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"content": "\u003cp>The U.S. Constitution says that \"We the People\" are the source of political authority in America. But just who are \"the people\"? That's a big and basic political question, and today the Supreme Court gave its answer — \u003ca href=\"http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/15pdf/14-940_ed9g.pdf\">in a unanimous decision\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The court ruled that the total population as defined by the Census Bureau should be used when counting people for political purposes. That means all persons residing in a particular state or district are to be counted, not just those who are eligible to vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The challenge came from Texas, though that state counts its population for political purposes the same way the other 49 states do. It was brought by the conservative activist group Citizens for Fair Representation, which in recent years has pursued successful legal challenges to parts of the 1965 Voting Rights Act and the affirmative action policies of the University of Texas-Austin.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The practical effect would have been more legislative districts where older and enfranchised people are predominant.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The challengers had argued that only citizens who are at least 18 years old should count when separating the population into voting districts (which are drawn to have about the same number of people).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They said eligible voters had a disproportionate impact in voting when they live in districts with large numbers of ineligible people (noncitizens and nonadults). Conversely, they argued, those living in districts with fewer ineligible people had their voting power diluted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plaintiffs said this violated the constitutional principle of equal protection under the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The situation they were describing is mostly likely to occur in states with large numbers of immigrant residents, such as Texas, California, Florida, New Jersey, Arizona and Nevada. But it would also affect large cities with sizable immigrant populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"nWqOeCoNKQdKc2LTk2UcuHQYoDv40gnv\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The practical effect would be to create more legislative districts where older and enfranchised people are predominant, and fewer districts with large populations of people ineligible to vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decision, written by Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, based its reasoning on the federal practice of defining population as all persons. Five justices joined with Ginsburg in her opinion. Two others, Justices Clarence Thomas and Samuel Alito, wrote their own concurring opinions. They agreed that Texas could not be forced to change its method of counting, but they maintained that any state could do so if it chose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>Not long ago, the city of Richmond was considered one of the most dangerous cities in America. There was a skyrocketing homicide rate fueled by gangs of young men settling personal or territorial disputes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But today, the city of about 100,000 residents is called a national model for reducing gun violence. Many cities around the country are \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/03/09/other-cities-emulate-richmonds-innovative-approach-to-ending-gun-violence\" target=\"_blank\">adopting their unconventional strategy\u003c/a> to prevent violence -- which includes paying potential criminals to stay out of trouble.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joseph McCoy cruises around this tough blue collar town in a small city-owned car, listening for reports of shots fired on the police scanner. He is one of about a half dozen \"neighborhood change agents\" who keep track, sometimes a couple times a day, of scores of known gun offenders or youths at risk of being shot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"ATqBbnEW2TdCvuOgKz9un8P6FNuOnWdw\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If it is a shooting, we definitely go to check out see what's going on, because we try to create a pause on the next shooting,\" he says. \"We're trying to figure out how to keep the next shooting from happening.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agents are city employees and all ex-cons with serious street cred.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Right now we're out doing outreach. There was two young people that had an altercation yesterday; they're brothers, a fist fight. So I need to go out here and make sure they're OK,\" he says as he rolled up to a run-down housing project and talked to three young men ages 19 to 23.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He talked to them for a few minutes about brothers respecting each other, keeping the peace at home and on the street. It's understood that McCoy won't speak to the police about anything said here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We do something real simple that folks just don't realize how, how powerful it is. We love on our youngsters! We come from a sincere place that we love each and every last one of the people we touch, and we try to touch as many people as possible,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More Than Just 'Cash for Criminals'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This street outreach is just one part of a \u003ca href=\"http://ca-richmond.civicplus.com/2410/More-about-ONS-Strategic-Initiatives\" target=\"_blank\">broader program\u003c/a> designed by DeVone Boggan, the former director of a city department called the Office of Neighborhood Safety. Boggan was a community activist when he was first hired to do something about gun violence in 2007. Richmond had recorded 47 homicides that year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you paid attention to media reports and the frequency of media reports about gun violence in Richmond, you would have believed that you were in Beirut,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.npr.org/player/embed/472138377/472176334\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boggan started the street outreach program in 2008 and saw immediate results. That year, there were 40 percent fewer homicides. But the number of murders climbed again in 2009.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boggan then made a startling discovery in meetings with local law enforcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What I continued to hear was folks believed that there were 17 people responsible for 70 percent of the firearm activity in our city. Seventeen people! We can do something about that,\" Boggan says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boggan and his team launched the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.richmond.ca.us/DocumentCenter/View/27569\" target=\"_blank\">Operation Peacemaker Fellowship\u003c/a>. They identified those 17 people and several more and made them an offer. The fellowship will give them counseling, social services, a job and a chance to travel if they develop a \"life map,\" agree to stay in contact every day and stay out of trouble. Then the fellowship will pay them up to a $1,000 a month for nine months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The result: Richmond has seen its murder rate cut in half since the fellowship began.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boggan says the street patrols are paid by the city while the cash stipends come from private donors. He chuckles when he says media reports have called his program \"cash for criminals.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you believe that simply paying someone a stipend will reduce gun crimes in cities where gun crimes are long and loud, you're wrong. We've done something much, much more comprehensive than that,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just ask 18-year-old Joel Contreras. He's big like a high school linebacker and has a mouthful of gold caps on his teeth. He says about a year ago he wasn't living right. He was involved with guns, robberies and trouble. Contreras says when he was first offered a chance to change his life, he turned it down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I walked away from him. Ten minutes later, I hit the corner. I get shot. The car got shot a couple times. Me and my friend were both injured,\" Contreras says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contreras says he doesn't know who shot him in the back of the neck or why. But when the outreach workers came back to see him, Contreras says he was ready to listen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They helped me get a job. They helped me get my driver's license. They was pushing me, pushing me, helping me out. They helped me get back in school, which I wouldn't be able to do without them. I graduated high school thanks to them,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Replicating the Model Elsewhere\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richmond's Office of Neighborhood Safety borrows from similar models in Boston and Chicago. The difference is in Richmond's tight focus on a targeted group and the cash payments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The approach is attracting interest from across the country. \u003ca href=\"http://www.njjn.org/article/d-c--bill-would-shift-focus-of-violent-crime-prevention-to-public-health-based-framework\" target=\"_blank\">Washington D.C.\u003c/a> is adopting a similar program, while Oakland and Toledo are among other cities considering the Richmond model.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They always ask me, 'Is it going to work, and how much is it going to cost?'\" says Angela Wolf, a researcher for the Oakland-based National Council on Crime and Delinquency. She \u003ca href=\"http://www.nccdglobal.org/sites/default/files/publication_pdf/ons-process-evaluation.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">wrote an evaluation\u003c/a> of the Office of Neighborhood Safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'My wife reminds me often that gun violence in Richmond is much like diabetes, in that ‘DeVone, you don’t cure diabetes. What you do is you try to manage it.'\u003ccite>DeVone Boggan,\u003cbr>Former Director, Richmond Office of Neighborhood Safety\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Wolf says she advises other cities interested in the Richmond model to get ready for a multi-year commitment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you have city leaders that aren't willing to think outside the box and try something different, this is going to be a harder program to get off the ground,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's especially true, says Wolf, if a city doesn't see immediate results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there's the question of dealing with the local police.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The ONS approach was pretty unorthodox when it started,\" says Richmond Police Chief Allwyn Brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says he knows that ONS's \"neighborhood change agents\" don't cooperate or share information with his officers. But he says that while ONS' approach is different, they share a common goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Here's the thing: We recognize that the problem is bigger that what we can deal with, and you know, arresting and incarcerating people isn't going to solve the problem. I mean, it just isn't,\" Brown says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite Richmond's success, its struggle to stop gun violence is far from over. Homicides spiked to 21 last year after there were only 11 in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boggan is stepping down as day-to-day director of the Richmond program to consult with other cities trying to replicate it. He says he's realistic about what can be accomplished.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My wife reminds me often that gun violence in Richmond is much like diabetes, in that 'DeVone, you don't cure diabetes. What you do is you try to manage it,'\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To do that, says Boggan, you have to connect with the people driving the violence and steer them in the right way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.npr.org/\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Not long ago, the city of Richmond was considered one of the most dangerous cities in America. There was a skyrocketing homicide rate fueled by gangs of young men settling personal or territorial disputes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But today, the city of about 100,000 residents is called a national model for reducing gun violence. Many cities around the country are \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/03/09/other-cities-emulate-richmonds-innovative-approach-to-ending-gun-violence\" target=\"_blank\">adopting their unconventional strategy\u003c/a> to prevent violence -- which includes paying potential criminals to stay out of trouble.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joseph McCoy cruises around this tough blue collar town in a small city-owned car, listening for reports of shots fired on the police scanner. He is one of about a half dozen \"neighborhood change agents\" who keep track, sometimes a couple times a day, of scores of known gun offenders or youths at risk of being shot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If it is a shooting, we definitely go to check out see what's going on, because we try to create a pause on the next shooting,\" he says. \"We're trying to figure out how to keep the next shooting from happening.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agents are city employees and all ex-cons with serious street cred.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Right now we're out doing outreach. There was two young people that had an altercation yesterday; they're brothers, a fist fight. So I need to go out here and make sure they're OK,\" he says as he rolled up to a run-down housing project and talked to three young men ages 19 to 23.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He talked to them for a few minutes about brothers respecting each other, keeping the peace at home and on the street. It's understood that McCoy won't speak to the police about anything said here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We do something real simple that folks just don't realize how, how powerful it is. We love on our youngsters! We come from a sincere place that we love each and every last one of the people we touch, and we try to touch as many people as possible,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More Than Just 'Cash for Criminals'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This street outreach is just one part of a \u003ca href=\"http://ca-richmond.civicplus.com/2410/More-about-ONS-Strategic-Initiatives\" target=\"_blank\">broader program\u003c/a> designed by DeVone Boggan, the former director of a city department called the Office of Neighborhood Safety. Boggan was a community activist when he was first hired to do something about gun violence in 2007. Richmond had recorded 47 homicides that year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you paid attention to media reports and the frequency of media reports about gun violence in Richmond, you would have believed that you were in Beirut,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.npr.org/player/embed/472138377/472176334\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boggan started the street outreach program in 2008 and saw immediate results. That year, there were 40 percent fewer homicides. But the number of murders climbed again in 2009.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boggan then made a startling discovery in meetings with local law enforcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What I continued to hear was folks believed that there were 17 people responsible for 70 percent of the firearm activity in our city. Seventeen people! We can do something about that,\" Boggan says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boggan and his team launched the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.richmond.ca.us/DocumentCenter/View/27569\" target=\"_blank\">Operation Peacemaker Fellowship\u003c/a>. They identified those 17 people and several more and made them an offer. The fellowship will give them counseling, social services, a job and a chance to travel if they develop a \"life map,\" agree to stay in contact every day and stay out of trouble. Then the fellowship will pay them up to a $1,000 a month for nine months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The result: Richmond has seen its murder rate cut in half since the fellowship began.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boggan says the street patrols are paid by the city while the cash stipends come from private donors. He chuckles when he says media reports have called his program \"cash for criminals.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you believe that simply paying someone a stipend will reduce gun crimes in cities where gun crimes are long and loud, you're wrong. We've done something much, much more comprehensive than that,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just ask 18-year-old Joel Contreras. He's big like a high school linebacker and has a mouthful of gold caps on his teeth. He says about a year ago he wasn't living right. He was involved with guns, robberies and trouble. Contreras says when he was first offered a chance to change his life, he turned it down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I walked away from him. Ten minutes later, I hit the corner. I get shot. The car got shot a couple times. Me and my friend were both injured,\" Contreras says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contreras says he doesn't know who shot him in the back of the neck or why. But when the outreach workers came back to see him, Contreras says he was ready to listen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They helped me get a job. They helped me get my driver's license. They was pushing me, pushing me, helping me out. They helped me get back in school, which I wouldn't be able to do without them. I graduated high school thanks to them,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Replicating the Model Elsewhere\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richmond's Office of Neighborhood Safety borrows from similar models in Boston and Chicago. The difference is in Richmond's tight focus on a targeted group and the cash payments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The approach is attracting interest from across the country. \u003ca href=\"http://www.njjn.org/article/d-c--bill-would-shift-focus-of-violent-crime-prevention-to-public-health-based-framework\" target=\"_blank\">Washington D.C.\u003c/a> is adopting a similar program, while Oakland and Toledo are among other cities considering the Richmond model.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They always ask me, 'Is it going to work, and how much is it going to cost?'\" says Angela Wolf, a researcher for the Oakland-based National Council on Crime and Delinquency. She \u003ca href=\"http://www.nccdglobal.org/sites/default/files/publication_pdf/ons-process-evaluation.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">wrote an evaluation\u003c/a> of the Office of Neighborhood Safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'My wife reminds me often that gun violence in Richmond is much like diabetes, in that ‘DeVone, you don’t cure diabetes. What you do is you try to manage it.'\u003ccite>DeVone Boggan,\u003cbr>Former Director, Richmond Office of Neighborhood Safety\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Wolf says she advises other cities interested in the Richmond model to get ready for a multi-year commitment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you have city leaders that aren't willing to think outside the box and try something different, this is going to be a harder program to get off the ground,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's especially true, says Wolf, if a city doesn't see immediate results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there's the question of dealing with the local police.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The ONS approach was pretty unorthodox when it started,\" says Richmond Police Chief Allwyn Brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says he knows that ONS's \"neighborhood change agents\" don't cooperate or share information with his officers. But he says that while ONS' approach is different, they share a common goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Here's the thing: We recognize that the problem is bigger that what we can deal with, and you know, arresting and incarcerating people isn't going to solve the problem. I mean, it just isn't,\" Brown says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite Richmond's success, its struggle to stop gun violence is far from over. Homicides spiked to 21 last year after there were only 11 in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boggan is stepping down as day-to-day director of the Richmond program to consult with other cities trying to replicate it. He says he's realistic about what can be accomplished.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My wife reminds me often that gun violence in Richmond is much like diabetes, in that 'DeVone, you don't cure diabetes. What you do is you try to manage it,'\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To do that, says Boggan, you have to connect with the people driving the violence and steer them in the right way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.npr.org/\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "More Teachers Can't Afford to Live Where They Teach",
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"content": "\u003cp>Kelly Henderson loves her job, teaching at Newton South High School in a suburb west of Boston. But she's frustrated she can't afford to live in the community where she teaches: It's part of the 10th most expensive housing market in the nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For people in the private sector, they're probably saying, 'Oh, poor you, you can't live in the community where you work, what's the big deal?' \" says Henderson, 35. \"And I guess part of the nature of public education and why it's a different kind of job, is that it's all-consuming — as it should be.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like a lot of teachers, she wants to be a vital part of the community where she works. She says people in high-cost communities need to remember that a teacher's job doesn't end at 3 in the afternoon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You want them to coach a team, you want them to teach all day, you want them to be a faculty adviser, you want them to be able to give your kid extra help before school, after school — whenever.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that leaves teachers with a dilemma: \"We're constantly forced to make that choice: Do I stay and watch my students in the school play, or do I go home and remember what my husband looks like once in a while?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.npr.org/player/embed/470710747/471684992\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem is playing out in high-priced real estate markets across the country, from Boston and Seattle to Silicon Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Walter Hays Elementary School in Palo Alto, in the heart of Silicon Valley, a group of students enjoys end-of-day flag football on an expansive lawn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside, third-grade teacher Tara Hunt, a 16-year veteran, is preparing for the next teaching day. She gets up around 4 a.m. to make it in from the Santa Cruz County town of Capitola -- a commute that can take two hours in traffic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She desperately wants to move closer to work. But, so far, that's not happening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is where all the tech jobs are. And it's pushing out your community helpers,\" she says. \"The cost of living just keeps going up and up.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hunt can't help but wonder: \"Who do we blame? Do we blame the homeowners who are renting out their property? Do we blame the city?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I ask Hunt what percentage of her monthly income she's spending on housing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"More than 50 percent for rent, no question,\" she says. \"Not including utilities.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The general rule, I remind her, is that you shouldn't spend more than one-third.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Right,\" she says, laughing \"Whoever came up with that rule never lived in California. They're from Missouri or Ohio.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10907454\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-10907454\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/img_8120-toned_slide-0b88bf83146abcc0683c09393aae4794688844bf-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Third-grade teacher Tara Hunt gets up around 4 a.m. to make her two-hour commute from the coastal village of Capitola to Walter Hays Elementary School in Palo Alto, Calif., in the heart of Silicon Valley.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/img_8120-toned_slide-0b88bf83146abcc0683c09393aae4794688844bf-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/img_8120-toned_slide-0b88bf83146abcc0683c09393aae4794688844bf-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/img_8120-toned_slide-0b88bf83146abcc0683c09393aae4794688844bf-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/img_8120-toned_slide-0b88bf83146abcc0683c09393aae4794688844bf-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/img_8120-toned_slide-0b88bf83146abcc0683c09393aae4794688844bf-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Third-grade teacher Tara Hunt gets up around 4 a.m. to make her two-hour commute from the coastal village of Capitola to Walter Hays Elementary School in Palo Alto, Calif., in the heart of Silicon Valley. \u003ccite>(Eric Westervelt/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hunt makes a good salary. Veteran teachers in Palo Alto -- a top district in the state -- can make more than $100,000 a year. She wants to connect with the community and families she teaches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when Hunt looked for a place in the city where she's taught for more than a decade?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was looking at a two-bedroom house in Palo Alto for rent for $7,500 a month — 1,200 square feet. I don't even know who that would work for,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In high-cost cities, teachers and their unions are increasingly making cost-of-living adjustments central to contract talks, while conceding that's not enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's important for teachers to live and make roots in the communities where they teach,\" Randi Weingarten, president of the American Federation of Teachers, tells NPR Ed. \"Yet renting or buying a home in expensive cities is financially out of reach for most educators. Salary increases alone won't do the trick.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cities and communities, meantime, are scrambling to find solutions. Scores of cities have added affordable-housing quotas to rules on new development. Some are debating building subsidized condos or apartments specifically for teachers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Palo Alto's City Council is exploring several ideas, including subsidized housing for teachers and other public servants who can't afford local rents but make too much to qualify for low-income housing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco is taking several steps, including forgivable housing loans, mortgage assistance and, eventually, affordable housing specifically for teachers. In May the city will restart its \u003ca href=\"http://sfmohcd.org/teacher-next-door-program-tnd\">Teacher Next Door program\u003c/a>, which offers city teachers up to $20,000 toward the purchase of their first home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hope is that the moves will help stem a teacher turnover crisis in the city brought about largely by the tech-driven housing boom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have teachers that are paying rents that are 50 or 70 percent of their take-home pay,\" says union official Matthew Hardy with United Educators of San Francisco. \"That's just not tenable for keeping folks in the school district. That's creating instability in our schools.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of these programs that cities are pressing have yet to significantly move the needle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So far, few local initiatives have been able to make a major dent in the problem,\" says Stockton Williams, a housing expert with the nonprofit \u003ca href=\"http://uli.org/\">Urban Land Institute\u003c/a>. The biggest changes cities can make, he says, are \"removing or alleviating local obstacles to more development. This means everything from more flexible zoning, more efficient entitlements and more outreach to neighborhoods that resist more development.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Silicon Valley, Tara Hunt says she knows some parents are sympathetic. But she's not sure they really get it. Many are in a different tax bracket and, at times she says it feels like they're in a different world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Steve Jobs' kids went through this school. We have some pretty high-profile parents. It's really hard to relate with them because they're very wealthy people,\" she says. And, she adds, it's hard for those people to understand what Silicon Valley teachers are facing: \"No one's being proactive.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe nothing will be done, Hunt says, until more veteran teachers start to pack up and leave the communities they serve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I have a lot of teacher friends who tell me, 'One more year, that's it. Then we're moving to Sacramento or up to Oregon.' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=More+Teachers+Can%27t+Afford+To+Live+Where+They+Teach+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Kelly Henderson loves her job, teaching at Newton South High School in a suburb west of Boston. But she's frustrated she can't afford to live in the community where she teaches: It's part of the 10th most expensive housing market in the nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For people in the private sector, they're probably saying, 'Oh, poor you, you can't live in the community where you work, what's the big deal?' \" says Henderson, 35. \"And I guess part of the nature of public education and why it's a different kind of job, is that it's all-consuming — as it should be.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like a lot of teachers, she wants to be a vital part of the community where she works. She says people in high-cost communities need to remember that a teacher's job doesn't end at 3 in the afternoon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You want them to coach a team, you want them to teach all day, you want them to be a faculty adviser, you want them to be able to give your kid extra help before school, after school — whenever.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that leaves teachers with a dilemma: \"We're constantly forced to make that choice: Do I stay and watch my students in the school play, or do I go home and remember what my husband looks like once in a while?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.npr.org/player/embed/470710747/471684992\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem is playing out in high-priced real estate markets across the country, from Boston and Seattle to Silicon Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Walter Hays Elementary School in Palo Alto, in the heart of Silicon Valley, a group of students enjoys end-of-day flag football on an expansive lawn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside, third-grade teacher Tara Hunt, a 16-year veteran, is preparing for the next teaching day. She gets up around 4 a.m. to make it in from the Santa Cruz County town of Capitola -- a commute that can take two hours in traffic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She desperately wants to move closer to work. But, so far, that's not happening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is where all the tech jobs are. And it's pushing out your community helpers,\" she says. \"The cost of living just keeps going up and up.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hunt can't help but wonder: \"Who do we blame? Do we blame the homeowners who are renting out their property? Do we blame the city?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I ask Hunt what percentage of her monthly income she's spending on housing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"More than 50 percent for rent, no question,\" she says. \"Not including utilities.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The general rule, I remind her, is that you shouldn't spend more than one-third.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Right,\" she says, laughing \"Whoever came up with that rule never lived in California. They're from Missouri or Ohio.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10907454\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-10907454\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/img_8120-toned_slide-0b88bf83146abcc0683c09393aae4794688844bf-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Third-grade teacher Tara Hunt gets up around 4 a.m. to make her two-hour commute from the coastal village of Capitola to Walter Hays Elementary School in Palo Alto, Calif., in the heart of Silicon Valley.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/img_8120-toned_slide-0b88bf83146abcc0683c09393aae4794688844bf-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/img_8120-toned_slide-0b88bf83146abcc0683c09393aae4794688844bf-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/img_8120-toned_slide-0b88bf83146abcc0683c09393aae4794688844bf-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/img_8120-toned_slide-0b88bf83146abcc0683c09393aae4794688844bf-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/img_8120-toned_slide-0b88bf83146abcc0683c09393aae4794688844bf-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Third-grade teacher Tara Hunt gets up around 4 a.m. to make her two-hour commute from the coastal village of Capitola to Walter Hays Elementary School in Palo Alto, Calif., in the heart of Silicon Valley. \u003ccite>(Eric Westervelt/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hunt makes a good salary. Veteran teachers in Palo Alto -- a top district in the state -- can make more than $100,000 a year. She wants to connect with the community and families she teaches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when Hunt looked for a place in the city where she's taught for more than a decade?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was looking at a two-bedroom house in Palo Alto for rent for $7,500 a month — 1,200 square feet. I don't even know who that would work for,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In high-cost cities, teachers and their unions are increasingly making cost-of-living adjustments central to contract talks, while conceding that's not enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's important for teachers to live and make roots in the communities where they teach,\" Randi Weingarten, president of the American Federation of Teachers, tells NPR Ed. \"Yet renting or buying a home in expensive cities is financially out of reach for most educators. Salary increases alone won't do the trick.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cities and communities, meantime, are scrambling to find solutions. Scores of cities have added affordable-housing quotas to rules on new development. Some are debating building subsidized condos or apartments specifically for teachers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Palo Alto's City Council is exploring several ideas, including subsidized housing for teachers and other public servants who can't afford local rents but make too much to qualify for low-income housing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco is taking several steps, including forgivable housing loans, mortgage assistance and, eventually, affordable housing specifically for teachers. In May the city will restart its \u003ca href=\"http://sfmohcd.org/teacher-next-door-program-tnd\">Teacher Next Door program\u003c/a>, which offers city teachers up to $20,000 toward the purchase of their first home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hope is that the moves will help stem a teacher turnover crisis in the city brought about largely by the tech-driven housing boom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have teachers that are paying rents that are 50 or 70 percent of their take-home pay,\" says union official Matthew Hardy with United Educators of San Francisco. \"That's just not tenable for keeping folks in the school district. That's creating instability in our schools.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of these programs that cities are pressing have yet to significantly move the needle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So far, few local initiatives have been able to make a major dent in the problem,\" says Stockton Williams, a housing expert with the nonprofit \u003ca href=\"http://uli.org/\">Urban Land Institute\u003c/a>. The biggest changes cities can make, he says, are \"removing or alleviating local obstacles to more development. This means everything from more flexible zoning, more efficient entitlements and more outreach to neighborhoods that resist more development.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Silicon Valley, Tara Hunt says she knows some parents are sympathetic. But she's not sure they really get it. Many are in a different tax bracket and, at times she says it feels like they're in a different world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Steve Jobs' kids went through this school. We have some pretty high-profile parents. It's really hard to relate with them because they're very wealthy people,\" she says. And, she adds, it's hard for those people to understand what Silicon Valley teachers are facing: \"No one's being proactive.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe nothing will be done, Hunt says, until more veteran teachers start to pack up and leave the communities they serve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I have a lot of teacher friends who tell me, 'One more year, that's it. Then we're moving to Sacramento or up to Oregon.' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=More+Teachers+Can%27t+Afford+To+Live+Where+They+Teach+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "The Apple-FBI Whodunit: Who's Helping Feds Crack Locked iPhone?",
"title": "The Apple-FBI Whodunit: Who's Helping Feds Crack Locked iPhone?",
"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>The rumor mill is on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A report by an Israeli newspaper, citing anonymous industry sources, \u003ca href=\"http://www.yediot.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4781928,00.html\" target=\"_blank\">pointed the finger\u003c/a> at an Israeli company as the firm \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/03/21/471353161/fbi-says-it-may-be-able-to-access-shooters-iphone-without-apples-help\" target=\"_blank\">helping the FBI\u003c/a> get inside the locked iPhone of one of the San Bernardino shooters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper, \u003cem>Yedioth Ahronoth,\u003c/em> has been known to plug Israeli companies. But the stakes to uncover the unnamed \"third party\" working with the FBI are tremendously high. The newspaper report got \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/us-apple-encryption-cellebrite-idUSKCN0WP17J\" target=\"_blank\">picked up\u003c/a> by Reuters in Tel Aviv and, from there, rippled through the tech blogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"Sp1R1hqhPraE9OcMWFZyIN4VXUghOiFV\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what's the company? Its name is Cellebrite. It's a \u003ca href=\"https://www.fpds.gov/ezsearch/fpdsportal?indexName=awardfull&templateName=1.4.4&s=FPDSNG.COM&q=%09CELLEBRITE+USA+CORP&x=0&y=0\" target=\"_blank\">regular government contractor\u003c/a> and promotes itself as a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cellebrite.com/Pages/will-your-mobile-evidence-stand-up-in-court\" target=\"_blank\">mobile forensics\u003c/a> software provider.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Is it \u003cem>really\u003c/em> the company helping the FBI bypass the need for Apple's special software to see inside this famous iPhone? We don't know.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What we have is a lot of speculation — and a lot of skepticism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FBI's response is that the agency cannot comment on the identity of the third party that's assisting it. Cellebrite, too, has not commented to NPR, and told other media little beyond the fact that it has worked with the Justice Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>National security blogger Marcy Wheeler \u003ca href=\"https://www.emptywheel.net/\" target=\"_blank\">traced the breadcrumbs\u003c/a> of court documents, filed in relation to the San Bernardino investigation and another federal investigation involving another locked iPhone, to arrive at the suspicion that the FBI did ask Cellebrite to open the phone used by Syed Rizwan Farook.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But just as much, this could be a brilliant publicity stunt by Cellebrite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/csoghoian/status/712708683034132481\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stoking the rumors was a new contract, \u003ca href=\"https://www.fpds.gov/ezsearch/fpdsportal?q=cellebrite+CONTRACTING_AGENCY_NAME%3A%22FEDERAL+BUREAU+OF+INVESTIGATION%22+PIID%3A%22DJF161200P0004424%22+PIID%3A%22DJF161200P0004424%22&s=FPDSNG.COM&templateName=1.4.4&indexName=awardfull&sortBy=SIGNED_DATE&desc=Y\" target=\"_blank\">posted in the government database\u003c/a> on Wednesday but dated March 21 — the day when the FBI announced it may have found a new solution — for services from Cellebrite USA. Forensics experts quickly sought to dispel this particular contract's relevance, attributing it to software licensing renewal and pointing to the meager $15,278 price tag and given \"\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/zenalbatross/status/712661285356355584\" target=\"_blank\">principal place of performance\u003c/a>\" of Chicago, not San Bernardino.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this time, no concrete evidence is pointing at Cellebrite. And we don't know for sure what method the FBI is testing either. Apple lawyers have indicated that they would like the government to disclose the method it would use to get inside Farook's iPhone. But it's also entirely possible the FBI will ask to keep both the vendor and the method classified.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What The Method Might Be\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What we \u003cem>do\u003c/em> know is that there have been several alternative ideas floating in the security community about how the FBI could overcome the iPhone security features preventing the agency from hooking the phone up to a computer and trying unlimited passcodes to find the right one without triggering a content wipeout.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, FBI Director James Comey faced several questions about one technique in a congressional hearing. At the time, Comey \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/03/01/468599364/fbi-chief-tells-congress-encryption-is-creating-warrant-proof-devices\" target=\"_blank\">testified\u003c/a> that he was confident that government experts had considered all options before seeking a court order for Apple to write special software. Later, the FBI said the worldwide attention to the case had brought new alternatives to its attention, and one of them it decided to test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Computer forensics researcher Jonathan Zdziarski \u003ca href=\"http://www.zdziarski.com/blog/?p=5966\" target=\"_blank\">argues that\u003c/a> because the FBI has asked courts for only two weeks to test the viability of the new method, it's likely not highly experimental. It's also likely not something destructive, like the \"decapping\" method that relies on \u003ca href=\"http://www.wsj.com/article_email/chip-hacking-might-help-fbi-unlock-iphones-1457050959-lMyQjAxMTE2MjE2ODgxODg3Wj\" target=\"_blank\">physically shaving off\u003c/a> tiny layers of the microprocessor inside the phone to reveal a special code that would let investigators move the data and crack the passcode.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea that's garnering the most focus is something called chip cloning, or mirroring or transplantation. The method entails de-soldering the so-called NAND flash chip (the phone's version of hard drive) from the phone's board and sticking it into a chip reader that saves all the data \u003cem>from\u003c/em> the memory chip and \u003cem>about\u003c/em> the chip (including things like its serial number) into a file that gets copied onto another similar chip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, it works sort of like saving your place in a video game: Investigators could try some passcodes without the fear of the self-wipe function because they can reload, or re-image, the chip again and again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We don't know yet that this is 100 percent doable, but we do know it's feasible,\" Zdziarski told NPR about the method in an interview last week, before the news of a third-party alternative broke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said the technology wasn't tremendously expensive and, in fact, has been showcased \u003ca href=\"http://9to5mac.com/2016/02/03/iphone-flash-storage-upgrade-shenzhen/\" target=\"_blank\">in a video\u003c/a> of a techie in a Chinese mall performing this procedure to help people get a memory upgrade for their iPhones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>NPR's Aarti Shahani contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=The+Apple-FBI+Whodunit%3A+Who+Is+Helping+The+Feds+Crack+The+Locked+iPhone%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The rumor mill is on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A report by an Israeli newspaper, citing anonymous industry sources, \u003ca href=\"http://www.yediot.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4781928,00.html\" target=\"_blank\">pointed the finger\u003c/a> at an Israeli company as the firm \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/03/21/471353161/fbi-says-it-may-be-able-to-access-shooters-iphone-without-apples-help\" target=\"_blank\">helping the FBI\u003c/a> get inside the locked iPhone of one of the San Bernardino shooters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper, \u003cem>Yedioth Ahronoth,\u003c/em> has been known to plug Israeli companies. But the stakes to uncover the unnamed \"third party\" working with the FBI are tremendously high. The newspaper report got \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/us-apple-encryption-cellebrite-idUSKCN0WP17J\" target=\"_blank\">picked up\u003c/a> by Reuters in Tel Aviv and, from there, rippled through the tech blogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what's the company? Its name is Cellebrite. It's a \u003ca href=\"https://www.fpds.gov/ezsearch/fpdsportal?indexName=awardfull&templateName=1.4.4&s=FPDSNG.COM&q=%09CELLEBRITE+USA+CORP&x=0&y=0\" target=\"_blank\">regular government contractor\u003c/a> and promotes itself as a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cellebrite.com/Pages/will-your-mobile-evidence-stand-up-in-court\" target=\"_blank\">mobile forensics\u003c/a> software provider.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Is it \u003cem>really\u003c/em> the company helping the FBI bypass the need for Apple's special software to see inside this famous iPhone? We don't know.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What we have is a lot of speculation — and a lot of skepticism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FBI's response is that the agency cannot comment on the identity of the third party that's assisting it. Cellebrite, too, has not commented to NPR, and told other media little beyond the fact that it has worked with the Justice Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>National security blogger Marcy Wheeler \u003ca href=\"https://www.emptywheel.net/\" target=\"_blank\">traced the breadcrumbs\u003c/a> of court documents, filed in relation to the San Bernardino investigation and another federal investigation involving another locked iPhone, to arrive at the suspicion that the FBI did ask Cellebrite to open the phone used by Syed Rizwan Farook.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But just as much, this could be a brilliant publicity stunt by Cellebrite.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>Stoking the rumors was a new contract, \u003ca href=\"https://www.fpds.gov/ezsearch/fpdsportal?q=cellebrite+CONTRACTING_AGENCY_NAME%3A%22FEDERAL+BUREAU+OF+INVESTIGATION%22+PIID%3A%22DJF161200P0004424%22+PIID%3A%22DJF161200P0004424%22&s=FPDSNG.COM&templateName=1.4.4&indexName=awardfull&sortBy=SIGNED_DATE&desc=Y\" target=\"_blank\">posted in the government database\u003c/a> on Wednesday but dated March 21 — the day when the FBI announced it may have found a new solution — for services from Cellebrite USA. Forensics experts quickly sought to dispel this particular contract's relevance, attributing it to software licensing renewal and pointing to the meager $15,278 price tag and given \"\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/zenalbatross/status/712661285356355584\" target=\"_blank\">principal place of performance\u003c/a>\" of Chicago, not San Bernardino.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this time, no concrete evidence is pointing at Cellebrite. And we don't know for sure what method the FBI is testing either. Apple lawyers have indicated that they would like the government to disclose the method it would use to get inside Farook's iPhone. But it's also entirely possible the FBI will ask to keep both the vendor and the method classified.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What The Method Might Be\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What we \u003cem>do\u003c/em> know is that there have been several alternative ideas floating in the security community about how the FBI could overcome the iPhone security features preventing the agency from hooking the phone up to a computer and trying unlimited passcodes to find the right one without triggering a content wipeout.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, FBI Director James Comey faced several questions about one technique in a congressional hearing. At the time, Comey \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/03/01/468599364/fbi-chief-tells-congress-encryption-is-creating-warrant-proof-devices\" target=\"_blank\">testified\u003c/a> that he was confident that government experts had considered all options before seeking a court order for Apple to write special software. Later, the FBI said the worldwide attention to the case had brought new alternatives to its attention, and one of them it decided to test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Computer forensics researcher Jonathan Zdziarski \u003ca href=\"http://www.zdziarski.com/blog/?p=5966\" target=\"_blank\">argues that\u003c/a> because the FBI has asked courts for only two weeks to test the viability of the new method, it's likely not highly experimental. It's also likely not something destructive, like the \"decapping\" method that relies on \u003ca href=\"http://www.wsj.com/article_email/chip-hacking-might-help-fbi-unlock-iphones-1457050959-lMyQjAxMTE2MjE2ODgxODg3Wj\" target=\"_blank\">physically shaving off\u003c/a> tiny layers of the microprocessor inside the phone to reveal a special code that would let investigators move the data and crack the passcode.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea that's garnering the most focus is something called chip cloning, or mirroring or transplantation. The method entails de-soldering the so-called NAND flash chip (the phone's version of hard drive) from the phone's board and sticking it into a chip reader that saves all the data \u003cem>from\u003c/em> the memory chip and \u003cem>about\u003c/em> the chip (including things like its serial number) into a file that gets copied onto another similar chip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, it works sort of like saving your place in a video game: Investigators could try some passcodes without the fear of the self-wipe function because they can reload, or re-image, the chip again and again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We don't know yet that this is 100 percent doable, but we do know it's feasible,\" Zdziarski told NPR about the method in an interview last week, before the news of a third-party alternative broke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said the technology wasn't tremendously expensive and, in fact, has been showcased \u003ca href=\"http://9to5mac.com/2016/02/03/iphone-flash-storage-upgrade-shenzhen/\" target=\"_blank\">in a video\u003c/a> of a techie in a Chinese mall performing this procedure to help people get a memory upgrade for their iPhones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>NPR's Aarti Shahani contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=The+Apple-FBI+Whodunit%3A+Who+Is+Helping+The+Feds+Crack+The+Locked+iPhone%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "In San Francisco, an Affordable Housing Solution That Helps Millennials",
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"content": "\u003cp>It's normal for millennials to still live at home these days. But what if you're a millennial who doesn't have a home to go back to?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing up, Alkeisha Porter says, she didn't like her mom's husband, and her dad had a drug problem. So at 16, she moved out and became homeless.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was basically just house-hopping from friends to some family members. Hey, it was comfortable to me. It wasn't cold. I wasn't sleeping outside,\" says Porter, now 23.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Young people — 18- to 24-year-olds — make up one of the \u003ca href=\"http://homeless.samhsa.gov/Channel/Youth-31.aspx\">fastest-growing homeless populations in the country\u003c/a>. In many big cities, like New York, Los Angeles and San Francisco, where housing is at a premium, finding affordable housing is especially hard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.npr.org/player/embed/470876718/471233396\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In San Francisco, one-bedroom apartment rents average $3,490 a month. There are about 1,600 homeless young adults in the city on any given night, and public housing is out of reach for many of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Porter found an apartment for herself and her baby on San Francisco's Ocean Avenue, in a building run by \u003ca href=\"https://www.mercyhousing.org/CA-1100-Ocean\">Mercy Housing\u003c/a>. The nonprofit provides subsidized affordable housing for low-income residents, including 25 apartments reserved for 18- to 24-year-olds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cinthia Mendoza is one of Porter's neighbors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is my first dream, to be on my own, in my own apartment, paying rent, paying bills like a normal adult does,\" said the 21-year-old Mendoza.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Domestic violence forced her out of her home and into foster care when she was 17.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Behind the door there's a refrigerator, a huge one, which I've never had in my life. And then a microwave, and then I have a big stove, and it's brand-new. Everything was brand-new when I got here,\" she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mendoza is one of the lucky ones. There are way more low-income youth who need housing than there are subsidized apartments available. Technically, Mendoza and Porter could qualify for federal public housing instead of living at Mercy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"AM9Cm2SJYmeVyzTHpc80TLFZ6RP1MZ9f\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's very simple,\" says Ron Ashford, director of Public Housing Supportive Services at HUD. \"[Young adults looking for public housing] just need to find their local housing authority, go to the housing authority and apply.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for young adults, the problem isn't applying. It's getting in. Their demographic is considered a lower priority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Remember that you are competing against families who do not have a home and who are looking for public housing,\" Ashord says. \"When I was in the New York City Housing Authority some 20 years ago, the waiting list was more than 10 years.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In San Francisco, the waiting list for public housing is so long that it's closed for the time being. There's another obstacle specific to young adults: Being enrolled in college classes presents extra rules that limit access to Section 8 federal housing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We need to be rethinking some of these rules around housing for students,\" says Eric Rice, a professor of social work at the University of Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rice's work includes a focus on homeless youth. He says he's frustrated that taking a few courses can jeopardize a young person's ability to get housing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Because if we have students who are homeless, who are low-income, they need higher education as a long-term solution for alleviating their situation with respect to poverty,\" Rice says. \"And we want to make that easier, not harder.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before 2005, students didn't have to meet such strict rules when it came to public housing. But then a scandal broke, in which well-off college athletes in schools across the country were caught living in Section 8 public housing. This controversy prompted a change in \u003ca href=\"https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2008/08/21/E8-19435/eligibility-of-students-for-assisted-housing-under-section-8-of-the-us-housing-act-of-1937\">the rules\u003c/a>, affecting most full- and part-time students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is just one reason local solutions like Mercy Housing have popped up, to provide alternatives for 18- to 24-year-olds. The nonprofit welcomes students but has to limit student residents to part-timers to qualify for federal tax credits. These tax credits make it possible to build this sort of public housing alternative in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mercy Housing apartments on Ocean Avenue are situated right across the street from San Francisco City College. This was an intentional decision on the part of Mercy, to make it easier for the young residents to enroll if they choose to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These student residents don't have to worry about being kicked out of their homes just for taking a few classes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was produced by \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.youthradio.org/\">\u003cem>Youth Radio\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 Youth Radio.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It's normal for millennials to still live at home these days. But what if you're a millennial who doesn't have a home to go back to?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing up, Alkeisha Porter says, she didn't like her mom's husband, and her dad had a drug problem. So at 16, she moved out and became homeless.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was basically just house-hopping from friends to some family members. Hey, it was comfortable to me. It wasn't cold. I wasn't sleeping outside,\" says Porter, now 23.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Young people — 18- to 24-year-olds — make up one of the \u003ca href=\"http://homeless.samhsa.gov/Channel/Youth-31.aspx\">fastest-growing homeless populations in the country\u003c/a>. In many big cities, like New York, Los Angeles and San Francisco, where housing is at a premium, finding affordable housing is especially hard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.npr.org/player/embed/470876718/471233396\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In San Francisco, one-bedroom apartment rents average $3,490 a month. There are about 1,600 homeless young adults in the city on any given night, and public housing is out of reach for many of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Porter found an apartment for herself and her baby on San Francisco's Ocean Avenue, in a building run by \u003ca href=\"https://www.mercyhousing.org/CA-1100-Ocean\">Mercy Housing\u003c/a>. The nonprofit provides subsidized affordable housing for low-income residents, including 25 apartments reserved for 18- to 24-year-olds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cinthia Mendoza is one of Porter's neighbors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is my first dream, to be on my own, in my own apartment, paying rent, paying bills like a normal adult does,\" said the 21-year-old Mendoza.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Domestic violence forced her out of her home and into foster care when she was 17.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Behind the door there's a refrigerator, a huge one, which I've never had in my life. And then a microwave, and then I have a big stove, and it's brand-new. Everything was brand-new when I got here,\" she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mendoza is one of the lucky ones. There are way more low-income youth who need housing than there are subsidized apartments available. Technically, Mendoza and Porter could qualify for federal public housing instead of living at Mercy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's very simple,\" says Ron Ashford, director of Public Housing Supportive Services at HUD. \"[Young adults looking for public housing] just need to find their local housing authority, go to the housing authority and apply.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for young adults, the problem isn't applying. It's getting in. Their demographic is considered a lower priority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Remember that you are competing against families who do not have a home and who are looking for public housing,\" Ashord says. \"When I was in the New York City Housing Authority some 20 years ago, the waiting list was more than 10 years.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In San Francisco, the waiting list for public housing is so long that it's closed for the time being. There's another obstacle specific to young adults: Being enrolled in college classes presents extra rules that limit access to Section 8 federal housing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We need to be rethinking some of these rules around housing for students,\" says Eric Rice, a professor of social work at the University of Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rice's work includes a focus on homeless youth. He says he's frustrated that taking a few courses can jeopardize a young person's ability to get housing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Because if we have students who are homeless, who are low-income, they need higher education as a long-term solution for alleviating their situation with respect to poverty,\" Rice says. \"And we want to make that easier, not harder.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before 2005, students didn't have to meet such strict rules when it came to public housing. But then a scandal broke, in which well-off college athletes in schools across the country were caught living in Section 8 public housing. This controversy prompted a change in \u003ca href=\"https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2008/08/21/E8-19435/eligibility-of-students-for-assisted-housing-under-section-8-of-the-us-housing-act-of-1937\">the rules\u003c/a>, affecting most full- and part-time students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is just one reason local solutions like Mercy Housing have popped up, to provide alternatives for 18- to 24-year-olds. The nonprofit welcomes students but has to limit student residents to part-timers to qualify for federal tax credits. These tax credits make it possible to build this sort of public housing alternative in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mercy Housing apartments on Ocean Avenue are situated right across the street from San Francisco City College. This was an intentional decision on the part of Mercy, to make it easier for the young residents to enroll if they choose to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These student residents don't have to worry about being kicked out of their homes just for taking a few classes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was produced by \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.youthradio.org/\">\u003cem>Youth Radio\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 Youth Radio.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Five weeks ago, a 1-year-old German shepherd-husky mix with startling blue eyes fell off a fishing boat in the Pacific Ocean north of San Diego. The dog, named Luna, was miles from land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She was reported missing on Feb. 10 by her owner, fisherman Nick Haworth, who told authorities that Luna was a strong swimmer and would head toward land. But the nearest shoreline was San Clemente Island, home to a U.S. naval facility and about 2 miles from where the dog fell into the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sandy DeMunnik, public affairs officer for the base, said staff helped Haworth search the island for the dog, but with no luck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He stayed in the area for two more days to look for her, and after a week, we considered her lost at sea and presumed dead,\" DeMunnik said, according to ABC News.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crushed, Haworth made peace with Luna's death, posting on Facebook, \"RIP Luna, you will be greatly missed.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.facebook.com/nick.haworth.5/posts/10206319887462366\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, on Tuesday morning, she reappeared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Luna turned up near the naval installation on the island as crew members were arriving for work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They saw Luna just sitting on the side of the road wagging her tail,\" DeMunnik said, \u003ca href=\"http://abcnews.go.com/US/navy-finds-missing-dog-fell-off-fishing-boat/story?id=37701943\">according to ABC\u003c/a>. \"Keep in mind, there are no domesticated animals on the island, so it was a stunning sight.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The officers may have been surprised to see a dog, but Luna wasn't fazed to see the officers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They literally opened up the car door, whistled, and she jumped right in,\" Navy wildlife biologist Melissa Booker told t\u003ca href=\"http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/2016/mar/16/dog-lost-sea-presumed-dead-reunited-owner/\">he San Diego Union-Tribune\u003c/a>. The newspaper writes:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"The determined dog had apparently swam to shore and survived on her own for five weeks. She was found to be a bit malnourished but otherwise healthy and uninjured. It appeared she'd eaten small rodents to survive, Booker said.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>DeMunnik's evaluation was the same. She told ABC that Luna was undernourished but in good health, adding that the dog had likely been \"surviving off of mice for the past few weeks.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Haworth's friend picked up Luna on Wednesday and she is scheduled to be reunited with Haworth, a 20-year-old San Diego State student, when he returns from a trip on Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Haworth posted on Facebook, \"Beyond stoked to have Luna back. I always knew she was a warrior.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.facebook.com/nick.haworth.5/posts/10206476288772301\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Five weeks ago, a 1-year-old German shepherd-husky mix with startling blue eyes fell off a fishing boat in the Pacific Ocean north of San Diego. The dog, named Luna, was miles from land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She was reported missing on Feb. 10 by her owner, fisherman Nick Haworth, who told authorities that Luna was a strong swimmer and would head toward land. But the nearest shoreline was San Clemente Island, home to a U.S. naval facility and about 2 miles from where the dog fell into the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sandy DeMunnik, public affairs officer for the base, said staff helped Haworth search the island for the dog, but with no luck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He stayed in the area for two more days to look for her, and after a week, we considered her lost at sea and presumed dead,\" DeMunnik said, according to ABC News.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crushed, Haworth made peace with Luna's death, posting on Facebook, \"RIP Luna, you will be greatly missed.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.facebook.com/nick.haworth.5/posts/10206319887462366\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, on Tuesday morning, she reappeared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Luna turned up near the naval installation on the island as crew members were arriving for work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They saw Luna just sitting on the side of the road wagging her tail,\" DeMunnik said, \u003ca href=\"http://abcnews.go.com/US/navy-finds-missing-dog-fell-off-fishing-boat/story?id=37701943\">according to ABC\u003c/a>. \"Keep in mind, there are no domesticated animals on the island, so it was a stunning sight.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The officers may have been surprised to see a dog, but Luna wasn't fazed to see the officers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They literally opened up the car door, whistled, and she jumped right in,\" Navy wildlife biologist Melissa Booker told t\u003ca href=\"http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/2016/mar/16/dog-lost-sea-presumed-dead-reunited-owner/\">he San Diego Union-Tribune\u003c/a>. The newspaper writes:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"The determined dog had apparently swam to shore and survived on her own for five weeks. She was found to be a bit malnourished but otherwise healthy and uninjured. It appeared she'd eaten small rodents to survive, Booker said.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>DeMunnik's evaluation was the same. She told ABC that Luna was undernourished but in good health, adding that the dog had likely been \"surviving off of mice for the past few weeks.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Haworth's friend picked up Luna on Wednesday and she is scheduled to be reunited with Haworth, a 20-year-old San Diego State student, when he returns from a trip on Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Haworth posted on Facebook, \"Beyond stoked to have Luna back. I always knew she was a warrior.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.facebook.com/nick.haworth.5/posts/10206476288772301\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>President Obama’s choice to serve as the newest Supreme Court justice is Merrick Garland, a moderate federal appeals court judge and former prosecutor with a reputation for collegiality and meticulous legal reasoning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garland, who has won past Republican support, has “more federal judicial experience than any other Supreme Court nominee in history,” a White House official said. “No one is better suited to immediately serve on the Supreme Court.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garland is the latest judge from the federal appeals court in Washington to be promoted to the current Supreme Court. If confirmed, he would join Chief Justice John Roberts and Justices Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Clarence Thomas, all of whom served on the D.C. appeals court before being elevated. So did the late Antonin Scalia, who died last month after nearly 30 years on the nation’s highest court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The selection of Garland, 63, could disappoint avid liberals, who wanted Obama to pick someone who would “take on” the court’s conservatives in much the way Justice Scalia “takes on” the court’s liberals and moderates. And the choice of Garland, a white man who attended Harvard Law School, could also dismay advocates who had hoped for a more diverse candidate from the African-American or Asian legal communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Garland, who currently serves as the chief judge of the nation’s second-highest court, takes care to emphasize his humble roots. During summer breaks in college, he worked as a shoe store stock clerk and he sold his comic book collection to help pay his tuition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10897927\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-10897927\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/GarlandApplause-800x463.jpg\" alt=\"Judge Merrick Garland (C) speaks after President Obama, with Vice President Joe Biden, announced Garland's nomination to the Supreme Court on March 16, 2016.\" width=\"800\" height=\"463\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/GarlandApplause-800x463.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/GarlandApplause-400x232.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/GarlandApplause.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/GarlandApplause-1180x683.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/GarlandApplause-960x556.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Judge Merrick Garland (C) speaks after President Obama, with Vice President Joe Biden, announced Garland’s nomination to the Supreme Court on March 16, 2016. \u003ccite>(NICHOLAS KAMM/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As late as last week, Republicans like Utah Sen. Orrin Hatch offered praise for Garland, though it’s far from clear whether he and Senate leaders will budge on their determination to avoid hearings or votes on any nominee until a new president takes office in 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garland has a lengthy record on the D.C. circuit court, but that court deals mainly with regulatory issues and not hot-button social issues of the day, such as abortion and gay rights. That has served as a confirmation advantage for previous nominees from the appeals court, and it likely will for Garland, too. Republican interest groups such as the Judicial Crisis Network signaled they would take issue with his vote to rehear a case over D.C.’s tough gun restrictions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Another Chicagoan\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garland grew up in the Chicago area. His mother, Shirley, was a director of volunteer services and his father, Cyril, ran a small business out of the basement of the family home, advertising area clothing stores. Garland went to public schools and was valedictorian of his high school class in Skokie. From there, it was on to Harvard College, on scholarship, where he graduated first in his class. At Harvard Law School, he was an editor on the Law Review.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He is married to Lynn Rosenmann, an engineer whom he met in Boston while she was getting a master’s degree in physics at MIT. Rosenmann’s grandfather springs from Democratic party royalty, having advised Presidents Franklin Roosevelt and Harry Truman. The Garlands have two daughters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If confirmed, Garland would be the third Jewish justice, meaning that with six Catholics also serving, the Supreme Court for the first time would have no Protestant justices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘The Perfect Background’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garland began his legal career clerking for two iconic judges: first, conservative Judge Henry Friendly on the federal appeals court in New York, and then liberal Justice William Brennan on the U.S. Supreme Court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1979, he served as a special assistant to Attorney General Benjamin Civiletti. With the switch in administrations in 1981, he joined the large Washington law firm of Arnold & Porter, becoming a partner four years later. While in private practice, he did corporate litigation and also taught antitrust courses at Harvard Law School.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”7LwsQWwia91SC91uA3C532GDeTZDRaFC”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Garland longed to return to public service and wanted more experience in the rough and tumble of trial work. So in 1989, he joined the U.S. attorney’s office in Washington, D.C., as a line prosecutor, trying cases that ranged from drug trafficking to complex public corruption charges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1993, he joined the newly installed Clinton administration as deputy assistant attorney general in the Justice Department’s criminal division. A year later, Deputy Attorney General Jamie Gorelick, the department’s second in command, asked Garland to be her principal deputy. She said she chose him because he had “the perfect background,” having worked in the department at both high and low levels. Moreover, says Gorelick, “He had shown himself to be a brilliant lawyer with excellent judgment, utterly without any political agenda, other than to do right.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A String of Bombing Cases\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garland was soon put to the test. He supervised the investigations into the Unabomber and the Oklahoma City and Atlanta Olympics bombings, among others. In the Oklahoma City case, he not only headed the investigation, he put together the trial team that prosecuted Timothy McVeigh, winning praise from the state’s Republican governor, Frank Keating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gorelick says one of the Garland traits she treasured was his instinct to “question the received wisdom” and not to jump to conclusions. That paid off again and again, she says, when initial evidence seemed to point in one direction in major cases, only to evaporate on later inspection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clinton appointed Garland to the U.S. Court of Appeals in 1995. After a long Republican stall in the Senate that lasted 19 months, he was confirmed by a vote of 76-23.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Moderate But Persuasive Liberal\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the appeals court, Garland has been a moderate liberal, with a definite pro-prosecution bent in criminal cases. Indeed, his views in the area of criminal law are considerably more conservative than those of the man he would replace, Justice John Paul Stevens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Garland has also been a persuasive voice for liberals, managing to bring conservatives over to his side on issues ranging from the environment to national security. For example, in a case involving Chinese Uighurs detained at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, Garland asked the Justice Department for the particulars of its evidence and then wrote an opinion for himself and two conservative judges that concluded that the Bush administration’s claim that they were enemy combatants was utterly unsupported by the evidence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So respected is Garland as a judge that Chief Justice Roberts, at his confirmation hearing, answered a question about one of his majority opinions by noting that Judge Garland had dissented and, said Roberts, “Any time Judge Garland disagrees, you know you’re in a difficult area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Merrick+Garland+Has+A+Reputation+Of+Collegiality%2C+Record+Of+Republican+Support&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>President Obama’s choice to serve as the newest Supreme Court justice is Merrick Garland, a moderate federal appeals court judge and former prosecutor with a reputation for collegiality and meticulous legal reasoning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garland, who has won past Republican support, has “more federal judicial experience than any other Supreme Court nominee in history,” a White House official said. “No one is better suited to immediately serve on the Supreme Court.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garland is the latest judge from the federal appeals court in Washington to be promoted to the current Supreme Court. If confirmed, he would join Chief Justice John Roberts and Justices Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Clarence Thomas, all of whom served on the D.C. appeals court before being elevated. So did the late Antonin Scalia, who died last month after nearly 30 years on the nation’s highest court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The selection of Garland, 63, could disappoint avid liberals, who wanted Obama to pick someone who would “take on” the court’s conservatives in much the way Justice Scalia “takes on” the court’s liberals and moderates. And the choice of Garland, a white man who attended Harvard Law School, could also dismay advocates who had hoped for a more diverse candidate from the African-American or Asian legal communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Garland, who currently serves as the chief judge of the nation’s second-highest court, takes care to emphasize his humble roots. During summer breaks in college, he worked as a shoe store stock clerk and he sold his comic book collection to help pay his tuition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10897927\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-10897927\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/GarlandApplause-800x463.jpg\" alt=\"Judge Merrick Garland (C) speaks after President Obama, with Vice President Joe Biden, announced Garland's nomination to the Supreme Court on March 16, 2016.\" width=\"800\" height=\"463\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/GarlandApplause-800x463.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/GarlandApplause-400x232.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/GarlandApplause.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/GarlandApplause-1180x683.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/GarlandApplause-960x556.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Judge Merrick Garland (C) speaks after President Obama, with Vice President Joe Biden, announced Garland’s nomination to the Supreme Court on March 16, 2016. \u003ccite>(NICHOLAS KAMM/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As late as last week, Republicans like Utah Sen. Orrin Hatch offered praise for Garland, though it’s far from clear whether he and Senate leaders will budge on their determination to avoid hearings or votes on any nominee until a new president takes office in 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garland has a lengthy record on the D.C. circuit court, but that court deals mainly with regulatory issues and not hot-button social issues of the day, such as abortion and gay rights. That has served as a confirmation advantage for previous nominees from the appeals court, and it likely will for Garland, too. Republican interest groups such as the Judicial Crisis Network signaled they would take issue with his vote to rehear a case over D.C.’s tough gun restrictions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Another Chicagoan\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garland grew up in the Chicago area. His mother, Shirley, was a director of volunteer services and his father, Cyril, ran a small business out of the basement of the family home, advertising area clothing stores. Garland went to public schools and was valedictorian of his high school class in Skokie. From there, it was on to Harvard College, on scholarship, where he graduated first in his class. At Harvard Law School, he was an editor on the Law Review.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He is married to Lynn Rosenmann, an engineer whom he met in Boston while she was getting a master’s degree in physics at MIT. Rosenmann’s grandfather springs from Democratic party royalty, having advised Presidents Franklin Roosevelt and Harry Truman. The Garlands have two daughters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If confirmed, Garland would be the third Jewish justice, meaning that with six Catholics also serving, the Supreme Court for the first time would have no Protestant justices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘The Perfect Background’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garland began his legal career clerking for two iconic judges: first, conservative Judge Henry Friendly on the federal appeals court in New York, and then liberal Justice William Brennan on the U.S. Supreme Court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1979, he served as a special assistant to Attorney General Benjamin Civiletti. With the switch in administrations in 1981, he joined the large Washington law firm of Arnold & Porter, becoming a partner four years later. While in private practice, he did corporate litigation and also taught antitrust courses at Harvard Law School.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Garland longed to return to public service and wanted more experience in the rough and tumble of trial work. So in 1989, he joined the U.S. attorney’s office in Washington, D.C., as a line prosecutor, trying cases that ranged from drug trafficking to complex public corruption charges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1993, he joined the newly installed Clinton administration as deputy assistant attorney general in the Justice Department’s criminal division. A year later, Deputy Attorney General Jamie Gorelick, the department’s second in command, asked Garland to be her principal deputy. She said she chose him because he had “the perfect background,” having worked in the department at both high and low levels. Moreover, says Gorelick, “He had shown himself to be a brilliant lawyer with excellent judgment, utterly without any political agenda, other than to do right.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A String of Bombing Cases\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garland was soon put to the test. He supervised the investigations into the Unabomber and the Oklahoma City and Atlanta Olympics bombings, among others. In the Oklahoma City case, he not only headed the investigation, he put together the trial team that prosecuted Timothy McVeigh, winning praise from the state’s Republican governor, Frank Keating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gorelick says one of the Garland traits she treasured was his instinct to “question the received wisdom” and not to jump to conclusions. That paid off again and again, she says, when initial evidence seemed to point in one direction in major cases, only to evaporate on later inspection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clinton appointed Garland to the U.S. Court of Appeals in 1995. After a long Republican stall in the Senate that lasted 19 months, he was confirmed by a vote of 76-23.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Moderate But Persuasive Liberal\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the appeals court, Garland has been a moderate liberal, with a definite pro-prosecution bent in criminal cases. Indeed, his views in the area of criminal law are considerably more conservative than those of the man he would replace, Justice John Paul Stevens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Garland has also been a persuasive voice for liberals, managing to bring conservatives over to his side on issues ranging from the environment to national security. For example, in a case involving Chinese Uighurs detained at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, Garland asked the Justice Department for the particulars of its evidence and then wrote an opinion for himself and two conservative judges that concluded that the Bush administration’s claim that they were enemy combatants was utterly unsupported by the evidence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So respected is Garland as a judge that Chief Justice Roberts, at his confirmation hearing, answered a question about one of his majority opinions by noting that Judge Garland had dissented and, said Roberts, “Any time Judge Garland disagrees, you know you’re in a difficult area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Merrick+Garland+Has+A+Reputation+Of+Collegiality%2C+Record+Of+Republican+Support&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>WASHINGTON — President Obama announced Wednesday he is nominating appellate Judge Merrick Garland to the Supreme Court, urging Republicans to approve a longtime jurist and former prosecutor known as “one of America’s sharpest legal minds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, R-Kentucky, immediately renewed a vow to block any Supreme Court nomination Obama makes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garland, 63, is the chief judge for the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, a court whose influence over federal policy and national security matters has made it a proving ground for potential Supreme Court justices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He would replace conservative, Justice Antonin Scalia, who died last month, leaving behind a bitter election-year fight over the future of the court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLLpws7WjmI\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obama announced his choice at a ceremony in the Rose Garden, with Democratic Senate leaders and allies looking on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garland, who had been passed over before, choked back tears, calling the nomination “the greatest honor of my life.” He described his grandparents’ flight from anti-Semitism in Eastern Europe and his modest upbringing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said he viewed a judge’s job as a mandate to set aside personal preferences to “follow the law, not make it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obama held up Merrick as diligent public servant, highlighting his work leading the investigation into the Oklahoma City bombing. He quoted past praise for Garland from Chief Justice John Roberts and Sen. Orrin Hatch. And he said Garland’s talent for bringing together “odd couples” made him a consensus candidate best poised to become an immediate force on the nation’s highest court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The president urged the Republican-led Senate not to let the particularly fierce and partisan political climate quash the nomination of a “serious man.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is precisely the time when we should play it straight,” Obama said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garland was confirmed to the D.C. Circuit in 1997 with backing from a majority in both parties, including seven current Republicans senators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sen. Chuck Schumer of New York, the No. 3 Democratic leader, called Garland’s selection “a bipartisan choice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”aXqwMXVKwmMkBdcRFabDUOzVvWJ91Dph”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Senate Minority Leader Harry Reid, who spoke to Obama Wednesday morning, said in brief remarks on the Senate floor that Republicans must act on the president’s choice. “He’s doing his job this morning, they should do theirs,” said the Nevada Democrat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If confirmed, Garland would be expected to align with the more liberal members, but he is not viewed as down-the-line liberal. Particularly on criminal defense and national security cases, he’s earned a reputation as centrist, and one of the few Democratic-appointed judges Republicans might have fast-tracked to confirmation — under other circumstances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the current climate, Garland remains a tough sell. Republicans control the Senate, which must confirm any nominee, and GOP leaders want to leave the choice to the next president, denying Obama a chance to alter the ideological balance of the court before he leaves office next January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wednesday morning, McConnell cited \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/23/us/politics/joe-biden-argued-for-delaying-supreme-court-picks-in-1992.html?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a June 1992 declaration\u003c/a> by Joe Biden — then a Democratic senator from Delaware, now Obama’s vice president — that as a general practice, Supreme Court nominations ought to be delayed during presidential election years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Senate will continue to observe the Biden Rule so that the American people have a voice in this momentous decision,” McConnell said in a statement delivered immediately after Obama introduced Garland as his nominee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The American people may well elect a president who decides to nominate Judge Garland for Senate consideration,” McConnell said. “The next president may also nominate someone very different. Either way, our view is this: Give the people a voice in the filling of this vacancy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[NPR Supreme Court correspondent Nina Totenberg said before Obama’s announcement that she had learned that Senate Republicans have signaled via “back channels” that they would approve Garland, but only after the general election in November.]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ahead of Obama’s announcement, the Republican Party set up a task force that will orchestrate attack ads, petitions and media outreach. The aim is to bolster Senate Republicans’ strategy of denying consideration of Obama’s nominee. The party’s chairman, Reince Priebus, described it as the GOP’s most comprehensive judicial response effort ever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other side, Obama allies have been drafted to run a Democratic effort that will involve liberal groups that hope an Obama nominee could pull the high court’s ideological balance to the left. The effort would target states where activists believe Republicans will feel political heat for opposing hearings once Obama announced his nominee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Obama, Garland represents a significant departure from his past two Supreme Court choices. In nominating Sonia Sotomayor and Elena Kagan, the president eagerly seized the chance to broaden the court’s diversity and rebalance the overwhelming male institution. Sotomayor was the first Hispanic confirmed to the court, Kagan only the fourth woman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garland — a white, male jurist with an Ivy League pedigree and career spent largely in the upper echelon of Washington’s legal elite — breaks no barriers. At 63 years old, he would be the oldest Supreme Court nominee since Lewis Powell, who was 64 when he was confirmed in late 1971.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Presidents tend to appoint young judges with the hope they will shape the court’s direction for as long as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those factors had, until now, made Garland something of a perpetual bridesmaid, repeatedly on Obama’s Supreme Court lists, but never chosen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Garland found his moment at time when Democrats are seeking to apply maximum pressure on Republicans. A key part of their strategy is casting Republicans as knee-jerk obstructionists ready to shoot down a nominee that many in their own ranks once considered a consensus candidate. In 2010, Utah Sen. Orrin Hatch called Garland “terrific” and said he could be confirmed “virtually unanimously.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The White House planned to highlight Hatch’s past support, as well as other glowing comments about Garland from conservative groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A native of Chicago and graduate of Harvard College and Harvard Law School, Garland clerked for two appointees of Republican President Dwight D. Eisenhower — the liberal U.S. Supreme Court Justice William Brennan Jr. and Judge Henry J. Friendly, for whom Chief Justice John Roberts also clerked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1988, he gave up a plush partner’s office in a powerhouse law firm to cut his teeth in criminal cases. As an assistant U.S. attorney, he joined the team prosecuting a Reagan White House aide charged with illegal lobbying and did early work on the drug case against then-D.C. Mayor Marion Barry. He held a top-ranking post in the Justice Department when he was dispatched to Oklahoma City the day after the bombing at the federal courthouse to supervise the investigation. The case made his career and his reputation. He oversaw the convictions of Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols, and went on to supervise the investigation into Unabomber Ted Kaczynski.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Bill Clinton first nominated him to the D.C. Circuit in 1995.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His prolonged confirmation process may prove to have prepared him for the one ahead. Garland waited 19 months to win confirmation to the appeals court. Then, as now, one of the main blocking path was Iowa Sen. Charles Grassley, who argued he had no quarrel with Garland’s credentials, but a beef with the notion of a Democratic president trying to fill a court he argued had too many seats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grassley ultimately relented, although he was not one of the 32 Republicans who voted in favor of Garland’s confirmation. Nor was McConnell, the other major hurdle for Garland now. The Republicans who voted in favor of confirmation are Sen. Dan Coats, Sen. Thad Cochran, Sen. Susan Collins, Sen. Orrin Hatch, Sen. Jim Inhofe, Sen. John McCain and Sen. Pat Roberts.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>WASHINGTON — President Obama announced Wednesday he is nominating appellate Judge Merrick Garland to the Supreme Court, urging Republicans to approve a longtime jurist and former prosecutor known as “one of America’s sharpest legal minds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, R-Kentucky, immediately renewed a vow to block any Supreme Court nomination Obama makes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garland, 63, is the chief judge for the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, a court whose influence over federal policy and national security matters has made it a proving ground for potential Supreme Court justices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He would replace conservative, Justice Antonin Scalia, who died last month, leaving behind a bitter election-year fight over the future of the court.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/NLLpws7WjmI'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/NLLpws7WjmI'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obama announced his choice at a ceremony in the Rose Garden, with Democratic Senate leaders and allies looking on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garland, who had been passed over before, choked back tears, calling the nomination “the greatest honor of my life.” He described his grandparents’ flight from anti-Semitism in Eastern Europe and his modest upbringing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said he viewed a judge’s job as a mandate to set aside personal preferences to “follow the law, not make it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obama held up Merrick as diligent public servant, highlighting his work leading the investigation into the Oklahoma City bombing. He quoted past praise for Garland from Chief Justice John Roberts and Sen. Orrin Hatch. And he said Garland’s talent for bringing together “odd couples” made him a consensus candidate best poised to become an immediate force on the nation’s highest court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The president urged the Republican-led Senate not to let the particularly fierce and partisan political climate quash the nomination of a “serious man.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is precisely the time when we should play it straight,” Obama said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garland was confirmed to the D.C. Circuit in 1997 with backing from a majority in both parties, including seven current Republicans senators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sen. Chuck Schumer of New York, the No. 3 Democratic leader, called Garland’s selection “a bipartisan choice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Senate Minority Leader Harry Reid, who spoke to Obama Wednesday morning, said in brief remarks on the Senate floor that Republicans must act on the president’s choice. “He’s doing his job this morning, they should do theirs,” said the Nevada Democrat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If confirmed, Garland would be expected to align with the more liberal members, but he is not viewed as down-the-line liberal. Particularly on criminal defense and national security cases, he’s earned a reputation as centrist, and one of the few Democratic-appointed judges Republicans might have fast-tracked to confirmation — under other circumstances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the current climate, Garland remains a tough sell. Republicans control the Senate, which must confirm any nominee, and GOP leaders want to leave the choice to the next president, denying Obama a chance to alter the ideological balance of the court before he leaves office next January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wednesday morning, McConnell cited \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/23/us/politics/joe-biden-argued-for-delaying-supreme-court-picks-in-1992.html?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a June 1992 declaration\u003c/a> by Joe Biden — then a Democratic senator from Delaware, now Obama’s vice president — that as a general practice, Supreme Court nominations ought to be delayed during presidential election years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Senate will continue to observe the Biden Rule so that the American people have a voice in this momentous decision,” McConnell said in a statement delivered immediately after Obama introduced Garland as his nominee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The American people may well elect a president who decides to nominate Judge Garland for Senate consideration,” McConnell said. “The next president may also nominate someone very different. Either way, our view is this: Give the people a voice in the filling of this vacancy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[NPR Supreme Court correspondent Nina Totenberg said before Obama’s announcement that she had learned that Senate Republicans have signaled via “back channels” that they would approve Garland, but only after the general election in November.]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ahead of Obama’s announcement, the Republican Party set up a task force that will orchestrate attack ads, petitions and media outreach. The aim is to bolster Senate Republicans’ strategy of denying consideration of Obama’s nominee. The party’s chairman, Reince Priebus, described it as the GOP’s most comprehensive judicial response effort ever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other side, Obama allies have been drafted to run a Democratic effort that will involve liberal groups that hope an Obama nominee could pull the high court’s ideological balance to the left. The effort would target states where activists believe Republicans will feel political heat for opposing hearings once Obama announced his nominee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Obama, Garland represents a significant departure from his past two Supreme Court choices. In nominating Sonia Sotomayor and Elena Kagan, the president eagerly seized the chance to broaden the court’s diversity and rebalance the overwhelming male institution. Sotomayor was the first Hispanic confirmed to the court, Kagan only the fourth woman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garland — a white, male jurist with an Ivy League pedigree and career spent largely in the upper echelon of Washington’s legal elite — breaks no barriers. At 63 years old, he would be the oldest Supreme Court nominee since Lewis Powell, who was 64 when he was confirmed in late 1971.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Presidents tend to appoint young judges with the hope they will shape the court’s direction for as long as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those factors had, until now, made Garland something of a perpetual bridesmaid, repeatedly on Obama’s Supreme Court lists, but never chosen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Garland found his moment at time when Democrats are seeking to apply maximum pressure on Republicans. A key part of their strategy is casting Republicans as knee-jerk obstructionists ready to shoot down a nominee that many in their own ranks once considered a consensus candidate. In 2010, Utah Sen. Orrin Hatch called Garland “terrific” and said he could be confirmed “virtually unanimously.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The White House planned to highlight Hatch’s past support, as well as other glowing comments about Garland from conservative groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A native of Chicago and graduate of Harvard College and Harvard Law School, Garland clerked for two appointees of Republican President Dwight D. Eisenhower — the liberal U.S. Supreme Court Justice William Brennan Jr. and Judge Henry J. Friendly, for whom Chief Justice John Roberts also clerked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1988, he gave up a plush partner’s office in a powerhouse law firm to cut his teeth in criminal cases. As an assistant U.S. attorney, he joined the team prosecuting a Reagan White House aide charged with illegal lobbying and did early work on the drug case against then-D.C. Mayor Marion Barry. He held a top-ranking post in the Justice Department when he was dispatched to Oklahoma City the day after the bombing at the federal courthouse to supervise the investigation. The case made his career and his reputation. He oversaw the convictions of Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols, and went on to supervise the investigation into Unabomber Ted Kaczynski.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Bill Clinton first nominated him to the D.C. Circuit in 1995.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His prolonged confirmation process may prove to have prepared him for the one ahead. Garland waited 19 months to win confirmation to the appeals court. Then, as now, one of the main blocking path was Iowa Sen. Charles Grassley, who argued he had no quarrel with Garland’s credentials, but a beef with the notion of a Democratic president trying to fill a court he argued had too many seats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grassley ultimately relented, although he was not one of the 32 Republicans who voted in favor of Garland’s confirmation. Nor was McConnell, the other major hurdle for Garland now. The Republicans who voted in favor of confirmation are Sen. Dan Coats, Sen. Thad Cochran, Sen. Susan Collins, Sen. Orrin Hatch, Sen. Jim Inhofe, Sen. John McCain and Sen. Pat Roberts.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A controversy over a secretly installed data monitoring system is simmering at university campuses across California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last summer, hackers broke into the computer network \u003ca href=\"http://money.cnn.com/2015/07/17/technology/ucla-health-hack/\">at the UCLA Medical Center\u003c/a>. A few months later, the University of California system's president quietly ordered a new security system to monitor Internet traffic on all UC campuses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And the people who had to put the box in place were ordered to do so and also ordered to keep quiet about it,\" says Ethan Ligon, a professor of agricultural economics at the University of California, Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they didn't keep quiet: Ligon and other faculty members found out — and were surprised that they weren't consulted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.npr.org/player/embed/468963220/470119984\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's a long tradition that dates back to the [1930s] at the University of California that gives faculty the right to share in shaping policies at the university, both on the campus and across the UC system,\" Ligon says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decision by Janet Napolitano, the university president and a former secretary of Homeland Security in the Obama administration, is stoking debate over what level of privacy and free speech should be guaranteed to faculty and students at public universities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The security system ordered by Napolitano not only monitors Internet traffic — it also stores it for at least 30 days. The idea is to allow security personnel to go back through the traffic to look for breaches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But experts like Vinnie Liu, a senior partner with the Internet security firm Bishop Fox, say this kind of system creates a trove of information for hackers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Where you rely on that as a central point of control, if that monitoring system were to be compromised, if it's not deployed correctly or it's not managed correctly, then, yes, it would absolutely be a very bad situation,\" Liu says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10893070\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-10893070\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/Napolitano-800x483.jpg\" alt=\"UC president and former U.S. Homeland Security chief Janet Napolitano.\" width=\"800\" height=\"483\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/Napolitano-800x483.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/Napolitano-400x241.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/Napolitano.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/Napolitano-1180x712.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/Napolitano-960x579.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UC president and former U.S. Homeland Security chief Janet Napolitano. \u003ccite>(Chip Somodevilla/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At a recent meeting of the UC Berkeley Graduate Assembly, many students learned about it for the first time. Some, like Andrew Stevens, were not pleased.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"How many people here have research with human subjects where you're ensuring them that your communications are private?\" he asked. \"That information is now sitting in a repository that could be subpoenaed.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then Marten Lohstroh — a student in electrical engineering and computer science — raised what was on a lot of students' minds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The question I have is, how, as the University of California, did we end up having a president that was the former secretary of Homeland Security?\" he asked, to laughter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, the Graduate Assembly \u003ca href=\"https://docs.google.com/document/d/15jDVusulwHoZ7tViD_R5SEUnIJzOmG9inoqIxJuKiRc/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\">passed a resolution in opposition\u003c/a> to the University of California Office of the President's \"coordinated monitoring\" activities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Napolitano was President Obama's secretary of Homeland Security until 2013. Her office said it did not have anyone available to speak with NPR in time for this broadcast.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'The very substance of higher learning really would not be possible unless the faculty and students have some guarantee of confidentiality that they can pursue perhaps crazy ideas and speak with each other without the fear of the stuff coming back to haunt them.'\u003ccite>Barmak Nassirian\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"http://security.ucop.edu/napolitano-letter.html\">in a letter to university chancellors\u003c/a>, Napolitano said her office had no interest in individual emails or browsing history, but that network monitoring is a critical element of cybersecurity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Christine Borgman, a professor of information studies at UCLA, recently got a chance to meet with representatives from Napolitano's office who stressed the urgency they felt after the UCLA break-in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We can certainly understand that you need to scale up your security and you don't want to broadcast exactly what you're doing because you're only going to invite certain kinds of attacks,\" Borgman says. \"But that doesn't mean that we couldn't have talked through more of it as we went.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Napolitano presides over a university system with a stormy history around free speech and \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2012/08/21/159373688/student-subversives-and-the-fbis-dirty-tricks\">spying by the federal government\u003c/a> — especially at Berkeley, where Eric Brewer is a professor of computer science. He says J. Edgar Hoover spied on Berkeley faculty and students during the Cold War.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He was worried about Berkeley being a hotbed of communism, and so he felt free rein to monitor what was going on there,\" Brewer says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, these days most people expect their employers are monitoring them at work. But academia is different, says Barmak Nassirian of the American Association of State Colleges and Universities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The very substance of higher learning really would not be possible unless the faculty and students have some guarantee of confidentiality that they can pursue perhaps crazy ideas and speak with each other without the fear of the stuff coming back to haunt them,\" Nassirian says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But universities are also favorite targets of hackers because of all the personal and professional information on their servers, which means it's going to be tough to balance security, free speech and privacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A controversy over a secretly installed data monitoring system is simmering at university campuses across California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last summer, hackers broke into the computer network \u003ca href=\"http://money.cnn.com/2015/07/17/technology/ucla-health-hack/\">at the UCLA Medical Center\u003c/a>. A few months later, the University of California system's president quietly ordered a new security system to monitor Internet traffic on all UC campuses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And the people who had to put the box in place were ordered to do so and also ordered to keep quiet about it,\" says Ethan Ligon, a professor of agricultural economics at the University of California, Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they didn't keep quiet: Ligon and other faculty members found out — and were surprised that they weren't consulted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.npr.org/player/embed/468963220/470119984\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's a long tradition that dates back to the [1930s] at the University of California that gives faculty the right to share in shaping policies at the university, both on the campus and across the UC system,\" Ligon says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decision by Janet Napolitano, the university president and a former secretary of Homeland Security in the Obama administration, is stoking debate over what level of privacy and free speech should be guaranteed to faculty and students at public universities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The security system ordered by Napolitano not only monitors Internet traffic — it also stores it for at least 30 days. The idea is to allow security personnel to go back through the traffic to look for breaches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But experts like Vinnie Liu, a senior partner with the Internet security firm Bishop Fox, say this kind of system creates a trove of information for hackers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Where you rely on that as a central point of control, if that monitoring system were to be compromised, if it's not deployed correctly or it's not managed correctly, then, yes, it would absolutely be a very bad situation,\" Liu says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10893070\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-10893070\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/Napolitano-800x483.jpg\" alt=\"UC president and former U.S. Homeland Security chief Janet Napolitano.\" width=\"800\" height=\"483\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/Napolitano-800x483.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/Napolitano-400x241.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/Napolitano.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/Napolitano-1180x712.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/Napolitano-960x579.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UC president and former U.S. Homeland Security chief Janet Napolitano. \u003ccite>(Chip Somodevilla/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At a recent meeting of the UC Berkeley Graduate Assembly, many students learned about it for the first time. Some, like Andrew Stevens, were not pleased.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"How many people here have research with human subjects where you're ensuring them that your communications are private?\" he asked. \"That information is now sitting in a repository that could be subpoenaed.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then Marten Lohstroh — a student in electrical engineering and computer science — raised what was on a lot of students' minds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The question I have is, how, as the University of California, did we end up having a president that was the former secretary of Homeland Security?\" he asked, to laughter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, the Graduate Assembly \u003ca href=\"https://docs.google.com/document/d/15jDVusulwHoZ7tViD_R5SEUnIJzOmG9inoqIxJuKiRc/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\">passed a resolution in opposition\u003c/a> to the University of California Office of the President's \"coordinated monitoring\" activities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Napolitano was President Obama's secretary of Homeland Security until 2013. Her office said it did not have anyone available to speak with NPR in time for this broadcast.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'The very substance of higher learning really would not be possible unless the faculty and students have some guarantee of confidentiality that they can pursue perhaps crazy ideas and speak with each other without the fear of the stuff coming back to haunt them.'\u003ccite>Barmak Nassirian\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"http://security.ucop.edu/napolitano-letter.html\">in a letter to university chancellors\u003c/a>, Napolitano said her office had no interest in individual emails or browsing history, but that network monitoring is a critical element of cybersecurity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Christine Borgman, a professor of information studies at UCLA, recently got a chance to meet with representatives from Napolitano's office who stressed the urgency they felt after the UCLA break-in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We can certainly understand that you need to scale up your security and you don't want to broadcast exactly what you're doing because you're only going to invite certain kinds of attacks,\" Borgman says. \"But that doesn't mean that we couldn't have talked through more of it as we went.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Napolitano presides over a university system with a stormy history around free speech and \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2012/08/21/159373688/student-subversives-and-the-fbis-dirty-tricks\">spying by the federal government\u003c/a> — especially at Berkeley, where Eric Brewer is a professor of computer science. He says J. Edgar Hoover spied on Berkeley faculty and students during the Cold War.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He was worried about Berkeley being a hotbed of communism, and so he felt free rein to monitor what was going on there,\" Brewer says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, these days most people expect their employers are monitoring them at work. But academia is different, says Barmak Nassirian of the American Association of State Colleges and Universities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The very substance of higher learning really would not be possible unless the faculty and students have some guarantee of confidentiality that they can pursue perhaps crazy ideas and speak with each other without the fear of the stuff coming back to haunt them,\" Nassirian says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But universities are also favorite targets of hackers because of all the personal and professional information on their servers, which means it's going to be tough to balance security, free speech and privacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "U.S. Attorneys Respond to Apple in Court, Call Privacy Concerns 'A Diversion'",
"title": "U.S. Attorneys Respond to Apple in Court, Call Privacy Concerns 'A Diversion'",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Justice Department on Thursday filed its latest argument in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/series/469827708/the-apple-fbi-debate-over-encryption\">dispute with Apple\u003c/a> over access to a locked iPhone, accusing Apple of \"false\" rhetoric and \"overblown\" fears in its public refusal to cooperate with a court order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apple is fighting a federal magistrate judge's order to write special software that would lift security features that prevent the FBI from cracking the passcode on the phone used by Syed Rizwan Farook, one of the San Bernardino shooters. Apple has argued that would amount to creating a master key to millions of other iPhones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Far from being a master key, the software simply disarms a booby trap affixed to one door: Farook's,\" the lawyers write in response, calling the wide-spanning security concerns a \"diversion\" on Apple's part.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Apple desperately wants — desperately \u003cem>needs \u003c/em>— this case not to be about one isolated iPhone ... Apple deliberately raised technological barriers that now stand between a lawful warrant and an iPhone containing evidence related to the terrorist mass murder of 14 Americans,\" the lawyers write.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"n7LUE88Gsn13lG1TrDn6j9IX4yuEbTDD\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Justice Department echoes FBI Director James Comey's argument that growing adoption of strong encryption was creating \"warrantproof\" devices, arguing that the order from the magistrate judge was narrow and targeted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Apple's rhetoric is not only false,\" the lawyers write, \"but also corrosive of the very institutions that are best able to safeguard our liberty and our rights: the courts, the Fourth Amendment, longstanding precedent and venerable laws, and the democratically elected branches of government.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It remains unclear what, if anything, is on the password-locked phone, but the FBI suggests there's \"probable cause to believe there is evidence of a terrorist attack.\" Without the passcode, the investigators cannot access the phone's encrypted content, and attempting to guess it would risk causing the phone to delete the data. Government lawyers urge the court to demand Apple's compliance with the order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That is not lawless tyranny,\" the U.S. attorneys say. \"Rather, it is ordered liberty vindicating the rule of law.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apple's public campaign against the court order has focused on the call for lawmakers in Congress — not the court system — to resolve how much access law enforcement should have to information secured by a password or by encryption. Its position has \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/03/03/469091056/tech-companies-security-experts-express-support-for-apple\">garnered support\u003c/a> from dozens of tech companies and privacy, civil liberties and human rights groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the heart of the debate is the government's reliance on the All Writs Act, a broad 1789 law that gives courts power to, among other things, compel companies' cooperation in investigations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The government argues that many of the positions adopted by Apple — including the emphasis on lawmakers determining the power of the All Writs Act, and the concerns of the law creating \"a slippery slope\" — were \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2016/02/29/468609371/at-supreme-court-debate-over-phone-privacy-has-a-long-history\">argued before the Supreme Court\u003c/a> decades ago, and were dismissed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In the forty years since that decision, it has become clear that the Court was correct because those fears have proved unfounded,\" the U.S. attorneys write.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a call with reporters, Apple's top lawyer, Bruce Sewell, said the tone of the government's response sounded like an \"indictment,\" NPR's Aarti Shahani reports. He also called the filing \"deeply offensive.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apple is due to respond to this latest filing from the government by March 15. A hearing has been set in California for March 22.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The government says Apple has cited broad generalities in its refusal to help the FBI circumvent an iPhone's security features.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Justice Department on Thursday filed its latest argument in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/series/469827708/the-apple-fbi-debate-over-encryption\">dispute with Apple\u003c/a> over access to a locked iPhone, accusing Apple of \"false\" rhetoric and \"overblown\" fears in its public refusal to cooperate with a court order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apple is fighting a federal magistrate judge's order to write special software that would lift security features that prevent the FBI from cracking the passcode on the phone used by Syed Rizwan Farook, one of the San Bernardino shooters. Apple has argued that would amount to creating a master key to millions of other iPhones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Far from being a master key, the software simply disarms a booby trap affixed to one door: Farook's,\" the lawyers write in response, calling the wide-spanning security concerns a \"diversion\" on Apple's part.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Apple desperately wants — desperately \u003cem>needs \u003c/em>— this case not to be about one isolated iPhone ... Apple deliberately raised technological barriers that now stand between a lawful warrant and an iPhone containing evidence related to the terrorist mass murder of 14 Americans,\" the lawyers write.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Justice Department echoes FBI Director James Comey's argument that growing adoption of strong encryption was creating \"warrantproof\" devices, arguing that the order from the magistrate judge was narrow and targeted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Apple's rhetoric is not only false,\" the lawyers write, \"but also corrosive of the very institutions that are best able to safeguard our liberty and our rights: the courts, the Fourth Amendment, longstanding precedent and venerable laws, and the democratically elected branches of government.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It remains unclear what, if anything, is on the password-locked phone, but the FBI suggests there's \"probable cause to believe there is evidence of a terrorist attack.\" Without the passcode, the investigators cannot access the phone's encrypted content, and attempting to guess it would risk causing the phone to delete the data. Government lawyers urge the court to demand Apple's compliance with the order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That is not lawless tyranny,\" the U.S. attorneys say. \"Rather, it is ordered liberty vindicating the rule of law.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apple's public campaign against the court order has focused on the call for lawmakers in Congress — not the court system — to resolve how much access law enforcement should have to information secured by a password or by encryption. Its position has \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/03/03/469091056/tech-companies-security-experts-express-support-for-apple\">garnered support\u003c/a> from dozens of tech companies and privacy, civil liberties and human rights groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the heart of the debate is the government's reliance on the All Writs Act, a broad 1789 law that gives courts power to, among other things, compel companies' cooperation in investigations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The government argues that many of the positions adopted by Apple — including the emphasis on lawmakers determining the power of the All Writs Act, and the concerns of the law creating \"a slippery slope\" — were \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2016/02/29/468609371/at-supreme-court-debate-over-phone-privacy-has-a-long-history\">argued before the Supreme Court\u003c/a> decades ago, and were dismissed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In the forty years since that decision, it has become clear that the Court was correct because those fears have proved unfounded,\" the U.S. attorneys write.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a call with reporters, Apple's top lawyer, Bruce Sewell, said the tone of the government's response sounded like an \"indictment,\" NPR's Aarti Shahani reports. He also called the filing \"deeply offensive.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apple is due to respond to this latest filing from the government by March 15. A hearing has been set in California for March 22.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "National Parks Have a Long To-Do List But Can't Cover the Repair Costs",
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"content": "\u003cp>Driving through the gold-brown savanna of Joshua Tree National Park, past its Dr. Seuss-like trees and water-carved rocks, it's easy to see why the national parks have been called \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/americasbestidea/\" target=\"_blank\">America's Best Idea\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spend a few hours with some of the park's employees, like Cultural Resources Branch Chief Jason Theuer, and you'll see that national parks are also another thing: expensive. There is a nearly $12 billion maintenance backlog of work that needs be done but isn't because of limited money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Theuer's job is to preserve and maintain some of the historical structures here -- sites like Keys Ranch, the sprawling high-desert homestead deep in Joshua Tree's interior. The ranch's schoolhouse, which is about 80 years old, looks like it was cobbled together with salvaged materials. There are no studs keeping the walls straight and upright, so now there's as much light pouring in through the warped wooden-plank walls as there is through the windows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We came in and added all of these supports here,\" Theuer says, pointing to a beefy frame built up against the building's interior. Without it, it's hard to imagine the building standing up to a good sneeze.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10889498\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-10889498\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/RottJoshuaStructure-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"There are more than 150 historical structures at Joshua Tree National Park, like this schoolhouse at Keys Ranch. Jason Theuer's job is to decide which ones to protect and preserve, based on the available resources, and then do just that. He says it feels like being an ambulance driver.\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/RottJoshuaStructure-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/RottJoshuaStructure-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/RottJoshuaStructure.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/RottJoshuaStructure-1180x788.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/RottJoshuaStructure-960x641.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">There are more than 150 historical structures at Joshua Tree National Park, like this schoolhouse at Keys Ranch. Jason Theuer's job is to decide which ones to protect and preserve, based on the available resources, and then do just that. He says it feels like being an ambulance driver. \u003ccite>(Nathan Rott/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The wooden frame and the expertise to install it were expensive, Theuer says. To keep buildings like this standing and to keep them as historically accurate as possible requires structural and architectural analyses, historical preservationists and period experts as well as raw materials and construction crews. In total, Theuer estimates the annual cost of keeping this schoolhouse standing is $35,000 to $40,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The schoolhouse is one of a number of structures at Keys Ranch. There's a two-story house, a guesthouse, a work shed, a windmill, tractors and wagons — all of which need upkeep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how much does it cost to maintain and preserve Keys Ranch for visitors? It's hard to say exactly — and it really doesn't matter, Theuer says, \"because that money doesn't exist in the National Park Service.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Expanding Backlog\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joshua Tree National Park is so expensive to maintain that for years the park's management has had to put off big projects because it hasn't had the money to take them on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Here at Joshua Tree, we have about $60 million in backlog maintenance,\" says David Smith, the park's superintendent. \"And to put that in perspective, our annual operating budget at this park is a little over $6 million.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'I need about twice as much money as I currently get to address our maintenance backlog.'\u003ccite>Jon Jarvis, National Park Service director\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Entrance fees and donations from local groups bring in millions of dollars more, but Smith says it's nowhere near what's needed to start chipping away at that backlog. And the longer it takes to address some of those issues, the more expensive they're going to get.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roads are a big part of that backlog. Many of the park's roads were built almost a century ago when the area was still being drilled and mined for gold. \"Now we have bus-size RVs and SUVs driving on them. It tears them up,\" Smith says. Given time, a crack in a road can become a pothole, and potholes can lead to washed-out roads during the next flash flood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As a homeowner, you take care of your house,\" Smith says. You clean out the gutters and maintain the pipes. \"If you don't take care of your house, it falls apart.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there's the visitor center at the south end of the park, which sees tens of thousands of tourists a year. It's a double-wide trailer, which sits on top of a fault line and isn't properly fitted. \"The fault goes right under my office,\" Smith says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's also the fact that despite having a record 2 million visitors last year, Joshua Tree didn't have the money to hire more rangers, janitors or emergency rescuers to help them out. \"I was just listening to the radio, and we have volunteers responding to an incident at a high point in the park because we don't have staff to respond to that incident,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The net result, Smith says, is that \"we don't have enough money to provide the level of service the public expects.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>'I Need About Twice As Much Money'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joshua Tree National Park, like most of the 409 areas managed by the National Park Service, gets the bulk of its money from Congress. It's appropriated year by year, and in recent years usually comes to about $3 billion annually. Entrance fees, philanthropy and concession sales bring in more money to the park system, but National Park Service Director Jon Jarvis says it's not enough. That much money may have covered the tab for the park system years ago, but not anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.npr.org/player/embed/466461595/469606459\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the money's tight, some jobs don't get done — and those jobs start to pile up. Today, the total backlog of needed maintenance at U.S. national parks is $11.9 billion. That backlog includes $500 million in needed repairs at Yosemite National Park, $100 million of which is considered critical. Grand Canyon National Park needs $330 million, due largely to outstanding wastewater and water system upgrades. The Blue Ridge Parkway, which saw a record 15 million visitors last year, needs $478 million to help address the wear and tear from all of those drivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I need about twice as much money as I currently get to address our maintenance backlog,\" Jarvis says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He's hopeful that Congress will hear his plight and appropriate more money to the National Park Service, pointing out that the new five-year highway transportation bill includes $1.4 billion for roads and bridges in national parks and that President Obama is asking Congress to appropriate more money, using the Park Service's centennial as a reason. That highway money won't come close to addressing the need, though, and Obama's proposals have been met with resistance, leading people like Holly Fretwell, a research fellow at the Property and Environment Research Center and an economics professor at Montana State University, to say that people need to be realistic about the funding situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10889510\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-10889510\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/JoshuaTreeOffice-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"The office of Joshua Tree National Park Superintendent David Smith sits on an active fault line. The building hasn't been retrofitted for seismic activity, though, because there's no money for it. "There are higher priorities," Smith says.\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/JoshuaTreeOffice-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/JoshuaTreeOffice-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/JoshuaTreeOffice.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/JoshuaTreeOffice-1180x788.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/JoshuaTreeOffice-960x641.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The office of Joshua Tree National Park Superintendent David Smith sits on an active fault line. The building hasn't been retrofitted for seismic activity, though, because there's no money for it. \"There are higher priorities,\" Smith says. \u003ccite>(Nathan Rott/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"There's no way that Congress is going to appropriate enough funding to make up this total deferred maintenance backlog,\" she says. They don't have an additional $3 billion to give, she says, and the national parks aren't that big of a priority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fretwell says the current and traditional system of funding the national parks is broken. \"We have to do something different,\" Fretwell says. \"There's no question, because we are losing the quality of our national parks.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Funding For The Future\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fretwell has a few ideas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One is to limit the expansion of the National Park Service. It's not popular with those who want to see more areas protected and preserved, but Fretwell says it doesn't make sense for the Park Service to bring in more sites and areas when it can't maintain what it already has.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Expansions are \"thinning the blood\" of the park system, says James Ridenour, a former director of the National Park Service, because they take needed funds away from some parks and distribute them to others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fretwell says another idea is to look more seriously at \u003ca href=\"http://www.leadingwithconservation.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/CLC_III-Gilroy_Kenny_Morris_1.3.13.pdf\">public-private partnerships\u003c/a>, where the Park Service still owns the land and sets the rules but a private company or entrepreneur runs the day-to-day operations. \"They are a firm, they are a business, they generate profits, and their goal is to manage for a good-quality product like a firm somewhere else,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of Arizona's state parks are managed by a private company called Recreation Resource Management. Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve in Kansas is owned by the National Park Service but jointly managed and funded by the Nature Conservancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Fretwell says she knows that people are uncomfortable with the idea of a private company running the national parks. She hears it from her own friends: \u003cem>It's going to turn into Disneyland.\u003c/em> \u003cem>They're going to charge us $1,000 a day.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fretwell says that wouldn't be the case, because the National Park Service would still set the rules and because putting a roller coaster in Yellowstone National Park wouldn't be good business. That's not why millions of people visit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not a perfect solution to the funding issue, Fretwell says, but it's unlikely that a cure-all solution exists. It'll likely be a mix of appropriations, fees, endowments, sponsorships and public-private partnerships.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Driving through the gold-brown savanna of Joshua Tree National Park, past its Dr. Seuss-like trees and water-carved rocks, it's easy to see why the national parks have been called \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/americasbestidea/\" target=\"_blank\">America's Best Idea\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spend a few hours with some of the park's employees, like Cultural Resources Branch Chief Jason Theuer, and you'll see that national parks are also another thing: expensive. There is a nearly $12 billion maintenance backlog of work that needs be done but isn't because of limited money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Theuer's job is to preserve and maintain some of the historical structures here -- sites like Keys Ranch, the sprawling high-desert homestead deep in Joshua Tree's interior. The ranch's schoolhouse, which is about 80 years old, looks like it was cobbled together with salvaged materials. There are no studs keeping the walls straight and upright, so now there's as much light pouring in through the warped wooden-plank walls as there is through the windows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We came in and added all of these supports here,\" Theuer says, pointing to a beefy frame built up against the building's interior. Without it, it's hard to imagine the building standing up to a good sneeze.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10889498\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-10889498\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/RottJoshuaStructure-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"There are more than 150 historical structures at Joshua Tree National Park, like this schoolhouse at Keys Ranch. Jason Theuer's job is to decide which ones to protect and preserve, based on the available resources, and then do just that. He says it feels like being an ambulance driver.\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/RottJoshuaStructure-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/RottJoshuaStructure-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/RottJoshuaStructure.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/RottJoshuaStructure-1180x788.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/RottJoshuaStructure-960x641.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">There are more than 150 historical structures at Joshua Tree National Park, like this schoolhouse at Keys Ranch. Jason Theuer's job is to decide which ones to protect and preserve, based on the available resources, and then do just that. He says it feels like being an ambulance driver. \u003ccite>(Nathan Rott/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The wooden frame and the expertise to install it were expensive, Theuer says. To keep buildings like this standing and to keep them as historically accurate as possible requires structural and architectural analyses, historical preservationists and period experts as well as raw materials and construction crews. In total, Theuer estimates the annual cost of keeping this schoolhouse standing is $35,000 to $40,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The schoolhouse is one of a number of structures at Keys Ranch. There's a two-story house, a guesthouse, a work shed, a windmill, tractors and wagons — all of which need upkeep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how much does it cost to maintain and preserve Keys Ranch for visitors? It's hard to say exactly — and it really doesn't matter, Theuer says, \"because that money doesn't exist in the National Park Service.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Expanding Backlog\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joshua Tree National Park is so expensive to maintain that for years the park's management has had to put off big projects because it hasn't had the money to take them on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Here at Joshua Tree, we have about $60 million in backlog maintenance,\" says David Smith, the park's superintendent. \"And to put that in perspective, our annual operating budget at this park is a little over $6 million.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'I need about twice as much money as I currently get to address our maintenance backlog.'\u003ccite>Jon Jarvis, National Park Service director\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Entrance fees and donations from local groups bring in millions of dollars more, but Smith says it's nowhere near what's needed to start chipping away at that backlog. And the longer it takes to address some of those issues, the more expensive they're going to get.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roads are a big part of that backlog. Many of the park's roads were built almost a century ago when the area was still being drilled and mined for gold. \"Now we have bus-size RVs and SUVs driving on them. It tears them up,\" Smith says. Given time, a crack in a road can become a pothole, and potholes can lead to washed-out roads during the next flash flood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As a homeowner, you take care of your house,\" Smith says. You clean out the gutters and maintain the pipes. \"If you don't take care of your house, it falls apart.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there's the visitor center at the south end of the park, which sees tens of thousands of tourists a year. It's a double-wide trailer, which sits on top of a fault line and isn't properly fitted. \"The fault goes right under my office,\" Smith says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's also the fact that despite having a record 2 million visitors last year, Joshua Tree didn't have the money to hire more rangers, janitors or emergency rescuers to help them out. \"I was just listening to the radio, and we have volunteers responding to an incident at a high point in the park because we don't have staff to respond to that incident,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The net result, Smith says, is that \"we don't have enough money to provide the level of service the public expects.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>'I Need About Twice As Much Money'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joshua Tree National Park, like most of the 409 areas managed by the National Park Service, gets the bulk of its money from Congress. It's appropriated year by year, and in recent years usually comes to about $3 billion annually. Entrance fees, philanthropy and concession sales bring in more money to the park system, but National Park Service Director Jon Jarvis says it's not enough. That much money may have covered the tab for the park system years ago, but not anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.npr.org/player/embed/466461595/469606459\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the money's tight, some jobs don't get done — and those jobs start to pile up. Today, the total backlog of needed maintenance at U.S. national parks is $11.9 billion. That backlog includes $500 million in needed repairs at Yosemite National Park, $100 million of which is considered critical. Grand Canyon National Park needs $330 million, due largely to outstanding wastewater and water system upgrades. The Blue Ridge Parkway, which saw a record 15 million visitors last year, needs $478 million to help address the wear and tear from all of those drivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I need about twice as much money as I currently get to address our maintenance backlog,\" Jarvis says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He's hopeful that Congress will hear his plight and appropriate more money to the National Park Service, pointing out that the new five-year highway transportation bill includes $1.4 billion for roads and bridges in national parks and that President Obama is asking Congress to appropriate more money, using the Park Service's centennial as a reason. That highway money won't come close to addressing the need, though, and Obama's proposals have been met with resistance, leading people like Holly Fretwell, a research fellow at the Property and Environment Research Center and an economics professor at Montana State University, to say that people need to be realistic about the funding situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10889510\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-10889510\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/JoshuaTreeOffice-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"The office of Joshua Tree National Park Superintendent David Smith sits on an active fault line. The building hasn't been retrofitted for seismic activity, though, because there's no money for it. "There are higher priorities," Smith says.\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/JoshuaTreeOffice-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/JoshuaTreeOffice-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/JoshuaTreeOffice.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/JoshuaTreeOffice-1180x788.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/JoshuaTreeOffice-960x641.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The office of Joshua Tree National Park Superintendent David Smith sits on an active fault line. The building hasn't been retrofitted for seismic activity, though, because there's no money for it. \"There are higher priorities,\" Smith says. \u003ccite>(Nathan Rott/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"There's no way that Congress is going to appropriate enough funding to make up this total deferred maintenance backlog,\" she says. They don't have an additional $3 billion to give, she says, and the national parks aren't that big of a priority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fretwell says the current and traditional system of funding the national parks is broken. \"We have to do something different,\" Fretwell says. \"There's no question, because we are losing the quality of our national parks.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Funding For The Future\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fretwell has a few ideas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One is to limit the expansion of the National Park Service. It's not popular with those who want to see more areas protected and preserved, but Fretwell says it doesn't make sense for the Park Service to bring in more sites and areas when it can't maintain what it already has.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Expansions are \"thinning the blood\" of the park system, says James Ridenour, a former director of the National Park Service, because they take needed funds away from some parks and distribute them to others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fretwell says another idea is to look more seriously at \u003ca href=\"http://www.leadingwithconservation.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/CLC_III-Gilroy_Kenny_Morris_1.3.13.pdf\">public-private partnerships\u003c/a>, where the Park Service still owns the land and sets the rules but a private company or entrepreneur runs the day-to-day operations. \"They are a firm, they are a business, they generate profits, and their goal is to manage for a good-quality product like a firm somewhere else,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of Arizona's state parks are managed by a private company called Recreation Resource Management. Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve in Kansas is owned by the National Park Service but jointly managed and funded by the Nature Conservancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Fretwell says she knows that people are uncomfortable with the idea of a private company running the national parks. She hears it from her own friends: \u003cem>It's going to turn into Disneyland.\u003c/em> \u003cem>They're going to charge us $1,000 a day.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fretwell says that wouldn't be the case, because the National Park Service would still set the rules and because putting a roller coaster in Yellowstone National Park wouldn't be good business. That's not why millions of people visit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not a perfect solution to the funding issue, Fretwell says, but it's unlikely that a cure-all solution exists. It'll likely be a mix of appropriations, fees, endowments, sponsorships and public-private partnerships.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "L.A. Officials Bring the Hammer Down on Tiny Houses for Homeless",
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"content": "\u003cp>Elvis Summers is not part of any nonprofit or government agency. He's just a 38-year-old guy with a mohawk and tattooed arms who started a GoFundMe campaign last spring so he could build tiny houses for homeless people to live in. He got the idea after befriending a homeless woman in his neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It just got to me, you know, I'm just like, you know, everybody in this neighborhood knows you, they like you,\" he says. \"Why does nobody give a crap that you're sleeping in the dirt? Literally.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.npr.org/player/embed/469054634/469083227\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far Summer has given out 37 tiny 6- by-8-foot houses, which cost $1,200 each to build. They resemble sheds, painted in bright, solid colors, with solar panels on the roof, wheels to make them mobile and a portable camping toilet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But recently, city sanitation workers confiscated three of the houses from a sidewalk in South Los Angeles and tagged others for removal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Unfortunately, these structures are a safety hazard,\" says Connie Llanos, a spokeswoman for L.A. Mayor Eric Garcetti. \"These structures, some of the materials that were found in some of them, just the thought of folks having some of these things in a space so small, so confined, without the proper insulation, it really does put their lives in danger.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Llanos says they'd be better off taking advantage of official resources like shelters or housing vouchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L8nTcqwqdU4\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the latest count, 44,000 people live on the streets in and around L.A. The city's sweep put some people back on the sidewalks, and since then Summers has been handing out tents instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Willie Hadnot lost his tiny house when the city confiscated it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"About my house, you know, you know I had a peace of mind,\" he says. \"I could shut the door, go lay down, quiet. And that's what I miss a whole lot, man. I don't want to start crying.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"pyxL9x4wLepdPRzLgGjuuNLa4vgkaLbE\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Someone who understands that pain is Kevin Green, whose tiny house was tagged for removal. Before the city could take it, Summers moved it to the parking lot where it now stands, temporarily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you're homeless, your day is consumed with, you know, that you don't have a place to store your things so you're walking around carrying all this stuff with you, you know, what can you get accomplished?\" asks Green, who lived on the streets of South L.A. for six months before he got this house around Christmas. His bed takes up most of his tiny blue house. Green is proud to have a roof over his head as he opens the door and steps inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I have two windows, one on each side with blue curtains, thin enough to allow the breeze to come through,\" he says. \"You know, I keep my keys around a keychain that I hang around my neck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But you know, it's a constant reminder with it around my neck that I have something that I can call mine.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 KCRW-FM. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.kcrw.com\">KCRW-FM\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Elvis Summers is not part of any nonprofit or government agency. He's just a 38-year-old guy with a mohawk and tattooed arms who started a GoFundMe campaign last spring so he could build tiny houses for homeless people to live in. He got the idea after befriending a homeless woman in his neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It just got to me, you know, I'm just like, you know, everybody in this neighborhood knows you, they like you,\" he says. \"Why does nobody give a crap that you're sleeping in the dirt? Literally.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.npr.org/player/embed/469054634/469083227\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far Summer has given out 37 tiny 6- by-8-foot houses, which cost $1,200 each to build. They resemble sheds, painted in bright, solid colors, with solar panels on the roof, wheels to make them mobile and a portable camping toilet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But recently, city sanitation workers confiscated three of the houses from a sidewalk in South Los Angeles and tagged others for removal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Unfortunately, these structures are a safety hazard,\" says Connie Llanos, a spokeswoman for L.A. Mayor Eric Garcetti. \"These structures, some of the materials that were found in some of them, just the thought of folks having some of these things in a space so small, so confined, without the proper insulation, it really does put their lives in danger.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Llanos says they'd be better off taking advantage of official resources like shelters or housing vouchers.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/L8nTcqwqdU4'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/L8nTcqwqdU4'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>According to the latest count, 44,000 people live on the streets in and around L.A. The city's sweep put some people back on the sidewalks, and since then Summers has been handing out tents instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Willie Hadnot lost his tiny house when the city confiscated it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"About my house, you know, you know I had a peace of mind,\" he says. \"I could shut the door, go lay down, quiet. And that's what I miss a whole lot, man. I don't want to start crying.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Someone who understands that pain is Kevin Green, whose tiny house was tagged for removal. Before the city could take it, Summers moved it to the parking lot where it now stands, temporarily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you're homeless, your day is consumed with, you know, that you don't have a place to store your things so you're walking around carrying all this stuff with you, you know, what can you get accomplished?\" asks Green, who lived on the streets of South L.A. for six months before he got this house around Christmas. His bed takes up most of his tiny blue house. Green is proud to have a roof over his head as he opens the door and steps inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I have two windows, one on each side with blue curtains, thin enough to allow the breeze to come through,\" he says. \"You know, I keep my keys around a keychain that I hang around my neck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But you know, it's a constant reminder with it around my neck that I have something that I can call mine.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 KCRW-FM. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.kcrw.com\">KCRW-FM\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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