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"content": "\u003cp>State lawmakers are nearing a high-stakes decision that will decide the fate of a climate initiative that Gov. Jerry Brown holds up as a model to be replicated around the world to confront rising global temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vote Monday on whether to give another decade of life to California's cap-and-trade program has global implications, as the largest U.S. state moves to be a leader in reducing carbon emissions at a time when President Trump is pulling back from fighting global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown portrays the initiative as essential for the survival of civilization, but critics say it fails to aggressively combat pollution. It is one of his highest priorities as he nears the end of his fourth term, but he's struggled to line up support from two-thirds of lawmakers that he will need to pass the extension.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program expires in 2020 if lawmakers don't renew it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"xjhhEzWh4lPFlZ8KQAOa4BZ2i0vogYyQ\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown sounded an apocalyptic tone in a rare personal appeal before a Senate committee last week, telling lawmakers that failing to pass his bill would lead to fires, disease and mass migration, not to mention higher costs for food and gasoline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is supported by national environmental groups and business interests, which echo Brown's refrain that cap and trade is the most affordable way for California to meet its ambitious climate goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But his plan has mobilized intense opposition from conservatives who say it will raise costs in an already expensive state, as well as from liberals who say it's too timid for progressive California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cap and trade puts a limit on carbon emissions and requires polluters to obtain permits to release greenhouse gases. Some permits, known as allowances, are given away while others are auctioned, generating billions of dollars in revenue for the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawmakers are considering a two-measure package, one to renew cap and trade through 2030 and another aimed at improving local air quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State law requires California to reduce greenhouse gas emissions 40 percent from 1990 levels by 2030 — among the most aggressive mandates for carbon reduction in the world. Without cap and trade, state regulators will be forced to enact restrictive mandates on polluters that would be burdensome for businesses and significantly more expensive for consumers, Brown said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"dG4wmmAiWMmSs63qzXtekOcvdfTeZk0k\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legislation shows the divisions between environmentalists who work nationally, focusing on reducing global carbon emissions and creating a policy that can be replicated elsewhere, and environmental justice advocates who work locally. The latter group says cap and trade allows polluters to keep fouling the air around major sources of pollution like refineries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental justice advocates object to concessions Brown made to the oil industry and other polluters in a bid to win support from Republicans and moderate Democrats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some lawmakers have questioned why Brown so urgently wants to extend a program that doesn't expire for another 2½ years. Brown says extending it now would give businesses the certainty they need to plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A quick extension would also bolster Brown's global advocacy for climate action. He made a high-profile trip to China last month, plans to attend a climate summit in Germany in November and will host a climate conference next year in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>State lawmakers are nearing a high-stakes decision that will decide the fate of a climate initiative that Gov. Jerry Brown holds up as a model to be replicated around the world to confront rising global temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vote Monday on whether to give another decade of life to California's cap-and-trade program has global implications, as the largest U.S. state moves to be a leader in reducing carbon emissions at a time when President Trump is pulling back from fighting global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown portrays the initiative as essential for the survival of civilization, but critics say it fails to aggressively combat pollution. It is one of his highest priorities as he nears the end of his fourth term, but he's struggled to line up support from two-thirds of lawmakers that he will need to pass the extension.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program expires in 2020 if lawmakers don't renew it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown sounded an apocalyptic tone in a rare personal appeal before a Senate committee last week, telling lawmakers that failing to pass his bill would lead to fires, disease and mass migration, not to mention higher costs for food and gasoline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is supported by national environmental groups and business interests, which echo Brown's refrain that cap and trade is the most affordable way for California to meet its ambitious climate goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But his plan has mobilized intense opposition from conservatives who say it will raise costs in an already expensive state, as well as from liberals who say it's too timid for progressive California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cap and trade puts a limit on carbon emissions and requires polluters to obtain permits to release greenhouse gases. Some permits, known as allowances, are given away while others are auctioned, generating billions of dollars in revenue for the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawmakers are considering a two-measure package, one to renew cap and trade through 2030 and another aimed at improving local air quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State law requires California to reduce greenhouse gas emissions 40 percent from 1990 levels by 2030 — among the most aggressive mandates for carbon reduction in the world. Without cap and trade, state regulators will be forced to enact restrictive mandates on polluters that would be burdensome for businesses and significantly more expensive for consumers, Brown said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legislation shows the divisions between environmentalists who work nationally, focusing on reducing global carbon emissions and creating a policy that can be replicated elsewhere, and environmental justice advocates who work locally. The latter group says cap and trade allows polluters to keep fouling the air around major sources of pollution like refineries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental justice advocates object to concessions Brown made to the oil industry and other polluters in a bid to win support from Republicans and moderate Democrats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some lawmakers have questioned why Brown so urgently wants to extend a program that doesn't expire for another 2½ years. Brown says extending it now would give businesses the certainty they need to plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A quick extension would also bolster Brown's global advocacy for climate action. He made a high-profile trip to China last month, plans to attend a climate summit in Germany in November and will host a climate conference next year in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Playing Tag With Southern California's Great White Sharks",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Shark Lab at California State University Long Beach has a bumper crop of research subjects this summer. White sharks, more commonly known as great whites, have been hanging around L.A. and Orange County beaches in numbers \u003ca href=\"http://www.csulb.edu/shark-lab\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Shark Lab\u003c/a> director Chris Lowe only dreamed of a decade ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent months, he and his research assistants have tagged 18 sharks -- mostly 1- to 3-year-olds -- in local waters. That's more than they ever have this early in the year, Lowe said. \"And the peak of pupping season isn’t until late July.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pupping season, when female white sharks give birth to 4- to 5½-foot-long babies, generally runs from May to October. Researchers don’t know exactly where they give birth, but they suspect that the babies hightail it to warmer coastal waters quickly after they’re born. They then spend the next several years cruising the coast, eating stingrays and other small prey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dearth of knowledge about white sharks drives Lowe’s research. Asked how much we know about the ocean predators on a scale of 1 to 10, Lowe answered “2.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We’re getting there,” he said. \"We’ve jumped from zero to 2 in literally the last 20 years. And all the new technology that we have is going to get us up that scale much, much faster.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I recently joined Lowe on a trip off Dana Point to see some of that technology in action. The goal was to find baby white sharks and attach acoustic tags to their backs in order to track their movements up and down the coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11568132\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11568132\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164329-full-800x530.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"530\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164329-full-800x530.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164329-full-160x106.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164329-full-1020x675.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164329-full-960x636.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164329-full-240x159.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164329-full-375x248.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164329-full-520x344.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164329-full.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A research assistant working for Chris Lowe of California State University, Long Beach, attaches a device to a pole used to tag sharks for a research project near San Clemente, June 28, 2017. \u003ccite>(Andrew Cullen for KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Receivers attached to buoys along the shoreline register data any time one of the tagged sharks passes within 300 yards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s kind of like using E-ZPass on the toll road to keep track of who’s going by,” Lowe said. The city of San Clemente recently purchased several of its own receivers so that it can monitor sharks swimming near its public beaches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city has logged more than 100 shark sightings this year, forcing lifeguards to close sections of beach to swimming and surfing on several occasions out of safety concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of those closures followed an attack on a woman swimming at San Onofre State Beach on April 29. She survived but suffered serious injuries to her hip and upper leg that kept her in the hospital until mid-June, the last time she updated her status on a fundraising webpage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hers is the fifth confirmed unprovoked shark attack in Orange County since 1926, according to the International Shark Attack File maintained by the University of Florida. Another woman was bitten last year while swimming off Corona Del Mar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11568133\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11568133\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164334-full-800x532.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"532\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164334-full-800x532.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164334-full-160x106.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164334-full-1020x678.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164334-full-960x638.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164334-full-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164334-full-375x249.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164334-full-520x346.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164334-full.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chris Lowe of California State University, Long Beach, joins San Clemente lifeguard Rod Mellott on a jet ski while looking for sharks during a research project on shark behavior near the San Clemente Pier, June 28, 2017. \u003ccite>(Andrew Cullen for KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Trolling for Baby Sharks\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I set off with Lowe and his research team from Dana Point Harbor on the 22-foot boat “Wingman” as the morning fog began to break up. Near the San Clemente coast, local lifeguard Rod Mellott drove up on a jet ski. He wore a headset to communicate with the pilot of an Orange County Sheriff’s Department helicopter flying overhead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sheriff’s helicopter has become a key ally in Lowe’s research and in efforts to keep OC beaches safe for swimmers. It’s much easier to spot the outline of a shark from the sky on a sunny day than to scan the water for fins at sea level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus, Lowe said, the increasing number of tourist boats out looking for sharks may be starting to spook them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People want to see them, which is great, but they are kind of harassing the sharks,” he said, adding that he hoped his research might lead to guidelines for responsible shark watching.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lowe pulled on a wetsuit, attached a tag to the end of a spear and got on the back of the jet ski. He and Mellott headed a few hundred yards closer to shore and then we all turned south to troll for sharks. We scanned the water while the helicopter above did several laps up and down the coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nothing. Not a single shark, even though there were multiple sightings around San Clemente the previous day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the trip wasn’t a total bust: On the way back to Dana Point Harbor, we stopped at a buoy -- just outside of the designated swim zone at Doheny State Beach -- to check on one of Lowe's receivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lowe swam out to the buoy, detached a canister holding the device, then swam back to the boat and transferred the data to a laptop computer. Lowe’s research assistant, Echelle Burns, pulled up a graph showing dozens of blips, color-coded to represent individual, tagged sharks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scrolling through the data, Burns announced that the most recent detection was just a few hours before we passed by the same location.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In all, 17 tagged white sharks had swum by the buoy a cumulative 1,125 times in the previous two weeks. That means they’re hanging out in the area.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cbr>\nFollow the movement of tagged sharks and other fish at \u003ca href=\"http://scattn.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">scattn.org\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11568134\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11568134\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164346-full-800x532.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"532\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164346-full-800x532.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164346-full-160x106.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164346-full-1020x678.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164346-full-960x638.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164346-full-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164346-full-375x249.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164346-full-520x346.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164346-full.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shark researcher Chris Lowe of California State University, Long Beach swims to a buoy to attach a device that collects information from sharks that the team has tagged for a research project on shark behavior near Dana Point, June 28, 2017. \u003ccite>(Andrew Cullen for KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When Life Gives You No Sharks, Ask Questions Instead\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All these sharks hanging out together, does that make them a school? I asked Lowe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Technically, no,” he said. “They’re not that close together, but they do use the same general area. We’re not sure if there’s a social component or whether they’re all seeking out the same conditions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He thinks the latter is more likely. Historical fishing data show that there are at least four juvenile white shark “hot spots” in Southern California: Ventura/Oxnard, Santa Monica Bay, Huntington Beach and the stretch between Dana Point and San Onofre.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Lowe hasn’t yet been able to determine from his research what makes young white sharks pick one area one year and another the next.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, the summertime hot spot for baby sharks seems to be Ventura, Lowe said, and for juveniles (1- to 3-year-olds), it's Belmont Shore in Long Beach and between Dana Point and San Clemente.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Generally, Lowe said, the young sharks seem to be attracted by the warm coastal waters (juvenile sharks can’t handle cold temperatures the way adult sharks can), the lack of predators, like orcas and other big sharks, and abundant food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The number one thing we’ve found in baby white sharks’ stomachs are stingrays,” Lowe said. \"And stingrays are super abundant in Southern California. Their numbers have been going up over the last 50 years because we got rid of all the coastal predators.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lowe said the increased number of sharks we’re seeing this year is an ecological success story: Decades ago, we started to protect white sharks and the marine mammals that adult sharks feed on, and now there are more of both.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can’t just say we want to have marine mammals, but we don’t want to have sharks. We need them to have a healthy ecosystem,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lowe suspects that the sharks’ behavior might be changing because of rising ocean temperatures and changing climate patterns. The young sharks that usually migrate in the winter from Southern California to Baja haven’t done so in the past few years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We had weird oceanographic conditions this past winter,” Lowe said. \"It started to get cold, then all of a sudden a warm slug of water moved in close to shore again, so it's possible they started to move to Baja, got halfway there and then conditions changed, and they thought, 'Ok, maybe I should stay.' We just don’t know the answer to those questions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lowe hopes to get at some of these questions by tagging sharks and tracking their movements and behaviors. But right now he’s sort of a victim of his own -- and the sharks’ -- success: It’s barely the beginning of prime research season, and he’s pretty much out of tags and out of money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11568136\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11568136\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/165428-full-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/165428-full-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/165428-full-160x90.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/165428-full-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/165428-full-960x540.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/165428-full.jpg 1024w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/165428-full-240x135.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/165428-full-375x211.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/165428-full-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chris Lowe, director of the Shark Lab at California State University, Long Beach, releases a juvenile white shark off Belmont Shore in spring 2017 after successfully affixing a smart tag to its dorsal fin. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the Cal State Long Beach Shark Lab)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sharing the Waves\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lowe hopes the high demand for his research -- especially from local beaches wanting to keep visitors safe -- will translate into more resources to fund his work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, he's constantly reminding the public that the likelihood of being attacked by a shark is extremely slim -- much less than the chance of dying in a car accident on the way to the beach, he told me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you do see a shark, consider yourself lucky, he said. And respect its territory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We’ve basically had a sterile ocean for the last 50 years where we got rid of all the predators, either because we wanted to eat them or we killed them because we viewed them as a risk,” he said. \"People have to learn to share the waves again.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"headline": "Playing Tag With Southern California's Great White Sharks",
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"nprByline": "\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/about/people/staff/jill-replogle\">Jill Replogle\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Shark Lab at California State University Long Beach has a bumper crop of research subjects this summer. White sharks, more commonly known as great whites, have been hanging around L.A. and Orange County beaches in numbers \u003ca href=\"http://www.csulb.edu/shark-lab\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Shark Lab\u003c/a> director Chris Lowe only dreamed of a decade ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent months, he and his research assistants have tagged 18 sharks -- mostly 1- to 3-year-olds -- in local waters. That's more than they ever have this early in the year, Lowe said. \"And the peak of pupping season isn’t until late July.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pupping season, when female white sharks give birth to 4- to 5½-foot-long babies, generally runs from May to October. Researchers don’t know exactly where they give birth, but they suspect that the babies hightail it to warmer coastal waters quickly after they’re born. They then spend the next several years cruising the coast, eating stingrays and other small prey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dearth of knowledge about white sharks drives Lowe’s research. Asked how much we know about the ocean predators on a scale of 1 to 10, Lowe answered “2.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We’re getting there,” he said. \"We’ve jumped from zero to 2 in literally the last 20 years. And all the new technology that we have is going to get us up that scale much, much faster.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I recently joined Lowe on a trip off Dana Point to see some of that technology in action. The goal was to find baby white sharks and attach acoustic tags to their backs in order to track their movements up and down the coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11568132\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11568132\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164329-full-800x530.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"530\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164329-full-800x530.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164329-full-160x106.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164329-full-1020x675.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164329-full-960x636.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164329-full-240x159.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164329-full-375x248.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164329-full-520x344.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164329-full.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A research assistant working for Chris Lowe of California State University, Long Beach, attaches a device to a pole used to tag sharks for a research project near San Clemente, June 28, 2017. \u003ccite>(Andrew Cullen for KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Receivers attached to buoys along the shoreline register data any time one of the tagged sharks passes within 300 yards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s kind of like using E-ZPass on the toll road to keep track of who’s going by,” Lowe said. The city of San Clemente recently purchased several of its own receivers so that it can monitor sharks swimming near its public beaches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city has logged more than 100 shark sightings this year, forcing lifeguards to close sections of beach to swimming and surfing on several occasions out of safety concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of those closures followed an attack on a woman swimming at San Onofre State Beach on April 29. She survived but suffered serious injuries to her hip and upper leg that kept her in the hospital until mid-June, the last time she updated her status on a fundraising webpage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hers is the fifth confirmed unprovoked shark attack in Orange County since 1926, according to the International Shark Attack File maintained by the University of Florida. Another woman was bitten last year while swimming off Corona Del Mar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11568133\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11568133\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164334-full-800x532.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"532\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164334-full-800x532.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164334-full-160x106.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164334-full-1020x678.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164334-full-960x638.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164334-full-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164334-full-375x249.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164334-full-520x346.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164334-full.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chris Lowe of California State University, Long Beach, joins San Clemente lifeguard Rod Mellott on a jet ski while looking for sharks during a research project on shark behavior near the San Clemente Pier, June 28, 2017. \u003ccite>(Andrew Cullen for KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Trolling for Baby Sharks\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I set off with Lowe and his research team from Dana Point Harbor on the 22-foot boat “Wingman” as the morning fog began to break up. Near the San Clemente coast, local lifeguard Rod Mellott drove up on a jet ski. He wore a headset to communicate with the pilot of an Orange County Sheriff’s Department helicopter flying overhead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sheriff’s helicopter has become a key ally in Lowe’s research and in efforts to keep OC beaches safe for swimmers. It’s much easier to spot the outline of a shark from the sky on a sunny day than to scan the water for fins at sea level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus, Lowe said, the increasing number of tourist boats out looking for sharks may be starting to spook them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People want to see them, which is great, but they are kind of harassing the sharks,” he said, adding that he hoped his research might lead to guidelines for responsible shark watching.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lowe pulled on a wetsuit, attached a tag to the end of a spear and got on the back of the jet ski. He and Mellott headed a few hundred yards closer to shore and then we all turned south to troll for sharks. We scanned the water while the helicopter above did several laps up and down the coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nothing. Not a single shark, even though there were multiple sightings around San Clemente the previous day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the trip wasn’t a total bust: On the way back to Dana Point Harbor, we stopped at a buoy -- just outside of the designated swim zone at Doheny State Beach -- to check on one of Lowe's receivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lowe swam out to the buoy, detached a canister holding the device, then swam back to the boat and transferred the data to a laptop computer. Lowe’s research assistant, Echelle Burns, pulled up a graph showing dozens of blips, color-coded to represent individual, tagged sharks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scrolling through the data, Burns announced that the most recent detection was just a few hours before we passed by the same location.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In all, 17 tagged white sharks had swum by the buoy a cumulative 1,125 times in the previous two weeks. That means they’re hanging out in the area.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cbr>\nFollow the movement of tagged sharks and other fish at \u003ca href=\"http://scattn.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">scattn.org\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11568134\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11568134\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164346-full-800x532.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"532\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164346-full-800x532.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164346-full-160x106.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164346-full-1020x678.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164346-full-960x638.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164346-full-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164346-full-375x249.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164346-full-520x346.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164346-full.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shark researcher Chris Lowe of California State University, Long Beach swims to a buoy to attach a device that collects information from sharks that the team has tagged for a research project on shark behavior near Dana Point, June 28, 2017. \u003ccite>(Andrew Cullen for KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When Life Gives You No Sharks, Ask Questions Instead\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All these sharks hanging out together, does that make them a school? I asked Lowe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Technically, no,” he said. “They’re not that close together, but they do use the same general area. We’re not sure if there’s a social component or whether they’re all seeking out the same conditions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He thinks the latter is more likely. Historical fishing data show that there are at least four juvenile white shark “hot spots” in Southern California: Ventura/Oxnard, Santa Monica Bay, Huntington Beach and the stretch between Dana Point and San Onofre.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Lowe hasn’t yet been able to determine from his research what makes young white sharks pick one area one year and another the next.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, the summertime hot spot for baby sharks seems to be Ventura, Lowe said, and for juveniles (1- to 3-year-olds), it's Belmont Shore in Long Beach and between Dana Point and San Clemente.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Generally, Lowe said, the young sharks seem to be attracted by the warm coastal waters (juvenile sharks can’t handle cold temperatures the way adult sharks can), the lack of predators, like orcas and other big sharks, and abundant food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The number one thing we’ve found in baby white sharks’ stomachs are stingrays,” Lowe said. \"And stingrays are super abundant in Southern California. Their numbers have been going up over the last 50 years because we got rid of all the coastal predators.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lowe said the increased number of sharks we’re seeing this year is an ecological success story: Decades ago, we started to protect white sharks and the marine mammals that adult sharks feed on, and now there are more of both.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can’t just say we want to have marine mammals, but we don’t want to have sharks. We need them to have a healthy ecosystem,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lowe suspects that the sharks’ behavior might be changing because of rising ocean temperatures and changing climate patterns. The young sharks that usually migrate in the winter from Southern California to Baja haven’t done so in the past few years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We had weird oceanographic conditions this past winter,” Lowe said. \"It started to get cold, then all of a sudden a warm slug of water moved in close to shore again, so it's possible they started to move to Baja, got halfway there and then conditions changed, and they thought, 'Ok, maybe I should stay.' We just don’t know the answer to those questions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lowe hopes to get at some of these questions by tagging sharks and tracking their movements and behaviors. But right now he’s sort of a victim of his own -- and the sharks’ -- success: It’s barely the beginning of prime research season, and he’s pretty much out of tags and out of money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11568136\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11568136\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/165428-full-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/165428-full-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/165428-full-160x90.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/165428-full-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/165428-full-960x540.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/165428-full.jpg 1024w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/165428-full-240x135.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/165428-full-375x211.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/165428-full-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chris Lowe, director of the Shark Lab at California State University, Long Beach, releases a juvenile white shark off Belmont Shore in spring 2017 after successfully affixing a smart tag to its dorsal fin. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the Cal State Long Beach Shark Lab)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sharing the Waves\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lowe hopes the high demand for his research -- especially from local beaches wanting to keep visitors safe -- will translate into more resources to fund his work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, he's constantly reminding the public that the likelihood of being attacked by a shark is extremely slim -- much less than the chance of dying in a car accident on the way to the beach, he told me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you do see a shark, consider yourself lucky, he said. And respect its territory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We’ve basically had a sterile ocean for the last 50 years where we got rid of all the predators, either because we wanted to eat them or we killed them because we viewed them as a risk,” he said. \"People have to learn to share the waves again.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Ravens Surprise Scientists by Showing They Can Plan",
"headTitle": "Ravens Surprise Scientists by Showing They Can Plan | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>As recently as 10 years ago, humans were thought to be the only species with the ability to plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent studies on great apes showed the ability is not uniquely human. Now, scientists in Sweden have come to the surprising conclusion that ravens can also deliberately prepare for future events.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Ravens’ ability to plan ahead may have developed in reaction to their complex social hierarchy.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It is conservative to conclude that ravens perform similarly to great apes and young children,” the \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/suppl/2017/07/12/357.6347.202.DC1/aam8138-Kabadayi-SM.pdf\">researchers write\u003c/a>. However, monkeys have failed similar experiments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve known that ravens, and other members of the corvid family, are smart. Previously, they were shown to think ahead by caching food to eat later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some scientists argued that food caching was not proof of an ability to plan because the birds could simply be biologically wired to do so, \u003ca href=\"http://www.lunduniversity.lu.se/lucat/user/a31714f93191502f261ac513e14b797d\">cognitive zoologist Can Kabadayi\u003c/a> from Lund University tells The Two-Way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, Kabadayi and co-author Mathias Osvath set up a series of experiments to see if five ravens could flexibly plan during tasks that they don’t do in the wild: using tools and bartering. These are similar to studies done on great apes. Their findings were published Thursday \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/357/6347/202\">in the journal Science\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers trained the birds how to use a simple tool, a rock, that could be used to open a box containing a treat (a piece of dog food) if the birds dropped it through a small tube.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They then tested whether the birds could pick the right tool from a series of “distracter” objects — such as a wheel, a ball, a metal pipe and a toy car — then save it and use it later to open the box.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One version of the experiment had a delay of 15 minutes between selecting an object and being presented with the reward box, and the ravens succeeded 86 percent of the time. The second extended that period to 17 hours, and the success rate was even higher, at 88 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The birds were also trained to use a specific token to barter with a human for a food reward. Then, a different experimenter offered them a tray with the token on it along with other distracter objects. “When the ravens knew that trading would only happen on the next day, they chose and stored these tokens as soon as they were offered to them,” scientists Markus Boeckle and Nicola S. Clayton wrote in a separate \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/357/6347/126\">Science paper\u003c/a> on the Lund University research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers found that the birds would tend to opt out of immediate food rewards because of the promise of larger, tastier treats later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They were more likely to be willing to endure delayed gratification when they had to wait only a few seconds, rather than minutes for the larger treat, which is also a key component of human decision-making. “We basically found that the further ahead in the future a reward for ravens, the less value it gets,” says Kabadayi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s safe to say that ravens and mammals have not inherited planning skills through a common ancestor, says Kabadayi. They last shared an ancestor about 320 million years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To plan, “you need a lot of different skill sets to work together and that’s interesting, because how can that be similar between corvids and great apes given they are so different to each other evolutionarily?” says Kabadayi. The skills likely evolved independently, through convergent evolution, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why would ravens develop the ability to plan? Kabadayi says there are many different theories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says this kind of complex cognition may have developed in reaction to ravens’ complex social hierarchy. For example, they would need to remember previous interactions with other birds, which could contribute to memory and planning skills. However, he says there are many other hierarchical species that don’t have planning abilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Factors like environmental pressures or the fact that they are scavengers competing with each other could also contribute, he says. The sheer density of neurons in a bird’s brain, even though it is small compared to apes, might also play a role.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kabadayi says that scientists would need to test a large number of species for their abilities to plan, and see how this correlates with the possible explanations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parrots would be interesting to test next, he says, because they have a “huge number of neurons in their brains” and have been shown to have good memories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Ravens+Surprise+Scientists+By+Showing+They+Can+Plan&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As recently as 10 years ago, humans were thought to be the only species with the ability to plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent studies on great apes showed the ability is not uniquely human. Now, scientists in Sweden have come to the surprising conclusion that ravens can also deliberately prepare for future events.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Ravens’ ability to plan ahead may have developed in reaction to their complex social hierarchy.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It is conservative to conclude that ravens perform similarly to great apes and young children,” the \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/suppl/2017/07/12/357.6347.202.DC1/aam8138-Kabadayi-SM.pdf\">researchers write\u003c/a>. However, monkeys have failed similar experiments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve known that ravens, and other members of the corvid family, are smart. Previously, they were shown to think ahead by caching food to eat later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some scientists argued that food caching was not proof of an ability to plan because the birds could simply be biologically wired to do so, \u003ca href=\"http://www.lunduniversity.lu.se/lucat/user/a31714f93191502f261ac513e14b797d\">cognitive zoologist Can Kabadayi\u003c/a> from Lund University tells The Two-Way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, Kabadayi and co-author Mathias Osvath set up a series of experiments to see if five ravens could flexibly plan during tasks that they don’t do in the wild: using tools and bartering. These are similar to studies done on great apes. Their findings were published Thursday \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/357/6347/202\">in the journal Science\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers trained the birds how to use a simple tool, a rock, that could be used to open a box containing a treat (a piece of dog food) if the birds dropped it through a small tube.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They then tested whether the birds could pick the right tool from a series of “distracter” objects — such as a wheel, a ball, a metal pipe and a toy car — then save it and use it later to open the box.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One version of the experiment had a delay of 15 minutes between selecting an object and being presented with the reward box, and the ravens succeeded 86 percent of the time. The second extended that period to 17 hours, and the success rate was even higher, at 88 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The birds were also trained to use a specific token to barter with a human for a food reward. Then, a different experimenter offered them a tray with the token on it along with other distracter objects. “When the ravens knew that trading would only happen on the next day, they chose and stored these tokens as soon as they were offered to them,” scientists Markus Boeckle and Nicola S. Clayton wrote in a separate \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/357/6347/126\">Science paper\u003c/a> on the Lund University research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers found that the birds would tend to opt out of immediate food rewards because of the promise of larger, tastier treats later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They were more likely to be willing to endure delayed gratification when they had to wait only a few seconds, rather than minutes for the larger treat, which is also a key component of human decision-making. “We basically found that the further ahead in the future a reward for ravens, the less value it gets,” says Kabadayi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s safe to say that ravens and mammals have not inherited planning skills through a common ancestor, says Kabadayi. They last shared an ancestor about 320 million years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To plan, “you need a lot of different skill sets to work together and that’s interesting, because how can that be similar between corvids and great apes given they are so different to each other evolutionarily?” says Kabadayi. The skills likely evolved independently, through convergent evolution, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why would ravens develop the ability to plan? Kabadayi says there are many different theories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says this kind of complex cognition may have developed in reaction to ravens’ complex social hierarchy. For example, they would need to remember previous interactions with other birds, which could contribute to memory and planning skills. However, he says there are many other hierarchical species that don’t have planning abilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Factors like environmental pressures or the fact that they are scavengers competing with each other could also contribute, he says. The sheer density of neurons in a bird’s brain, even though it is small compared to apes, might also play a role.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kabadayi says that scientists would need to test a large number of species for their abilities to plan, and see how this correlates with the possible explanations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parrots would be interesting to test next, he says, because they have a “huge number of neurons in their brains” and have been shown to have good memories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Ravens+Surprise+Scientists+By+Showing+They+Can+Plan&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Greenhouse Gases Quickly Change the Atmosphere, Report Finds",
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"content": "\u003cp>Humanity’s grand \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/carbon-dioxide-all-time-monthly-high-21507\">experiment in the atmosphere\u003c/a> continues, and a new report documents just how far it’s gone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration released its \u003ca href=\"https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/aggi/aggi.html\">annual index of 20 key greenhouse gases\u003c/a>. It shows that their direct influence on the climate has risen 140 percent since 1750, with 40 percent of that rise coming in just the past 26 years. That increase is almost entirely due to human activities and has caused the planet to warm 1.8°F (1°C) above pre-industrial temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Carbon dioxide is responsible for 54 percent of the overall increase in climate warming seen since 1990.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The index takes greenhouse gas measurements from about 80 ships and observatories around the world—gathered in all their parts per million and parts per billion glory—and boils them down into a simple numerical index. This year’s number: 1.4.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a simple number that contains multitudes. For example, carbon dioxide is responsible for 54 percent of the overall increase in climate warming seen since 1990. The four other major greenhouse gases in the index, which include nitrous oxide, methane and two types of chlorofluorocarbons, are responsible for 42 percent of the increase with 15 minor greenhouse gases accounting for the missing 4 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1842657\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1842657\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-520x292.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85.jpg 1300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii. \u003ccite>(Jonathan Kingston/National Geographic/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Carbon dioxide has risen rapidly in the atmosphere, with 2016 marking the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/carbon-dioxide-record-rates-21242\">second-largest annual increase\u003c/a> ever observed at the Mauna Loa Observatory, the world’s main measuring station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This May, monthly carbon dioxide peaked at \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/carbon-dioxide-all-time-monthly-high-21507\">409.65 parts per million\u003c/a>. That’s a record high and a mark unseen in human history. If emissions continue on their current trend, the atmosphere will hit a state \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/climate-change-unseen-50-million-years-21312\">unseen in 50 million years\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A bright spot in the report is the decline of chlorofluorocarbons’ warming influence on the planet. The chemicals were commonly used as refrigerants until the Montreal Protocol banned them in 1989. The treaty came about because they deplete the protective ozone layer, but phasing them out has also helped reduce their warming impact on the climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even with their decrease, there are still a lot of greenhouse gases swirling in the atmosphere and trapping more energy on the planet’s surface. \u003ca href=\"http://www.michaelmann.net/\">Michael Mann\u003c/a>, a Penn State climate researcher, said the change in the amount of energy being trapped by all the extra greenhouse gases is roughly the equivalent of adding a Christmas tree light to every square yard around the world since 1982.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“(It) might seem small but it’s not. That alone is enough to raise Earth’s temperature by roughly 1.5°F,” he said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aerosols — light reflecting particles — and the slow nature of the earth’s climate to reach equilibrium are the main reason the planet hasn’t warmed that much since 1982, the first year in Mann’s calculation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carbon emissions have held steady the past three years after rising nearly every year since the Industrial Revolution. That plateau still means humans are putting tons upon tons of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, further altering it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The world only has a \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/two-decades-until-carbon-budget-is-eaten-through-18051\">finite amount of greenhouse gases\u003c/a> it can safely put in the atmosphere. Researchers recently warned that emissions need to begin \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2017/06/29/these-experts-say-we-have-until-2020-to-get-climate-change-under-control-and-theyre-the-optimists/\">declining in the next three years\u003c/a> in order to have a chance of limiting global warming to within 3.6°F (2°C) of pre-industrial temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 1.8°F (1°C) of warming fueled by greenhouse gas pollution has already \u003ca href=\"http://sealevel.climatecentral.org/\">caused seas to rise\u003c/a> nearly a foot, \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/arctic-crazy-warm-sea-ice-21599\">Arctic sea ice to vanish\u003c/a> at a quickening pace and made some \u003ca href=\"https://wwa.climatecentral.org/\">extreme weather more likely and extreme\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Low-lying small island states and coral ecosystems could vanish \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/the-forgotten-un-climate-goal-19701\">if warming hits 2.3°F (1.5°C)\u003c/a>. Passing the 3.6°F (2°C) threshold would put humanity outside the “safe” range of warming outlined by policymakers and scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Humanity’s grand \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/carbon-dioxide-all-time-monthly-high-21507\">experiment in the atmosphere\u003c/a> continues, and a new report documents just how far it’s gone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration released its \u003ca href=\"https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/aggi/aggi.html\">annual index of 20 key greenhouse gases\u003c/a>. It shows that their direct influence on the climate has risen 140 percent since 1750, with 40 percent of that rise coming in just the past 26 years. That increase is almost entirely due to human activities and has caused the planet to warm 1.8°F (1°C) above pre-industrial temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Carbon dioxide is responsible for 54 percent of the overall increase in climate warming seen since 1990.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The index takes greenhouse gas measurements from about 80 ships and observatories around the world—gathered in all their parts per million and parts per billion glory—and boils them down into a simple numerical index. This year’s number: 1.4.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a simple number that contains multitudes. For example, carbon dioxide is responsible for 54 percent of the overall increase in climate warming seen since 1990. The four other major greenhouse gases in the index, which include nitrous oxide, methane and two types of chlorofluorocarbons, are responsible for 42 percent of the increase with 15 minor greenhouse gases accounting for the missing 4 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1842657\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1842657\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-520x292.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85.jpg 1300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii. \u003ccite>(Jonathan Kingston/National Geographic/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Carbon dioxide has risen rapidly in the atmosphere, with 2016 marking the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/carbon-dioxide-record-rates-21242\">second-largest annual increase\u003c/a> ever observed at the Mauna Loa Observatory, the world’s main measuring station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This May, monthly carbon dioxide peaked at \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/carbon-dioxide-all-time-monthly-high-21507\">409.65 parts per million\u003c/a>. That’s a record high and a mark unseen in human history. If emissions continue on their current trend, the atmosphere will hit a state \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/climate-change-unseen-50-million-years-21312\">unseen in 50 million years\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A bright spot in the report is the decline of chlorofluorocarbons’ warming influence on the planet. The chemicals were commonly used as refrigerants until the Montreal Protocol banned them in 1989. The treaty came about because they deplete the protective ozone layer, but phasing them out has also helped reduce their warming impact on the climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even with their decrease, there are still a lot of greenhouse gases swirling in the atmosphere and trapping more energy on the planet’s surface. \u003ca href=\"http://www.michaelmann.net/\">Michael Mann\u003c/a>, a Penn State climate researcher, said the change in the amount of energy being trapped by all the extra greenhouse gases is roughly the equivalent of adding a Christmas tree light to every square yard around the world since 1982.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“(It) might seem small but it’s not. That alone is enough to raise Earth’s temperature by roughly 1.5°F,” he said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aerosols — light reflecting particles — and the slow nature of the earth’s climate to reach equilibrium are the main reason the planet hasn’t warmed that much since 1982, the first year in Mann’s calculation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carbon emissions have held steady the past three years after rising nearly every year since the Industrial Revolution. That plateau still means humans are putting tons upon tons of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, further altering it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The world only has a \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/two-decades-until-carbon-budget-is-eaten-through-18051\">finite amount of greenhouse gases\u003c/a> it can safely put in the atmosphere. Researchers recently warned that emissions need to begin \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2017/06/29/these-experts-say-we-have-until-2020-to-get-climate-change-under-control-and-theyre-the-optimists/\">declining in the next three years\u003c/a> in order to have a chance of limiting global warming to within 3.6°F (2°C) of pre-industrial temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 1.8°F (1°C) of warming fueled by greenhouse gas pollution has already \u003ca href=\"http://sealevel.climatecentral.org/\">caused seas to rise\u003c/a> nearly a foot, \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/arctic-crazy-warm-sea-ice-21599\">Arctic sea ice to vanish\u003c/a> at a quickening pace and made some \u003ca href=\"https://wwa.climatecentral.org/\">extreme weather more likely and extreme\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Low-lying small island states and coral ecosystems could vanish \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/the-forgotten-un-climate-goal-19701\">if warming hits 2.3°F (1.5°C)\u003c/a>. Passing the 3.6°F (2°C) threshold would put humanity outside the “safe” range of warming outlined by policymakers and scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Fifty degrees or 90 degrees, which Bay Area summer do you prefer? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If it's too hot for you, just get yourself to the coast. If it's too cold, head inland. Choose your own summer (work and transportation permitting).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>Growing up, Youa Yang did not envision himself taking over his family's business. His parents were Hmong refugees from Laos who arrived in Fresno, Calif., in the late 1980s and settled down to become farmers. He went to college for economics and mathematics and found himself knee-deep in the finance industry immediately after graduating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, while doing volunteer work, Yang crossed paths with Kyle Tsukahira, a program manager at \u003ca href=\"http://apifm.org/\">Asian Pacific Islander Forward Movement\u003c/a> (API), a non-profit dedicated to bringing culturally relevant produce to the Asian enclaves of Los Angeles. It was API that helped Yang see that his family farm had a lot more potential to grow – and gave him the tools to do it, like counseling in marketing, how to obtain organic certifications and the latest farming policies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, Yang, 29, helps his parents run Padao Farms, a 15-acre plot that specializes in traditional Asian greens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then Yang went from client to consultant. He's fluent in Hmong and he helps translate the organization's workshops for his fellow Hmong farmers in the Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It made me think about what I really wanted to do in life and the blessings that I had,\" he says. \"What I realized is that my parents are farming in Fresno and that they could use my talents and abilities.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yang's family farm grows a wide variety of produce catering specifically to an Asian palate. On a late spring day at the farm, one might find water spinach, with hollow stems that soak in the flavor of the garlic, and yam leaves, which are best gently sautéed with a dash of salt. There's bitter melon, which pairs well with black beans, and daikon roots, which are ideally pickled with a bit of white vinegar and sugar. The well-known bok choy is also available and is especially tasty when married to garlic, with a bit of salt and pepper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to farmers' markets across California, Yang's produce is distributed through \u003ca href=\"rootscsa.org\">Roots\u003c/a>, API's Los Angeles-based community-supported agriculture program, which he says has generated significant extra revenue for his farm and provided much-needed marketing assistance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_119072\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2017/07/pado-farms-photo-by-api_35182401212_o_enl-0d65730c1cfa50cd8313b18362ab9cfa48123e8a.jpg\" alt=\"A farmer checks on produce at Padao Farms, a 15-acre plot run by the Yang family in Fresno, Calif., that specializes in Asian greens.A farmer checks on produce at Padao Farms, a 15-acre plot run by the Yang family in Fresno, Calif., that specializes in Asian greens.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1332\" class=\"size-full wp-image-119072\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/07/pado-farms-photo-by-api_35182401212_o_enl-0d65730c1cfa50cd8313b18362ab9cfa48123e8a.jpg 2000w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/07/pado-farms-photo-by-api_35182401212_o_enl-0d65730c1cfa50cd8313b18362ab9cfa48123e8a-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/07/pado-farms-photo-by-api_35182401212_o_enl-0d65730c1cfa50cd8313b18362ab9cfa48123e8a-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/07/pado-farms-photo-by-api_35182401212_o_enl-0d65730c1cfa50cd8313b18362ab9cfa48123e8a-768x511.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/07/pado-farms-photo-by-api_35182401212_o_enl-0d65730c1cfa50cd8313b18362ab9cfa48123e8a-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/07/pado-farms-photo-by-api_35182401212_o_enl-0d65730c1cfa50cd8313b18362ab9cfa48123e8a-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/07/pado-farms-photo-by-api_35182401212_o_enl-0d65730c1cfa50cd8313b18362ab9cfa48123e8a-960x639.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/07/pado-farms-photo-by-api_35182401212_o_enl-0d65730c1cfa50cd8313b18362ab9cfa48123e8a-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/07/pado-farms-photo-by-api_35182401212_o_enl-0d65730c1cfa50cd8313b18362ab9cfa48123e8a-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/07/pado-farms-photo-by-api_35182401212_o_enl-0d65730c1cfa50cd8313b18362ab9cfa48123e8a-520x346.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A farmer checks on produce at Padao Farms, a 15-acre plot run by the Yang family in Fresno, Calif., that specializes in Asian greens. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Asian Pacific Islander Forward Movement)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"What is most difficult about farmers' market for farmers is not only the number [of] trips that it takes, but that they're not guaranteed to sell [their produce] or make the trip worth it,\" says API's Tsukahira.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Founded in 2013, API works directly with Asian farmers like Yang across California to provide local and healthy food to the Asian and Pacific Islander population in Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the 2010 census, the greater Los Angeles metropolitan area has the highest concentration of Asian-Americans in the United States. Over the years, grocery store chains have popped up to serve this population. For Chinese-Americans, that's 99 Ranch and 168 Market. Mitsuwa, Nijiya and Marukai markets, which are three separate market chains, cater to Japanese-Americans, and Galleria and Zion markets target Korean-Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Not every Asian enclave has access to a grocery store that's selling culturally relevant produce,\" says Tsukahira, noting that L.A.'s Historic Filipinotown is considered a food desert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are more liquor stores and fast food restaurants than grocery stores, and many community members have to take public transit for about an hour to get to a supermarket,\" Paul Nguyen, a program coordinator at API, notes of the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And for the communities that do have access to a supermarket selling Asian greens, the issue is transparency and localism. While conventional Asian grocery stores are decent at labeling the countries from which they source, the exact suppliers are not divulged and the geographic range is international — anywhere from Mexico to China to Vietnam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The thing is that we don't know where they're getting their produce from,\" Tsukahira says, adding, \"What we're trying to do is work with small, local farmers in California.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the years, API has worked with dozens of farms through its workshops. Additionally, it works directly with seven farms to distribute produce in the greater Los Angeles area. It's a small operation and the group also dedicates a lot of attention to fostering the Hmong farming community in Frenso County. According to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucanr.org/sites/Small_Farms_and_Specialty_Crop/files/88377.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">2007 survey\u003c/a>, there are roughly 1,500 small farms operated by southeast Asian farmers in Fresno County; about 900 of those are Hmong. They're part of a wave of immigrants who came to the United States in the 1980s and later because of persecution following the Vietnam War.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A lot of them are first-generation immigrants and they're not informed about the rules and regulations and how to get into the farmers' markets,\" Nguyen says. \"We work with them to help get their story out.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Workshop topics include irrigation, food safety, bookkeeping, marketing, and organic certification.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_119074\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2017/07/produce-photo-by-api_35182395152_o_custom-8f3a1518428a70337db8b762c81a107537ed5671.jpg\" alt=\"Carrots, bok choy and cucumbers produced by Asian farmers in California that work with the Asian Pacific Islander Forward Movement. The nonprofit helps small farms grow their business through workshops, counseling and produce distribution.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1332\" class=\"size-full wp-image-119074\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/07/produce-photo-by-api_35182395152_o_custom-8f3a1518428a70337db8b762c81a107537ed5671.jpg 2000w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/07/produce-photo-by-api_35182395152_o_custom-8f3a1518428a70337db8b762c81a107537ed5671-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/07/produce-photo-by-api_35182395152_o_custom-8f3a1518428a70337db8b762c81a107537ed5671-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/07/produce-photo-by-api_35182395152_o_custom-8f3a1518428a70337db8b762c81a107537ed5671-768x511.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/07/produce-photo-by-api_35182395152_o_custom-8f3a1518428a70337db8b762c81a107537ed5671-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/07/produce-photo-by-api_35182395152_o_custom-8f3a1518428a70337db8b762c81a107537ed5671-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/07/produce-photo-by-api_35182395152_o_custom-8f3a1518428a70337db8b762c81a107537ed5671-960x639.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/07/produce-photo-by-api_35182395152_o_custom-8f3a1518428a70337db8b762c81a107537ed5671-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/07/produce-photo-by-api_35182395152_o_custom-8f3a1518428a70337db8b762c81a107537ed5671-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/07/produce-photo-by-api_35182395152_o_custom-8f3a1518428a70337db8b762c81a107537ed5671-520x346.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Carrots, bok choy and cucumbers produced by Asian farmers in California that work with the Asian Pacific Islander Forward Movement. The nonprofit helps small farms grow their business through workshops, counseling and produce distribution. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Asian Pacific Islander Forward Movement)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The irrigation workshop, Yang noted, was one of the most helpful and generated the most interest from farmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They taught us the best time to water so you don't get charged as much. And it helped me schedule my water more effectively,\" Yang says. \"The other farmers were really interested because they could finally see why the bills were so high.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aside from helping farmers with logistics, the ultimate goal for API is to create a food hub — a distribution network in Los Angeles that will provide traditional Asian produce to restaurants, schools, hospitals, community institutions and stores, so that small farmers won't have to make the cumbersome trip into the city on a weekly basis. Even as generations continue to become more Americanized, the produce is a way to maintain cultural relevancy and diversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>API is also gearing up to start a farmer incubation program, in which the organization will purchase land, obtain all the proper certifications for organic labeling and then lease plots out to the farmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the consumer end, API is offering subsidized vegetables and fruits for low-income families, and cooking and nutrition workshops at affordable housing units.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The focus, ultimately, is the Asian-American community, which makes up 14.7 percent of the metropolitan Los Angeles population. Leafy greens for sautéing, crisp daikon roots for pickling, and mustard greens for salting are an integral part of the population's cultural identity. Yang says his biggest concern isn't a lack of demand for Asian produce, but a lack of farmers to feed that demand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We've gotten to a point where people are so disconnected [from] their food and their groceries. With that said, it's one of my favorite things to meet the mothers that show up for our produce,\" Yang says. \"They feed their families with recipes that they grew up with. And it's a huge benefit for them to have access to a price that they're used to.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003cem>Copyright 2017 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Growing up, Youa Yang did not envision himself taking over his family's business. His parents were Hmong refugees from Laos who arrived in Fresno, Calif., in the late 1980s and settled down to become farmers. He went to college for economics and mathematics and found himself knee-deep in the finance industry immediately after graduating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, while doing volunteer work, Yang crossed paths with Kyle Tsukahira, a program manager at \u003ca href=\"http://apifm.org/\">Asian Pacific Islander Forward Movement\u003c/a> (API), a non-profit dedicated to bringing culturally relevant produce to the Asian enclaves of Los Angeles. It was API that helped Yang see that his family farm had a lot more potential to grow – and gave him the tools to do it, like counseling in marketing, how to obtain organic certifications and the latest farming policies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, Yang, 29, helps his parents run Padao Farms, a 15-acre plot that specializes in traditional Asian greens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then Yang went from client to consultant. He's fluent in Hmong and he helps translate the organization's workshops for his fellow Hmong farmers in the Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It made me think about what I really wanted to do in life and the blessings that I had,\" he says. \"What I realized is that my parents are farming in Fresno and that they could use my talents and abilities.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yang's family farm grows a wide variety of produce catering specifically to an Asian palate. On a late spring day at the farm, one might find water spinach, with hollow stems that soak in the flavor of the garlic, and yam leaves, which are best gently sautéed with a dash of salt. There's bitter melon, which pairs well with black beans, and daikon roots, which are ideally pickled with a bit of white vinegar and sugar. The well-known bok choy is also available and is especially tasty when married to garlic, with a bit of salt and pepper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to farmers' markets across California, Yang's produce is distributed through \u003ca href=\"rootscsa.org\">Roots\u003c/a>, API's Los Angeles-based community-supported agriculture program, which he says has generated significant extra revenue for his farm and provided much-needed marketing assistance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_119072\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2017/07/pado-farms-photo-by-api_35182401212_o_enl-0d65730c1cfa50cd8313b18362ab9cfa48123e8a.jpg\" alt=\"A farmer checks on produce at Padao Farms, a 15-acre plot run by the Yang family in Fresno, Calif., that specializes in Asian greens.A farmer checks on produce at Padao Farms, a 15-acre plot run by the Yang family in Fresno, Calif., that specializes in Asian greens.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1332\" class=\"size-full wp-image-119072\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/07/pado-farms-photo-by-api_35182401212_o_enl-0d65730c1cfa50cd8313b18362ab9cfa48123e8a.jpg 2000w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/07/pado-farms-photo-by-api_35182401212_o_enl-0d65730c1cfa50cd8313b18362ab9cfa48123e8a-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/07/pado-farms-photo-by-api_35182401212_o_enl-0d65730c1cfa50cd8313b18362ab9cfa48123e8a-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/07/pado-farms-photo-by-api_35182401212_o_enl-0d65730c1cfa50cd8313b18362ab9cfa48123e8a-768x511.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/07/pado-farms-photo-by-api_35182401212_o_enl-0d65730c1cfa50cd8313b18362ab9cfa48123e8a-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/07/pado-farms-photo-by-api_35182401212_o_enl-0d65730c1cfa50cd8313b18362ab9cfa48123e8a-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/07/pado-farms-photo-by-api_35182401212_o_enl-0d65730c1cfa50cd8313b18362ab9cfa48123e8a-960x639.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/07/pado-farms-photo-by-api_35182401212_o_enl-0d65730c1cfa50cd8313b18362ab9cfa48123e8a-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/07/pado-farms-photo-by-api_35182401212_o_enl-0d65730c1cfa50cd8313b18362ab9cfa48123e8a-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/07/pado-farms-photo-by-api_35182401212_o_enl-0d65730c1cfa50cd8313b18362ab9cfa48123e8a-520x346.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A farmer checks on produce at Padao Farms, a 15-acre plot run by the Yang family in Fresno, Calif., that specializes in Asian greens. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Asian Pacific Islander Forward Movement)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"What is most difficult about farmers' market for farmers is not only the number [of] trips that it takes, but that they're not guaranteed to sell [their produce] or make the trip worth it,\" says API's Tsukahira.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Founded in 2013, API works directly with Asian farmers like Yang across California to provide local and healthy food to the Asian and Pacific Islander population in Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the 2010 census, the greater Los Angeles metropolitan area has the highest concentration of Asian-Americans in the United States. Over the years, grocery store chains have popped up to serve this population. For Chinese-Americans, that's 99 Ranch and 168 Market. Mitsuwa, Nijiya and Marukai markets, which are three separate market chains, cater to Japanese-Americans, and Galleria and Zion markets target Korean-Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Not every Asian enclave has access to a grocery store that's selling culturally relevant produce,\" says Tsukahira, noting that L.A.'s Historic Filipinotown is considered a food desert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are more liquor stores and fast food restaurants than grocery stores, and many community members have to take public transit for about an hour to get to a supermarket,\" Paul Nguyen, a program coordinator at API, notes of the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And for the communities that do have access to a supermarket selling Asian greens, the issue is transparency and localism. While conventional Asian grocery stores are decent at labeling the countries from which they source, the exact suppliers are not divulged and the geographic range is international — anywhere from Mexico to China to Vietnam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The thing is that we don't know where they're getting their produce from,\" Tsukahira says, adding, \"What we're trying to do is work with small, local farmers in California.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the years, API has worked with dozens of farms through its workshops. Additionally, it works directly with seven farms to distribute produce in the greater Los Angeles area. It's a small operation and the group also dedicates a lot of attention to fostering the Hmong farming community in Frenso County. According to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucanr.org/sites/Small_Farms_and_Specialty_Crop/files/88377.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">2007 survey\u003c/a>, there are roughly 1,500 small farms operated by southeast Asian farmers in Fresno County; about 900 of those are Hmong. They're part of a wave of immigrants who came to the United States in the 1980s and later because of persecution following the Vietnam War.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A lot of them are first-generation immigrants and they're not informed about the rules and regulations and how to get into the farmers' markets,\" Nguyen says. \"We work with them to help get their story out.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Workshop topics include irrigation, food safety, bookkeeping, marketing, and organic certification.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_119074\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2017/07/produce-photo-by-api_35182395152_o_custom-8f3a1518428a70337db8b762c81a107537ed5671.jpg\" alt=\"Carrots, bok choy and cucumbers produced by Asian farmers in California that work with the Asian Pacific Islander Forward Movement. The nonprofit helps small farms grow their business through workshops, counseling and produce distribution.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1332\" class=\"size-full wp-image-119074\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/07/produce-photo-by-api_35182395152_o_custom-8f3a1518428a70337db8b762c81a107537ed5671.jpg 2000w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/07/produce-photo-by-api_35182395152_o_custom-8f3a1518428a70337db8b762c81a107537ed5671-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/07/produce-photo-by-api_35182395152_o_custom-8f3a1518428a70337db8b762c81a107537ed5671-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/07/produce-photo-by-api_35182395152_o_custom-8f3a1518428a70337db8b762c81a107537ed5671-768x511.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/07/produce-photo-by-api_35182395152_o_custom-8f3a1518428a70337db8b762c81a107537ed5671-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/07/produce-photo-by-api_35182395152_o_custom-8f3a1518428a70337db8b762c81a107537ed5671-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/07/produce-photo-by-api_35182395152_o_custom-8f3a1518428a70337db8b762c81a107537ed5671-960x639.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/07/produce-photo-by-api_35182395152_o_custom-8f3a1518428a70337db8b762c81a107537ed5671-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/07/produce-photo-by-api_35182395152_o_custom-8f3a1518428a70337db8b762c81a107537ed5671-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/07/produce-photo-by-api_35182395152_o_custom-8f3a1518428a70337db8b762c81a107537ed5671-520x346.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Carrots, bok choy and cucumbers produced by Asian farmers in California that work with the Asian Pacific Islander Forward Movement. The nonprofit helps small farms grow their business through workshops, counseling and produce distribution. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Asian Pacific Islander Forward Movement)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The irrigation workshop, Yang noted, was one of the most helpful and generated the most interest from farmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They taught us the best time to water so you don't get charged as much. And it helped me schedule my water more effectively,\" Yang says. \"The other farmers were really interested because they could finally see why the bills were so high.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aside from helping farmers with logistics, the ultimate goal for API is to create a food hub — a distribution network in Los Angeles that will provide traditional Asian produce to restaurants, schools, hospitals, community institutions and stores, so that small farmers won't have to make the cumbersome trip into the city on a weekly basis. Even as generations continue to become more Americanized, the produce is a way to maintain cultural relevancy and diversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>API is also gearing up to start a farmer incubation program, in which the organization will purchase land, obtain all the proper certifications for organic labeling and then lease plots out to the farmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the consumer end, API is offering subsidized vegetables and fruits for low-income families, and cooking and nutrition workshops at affordable housing units.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The focus, ultimately, is the Asian-American community, which makes up 14.7 percent of the metropolitan Los Angeles population. Leafy greens for sautéing, crisp daikon roots for pickling, and mustard greens for salting are an integral part of the population's cultural identity. Yang says his biggest concern isn't a lack of demand for Asian produce, but a lack of farmers to feed that demand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We've gotten to a point where people are so disconnected [from] their food and their groceries. With that said, it's one of my favorite things to meet the mothers that show up for our produce,\" Yang says. \"They feed their families with recipes that they grew up with. And it's a huge benefit for them to have access to a price that they're used to.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Gov. Brown's Cap-and-Trade Pitch: 'This isn't for me. I'm going to be dead. It’s for you and it’s damn real.'",
"title": "Gov. Brown's Cap-and-Trade Pitch: 'This isn't for me. I'm going to be dead. It’s for you and it’s damn real.'",
"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown made a fiery pitch for his proposal to extend the state's cap-and-trade system on Thursday, batting back concerns about the bill from both sides of the aisle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I’m not here about some cockamamie legacy that people talk about,\" the 79-year-old governor said in an impassioned speech to a room packed with activists, lobbyists and lawmakers. \"This isn’t for me. I’m going to be dead. It’s for you and it’s damn real.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The governor spoke at a Senate Environmental Quality Committee hearing in support of a deal that would extend cap-and-trade beyond its 2020 expiration date. The system, which caps carbon emissions and requires businesses to purchase or receive credits in order to release pollutants, is one of the tools California plans on using to meet its goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions 40 percent below 1990 levels by the year 2030.\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/jerrybrowngov/status/885603411005022208\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Legislation to extend cap and trade -- and an accompanying bill addressing local air quality -- were both passed by the committee. That kept the measures on track for a final vote Monday in both houses of the Legislature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown has spent the week trying to rally support both publicly and privately for the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/07/10/heres-whats-in-the-deal-to-extend-californias-cap-and-trade-system/\">final version\u003c/a> of his proposal to extend the cap-and-trade program. Before Thursday's committee hearing, Brown made his pitch in a meeting with Assembly Democrats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main legislation to extend cap and trade, \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB398\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Assembly Bill 398\u003c/a>, requires a two-thirds vote, meaning Brown can't afford to lose Democratic votes in either house, unless Republicans sign on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Republicans Announce Opposition\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The possibility of a bipartisan agreement took a hit on Thursday morning, when Assembly Republican Leader Chad Mayes announced that members of his caucus, who had \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/07/06/cap-and-trade-deal-could-woo-gop-support-anger-environmentalists/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">previously signaled\u003c/a> some support for an extension, were against the proposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"\u003cspan class=\"s1\">There are no Assembly Republican votes for the cap-and-trade deal in its current form,\" said Mayes, R-Yucca Valley, in a statement. \"We will not support a deal that doesn’t cut taxes, roll back regulations and protect ordinary Californians.\" \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Republican Senate Leader Pat Bates also announced the opposition of her caucus in a letter to the governor, although GOP Sens. Tom Berryhill, R-Modesto, and Anthony Cannella, R-Ceres, did not sign their names.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown told the two Republican senators on the Environmental Quality Committee, Ted Gaines, R-El Dorado, and Jeff Stone, R-Riverside County, that the alternative to cap and trade would be much worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In that scenario, called \"command and control,\" the California Air Resources Board could mandate specific emission cuts from companies in order to meet the state's overall emissions reduction goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The ARB will regulate the food processing, the oil industry, the cement industry in a way that is not efficient, that will be three to five times more costly,\" Brown said. \"Yes, that will be noticed by your constituents.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gaines said potential increases in the gasoline prices under cap and trade could amount to \"\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">a regressive tax on the poor in California.\" \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Local Air Districts Voice Concerns\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Republicans on the committee criticized potential costs on consumers, expert witnesses and dozens of speakers told the committee the plan isn't tough enough on local polluters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local air districts and members of the environmental justice community have focused on a provision in the plan that bars local air regulators from joining the state in limiting carbon dioxide emissions from factories and refineries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We believe that as long as it’s done consistently and in support of the overall program, the air districts ought to be a part of regulating greenhouse gases from these sources,\" said Jack Broadbent, CEO of the Bay Area Air Quality Management District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The BAAQMD has been working on its own plan to regulate CO2 emissions from local oil refineries. Business groups have said that local regulators should focus on local pollutants, not greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local air quality is addressed in Assembly Bill 617, which was also approved by the Senate committee on Thursday. Many Democratic lawmakers wanted a cap-and-trade extension to come with a focus on pollutants that disproportionately impact poorer neighborhoods in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What I'm talking about is making sure that we show the world that we can take care of our global community, but that we're not going to do it at the expense of our own communities,\" said Assemblywoman Cristina Garcia. The Los Angeles Democrat is carrying AB 617.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown took notes as speakers came forward to express environmental concerns about the cap-and-trade plan. Garcia promised that the work to reduce local air pollution would continue beyond this deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“This is a down payment and not all that we need to be doing,” she said. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two bills now move the Senate Appropriations Committee, which will take them up on Monday morning, before an expected afternoon floor vote in both houses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legislation does not detail how all the money from the state's cap-and-trade auctions (where businesses purchase the credits that allow them to release emissions) would be spent. A piece of the fund would go toward backfilling the state fire prevention fee, which AB 398 eliminates. The fee is paid mostly by rural residents, and is very unpopular among Republican lawmakers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The funding could also be used to woo individual lawmakers or to address the state's housing affordability crisis, a top priority for many legislative Democrats.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown made a fiery pitch for his proposal to extend the state's cap-and-trade system on Thursday, batting back concerns about the bill from both sides of the aisle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I’m not here about some cockamamie legacy that people talk about,\" the 79-year-old governor said in an impassioned speech to a room packed with activists, lobbyists and lawmakers. \"This isn’t for me. I’m going to be dead. It’s for you and it’s damn real.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The governor spoke at a Senate Environmental Quality Committee hearing in support of a deal that would extend cap-and-trade beyond its 2020 expiration date. The system, which caps carbon emissions and requires businesses to purchase or receive credits in order to release pollutants, is one of the tools California plans on using to meet its goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions 40 percent below 1990 levels by the year 2030.\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>Legislation to extend cap and trade -- and an accompanying bill addressing local air quality -- were both passed by the committee. That kept the measures on track for a final vote Monday in both houses of the Legislature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown has spent the week trying to rally support both publicly and privately for the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/07/10/heres-whats-in-the-deal-to-extend-californias-cap-and-trade-system/\">final version\u003c/a> of his proposal to extend the cap-and-trade program. Before Thursday's committee hearing, Brown made his pitch in a meeting with Assembly Democrats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main legislation to extend cap and trade, \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB398\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Assembly Bill 398\u003c/a>, requires a two-thirds vote, meaning Brown can't afford to lose Democratic votes in either house, unless Republicans sign on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Republicans Announce Opposition\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The possibility of a bipartisan agreement took a hit on Thursday morning, when Assembly Republican Leader Chad Mayes announced that members of his caucus, who had \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/07/06/cap-and-trade-deal-could-woo-gop-support-anger-environmentalists/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">previously signaled\u003c/a> some support for an extension, were against the proposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"\u003cspan class=\"s1\">There are no Assembly Republican votes for the cap-and-trade deal in its current form,\" said Mayes, R-Yucca Valley, in a statement. \"We will not support a deal that doesn’t cut taxes, roll back regulations and protect ordinary Californians.\" \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Republican Senate Leader Pat Bates also announced the opposition of her caucus in a letter to the governor, although GOP Sens. Tom Berryhill, R-Modesto, and Anthony Cannella, R-Ceres, did not sign their names.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown told the two Republican senators on the Environmental Quality Committee, Ted Gaines, R-El Dorado, and Jeff Stone, R-Riverside County, that the alternative to cap and trade would be much worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In that scenario, called \"command and control,\" the California Air Resources Board could mandate specific emission cuts from companies in order to meet the state's overall emissions reduction goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The ARB will regulate the food processing, the oil industry, the cement industry in a way that is not efficient, that will be three to five times more costly,\" Brown said. \"Yes, that will be noticed by your constituents.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gaines said potential increases in the gasoline prices under cap and trade could amount to \"\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">a regressive tax on the poor in California.\" \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Local Air Districts Voice Concerns\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Republicans on the committee criticized potential costs on consumers, expert witnesses and dozens of speakers told the committee the plan isn't tough enough on local polluters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local air districts and members of the environmental justice community have focused on a provision in the plan that bars local air regulators from joining the state in limiting carbon dioxide emissions from factories and refineries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We believe that as long as it’s done consistently and in support of the overall program, the air districts ought to be a part of regulating greenhouse gases from these sources,\" said Jack Broadbent, CEO of the Bay Area Air Quality Management District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The BAAQMD has been working on its own plan to regulate CO2 emissions from local oil refineries. Business groups have said that local regulators should focus on local pollutants, not greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local air quality is addressed in Assembly Bill 617, which was also approved by the Senate committee on Thursday. Many Democratic lawmakers wanted a cap-and-trade extension to come with a focus on pollutants that disproportionately impact poorer neighborhoods in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What I'm talking about is making sure that we show the world that we can take care of our global community, but that we're not going to do it at the expense of our own communities,\" said Assemblywoman Cristina Garcia. The Los Angeles Democrat is carrying AB 617.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown took notes as speakers came forward to express environmental concerns about the cap-and-trade plan. Garcia promised that the work to reduce local air pollution would continue beyond this deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“This is a down payment and not all that we need to be doing,” she said. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two bills now move the Senate Appropriations Committee, which will take them up on Monday morning, before an expected afternoon floor vote in both houses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legislation does not detail how all the money from the state's cap-and-trade auctions (where businesses purchase the credits that allow them to release emissions) would be spent. A piece of the fund would go toward backfilling the state fire prevention fee, which AB 398 eliminates. The fee is paid mostly by rural residents, and is very unpopular among Republican lawmakers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The funding could also be used to woo individual lawmakers or to address the state's housing affordability crisis, a top priority for many legislative Democrats.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>SANTA CRUZ — A large shark attacked a kayak Tuesday near Santa Cruz, leaving large bite marks on the boat, though the kayaker escaped without injury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Police in Santa Cruz investigated and confirmed the attack, then shut down all water activities at beaches within a 1-mile radius — including Main Beach and Cowell Beach — until sunrise Saturday morning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But according to accounts on social media, surfers have so far been ignoring the ban:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/KRON4RFladeboe/status/885581477383028736\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experienced kayaker Steve Lawson was paddling past a kelp bed at the city’s popular surf spot, Steamer Lane, when he felt a jolt to his kayak. He looked down and saw what he believes was a great white.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I saw the shark hanging on the front end of my boat,” Lawson told KSBW-TV.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The shark bit the front of the boat and sent Lawson into the water. He used a radio to call for a rescue from the Harbor Patrol, but he had to tread water in terror for a few minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I spent a little time in the water swimming around. I panicked, everyone panics,” Lawson said. “There’s a shark in the water, but he didn’t come back. He wasn’t interested in me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/janellewang/status/884951694089404416\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Harbor Patrol showed up within about 90 seconds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They got out there and pulled him to safety,” Santa Cruz Fire Chief Jim Frawley said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawson’s experience helped him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This was someone who knows what he’s doing,” Frawley said. “He’s very well versed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bottom of the kayak showed shallow cracks and damage from the shark’s bite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Attacks like these are extremely rare in Santa Cruz County, and we are so thankful that the kayaker wasn’t injured,” Frawley said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/SantaCruzPolice/status/884894314215514113\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawson told KGO-TV that he has no plans to stop kayaking after 25 years because of the attack.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I saw the shark hanging on the front end of my boat,” Lawson told KSBW-TV.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The shark bit the front of the boat and sent Lawson into the water. He used a radio to call for a rescue from the Harbor Patrol, but he had to tread water in terror for a few minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I spent a little time in the water swimming around. I panicked, everyone panics,” Lawson said. “There’s a shark in the water, but he didn’t come back. He wasn’t interested in me.”\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>The Harbor Patrol showed up within about 90 seconds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They got out there and pulled him to safety,” Santa Cruz Fire Chief Jim Frawley said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawson’s experience helped him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This was someone who knows what he’s doing,” Frawley said. “He’s very well versed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bottom of the kayak showed shallow cracks and damage from the shark’s bite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Attacks like these are extremely rare in Santa Cruz County, and we are so thankful that the kayaker wasn’t injured,” Frawley said.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "No Offense, American Bees, But Your Sperm Isn't Cutting It",
"headTitle": "No Offense, American Bees, But Your Sperm Isn’t Cutting It | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s note: This story is for mature bees only.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seducing a honeybee drone—one of the males in a colony whose only job is to mate with the queen—is not too difficult. They don’t have stingers, so you just pick one up. Apply a little pressure to the abdomen and the drone gets randy, blood rushing to his endophallus, bringing him to climax.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re really accommodating,” says Susan Cobey, a honeybee breeder on Whidbey Island, Wash. “One ejaculate is about 1 microliter, and it takes 10 microliters to artificially inseminate a queen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”Y7TXOzoCrWtiybZGX436TyHD5Ty0BWPR”]Since 2008, Cobey has done her share of bee abdomen rubbing as part of a research team from Washington State University traveling through Europe and Asia. They’ve collected sperm from native honeybees in Italy, Slovenia, Germany, Kazakhstan and the Republic of Georgia – countries where honeybees have favorable genetic traits, like resistance to the \u003ca href=\"http://articles.extension.org/pages/71172/honey-bee-viruses-the-deadly-varroa-mite-associates\">varroa mite\u003c/a>. The deadly parasite has been cited as a major factor in bee deaths, along with genetics, poor nutrition and pesticide exposure, according to a major \u003ca href=\"https://www.usda.gov/media/press-releases/2013/05/02/usda-and-epa-release-new-report-honey-bee-health\">report from the USDA and EPA\u003c/a> in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Varroa mites are an invasive parasite from Asia that sucks hemolymph (bee blood) from adult and larval honeybees, weakening their immune systems and transmitting \u003ca href=\"http://articles.extension.org/pages/71172/honey-bee-viruses-the-deadly-varroa-mite-associates\">deadly pathogens\u003c/a>, like bent wing virus. If left untreated, a varroa infestation can kill a colony in one year. First detected on U.S. soil in 1987, varroa has spread quickly, infesting upwards of 50 percent of American hives. Last year, 33 percent of U.S. honeybee hives died. That’s troubling for the plight of honeybees and U.S. agriculture, which relies on pollinators to produce\u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/bees.pdf\"> one-third of the food we eat\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>The buzz on American bees: too much inbreeding\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>According to the WSU research team, the root cause of the U.S. honeybees’ vulnerability to varroa is a dwindling gene pool that has left them short on genetic traits that help honeybees resist varroa elsewhere in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Honeybees aren’t native to America,” Cobey says. “We brought them here. But the U.S. closed its borders to live honeybee imports in 1922, and our honeybee population has been interbreeding ever since.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>WSU has monitored the genetic diversity of honeybee queens in Washington and California since 1994, showing a steady decline. Dr. Brandon Hopkins, the team’s expert in freezing and thawing bee sperm, likens honeybee breeding to a poker game played with an incomplete deck of cards. “There’s no way to get a four-of-a-kind if there aren’t four aces in the deck,” Hopkins says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1838831\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1838831\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-800x522.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"522\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-800x522.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-160x104.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-768x501.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-1020x665.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-1920x1252.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-1180x769.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-960x626.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-240x156.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-375x245.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-520x339.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brandon Hopkins, a cryopreservation specialist, works in Washington State University’s fruit tree orchard in Pullman, Wash. As a doctoral student at WSU, Hopkins perfected a system of freezing and thawing bee semen for use in artificial insemination. \u003ccite>(Shelly Hanks/Courtesy of Washington State University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The imported semen has restacked the deck. WSU’s crossbred honeybees already test positive at a higher level of genetic diversity than the first queens tested in 1994. “This doesn’t mean they are superior in performance to the other bees,” Hopkins says. “It means we have a better chance of finding rare and unique traits.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It used to be that honeybee breeders selected for bees that produced more honey, grew more populous hives, and were gentler to handle. Now, they want honeybees that can resist varroa. Without it, beekeepers must rely on costly “miticide” treatments to control varroa\u003cstrong>. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, studies suggest the mites are developing resistance to pesticides and the chemicals may be harming honeybees, compounding the problem of widespread bee deaths known as Colony Collapse Disorder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I lost 40 percent of my colonies to varroa last fall,” says Matthew Shakespear, whose company, Olson’s Honeybees, raises 16,000 hives in central Washington. “I’m not taking any more chances. We’ve already done five treatments, compared with the two treatments we applied this time last year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>A problem that blooms in almond orchards\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Pollination services like Olson’s Honeybees are the cornerstone of a $15 billion segment of U.S. agriculture. A hefty share of that is the almond industry, whose trees are completely reliant on honeybees for pollination. It’s also the industry most susceptible to fallout from the varroa epidemic in bees: California’s almond groves serve as an incubator for the growth and spread of varroa mites across the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are 800,000 acres of almonds in California,” says Patrick Heitkam, owner of Heitkam’s Honey Bees in Orland, Calif. “It takes two hives to pollinate one acre, so that’s a need for 1.6 million hives. There are only 500,000 hives in the state, so the rest are trucked in from around the country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almond trees bloom in January, a time of the year when most honeybee varieties are dormant in their hives. But an Italian species of honeybee, \u003cem>Apis mellifera linguistica\u003c/em>, which evolved in the warm Mediterranean climate, is active when the first almond blossom pops in late-January, making them the most popular variety in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trouble is, Italian honeybees are extremely susceptible to varroa mites, because their hives grow so big, so fast and so early.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Italian honeybees rear their babies and varroa mites nearly one-for-one,” says Dr. Robert Danka, a research entomologist at the USDA’s Honey Bee Breeding, Genetics and Physiology Research Unit in Baton Rouge, La.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Lessons from mighty Russian stingers\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Like the WSU team, Danka has also looked to the Old World for an answer to varroa mites. Between 1994 and 2000, he traveled to the Russian far east, where a local honeybee, \u003cem>Apis mellifera\u003c/em>, has developed resistance to varroa. They are descended from European honeybees brought by Russian settlers traveling the Trans-Siberian Railway at the turn of the 20th century. The journey inadvertently transplanted the honeybees into the native range of varroa mites in east Asia, where they evolved resistance to the pest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These Russian bees groom themselves, biting and crushing the mites. They also have a prevalent genetic trait called \u003ca href=\"http://www.beeculture.com/breeding-mite-biting-bees-to-control-varroa/\">varroa sensitive hygiene\u003c/a> (VSH), aborting larval honeybees infested with mites and removing them from the hive before the parasite can spread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Danka brought back 360 queens, the basis for what is now a robust Russian honeybee population in the United States. While their prowess as mite biters continues, Russian honeybees haven’t proven up to task as commercial pollinators. The queens are used to long Russian winters, so they are slow at building up their hives, meaning only a small number are ready to fly in the almond groves come January.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Survival of the fittest bees\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Still, Danka says the Russian honeybee offers proof that a European subspecies can develop varroa mite resistance through natural selection. That evolutionary process is interrupted in commercial beehives, because of the “prophylactic use of miticides,” Danka says. “We’re maintaining varroa-susceptible bees through chemistry. If we took away all those pesticide treatments – and to be clear, I’m not advocating for this – the results would be horrific. But in a rather short period of time, only varroa-resistant bees would be left.” And those bees could be the basis of a new population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Matthew Shakespear, the commercial honeybee keeper in Yakima, Wash., would rather not spend money treating his hives for varroa mites. Starting last year, he diversified his business to include hives of Carniolan honeybees, \u003cem>Apis mellifera carnica\u003c/em>, a subspecies native to Eastern Europe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The queens he bought were the great-great-great granddaughters of a honeybee drone that Susan Cobey found in the mountains of Slovenia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Maybe these new genetics can deal with the varroa mites naturally, rather than having to rely on chemicals,” Shakespear says. “It’s time to start widening our gene pool.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ryantbell.com\">\u003cem>Ryan Bell\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> is a journalist based in Washington State. Find him on Twitter \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ryanbellwriter\">\u003cem>@ryanbellwriter\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>. \u003c/em>\u003cem>This story was produced in collaboration with the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.thefern.org/\">\u003cem>Food & Environment Reporting Network\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>, an independent, nonprofit news organization.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=No+Offense%2C+American+Bees%2C+But+Your+Sperm+Isn%27t+Cutting+It&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "U.S. bees are in trouble, and one of the major threats is a deadly parasite called varroa mite. So researchers are importing sperm from European bees resistant to mites to toughen up America's stock.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s note: This story is for mature bees only.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seducing a honeybee drone—one of the males in a colony whose only job is to mate with the queen—is not too difficult. They don’t have stingers, so you just pick one up. Apply a little pressure to the abdomen and the drone gets randy, blood rushing to his endophallus, bringing him to climax.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re really accommodating,” says Susan Cobey, a honeybee breeder on Whidbey Island, Wash. “One ejaculate is about 1 microliter, and it takes 10 microliters to artificially inseminate a queen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Since 2008, Cobey has done her share of bee abdomen rubbing as part of a research team from Washington State University traveling through Europe and Asia. They’ve collected sperm from native honeybees in Italy, Slovenia, Germany, Kazakhstan and the Republic of Georgia – countries where honeybees have favorable genetic traits, like resistance to the \u003ca href=\"http://articles.extension.org/pages/71172/honey-bee-viruses-the-deadly-varroa-mite-associates\">varroa mite\u003c/a>. The deadly parasite has been cited as a major factor in bee deaths, along with genetics, poor nutrition and pesticide exposure, according to a major \u003ca href=\"https://www.usda.gov/media/press-releases/2013/05/02/usda-and-epa-release-new-report-honey-bee-health\">report from the USDA and EPA\u003c/a> in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Varroa mites are an invasive parasite from Asia that sucks hemolymph (bee blood) from adult and larval honeybees, weakening their immune systems and transmitting \u003ca href=\"http://articles.extension.org/pages/71172/honey-bee-viruses-the-deadly-varroa-mite-associates\">deadly pathogens\u003c/a>, like bent wing virus. If left untreated, a varroa infestation can kill a colony in one year. First detected on U.S. soil in 1987, varroa has spread quickly, infesting upwards of 50 percent of American hives. Last year, 33 percent of U.S. honeybee hives died. That’s troubling for the plight of honeybees and U.S. agriculture, which relies on pollinators to produce\u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/bees.pdf\"> one-third of the food we eat\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>The buzz on American bees: too much inbreeding\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>According to the WSU research team, the root cause of the U.S. honeybees’ vulnerability to varroa is a dwindling gene pool that has left them short on genetic traits that help honeybees resist varroa elsewhere in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Honeybees aren’t native to America,” Cobey says. “We brought them here. But the U.S. closed its borders to live honeybee imports in 1922, and our honeybee population has been interbreeding ever since.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>WSU has monitored the genetic diversity of honeybee queens in Washington and California since 1994, showing a steady decline. Dr. Brandon Hopkins, the team’s expert in freezing and thawing bee sperm, likens honeybee breeding to a poker game played with an incomplete deck of cards. “There’s no way to get a four-of-a-kind if there aren’t four aces in the deck,” Hopkins says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1838831\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1838831\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-800x522.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"522\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-800x522.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-160x104.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-768x501.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-1020x665.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-1920x1252.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-1180x769.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-960x626.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-240x156.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-375x245.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-520x339.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brandon Hopkins, a cryopreservation specialist, works in Washington State University’s fruit tree orchard in Pullman, Wash. As a doctoral student at WSU, Hopkins perfected a system of freezing and thawing bee semen for use in artificial insemination. \u003ccite>(Shelly Hanks/Courtesy of Washington State University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The imported semen has restacked the deck. WSU’s crossbred honeybees already test positive at a higher level of genetic diversity than the first queens tested in 1994. “This doesn’t mean they are superior in performance to the other bees,” Hopkins says. “It means we have a better chance of finding rare and unique traits.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It used to be that honeybee breeders selected for bees that produced more honey, grew more populous hives, and were gentler to handle. Now, they want honeybees that can resist varroa. Without it, beekeepers must rely on costly “miticide” treatments to control varroa\u003cstrong>. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, studies suggest the mites are developing resistance to pesticides and the chemicals may be harming honeybees, compounding the problem of widespread bee deaths known as Colony Collapse Disorder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I lost 40 percent of my colonies to varroa last fall,” says Matthew Shakespear, whose company, Olson’s Honeybees, raises 16,000 hives in central Washington. “I’m not taking any more chances. We’ve already done five treatments, compared with the two treatments we applied this time last year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>A problem that blooms in almond orchards\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Pollination services like Olson’s Honeybees are the cornerstone of a $15 billion segment of U.S. agriculture. A hefty share of that is the almond industry, whose trees are completely reliant on honeybees for pollination. It’s also the industry most susceptible to fallout from the varroa epidemic in bees: California’s almond groves serve as an incubator for the growth and spread of varroa mites across the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are 800,000 acres of almonds in California,” says Patrick Heitkam, owner of Heitkam’s Honey Bees in Orland, Calif. “It takes two hives to pollinate one acre, so that’s a need for 1.6 million hives. There are only 500,000 hives in the state, so the rest are trucked in from around the country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almond trees bloom in January, a time of the year when most honeybee varieties are dormant in their hives. But an Italian species of honeybee, \u003cem>Apis mellifera linguistica\u003c/em>, which evolved in the warm Mediterranean climate, is active when the first almond blossom pops in late-January, making them the most popular variety in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trouble is, Italian honeybees are extremely susceptible to varroa mites, because their hives grow so big, so fast and so early.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Italian honeybees rear their babies and varroa mites nearly one-for-one,” says Dr. Robert Danka, a research entomologist at the USDA’s Honey Bee Breeding, Genetics and Physiology Research Unit in Baton Rouge, La.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Lessons from mighty Russian stingers\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Like the WSU team, Danka has also looked to the Old World for an answer to varroa mites. Between 1994 and 2000, he traveled to the Russian far east, where a local honeybee, \u003cem>Apis mellifera\u003c/em>, has developed resistance to varroa. They are descended from European honeybees brought by Russian settlers traveling the Trans-Siberian Railway at the turn of the 20th century. The journey inadvertently transplanted the honeybees into the native range of varroa mites in east Asia, where they evolved resistance to the pest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These Russian bees groom themselves, biting and crushing the mites. They also have a prevalent genetic trait called \u003ca href=\"http://www.beeculture.com/breeding-mite-biting-bees-to-control-varroa/\">varroa sensitive hygiene\u003c/a> (VSH), aborting larval honeybees infested with mites and removing them from the hive before the parasite can spread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Danka brought back 360 queens, the basis for what is now a robust Russian honeybee population in the United States. While their prowess as mite biters continues, Russian honeybees haven’t proven up to task as commercial pollinators. The queens are used to long Russian winters, so they are slow at building up their hives, meaning only a small number are ready to fly in the almond groves come January.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Survival of the fittest bees\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Still, Danka says the Russian honeybee offers proof that a European subspecies can develop varroa mite resistance through natural selection. That evolutionary process is interrupted in commercial beehives, because of the “prophylactic use of miticides,” Danka says. “We’re maintaining varroa-susceptible bees through chemistry. If we took away all those pesticide treatments – and to be clear, I’m not advocating for this – the results would be horrific. But in a rather short period of time, only varroa-resistant bees would be left.” And those bees could be the basis of a new population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Matthew Shakespear, the commercial honeybee keeper in Yakima, Wash., would rather not spend money treating his hives for varroa mites. Starting last year, he diversified his business to include hives of Carniolan honeybees, \u003cem>Apis mellifera carnica\u003c/em>, a subspecies native to Eastern Europe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The queens he bought were the great-great-great granddaughters of a honeybee drone that Susan Cobey found in the mountains of Slovenia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Maybe these new genetics can deal with the varroa mites naturally, rather than having to rely on chemicals,” Shakespear says. “It’s time to start widening our gene pool.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ryantbell.com\">\u003cem>Ryan Bell\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> is a journalist based in Washington State. Find him on Twitter \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ryanbellwriter\">\u003cem>@ryanbellwriter\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>. \u003c/em>\u003cem>This story was produced in collaboration with the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.thefern.org/\">\u003cem>Food & Environment Reporting Network\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>, an independent, nonprofit news organization.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=No+Offense%2C+American+Bees%2C+But+Your+Sperm+Isn%27t+Cutting+It&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "L.A. Tries to Cool Off by Focusing on Roofs, Streets and Trees",
"title": "L.A. Tries to Cool Off by Focusing on Roofs, Streets and Trees",
"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>Downtown Los Angeles hit 98 degrees on Saturday, breaking a temperature record that stood for 131 years -- and the number of extremely hot days is expected to triple by mid-century. That’s why L.A. Mayor Eric Garcetti wants to lower the urban heat island effect 3 degrees by 2035.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like most big cities, Los Angeles literally creates its own climate. Buildings and asphalt absorb and radiate heat, raising summer temperatures by as much as 19 degrees in some parts of the region. According to CalEPA, L.A. has the worst urban heat island effect of any region in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Excessive heat is deadly. Heat stroke, heat exhaustion, difficulty breathing, cramping and general discomfort killed more people between 1979 and 2003 than hurricanes, lightning, tornadoes, floods and earthquakes combined, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/heat-island-impacts#health\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Heat is the greatest weather-related public health threat,” said David Fink, director of policy at Climate Resolve, which works on urban heat issues in L.A.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>L.A. is one of just two major cities worldwide with a \u003ca href=\"http://plan.lamayor.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/the-plan.pdf\">temperature reduction target\u003c/a> (the other is Melbourne). Outlined earlier this year by Mayor Garcetti, there are three main components of the plan: replace roofs with less heat-absorbent roofing materials, repave or repaint city streets to make them more reflective and plant more trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beginning in 2014, L.A. has had a “cool roofs” \u003ca href=\"https://www.ladbs.org/docs/default-source/publications/ordinances/cool-roof-fact-sheet-and-faq.pdf?sfvrsn=10\">ordinance\u003c/a>, which requires anyone building a new roof or replacing more than half of an existing roof to do so with reflective shingles. Garcetti set a goal of having 10,000 cool roofs installed by the end of 2017. So far, the city estimates there are 8,000. L.A. Department of Water and Power offers rebates of up to 30 cents per square foot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the city is not compelling people to rip out their roofs, and because homeowners do not regularly replace roofs, it's likely to take a quarter-century to shift all the roofs in the city to the new, reflective material, Fink said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11564231\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11564231\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GrayStreet-800x546.jpg\" alt=\"City employees paint a section of Beachy Ave in Pacoima a light gray on June 3, 2017 as part of a pilot project to test out 'cool pavement.' \" width=\"800\" height=\"546\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GrayStreet-800x546.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GrayStreet-160x109.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GrayStreet-1020x696.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GrayStreet.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GrayStreet-1180x805.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GrayStreet-960x655.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GrayStreet-240x164.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GrayStreet-375x256.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GrayStreet-520x355.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">City employees paint a section of Beachy Avenue in Pacoima a light gray on June 3, 2017, as part of a pilot project to test out 'cool pavement.' \u003ccite>(L.A. Bureau of Street Services)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In late May, the Bureau of Street Services painted one block of Jordan Avenue in Canoga Park with a cool, gray paint. The bureau had previously tested out the paint on the Balboa Sports Complex in the San Fernando Valley to make sure cars wouldn't skid and people wouldn’t slip, but the Jordan Avenue test was the first application on a street surface in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, the city has painted seven other blocks throughout West and South L.A. and elsewhere in the valley. The goal is to paint a block in all 15 council districts by the end of the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>L.A.'s cool pavement program is not as far along as cool roof deployment, because the technology is much less advanced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a very slow-moving industry,” said Greg Spotts, assistant director of the Bureau of Street Services. \"The materials used today to build and maintain streets are the same ones used in World War II.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"FcFS5F1vkSaafc0Db7lATUHDo4DOE1UW\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Spotts said cool pavement was likely going to play a major part in L.A. meeting its temperature goals because the city has control over street surfaces -- unlike rooftops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For this reason, streets and trees are likely to be much easier areas in which to make progress, according to Fink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Former Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa had a goal of planting 1 million trees (he got to 426,000 by March 2014). 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Downtown Los Angeles hit 98 degrees on Saturday, breaking a temperature record that stood for 131 years -- and the number of extremely hot days is expected to triple by mid-century. That’s why L.A. Mayor Eric Garcetti wants to lower the urban heat island effect 3 degrees by 2035.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like most big cities, Los Angeles literally creates its own climate. Buildings and asphalt absorb and radiate heat, raising summer temperatures by as much as 19 degrees in some parts of the region. According to CalEPA, L.A. has the worst urban heat island effect of any region in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Excessive heat is deadly. Heat stroke, heat exhaustion, difficulty breathing, cramping and general discomfort killed more people between 1979 and 2003 than hurricanes, lightning, tornadoes, floods and earthquakes combined, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/heat-island-impacts#health\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Heat is the greatest weather-related public health threat,” said David Fink, director of policy at Climate Resolve, which works on urban heat issues in L.A.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>L.A. is one of just two major cities worldwide with a \u003ca href=\"http://plan.lamayor.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/the-plan.pdf\">temperature reduction target\u003c/a> (the other is Melbourne). Outlined earlier this year by Mayor Garcetti, there are three main components of the plan: replace roofs with less heat-absorbent roofing materials, repave or repaint city streets to make them more reflective and plant more trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beginning in 2014, L.A. has had a “cool roofs” \u003ca href=\"https://www.ladbs.org/docs/default-source/publications/ordinances/cool-roof-fact-sheet-and-faq.pdf?sfvrsn=10\">ordinance\u003c/a>, which requires anyone building a new roof or replacing more than half of an existing roof to do so with reflective shingles. Garcetti set a goal of having 10,000 cool roofs installed by the end of 2017. So far, the city estimates there are 8,000. L.A. Department of Water and Power offers rebates of up to 30 cents per square foot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the city is not compelling people to rip out their roofs, and because homeowners do not regularly replace roofs, it's likely to take a quarter-century to shift all the roofs in the city to the new, reflective material, Fink said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11564231\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11564231\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GrayStreet-800x546.jpg\" alt=\"City employees paint a section of Beachy Ave in Pacoima a light gray on June 3, 2017 as part of a pilot project to test out 'cool pavement.' \" width=\"800\" height=\"546\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GrayStreet-800x546.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GrayStreet-160x109.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GrayStreet-1020x696.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GrayStreet.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GrayStreet-1180x805.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GrayStreet-960x655.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GrayStreet-240x164.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GrayStreet-375x256.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GrayStreet-520x355.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">City employees paint a section of Beachy Avenue in Pacoima a light gray on June 3, 2017, as part of a pilot project to test out 'cool pavement.' \u003ccite>(L.A. Bureau of Street Services)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In late May, the Bureau of Street Services painted one block of Jordan Avenue in Canoga Park with a cool, gray paint. The bureau had previously tested out the paint on the Balboa Sports Complex in the San Fernando Valley to make sure cars wouldn't skid and people wouldn’t slip, but the Jordan Avenue test was the first application on a street surface in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, the city has painted seven other blocks throughout West and South L.A. and elsewhere in the valley. The goal is to paint a block in all 15 council districts by the end of the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>L.A.'s cool pavement program is not as far along as cool roof deployment, because the technology is much less advanced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a very slow-moving industry,” said Greg Spotts, assistant director of the Bureau of Street Services. \"The materials used today to build and maintain streets are the same ones used in World War II.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Spotts said cool pavement was likely going to play a major part in L.A. meeting its temperature goals because the city has control over street surfaces -- unlike rooftops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For this reason, streets and trees are likely to be much easier areas in which to make progress, according to Fink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Former Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa had a goal of planting 1 million trees (he got to 426,000 by March 2014). Mayor Garcetti, who doesn't share that numerical goal, has renamed the initiative “City Plants.” His administration has planted just over 58,000 trees so far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fink, whose organization worked with the city on the cool roofs ordinance, said the mayor’s office could set a target for tree planting and be more strategic about where trees go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But tree-planting is clearly effective at reducing urban heat. According to \u003ca href=\"http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/geog/latree/saatchi.html\">a UCLA study,\u003c/a> city blocks with more than 30 percent tree cover can be up to 5 degrees cooler than those with less tree cover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By lowering summertime temperatures, trees also help reduce energy used by running air conditioners, netting a savings of up to $119 million, \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/psw_gtr207/psw_gtr207.pdf\">according to the U.S. Forest Service\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"californiareportmagazine": {
"id": "californiareportmagazine",
"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
"meta": {
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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}
},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.cityarts.net/",
"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
"subscribe": {
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/City-Arts-and-Lectures-p692/",
"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
"title": "Close All Tabs",
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"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
"link": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"link": "/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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}
},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
"link": "/forum",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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}
},
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
}
},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
"id": "how-i-built-this",
"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
"imageAlt": "KQED Hyphenación",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/6c3dd23c-93fb-4aab-97ba-1725fa6315f1/hyphenaci%C3%B3n",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC2275451163"
}
},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
"meta": {
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"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
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