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"headTitle": "Priced Out | News Fix | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>It's normal for millennials to still live at home these days. But what if you're a millennial who doesn't have a home to go back to?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing up, Alkeisha Porter says, she didn't like her mom's husband, and her dad had a drug problem. So at 16, she moved out and became homeless.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was basically just house-hopping from friends to some family members. Hey, it was comfortable to me. It wasn't cold. I wasn't sleeping outside,\" says Porter, now 23.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Young people — 18- to 24-year-olds — make up one of the \u003ca href=\"http://homeless.samhsa.gov/Channel/Youth-31.aspx\">fastest-growing homeless populations in the country\u003c/a>. In many big cities, like New York, Los Angeles and San Francisco, where housing is at a premium, finding affordable housing is especially hard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.npr.org/player/embed/470876718/471233396\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In San Francisco, one-bedroom apartment rents average $3,490 a month. There are about 1,600 homeless young adults in the city on any given night, and public housing is out of reach for many of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Porter found an apartment for herself and her baby on San Francisco's Ocean Avenue, in a building run by \u003ca href=\"https://www.mercyhousing.org/CA-1100-Ocean\">Mercy Housing\u003c/a>. The nonprofit provides subsidized affordable housing for low-income residents, including 25 apartments reserved for 18- to 24-year-olds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cinthia Mendoza is one of Porter's neighbors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is my first dream, to be on my own, in my own apartment, paying rent, paying bills like a normal adult does,\" said the 21-year-old Mendoza.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Domestic violence forced her out of her home and into foster care when she was 17.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Behind the door there's a refrigerator, a huge one, which I've never had in my life. And then a microwave, and then I have a big stove, and it's brand-new. Everything was brand-new when I got here,\" she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mendoza is one of the lucky ones. There are way more low-income youth who need housing than there are subsidized apartments available. Technically, Mendoza and Porter could qualify for federal public housing instead of living at Mercy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"AM9Cm2SJYmeVyzTHpc80TLFZ6RP1MZ9f\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's very simple,\" says Ron Ashford, director of Public Housing Supportive Services at HUD. \"[Young adults looking for public housing] just need to find their local housing authority, go to the housing authority and apply.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for young adults, the problem isn't applying. It's getting in. Their demographic is considered a lower priority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Remember that you are competing against families who do not have a home and who are looking for public housing,\" Ashord says. \"When I was in the New York City Housing Authority some 20 years ago, the waiting list was more than 10 years.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In San Francisco, the waiting list for public housing is so long that it's closed for the time being. There's another obstacle specific to young adults: Being enrolled in college classes presents extra rules that limit access to Section 8 federal housing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We need to be rethinking some of these rules around housing for students,\" says Eric Rice, a professor of social work at the University of Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rice's work includes a focus on homeless youth. He says he's frustrated that taking a few courses can jeopardize a young person's ability to get housing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Because if we have students who are homeless, who are low-income, they need higher education as a long-term solution for alleviating their situation with respect to poverty,\" Rice says. \"And we want to make that easier, not harder.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before 2005, students didn't have to meet such strict rules when it came to public housing. But then a scandal broke, in which well-off college athletes in schools across the country were caught living in Section 8 public housing. This controversy prompted a change in \u003ca href=\"https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2008/08/21/E8-19435/eligibility-of-students-for-assisted-housing-under-section-8-of-the-us-housing-act-of-1937\">the rules\u003c/a>, affecting most full- and part-time students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is just one reason local solutions like Mercy Housing have popped up, to provide alternatives for 18- to 24-year-olds. The nonprofit welcomes students but has to limit student residents to part-timers to qualify for federal tax credits. These tax credits make it possible to build this sort of public housing alternative in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mercy Housing apartments on Ocean Avenue are situated right across the street from San Francisco City College. This was an intentional decision on the part of Mercy, to make it easier for the young residents to enroll if they choose to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These student residents don't have to worry about being kicked out of their homes just for taking a few classes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was produced by \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.youthradio.org/\">\u003cem>Youth Radio\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 Youth Radio.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It's normal for millennials to still live at home these days. But what if you're a millennial who doesn't have a home to go back to?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing up, Alkeisha Porter says, she didn't like her mom's husband, and her dad had a drug problem. So at 16, she moved out and became homeless.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was basically just house-hopping from friends to some family members. Hey, it was comfortable to me. It wasn't cold. I wasn't sleeping outside,\" says Porter, now 23.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Young people — 18- to 24-year-olds — make up one of the \u003ca href=\"http://homeless.samhsa.gov/Channel/Youth-31.aspx\">fastest-growing homeless populations in the country\u003c/a>. In many big cities, like New York, Los Angeles and San Francisco, where housing is at a premium, finding affordable housing is especially hard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.npr.org/player/embed/470876718/471233396\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In San Francisco, one-bedroom apartment rents average $3,490 a month. There are about 1,600 homeless young adults in the city on any given night, and public housing is out of reach for many of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Porter found an apartment for herself and her baby on San Francisco's Ocean Avenue, in a building run by \u003ca href=\"https://www.mercyhousing.org/CA-1100-Ocean\">Mercy Housing\u003c/a>. The nonprofit provides subsidized affordable housing for low-income residents, including 25 apartments reserved for 18- to 24-year-olds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cinthia Mendoza is one of Porter's neighbors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is my first dream, to be on my own, in my own apartment, paying rent, paying bills like a normal adult does,\" said the 21-year-old Mendoza.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Domestic violence forced her out of her home and into foster care when she was 17.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Behind the door there's a refrigerator, a huge one, which I've never had in my life. And then a microwave, and then I have a big stove, and it's brand-new. Everything was brand-new when I got here,\" she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mendoza is one of the lucky ones. There are way more low-income youth who need housing than there are subsidized apartments available. Technically, Mendoza and Porter could qualify for federal public housing instead of living at Mercy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's very simple,\" says Ron Ashford, director of Public Housing Supportive Services at HUD. \"[Young adults looking for public housing] just need to find their local housing authority, go to the housing authority and apply.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for young adults, the problem isn't applying. It's getting in. Their demographic is considered a lower priority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Remember that you are competing against families who do not have a home and who are looking for public housing,\" Ashord says. \"When I was in the New York City Housing Authority some 20 years ago, the waiting list was more than 10 years.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In San Francisco, the waiting list for public housing is so long that it's closed for the time being. There's another obstacle specific to young adults: Being enrolled in college classes presents extra rules that limit access to Section 8 federal housing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We need to be rethinking some of these rules around housing for students,\" says Eric Rice, a professor of social work at the University of Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rice's work includes a focus on homeless youth. He says he's frustrated that taking a few courses can jeopardize a young person's ability to get housing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Because if we have students who are homeless, who are low-income, they need higher education as a long-term solution for alleviating their situation with respect to poverty,\" Rice says. \"And we want to make that easier, not harder.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before 2005, students didn't have to meet such strict rules when it came to public housing. But then a scandal broke, in which well-off college athletes in schools across the country were caught living in Section 8 public housing. This controversy prompted a change in \u003ca href=\"https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2008/08/21/E8-19435/eligibility-of-students-for-assisted-housing-under-section-8-of-the-us-housing-act-of-1937\">the rules\u003c/a>, affecting most full- and part-time students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is just one reason local solutions like Mercy Housing have popped up, to provide alternatives for 18- to 24-year-olds. The nonprofit welcomes students but has to limit student residents to part-timers to qualify for federal tax credits. These tax credits make it possible to build this sort of public housing alternative in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mercy Housing apartments on Ocean Avenue are situated right across the street from San Francisco City College. This was an intentional decision on the part of Mercy, to make it easier for the young residents to enroll if they choose to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These student residents don't have to worry about being kicked out of their homes just for taking a few classes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was produced by \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.youthradio.org/\">\u003cem>Youth Radio\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 Youth Radio.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Lost at Sea and Feared Dead, Dog Found on Island After 5 Weeks",
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"content": "\u003cp>Five weeks ago, a 1-year-old German shepherd-husky mix with startling blue eyes fell off a fishing boat in the Pacific Ocean north of San Diego. The dog, named Luna, was miles from land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She was reported missing on Feb. 10 by her owner, fisherman Nick Haworth, who told authorities that Luna was a strong swimmer and would head toward land. But the nearest shoreline was San Clemente Island, home to a U.S. naval facility and about 2 miles from where the dog fell into the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sandy DeMunnik, public affairs officer for the base, said staff helped Haworth search the island for the dog, but with no luck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He stayed in the area for two more days to look for her, and after a week, we considered her lost at sea and presumed dead,\" DeMunnik said, according to ABC News.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crushed, Haworth made peace with Luna's death, posting on Facebook, \"RIP Luna, you will be greatly missed.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.facebook.com/nick.haworth.5/posts/10206319887462366\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, on Tuesday morning, she reappeared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Luna turned up near the naval installation on the island as crew members were arriving for work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They saw Luna just sitting on the side of the road wagging her tail,\" DeMunnik said, \u003ca href=\"http://abcnews.go.com/US/navy-finds-missing-dog-fell-off-fishing-boat/story?id=37701943\">according to ABC\u003c/a>. \"Keep in mind, there are no domesticated animals on the island, so it was a stunning sight.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The officers may have been surprised to see a dog, but Luna wasn't fazed to see the officers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They literally opened up the car door, whistled, and she jumped right in,\" Navy wildlife biologist Melissa Booker told t\u003ca href=\"http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/2016/mar/16/dog-lost-sea-presumed-dead-reunited-owner/\">he San Diego Union-Tribune\u003c/a>. The newspaper writes:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"The determined dog had apparently swam to shore and survived on her own for five weeks. She was found to be a bit malnourished but otherwise healthy and uninjured. It appeared she'd eaten small rodents to survive, Booker said.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>DeMunnik's evaluation was the same. She told ABC that Luna was undernourished but in good health, adding that the dog had likely been \"surviving off of mice for the past few weeks.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Haworth's friend picked up Luna on Wednesday and she is scheduled to be reunited with Haworth, a 20-year-old San Diego State student, when he returns from a trip on Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Haworth posted on Facebook, \"Beyond stoked to have Luna back. I always knew she was a warrior.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.facebook.com/nick.haworth.5/posts/10206476288772301\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Five weeks ago, a 1-year-old German shepherd-husky mix with startling blue eyes fell off a fishing boat in the Pacific Ocean north of San Diego. The dog, named Luna, was miles from land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She was reported missing on Feb. 10 by her owner, fisherman Nick Haworth, who told authorities that Luna was a strong swimmer and would head toward land. But the nearest shoreline was San Clemente Island, home to a U.S. naval facility and about 2 miles from where the dog fell into the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sandy DeMunnik, public affairs officer for the base, said staff helped Haworth search the island for the dog, but with no luck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He stayed in the area for two more days to look for her, and after a week, we considered her lost at sea and presumed dead,\" DeMunnik said, according to ABC News.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crushed, Haworth made peace with Luna's death, posting on Facebook, \"RIP Luna, you will be greatly missed.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.facebook.com/nick.haworth.5/posts/10206319887462366\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, on Tuesday morning, she reappeared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Luna turned up near the naval installation on the island as crew members were arriving for work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They saw Luna just sitting on the side of the road wagging her tail,\" DeMunnik said, \u003ca href=\"http://abcnews.go.com/US/navy-finds-missing-dog-fell-off-fishing-boat/story?id=37701943\">according to ABC\u003c/a>. \"Keep in mind, there are no domesticated animals on the island, so it was a stunning sight.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The officers may have been surprised to see a dog, but Luna wasn't fazed to see the officers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They literally opened up the car door, whistled, and she jumped right in,\" Navy wildlife biologist Melissa Booker told t\u003ca href=\"http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/2016/mar/16/dog-lost-sea-presumed-dead-reunited-owner/\">he San Diego Union-Tribune\u003c/a>. The newspaper writes:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"The determined dog had apparently swam to shore and survived on her own for five weeks. She was found to be a bit malnourished but otherwise healthy and uninjured. It appeared she'd eaten small rodents to survive, Booker said.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>DeMunnik's evaluation was the same. She told ABC that Luna was undernourished but in good health, adding that the dog had likely been \"surviving off of mice for the past few weeks.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Haworth's friend picked up Luna on Wednesday and she is scheduled to be reunited with Haworth, a 20-year-old San Diego State student, when he returns from a trip on Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Haworth posted on Facebook, \"Beyond stoked to have Luna back. I always knew she was a warrior.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.facebook.com/nick.haworth.5/posts/10206476288772301\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>President Obama’s choice to serve as the newest Supreme Court justice is Merrick Garland, a moderate federal appeals court judge and former prosecutor with a reputation for collegiality and meticulous legal reasoning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garland, who has won past Republican support, has “more federal judicial experience than any other Supreme Court nominee in history,” a White House official said. “No one is better suited to immediately serve on the Supreme Court.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garland is the latest judge from the federal appeals court in Washington to be promoted to the current Supreme Court. If confirmed, he would join Chief Justice John Roberts and Justices Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Clarence Thomas, all of whom served on the D.C. appeals court before being elevated. So did the late Antonin Scalia, who died last month after nearly 30 years on the nation’s highest court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The selection of Garland, 63, could disappoint avid liberals, who wanted Obama to pick someone who would “take on” the court’s conservatives in much the way Justice Scalia “takes on” the court’s liberals and moderates. And the choice of Garland, a white man who attended Harvard Law School, could also dismay advocates who had hoped for a more diverse candidate from the African-American or Asian legal communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Garland, who currently serves as the chief judge of the nation’s second-highest court, takes care to emphasize his humble roots. During summer breaks in college, he worked as a shoe store stock clerk and he sold his comic book collection to help pay his tuition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10897927\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-10897927\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/GarlandApplause-800x463.jpg\" alt=\"Judge Merrick Garland (C) speaks after President Obama, with Vice President Joe Biden, announced Garland's nomination to the Supreme Court on March 16, 2016.\" width=\"800\" height=\"463\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/GarlandApplause-800x463.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/GarlandApplause-400x232.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/GarlandApplause.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/GarlandApplause-1180x683.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/GarlandApplause-960x556.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Judge Merrick Garland (C) speaks after President Obama, with Vice President Joe Biden, announced Garland’s nomination to the Supreme Court on March 16, 2016. \u003ccite>(NICHOLAS KAMM/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As late as last week, Republicans like Utah Sen. Orrin Hatch offered praise for Garland, though it’s far from clear whether he and Senate leaders will budge on their determination to avoid hearings or votes on any nominee until a new president takes office in 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garland has a lengthy record on the D.C. circuit court, but that court deals mainly with regulatory issues and not hot-button social issues of the day, such as abortion and gay rights. That has served as a confirmation advantage for previous nominees from the appeals court, and it likely will for Garland, too. Republican interest groups such as the Judicial Crisis Network signaled they would take issue with his vote to rehear a case over D.C.’s tough gun restrictions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Another Chicagoan\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garland grew up in the Chicago area. His mother, Shirley, was a director of volunteer services and his father, Cyril, ran a small business out of the basement of the family home, advertising area clothing stores. Garland went to public schools and was valedictorian of his high school class in Skokie. From there, it was on to Harvard College, on scholarship, where he graduated first in his class. At Harvard Law School, he was an editor on the Law Review.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He is married to Lynn Rosenmann, an engineer whom he met in Boston while she was getting a master’s degree in physics at MIT. Rosenmann’s grandfather springs from Democratic party royalty, having advised Presidents Franklin Roosevelt and Harry Truman. The Garlands have two daughters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If confirmed, Garland would be the third Jewish justice, meaning that with six Catholics also serving, the Supreme Court for the first time would have no Protestant justices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘The Perfect Background’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garland began his legal career clerking for two iconic judges: first, conservative Judge Henry Friendly on the federal appeals court in New York, and then liberal Justice William Brennan on the U.S. Supreme Court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1979, he served as a special assistant to Attorney General Benjamin Civiletti. With the switch in administrations in 1981, he joined the large Washington law firm of Arnold & Porter, becoming a partner four years later. While in private practice, he did corporate litigation and also taught antitrust courses at Harvard Law School.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”7LwsQWwia91SC91uA3C532GDeTZDRaFC”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Garland longed to return to public service and wanted more experience in the rough and tumble of trial work. So in 1989, he joined the U.S. attorney’s office in Washington, D.C., as a line prosecutor, trying cases that ranged from drug trafficking to complex public corruption charges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1993, he joined the newly installed Clinton administration as deputy assistant attorney general in the Justice Department’s criminal division. A year later, Deputy Attorney General Jamie Gorelick, the department’s second in command, asked Garland to be her principal deputy. She said she chose him because he had “the perfect background,” having worked in the department at both high and low levels. Moreover, says Gorelick, “He had shown himself to be a brilliant lawyer with excellent judgment, utterly without any political agenda, other than to do right.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A String of Bombing Cases\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garland was soon put to the test. He supervised the investigations into the Unabomber and the Oklahoma City and Atlanta Olympics bombings, among others. In the Oklahoma City case, he not only headed the investigation, he put together the trial team that prosecuted Timothy McVeigh, winning praise from the state’s Republican governor, Frank Keating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gorelick says one of the Garland traits she treasured was his instinct to “question the received wisdom” and not to jump to conclusions. That paid off again and again, she says, when initial evidence seemed to point in one direction in major cases, only to evaporate on later inspection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clinton appointed Garland to the U.S. Court of Appeals in 1995. After a long Republican stall in the Senate that lasted 19 months, he was confirmed by a vote of 76-23.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Moderate But Persuasive Liberal\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the appeals court, Garland has been a moderate liberal, with a definite pro-prosecution bent in criminal cases. Indeed, his views in the area of criminal law are considerably more conservative than those of the man he would replace, Justice John Paul Stevens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Garland has also been a persuasive voice for liberals, managing to bring conservatives over to his side on issues ranging from the environment to national security. For example, in a case involving Chinese Uighurs detained at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, Garland asked the Justice Department for the particulars of its evidence and then wrote an opinion for himself and two conservative judges that concluded that the Bush administration’s claim that they were enemy combatants was utterly unsupported by the evidence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So respected is Garland as a judge that Chief Justice Roberts, at his confirmation hearing, answered a question about one of his majority opinions by noting that Judge Garland had dissented and, said Roberts, “Any time Judge Garland disagrees, you know you’re in a difficult area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Merrick+Garland+Has+A+Reputation+Of+Collegiality%2C+Record+Of+Republican+Support&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>President Obama’s choice to serve as the newest Supreme Court justice is Merrick Garland, a moderate federal appeals court judge and former prosecutor with a reputation for collegiality and meticulous legal reasoning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garland, who has won past Republican support, has “more federal judicial experience than any other Supreme Court nominee in history,” a White House official said. “No one is better suited to immediately serve on the Supreme Court.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garland is the latest judge from the federal appeals court in Washington to be promoted to the current Supreme Court. If confirmed, he would join Chief Justice John Roberts and Justices Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Clarence Thomas, all of whom served on the D.C. appeals court before being elevated. So did the late Antonin Scalia, who died last month after nearly 30 years on the nation’s highest court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The selection of Garland, 63, could disappoint avid liberals, who wanted Obama to pick someone who would “take on” the court’s conservatives in much the way Justice Scalia “takes on” the court’s liberals and moderates. And the choice of Garland, a white man who attended Harvard Law School, could also dismay advocates who had hoped for a more diverse candidate from the African-American or Asian legal communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Garland, who currently serves as the chief judge of the nation’s second-highest court, takes care to emphasize his humble roots. During summer breaks in college, he worked as a shoe store stock clerk and he sold his comic book collection to help pay his tuition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10897927\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-10897927\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/GarlandApplause-800x463.jpg\" alt=\"Judge Merrick Garland (C) speaks after President Obama, with Vice President Joe Biden, announced Garland's nomination to the Supreme Court on March 16, 2016.\" width=\"800\" height=\"463\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/GarlandApplause-800x463.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/GarlandApplause-400x232.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/GarlandApplause.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/GarlandApplause-1180x683.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/GarlandApplause-960x556.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Judge Merrick Garland (C) speaks after President Obama, with Vice President Joe Biden, announced Garland’s nomination to the Supreme Court on March 16, 2016. \u003ccite>(NICHOLAS KAMM/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As late as last week, Republicans like Utah Sen. Orrin Hatch offered praise for Garland, though it’s far from clear whether he and Senate leaders will budge on their determination to avoid hearings or votes on any nominee until a new president takes office in 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garland has a lengthy record on the D.C. circuit court, but that court deals mainly with regulatory issues and not hot-button social issues of the day, such as abortion and gay rights. That has served as a confirmation advantage for previous nominees from the appeals court, and it likely will for Garland, too. Republican interest groups such as the Judicial Crisis Network signaled they would take issue with his vote to rehear a case over D.C.’s tough gun restrictions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Another Chicagoan\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garland grew up in the Chicago area. His mother, Shirley, was a director of volunteer services and his father, Cyril, ran a small business out of the basement of the family home, advertising area clothing stores. Garland went to public schools and was valedictorian of his high school class in Skokie. From there, it was on to Harvard College, on scholarship, where he graduated first in his class. At Harvard Law School, he was an editor on the Law Review.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He is married to Lynn Rosenmann, an engineer whom he met in Boston while she was getting a master’s degree in physics at MIT. Rosenmann’s grandfather springs from Democratic party royalty, having advised Presidents Franklin Roosevelt and Harry Truman. The Garlands have two daughters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If confirmed, Garland would be the third Jewish justice, meaning that with six Catholics also serving, the Supreme Court for the first time would have no Protestant justices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘The Perfect Background’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garland began his legal career clerking for two iconic judges: first, conservative Judge Henry Friendly on the federal appeals court in New York, and then liberal Justice William Brennan on the U.S. Supreme Court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1979, he served as a special assistant to Attorney General Benjamin Civiletti. With the switch in administrations in 1981, he joined the large Washington law firm of Arnold & Porter, becoming a partner four years later. While in private practice, he did corporate litigation and also taught antitrust courses at Harvard Law School.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Garland longed to return to public service and wanted more experience in the rough and tumble of trial work. So in 1989, he joined the U.S. attorney’s office in Washington, D.C., as a line prosecutor, trying cases that ranged from drug trafficking to complex public corruption charges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1993, he joined the newly installed Clinton administration as deputy assistant attorney general in the Justice Department’s criminal division. A year later, Deputy Attorney General Jamie Gorelick, the department’s second in command, asked Garland to be her principal deputy. She said she chose him because he had “the perfect background,” having worked in the department at both high and low levels. Moreover, says Gorelick, “He had shown himself to be a brilliant lawyer with excellent judgment, utterly without any political agenda, other than to do right.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A String of Bombing Cases\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garland was soon put to the test. He supervised the investigations into the Unabomber and the Oklahoma City and Atlanta Olympics bombings, among others. In the Oklahoma City case, he not only headed the investigation, he put together the trial team that prosecuted Timothy McVeigh, winning praise from the state’s Republican governor, Frank Keating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gorelick says one of the Garland traits she treasured was his instinct to “question the received wisdom” and not to jump to conclusions. That paid off again and again, she says, when initial evidence seemed to point in one direction in major cases, only to evaporate on later inspection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clinton appointed Garland to the U.S. Court of Appeals in 1995. After a long Republican stall in the Senate that lasted 19 months, he was confirmed by a vote of 76-23.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Moderate But Persuasive Liberal\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the appeals court, Garland has been a moderate liberal, with a definite pro-prosecution bent in criminal cases. Indeed, his views in the area of criminal law are considerably more conservative than those of the man he would replace, Justice John Paul Stevens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Garland has also been a persuasive voice for liberals, managing to bring conservatives over to his side on issues ranging from the environment to national security. For example, in a case involving Chinese Uighurs detained at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, Garland asked the Justice Department for the particulars of its evidence and then wrote an opinion for himself and two conservative judges that concluded that the Bush administration’s claim that they were enemy combatants was utterly unsupported by the evidence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Obama Nominates Appellate Judge Merrick Garland to Supreme Court",
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"content": "\u003cp>WASHINGTON — President Obama announced Wednesday he is nominating appellate Judge Merrick Garland to the Supreme Court, urging Republicans to approve a longtime jurist and former prosecutor known as “one of America’s sharpest legal minds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, R-Kentucky, immediately renewed a vow to block any Supreme Court nomination Obama makes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garland, 63, is the chief judge for the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, a court whose influence over federal policy and national security matters has made it a proving ground for potential Supreme Court justices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He would replace conservative, Justice Antonin Scalia, who died last month, leaving behind a bitter election-year fight over the future of the court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLLpws7WjmI\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obama announced his choice at a ceremony in the Rose Garden, with Democratic Senate leaders and allies looking on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garland, who had been passed over before, choked back tears, calling the nomination “the greatest honor of my life.” He described his grandparents’ flight from anti-Semitism in Eastern Europe and his modest upbringing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said he viewed a judge’s job as a mandate to set aside personal preferences to “follow the law, not make it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obama held up Merrick as diligent public servant, highlighting his work leading the investigation into the Oklahoma City bombing. He quoted past praise for Garland from Chief Justice John Roberts and Sen. Orrin Hatch. And he said Garland’s talent for bringing together “odd couples” made him a consensus candidate best poised to become an immediate force on the nation’s highest court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The president urged the Republican-led Senate not to let the particularly fierce and partisan political climate quash the nomination of a “serious man.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is precisely the time when we should play it straight,” Obama said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garland was confirmed to the D.C. Circuit in 1997 with backing from a majority in both parties, including seven current Republicans senators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sen. Chuck Schumer of New York, the No. 3 Democratic leader, called Garland’s selection “a bipartisan choice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”aXqwMXVKwmMkBdcRFabDUOzVvWJ91Dph”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Senate Minority Leader Harry Reid, who spoke to Obama Wednesday morning, said in brief remarks on the Senate floor that Republicans must act on the president’s choice. “He’s doing his job this morning, they should do theirs,” said the Nevada Democrat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If confirmed, Garland would be expected to align with the more liberal members, but he is not viewed as down-the-line liberal. Particularly on criminal defense and national security cases, he’s earned a reputation as centrist, and one of the few Democratic-appointed judges Republicans might have fast-tracked to confirmation — under other circumstances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the current climate, Garland remains a tough sell. Republicans control the Senate, which must confirm any nominee, and GOP leaders want to leave the choice to the next president, denying Obama a chance to alter the ideological balance of the court before he leaves office next January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wednesday morning, McConnell cited \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/23/us/politics/joe-biden-argued-for-delaying-supreme-court-picks-in-1992.html?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a June 1992 declaration\u003c/a> by Joe Biden — then a Democratic senator from Delaware, now Obama’s vice president — that as a general practice, Supreme Court nominations ought to be delayed during presidential election years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Senate will continue to observe the Biden Rule so that the American people have a voice in this momentous decision,” McConnell said in a statement delivered immediately after Obama introduced Garland as his nominee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The American people may well elect a president who decides to nominate Judge Garland for Senate consideration,” McConnell said. “The next president may also nominate someone very different. Either way, our view is this: Give the people a voice in the filling of this vacancy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[NPR Supreme Court correspondent Nina Totenberg said before Obama’s announcement that she had learned that Senate Republicans have signaled via “back channels” that they would approve Garland, but only after the general election in November.]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ahead of Obama’s announcement, the Republican Party set up a task force that will orchestrate attack ads, petitions and media outreach. The aim is to bolster Senate Republicans’ strategy of denying consideration of Obama’s nominee. The party’s chairman, Reince Priebus, described it as the GOP’s most comprehensive judicial response effort ever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other side, Obama allies have been drafted to run a Democratic effort that will involve liberal groups that hope an Obama nominee could pull the high court’s ideological balance to the left. The effort would target states where activists believe Republicans will feel political heat for opposing hearings once Obama announced his nominee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Obama, Garland represents a significant departure from his past two Supreme Court choices. In nominating Sonia Sotomayor and Elena Kagan, the president eagerly seized the chance to broaden the court’s diversity and rebalance the overwhelming male institution. Sotomayor was the first Hispanic confirmed to the court, Kagan only the fourth woman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garland — a white, male jurist with an Ivy League pedigree and career spent largely in the upper echelon of Washington’s legal elite — breaks no barriers. At 63 years old, he would be the oldest Supreme Court nominee since Lewis Powell, who was 64 when he was confirmed in late 1971.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Presidents tend to appoint young judges with the hope they will shape the court’s direction for as long as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those factors had, until now, made Garland something of a perpetual bridesmaid, repeatedly on Obama’s Supreme Court lists, but never chosen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Garland found his moment at time when Democrats are seeking to apply maximum pressure on Republicans. A key part of their strategy is casting Republicans as knee-jerk obstructionists ready to shoot down a nominee that many in their own ranks once considered a consensus candidate. In 2010, Utah Sen. Orrin Hatch called Garland “terrific” and said he could be confirmed “virtually unanimously.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The White House planned to highlight Hatch’s past support, as well as other glowing comments about Garland from conservative groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A native of Chicago and graduate of Harvard College and Harvard Law School, Garland clerked for two appointees of Republican President Dwight D. Eisenhower — the liberal U.S. Supreme Court Justice William Brennan Jr. and Judge Henry J. Friendly, for whom Chief Justice John Roberts also clerked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1988, he gave up a plush partner’s office in a powerhouse law firm to cut his teeth in criminal cases. As an assistant U.S. attorney, he joined the team prosecuting a Reagan White House aide charged with illegal lobbying and did early work on the drug case against then-D.C. Mayor Marion Barry. He held a top-ranking post in the Justice Department when he was dispatched to Oklahoma City the day after the bombing at the federal courthouse to supervise the investigation. The case made his career and his reputation. He oversaw the convictions of Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols, and went on to supervise the investigation into Unabomber Ted Kaczynski.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Bill Clinton first nominated him to the D.C. Circuit in 1995.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His prolonged confirmation process may prove to have prepared him for the one ahead. Garland waited 19 months to win confirmation to the appeals court. Then, as now, one of the main blocking path was Iowa Sen. Charles Grassley, who argued he had no quarrel with Garland’s credentials, but a beef with the notion of a Democratic president trying to fill a court he argued had too many seats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grassley ultimately relented, although he was not one of the 32 Republicans who voted in favor of Garland’s confirmation. Nor was McConnell, the other major hurdle for Garland now. The Republicans who voted in favor of confirmation are Sen. Dan Coats, Sen. Thad Cochran, Sen. Susan Collins, Sen. Orrin Hatch, Sen. Jim Inhofe, Sen. John McCain and Sen. Pat Roberts.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>WASHINGTON — President Obama announced Wednesday he is nominating appellate Judge Merrick Garland to the Supreme Court, urging Republicans to approve a longtime jurist and former prosecutor known as “one of America’s sharpest legal minds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, R-Kentucky, immediately renewed a vow to block any Supreme Court nomination Obama makes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garland, 63, is the chief judge for the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, a court whose influence over federal policy and national security matters has made it a proving ground for potential Supreme Court justices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He would replace conservative, Justice Antonin Scalia, who died last month, leaving behind a bitter election-year fight over the future of the court.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/NLLpws7WjmI'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/NLLpws7WjmI'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obama announced his choice at a ceremony in the Rose Garden, with Democratic Senate leaders and allies looking on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garland, who had been passed over before, choked back tears, calling the nomination “the greatest honor of my life.” He described his grandparents’ flight from anti-Semitism in Eastern Europe and his modest upbringing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said he viewed a judge’s job as a mandate to set aside personal preferences to “follow the law, not make it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obama held up Merrick as diligent public servant, highlighting his work leading the investigation into the Oklahoma City bombing. He quoted past praise for Garland from Chief Justice John Roberts and Sen. Orrin Hatch. And he said Garland’s talent for bringing together “odd couples” made him a consensus candidate best poised to become an immediate force on the nation’s highest court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The president urged the Republican-led Senate not to let the particularly fierce and partisan political climate quash the nomination of a “serious man.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is precisely the time when we should play it straight,” Obama said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garland was confirmed to the D.C. Circuit in 1997 with backing from a majority in both parties, including seven current Republicans senators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sen. Chuck Schumer of New York, the No. 3 Democratic leader, called Garland’s selection “a bipartisan choice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Senate Minority Leader Harry Reid, who spoke to Obama Wednesday morning, said in brief remarks on the Senate floor that Republicans must act on the president’s choice. “He’s doing his job this morning, they should do theirs,” said the Nevada Democrat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If confirmed, Garland would be expected to align with the more liberal members, but he is not viewed as down-the-line liberal. Particularly on criminal defense and national security cases, he’s earned a reputation as centrist, and one of the few Democratic-appointed judges Republicans might have fast-tracked to confirmation — under other circumstances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the current climate, Garland remains a tough sell. Republicans control the Senate, which must confirm any nominee, and GOP leaders want to leave the choice to the next president, denying Obama a chance to alter the ideological balance of the court before he leaves office next January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wednesday morning, McConnell cited \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/23/us/politics/joe-biden-argued-for-delaying-supreme-court-picks-in-1992.html?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a June 1992 declaration\u003c/a> by Joe Biden — then a Democratic senator from Delaware, now Obama’s vice president — that as a general practice, Supreme Court nominations ought to be delayed during presidential election years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Senate will continue to observe the Biden Rule so that the American people have a voice in this momentous decision,” McConnell said in a statement delivered immediately after Obama introduced Garland as his nominee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The American people may well elect a president who decides to nominate Judge Garland for Senate consideration,” McConnell said. “The next president may also nominate someone very different. Either way, our view is this: Give the people a voice in the filling of this vacancy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[NPR Supreme Court correspondent Nina Totenberg said before Obama’s announcement that she had learned that Senate Republicans have signaled via “back channels” that they would approve Garland, but only after the general election in November.]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ahead of Obama’s announcement, the Republican Party set up a task force that will orchestrate attack ads, petitions and media outreach. The aim is to bolster Senate Republicans’ strategy of denying consideration of Obama’s nominee. The party’s chairman, Reince Priebus, described it as the GOP’s most comprehensive judicial response effort ever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other side, Obama allies have been drafted to run a Democratic effort that will involve liberal groups that hope an Obama nominee could pull the high court’s ideological balance to the left. The effort would target states where activists believe Republicans will feel political heat for opposing hearings once Obama announced his nominee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Obama, Garland represents a significant departure from his past two Supreme Court choices. In nominating Sonia Sotomayor and Elena Kagan, the president eagerly seized the chance to broaden the court’s diversity and rebalance the overwhelming male institution. Sotomayor was the first Hispanic confirmed to the court, Kagan only the fourth woman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garland — a white, male jurist with an Ivy League pedigree and career spent largely in the upper echelon of Washington’s legal elite — breaks no barriers. At 63 years old, he would be the oldest Supreme Court nominee since Lewis Powell, who was 64 when he was confirmed in late 1971.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Presidents tend to appoint young judges with the hope they will shape the court’s direction for as long as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those factors had, until now, made Garland something of a perpetual bridesmaid, repeatedly on Obama’s Supreme Court lists, but never chosen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Garland found his moment at time when Democrats are seeking to apply maximum pressure on Republicans. A key part of their strategy is casting Republicans as knee-jerk obstructionists ready to shoot down a nominee that many in their own ranks once considered a consensus candidate. In 2010, Utah Sen. Orrin Hatch called Garland “terrific” and said he could be confirmed “virtually unanimously.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The White House planned to highlight Hatch’s past support, as well as other glowing comments about Garland from conservative groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A native of Chicago and graduate of Harvard College and Harvard Law School, Garland clerked for two appointees of Republican President Dwight D. Eisenhower — the liberal U.S. Supreme Court Justice William Brennan Jr. and Judge Henry J. Friendly, for whom Chief Justice John Roberts also clerked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1988, he gave up a plush partner’s office in a powerhouse law firm to cut his teeth in criminal cases. As an assistant U.S. attorney, he joined the team prosecuting a Reagan White House aide charged with illegal lobbying and did early work on the drug case against then-D.C. Mayor Marion Barry. He held a top-ranking post in the Justice Department when he was dispatched to Oklahoma City the day after the bombing at the federal courthouse to supervise the investigation. The case made his career and his reputation. He oversaw the convictions of Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols, and went on to supervise the investigation into Unabomber Ted Kaczynski.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Bill Clinton first nominated him to the D.C. Circuit in 1995.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His prolonged confirmation process may prove to have prepared him for the one ahead. Garland waited 19 months to win confirmation to the appeals court. Then, as now, one of the main blocking path was Iowa Sen. Charles Grassley, who argued he had no quarrel with Garland’s credentials, but a beef with the notion of a Democratic president trying to fill a court he argued had too many seats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grassley ultimately relented, although he was not one of the 32 Republicans who voted in favor of Garland’s confirmation. Nor was McConnell, the other major hurdle for Garland now. The Republicans who voted in favor of confirmation are Sen. Dan Coats, Sen. Thad Cochran, Sen. Susan Collins, Sen. Orrin Hatch, Sen. Jim Inhofe, Sen. John McCain and Sen. Pat Roberts.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "At California Campuses, a Test for Free Speech, Privacy and Cybersecurity",
"title": "At California Campuses, a Test for Free Speech, Privacy and Cybersecurity",
"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>A controversy over a secretly installed data monitoring system is simmering at university campuses across California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last summer, hackers broke into the computer network \u003ca href=\"http://money.cnn.com/2015/07/17/technology/ucla-health-hack/\">at the UCLA Medical Center\u003c/a>. A few months later, the University of California system's president quietly ordered a new security system to monitor Internet traffic on all UC campuses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And the people who had to put the box in place were ordered to do so and also ordered to keep quiet about it,\" says Ethan Ligon, a professor of agricultural economics at the University of California, Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they didn't keep quiet: Ligon and other faculty members found out — and were surprised that they weren't consulted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.npr.org/player/embed/468963220/470119984\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's a long tradition that dates back to the [1930s] at the University of California that gives faculty the right to share in shaping policies at the university, both on the campus and across the UC system,\" Ligon says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decision by Janet Napolitano, the university president and a former secretary of Homeland Security in the Obama administration, is stoking debate over what level of privacy and free speech should be guaranteed to faculty and students at public universities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The security system ordered by Napolitano not only monitors Internet traffic — it also stores it for at least 30 days. The idea is to allow security personnel to go back through the traffic to look for breaches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But experts like Vinnie Liu, a senior partner with the Internet security firm Bishop Fox, say this kind of system creates a trove of information for hackers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Where you rely on that as a central point of control, if that monitoring system were to be compromised, if it's not deployed correctly or it's not managed correctly, then, yes, it would absolutely be a very bad situation,\" Liu says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10893070\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-10893070\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/Napolitano-800x483.jpg\" alt=\"UC president and former U.S. Homeland Security chief Janet Napolitano.\" width=\"800\" height=\"483\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/Napolitano-800x483.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/Napolitano-400x241.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/Napolitano.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/Napolitano-1180x712.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/Napolitano-960x579.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UC president and former U.S. Homeland Security chief Janet Napolitano. \u003ccite>(Chip Somodevilla/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At a recent meeting of the UC Berkeley Graduate Assembly, many students learned about it for the first time. Some, like Andrew Stevens, were not pleased.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"How many people here have research with human subjects where you're ensuring them that your communications are private?\" he asked. \"That information is now sitting in a repository that could be subpoenaed.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then Marten Lohstroh — a student in electrical engineering and computer science — raised what was on a lot of students' minds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The question I have is, how, as the University of California, did we end up having a president that was the former secretary of Homeland Security?\" he asked, to laughter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, the Graduate Assembly \u003ca href=\"https://docs.google.com/document/d/15jDVusulwHoZ7tViD_R5SEUnIJzOmG9inoqIxJuKiRc/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\">passed a resolution in opposition\u003c/a> to the University of California Office of the President's \"coordinated monitoring\" activities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Napolitano was President Obama's secretary of Homeland Security until 2013. Her office said it did not have anyone available to speak with NPR in time for this broadcast.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'The very substance of higher learning really would not be possible unless the faculty and students have some guarantee of confidentiality that they can pursue perhaps crazy ideas and speak with each other without the fear of the stuff coming back to haunt them.'\u003ccite>Barmak Nassirian\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"http://security.ucop.edu/napolitano-letter.html\">in a letter to university chancellors\u003c/a>, Napolitano said her office had no interest in individual emails or browsing history, but that network monitoring is a critical element of cybersecurity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Christine Borgman, a professor of information studies at UCLA, recently got a chance to meet with representatives from Napolitano's office who stressed the urgency they felt after the UCLA break-in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We can certainly understand that you need to scale up your security and you don't want to broadcast exactly what you're doing because you're only going to invite certain kinds of attacks,\" Borgman says. \"But that doesn't mean that we couldn't have talked through more of it as we went.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Napolitano presides over a university system with a stormy history around free speech and \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2012/08/21/159373688/student-subversives-and-the-fbis-dirty-tricks\">spying by the federal government\u003c/a> — especially at Berkeley, where Eric Brewer is a professor of computer science. He says J. Edgar Hoover spied on Berkeley faculty and students during the Cold War.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He was worried about Berkeley being a hotbed of communism, and so he felt free rein to monitor what was going on there,\" Brewer says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, these days most people expect their employers are monitoring them at work. But academia is different, says Barmak Nassirian of the American Association of State Colleges and Universities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The very substance of higher learning really would not be possible unless the faculty and students have some guarantee of confidentiality that they can pursue perhaps crazy ideas and speak with each other without the fear of the stuff coming back to haunt them,\" Nassirian says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But universities are also favorite targets of hackers because of all the personal and professional information on their servers, which means it's going to be tough to balance security, free speech and privacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A controversy over a secretly installed data monitoring system is simmering at university campuses across California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last summer, hackers broke into the computer network \u003ca href=\"http://money.cnn.com/2015/07/17/technology/ucla-health-hack/\">at the UCLA Medical Center\u003c/a>. A few months later, the University of California system's president quietly ordered a new security system to monitor Internet traffic on all UC campuses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And the people who had to put the box in place were ordered to do so and also ordered to keep quiet about it,\" says Ethan Ligon, a professor of agricultural economics at the University of California, Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they didn't keep quiet: Ligon and other faculty members found out — and were surprised that they weren't consulted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.npr.org/player/embed/468963220/470119984\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's a long tradition that dates back to the [1930s] at the University of California that gives faculty the right to share in shaping policies at the university, both on the campus and across the UC system,\" Ligon says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decision by Janet Napolitano, the university president and a former secretary of Homeland Security in the Obama administration, is stoking debate over what level of privacy and free speech should be guaranteed to faculty and students at public universities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The security system ordered by Napolitano not only monitors Internet traffic — it also stores it for at least 30 days. The idea is to allow security personnel to go back through the traffic to look for breaches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But experts like Vinnie Liu, a senior partner with the Internet security firm Bishop Fox, say this kind of system creates a trove of information for hackers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Where you rely on that as a central point of control, if that monitoring system were to be compromised, if it's not deployed correctly or it's not managed correctly, then, yes, it would absolutely be a very bad situation,\" Liu says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10893070\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-10893070\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/Napolitano-800x483.jpg\" alt=\"UC president and former U.S. Homeland Security chief Janet Napolitano.\" width=\"800\" height=\"483\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/Napolitano-800x483.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/Napolitano-400x241.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/Napolitano.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/Napolitano-1180x712.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/Napolitano-960x579.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UC president and former U.S. Homeland Security chief Janet Napolitano. \u003ccite>(Chip Somodevilla/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At a recent meeting of the UC Berkeley Graduate Assembly, many students learned about it for the first time. Some, like Andrew Stevens, were not pleased.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"How many people here have research with human subjects where you're ensuring them that your communications are private?\" he asked. \"That information is now sitting in a repository that could be subpoenaed.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then Marten Lohstroh — a student in electrical engineering and computer science — raised what was on a lot of students' minds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The question I have is, how, as the University of California, did we end up having a president that was the former secretary of Homeland Security?\" he asked, to laughter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, the Graduate Assembly \u003ca href=\"https://docs.google.com/document/d/15jDVusulwHoZ7tViD_R5SEUnIJzOmG9inoqIxJuKiRc/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\">passed a resolution in opposition\u003c/a> to the University of California Office of the President's \"coordinated monitoring\" activities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Napolitano was President Obama's secretary of Homeland Security until 2013. Her office said it did not have anyone available to speak with NPR in time for this broadcast.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'The very substance of higher learning really would not be possible unless the faculty and students have some guarantee of confidentiality that they can pursue perhaps crazy ideas and speak with each other without the fear of the stuff coming back to haunt them.'\u003ccite>Barmak Nassirian\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"http://security.ucop.edu/napolitano-letter.html\">in a letter to university chancellors\u003c/a>, Napolitano said her office had no interest in individual emails or browsing history, but that network monitoring is a critical element of cybersecurity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Christine Borgman, a professor of information studies at UCLA, recently got a chance to meet with representatives from Napolitano's office who stressed the urgency they felt after the UCLA break-in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We can certainly understand that you need to scale up your security and you don't want to broadcast exactly what you're doing because you're only going to invite certain kinds of attacks,\" Borgman says. \"But that doesn't mean that we couldn't have talked through more of it as we went.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Napolitano presides over a university system with a stormy history around free speech and \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2012/08/21/159373688/student-subversives-and-the-fbis-dirty-tricks\">spying by the federal government\u003c/a> — especially at Berkeley, where Eric Brewer is a professor of computer science. He says J. Edgar Hoover spied on Berkeley faculty and students during the Cold War.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He was worried about Berkeley being a hotbed of communism, and so he felt free rein to monitor what was going on there,\" Brewer says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, these days most people expect their employers are monitoring them at work. But academia is different, says Barmak Nassirian of the American Association of State Colleges and Universities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The very substance of higher learning really would not be possible unless the faculty and students have some guarantee of confidentiality that they can pursue perhaps crazy ideas and speak with each other without the fear of the stuff coming back to haunt them,\" Nassirian says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But universities are also favorite targets of hackers because of all the personal and professional information on their servers, which means it's going to be tough to balance security, free speech and privacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "U.S. Attorneys Respond to Apple in Court, Call Privacy Concerns 'A Diversion'",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Justice Department on Thursday filed its latest argument in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/series/469827708/the-apple-fbi-debate-over-encryption\">dispute with Apple\u003c/a> over access to a locked iPhone, accusing Apple of \"false\" rhetoric and \"overblown\" fears in its public refusal to cooperate with a court order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apple is fighting a federal magistrate judge's order to write special software that would lift security features that prevent the FBI from cracking the passcode on the phone used by Syed Rizwan Farook, one of the San Bernardino shooters. Apple has argued that would amount to creating a master key to millions of other iPhones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Far from being a master key, the software simply disarms a booby trap affixed to one door: Farook's,\" the lawyers write in response, calling the wide-spanning security concerns a \"diversion\" on Apple's part.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Apple desperately wants — desperately \u003cem>needs \u003c/em>— this case not to be about one isolated iPhone ... Apple deliberately raised technological barriers that now stand between a lawful warrant and an iPhone containing evidence related to the terrorist mass murder of 14 Americans,\" the lawyers write.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"n7LUE88Gsn13lG1TrDn6j9IX4yuEbTDD\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Justice Department echoes FBI Director James Comey's argument that growing adoption of strong encryption was creating \"warrantproof\" devices, arguing that the order from the magistrate judge was narrow and targeted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Apple's rhetoric is not only false,\" the lawyers write, \"but also corrosive of the very institutions that are best able to safeguard our liberty and our rights: the courts, the Fourth Amendment, longstanding precedent and venerable laws, and the democratically elected branches of government.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It remains unclear what, if anything, is on the password-locked phone, but the FBI suggests there's \"probable cause to believe there is evidence of a terrorist attack.\" Without the passcode, the investigators cannot access the phone's encrypted content, and attempting to guess it would risk causing the phone to delete the data. Government lawyers urge the court to demand Apple's compliance with the order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That is not lawless tyranny,\" the U.S. attorneys say. \"Rather, it is ordered liberty vindicating the rule of law.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apple's public campaign against the court order has focused on the call for lawmakers in Congress — not the court system — to resolve how much access law enforcement should have to information secured by a password or by encryption. Its position has \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/03/03/469091056/tech-companies-security-experts-express-support-for-apple\">garnered support\u003c/a> from dozens of tech companies and privacy, civil liberties and human rights groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the heart of the debate is the government's reliance on the All Writs Act, a broad 1789 law that gives courts power to, among other things, compel companies' cooperation in investigations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The government argues that many of the positions adopted by Apple — including the emphasis on lawmakers determining the power of the All Writs Act, and the concerns of the law creating \"a slippery slope\" — were \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2016/02/29/468609371/at-supreme-court-debate-over-phone-privacy-has-a-long-history\">argued before the Supreme Court\u003c/a> decades ago, and were dismissed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In the forty years since that decision, it has become clear that the Court was correct because those fears have proved unfounded,\" the U.S. attorneys write.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a call with reporters, Apple's top lawyer, Bruce Sewell, said the tone of the government's response sounded like an \"indictment,\" NPR's Aarti Shahani reports. He also called the filing \"deeply offensive.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apple is due to respond to this latest filing from the government by March 15. A hearing has been set in California for March 22.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Justice Department on Thursday filed its latest argument in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/series/469827708/the-apple-fbi-debate-over-encryption\">dispute with Apple\u003c/a> over access to a locked iPhone, accusing Apple of \"false\" rhetoric and \"overblown\" fears in its public refusal to cooperate with a court order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apple is fighting a federal magistrate judge's order to write special software that would lift security features that prevent the FBI from cracking the passcode on the phone used by Syed Rizwan Farook, one of the San Bernardino shooters. Apple has argued that would amount to creating a master key to millions of other iPhones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Far from being a master key, the software simply disarms a booby trap affixed to one door: Farook's,\" the lawyers write in response, calling the wide-spanning security concerns a \"diversion\" on Apple's part.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Apple desperately wants — desperately \u003cem>needs \u003c/em>— this case not to be about one isolated iPhone ... Apple deliberately raised technological barriers that now stand between a lawful warrant and an iPhone containing evidence related to the terrorist mass murder of 14 Americans,\" the lawyers write.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Justice Department echoes FBI Director James Comey's argument that growing adoption of strong encryption was creating \"warrantproof\" devices, arguing that the order from the magistrate judge was narrow and targeted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Apple's rhetoric is not only false,\" the lawyers write, \"but also corrosive of the very institutions that are best able to safeguard our liberty and our rights: the courts, the Fourth Amendment, longstanding precedent and venerable laws, and the democratically elected branches of government.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It remains unclear what, if anything, is on the password-locked phone, but the FBI suggests there's \"probable cause to believe there is evidence of a terrorist attack.\" Without the passcode, the investigators cannot access the phone's encrypted content, and attempting to guess it would risk causing the phone to delete the data. Government lawyers urge the court to demand Apple's compliance with the order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That is not lawless tyranny,\" the U.S. attorneys say. \"Rather, it is ordered liberty vindicating the rule of law.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apple's public campaign against the court order has focused on the call for lawmakers in Congress — not the court system — to resolve how much access law enforcement should have to information secured by a password or by encryption. Its position has \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/03/03/469091056/tech-companies-security-experts-express-support-for-apple\">garnered support\u003c/a> from dozens of tech companies and privacy, civil liberties and human rights groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the heart of the debate is the government's reliance on the All Writs Act, a broad 1789 law that gives courts power to, among other things, compel companies' cooperation in investigations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The government argues that many of the positions adopted by Apple — including the emphasis on lawmakers determining the power of the All Writs Act, and the concerns of the law creating \"a slippery slope\" — were \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2016/02/29/468609371/at-supreme-court-debate-over-phone-privacy-has-a-long-history\">argued before the Supreme Court\u003c/a> decades ago, and were dismissed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In the forty years since that decision, it has become clear that the Court was correct because those fears have proved unfounded,\" the U.S. attorneys write.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a call with reporters, Apple's top lawyer, Bruce Sewell, said the tone of the government's response sounded like an \"indictment,\" NPR's Aarti Shahani reports. He also called the filing \"deeply offensive.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apple is due to respond to this latest filing from the government by March 15. A hearing has been set in California for March 22.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "National Parks Have a Long To-Do List But Can't Cover the Repair Costs",
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"content": "\u003cp>Driving through the gold-brown savanna of Joshua Tree National Park, past its Dr. Seuss-like trees and water-carved rocks, it's easy to see why the national parks have been called \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/americasbestidea/\" target=\"_blank\">America's Best Idea\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spend a few hours with some of the park's employees, like Cultural Resources Branch Chief Jason Theuer, and you'll see that national parks are also another thing: expensive. There is a nearly $12 billion maintenance backlog of work that needs be done but isn't because of limited money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Theuer's job is to preserve and maintain some of the historical structures here -- sites like Keys Ranch, the sprawling high-desert homestead deep in Joshua Tree's interior. The ranch's schoolhouse, which is about 80 years old, looks like it was cobbled together with salvaged materials. There are no studs keeping the walls straight and upright, so now there's as much light pouring in through the warped wooden-plank walls as there is through the windows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We came in and added all of these supports here,\" Theuer says, pointing to a beefy frame built up against the building's interior. Without it, it's hard to imagine the building standing up to a good sneeze.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10889498\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-10889498\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/RottJoshuaStructure-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"There are more than 150 historical structures at Joshua Tree National Park, like this schoolhouse at Keys Ranch. Jason Theuer's job is to decide which ones to protect and preserve, based on the available resources, and then do just that. He says it feels like being an ambulance driver.\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/RottJoshuaStructure-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/RottJoshuaStructure-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/RottJoshuaStructure.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/RottJoshuaStructure-1180x788.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/RottJoshuaStructure-960x641.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">There are more than 150 historical structures at Joshua Tree National Park, like this schoolhouse at Keys Ranch. Jason Theuer's job is to decide which ones to protect and preserve, based on the available resources, and then do just that. He says it feels like being an ambulance driver. \u003ccite>(Nathan Rott/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The wooden frame and the expertise to install it were expensive, Theuer says. To keep buildings like this standing and to keep them as historically accurate as possible requires structural and architectural analyses, historical preservationists and period experts as well as raw materials and construction crews. In total, Theuer estimates the annual cost of keeping this schoolhouse standing is $35,000 to $40,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The schoolhouse is one of a number of structures at Keys Ranch. There's a two-story house, a guesthouse, a work shed, a windmill, tractors and wagons — all of which need upkeep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how much does it cost to maintain and preserve Keys Ranch for visitors? It's hard to say exactly — and it really doesn't matter, Theuer says, \"because that money doesn't exist in the National Park Service.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Expanding Backlog\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joshua Tree National Park is so expensive to maintain that for years the park's management has had to put off big projects because it hasn't had the money to take them on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Here at Joshua Tree, we have about $60 million in backlog maintenance,\" says David Smith, the park's superintendent. \"And to put that in perspective, our annual operating budget at this park is a little over $6 million.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'I need about twice as much money as I currently get to address our maintenance backlog.'\u003ccite>Jon Jarvis, National Park Service director\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Entrance fees and donations from local groups bring in millions of dollars more, but Smith says it's nowhere near what's needed to start chipping away at that backlog. And the longer it takes to address some of those issues, the more expensive they're going to get.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roads are a big part of that backlog. Many of the park's roads were built almost a century ago when the area was still being drilled and mined for gold. \"Now we have bus-size RVs and SUVs driving on them. It tears them up,\" Smith says. Given time, a crack in a road can become a pothole, and potholes can lead to washed-out roads during the next flash flood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As a homeowner, you take care of your house,\" Smith says. You clean out the gutters and maintain the pipes. \"If you don't take care of your house, it falls apart.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there's the visitor center at the south end of the park, which sees tens of thousands of tourists a year. It's a double-wide trailer, which sits on top of a fault line and isn't properly fitted. \"The fault goes right under my office,\" Smith says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's also the fact that despite having a record 2 million visitors last year, Joshua Tree didn't have the money to hire more rangers, janitors or emergency rescuers to help them out. \"I was just listening to the radio, and we have volunteers responding to an incident at a high point in the park because we don't have staff to respond to that incident,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The net result, Smith says, is that \"we don't have enough money to provide the level of service the public expects.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>'I Need About Twice As Much Money'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joshua Tree National Park, like most of the 409 areas managed by the National Park Service, gets the bulk of its money from Congress. It's appropriated year by year, and in recent years usually comes to about $3 billion annually. Entrance fees, philanthropy and concession sales bring in more money to the park system, but National Park Service Director Jon Jarvis says it's not enough. That much money may have covered the tab for the park system years ago, but not anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.npr.org/player/embed/466461595/469606459\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the money's tight, some jobs don't get done — and those jobs start to pile up. Today, the total backlog of needed maintenance at U.S. national parks is $11.9 billion. That backlog includes $500 million in needed repairs at Yosemite National Park, $100 million of which is considered critical. Grand Canyon National Park needs $330 million, due largely to outstanding wastewater and water system upgrades. The Blue Ridge Parkway, which saw a record 15 million visitors last year, needs $478 million to help address the wear and tear from all of those drivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I need about twice as much money as I currently get to address our maintenance backlog,\" Jarvis says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He's hopeful that Congress will hear his plight and appropriate more money to the National Park Service, pointing out that the new five-year highway transportation bill includes $1.4 billion for roads and bridges in national parks and that President Obama is asking Congress to appropriate more money, using the Park Service's centennial as a reason. That highway money won't come close to addressing the need, though, and Obama's proposals have been met with resistance, leading people like Holly Fretwell, a research fellow at the Property and Environment Research Center and an economics professor at Montana State University, to say that people need to be realistic about the funding situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10889510\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-10889510\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/JoshuaTreeOffice-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"The office of Joshua Tree National Park Superintendent David Smith sits on an active fault line. The building hasn't been retrofitted for seismic activity, though, because there's no money for it. "There are higher priorities," Smith says.\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/JoshuaTreeOffice-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/JoshuaTreeOffice-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/JoshuaTreeOffice.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/JoshuaTreeOffice-1180x788.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/JoshuaTreeOffice-960x641.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The office of Joshua Tree National Park Superintendent David Smith sits on an active fault line. The building hasn't been retrofitted for seismic activity, though, because there's no money for it. \"There are higher priorities,\" Smith says. \u003ccite>(Nathan Rott/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"There's no way that Congress is going to appropriate enough funding to make up this total deferred maintenance backlog,\" she says. They don't have an additional $3 billion to give, she says, and the national parks aren't that big of a priority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fretwell says the current and traditional system of funding the national parks is broken. \"We have to do something different,\" Fretwell says. \"There's no question, because we are losing the quality of our national parks.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Funding For The Future\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fretwell has a few ideas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One is to limit the expansion of the National Park Service. It's not popular with those who want to see more areas protected and preserved, but Fretwell says it doesn't make sense for the Park Service to bring in more sites and areas when it can't maintain what it already has.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Expansions are \"thinning the blood\" of the park system, says James Ridenour, a former director of the National Park Service, because they take needed funds away from some parks and distribute them to others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fretwell says another idea is to look more seriously at \u003ca href=\"http://www.leadingwithconservation.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/CLC_III-Gilroy_Kenny_Morris_1.3.13.pdf\">public-private partnerships\u003c/a>, where the Park Service still owns the land and sets the rules but a private company or entrepreneur runs the day-to-day operations. \"They are a firm, they are a business, they generate profits, and their goal is to manage for a good-quality product like a firm somewhere else,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of Arizona's state parks are managed by a private company called Recreation Resource Management. Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve in Kansas is owned by the National Park Service but jointly managed and funded by the Nature Conservancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Fretwell says she knows that people are uncomfortable with the idea of a private company running the national parks. She hears it from her own friends: \u003cem>It's going to turn into Disneyland.\u003c/em> \u003cem>They're going to charge us $1,000 a day.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fretwell says that wouldn't be the case, because the National Park Service would still set the rules and because putting a roller coaster in Yellowstone National Park wouldn't be good business. That's not why millions of people visit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not a perfect solution to the funding issue, Fretwell says, but it's unlikely that a cure-all solution exists. It'll likely be a mix of appropriations, fees, endowments, sponsorships and public-private partnerships.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Driving through the gold-brown savanna of Joshua Tree National Park, past its Dr. Seuss-like trees and water-carved rocks, it's easy to see why the national parks have been called \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/americasbestidea/\" target=\"_blank\">America's Best Idea\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spend a few hours with some of the park's employees, like Cultural Resources Branch Chief Jason Theuer, and you'll see that national parks are also another thing: expensive. There is a nearly $12 billion maintenance backlog of work that needs be done but isn't because of limited money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Theuer's job is to preserve and maintain some of the historical structures here -- sites like Keys Ranch, the sprawling high-desert homestead deep in Joshua Tree's interior. The ranch's schoolhouse, which is about 80 years old, looks like it was cobbled together with salvaged materials. There are no studs keeping the walls straight and upright, so now there's as much light pouring in through the warped wooden-plank walls as there is through the windows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We came in and added all of these supports here,\" Theuer says, pointing to a beefy frame built up against the building's interior. Without it, it's hard to imagine the building standing up to a good sneeze.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10889498\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-10889498\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/RottJoshuaStructure-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"There are more than 150 historical structures at Joshua Tree National Park, like this schoolhouse at Keys Ranch. Jason Theuer's job is to decide which ones to protect and preserve, based on the available resources, and then do just that. He says it feels like being an ambulance driver.\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/RottJoshuaStructure-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/RottJoshuaStructure-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/RottJoshuaStructure.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/RottJoshuaStructure-1180x788.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/RottJoshuaStructure-960x641.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">There are more than 150 historical structures at Joshua Tree National Park, like this schoolhouse at Keys Ranch. Jason Theuer's job is to decide which ones to protect and preserve, based on the available resources, and then do just that. He says it feels like being an ambulance driver. \u003ccite>(Nathan Rott/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The wooden frame and the expertise to install it were expensive, Theuer says. To keep buildings like this standing and to keep them as historically accurate as possible requires structural and architectural analyses, historical preservationists and period experts as well as raw materials and construction crews. In total, Theuer estimates the annual cost of keeping this schoolhouse standing is $35,000 to $40,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The schoolhouse is one of a number of structures at Keys Ranch. There's a two-story house, a guesthouse, a work shed, a windmill, tractors and wagons — all of which need upkeep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how much does it cost to maintain and preserve Keys Ranch for visitors? It's hard to say exactly — and it really doesn't matter, Theuer says, \"because that money doesn't exist in the National Park Service.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Expanding Backlog\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joshua Tree National Park is so expensive to maintain that for years the park's management has had to put off big projects because it hasn't had the money to take them on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Here at Joshua Tree, we have about $60 million in backlog maintenance,\" says David Smith, the park's superintendent. \"And to put that in perspective, our annual operating budget at this park is a little over $6 million.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'I need about twice as much money as I currently get to address our maintenance backlog.'\u003ccite>Jon Jarvis, National Park Service director\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Entrance fees and donations from local groups bring in millions of dollars more, but Smith says it's nowhere near what's needed to start chipping away at that backlog. And the longer it takes to address some of those issues, the more expensive they're going to get.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roads are a big part of that backlog. Many of the park's roads were built almost a century ago when the area was still being drilled and mined for gold. \"Now we have bus-size RVs and SUVs driving on them. It tears them up,\" Smith says. Given time, a crack in a road can become a pothole, and potholes can lead to washed-out roads during the next flash flood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As a homeowner, you take care of your house,\" Smith says. You clean out the gutters and maintain the pipes. \"If you don't take care of your house, it falls apart.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there's the visitor center at the south end of the park, which sees tens of thousands of tourists a year. It's a double-wide trailer, which sits on top of a fault line and isn't properly fitted. \"The fault goes right under my office,\" Smith says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's also the fact that despite having a record 2 million visitors last year, Joshua Tree didn't have the money to hire more rangers, janitors or emergency rescuers to help them out. \"I was just listening to the radio, and we have volunteers responding to an incident at a high point in the park because we don't have staff to respond to that incident,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The net result, Smith says, is that \"we don't have enough money to provide the level of service the public expects.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>'I Need About Twice As Much Money'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joshua Tree National Park, like most of the 409 areas managed by the National Park Service, gets the bulk of its money from Congress. It's appropriated year by year, and in recent years usually comes to about $3 billion annually. Entrance fees, philanthropy and concession sales bring in more money to the park system, but National Park Service Director Jon Jarvis says it's not enough. That much money may have covered the tab for the park system years ago, but not anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.npr.org/player/embed/466461595/469606459\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the money's tight, some jobs don't get done — and those jobs start to pile up. Today, the total backlog of needed maintenance at U.S. national parks is $11.9 billion. That backlog includes $500 million in needed repairs at Yosemite National Park, $100 million of which is considered critical. Grand Canyon National Park needs $330 million, due largely to outstanding wastewater and water system upgrades. The Blue Ridge Parkway, which saw a record 15 million visitors last year, needs $478 million to help address the wear and tear from all of those drivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I need about twice as much money as I currently get to address our maintenance backlog,\" Jarvis says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He's hopeful that Congress will hear his plight and appropriate more money to the National Park Service, pointing out that the new five-year highway transportation bill includes $1.4 billion for roads and bridges in national parks and that President Obama is asking Congress to appropriate more money, using the Park Service's centennial as a reason. That highway money won't come close to addressing the need, though, and Obama's proposals have been met with resistance, leading people like Holly Fretwell, a research fellow at the Property and Environment Research Center and an economics professor at Montana State University, to say that people need to be realistic about the funding situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10889510\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-10889510\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/JoshuaTreeOffice-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"The office of Joshua Tree National Park Superintendent David Smith sits on an active fault line. The building hasn't been retrofitted for seismic activity, though, because there's no money for it. "There are higher priorities," Smith says.\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/JoshuaTreeOffice-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/JoshuaTreeOffice-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/JoshuaTreeOffice.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/JoshuaTreeOffice-1180x788.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/03/JoshuaTreeOffice-960x641.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The office of Joshua Tree National Park Superintendent David Smith sits on an active fault line. The building hasn't been retrofitted for seismic activity, though, because there's no money for it. \"There are higher priorities,\" Smith says. \u003ccite>(Nathan Rott/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"There's no way that Congress is going to appropriate enough funding to make up this total deferred maintenance backlog,\" she says. They don't have an additional $3 billion to give, she says, and the national parks aren't that big of a priority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fretwell says the current and traditional system of funding the national parks is broken. \"We have to do something different,\" Fretwell says. \"There's no question, because we are losing the quality of our national parks.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Funding For The Future\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fretwell has a few ideas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One is to limit the expansion of the National Park Service. It's not popular with those who want to see more areas protected and preserved, but Fretwell says it doesn't make sense for the Park Service to bring in more sites and areas when it can't maintain what it already has.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Expansions are \"thinning the blood\" of the park system, says James Ridenour, a former director of the National Park Service, because they take needed funds away from some parks and distribute them to others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fretwell says another idea is to look more seriously at \u003ca href=\"http://www.leadingwithconservation.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/CLC_III-Gilroy_Kenny_Morris_1.3.13.pdf\">public-private partnerships\u003c/a>, where the Park Service still owns the land and sets the rules but a private company or entrepreneur runs the day-to-day operations. \"They are a firm, they are a business, they generate profits, and their goal is to manage for a good-quality product like a firm somewhere else,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of Arizona's state parks are managed by a private company called Recreation Resource Management. Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve in Kansas is owned by the National Park Service but jointly managed and funded by the Nature Conservancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Fretwell says she knows that people are uncomfortable with the idea of a private company running the national parks. She hears it from her own friends: \u003cem>It's going to turn into Disneyland.\u003c/em> \u003cem>They're going to charge us $1,000 a day.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fretwell says that wouldn't be the case, because the National Park Service would still set the rules and because putting a roller coaster in Yellowstone National Park wouldn't be good business. That's not why millions of people visit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not a perfect solution to the funding issue, Fretwell says, but it's unlikely that a cure-all solution exists. It'll likely be a mix of appropriations, fees, endowments, sponsorships and public-private partnerships.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "L.A. Officials Bring the Hammer Down on Tiny Houses for Homeless",
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"content": "\u003cp>Elvis Summers is not part of any nonprofit or government agency. He's just a 38-year-old guy with a mohawk and tattooed arms who started a GoFundMe campaign last spring so he could build tiny houses for homeless people to live in. He got the idea after befriending a homeless woman in his neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It just got to me, you know, I'm just like, you know, everybody in this neighborhood knows you, they like you,\" he says. \"Why does nobody give a crap that you're sleeping in the dirt? Literally.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.npr.org/player/embed/469054634/469083227\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far Summer has given out 37 tiny 6- by-8-foot houses, which cost $1,200 each to build. They resemble sheds, painted in bright, solid colors, with solar panels on the roof, wheels to make them mobile and a portable camping toilet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But recently, city sanitation workers confiscated three of the houses from a sidewalk in South Los Angeles and tagged others for removal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Unfortunately, these structures are a safety hazard,\" says Connie Llanos, a spokeswoman for L.A. Mayor Eric Garcetti. \"These structures, some of the materials that were found in some of them, just the thought of folks having some of these things in a space so small, so confined, without the proper insulation, it really does put their lives in danger.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Llanos says they'd be better off taking advantage of official resources like shelters or housing vouchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L8nTcqwqdU4\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the latest count, 44,000 people live on the streets in and around L.A. The city's sweep put some people back on the sidewalks, and since then Summers has been handing out tents instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Willie Hadnot lost his tiny house when the city confiscated it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"About my house, you know, you know I had a peace of mind,\" he says. \"I could shut the door, go lay down, quiet. And that's what I miss a whole lot, man. I don't want to start crying.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"pyxL9x4wLepdPRzLgGjuuNLa4vgkaLbE\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Someone who understands that pain is Kevin Green, whose tiny house was tagged for removal. Before the city could take it, Summers moved it to the parking lot where it now stands, temporarily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you're homeless, your day is consumed with, you know, that you don't have a place to store your things so you're walking around carrying all this stuff with you, you know, what can you get accomplished?\" asks Green, who lived on the streets of South L.A. for six months before he got this house around Christmas. His bed takes up most of his tiny blue house. Green is proud to have a roof over his head as he opens the door and steps inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I have two windows, one on each side with blue curtains, thin enough to allow the breeze to come through,\" he says. \"You know, I keep my keys around a keychain that I hang around my neck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But you know, it's a constant reminder with it around my neck that I have something that I can call mine.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 KCRW-FM. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.kcrw.com\">KCRW-FM\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Elvis Summers is not part of any nonprofit or government agency. He's just a 38-year-old guy with a mohawk and tattooed arms who started a GoFundMe campaign last spring so he could build tiny houses for homeless people to live in. He got the idea after befriending a homeless woman in his neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It just got to me, you know, I'm just like, you know, everybody in this neighborhood knows you, they like you,\" he says. \"Why does nobody give a crap that you're sleeping in the dirt? Literally.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.npr.org/player/embed/469054634/469083227\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far Summer has given out 37 tiny 6- by-8-foot houses, which cost $1,200 each to build. They resemble sheds, painted in bright, solid colors, with solar panels on the roof, wheels to make them mobile and a portable camping toilet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But recently, city sanitation workers confiscated three of the houses from a sidewalk in South Los Angeles and tagged others for removal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Unfortunately, these structures are a safety hazard,\" says Connie Llanos, a spokeswoman for L.A. Mayor Eric Garcetti. \"These structures, some of the materials that were found in some of them, just the thought of folks having some of these things in a space so small, so confined, without the proper insulation, it really does put their lives in danger.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Llanos says they'd be better off taking advantage of official resources like shelters or housing vouchers.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/L8nTcqwqdU4'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/L8nTcqwqdU4'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>According to the latest count, 44,000 people live on the streets in and around L.A. The city's sweep put some people back on the sidewalks, and since then Summers has been handing out tents instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Willie Hadnot lost his tiny house when the city confiscated it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"About my house, you know, you know I had a peace of mind,\" he says. \"I could shut the door, go lay down, quiet. And that's what I miss a whole lot, man. I don't want to start crying.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Someone who understands that pain is Kevin Green, whose tiny house was tagged for removal. Before the city could take it, Summers moved it to the parking lot where it now stands, temporarily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you're homeless, your day is consumed with, you know, that you don't have a place to store your things so you're walking around carrying all this stuff with you, you know, what can you get accomplished?\" asks Green, who lived on the streets of South L.A. for six months before he got this house around Christmas. His bed takes up most of his tiny blue house. Green is proud to have a roof over his head as he opens the door and steps inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I have two windows, one on each side with blue curtains, thin enough to allow the breeze to come through,\" he says. \"You know, I keep my keys around a keychain that I hang around my neck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But you know, it's a constant reminder with it around my neck that I have something that I can call mine.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 KCRW-FM. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.kcrw.com\">KCRW-FM\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Backing a lower court's decision that extends a grace period for people displaced by a huge natural gas leak, an appeals court says Southern California Gas Co. should pay for temporary housing for an additional 30 days, rather than the eight-day period the company had planned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The issue centers on the time frame for residents to return to the Porter Ranch community after state officials declared the area safe to inhabit again. Last month, SoCalGas announced it had \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/02/17/as-crews-seal-aliso-canyon-gas-leak-public-officials-mull-how-to-prevent-another\">finally succeeded in plugging a leak\u003c/a> that had spewed some 5 billion cubic feet of natural gas into the air over several months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From \u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/news/2016/03/02/58164/porter-ranch-court-agrees-residents-get-more-time/\">KPCC\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"The LA County lawyers argued that some of those who have already returned home to Porter Ranch are reporting health issues, so the gas company should be forced to continue paying to house them elsewhere while officials conduct additional air monitoring to confirm there is no health threat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"SoCalGas argued that the eight-day timeframe was sufficient because it was based on data showing that the air in and around Porter Ranch 'has returned to the typical air-quality conditions that existed prior to the leak.'\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Wednesday's ruling means that residents can remain in temporary housing until March 18.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"wDrpFczHziCEvwWjfcdGRX7pANNqYpvK\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to seeking a longer period to resettle in their homes, Porter Ranch residents have been pressing state legislators to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/02/23/aliso-canyon-gas-operations-wont-resume-anytime-soon\" target=\"_blank\">shut down the Aliso Canyon Storage Facility\u003c/a> that was the source of the leaked gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Residents are also asking officials to ensure that SoCal Gas pays for cleanup costs in the area. As \u003ca href=\"http://losangeles.cbslocal.com/2016/03/01/oily-residue-from-gas-leak-coats-porter-ranch-homes/\">CBS Los Angeles recently reported\u003c/a>, some people who returned to their homes in Porter Ranch have found \"goopy residue coating their homes inside and out.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a bulletin to residents, the Los Angeles County public health department says the oily residue isn't the result of methane and other leaked gases, but comes from recent drilling near the well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Residents should avoid contact with fruits, vegetables, and any surfaces that appear to be coated with an oily residue,\" \u003ca href=\"http://www.publichealth.lacounty.gov/media/docs/AlisoReturning.pdf\">the department says\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Backing a lower court's decision that extends a grace period for people displaced by a huge natural gas leak, an appeals court says Southern California Gas Co. should pay for temporary housing for an additional 30 days, rather than the eight-day period the company had planned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The issue centers on the time frame for residents to return to the Porter Ranch community after state officials declared the area safe to inhabit again. Last month, SoCalGas announced it had \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/02/17/as-crews-seal-aliso-canyon-gas-leak-public-officials-mull-how-to-prevent-another\">finally succeeded in plugging a leak\u003c/a> that had spewed some 5 billion cubic feet of natural gas into the air over several months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From \u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/news/2016/03/02/58164/porter-ranch-court-agrees-residents-get-more-time/\">KPCC\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"The LA County lawyers argued that some of those who have already returned home to Porter Ranch are reporting health issues, so the gas company should be forced to continue paying to house them elsewhere while officials conduct additional air monitoring to confirm there is no health threat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"SoCalGas argued that the eight-day timeframe was sufficient because it was based on data showing that the air in and around Porter Ranch 'has returned to the typical air-quality conditions that existed prior to the leak.'\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Wednesday's ruling means that residents can remain in temporary housing until March 18.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to seeking a longer period to resettle in their homes, Porter Ranch residents have been pressing state legislators to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/02/23/aliso-canyon-gas-operations-wont-resume-anytime-soon\" target=\"_blank\">shut down the Aliso Canyon Storage Facility\u003c/a> that was the source of the leaked gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Residents are also asking officials to ensure that SoCal Gas pays for cleanup costs in the area. As \u003ca href=\"http://losangeles.cbslocal.com/2016/03/01/oily-residue-from-gas-leak-coats-porter-ranch-homes/\">CBS Los Angeles recently reported\u003c/a>, some people who returned to their homes in Porter Ranch have found \"goopy residue coating their homes inside and out.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a bulletin to residents, the Los Angeles County public health department says the oily residue isn't the result of methane and other leaked gases, but comes from recent drilling near the well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Residents should avoid contact with fruits, vegetables, and any surfaces that appear to be coated with an oily residue,\" \u003ca href=\"http://www.publichealth.lacounty.gov/media/docs/AlisoReturning.pdf\">the department says\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "FBI Chief and Apple's Top Lawyer Head Into First Encryption Hearing",
"title": "FBI Chief and Apple's Top Lawyer Head Into First Encryption Hearing",
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"content": "\u003cp>FBI Director James Comey and Apple General Counsel Bruce Sewell are testifying today at the first congressional hearing on the issue of encryption since the beginning of \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/02/17/467096705/apple-the-fbi-and-iphone-encryption-a-look-at-whats-at-stake\" target=\"_blank\">their legal clash\u003c/a> over government access to an iPhone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apple is \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/02/22/apples-tim-cook-defends-decision-to-fight-fbi-on-hacking-shooters-iphone\" target=\"_blank\">challenging a federal court order\u003c/a> requested by the FBI, which compels the tech giant to write special software that would help investigators crack into the iPhone used by one of the San Bernardino shooters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Tuesday's \u003ca href=\"http://judiciary.house.gov/index.cfm/hearings?ID=89431275-E911-4D5C-BD70-BFE3EF91AD86\" target=\"_blank\">House Judiciary Committee hearing\u003c/a>, Apple's Sewell will argue that creating such software would undermine anti-hacking security for all iPhones, according to \u003ca href=\"http://judiciary.house.gov/_cache/files/bacff0c7-5e24-48ea-a8a3-8166e20b5332/sewell-written-testimony.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">his written testimony\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'The line between personal privacy and public safety should be drawn by Congress, not Silicon Valley.'\u003ccite>New York County District Attorney Cyrus Vance\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Comey's \u003ca href=\"http://judiciary.house.gov/_cache/files/781b192e-78b3-41b8-ad6c-0e01e578c0eb/comey-written-testimony.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">written remarks\u003c/a> never call out Apple by name. He will argue that while security of data networks and people's ability to communicate privately are hugely important, government investigators shouldn't be obstructed by technical design decisions in situations when they get appropriate judicial approval for access. Here's more from the prepared remarks:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"One of the bedrock principles upon which we rely to guide us is the principle of judicial authorization: that if an independent judge finds reason to believe that certain private communications contain evidence of a crime, then the Government can conduct a limited search for that evidence. ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We are not asking to expand the Government's surveillance authority, but rather we are asking to ensure that we can continue to obtain electronic information and evidence pursuant to the legal authority that Congress has provided to us to keep America safe.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>And there's one thing that both Apple and its critics agree on: The issue of government access to encrypted data on iPhones should be settled by lawmakers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The line between personal privacy and public safety should be drawn by Congress, not Silicon Valley,\" New York County District Attorney Cyrus Vance, another witness at the hearing, \u003ca href=\"http://judiciary.house.gov/_cache/files/195ae8bc-7ccf-4df1-9cbd-a174a369e5af/vance-written-testimony.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">says in his own prepared testimony\u003c/a>. \"In the absence of a uniform policy, our nation will effectively delegate the crafting of national security and law enforcement policy to boardrooms in Silicon Valley.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apple, in turn, says the matter should be resolved by Congress instead of the court system, where it's currently pending.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Should the FBI have the right to compel a company to produce a product it doesn't already make, to the FBI's exact specifications and for the FBI's use?\" Sewell writes. \"The decisions should be made by you and your colleagues as representatives of the people, rather than through a warrant request based on a \u003ca href=\"http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/what-all-writs-act-1789-has-do-iphone-180958188/?no-ist\" target=\"_blank\">220-year-old statute\u003c/a>.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Known as the All Writs Act, the statute has been used before to compel companies, including Apple, to cooperate with investigations, according to the Department of Justice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"dA6D7kfK2Muzjc10dS8gcC0fr5dB1iLC\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Justice Department has already searched the iCloud backups associated with the phone, but they stopped several weeks before the Dec. 2 attack. It's \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/02/26/468216198/san-bernardino-police-chief-weighs-in-on-whether-apple-should-unlock-shooter-s-p\" target=\"_blank\">unclear what exactly might be\u003c/a> on the phone, but U.S. attorneys general \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/02/19/467385553/doj-lays-out-its-legal-case-for-why-apple-should-help-crack-an-iphone\" target=\"_blank\">have told the federal court in California\u003c/a> that Apple's cooperation is crucial in the investigation: The phone's security prevents the FBI from having a computer guess the PIN code and could wipe the phone clean after 10 wrong tries, so the FBI wants Apple to override those security protections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vance, representing the National District Attorneys Association, plans to tell the judiciary panel that Apple's switch in the fall of 2014 to stronger iPhone encryption by default \"severely harms\" prosecutions and investigations across the country. In his prepared remarks, he says his own office has currently been locked out of 175 Apple devices obtained in investigations of a murder, sexual child abuse, sex trafficking, child pornography, assault and robbery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the FBI has underscored that it's requesting very targeted computer code for one particular iPhone that would never have to leave Apple's hands, Apple paints this case as a major precedent that would amount to creating a master key for its devices, which CEO Tim Cook \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/02/24/468016377/apple-ceo-tim-cook-back-door-to-iphones-would-be-software-equivalent-of-cancer\" target=\"_blank\">has called\u003c/a> the software \"equivalent of cancer.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tech companies, including Google, Facebook, Microsoft and others, are expected to file briefs in support of Apple in the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California, t\u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/google-facebook-and-other-powerful-tech-firms-filing-briefs-to-support-apple/2016/02/28/beb05460-de48-11e5-846c-10191d1fc4ec_story.html\" target=\"_blank\">he Washington Post reports\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"Those involved say the swell of support is unparalleled, especially for a case at the magistrate judge level — the lowest level of the federal court system. The filings also indicate the level of anxiety among companies about the possibility of a legal precedent greatly expanding the limits of what the government can force a company to do in criminal and national security probes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, law enforcement groups and families of some of the 14 killed in the Dec. 2 attack in San Bernardino, Calif., are filing briefs in support of the government.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Apple's public position \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/02/29/judge-in-n-y-drug-case-says-fbi-cant-force-apple-to-unlock-iphone\" target=\"_blank\">got a boost on Monday\u003c/a> in another legal standoff involving a drug case in Brooklyn. A magistrate judge there ruled against federal investigators, rejecting their request for an All Writs order compelling Apple to help them bypass an iPhone passcode. That ruling isn't binding in other courts and it dealt with a different set of technical requests, but it hits on a similar theme of government access to encrypted data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Congress, House Homeland Security Committee Chairman Michael McCaul, a Texas Republican, and Senate Intelligence Committee member Mark Warner, a Virginia Democrat, have \u003ca href=\"https://homeland.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/2016.02.29_Commission.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">introduced a bill\u003c/a> that would create a National Commission on Security and Technology Challenges, which would consist of 16 \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/how-to-unite-privacy-and-security--before-the-next-terrorist-attack/2015/12/27/628537c4-a9b3-11e5-9b92-dea7cd4b1a4d_story.html\" target=\"_blank\">experts representing\u003c/a> all of the interests at stake so we can evaluate and improve America's security posture as technology — and our adversaries — evolve.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. attorneys are due to respond to Apple's latest filing regarding the San Bernardino iPhone by March 10, and a court hearing is scheduled for March 22.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>FBI Director James Comey and Apple General Counsel Bruce Sewell are testifying today at the first congressional hearing on the issue of encryption since the beginning of \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/02/17/467096705/apple-the-fbi-and-iphone-encryption-a-look-at-whats-at-stake\" target=\"_blank\">their legal clash\u003c/a> over government access to an iPhone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apple is \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/02/22/apples-tim-cook-defends-decision-to-fight-fbi-on-hacking-shooters-iphone\" target=\"_blank\">challenging a federal court order\u003c/a> requested by the FBI, which compels the tech giant to write special software that would help investigators crack into the iPhone used by one of the San Bernardino shooters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Tuesday's \u003ca href=\"http://judiciary.house.gov/index.cfm/hearings?ID=89431275-E911-4D5C-BD70-BFE3EF91AD86\" target=\"_blank\">House Judiciary Committee hearing\u003c/a>, Apple's Sewell will argue that creating such software would undermine anti-hacking security for all iPhones, according to \u003ca href=\"http://judiciary.house.gov/_cache/files/bacff0c7-5e24-48ea-a8a3-8166e20b5332/sewell-written-testimony.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">his written testimony\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'The line between personal privacy and public safety should be drawn by Congress, not Silicon Valley.'\u003ccite>New York County District Attorney Cyrus Vance\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Comey's \u003ca href=\"http://judiciary.house.gov/_cache/files/781b192e-78b3-41b8-ad6c-0e01e578c0eb/comey-written-testimony.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">written remarks\u003c/a> never call out Apple by name. He will argue that while security of data networks and people's ability to communicate privately are hugely important, government investigators shouldn't be obstructed by technical design decisions in situations when they get appropriate judicial approval for access. Here's more from the prepared remarks:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"One of the bedrock principles upon which we rely to guide us is the principle of judicial authorization: that if an independent judge finds reason to believe that certain private communications contain evidence of a crime, then the Government can conduct a limited search for that evidence. ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We are not asking to expand the Government's surveillance authority, but rather we are asking to ensure that we can continue to obtain electronic information and evidence pursuant to the legal authority that Congress has provided to us to keep America safe.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>And there's one thing that both Apple and its critics agree on: The issue of government access to encrypted data on iPhones should be settled by lawmakers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The line between personal privacy and public safety should be drawn by Congress, not Silicon Valley,\" New York County District Attorney Cyrus Vance, another witness at the hearing, \u003ca href=\"http://judiciary.house.gov/_cache/files/195ae8bc-7ccf-4df1-9cbd-a174a369e5af/vance-written-testimony.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">says in his own prepared testimony\u003c/a>. \"In the absence of a uniform policy, our nation will effectively delegate the crafting of national security and law enforcement policy to boardrooms in Silicon Valley.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apple, in turn, says the matter should be resolved by Congress instead of the court system, where it's currently pending.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Should the FBI have the right to compel a company to produce a product it doesn't already make, to the FBI's exact specifications and for the FBI's use?\" Sewell writes. \"The decisions should be made by you and your colleagues as representatives of the people, rather than through a warrant request based on a \u003ca href=\"http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/what-all-writs-act-1789-has-do-iphone-180958188/?no-ist\" target=\"_blank\">220-year-old statute\u003c/a>.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Known as the All Writs Act, the statute has been used before to compel companies, including Apple, to cooperate with investigations, according to the Department of Justice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Justice Department has already searched the iCloud backups associated with the phone, but they stopped several weeks before the Dec. 2 attack. It's \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/02/26/468216198/san-bernardino-police-chief-weighs-in-on-whether-apple-should-unlock-shooter-s-p\" target=\"_blank\">unclear what exactly might be\u003c/a> on the phone, but U.S. attorneys general \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/02/19/467385553/doj-lays-out-its-legal-case-for-why-apple-should-help-crack-an-iphone\" target=\"_blank\">have told the federal court in California\u003c/a> that Apple's cooperation is crucial in the investigation: The phone's security prevents the FBI from having a computer guess the PIN code and could wipe the phone clean after 10 wrong tries, so the FBI wants Apple to override those security protections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vance, representing the National District Attorneys Association, plans to tell the judiciary panel that Apple's switch in the fall of 2014 to stronger iPhone encryption by default \"severely harms\" prosecutions and investigations across the country. In his prepared remarks, he says his own office has currently been locked out of 175 Apple devices obtained in investigations of a murder, sexual child abuse, sex trafficking, child pornography, assault and robbery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the FBI has underscored that it's requesting very targeted computer code for one particular iPhone that would never have to leave Apple's hands, Apple paints this case as a major precedent that would amount to creating a master key for its devices, which CEO Tim Cook \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/02/24/468016377/apple-ceo-tim-cook-back-door-to-iphones-would-be-software-equivalent-of-cancer\" target=\"_blank\">has called\u003c/a> the software \"equivalent of cancer.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tech companies, including Google, Facebook, Microsoft and others, are expected to file briefs in support of Apple in the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California, t\u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/google-facebook-and-other-powerful-tech-firms-filing-briefs-to-support-apple/2016/02/28/beb05460-de48-11e5-846c-10191d1fc4ec_story.html\" target=\"_blank\">he Washington Post reports\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"Those involved say the swell of support is unparalleled, especially for a case at the magistrate judge level — the lowest level of the federal court system. The filings also indicate the level of anxiety among companies about the possibility of a legal precedent greatly expanding the limits of what the government can force a company to do in criminal and national security probes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, law enforcement groups and families of some of the 14 killed in the Dec. 2 attack in San Bernardino, Calif., are filing briefs in support of the government.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Apple's public position \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/02/29/judge-in-n-y-drug-case-says-fbi-cant-force-apple-to-unlock-iphone\" target=\"_blank\">got a boost on Monday\u003c/a> in another legal standoff involving a drug case in Brooklyn. A magistrate judge there ruled against federal investigators, rejecting their request for an All Writs order compelling Apple to help them bypass an iPhone passcode. That ruling isn't binding in other courts and it dealt with a different set of technical requests, but it hits on a similar theme of government access to encrypted data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Congress, House Homeland Security Committee Chairman Michael McCaul, a Texas Republican, and Senate Intelligence Committee member Mark Warner, a Virginia Democrat, have \u003ca href=\"https://homeland.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/2016.02.29_Commission.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">introduced a bill\u003c/a> that would create a National Commission on Security and Technology Challenges, which would consist of 16 \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/how-to-unite-privacy-and-security--before-the-next-terrorist-attack/2015/12/27/628537c4-a9b3-11e5-9b92-dea7cd4b1a4d_story.html\" target=\"_blank\">experts representing\u003c/a> all of the interests at stake so we can evaluate and improve America's security posture as technology — and our adversaries — evolve.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. attorneys are due to respond to Apple's latest filing regarding the San Bernardino iPhone by March 10, and a court hearing is scheduled for March 22.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "'Salt Into the Wound': Why Anohni Is Skipping the Oscars",
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"content": "\u003cp>What was behind the decision not to invite the artists behind two tunes nominated for Best Original Song to perform on Sunday night's Academy Awards broadcast?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the snubbed musicians is singer and lyricist \u003ca href=\"http://anohni.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Anohni\u003c/a>, whose song \"Manta Ray,\" with music by J. Ralph appears in the documentary \u003cem>Racing Extinction.\u003c/em> On Thursday, she published a heartfelt \u003ca href=\"http://antonyandthejohnsons.com/news/news.html\" target=\"_blank\">essay\u003c/a> on why she feels she was left out — and why she has decided not to attend the ceremony at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Variety\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://variety.com/2016/film/in-contention/oscars-song-performances-youth-racing-extinction-1201710638/\" target=\"_blank\">reported\u003c/a> last week that both \"Manta Ray\" and Pulitzer Prize-winning American composer \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/artists/120995816/david-lang\" target=\"_blank\">David Lang\u003c/a>'s \"Simple Song #3,\" sung by Grammy-winning soprano \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/artists/16320515/sumi-jo\" target=\"_blank\">Sumi Jo\u003c/a>, were being omitted from the broadcast due to \"time constraints.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f1JiJhWkM9M\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the three other nominated artists — \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/artists/120001078/lady-gaga\" target=\"_blank\">Lady Gaga\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/artists/384927706/sam-smith\" target=\"_blank\">Sam Smith\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/artists/135036318/the-weeknd\" target=\"_blank\">The Weeknd\u003c/a> — will be \u003ca href=\"http://oscar.go.com/news/oscar-news/oscars-2016-presenters-and-performers-the-complete-list\" target=\"_blank\">singing\u003c/a> on Sunday evening, as will Foo Fighters frontman \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/artists/173424658/dave-grohl\" target=\"_blank\">Dave Grohl\u003c/a> in a \"special performance.\" The Weeknd's \"Earned It,\" from \u003cem>Fifty Shades of Grey, \u003c/em>became a Top 3 \u003ca href=\"http://www.billboard.com/artist/419413/weeknd/chart?page=1&f=379\" target=\"_blank\">hit\u003c/a> on the \u003cem>Billboard \u003c/em>Hot 100 chart, and \"Writing's On The Wall,\" co-written by Sam Smith and Jimmy Nape, became the first James Bond movie theme to ever reach \u003ca href=\"http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/sam-smith-makes-history-with-first-ever-official-number-1-james-bond-theme-this-is-a-special-moment-i-ll-never-forget-__10891/\" target=\"_blank\">No. 1\u003c/a> on the British charts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Til It Happens to You,\" the song co-written by Lady Gaga and \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/artists/127988436/diane-warren\" target=\"_blank\">Diane Warren\u003c/a> for the documentary \u003cem>The Hunting Ground\u003c/em>, hasn't made any headway on the American or British charts, but Gaga has been a staple during this awards telecast season, particularly after her Grammy Awards \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/02/21/467269601/it-changes-you-forever-lady-gaga-on-david-bowie-and-being-brave\" target=\"_blank\">tribute\u003c/a> to David Bowie earlier this month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/therecord/2012/08/06/158237793/antonys-future-feminism-stage-banter-as-statement-of-purpose\" target=\"_blank\">Formerly known as\u003c/a> Antony (of \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/artists/15239231/antony-and-the-johnsons\" target=\"_blank\">Antony and the Johnsons\u003c/a>), Anohni writes that she feels humiliated by the Academy's decision: \"There I was, feeling a sting of shame that reminded me of America's earliest affirmations of my inadequacy as a transperson.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, she adds, she thinks that there is another issue at play:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\n\u003cp>\"I want to be clear — I know that I wasn't excluded from the performance directly because I am transgendered. I was not invited to perform because I am relatively unknown in the U.S., singing a song about ecocide, and that might not sell advertising space. It is not me that is picking the performers for the night, and I know that I don't have an automatic right to be asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you trace the trail of breadcrumbs, the deeper truth of it is impossible to ignore. Like global warming, it is not one isolated event, but a series of events that occur over years to create a system that has sought to undermine me, at first as a feminine child, and later as an androgynous transwoman. It is a system of social oppression and diminished opportunities for transpeople that has been employed by capitalism in the U.S. to crush our dreams and our collective spirit.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>She added some stinging words for those artists, actors and other people who are participating in this year's ceremony: \"I will not be lulled into submission with a few more well manufactured, feel-good ballads and a bit of good old fashioned T. and A. They are going to try to convince us that they have our best interests at heart by waving flags for identity politics and fake moral issues. But don't forget that many of these celebrities are the trophies of billionaire corporations whose only intention it is to manipulate you into giving them your consent and the last of your money.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anohni is the first transgendered performer ever nominated for an Oscar, but not the first transgendered artist. In the 1970s, the late composer Angela Morley was nominated for scores to \u003cem>The Little Prince\u003c/em> and \u003cem>The Slipper and the Rose\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"y9KvQtaAGcLOjPzagrLi7NblGmZbxaxg\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the British-born Morley wrote in an essay on her \u003ca href=\"http://www.angelamorley.com/site/bio.htm\" target=\"_blank\">website\u003c/a>, she was thrilled by how she was received in Hollywood: \"I went to California on both occasions to attend the Oscar ceremonies. The wonderfully warm and generous way that I was made to feel at home there by my American colleagues and friends resulted in my being rather seduced by the California lifestyle and I soon returned with the intention of staying.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the past several years, there have been a few instances of certain Oscar-nominated songs not being performed on the live broadcast. In \u003ca href=\"http://deadline.com/2010/02/oscar-spoilers-best-original-song-artists-not-performing-25443/\" target=\"_blank\">2010\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://carpetbagger.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/02/08/without-man-or-muppet-singing-pharrell-williams-has-other-options/?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\">2012\u003c/a>, no nominated songs were given live performance airtime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Lang declined to comment for this story. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>What was behind the decision not to invite the artists behind two tunes nominated for Best Original Song to perform on Sunday night's Academy Awards broadcast?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the snubbed musicians is singer and lyricist \u003ca href=\"http://anohni.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Anohni\u003c/a>, whose song \"Manta Ray,\" with music by J. Ralph appears in the documentary \u003cem>Racing Extinction.\u003c/em> On Thursday, she published a heartfelt \u003ca href=\"http://antonyandthejohnsons.com/news/news.html\" target=\"_blank\">essay\u003c/a> on why she feels she was left out — and why she has decided not to attend the ceremony at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Variety\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://variety.com/2016/film/in-contention/oscars-song-performances-youth-racing-extinction-1201710638/\" target=\"_blank\">reported\u003c/a> last week that both \"Manta Ray\" and Pulitzer Prize-winning American composer \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/artists/120995816/david-lang\" target=\"_blank\">David Lang\u003c/a>'s \"Simple Song #3,\" sung by Grammy-winning soprano \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/artists/16320515/sumi-jo\" target=\"_blank\">Sumi Jo\u003c/a>, were being omitted from the broadcast due to \"time constraints.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/f1JiJhWkM9M'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/f1JiJhWkM9M'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>However, the three other nominated artists — \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/artists/120001078/lady-gaga\" target=\"_blank\">Lady Gaga\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/artists/384927706/sam-smith\" target=\"_blank\">Sam Smith\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/artists/135036318/the-weeknd\" target=\"_blank\">The Weeknd\u003c/a> — will be \u003ca href=\"http://oscar.go.com/news/oscar-news/oscars-2016-presenters-and-performers-the-complete-list\" target=\"_blank\">singing\u003c/a> on Sunday evening, as will Foo Fighters frontman \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/artists/173424658/dave-grohl\" target=\"_blank\">Dave Grohl\u003c/a> in a \"special performance.\" The Weeknd's \"Earned It,\" from \u003cem>Fifty Shades of Grey, \u003c/em>became a Top 3 \u003ca href=\"http://www.billboard.com/artist/419413/weeknd/chart?page=1&f=379\" target=\"_blank\">hit\u003c/a> on the \u003cem>Billboard \u003c/em>Hot 100 chart, and \"Writing's On The Wall,\" co-written by Sam Smith and Jimmy Nape, became the first James Bond movie theme to ever reach \u003ca href=\"http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/sam-smith-makes-history-with-first-ever-official-number-1-james-bond-theme-this-is-a-special-moment-i-ll-never-forget-__10891/\" target=\"_blank\">No. 1\u003c/a> on the British charts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Til It Happens to You,\" the song co-written by Lady Gaga and \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/artists/127988436/diane-warren\" target=\"_blank\">Diane Warren\u003c/a> for the documentary \u003cem>The Hunting Ground\u003c/em>, hasn't made any headway on the American or British charts, but Gaga has been a staple during this awards telecast season, particularly after her Grammy Awards \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/02/21/467269601/it-changes-you-forever-lady-gaga-on-david-bowie-and-being-brave\" target=\"_blank\">tribute\u003c/a> to David Bowie earlier this month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/therecord/2012/08/06/158237793/antonys-future-feminism-stage-banter-as-statement-of-purpose\" target=\"_blank\">Formerly known as\u003c/a> Antony (of \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/artists/15239231/antony-and-the-johnsons\" target=\"_blank\">Antony and the Johnsons\u003c/a>), Anohni writes that she feels humiliated by the Academy's decision: \"There I was, feeling a sting of shame that reminded me of America's earliest affirmations of my inadequacy as a transperson.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, she adds, she thinks that there is another issue at play:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\n\u003cp>\"I want to be clear — I know that I wasn't excluded from the performance directly because I am transgendered. I was not invited to perform because I am relatively unknown in the U.S., singing a song about ecocide, and that might not sell advertising space. It is not me that is picking the performers for the night, and I know that I don't have an automatic right to be asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you trace the trail of breadcrumbs, the deeper truth of it is impossible to ignore. Like global warming, it is not one isolated event, but a series of events that occur over years to create a system that has sought to undermine me, at first as a feminine child, and later as an androgynous transwoman. It is a system of social oppression and diminished opportunities for transpeople that has been employed by capitalism in the U.S. to crush our dreams and our collective spirit.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>She added some stinging words for those artists, actors and other people who are participating in this year's ceremony: \"I will not be lulled into submission with a few more well manufactured, feel-good ballads and a bit of good old fashioned T. and A. They are going to try to convince us that they have our best interests at heart by waving flags for identity politics and fake moral issues. But don't forget that many of these celebrities are the trophies of billionaire corporations whose only intention it is to manipulate you into giving them your consent and the last of your money.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anohni is the first transgendered performer ever nominated for an Oscar, but not the first transgendered artist. In the 1970s, the late composer Angela Morley was nominated for scores to \u003cem>The Little Prince\u003c/em> and \u003cem>The Slipper and the Rose\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the British-born Morley wrote in an essay on her \u003ca href=\"http://www.angelamorley.com/site/bio.htm\" target=\"_blank\">website\u003c/a>, she was thrilled by how she was received in Hollywood: \"I went to California on both occasions to attend the Oscar ceremonies. The wonderfully warm and generous way that I was made to feel at home there by my American colleagues and friends resulted in my being rather seduced by the California lifestyle and I soon returned with the intention of staying.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the past several years, there have been a few instances of certain Oscar-nominated songs not being performed on the live broadcast. In \u003ca href=\"http://deadline.com/2010/02/oscar-spoilers-best-original-song-artists-not-performing-25443/\" target=\"_blank\">2010\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://carpetbagger.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/02/08/without-man-or-muppet-singing-pharrell-williams-has-other-options/?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\">2012\u003c/a>, no nominated songs were given live performance airtime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Lang declined to comment for this story. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Beam Me Up, Scotty? Turns Out Your Brain Is Ready for Teleportation",
"title": "Beam Me Up, Scotty? Turns Out Your Brain Is Ready for Teleportation",
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"content": "\u003cp>Given \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2015/07/29/427161157/beam-me-up-teleporting-is-real-even-if-trekkie-transport-isnt\">recent advances\u003c/a> in teleportation, it's reassuring to know that the human brain's navigation system appears to work just fine when we're beamed from place to place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People who experienced virtual teleportation in a video game were able to mentally navigate to known destinations without relying on visual information or perceived motion, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/neuron/fulltext/S0896-6273(16)00092-1\">study\u003c/a> published Thursday by the journal \u003cem>Neuron\u003c/em>. And during teleportation, their brains produced a distinctive electrical signal that's associated with navigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So if teleporters do start showing up, don't worry. \"Our brain will be OK with that,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://mindbrain.ucdavis.edu/people/ekstrom\">Arne Ekstrom\u003c/a>, an associate professor of psychology at the University of California, Davis, and the study's senior author.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study was part of an effort to understand the role of a distinctive low-frequency electrical oscillation in the hippocampus, a part of the brain that plays an important role in navigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's been all these studies over decades trying to figure out what this signal does,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://lindsayvass.com/\">Lindsay Vass\u003c/a>, a postdoctoral scholar at UC Davis and the study's lead author.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oscillation occurs when a person or animal is traveling from one place to another. When the person or animal stops, so does the oscillation. But it's never been clear whether the signal is truly helping with navigation or just a related function, like movement or processing visual information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.npr.org/player/embed/468110269/468149490\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you're walking around the world you have all this incoming information,\" Vass says. \"You have your feet moving and stepping on the ground. You've got landmarks and buildings that you recognize and street signs.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the UC Davis team designed an experiment that allowed them to eliminate all that information by having people travel in a virtual environment via teleporter. \"With teleportation, you don't see anything,\" Vass says. \"And nobody feels anything. You're not walking anywhere.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet you are still traveling. So your brain still needs to somehow navigate itself to a particular place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team figured that if the slow oscillations in the hippocampus were associated with movement or sensory information, they would stop during teleportation. But if they were involved in navigation, they would continue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find out, the team recruited three volunteers who were awaiting surgery for severe epilepsy. As part of the treatment, surgeons had temporarily placed wires in the patient's brains that monitored electrical activity. This let the UC Davis team measure low-frequency oscillations coming from the hippocampus as they happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"ZqZdp7TzGdkN97o3jJPrcUKPZfcmMbEi\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The volunteers were asked to navigate from place to place in a virtual town. One option was to walk. But in several spots, players could enter a teleportation port that would act as a short cut to a specific spot in town.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They would pop out of the teleporter, and we would give them a new place to find,\" Vass says. \"So we would say, 'OK, now go find the pet store.' And they have to know, 'OK, based on the direction I'm facing now, do I need to turn to the right or the left or is it behind me?' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As expected, the brain oscillations in the hippocampus were present while players were moving about in the virtual environment and absent when they stopped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So the critical question for us was what happens as soon as you enter the teleporter,\" Vass says. \"What happens to the oscillation? And what we found was it was still present.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's more, the oscillation changed a bit depending on whether the person had been teleported a long distance or a short one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, when the volunteers arrived, they knew where they were. During teleportation, their brains had successfully navigated to the new destination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is what we call mental navigation,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.buzsakilab.com/\">Gyorgy Buzsaki\u003c/a>, a brain scientist at New York University who wasn't involved in the teleportation study. \"Somehow the brain can disengage from the environment and we are still navigating mentally.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the study's results suggest those low-frequency oscillations are coordinating the activity of neurons involved in mental navigation, Buzsaki says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Given \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2015/07/29/427161157/beam-me-up-teleporting-is-real-even-if-trekkie-transport-isnt\">recent advances\u003c/a> in teleportation, it's reassuring to know that the human brain's navigation system appears to work just fine when we're beamed from place to place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People who experienced virtual teleportation in a video game were able to mentally navigate to known destinations without relying on visual information or perceived motion, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/neuron/fulltext/S0896-6273(16)00092-1\">study\u003c/a> published Thursday by the journal \u003cem>Neuron\u003c/em>. And during teleportation, their brains produced a distinctive electrical signal that's associated with navigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So if teleporters do start showing up, don't worry. \"Our brain will be OK with that,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://mindbrain.ucdavis.edu/people/ekstrom\">Arne Ekstrom\u003c/a>, an associate professor of psychology at the University of California, Davis, and the study's senior author.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study was part of an effort to understand the role of a distinctive low-frequency electrical oscillation in the hippocampus, a part of the brain that plays an important role in navigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's been all these studies over decades trying to figure out what this signal does,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://lindsayvass.com/\">Lindsay Vass\u003c/a>, a postdoctoral scholar at UC Davis and the study's lead author.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oscillation occurs when a person or animal is traveling from one place to another. When the person or animal stops, so does the oscillation. But it's never been clear whether the signal is truly helping with navigation or just a related function, like movement or processing visual information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.npr.org/player/embed/468110269/468149490\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you're walking around the world you have all this incoming information,\" Vass says. \"You have your feet moving and stepping on the ground. You've got landmarks and buildings that you recognize and street signs.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the UC Davis team designed an experiment that allowed them to eliminate all that information by having people travel in a virtual environment via teleporter. \"With teleportation, you don't see anything,\" Vass says. \"And nobody feels anything. You're not walking anywhere.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet you are still traveling. So your brain still needs to somehow navigate itself to a particular place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team figured that if the slow oscillations in the hippocampus were associated with movement or sensory information, they would stop during teleportation. But if they were involved in navigation, they would continue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find out, the team recruited three volunteers who were awaiting surgery for severe epilepsy. As part of the treatment, surgeons had temporarily placed wires in the patient's brains that monitored electrical activity. This let the UC Davis team measure low-frequency oscillations coming from the hippocampus as they happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The volunteers were asked to navigate from place to place in a virtual town. One option was to walk. But in several spots, players could enter a teleportation port that would act as a short cut to a specific spot in town.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They would pop out of the teleporter, and we would give them a new place to find,\" Vass says. \"So we would say, 'OK, now go find the pet store.' And they have to know, 'OK, based on the direction I'm facing now, do I need to turn to the right or the left or is it behind me?' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As expected, the brain oscillations in the hippocampus were present while players were moving about in the virtual environment and absent when they stopped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So the critical question for us was what happens as soon as you enter the teleporter,\" Vass says. \"What happens to the oscillation? And what we found was it was still present.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's more, the oscillation changed a bit depending on whether the person had been teleported a long distance or a short one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, when the volunteers arrived, they knew where they were. During teleportation, their brains had successfully navigated to the new destination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is what we call mental navigation,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.buzsakilab.com/\">Gyorgy Buzsaki\u003c/a>, a brain scientist at New York University who wasn't involved in the teleportation study. \"Somehow the brain can disengage from the environment and we are still navigating mentally.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the study's results suggest those low-frequency oscillations are coordinating the activity of neurons involved in mental navigation, Buzsaki says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"rss": "https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"
}
},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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}
},
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"id": "californiareportmagazine",
"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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}
},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
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"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.cityarts.net/",
"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
"subscribe": {
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/City-Arts-and-Lectures-p692/",
"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
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"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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}
},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC2275451163"
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/0OLWoyizopu6tY1XiuX70x",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"info": "One of public radio's most dynamic voices, Sam Sanders helped launch The NPR Politics Podcast and hosted NPR's hit show It's Been A Minute. Now, the award-winning host returns with something brand new, The Sam Sanders Show. Every week, Sam Sanders and friends dig into the culture that shapes our lives: what's driving the biggest trends, how artists really think, and even the memes you can't stop scrolling past. Sam is beloved for his way of unpacking the world and bringing you up close to fresh currents and engaging conversations. The Sam Sanders Show is smart, funny and always a good time.",
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