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"disqusTitle": "Schools Enjoy Funding Boost, But Long-Term Costs and Recession Worries Loom",
"title": "Schools Enjoy Funding Boost, But Long-Term Costs and Recession Worries Loom",
"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>Vallejo High School teacher Lewis Brown starts his morning government class with a question of the day that takes advantage of newly assigned iPads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Today is the one-year anniversary of the French magazine terrorist assassination,” Brown says. “What was the name of the magazine?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The seniors type on their tablets. In seconds, 17-year-old SioFilisi Anitoni answers from the back row, “Mr. Brown, Charlie Hebdo.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vallejo City Unified School District is using increased state funds to assign iPads to each of its roughly 1,000 high school students. The district, in a working-class community in Solano County, is also hoping to improve classroom learning by raising teacher salaries and spending more than $2.5 million on new computer and science labs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10848965\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-10848965\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/LewisBrown-800x575.jpg\" alt=\"Vallejo High School teacher Lewis Brown.\" width=\"800\" height=\"575\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/LewisBrown-800x575.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/LewisBrown-400x287.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/LewisBrown-768x552.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/LewisBrown-1440x1034.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/LewisBrown.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/LewisBrown-1180x848.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/LewisBrown-960x690.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vallejo High School teacher Lewis Brown. \u003ccite>(Robert Durell/CALmatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Up and down California, public schools are enjoying a rapid rise in state funding. With the state’s economic gains and a temporary tax increase approved by voters in 2012, Gov. Jerry Brown’s proposed \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebudget.ca.gov/\">$71.6 billion education budget\u003c/a> for the next fiscal year is up more than 50 percent since 2011. Spending per student has increased more than $3,800 to a projected $14,550 this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schools that handed out tens of thousands of pink slips in the depths of the recession are now scrambling to find qualified teachers, a problem driven in part by low recruitment and high turnover. Teachers are receiving raises and schools are offering signing bonuses. Counselors, librarians and other support staff are being added, along with new textbooks and technology equipment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10848914\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/SchoolSpendingGraph.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-10848914 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/SchoolSpendingGraph-800x655.jpg\" alt=\"Gov. Brown’s proposed $71.6 billion education budget for the next fiscal year is up more than 50 percent since 2011. \" width=\"800\" height=\"655\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/SchoolSpendingGraph-800x655.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/SchoolSpendingGraph-400x328.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/SchoolSpendingGraph-768x629.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/SchoolSpendingGraph-1440x1180.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/SchoolSpendingGraph.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/SchoolSpendingGraph-1180x967.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/SchoolSpendingGraph-960x787.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gov. Brown’s proposed $71.6 billion education budget for the next fiscal year is up more than 50 percent since 2011. \u003ccite>(CALmatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The welcome lift has made up much of the hardship that schools suffered in the recession. But California still ranked 41st in the nation for per-pupil spending in 2013, the most recent year available. And looking ahead, educators see financial challenges that are significant enough that they hope to qualify a ballot measure this year to extend some temporary taxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Voters approved temporary income and sales taxes under Proposition 30 in 2012 to generate about $8 billion per year for schools. They will phase out by the end of 2018. At the same time, a recent agreement to pay down more than $67 billion in unfunded debt for teacher pensions is expected to consume about 38 percent of the projected growth in the school budget through 2019.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10848970\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-10848970\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/ipadDesk-800x966.jpg\" alt=\"Kevin Navarro, a senior at Vallejo High School, uses an iPad in class.\" width=\"800\" height=\"966\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/ipadDesk-800x966.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/ipadDesk-400x483.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/ipadDesk-768x928.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/ipadDesk-1440x1739.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/ipadDesk.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/ipadDesk-1180x1425.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/ipadDesk-960x1160.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kevin Navarro, a senior at Vallejo High School, uses an iPad in class. \u003ccite>( Robert Durell/CALmatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That’s if the economy stays healthy. If there is a recession, as Brown has warned, budget forecasters say schools could be forced once again to lay off teachers and cut costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are enjoying a couple of brief years of impressive recovery in school funding after many years of deep cuts, but these year-over-year gains are not sustainable over time,” said Jack O’Connell, former state superintendent for public instruction and now a partner at Capitol Advisors Group LLC, at government consulting and lobbying firm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you look at the potential cutoff of Prop. 30 tax revenues and huge growing costs of the retirement debt, schools will see most of their annual increases evaporate,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pension agreement reached by Brown and state lawmakers in 2014 is intended to eliminate the debt in 30 years. It raises pension contributions for teachers and for the state, but only slightly. Most of the obligation was given to school districts, where contributions will more than double from 8.25 percent of their payroll in 2013 to 19.1 percent in 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10848920\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/EconomySpending.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-10848920 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/EconomySpending-800x580.jpg\" alt=\"If there is a recession, as Gov. Brown has warned, budget forecasters say schools could be forced once again to lay off teachers and cut costs, especially if Prop. 30 taxes aren't extended in 2019.\" width=\"800\" height=\"580\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/EconomySpending-800x580.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/EconomySpending-400x290.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/EconomySpending-768x557.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/EconomySpending-1440x1045.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/EconomySpending.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/EconomySpending-1180x856.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/EconomySpending-960x697.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">If there is a recession, as Gov. Brown has warned, budget forecasters say schools could be forced once again to lay off teachers and cut costs, especially if Prop. 30 taxes aren't extended in 2019. \u003ccite>(CALmatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In other words, school districts will pay \u003ca href=\"http://lao.ca.gov/Publications/Report/3305#Education\">$3.1 billion\u003c/a> more to the pension system in the 2019-20 fiscal year than they do today, while the minimum school budget guaranteed by Proposition 98 is projected to be about $8.3 billion higher in that same year, according to projections by the Legislative Analyst’s Office, the Legislature’s nonpartisan budget analyst.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If California slips back into recession, the legislative analyst warned that the pension obligations could grow faster than school budgets, likely forcing districts to cut elsewhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some also worry that California’s pension plan relies on robust returns. It assumes an annual 7.5 percent investment return in a system that has earned 7.8 percent over 20 years. If the pension system only yields 7 percent, the plan could fall \u003ca href=\"http://www.calstrs.com/report/sustaining-retirement-security-future-generations-funding-california-state-teachers\">20 percent short of the goal\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://www.calstrs.com/report/sustaining-retirement-security-future-generations-funding-california-state-teachers\">to eliminate the debt by 2046\u003c/a>, according to the California State Teachers’ Retirement System.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/01/21/Jerry-Brown-Delivers-State-of-State\" target=\"_blank\">2016 State of the State address\u003c/a>, Brown said “it is our moral obligation” to chip away at $220 billion in outstanding debt for teacher pensions as well as retiree health care and pension benefits for all state workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Each year, the budget must allocate billions to slowly chip away at these obligations,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The concern about funding comes as California is implementing a set of new policies to improve academic outcomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lagging performance of low-income, Latino and African-American students is stark. In the state’s most recent batch of standardized tests, less than one in four low-income or Latino children and less than one in five African-American children scored high enough to be considered proficient in math. About half of white students and more than two-thirds of Asian students measured as proficient on the same test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under Brown, California has dramatically changed how it allocates money by giving every school a base grant, with additional funds for each student who is low income, an English learner or a foster child.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan -- known as the \u003ca href=\"http://edsource.org/publications/local-control-funding-formula-guide\">Local Control Funding Formula (LCFF)\u003c/a> -- gives considerable discretion to districts about how they spend the money. They are also not required to report their spending choices to the state, raising concern among some lawmakers about whether the money will benefit the intended students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10848988\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-10848988 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/GirlsHeadphones-800x495.jpg\" alt=\"Emily Colon, a first grader at Bixby Elementary School in Long Beach, navigates computer coding. LCFF funds are being used to create and support a robotics/computer coding program for students as young as Kindergarten.\" width=\"800\" height=\"495\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/GirlsHeadphones-800x495.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/GirlsHeadphones-400x247.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/GirlsHeadphones-768x475.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/GirlsHeadphones-1440x890.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/GirlsHeadphones.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/GirlsHeadphones-1180x730.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/GirlsHeadphones-960x594.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Emily Colon, a first-grader at Bixby Elementary School in Long Beach, navigates computer coding. LCFF funds are being used to create and support a robotics/computer coding program for students as young as kindergarten. \u003ccite>(Nancy Pastor/CALmatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“How it will play out is the biggest question,” said Assemblywoman Shirley Weber (D-San Diego), a former school board member and chair of the Assembly Budget Committee. “Clearly, some money will go into staff development, but it is our hope that it’ll make its way into the classroom and make a difference for our children.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lion’s share of increased funding has gone to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ed-data.org/state/CA%20thru%202013-14\">teacher and staff salaries and benefits\u003c/a>, which includes new hires and increased pay and benefits for existing staff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nationally \u003ca href=\"http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d14/tables/dt14_211.60.asp?current=yes\">California ranks among the highest in teacher salaries\u003c/a>, and the California Department of Education reports that the average salary for teachers and some credentialed staff has grown 10.6 percent, from $66,995 in 2008 to $74,090 in 2014. In terms of keeping up with inflation, however, those salaries are just below their purchasing power in 2009.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Questions have been raised about how much of the school budget should be allowed for raises. Weber voiced concern last year after state Superintendent of Public Instruction Tom Torlakson declared that money intended for low-income students, English learners and foster children could be used for across-the-board teacher raises. His decision “makes no connection to more equitable (academic) outcomes and use of those funds for salaries,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/2015/jun/16/weber-torlakson-local-control-funding-formula/\">Weber wrote\u003c/a> in an editorial on behalf of the Legislative Black Caucus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>School officials, including those from disadvantaged communities, say better pay is necessary in order to hire and retain qualified teachers in a state with a high cost of living.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the recession, when Vallejo City Unified School District Superintendent Ramona Bishop said the district laid off and furloughed staff, starting credentialed teacher salaries were under $40,000. They are now at $46,475. The top of the scale has gone from $71,855 to $79,756.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bishop says she’s proud to be able to offer $2,000 signing bonuses for math and science teachers and to log three consecutive years of pay increases for teachers in a district where nearly 20 percent of students are English learners and more than 71 percent qualify for free or reduced-priced meals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10848993\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-10848993\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/VallejoStudents-800x583.jpg\" alt=\"Students take a nutrition break at Vallejo High School on January 7, 2016.\" width=\"800\" height=\"583\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/VallejoStudents-800x583.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/VallejoStudents-400x291.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/VallejoStudents-768x560.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/VallejoStudents-1440x1049.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/VallejoStudents.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/VallejoStudents-1180x860.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/VallejoStudents-960x700.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Students take a nutrition break at Vallejo High School on January 7, 2016. \u003ccite>(Robert Durell/CALmatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Santa Clara Unified School District, a more affluent community that has received limited state increases, chose to use all of its additional funding to provide its 891 teachers a raise. Andrew Lucia, the assistant superintendent for human resources, said after going without salary increases for seven years, the school board approved a 3 percent salary increase in 2013, followed by an 8 percent boost in 2014. There were bonus checks and insurance benefits as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even with the recent budget increases, however, some school districts say they are still facing difficult financial choices. And in some districts, concern about a possible recession and other financial challenges ahead caused educators to use at least some of their recent increases on one-time expenses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown is warning that a downturn is inevitable. To drive home his point, he displayed a chart at his budget press conference in January projecting a $43 billion deficit if the state committed to new spending before a recession. If the state enters a recession, the Legislative Analyst’s Office projects school funding will fall by \u003ca href=\"http://lao.ca.gov/Publications/Report/3305\">$4.6 billion in 2017 and not recover to current levels until 2019\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re being very conservative,” says Long Beach Unified School District Assistant Superintendent Jill Baker. “A lot of it is coming in with one-time funds so we’re thinking about things we couldn’t do before, but not for ongoing expenses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, she said the district is using increased funds to add a training center. The district is also spending $6 million to convert 14 year-round schools back to a traditional schedule to offset the district’s declining enrollment, the primary way schools get funding. The district has lost more than 15,000 students in the past decade. It’s now down to 77,400.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Class sizes haven’t been reduced dramatically. During the recession, Long Beach raised class sizes in kindergarten through third grade to 30-to-1 from 20-to-1. Baker says the ratio is down only to about 26-to-1. Instead, the district invested in updating curriculum, like a computer coding program for students as young as kindergarten.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a Sacramento suburb, Folsom Cordova Unified School District Superintendent Deborah Bettencourt said the district added licensed family therapists to help middle and high school students struggling with bullying or to cope with chaos at home. Bettencourt says she has no plans to resume daily classroom cleaning by janitors because it’s not as high a priority as improving technology or providing academic support.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10848996\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-10848996 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/CodingKid-800x486.jpg\" alt=\"Dylan Williams, a first grader at Bixby Elementary in Long Beach, navigates computer coding with mindstorm lego robotics in his school computer lab.\" width=\"800\" height=\"486\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/CodingKid-800x486.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/CodingKid-400x243.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/CodingKid-768x467.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/CodingKid-1440x875.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/CodingKid.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/CodingKid-1180x717.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/CodingKid-960x584.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dylan Williams, a first-grader at Bixby Elementary in Long Beach, navigates computer coding with Lego Mindstorms robotics in his school computer lab. \u003ccite>(Nancy Pastor/CALmatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Los Angeles Unified School District, home to more than 10 percent of the state’s 6.2 million kindergarten through high school students, continues to face structural imbalances despite increased state funding. According to a November \u003ca href=\"http://laschoolreport.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/LAUSD_IFRP_FINAL_REPORT-110215.pdf\">independent financial report\u003c/a>, the mammoth district is facing declining student enrollment and a long-term deficit that could force the system into bankruptcy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If voters don’t approve an extension of the temporary taxes on this year’s ballot, John Walsh, the district’s chief financial officer, said Los Angeles will see “a significant hit to the bottom line, no doubt about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Teachers Association, the California Federation of Teachers and the California State PTA -- as well as other public employee unions, hospitals and doctors -- are pushing an \u003ca href=\"https://www.oag.ca.gov/system/files/initiatives/pdfs/15-0065%20%28Temporary%20Taxes%29.pdf?\">initiative\u003c/a> to stop the scheduled expiration of temporary taxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The groups will need to turn in at least 585,000 valid signatures by June 30 to qualify a version of the measure for the November ballot. The proposed measure would extend higher income taxes on individuals earning more than $250,000 a year through 2030. It would let a quarter-cent sales tax in Proposition 30 expire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The (economic) crisis going on in China and ripple effect worldwide suggest there is a degree of volatility in the economy we have to consider,” said Joshua Pechthalt, president of the California Federation of Teachers. “What we’re asking is people at the top end of the economic spectrum pay a little bit more. There hasn’t been an exodus of people living in Malibu and Beverly Hills.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Between the tax extension and the economy, the legislative analyst says about $12 billion in annual funding is at stake for schools by 2019.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without the tax extension, Brown’s proposal for a $71.6 billion budget next year will still grow to about $77.5 billion in 2019. In addition to that annual budget, Proposition 98’s complex funding formula is designed to capture an added benefit for schools during an extended strong economy. So if the economy continues as it is, the state would owe another \u003ca href=\"http://lao.ca.gov/Publications/Report/3305\">$6.3 million to schools by 2019\u003c/a> that could be paid over several years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.lao.ca.gov/ballot/2015/150492.pdf\">If voters approve the tax extension\u003c/a>, the budget analyst estimates the school funding would grow between $2.5 billion and $5.5 billion, meaning state school funding would be between $80 billion and $83 billion in 2019. Without a tax extension and with a recession, the budget in 2019 is projected to be about $71 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opposition to the tax extension is still developing. Republicans and anti-tax groups have already voiced concern, saying Proposition 30 was intended to help during a fiscal emergency. Now that schools have enjoyed a recovery, they say, temporary taxes should be allowed to expire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even Brown, a Democrat, has signaled he isn’t keen on extending taxes. “We ought to look at what’s the capacity of the state, and what’s the willingness of taxpayers to pay more,” Brown said at his January budget proposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ppic.org/content/pubs/survey/S_1215MBS.pdf\">An opinion poll\u003c/a> by the Public Policy Institute of California in December found 54 percent of likely voters favor an extension of the taxes, but just 37 percent said they think it is important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A ballot measure to extend taxes could benefit from the higher voter turnout in a presidential year. But it is always tough to pass a tax increase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Guadalupe Aragon, the mother of a fifth-grader at the underperforming 20\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> Street Elementary School in Los Angeles, said she doesn’t think she’d vote for it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The problem is not bringing any more money,” she said. “To a person, the more money you have, the more money you’re going to spend. Are you spending it wisely? That’s the question.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://calmatters.org/\">\u003cem>CALmatters.org\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> is a nonprofit journalism venture dedicated to explaining state policies and politics. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Gov. Brown’s proposed education budget is up more than 50 percent since 2011. But educators still see financial challenges ahead.",
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"nprByline": "\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/about/staff/judy-lin/\">Judy Lin\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/\">CALmatters\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Vallejo High School teacher Lewis Brown starts his morning government class with a question of the day that takes advantage of newly assigned iPads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Today is the one-year anniversary of the French magazine terrorist assassination,” Brown says. “What was the name of the magazine?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The seniors type on their tablets. In seconds, 17-year-old SioFilisi Anitoni answers from the back row, “Mr. Brown, Charlie Hebdo.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vallejo City Unified School District is using increased state funds to assign iPads to each of its roughly 1,000 high school students. The district, in a working-class community in Solano County, is also hoping to improve classroom learning by raising teacher salaries and spending more than $2.5 million on new computer and science labs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10848965\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-10848965\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/LewisBrown-800x575.jpg\" alt=\"Vallejo High School teacher Lewis Brown.\" width=\"800\" height=\"575\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/LewisBrown-800x575.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/LewisBrown-400x287.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/LewisBrown-768x552.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/LewisBrown-1440x1034.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/LewisBrown.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/LewisBrown-1180x848.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/LewisBrown-960x690.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vallejo High School teacher Lewis Brown. \u003ccite>(Robert Durell/CALmatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Up and down California, public schools are enjoying a rapid rise in state funding. With the state’s economic gains and a temporary tax increase approved by voters in 2012, Gov. Jerry Brown’s proposed \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebudget.ca.gov/\">$71.6 billion education budget\u003c/a> for the next fiscal year is up more than 50 percent since 2011. Spending per student has increased more than $3,800 to a projected $14,550 this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schools that handed out tens of thousands of pink slips in the depths of the recession are now scrambling to find qualified teachers, a problem driven in part by low recruitment and high turnover. Teachers are receiving raises and schools are offering signing bonuses. Counselors, librarians and other support staff are being added, along with new textbooks and technology equipment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10848914\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/SchoolSpendingGraph.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-10848914 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/SchoolSpendingGraph-800x655.jpg\" alt=\"Gov. Brown’s proposed $71.6 billion education budget for the next fiscal year is up more than 50 percent since 2011. \" width=\"800\" height=\"655\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/SchoolSpendingGraph-800x655.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/SchoolSpendingGraph-400x328.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/SchoolSpendingGraph-768x629.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/SchoolSpendingGraph-1440x1180.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/SchoolSpendingGraph.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/SchoolSpendingGraph-1180x967.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/SchoolSpendingGraph-960x787.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gov. Brown’s proposed $71.6 billion education budget for the next fiscal year is up more than 50 percent since 2011. \u003ccite>(CALmatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The welcome lift has made up much of the hardship that schools suffered in the recession. But California still ranked 41st in the nation for per-pupil spending in 2013, the most recent year available. And looking ahead, educators see financial challenges that are significant enough that they hope to qualify a ballot measure this year to extend some temporary taxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Voters approved temporary income and sales taxes under Proposition 30 in 2012 to generate about $8 billion per year for schools. They will phase out by the end of 2018. At the same time, a recent agreement to pay down more than $67 billion in unfunded debt for teacher pensions is expected to consume about 38 percent of the projected growth in the school budget through 2019.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10848970\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-10848970\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/ipadDesk-800x966.jpg\" alt=\"Kevin Navarro, a senior at Vallejo High School, uses an iPad in class.\" width=\"800\" height=\"966\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/ipadDesk-800x966.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/ipadDesk-400x483.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/ipadDesk-768x928.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/ipadDesk-1440x1739.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/ipadDesk.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/ipadDesk-1180x1425.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/ipadDesk-960x1160.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kevin Navarro, a senior at Vallejo High School, uses an iPad in class. \u003ccite>( Robert Durell/CALmatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That’s if the economy stays healthy. If there is a recession, as Brown has warned, budget forecasters say schools could be forced once again to lay off teachers and cut costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are enjoying a couple of brief years of impressive recovery in school funding after many years of deep cuts, but these year-over-year gains are not sustainable over time,” said Jack O’Connell, former state superintendent for public instruction and now a partner at Capitol Advisors Group LLC, at government consulting and lobbying firm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you look at the potential cutoff of Prop. 30 tax revenues and huge growing costs of the retirement debt, schools will see most of their annual increases evaporate,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pension agreement reached by Brown and state lawmakers in 2014 is intended to eliminate the debt in 30 years. It raises pension contributions for teachers and for the state, but only slightly. Most of the obligation was given to school districts, where contributions will more than double from 8.25 percent of their payroll in 2013 to 19.1 percent in 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10848920\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/EconomySpending.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-10848920 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/EconomySpending-800x580.jpg\" alt=\"If there is a recession, as Gov. Brown has warned, budget forecasters say schools could be forced once again to lay off teachers and cut costs, especially if Prop. 30 taxes aren't extended in 2019.\" width=\"800\" height=\"580\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/EconomySpending-800x580.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/EconomySpending-400x290.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/EconomySpending-768x557.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/EconomySpending-1440x1045.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/EconomySpending.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/EconomySpending-1180x856.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/EconomySpending-960x697.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">If there is a recession, as Gov. Brown has warned, budget forecasters say schools could be forced once again to lay off teachers and cut costs, especially if Prop. 30 taxes aren't extended in 2019. \u003ccite>(CALmatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In other words, school districts will pay \u003ca href=\"http://lao.ca.gov/Publications/Report/3305#Education\">$3.1 billion\u003c/a> more to the pension system in the 2019-20 fiscal year than they do today, while the minimum school budget guaranteed by Proposition 98 is projected to be about $8.3 billion higher in that same year, according to projections by the Legislative Analyst’s Office, the Legislature’s nonpartisan budget analyst.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If California slips back into recession, the legislative analyst warned that the pension obligations could grow faster than school budgets, likely forcing districts to cut elsewhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some also worry that California’s pension plan relies on robust returns. It assumes an annual 7.5 percent investment return in a system that has earned 7.8 percent over 20 years. If the pension system only yields 7 percent, the plan could fall \u003ca href=\"http://www.calstrs.com/report/sustaining-retirement-security-future-generations-funding-california-state-teachers\">20 percent short of the goal\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://www.calstrs.com/report/sustaining-retirement-security-future-generations-funding-california-state-teachers\">to eliminate the debt by 2046\u003c/a>, according to the California State Teachers’ Retirement System.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/01/21/Jerry-Brown-Delivers-State-of-State\" target=\"_blank\">2016 State of the State address\u003c/a>, Brown said “it is our moral obligation” to chip away at $220 billion in outstanding debt for teacher pensions as well as retiree health care and pension benefits for all state workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Each year, the budget must allocate billions to slowly chip away at these obligations,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The concern about funding comes as California is implementing a set of new policies to improve academic outcomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lagging performance of low-income, Latino and African-American students is stark. In the state’s most recent batch of standardized tests, less than one in four low-income or Latino children and less than one in five African-American children scored high enough to be considered proficient in math. About half of white students and more than two-thirds of Asian students measured as proficient on the same test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under Brown, California has dramatically changed how it allocates money by giving every school a base grant, with additional funds for each student who is low income, an English learner or a foster child.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan -- known as the \u003ca href=\"http://edsource.org/publications/local-control-funding-formula-guide\">Local Control Funding Formula (LCFF)\u003c/a> -- gives considerable discretion to districts about how they spend the money. They are also not required to report their spending choices to the state, raising concern among some lawmakers about whether the money will benefit the intended students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10848988\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-10848988 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/GirlsHeadphones-800x495.jpg\" alt=\"Emily Colon, a first grader at Bixby Elementary School in Long Beach, navigates computer coding. LCFF funds are being used to create and support a robotics/computer coding program for students as young as Kindergarten.\" width=\"800\" height=\"495\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/GirlsHeadphones-800x495.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/GirlsHeadphones-400x247.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/GirlsHeadphones-768x475.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/GirlsHeadphones-1440x890.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/GirlsHeadphones.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/GirlsHeadphones-1180x730.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/GirlsHeadphones-960x594.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Emily Colon, a first-grader at Bixby Elementary School in Long Beach, navigates computer coding. LCFF funds are being used to create and support a robotics/computer coding program for students as young as kindergarten. \u003ccite>(Nancy Pastor/CALmatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“How it will play out is the biggest question,” said Assemblywoman Shirley Weber (D-San Diego), a former school board member and chair of the Assembly Budget Committee. “Clearly, some money will go into staff development, but it is our hope that it’ll make its way into the classroom and make a difference for our children.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lion’s share of increased funding has gone to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ed-data.org/state/CA%20thru%202013-14\">teacher and staff salaries and benefits\u003c/a>, which includes new hires and increased pay and benefits for existing staff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nationally \u003ca href=\"http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d14/tables/dt14_211.60.asp?current=yes\">California ranks among the highest in teacher salaries\u003c/a>, and the California Department of Education reports that the average salary for teachers and some credentialed staff has grown 10.6 percent, from $66,995 in 2008 to $74,090 in 2014. In terms of keeping up with inflation, however, those salaries are just below their purchasing power in 2009.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Questions have been raised about how much of the school budget should be allowed for raises. Weber voiced concern last year after state Superintendent of Public Instruction Tom Torlakson declared that money intended for low-income students, English learners and foster children could be used for across-the-board teacher raises. His decision “makes no connection to more equitable (academic) outcomes and use of those funds for salaries,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/2015/jun/16/weber-torlakson-local-control-funding-formula/\">Weber wrote\u003c/a> in an editorial on behalf of the Legislative Black Caucus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>School officials, including those from disadvantaged communities, say better pay is necessary in order to hire and retain qualified teachers in a state with a high cost of living.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the recession, when Vallejo City Unified School District Superintendent Ramona Bishop said the district laid off and furloughed staff, starting credentialed teacher salaries were under $40,000. They are now at $46,475. The top of the scale has gone from $71,855 to $79,756.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bishop says she’s proud to be able to offer $2,000 signing bonuses for math and science teachers and to log three consecutive years of pay increases for teachers in a district where nearly 20 percent of students are English learners and more than 71 percent qualify for free or reduced-priced meals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10848993\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-10848993\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/VallejoStudents-800x583.jpg\" alt=\"Students take a nutrition break at Vallejo High School on January 7, 2016.\" width=\"800\" height=\"583\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/VallejoStudents-800x583.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/VallejoStudents-400x291.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/VallejoStudents-768x560.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/VallejoStudents-1440x1049.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/VallejoStudents.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/VallejoStudents-1180x860.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/VallejoStudents-960x700.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Students take a nutrition break at Vallejo High School on January 7, 2016. \u003ccite>(Robert Durell/CALmatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Santa Clara Unified School District, a more affluent community that has received limited state increases, chose to use all of its additional funding to provide its 891 teachers a raise. Andrew Lucia, the assistant superintendent for human resources, said after going without salary increases for seven years, the school board approved a 3 percent salary increase in 2013, followed by an 8 percent boost in 2014. There were bonus checks and insurance benefits as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even with the recent budget increases, however, some school districts say they are still facing difficult financial choices. And in some districts, concern about a possible recession and other financial challenges ahead caused educators to use at least some of their recent increases on one-time expenses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown is warning that a downturn is inevitable. To drive home his point, he displayed a chart at his budget press conference in January projecting a $43 billion deficit if the state committed to new spending before a recession. If the state enters a recession, the Legislative Analyst’s Office projects school funding will fall by \u003ca href=\"http://lao.ca.gov/Publications/Report/3305\">$4.6 billion in 2017 and not recover to current levels until 2019\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re being very conservative,” says Long Beach Unified School District Assistant Superintendent Jill Baker. “A lot of it is coming in with one-time funds so we’re thinking about things we couldn’t do before, but not for ongoing expenses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, she said the district is using increased funds to add a training center. The district is also spending $6 million to convert 14 year-round schools back to a traditional schedule to offset the district’s declining enrollment, the primary way schools get funding. The district has lost more than 15,000 students in the past decade. It’s now down to 77,400.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Class sizes haven’t been reduced dramatically. During the recession, Long Beach raised class sizes in kindergarten through third grade to 30-to-1 from 20-to-1. Baker says the ratio is down only to about 26-to-1. Instead, the district invested in updating curriculum, like a computer coding program for students as young as kindergarten.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a Sacramento suburb, Folsom Cordova Unified School District Superintendent Deborah Bettencourt said the district added licensed family therapists to help middle and high school students struggling with bullying or to cope with chaos at home. Bettencourt says she has no plans to resume daily classroom cleaning by janitors because it’s not as high a priority as improving technology or providing academic support.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10848996\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-10848996 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/CodingKid-800x486.jpg\" alt=\"Dylan Williams, a first grader at Bixby Elementary in Long Beach, navigates computer coding with mindstorm lego robotics in his school computer lab.\" width=\"800\" height=\"486\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/CodingKid-800x486.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/CodingKid-400x243.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/CodingKid-768x467.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/CodingKid-1440x875.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/CodingKid.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/CodingKid-1180x717.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/CodingKid-960x584.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dylan Williams, a first-grader at Bixby Elementary in Long Beach, navigates computer coding with Lego Mindstorms robotics in his school computer lab. \u003ccite>(Nancy Pastor/CALmatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Los Angeles Unified School District, home to more than 10 percent of the state’s 6.2 million kindergarten through high school students, continues to face structural imbalances despite increased state funding. According to a November \u003ca href=\"http://laschoolreport.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/LAUSD_IFRP_FINAL_REPORT-110215.pdf\">independent financial report\u003c/a>, the mammoth district is facing declining student enrollment and a long-term deficit that could force the system into bankruptcy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If voters don’t approve an extension of the temporary taxes on this year’s ballot, John Walsh, the district’s chief financial officer, said Los Angeles will see “a significant hit to the bottom line, no doubt about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Teachers Association, the California Federation of Teachers and the California State PTA -- as well as other public employee unions, hospitals and doctors -- are pushing an \u003ca href=\"https://www.oag.ca.gov/system/files/initiatives/pdfs/15-0065%20%28Temporary%20Taxes%29.pdf?\">initiative\u003c/a> to stop the scheduled expiration of temporary taxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The groups will need to turn in at least 585,000 valid signatures by June 30 to qualify a version of the measure for the November ballot. The proposed measure would extend higher income taxes on individuals earning more than $250,000 a year through 2030. It would let a quarter-cent sales tax in Proposition 30 expire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The (economic) crisis going on in China and ripple effect worldwide suggest there is a degree of volatility in the economy we have to consider,” said Joshua Pechthalt, president of the California Federation of Teachers. “What we’re asking is people at the top end of the economic spectrum pay a little bit more. There hasn’t been an exodus of people living in Malibu and Beverly Hills.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Between the tax extension and the economy, the legislative analyst says about $12 billion in annual funding is at stake for schools by 2019.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without the tax extension, Brown’s proposal for a $71.6 billion budget next year will still grow to about $77.5 billion in 2019. In addition to that annual budget, Proposition 98’s complex funding formula is designed to capture an added benefit for schools during an extended strong economy. So if the economy continues as it is, the state would owe another \u003ca href=\"http://lao.ca.gov/Publications/Report/3305\">$6.3 million to schools by 2019\u003c/a> that could be paid over several years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.lao.ca.gov/ballot/2015/150492.pdf\">If voters approve the tax extension\u003c/a>, the budget analyst estimates the school funding would grow between $2.5 billion and $5.5 billion, meaning state school funding would be between $80 billion and $83 billion in 2019. Without a tax extension and with a recession, the budget in 2019 is projected to be about $71 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opposition to the tax extension is still developing. Republicans and anti-tax groups have already voiced concern, saying Proposition 30 was intended to help during a fiscal emergency. Now that schools have enjoyed a recovery, they say, temporary taxes should be allowed to expire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even Brown, a Democrat, has signaled he isn’t keen on extending taxes. “We ought to look at what’s the capacity of the state, and what’s the willingness of taxpayers to pay more,” Brown said at his January budget proposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ppic.org/content/pubs/survey/S_1215MBS.pdf\">An opinion poll\u003c/a> by the Public Policy Institute of California in December found 54 percent of likely voters favor an extension of the taxes, but just 37 percent said they think it is important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A ballot measure to extend taxes could benefit from the higher voter turnout in a presidential year. But it is always tough to pass a tax increase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Guadalupe Aragon, the mother of a fifth-grader at the underperforming 20\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> Street Elementary School in Los Angeles, said she doesn’t think she’d vote for it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The problem is not bringing any more money,” she said. “To a person, the more money you have, the more money you’re going to spend. Are you spending it wisely? That’s the question.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>After Los Angeles passed an ordinance this summer to increase the minimum wage to $15 an hour by 2020, Richard LoGuercio spent the following weekend driving around a nearby city, looking for warehouses to move his business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am just screwed,” said LoGuercio, owner and president of Town and Country Event Rentals in Van Nuys, which employs 450 people, more than half of whom earn between $10 to $13 an hour. Moving his shop to another county could help him escape the mandated wage increase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Labor has kind of become our enemy, because it’s just so high,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the minimum wage goes up to $15 an hour, LoGuercio estimates his labor costs will increase by 62 percent. He says he fears his labor costs may rise even further because his more experienced workers will need to be paid more than a new employee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m in favor of (raising) the minimum wage, but not so much and not so fast,” said LoGuercio, who says he’s weighing his options for cutting labor costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Wherever technology can help, that’s where we’re looking into.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the minimum wage ordinance was approved, LoGuercio invested in a $150,000 industrial dishwasher he had been eyeing to save on utility costs. The machine will also allow him to stop paying six to eight people who earn $10 to $11 an hour washing dishes. LoGuercio expects to recoup his costs in nine months, and save a couple of hundred thousand dollars a year going forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a start,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Employers: Minimum Wage Increases Will Put More Machines in the Workplace\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Employer groups opposed to raising the minimum wage say labor costs are already driving decisions to replace human labor with technology. They say higher minimum wages will accelerate automation trends in the workplace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But economists say even when jobs are replaced by technology, overall employment may not suffer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Machines are already doing what humans had done for decades in supermarkets and some restaurants; shoppers can pay using self-checkout kiosks, and diners at Chili’s can order baby back ribs on a tabletop tablet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Restaurant Association says self-ordering could become more common if the minimum wage is increased to $15 statewide, a scenario proposed in competing initiatives currently trying to qualify for the 2016 November ballot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10795510\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-10795510\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/CondieResto.jpg\" alt=\"Jot Condie, president of the California Restaurant Association, picks up his lunch at an automated restaurant in San Francisco.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1272\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/CondieResto.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/CondieResto-400x265.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/CondieResto-800x530.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/CondieResto-768x509.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/CondieResto-1440x954.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/CondieResto-1180x782.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/CondieResto-960x636.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jot Condie, president of the California Restaurant Association, picks up his lunch at an automated restaurant in San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Beatrice Katcher/CALmatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“When you’re talking about a 60 percent increase in the minimum wage over a short period of time, that absolutely is a game changer,” said Jot Condie, chief executive and president of the restaurant association. “They’re all planning” on ways to cut costs, including buying pre-chopped ingredients, sourcing food from international sources instead of local farmers, or hiring more discriminately.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If they haven’t adopted technology, they are absolutely looking at technology as an option, a way to cut costs,” Condie said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kiosks and tablets are most likely to be seen in fast-food restaurants -- but that’s not just because of labor costs, Condie said. Technology helps deliver food more quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Farmers May Grow What Can Be Mechanized\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to agriculture, the California Farm Bureau Federation says it’s like any other industry that employs large numbers of low-skilled workers. Growers look for “every opportunity” to cut labor costs, and technology is part of that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bryan Little, director of employment policy at the farm bureau, said for the past 25 years more and more agricultural products -– including tomatoes, raisins and nuts -– are being harvested by machine. As labor costs go up, Little said, farmers decide what to grow partly on how easily production can be mechanized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"6sxbuv8q9BkiV30DzUu1qqAK3TWv4iTg\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot more interest in growing almonds, walnuts, pistachios, other types of tree nuts that can be harvested with a crew of four or five people,” said Little, explaining that machines can shake nuts from a tree, without harming color or texture. Not so for a strawberry or melons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said if there were a statewide $15 minimum wage, farming would likely become more mechanized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’d see more interest in developing commodities that can be machine harvested, or (growers) changing to commodities that lend themselves to machine harvesting,” Little said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When Automation Happens, It May Not Be So Bad\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent economic research suggests that job loss does occur following minimum wage increases, but the losses are evened out by other job gains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chicago-area economists who analyzed employment data between 1999 and 2009 found for every 10 percent increase in the minimum wage, low-wage jobs that involve routine cognitive tasks -– such as cashiers -- declined 1.5 percent a year or two after the hike. The researchers inferred the decline was caused by technology replacing workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At the same time, there was this employment growth in jobs that are not easily replaced by technology, “ said Brian Phelan, assistant professor of economics at the Driehaus College of Business at DePaul University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Phelan says the kinds of increases being proposed and implemented in California could accelerate automation in the workplace. The balance between job losses and gains he found in more modest minimum wage increases may not hold in other wage hike scenarios.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, a different economist says the falling price of technology, not minimum wage increases, is a more significant driver of automation in the workplace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Increasing the minimum wage to $15 isn’t going to change very much at all,” said Michael Reich, economics professor and director of the Institute for Research on Labor and Employment at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It (would) be a little bump on the road compared to the big effects of the cheapening price of technology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reich said technological substitution in the workplace is not necessarily a net job destroyer. A firm could expand and hire more workers. Or jobs may reappear in other industries. In restaurants, former cashiers could be trained as cooks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It means the job has been displaced, but not necessarily the worker,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Preparing for the Los Angeles Minimum Wage Increase\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back at Town and Country Event Rentals in Los Angeles, owner LoGuercio is still crunching numbers about how his manual-labor heavy, service-oriented business will account for the $15 wage increase by 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If I could find robots … to load trucks, I would do that,” LoGuercio said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10795556\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-10795556\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/LoGuercio.jpg\" alt=\"Pauline Bartolone for CALmatters\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1397\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/LoGuercio.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/LoGuercio-400x291.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/LoGuercio-800x582.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/LoGuercio-768x559.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/LoGuercio-1440x1048.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/LoGuercio-1180x859.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/LoGuercio-960x699.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Richard LoGuercio, president and owner of Town & Country Event Rentals, poses in his warehouse in Los Angeles. LoGuercio employs 450 people, more than half of whom earn between $10 and $13 an hour. \u003ccite>(Pauline Bartolone/CALmatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He hasn’t decided what he’ll do with the workers who used to be dishwashers, but he may move them to other jobs within the company. He’s also looking into an online ordering system, which would eliminate the need for one or two office positions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But LoGuercio says he has acquired one new “expensive” worker because of Los Angeles’ wage increase: a chief financial officer. While he says he considers himself an experienced entrepreneur, when it comes to figuring out the variables created by the upcoming wage increase, he needs help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m not that smart,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>After Los Angeles passed an ordinance this summer to increase the minimum wage to $15 an hour by 2020, Richard LoGuercio spent the following weekend driving around a nearby city, looking for warehouses to move his business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am just screwed,” said LoGuercio, owner and president of Town and Country Event Rentals in Van Nuys, which employs 450 people, more than half of whom earn between $10 to $13 an hour. Moving his shop to another county could help him escape the mandated wage increase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Labor has kind of become our enemy, because it’s just so high,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the minimum wage goes up to $15 an hour, LoGuercio estimates his labor costs will increase by 62 percent. He says he fears his labor costs may rise even further because his more experienced workers will need to be paid more than a new employee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m in favor of (raising) the minimum wage, but not so much and not so fast,” said LoGuercio, who says he’s weighing his options for cutting labor costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Wherever technology can help, that’s where we’re looking into.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the minimum wage ordinance was approved, LoGuercio invested in a $150,000 industrial dishwasher he had been eyeing to save on utility costs. The machine will also allow him to stop paying six to eight people who earn $10 to $11 an hour washing dishes. LoGuercio expects to recoup his costs in nine months, and save a couple of hundred thousand dollars a year going forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a start,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Employers: Minimum Wage Increases Will Put More Machines in the Workplace\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Employer groups opposed to raising the minimum wage say labor costs are already driving decisions to replace human labor with technology. They say higher minimum wages will accelerate automation trends in the workplace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But economists say even when jobs are replaced by technology, overall employment may not suffer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Machines are already doing what humans had done for decades in supermarkets and some restaurants; shoppers can pay using self-checkout kiosks, and diners at Chili’s can order baby back ribs on a tabletop tablet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Restaurant Association says self-ordering could become more common if the minimum wage is increased to $15 statewide, a scenario proposed in competing initiatives currently trying to qualify for the 2016 November ballot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10795510\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-10795510\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/CondieResto.jpg\" alt=\"Jot Condie, president of the California Restaurant Association, picks up his lunch at an automated restaurant in San Francisco.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1272\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/CondieResto.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/CondieResto-400x265.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/CondieResto-800x530.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/CondieResto-768x509.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/CondieResto-1440x954.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/CondieResto-1180x782.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/CondieResto-960x636.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jot Condie, president of the California Restaurant Association, picks up his lunch at an automated restaurant in San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Beatrice Katcher/CALmatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“When you’re talking about a 60 percent increase in the minimum wage over a short period of time, that absolutely is a game changer,” said Jot Condie, chief executive and president of the restaurant association. “They’re all planning” on ways to cut costs, including buying pre-chopped ingredients, sourcing food from international sources instead of local farmers, or hiring more discriminately.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If they haven’t adopted technology, they are absolutely looking at technology as an option, a way to cut costs,” Condie said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kiosks and tablets are most likely to be seen in fast-food restaurants -- but that’s not just because of labor costs, Condie said. Technology helps deliver food more quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Farmers May Grow What Can Be Mechanized\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to agriculture, the California Farm Bureau Federation says it’s like any other industry that employs large numbers of low-skilled workers. Growers look for “every opportunity” to cut labor costs, and technology is part of that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bryan Little, director of employment policy at the farm bureau, said for the past 25 years more and more agricultural products -– including tomatoes, raisins and nuts -– are being harvested by machine. As labor costs go up, Little said, farmers decide what to grow partly on how easily production can be mechanized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot more interest in growing almonds, walnuts, pistachios, other types of tree nuts that can be harvested with a crew of four or five people,” said Little, explaining that machines can shake nuts from a tree, without harming color or texture. Not so for a strawberry or melons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said if there were a statewide $15 minimum wage, farming would likely become more mechanized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’d see more interest in developing commodities that can be machine harvested, or (growers) changing to commodities that lend themselves to machine harvesting,” Little said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When Automation Happens, It May Not Be So Bad\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent economic research suggests that job loss does occur following minimum wage increases, but the losses are evened out by other job gains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chicago-area economists who analyzed employment data between 1999 and 2009 found for every 10 percent increase in the minimum wage, low-wage jobs that involve routine cognitive tasks -– such as cashiers -- declined 1.5 percent a year or two after the hike. The researchers inferred the decline was caused by technology replacing workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At the same time, there was this employment growth in jobs that are not easily replaced by technology, “ said Brian Phelan, assistant professor of economics at the Driehaus College of Business at DePaul University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Phelan says the kinds of increases being proposed and implemented in California could accelerate automation in the workplace. The balance between job losses and gains he found in more modest minimum wage increases may not hold in other wage hike scenarios.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, a different economist says the falling price of technology, not minimum wage increases, is a more significant driver of automation in the workplace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Increasing the minimum wage to $15 isn’t going to change very much at all,” said Michael Reich, economics professor and director of the Institute for Research on Labor and Employment at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It (would) be a little bump on the road compared to the big effects of the cheapening price of technology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reich said technological substitution in the workplace is not necessarily a net job destroyer. A firm could expand and hire more workers. Or jobs may reappear in other industries. In restaurants, former cashiers could be trained as cooks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It means the job has been displaced, but not necessarily the worker,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Preparing for the Los Angeles Minimum Wage Increase\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back at Town and Country Event Rentals in Los Angeles, owner LoGuercio is still crunching numbers about how his manual-labor heavy, service-oriented business will account for the $15 wage increase by 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If I could find robots … to load trucks, I would do that,” LoGuercio said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10795556\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-10795556\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/LoGuercio.jpg\" alt=\"Pauline Bartolone for CALmatters\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1397\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/LoGuercio.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/LoGuercio-400x291.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/LoGuercio-800x582.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/LoGuercio-768x559.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/LoGuercio-1440x1048.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/LoGuercio-1180x859.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/LoGuercio-960x699.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Richard LoGuercio, president and owner of Town & Country Event Rentals, poses in his warehouse in Los Angeles. LoGuercio employs 450 people, more than half of whom earn between $10 and $13 an hour. \u003ccite>(Pauline Bartolone/CALmatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He hasn’t decided what he’ll do with the workers who used to be dishwashers, but he may move them to other jobs within the company. He’s also looking into an online ordering system, which would eliminate the need for one or two office positions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But LoGuercio says he has acquired one new “expensive” worker because of Los Angeles’ wage increase: a chief financial officer. While he says he considers himself an experienced entrepreneur, when it comes to figuring out the variables created by the upcoming wage increase, he needs help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m not that smart,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "California Cities Build Momentum on Minimum Wage Boosts",
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"content": "\u003cp>Lydia Flores saves gas money by taking a two-hour train ride to and from her cashier job at a Los Angeles supermarket. She tells her teenage sons about another way the family can save on the cost of eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Eat it slow,” she tells them. “They gotta savor their eggs now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To stretch her dollars, Flores gets some food from churches. Her sons wear their uncle’s hand-me-downs. A couple of times a year, she’ll ask a local nonprofit to help pay a utility bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You pay one bill and leave the other. And then, you’ll get the disconnection notice, and then you pay that bill, and then leave another bill.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=\"https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/235587324\" params=\"color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" iframe=\"true\" /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earning $12.88 an hour, Flores supports her two sons on roughly $2,000 a month or less after taxes. That includes a Social Security check her younger son receives because of a developmental disability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s stories like hers, of people who work full time and still struggle to meet basic needs, that have fueled groups such as \u003ca href=\"http://fightfor15.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Fight for $15\u003c/a> and the movement to raise wages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California cities have heard their call.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California cities lead the charge to raise minimum wage\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the last three years, 15 of the 30 cities and counties nationwide that have voted to increase the minimum wage have been in California, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://laborcenter.berkeley.edu/topic/minimum-wage-living-wage/\" target=\"_blank\">UC Berkeley Labor Center\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California is a state that has made it very clear to cities and counties that they have the authority to pass a higher minimum wage,” said Laura Huizar, staff attorney for the National Employment Law Project, a Washington, D.C., nonprofit that publishes research about low-wage workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10777889\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-10777889\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/LydiaFlores-800x528.jpg\" alt=\"Lydia Flores rallies with her union, UFCW, for a new contract. Flores supports two teenage sons on $12.88 an hour as a cashier in Los Angeles.\" width=\"800\" height=\"528\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/LydiaFlores-800x528.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/LydiaFlores-400x264.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/LydiaFlores-1440x950.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/LydiaFlores.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/LydiaFlores-1180x778.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/LydiaFlores-960x633.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lydia Flores rallies with her union, UFCW, for a new contract. Flores supports two teenage sons on $12.88 an hour as a cashier in Los Angeles. \u003ccite>(Pauline Bartolone/CALmatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Huizar said some states, like Georgia and Texas, prohibit localities from passing minimum wage laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other experts say a mix of politics and economics explain why half of the recent local increases have happened through California regional governments. Andrew Busch of the Rose Institute of State and Local Government at Claremont McKenna College said it’s the left-leaning politics and high cost of living in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Policymakers or voters are more receptive to an increased minimum wage because they see that it just costs a lot more to live in those places,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leaders of the Fight for $15 movement say getting traction on the city level hasn’t necessarily been the focus of their campaign. It is one of many groups that organized to raise the minimum wage in Los Angeles. But leaders say their demonstrations have influenced New York State policymakers and employers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s all types of ways to get there, and I don’t think that the workers really care how they get there. They care that they have $15 so they can get out of poverty,” said Kendall Fells, organizing director for Fight for $15.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"7m2qiWIcCYdLSSCPAxEcFGQRyArAf0rq\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nonetheless, actions by the California cities could prove influential.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California raised its minimum wage from $8 to $9 an hour in July 2014. The state will raise it again to $10 an hour in January 2016. Large cities in the Los Angeles and San Francisco metro areas have passed ordinances to raise their minimum wages to up to $15 an hour by 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Busch said if enough cities adopt an increase, there may be a “psychological momentum” to adopt similar increases statewide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They might begin to make the argument that there are too many cities at risk of losing jobs to competitor cities, and the playing field needs to be leveled out,” Busch said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cities' minimum wage movements may influence state actions\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, state Sen. Mark Leno (D-San Francisco), who authored a bill this year to raise the minimum wage statewide to $13 with future adjustments for inflation, said higher wages in cities create an opportunity for state policy to make the marketplace fairer for competing businesses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Raising our state minimum wage to be a little closer to some of these higher city and county minimum wages would do that,” Leno said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Furthermore, Leno said, if cities show that local wage increases don’t “kill jobs,” that would help proponents of the statewide measure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10777891\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-10777891\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/MarkLeno-800x530.jpg\" alt=\"State Sen. Mark Leno (D-San Francisco) authored a bill this year to raise the state's minimum wage to $13. It stalled in committee.\" width=\"800\" height=\"530\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/MarkLeno-800x530.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/MarkLeno-400x265.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/MarkLeno-1440x953.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/MarkLeno.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/MarkLeno-1180x781.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/MarkLeno-960x636.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">State Sen. Mark Leno (D-San Francisco) authored a bill this year to raise the state's minimum wage to $13. It stalled in committee. \u003ccite>(Max Whittaker/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But the wave of new local wage ordinances has California employers concerned. \u003ca href=\"http://www.cbrt.org/\" target=\"_blank\">The California Business Roundtable\u003c/a> hasn’t yet taken a stance on the statewide wage proposals, and says its members don’t employ many low-wage workers. But Robert Lapsley, president of the roundtable, said minimum wage decisions should happen at the state Capitol, with regional economic differences taken into account.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"How do you make good public policy if you’re doing it solely within one city when it’s going to have ripple effects throughout the entire region?” Lapsley asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While proponents of this year’s statewide legislation want to raise the minimum wage so that families of three or four people stay out of poverty, Lapsley argued that’s something the minimum wage was never intended to do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the wrong debate,” he said. “It’s really about we have to be growing our jobs so that we have middle-class jobs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, Lapsley said the business community wants to see the manufacturing sector grow to create more opportunities for Californians to transition out of lower-paying jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The $13 minimum wage bill stalled in committee this year, but Leno said he will reignite the push in 2016. The wave of cities raising their minimum wages wasn’t the impetus for his effort, Leno said, but the local efforts “inspire and encourage” the statewide legislation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, a couple of 2016 ballot proposals would set the state minimum wage at $15 an hour, one by 2020 and the other by 2021. Neither has yet qualified for the ballot. Busch said efforts to raise the wage at the local level may give those initiatives momentum, but backers will still need to show voters that the increase wouldn’t hurt the economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That $15 minimum wage in Los Angeles couldn’t come soon enough for Flores, who works in an area supermarket. When her pay is increased, she said, she could buy her two sons new clothes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Couldn’t they raise it right now?\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"nprByline": "\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/about/staff/pauline-bartolone/\">Pauline Bartolone\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/\">CALmatters\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Lydia Flores saves gas money by taking a two-hour train ride to and from her cashier job at a Los Angeles supermarket. She tells her teenage sons about another way the family can save on the cost of eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Eat it slow,” she tells them. “They gotta savor their eggs now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To stretch her dollars, Flores gets some food from churches. Her sons wear their uncle’s hand-me-downs. A couple of times a year, she’ll ask a local nonprofit to help pay a utility bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You pay one bill and leave the other. And then, you’ll get the disconnection notice, and then you pay that bill, and then leave another bill.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='100%' height='166'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/235587324&visual=true&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false'\n title='https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/235587324'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earning $12.88 an hour, Flores supports her two sons on roughly $2,000 a month or less after taxes. That includes a Social Security check her younger son receives because of a developmental disability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s stories like hers, of people who work full time and still struggle to meet basic needs, that have fueled groups such as \u003ca href=\"http://fightfor15.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Fight for $15\u003c/a> and the movement to raise wages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California cities have heard their call.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California cities lead the charge to raise minimum wage\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the last three years, 15 of the 30 cities and counties nationwide that have voted to increase the minimum wage have been in California, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://laborcenter.berkeley.edu/topic/minimum-wage-living-wage/\" target=\"_blank\">UC Berkeley Labor Center\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California is a state that has made it very clear to cities and counties that they have the authority to pass a higher minimum wage,” said Laura Huizar, staff attorney for the National Employment Law Project, a Washington, D.C., nonprofit that publishes research about low-wage workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10777889\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-10777889\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/LydiaFlores-800x528.jpg\" alt=\"Lydia Flores rallies with her union, UFCW, for a new contract. Flores supports two teenage sons on $12.88 an hour as a cashier in Los Angeles.\" width=\"800\" height=\"528\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/LydiaFlores-800x528.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/LydiaFlores-400x264.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/LydiaFlores-1440x950.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/LydiaFlores.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/LydiaFlores-1180x778.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/LydiaFlores-960x633.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lydia Flores rallies with her union, UFCW, for a new contract. Flores supports two teenage sons on $12.88 an hour as a cashier in Los Angeles. \u003ccite>(Pauline Bartolone/CALmatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Huizar said some states, like Georgia and Texas, prohibit localities from passing minimum wage laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other experts say a mix of politics and economics explain why half of the recent local increases have happened through California regional governments. Andrew Busch of the Rose Institute of State and Local Government at Claremont McKenna College said it’s the left-leaning politics and high cost of living in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Policymakers or voters are more receptive to an increased minimum wage because they see that it just costs a lot more to live in those places,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leaders of the Fight for $15 movement say getting traction on the city level hasn’t necessarily been the focus of their campaign. It is one of many groups that organized to raise the minimum wage in Los Angeles. But leaders say their demonstrations have influenced New York State policymakers and employers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s all types of ways to get there, and I don’t think that the workers really care how they get there. They care that they have $15 so they can get out of poverty,” said Kendall Fells, organizing director for Fight for $15.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nonetheless, actions by the California cities could prove influential.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California raised its minimum wage from $8 to $9 an hour in July 2014. The state will raise it again to $10 an hour in January 2016. Large cities in the Los Angeles and San Francisco metro areas have passed ordinances to raise their minimum wages to up to $15 an hour by 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Busch said if enough cities adopt an increase, there may be a “psychological momentum” to adopt similar increases statewide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They might begin to make the argument that there are too many cities at risk of losing jobs to competitor cities, and the playing field needs to be leveled out,” Busch said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cities' minimum wage movements may influence state actions\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, state Sen. Mark Leno (D-San Francisco), who authored a bill this year to raise the minimum wage statewide to $13 with future adjustments for inflation, said higher wages in cities create an opportunity for state policy to make the marketplace fairer for competing businesses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Raising our state minimum wage to be a little closer to some of these higher city and county minimum wages would do that,” Leno said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Furthermore, Leno said, if cities show that local wage increases don’t “kill jobs,” that would help proponents of the statewide measure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10777891\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-10777891\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/MarkLeno-800x530.jpg\" alt=\"State Sen. Mark Leno (D-San Francisco) authored a bill this year to raise the state's minimum wage to $13. It stalled in committee.\" width=\"800\" height=\"530\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/MarkLeno-800x530.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/MarkLeno-400x265.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/MarkLeno-1440x953.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/MarkLeno.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/MarkLeno-1180x781.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/MarkLeno-960x636.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">State Sen. Mark Leno (D-San Francisco) authored a bill this year to raise the state's minimum wage to $13. It stalled in committee. \u003ccite>(Max Whittaker/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But the wave of new local wage ordinances has California employers concerned. \u003ca href=\"http://www.cbrt.org/\" target=\"_blank\">The California Business Roundtable\u003c/a> hasn’t yet taken a stance on the statewide wage proposals, and says its members don’t employ many low-wage workers. But Robert Lapsley, president of the roundtable, said minimum wage decisions should happen at the state Capitol, with regional economic differences taken into account.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"How do you make good public policy if you’re doing it solely within one city when it’s going to have ripple effects throughout the entire region?” Lapsley asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While proponents of this year’s statewide legislation want to raise the minimum wage so that families of three or four people stay out of poverty, Lapsley argued that’s something the minimum wage was never intended to do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the wrong debate,” he said. “It’s really about we have to be growing our jobs so that we have middle-class jobs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, Lapsley said the business community wants to see the manufacturing sector grow to create more opportunities for Californians to transition out of lower-paying jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The $13 minimum wage bill stalled in committee this year, but Leno said he will reignite the push in 2016. The wave of cities raising their minimum wages wasn’t the impetus for his effort, Leno said, but the local efforts “inspire and encourage” the statewide legislation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, a couple of 2016 ballot proposals would set the state minimum wage at $15 an hour, one by 2020 and the other by 2021. Neither has yet qualified for the ballot. Busch said efforts to raise the wage at the local level may give those initiatives momentum, but backers will still need to show voters that the increase wouldn’t hurt the economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That $15 minimum wage in Los Angeles couldn’t come soon enough for Flores, who works in an area supermarket. When her pay is increased, she said, she could buy her two sons new clothes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Couldn’t they raise it right now?\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Why California Polluters Pay a Pennsylvania Pig Farmer to Curb Emissions",
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"content": "\u003cp>Large industrial facilities in California have a few choices about how they comply with the state’s cap-and-trade program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Businesses can emit less pollution, buy allowances to pollute or pay for other projects called offsets to reduce emissions, instead of the polluters . Offset projects are located all over the U.S., but that’s not why they’ve come under fire. In the green pastures that surround the small towns of Central Pennsylvania, a pig farm is paid to replace California polluters in eliminating thousands of metric tons of greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/219941154″ params=”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false” width=”100%” height=”166″ iframe=”true” /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ideal Family Farms raises about 30,000 hogs a year, which turn into the bacon and ham hocks that are sold in grocery stores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All they have to do is eat and drink and not worry about staying away from predators,” says Dennis Brubaker, one of the owners of the farm in Beavertown, Pennsylvania.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pigs produce a lot of manure, and manure emits methane, one of the heat-trapping gasses that falls under California’s cap. Brubaker uses the methane as a source of renewable energy. Every year, 7 million gallons of manure are piped into a 16-foot deep concrete cauldron in the ground. The methane is collected and fed to a giant engine, where it combusts to generate electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">About 80 percent of the offset credits in California’s marketplace come from out-of-state projects.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The process removes about 3,000 metric tons of methane a year. And that reduction is available for purchase as a carbon offset under California’s cap-and-trade program. Preventing the emission of one metric ton of greenhouse gas is worth roughly $10.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because of the manure that we had, and the need for energy, it was just the perfect fit,” says Brubaker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Large industrial facilities in California are given a threshold for how much greenhouse gas they can produce for free. Above that benchmark, they must buy an allowance to pollute, or they can purchase an offset from a project such as Brubaker’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://vimeo.com/133691850\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s pretty cool that we can have joint partnerships in trying to help make the environment better from one end of the country to the next,” says Brubaker. About 80 percent of the offset credits in California’s marketplace come from out-of-state projects. That includes things like conserving forests or incinerating greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Offsets are less expensive, yet real emissions reductions,” says Gary Gero, President of the Climate Action Reserve, a registry for offsets. About 20 million of these credits have been approved by the state for purchase since the start of the cap-and-trade program. Gero says offsets give businesses flexibility in reducing emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”YJICIKNSsD8O69HTv0q3U4BV2i7cFsqH”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re trying to do with a mechanism like cap-and-trade is reduce the overall impact on the economy, essentially on businesses and their consumers of complying with the environmental regulation,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a limit to how many offsets companies can use, but critics worry that offsets are a crutch, allowing polluters to keep polluting as usual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They shouldn’t be tied to our effort to get away from fossil fuels,” says Laurie Williams, a volunteer with Citizens’ Climate Lobby, a group that sued the state over offsets, and lost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The activities that have been chosen for offsets are virtually all activities that were happening to some degree prior. And where it’s impossible to tell what additional increment of that activity you’re getting because of the offset credit. It’s too complex,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in Pennsylvania, Brubaker says he was counting on revenue from a market like California’s before he installed his methane digester. But if the program didn’t exist, he still would have moved forward without the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What it comes down to is, it certainly helps projects like ours come together,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The supply of offset credits has doubled since last year, according to the Climate Action Reserve. California businesses will disclose more information about how many offsets they’re using this November, when they submit cap-and-trade compliance information to state regulators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calmatters.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CALmatters\u003c/a> is a non-profit journalism venture dedicated to explaining California policies and politics.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Large industrial facilities in California have a few choices about how they comply with the state’s cap-and-trade program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Businesses can emit less pollution, buy allowances to pollute or pay for other projects called offsets to reduce emissions, instead of the polluters . Offset projects are located all over the U.S., but that’s not why they’ve come under fire. In the green pastures that surround the small towns of Central Pennsylvania, a pig farm is paid to replace California polluters in eliminating thousands of metric tons of greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='”100%”' height='”166″'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/219941154″&visual=true&”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false”'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/219941154″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ideal Family Farms raises about 30,000 hogs a year, which turn into the bacon and ham hocks that are sold in grocery stores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All they have to do is eat and drink and not worry about staying away from predators,” says Dennis Brubaker, one of the owners of the farm in Beavertown, Pennsylvania.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pigs produce a lot of manure, and manure emits methane, one of the heat-trapping gasses that falls under California’s cap. Brubaker uses the methane as a source of renewable energy. Every year, 7 million gallons of manure are piped into a 16-foot deep concrete cauldron in the ground. The methane is collected and fed to a giant engine, where it combusts to generate electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">About 80 percent of the offset credits in California’s marketplace come from out-of-state projects.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The process removes about 3,000 metric tons of methane a year. And that reduction is available for purchase as a carbon offset under California’s cap-and-trade program. Preventing the emission of one metric ton of greenhouse gas is worth roughly $10.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because of the manure that we had, and the need for energy, it was just the perfect fit,” says Brubaker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Large industrial facilities in California are given a threshold for how much greenhouse gas they can produce for free. Above that benchmark, they must buy an allowance to pollute, or they can purchase an offset from a project such as Brubaker’s.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>“It’s pretty cool that we can have joint partnerships in trying to help make the environment better from one end of the country to the next,” says Brubaker. About 80 percent of the offset credits in California’s marketplace come from out-of-state projects. That includes things like conserving forests or incinerating greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Offsets are less expensive, yet real emissions reductions,” says Gary Gero, President of the Climate Action Reserve, a registry for offsets. About 20 million of these credits have been approved by the state for purchase since the start of the cap-and-trade program. Gero says offsets give businesses flexibility in reducing emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re trying to do with a mechanism like cap-and-trade is reduce the overall impact on the economy, essentially on businesses and their consumers of complying with the environmental regulation,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a limit to how many offsets companies can use, but critics worry that offsets are a crutch, allowing polluters to keep polluting as usual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They shouldn’t be tied to our effort to get away from fossil fuels,” says Laurie Williams, a volunteer with Citizens’ Climate Lobby, a group that sued the state over offsets, and lost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The activities that have been chosen for offsets are virtually all activities that were happening to some degree prior. And where it’s impossible to tell what additional increment of that activity you’re getting because of the offset credit. It’s too complex,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in Pennsylvania, Brubaker says he was counting on revenue from a market like California’s before he installed his methane digester. But if the program didn’t exist, he still would have moved forward without the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What it comes down to is, it certainly helps projects like ours come together,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The supply of offset credits has doubled since last year, according to the Climate Action Reserve. California businesses will disclose more information about how many offsets they’re using this November, when they submit cap-and-trade compliance information to state regulators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calmatters.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CALmatters\u003c/a> is a non-profit journalism venture dedicated to explaining California policies and politics.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/news/series/baycurious",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 3
},
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}
},
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"id": "bbc-world-service",
"title": "BBC World Service",
"info": "The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service",
"meta": {
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"source": "BBC World Service"
},
"link": "/radio/program/bbc-world-service",
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"rss": "https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"
}
},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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}
},
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"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.cityarts.net/",
"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
"subscribe": {
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/City-Arts-and-Lectures-p692/",
"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
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"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 1
},
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit",
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},
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
"link": "/forum",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"freakonomics-radio": {
"id": "freakonomics-radio",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"
}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
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