen says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think about it this way: It takes a lot of energy for a giant whale to open its giant mouth. If a lot of food is packed into a small space, those whales can swallow it up in one big gulp and it's worth all the energy it takes. But if the food is spread out and the whales have to swim around opening and closing their mouths a lot — then it's not great to be a big ol' whale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So big whales are more efficient at eating the dense patches of food, while smaller whales might be more suited to eating food dispersed throughout the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The changes in the ocean also allowed whales to get really big, really fast. The researchers \u003ca href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.0546\">reported\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>Royal Society B \u003c/em>on Tuesday that the whales increased in body mass from 10 tons to 100 tons in just a few million years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although it's hard to draw a direct connection between whale size and ocean dynamics 3 million years ago, other studies support the hypothesis. \"There are cases where food limitation or food production can basically control body size changes on very short time scales,\" Goldbogen says, referring to a 2013 study published in the \u003ca href=\"https://academic.oup.com/icesjms/article/70/6/1273/637166/Evidence-for-density-dependent-changes-in-body\">ICES Journal of Marine Science\u003c/a>. Therefore, \"the inference here is that if you have enough food available and very, very efficient animals, that perhaps they can evolve larger and larger body sizes.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Goldbogen is more than a little excited to be studying these ocean giants. \"We're totally living in a time of giants. Unlike no other time in Earth's history\" he says. \"We have a unique opportunity to study how the largest animals of all time function in these different ecosystems, and that's a lot of fun.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Goldbogen thinks the next question is: \"Are whales still getting bigger? If we fast-forward a few million years into the future if food is not limiting, can they evolve even greater body sizes?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We'll have to wait to find out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+The+Biggest+Animal+On+Earth+Got+So+Big&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Driving down Highway 1 along the Big Sur coast just got even more difficult after a huge landslide. If the road along one of the most beautiful stretches of California coastline could get any more closed, it just did. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Picture 1 million tons of rocks and dirt on the road, and you'll have an idea. \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/05/23/huge-landslide-in-big-sur-causes-new-challenge-to-reopen-highway-1/\">Check out Dan Brekke's post\u003c/a>, including an aerial video.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Full disclosure: in February, I walked along a closed portion of Highway 1 in Big Sur and now have an even bigger appreciation for just how amazing it is that the road even stays on the side of the cliffs at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Driving down Highway 1 along the Big Sur coast just got even more difficult after a huge landslide. If the road along one of the most beautiful stretches of California coastline could get any more closed, it just did. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Picture 1 million tons of rocks and dirt on the road, and you'll have an idea. \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/05/23/huge-landslide-in-big-sur-causes-new-challenge-to-reopen-highway-1/\">Check out Dan Brekke's post\u003c/a>, including an aerial video.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Full disclosure: in February, I walked along a closed portion of Highway 1 in Big Sur and now have an even bigger appreciation for just how amazing it is that the road even stays on the side of the cliffs at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Valero Outage Prompts Benicia to Consider Industrial Safety Ordinance",
"title": "Valero Outage Prompts Benicia to Consider Industrial Safety Ordinance",
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"content": "\u003cp>City officials would have greater oversight over the Valero refinery under a \u003ca href=\"https://legistarweb-production.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/attachment/pdf/73476/1._Two-Step_Agenda_Request_-_Industrial_Ordinance_Patterson_May_16.2017_v.2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">proposal \u003c/a>set to be unveiled at the Benicia City Council meeting on Tuesday—a potential reform prompted by \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/05/10/after-valero-refinery-outage-three-probes-and-rising-gas-prices/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the major outage at the facility\u003c/a> earlier this month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mayor Elizabeth Patterson is proposing the city develop regulations similar to those in Contra Costa County, home to several refineries. That county's \u003ca href=\"http://cchealth.org/hazmat/iso/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">industrial safety ordinance\u003c/a>, considered to be one of the strongest in the country, requires oil refining facilities to undergo safety audits and have risk management plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, after a major refinery problem, like the one at Valero on May 5, the county can order the company to provide a preliminary report 72 hours later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's the case in Contra Costa County, but the Valero facility is in Solano County and therefore not subject to the same rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"VihDcvotb6JMyj33FnGeRaKPmj9bqgLI\"]\"When everything started going out of the smokestacks, it was very alarming and there was no information about what was going out,\" said Patterson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outage only lasted 18 minutes, but to relieve pressure the refinery sent gases to its flares. Flaring is a process refineries use to relieve pressure when their facilities undergo malfunctions. The flares sent up flames and a plume of smoke into the sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The initial flaring sent at least a dozen people to the hospital, and prompted an evacuation of a nearby industrial area and shelter-in-place orders for two elementary schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It has taken the refinery at least two weeks to get fully back on-line, causing intermittent flaring in the mean time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under Patterson's proposal the oil company would pay for the enforcement of the safety ordinance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Valero would pay the fair costs of what it takes to protect the citizens of Benicia,\" said Patterson, adding that fees Valero pays to Benicia in property and sales taxes would help fund the work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valero has not responded yet to request for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patterson is also floating the idea of having Benicia contract with Contra Costa County to help administer a future safety ordinance. That would be similar to the way Richmond enforces a similar ordinance governing the Chevron refinery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least one Contra Costa lawmaker is on board with the idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The refinery should be held to higher safety standards, the same standards that the four refineries in Contra Costa are held to,\" said Supervisor John Gioia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The number of serious refinery accidents in Contra Costa have dropped since the industrial safety ordinance was adopted in 1999, according to Gioia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It gets refineries to change the way they look at risk, minimize and reduce risk,\" Gioia said. \"It's an effective ordinance.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contra Costa's law was adopted after a fire at the Tosco refinery in Martinez killed four refinery workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/05/10/after-valero-refinery-outage-three-probes-and-rising-gas-prices/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Valero outage is under investigation\u003c/a> by California's Division of Occupational Safety and Health (Cal/OSHA), the Bay Area Air Quality Management District and Solano County hazardous materials specialists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shortly after the outage, the air district issued \u003ca href=\"http://www.baaqmd.gov/~/media/files/communications-and-outreach/publications/news-releases/2017/2017_045_valeronovs_050917-pdf.pdf?la=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">six notices of violation\u003c/a> against Valero in connection with the incident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oil company has blamed PG&E for the outage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The May 5 PG&E incident was solely the result of electrical work PG&E was doing on its power lines,\" the company wrote to Benicia City officials in a letter read out loud at last week's city council meeting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco-based utility has said the outage was triggered by an \"inadvertent operation\" to protect power circuits, but has avoided accepting outright blame for the incident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E hired a third party engineering firm, Exponent, to review the cause of the outage, according to company spokeswoman Deanna Contreras.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>City officials would have greater oversight over the Valero refinery under a \u003ca href=\"https://legistarweb-production.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/attachment/pdf/73476/1._Two-Step_Agenda_Request_-_Industrial_Ordinance_Patterson_May_16.2017_v.2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">proposal \u003c/a>set to be unveiled at the Benicia City Council meeting on Tuesday—a potential reform prompted by \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/05/10/after-valero-refinery-outage-three-probes-and-rising-gas-prices/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the major outage at the facility\u003c/a> earlier this month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mayor Elizabeth Patterson is proposing the city develop regulations similar to those in Contra Costa County, home to several refineries. That county's \u003ca href=\"http://cchealth.org/hazmat/iso/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">industrial safety ordinance\u003c/a>, considered to be one of the strongest in the country, requires oil refining facilities to undergo safety audits and have risk management plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, after a major refinery problem, like the one at Valero on May 5, the county can order the company to provide a preliminary report 72 hours later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's the case in Contra Costa County, but the Valero facility is in Solano County and therefore not subject to the same rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\"When everything started going out of the smokestacks, it was very alarming and there was no information about what was going out,\" said Patterson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outage only lasted 18 minutes, but to relieve pressure the refinery sent gases to its flares. Flaring is a process refineries use to relieve pressure when their facilities undergo malfunctions. The flares sent up flames and a plume of smoke into the sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The initial flaring sent at least a dozen people to the hospital, and prompted an evacuation of a nearby industrial area and shelter-in-place orders for two elementary schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It has taken the refinery at least two weeks to get fully back on-line, causing intermittent flaring in the mean time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under Patterson's proposal the oil company would pay for the enforcement of the safety ordinance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Valero would pay the fair costs of what it takes to protect the citizens of Benicia,\" said Patterson, adding that fees Valero pays to Benicia in property and sales taxes would help fund the work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valero has not responded yet to request for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patterson is also floating the idea of having Benicia contract with Contra Costa County to help administer a future safety ordinance. That would be similar to the way Richmond enforces a similar ordinance governing the Chevron refinery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least one Contra Costa lawmaker is on board with the idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The refinery should be held to higher safety standards, the same standards that the four refineries in Contra Costa are held to,\" said Supervisor John Gioia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The number of serious refinery accidents in Contra Costa have dropped since the industrial safety ordinance was adopted in 1999, according to Gioia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It gets refineries to change the way they look at risk, minimize and reduce risk,\" Gioia said. \"It's an effective ordinance.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contra Costa's law was adopted after a fire at the Tosco refinery in Martinez killed four refinery workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/05/10/after-valero-refinery-outage-three-probes-and-rising-gas-prices/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Valero outage is under investigation\u003c/a> by California's Division of Occupational Safety and Health (Cal/OSHA), the Bay Area Air Quality Management District and Solano County hazardous materials specialists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shortly after the outage, the air district issued \u003ca href=\"http://www.baaqmd.gov/~/media/files/communications-and-outreach/publications/news-releases/2017/2017_045_valeronovs_050917-pdf.pdf?la=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">six notices of violation\u003c/a> against Valero in connection with the incident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oil company has blamed PG&E for the outage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The May 5 PG&E incident was solely the result of electrical work PG&E was doing on its power lines,\" the company wrote to Benicia City officials in a letter read out loud at last week's city council meeting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco-based utility has said the outage was triggered by an \"inadvertent operation\" to protect power circuits, but has avoided accepting outright blame for the incident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E hired a third party engineering firm, Exponent, to review the cause of the outage, according to company spokeswoman Deanna Contreras.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
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"masters-of-scale": {
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},
"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"on-the-media": {
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"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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},
"pbs-newshour": {
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},
"perspectives": {
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"order": 14
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
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},
"politicalbreakdown": {
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 5
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
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},
"pri-the-world": {
"id": "pri-the-world",
"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
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},
"radiolab": {
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