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"disqusTitle": "A Quarter of California Adolescents May Be 'Gender Nonconforming.' So What Does That Mean?",
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"content": "\u003cp>You may have seen recent news of a survey finding that 27 percent of California youth ages 12 to 17 are \"gender nonconforming.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Gender nonconforming is not a synonym for transgender. Rather it typically refers to a much greater number of people who defy stereotypes of their sex. This term can include tomboys, for example.'\u003ccite>Kristina Olson, University of Washington.\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>That sounds pretty high. I might even put the word \"whopping\" before \"27 percent.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But I have to say, I've been covering the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/04/24/boy-girl-both-neither-a-new-generation-overthrows-gender/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gender story\u003c/a> for more than a year, and when I saw the headlines, I wasn't \u003cem>quite\u003c/em> sure what gender nonconforming meant. Gender terminology, like gender itself these days, can be fairly fluid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So here is the exact question that was asked of California adolescents:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A person’s appearance, style, dress, or the way they walk or talk may affect how people describe them. How do you think other people at school would describe you? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Very feminine\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mostly feminine\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Equally feminine and masculine\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mostly masculine\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Very masculine\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>This is a measure of what gender researchers call \"gender expression,\" or the way individuals manifest what you might call the trappings of masculinity and femininity: clothes, hair, makeup, posture. As some of the UCLA researchers involved in the survey put it, those who are \"seen as resisting dominant expectations around gender expression\" are considered gender nonconforming.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'There’s been an assumption that gender nonconforming people are gay or lesbian, but that’s not the case. It’s a stereotype.”\u003ccite>Alison Gill, Advocates for Youth\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>You might think that someone who is gender nonconforming is necessarily transgender. But that is not the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“ ‘Gender nonconforming' \" is not a synonym for transgender,” says Kristina Olson, d\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">irector of the TransYouth Project at the University of Washington. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“R\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">ather it typically refers to a much greater number of people who defy stereotypes of their sex. This term can include tomboys, for example\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many people may also confound gender nonconformity with being lesbian, gay or bisexual. But Alison Gill, a consultant on gender for the nonprofit Advocates for Youth, says \u003ca href=\"http://advocatesforyouth.org/storage/advfy/documents/YRBSS.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">research\u003c/a> shows most gender nonconforming kids are actually heterosexual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There’s been an assumption that gender nonconforming people are gay or lesbian, but that’s not the case. It’s a stereotype,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, you can be gender nonconforming without being L, G, B or T.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Study Results\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gender expression question was included on the recent \u003ca href=\"http://healthpolicy.ucla.edu/chis/Pages/default.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Health Interview Survey\u003c/a>, conducted by UCLA on a continuous basis. The telephone survey covers dozens of health topics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CHIS has been going strong since 2001, but this was the first time a question on either youth gender identity or gender expression had been included.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why now?\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'A lot of bullying is around expression and not sexuality. A gay boy who is considered totally masculine is considered fine by his peers. But nonconforming people are getting bullied.' \u003ccite>Phil Hammack, University of California, Santa Cruz\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Researchers at UCLA's Center for Health Policy Research and The Williams Institute, which conducts research on sexual orientation and gender identity law, said in a health policy \u003ca href=\"http://healthpolicy.ucla.edu/publications/Documents/PDF/2017/gncadolescents-factsheet-dec2017.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fact sheet\u003c/a> that levels of gender conformity are \"known to be a particularly salient factor in the safety and well-being of youth. Yet, data about gender nonconforming youth remain rare.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question was asked of 1,594 adolescents, ages 12 to 17, across California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were two categories for respondents coded as gender nonconforming. One was \"highly gender nonconforming\" and the other was \"androgynous.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Male respondents who answered \"very feminine\" or \"mostly feminine,\" and female respondents who answered \"very masculine\" or \"mostly masculine,\" were categorized as \"highly gender nonconforming.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those who answered \"equally feminine and masculine\" were coded as “androgynous.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The androgynous outnumbered those who were highly gender nonconforming by more than 3 to 1.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Total nonconforming youth came out to 27 percent of all the adolescents queried. That \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">would equate to 796,000 gender nonconforming youth in the state of California today.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The margin of error was about 6 percent, so that number could be substantially greater or fewer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California and Gender\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Combined surveys asking the same question in L.A., San Diego, Chicago and Florida’s Broward County provide a larger population of 9,265 youth, and that data shows high health risks associated with gender nonconformity. For example, GNC males were between two and three times more likely to attempt suicide than conforming males, and for females the rate was 1 1/2 times greater for those who were GNC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the California survey showed nonconforming youth reporting more than twice the level of severe psychological distress as their conforming peers, it showed no statistically significant difference when it came to suicidal ideation and suicide attempts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why the big difference related to suicide between nonconforming and conforming youth in the larger sample, and hardly any in the Californian-only data?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California researchers speculated that the state's social environment may be contributing to better mental health outcomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“(H)igher levels of social acceptance and the presence of protective policies in California may impact rates of victimization and bullying, which, in turn, may confer some protection for gender minority youth in the state,\" reads the fact sheet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Next Frontier\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phil Hammack is a professor of psychology and researcher at the University of California, Santa Cruz, who specializes in sexual and gender identity. He thinks that when it comes to bullying, gender expression is the new sexual orientation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of bullying is around expression and not sexuality,” he said. “A gay boy who is considered totally masculine is considered fine by his peers. But nonconforming people are getting bullied.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though there is much greater visibility for gender nonconforming youth, Hammack said, “the culture is in a state of anxiety around this revolution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is the next frontier for us to address among people who care about young people’s well-being.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gender researchers I spoke to agreed that gender nonconformity often causes bullying and mental health distress independent of sexual orientation and gender identities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Quarrel With the Question\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One gender researcher who doesn’t think the question resulted in precise enough data is Charlotte Tate, from San Francisco State. Tate said that because there was no question about sexual orientation on the survey, it's impossible to tease apart how much of the mental distress exhibited by GNC youth stems from being lesbian, gay or bisexual and how much from an unconventional gender expression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So [the researchers] haven’t sufficiently demonstrated that the stress is linked to gender; it could be about sexual orientation,\" Tate said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bianca Wilson, \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">a senior public policy scholar at The Williams Institute, \u003c/span>agrees inserting a sexual orientation question would be useful to understand the \"unique and compounding levels of distress\" by non-heterosexual youth who also do differ in their gender expression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In any event, there will be more data. Gill says the number of sites that have now asked the gender nonconforming question has increased to 16, and that the results will start coming in during the first half of 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hammack, the researcher from UC Santa Cruz, says it's obvious that gender nonconformity is booming. He recently completed a study of teen LGBT youth in the Central Valley and the Bay Area, and he was surprised to find how easy it was to sign up those who were nonconforming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We had to cap the number of gender nonconforming youth who participated to make sure we got enough gender conforming youth,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>You may have seen recent news of a survey finding that 27 percent of California youth ages 12 to 17 are \"gender nonconforming.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Gender nonconforming is not a synonym for transgender. Rather it typically refers to a much greater number of people who defy stereotypes of their sex. This term can include tomboys, for example.'\u003ccite>Kristina Olson, University of Washington.\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>That sounds pretty high. I might even put the word \"whopping\" before \"27 percent.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But I have to say, I've been covering the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/04/24/boy-girl-both-neither-a-new-generation-overthrows-gender/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gender story\u003c/a> for more than a year, and when I saw the headlines, I wasn't \u003cem>quite\u003c/em> sure what gender nonconforming meant. Gender terminology, like gender itself these days, can be fairly fluid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So here is the exact question that was asked of California adolescents:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A person’s appearance, style, dress, or the way they walk or talk may affect how people describe them. How do you think other people at school would describe you? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Very feminine\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mostly feminine\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Equally feminine and masculine\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mostly masculine\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Very masculine\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>This is a measure of what gender researchers call \"gender expression,\" or the way individuals manifest what you might call the trappings of masculinity and femininity: clothes, hair, makeup, posture. As some of the UCLA researchers involved in the survey put it, those who are \"seen as resisting dominant expectations around gender expression\" are considered gender nonconforming.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'There’s been an assumption that gender nonconforming people are gay or lesbian, but that’s not the case. It’s a stereotype.”\u003ccite>Alison Gill, Advocates for Youth\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>You might think that someone who is gender nonconforming is necessarily transgender. But that is not the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“ ‘Gender nonconforming' \" is not a synonym for transgender,” says Kristina Olson, d\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">irector of the TransYouth Project at the University of Washington. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“R\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">ather it typically refers to a much greater number of people who defy stereotypes of their sex. This term can include tomboys, for example\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many people may also confound gender nonconformity with being lesbian, gay or bisexual. But Alison Gill, a consultant on gender for the nonprofit Advocates for Youth, says \u003ca href=\"http://advocatesforyouth.org/storage/advfy/documents/YRBSS.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">research\u003c/a> shows most gender nonconforming kids are actually heterosexual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There’s been an assumption that gender nonconforming people are gay or lesbian, but that’s not the case. It’s a stereotype,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, you can be gender nonconforming without being L, G, B or T.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Study Results\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gender expression question was included on the recent \u003ca href=\"http://healthpolicy.ucla.edu/chis/Pages/default.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Health Interview Survey\u003c/a>, conducted by UCLA on a continuous basis. The telephone survey covers dozens of health topics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CHIS has been going strong since 2001, but this was the first time a question on either youth gender identity or gender expression had been included.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why now?\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'A lot of bullying is around expression and not sexuality. A gay boy who is considered totally masculine is considered fine by his peers. But nonconforming people are getting bullied.' \u003ccite>Phil Hammack, University of California, Santa Cruz\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Researchers at UCLA's Center for Health Policy Research and The Williams Institute, which conducts research on sexual orientation and gender identity law, said in a health policy \u003ca href=\"http://healthpolicy.ucla.edu/publications/Documents/PDF/2017/gncadolescents-factsheet-dec2017.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fact sheet\u003c/a> that levels of gender conformity are \"known to be a particularly salient factor in the safety and well-being of youth. Yet, data about gender nonconforming youth remain rare.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question was asked of 1,594 adolescents, ages 12 to 17, across California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were two categories for respondents coded as gender nonconforming. One was \"highly gender nonconforming\" and the other was \"androgynous.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Male respondents who answered \"very feminine\" or \"mostly feminine,\" and female respondents who answered \"very masculine\" or \"mostly masculine,\" were categorized as \"highly gender nonconforming.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those who answered \"equally feminine and masculine\" were coded as “androgynous.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The androgynous outnumbered those who were highly gender nonconforming by more than 3 to 1.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Total nonconforming youth came out to 27 percent of all the adolescents queried. That \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">would equate to 796,000 gender nonconforming youth in the state of California today.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The margin of error was about 6 percent, so that number could be substantially greater or fewer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California and Gender\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Combined surveys asking the same question in L.A., San Diego, Chicago and Florida’s Broward County provide a larger population of 9,265 youth, and that data shows high health risks associated with gender nonconformity. For example, GNC males were between two and three times more likely to attempt suicide than conforming males, and for females the rate was 1 1/2 times greater for those who were GNC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the California survey showed nonconforming youth reporting more than twice the level of severe psychological distress as their conforming peers, it showed no statistically significant difference when it came to suicidal ideation and suicide attempts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why the big difference related to suicide between nonconforming and conforming youth in the larger sample, and hardly any in the Californian-only data?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California researchers speculated that the state's social environment may be contributing to better mental health outcomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“(H)igher levels of social acceptance and the presence of protective policies in California may impact rates of victimization and bullying, which, in turn, may confer some protection for gender minority youth in the state,\" reads the fact sheet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Next Frontier\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phil Hammack is a professor of psychology and researcher at the University of California, Santa Cruz, who specializes in sexual and gender identity. He thinks that when it comes to bullying, gender expression is the new sexual orientation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of bullying is around expression and not sexuality,” he said. “A gay boy who is considered totally masculine is considered fine by his peers. But nonconforming people are getting bullied.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though there is much greater visibility for gender nonconforming youth, Hammack said, “the culture is in a state of anxiety around this revolution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is the next frontier for us to address among people who care about young people’s well-being.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gender researchers I spoke to agreed that gender nonconformity often causes bullying and mental health distress independent of sexual orientation and gender identities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Quarrel With the Question\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One gender researcher who doesn’t think the question resulted in precise enough data is Charlotte Tate, from San Francisco State. Tate said that because there was no question about sexual orientation on the survey, it's impossible to tease apart how much of the mental distress exhibited by GNC youth stems from being lesbian, gay or bisexual and how much from an unconventional gender expression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So [the researchers] haven’t sufficiently demonstrated that the stress is linked to gender; it could be about sexual orientation,\" Tate said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bianca Wilson, \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">a senior public policy scholar at The Williams Institute, \u003c/span>agrees inserting a sexual orientation question would be useful to understand the \"unique and compounding levels of distress\" by non-heterosexual youth who also do differ in their gender expression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In any event, there will be more data. Gill says the number of sites that have now asked the gender nonconforming question has increased to 16, and that the results will start coming in during the first half of 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hammack, the researcher from UC Santa Cruz, says it's obvious that gender nonconformity is booming. He recently completed a study of teen LGBT youth in the Central Valley and the Bay Area, and he was surprised to find how easy it was to sign up those who were nonconforming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Christina Farr was the first host of KQED Future of You, but today she’s better known as a technology and health \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnbc.com/christina-farr/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reporter\u003c/a> for CNBC, where she continues to break \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnbc.com/2017/07/26/amazon-1492-secret-health-tech-project.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">stories\u003c/a>. She’s been covering digital health for years, and she's one of the more influential media voices on this beat -- in 2016, venture fund Rock Health named her \u003ca href=\"https://rockhealth.com/where-are-the-2016-top-50-in-digital-health-now/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">digital health reporter of the year\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Chrissy's successor at this site, I thought it would be cool to get back to our roots and pick her brain on where digital health is going and where it's been. I interviewed her at CNBC’s San Francisco office, located in skyscraping Salesforce Tower. Here’s our chat, edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>First off, how should we define digital health?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">On wearables: 'I'm really still quite bullish. It’s not just millennials and the \"worried well\" that are using these devices; a lot of seniors love them.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>People have attempted to come up with a good working definition, and sometimes it ends up sounding very vague, like \"the intersection of health and technology.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think the term will forever be associated with \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/tag/wearables/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wearables\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/tag/telemedicine/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">telemedicine\u003c/a>, and now AI and a couple of other trends. I don't really see a problem with that, because it's still connected with innovation in a lot of people's minds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What have been some of the successes in the digital health space?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I see a lot of potential in digital therapeutics. Companies like Propeller Health and \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/06/23/expanding-digital-health-beyond-the-rich/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Omada Health\u003c/a> are studying the effect of apps that attempt to change behavior for purposes of disease prevention and management. Propeller Health, for example, is thinking about \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/06/13/inhalers-plus-smartphones-meant-fewer-trips-to-er-hospital/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">connected inhalers\u003c/a> and how to combine them with data like the weather to figure out when a person with asthma should take medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Disappointments? Telehealth and artificial intelligence.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Virta Health is going after Type 2 diabetes reversal with a\u003ca href=\"https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/890090\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> digital system\u003c/a> that encourages a massive behavior change around diet, which it thinks could actually replace medicines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AliveCor is a super-interesting company. They have a \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/03/17/mobile-ekg-on-a-watchband-is-useful-for-some-say-docs/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mobile EKG\u003c/a> that a lot of doctors really like. I think it's something that a lot of seniors will use when they find out they're at risk for \u003ca href=\"http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/Arrhythmia/AboutArrhythmia/What-is-Atrial-Fibrillation-AFib-or-AF_UCM_423748_Article.jsp#.VusMvOIrKUk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">atrial fibrillation\u003c/a>, because it means they can check on their heart from home and not have to go to the doctor every few months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You mentioned wearables, like Fitbit and Apple Watch. How's that business going? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I‘m really still quite bullish on wearables, and I think they have become mainstream. It's not just millennials and the \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.telegraph.co.uk/lifestyle/wellbeing/diet/10977877/Are-you-one-of-the-rising-numbers-of-the-worried-well.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">worried well\u003c/a>\" that are using these devices; a lot of seniors love them. You're also starting to see insurance companies think about partnering with companies like Apple, and the reason they're doing that isn't necessarily to get their already healthy populations to exercise more; it's about getting to those really sick and costly people that have multiple chronic conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do you think investors in the digital health space are more circumspect after the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/10/13/the-rise-and-fall-of-theranos-a-cartoon-history/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Theranos debacle\u003c/a>?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some are. Others don't necessarily want companies to invest the time into building a base of evidence before they start selling the product; these investors are looking for their money back in three to five years, like they would get with a consumer internet company.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'In a lot of ways, Theranos is just the worst example.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It's hard to find another company like Theranos, which put patients \u003ca href=\"http://tucson.com/news/local/theranos-to-pay-m-to-arizonans-over-blood-tests-that/article_dacc3bd1-54e0-58dd-92b3-18dec8eb8854.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">in danger\u003c/a>. But in a lot of ways, Theranos is just the worst example. More companies are still failing to provide proper evidence. Often they say, \"We're wellness. We're not making claims around disease, so we don't need to bother.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What's the biggest disappointment of the digital health era to date?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is going to be controversial, but I don't think telemedicine has panned out to the extent people expected it would by this time. People thought it was going to revolutionize all health care. But I'm not seeing every physician say this is something they want to incorporate into their medical practice, because there's a perception they're not going to get paid as much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also pretty overhyped in terms of what we're actually seeing out there: AI and big data. \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2015/08/20/this-robo-eye-doctor-may-help-patients-with-diabetes-keep-sight/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Diabetic retinopathy\u003c/a>, for example, is an area where you see a lot of people investing in AI research. Could we take a pile of medical images that have been labeled as showing diabetic retinopathy or not, and then you train AI to do that job in triage?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's been some great results, but that does not mean we're on the cusp of a robo eye doctor, because an actual eye doctor would\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/11/07/will-computers-ever-be-able-to-make-diagnoses-as-well-as-physicians/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> need to know\u003c/a> every single medical condition out there that could be affecting this person. I think we’ve been too quick to look at one disease and one use case and say, well, this is evidence that doctors will be replaced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Do you think the Food and Drug Administration and other regulators can keep up with all this? And does the industry \u003cem>want\u003c/em> them to keep up?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_437841\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/chrissymum.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-437841 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/chrissymum-1020x591.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"371\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/chrissymum-1020x591.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/chrissymum-160x93.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/chrissymum-800x463.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/chrissymum-768x445.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/chrissymum-1180x683.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/chrissymum-960x556.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/chrissymum-240x139.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/chrissymum-375x217.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/chrissymum-520x301.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/chrissymum.jpg 1613w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chrissy Farr discussing Fitbit vs. Apple Watch with her mom, for a CNBC segment. (CNBC)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I think at the birth of this digital health movement, people thought of the FDA as the big bad wolf. The prevailing narrative was that it's obstructing innovation. Now there seems to be more nuance around that; people recognize that the FDA does have an important role to play. Many of the digital therapeutics companies, for instance, see the FDA as a potential stamp of approval that sets them ahead of a mass of apps that are making false claims and essentially peddling snake oil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So there needs to be a watchdog, but that's not the FDA's role. They're not out there policing companies and investing time into looking through the app store and thinking, \"This dermatology app doesn't look quite right.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, you get this huge quality variation, and I do sometimes fear that doctors will start prescribing or patients will start using apps that are of lower quality. I think someone needs to step into that role in 2018 so we have a better way of figuring out which apps work and which don't.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Last question: Occasionally you hear the complaint about digital health that these are primarily tools for young, rich people. Do you think that's valid?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The true problems of health care, which are particularly an issue for underrepresented groups and minorities, are around how it's paid for. We need massive payment reforms. There's also a lack of investment around social determinants, things like social services and affordable housing, which improve outcomes. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">All of these problems are not going to be solved with an AI Band-Aid or by handing someone a Fitbit.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That said, I don't think it's fair to label this entire group of companies as purely helping the rich, wealthy, paranoid types who are just \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hBA0AH-LSbo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dying to live forever\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot of these companies are going after Medicaid populations, and that absolutely makes sense; that's more than 12 million people in California alone. Even Apple, which hasn't traditionally been a health care player, is working with Aetna on a study with Stanford about whether or not they can use the Apple Watch to detect \u003ca href=\"http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/Arrhythmia/AboutArrhythmia/What-is-Atrial-Fibrillation-AFib-or-AF_UCM_423748_Article.jsp#.VusMvOIrKUk\" rel=\"noopener\">afib\u003c/a>. That's not something a young or healthy person would necessarily worry about at all. It's something that over-65, more vulnerable populations with a history of stroke are more at risk for. So you can see even Apple saying this is a tool that we expected would be mostly about consumer delight, but we've found that it can help save lives.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Christina Farr was the first host of KQED Future of You, but today she’s better known as a technology and health \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnbc.com/christina-farr/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reporter\u003c/a> for CNBC, where she continues to break \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnbc.com/2017/07/26/amazon-1492-secret-health-tech-project.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">stories\u003c/a>. She’s been covering digital health for years, and she's one of the more influential media voices on this beat -- in 2016, venture fund Rock Health named her \u003ca href=\"https://rockhealth.com/where-are-the-2016-top-50-in-digital-health-now/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">digital health reporter of the year\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Chrissy's successor at this site, I thought it would be cool to get back to our roots and pick her brain on where digital health is going and where it's been. I interviewed her at CNBC’s San Francisco office, located in skyscraping Salesforce Tower. Here’s our chat, edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>First off, how should we define digital health?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">On wearables: 'I'm really still quite bullish. It’s not just millennials and the \"worried well\" that are using these devices; a lot of seniors love them.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>People have attempted to come up with a good working definition, and sometimes it ends up sounding very vague, like \"the intersection of health and technology.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think the term will forever be associated with \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/tag/wearables/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wearables\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/tag/telemedicine/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">telemedicine\u003c/a>, and now AI and a couple of other trends. I don't really see a problem with that, because it's still connected with innovation in a lot of people's minds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What have been some of the successes in the digital health space?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I see a lot of potential in digital therapeutics. Companies like Propeller Health and \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/06/23/expanding-digital-health-beyond-the-rich/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Omada Health\u003c/a> are studying the effect of apps that attempt to change behavior for purposes of disease prevention and management. Propeller Health, for example, is thinking about \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/06/13/inhalers-plus-smartphones-meant-fewer-trips-to-er-hospital/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">connected inhalers\u003c/a> and how to combine them with data like the weather to figure out when a person with asthma should take medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Disappointments? Telehealth and artificial intelligence.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Virta Health is going after Type 2 diabetes reversal with a\u003ca href=\"https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/890090\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> digital system\u003c/a> that encourages a massive behavior change around diet, which it thinks could actually replace medicines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AliveCor is a super-interesting company. They have a \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/03/17/mobile-ekg-on-a-watchband-is-useful-for-some-say-docs/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mobile EKG\u003c/a> that a lot of doctors really like. I think it's something that a lot of seniors will use when they find out they're at risk for \u003ca href=\"http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/Arrhythmia/AboutArrhythmia/What-is-Atrial-Fibrillation-AFib-or-AF_UCM_423748_Article.jsp#.VusMvOIrKUk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">atrial fibrillation\u003c/a>, because it means they can check on their heart from home and not have to go to the doctor every few months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You mentioned wearables, like Fitbit and Apple Watch. How's that business going? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I‘m really still quite bullish on wearables, and I think they have become mainstream. It's not just millennials and the \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.telegraph.co.uk/lifestyle/wellbeing/diet/10977877/Are-you-one-of-the-rising-numbers-of-the-worried-well.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">worried well\u003c/a>\" that are using these devices; a lot of seniors love them. You're also starting to see insurance companies think about partnering with companies like Apple, and the reason they're doing that isn't necessarily to get their already healthy populations to exercise more; it's about getting to those really sick and costly people that have multiple chronic conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do you think investors in the digital health space are more circumspect after the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/10/13/the-rise-and-fall-of-theranos-a-cartoon-history/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Theranos debacle\u003c/a>?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some are. Others don't necessarily want companies to invest the time into building a base of evidence before they start selling the product; these investors are looking for their money back in three to five years, like they would get with a consumer internet company.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'In a lot of ways, Theranos is just the worst example.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It's hard to find another company like Theranos, which put patients \u003ca href=\"http://tucson.com/news/local/theranos-to-pay-m-to-arizonans-over-blood-tests-that/article_dacc3bd1-54e0-58dd-92b3-18dec8eb8854.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">in danger\u003c/a>. But in a lot of ways, Theranos is just the worst example. More companies are still failing to provide proper evidence. Often they say, \"We're wellness. We're not making claims around disease, so we don't need to bother.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What's the biggest disappointment of the digital health era to date?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is going to be controversial, but I don't think telemedicine has panned out to the extent people expected it would by this time. People thought it was going to revolutionize all health care. But I'm not seeing every physician say this is something they want to incorporate into their medical practice, because there's a perception they're not going to get paid as much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also pretty overhyped in terms of what we're actually seeing out there: AI and big data. \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2015/08/20/this-robo-eye-doctor-may-help-patients-with-diabetes-keep-sight/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Diabetic retinopathy\u003c/a>, for example, is an area where you see a lot of people investing in AI research. Could we take a pile of medical images that have been labeled as showing diabetic retinopathy or not, and then you train AI to do that job in triage?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's been some great results, but that does not mean we're on the cusp of a robo eye doctor, because an actual eye doctor would\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/11/07/will-computers-ever-be-able-to-make-diagnoses-as-well-as-physicians/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> need to know\u003c/a> every single medical condition out there that could be affecting this person. I think we’ve been too quick to look at one disease and one use case and say, well, this is evidence that doctors will be replaced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Do you think the Food and Drug Administration and other regulators can keep up with all this? And does the industry \u003cem>want\u003c/em> them to keep up?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_437841\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/chrissymum.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-437841 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/chrissymum-1020x591.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"371\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/chrissymum-1020x591.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/chrissymum-160x93.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/chrissymum-800x463.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/chrissymum-768x445.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/chrissymum-1180x683.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/chrissymum-960x556.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/chrissymum-240x139.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/chrissymum-375x217.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/chrissymum-520x301.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/chrissymum.jpg 1613w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chrissy Farr discussing Fitbit vs. Apple Watch with her mom, for a CNBC segment. (CNBC)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I think at the birth of this digital health movement, people thought of the FDA as the big bad wolf. The prevailing narrative was that it's obstructing innovation. Now there seems to be more nuance around that; people recognize that the FDA does have an important role to play. Many of the digital therapeutics companies, for instance, see the FDA as a potential stamp of approval that sets them ahead of a mass of apps that are making false claims and essentially peddling snake oil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So there needs to be a watchdog, but that's not the FDA's role. They're not out there policing companies and investing time into looking through the app store and thinking, \"This dermatology app doesn't look quite right.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, you get this huge quality variation, and I do sometimes fear that doctors will start prescribing or patients will start using apps that are of lower quality. I think someone needs to step into that role in 2018 so we have a better way of figuring out which apps work and which don't.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Last question: Occasionally you hear the complaint about digital health that these are primarily tools for young, rich people. Do you think that's valid?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The true problems of health care, which are particularly an issue for underrepresented groups and minorities, are around how it's paid for. We need massive payment reforms. There's also a lack of investment around social determinants, things like social services and affordable housing, which improve outcomes. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">All of these problems are not going to be solved with an AI Band-Aid or by handing someone a Fitbit.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That said, I don't think it's fair to label this entire group of companies as purely helping the rich, wealthy, paranoid types who are just \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hBA0AH-LSbo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dying to live forever\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot of these companies are going after Medicaid populations, and that absolutely makes sense; that's more than 12 million people in California alone. Even Apple, which hasn't traditionally been a health care player, is working with Aetna on a study with Stanford about whether or not they can use the Apple Watch to detect \u003ca href=\"http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/Arrhythmia/AboutArrhythmia/What-is-Atrial-Fibrillation-AFib-or-AF_UCM_423748_Article.jsp#.VusMvOIrKUk\" rel=\"noopener\">afib\u003c/a>. That's not something a young or healthy person would necessarily worry about at all. It's something that over-65, more vulnerable populations with a history of stroke are more at risk for. So you can see even Apple saying this is a tool that we expected would be mostly about consumer delight, but we've found that it can help save lives.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The California Department of Public Health Wednesday released a new set of \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CCDPHP/DEODC/EHIB/CDPH%20Document%20Library/Cell-Phone-Guidance.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">guidelines\u003c/a> concerning the use of cellphones and radiation risk.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some studies have suggested that long-term use could be linked to brain or salivary gland cancer, lower sperm count, and headaches, the department said. And a\u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-16623-8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> study\u003c/a> from Kaiser Permanente published this week in\u003cem> Scientific Reports\u003c/em> found an association between exposure to the type of radiation emitted by cellphones and other sources and a higher rate of miscarriage. But the department was cautious in its framing of the potential harm:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These studies do not establish the link definitely, however, and scientists disagree about whether cellphones cause these health problems and how great the risks might be,\" the guidelines state. \"This document is intended to provide guidance for those people who want to reduce their own and their families’ exposures to RF [radio frequency] energy from cellphones, despite this uncertainty.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The creation of the guidelines was spurred by the exploding use of cell phones in recent years, said CDPH Director Dr. Karen Smith.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're finding that many more children are using cellphones and they're using them at earlier ages,\" Smith said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The average age when children get their first phone is now just over 10, according to one 2016 \u003ca href=\"https://techcrunch.com/2016/05/19/the-average-age-for-a-child-getting-their-first-smartphone-is-now-10-3-years/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Activists have spent years campaigning for consumer warnings, despite pushback from industry groups. In May, the San Francisco Chronicle\u003ca href=\"http://www.sfchronicle.com/health/article/New-records-show-how-state-reworked-secret-cell-11160254.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> reported \u003c/a>the California health department had worked on cellphone guidelines over five years and 27 revisions, \"abandoning the efforts without ever making their concerns public until ordered by a judge.\" The order camein response to a lawsuit by a UC Berkeley public health researcher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcbayarea.com/news/local/Berkeleys-Right-to-Know-Cell-Phone-Radiation-Warning-Ordinance-Now-in-Effect-373027781.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Berkeley law\u003c/a> requiring cellphone health warnings in stores was \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Berkeley-cell-phone-warning-law-upheld-by-federal-11090621.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">upheld\u003c/a> by a U.S. federal appeals court in April.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some suggestions from the health department if you're concerned about health hazards from your phone:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>When you talk on your phone, avoid holding it to your head; use the speakerphone or a headset instead.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Send text messages in place of engaging in phone conversations.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Reduce use when there's a weak signal.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Don't carry your phone in your pocket, bra or belt holster.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Reduce or avoid use of your phone when it is sending out high levels of RF energy, which occurs mainly when the signal is weak, you're in a fast-moving vehicle, and you are streaming media or downloading or sending large files. In these circumstances, try to keep the phone away from your head and body.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement to \u003ca href=\"http://www.capradio.org/articles/2017/12/13/keep-your-cell-phone-away-from-your-body-new-state-guidelines-warn/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Capitol Public Radio\u003c/a>, CTIA, the cellphone industry trade group, said, \"The Federal Communications Commission monitors scientific research on a regular basis, and its standard for RF exposure is based on recommended guidelines adopted by U.S. and international standard-setting bodies. That’s why the FCC has determined that all wireless phones legally sold in the United States are ‘safe.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The California Department of Public Health Wednesday released a new set of \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CCDPHP/DEODC/EHIB/CDPH%20Document%20Library/Cell-Phone-Guidance.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">guidelines\u003c/a> concerning the use of cellphones and radiation risk.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some studies have suggested that long-term use could be linked to brain or salivary gland cancer, lower sperm count, and headaches, the department said. And a\u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-16623-8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> study\u003c/a> from Kaiser Permanente published this week in\u003cem> Scientific Reports\u003c/em> found an association between exposure to the type of radiation emitted by cellphones and other sources and a higher rate of miscarriage. But the department was cautious in its framing of the potential harm:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These studies do not establish the link definitely, however, and scientists disagree about whether cellphones cause these health problems and how great the risks might be,\" the guidelines state. \"This document is intended to provide guidance for those people who want to reduce their own and their families’ exposures to RF [radio frequency] energy from cellphones, despite this uncertainty.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The creation of the guidelines was spurred by the exploding use of cell phones in recent years, said CDPH Director Dr. Karen Smith.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're finding that many more children are using cellphones and they're using them at earlier ages,\" Smith said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The average age when children get their first phone is now just over 10, according to one 2016 \u003ca href=\"https://techcrunch.com/2016/05/19/the-average-age-for-a-child-getting-their-first-smartphone-is-now-10-3-years/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Activists have spent years campaigning for consumer warnings, despite pushback from industry groups. In May, the San Francisco Chronicle\u003ca href=\"http://www.sfchronicle.com/health/article/New-records-show-how-state-reworked-secret-cell-11160254.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> reported \u003c/a>the California health department had worked on cellphone guidelines over five years and 27 revisions, \"abandoning the efforts without ever making their concerns public until ordered by a judge.\" The order camein response to a lawsuit by a UC Berkeley public health researcher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcbayarea.com/news/local/Berkeleys-Right-to-Know-Cell-Phone-Radiation-Warning-Ordinance-Now-in-Effect-373027781.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Berkeley law\u003c/a> requiring cellphone health warnings in stores was \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Berkeley-cell-phone-warning-law-upheld-by-federal-11090621.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">upheld\u003c/a> by a U.S. federal appeals court in April.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some suggestions from the health department if you're concerned about health hazards from your phone:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>When you talk on your phone, avoid holding it to your head; use the speakerphone or a headset instead.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Send text messages in place of engaging in phone conversations.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Reduce use when there's a weak signal.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Don't carry your phone in your pocket, bra or belt holster.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Reduce or avoid use of your phone when it is sending out high levels of RF energy, which occurs mainly when the signal is weak, you're in a fast-moving vehicle, and you are streaming media or downloading or sending large files. In these circumstances, try to keep the phone away from your head and body.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement to \u003ca href=\"http://www.capradio.org/articles/2017/12/13/keep-your-cell-phone-away-from-your-body-new-state-guidelines-warn/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Capitol Public Radio\u003c/a>, CTIA, the cellphone industry trade group, said, \"The Federal Communications Commission monitors scientific research on a regular basis, and its standard for RF exposure is based on recommended guidelines adopted by U.S. and international standard-setting bodies. That’s why the FCC has determined that all wireless phones legally sold in the United States are ‘safe.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Here's What a Backlash Against #MeToo Might Look Like",
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"content": "\u003cp>The flurry of #MeToo tales that followed the sexual assault accusations against Hollywood producer Harvey Weinstein have propelled America into what appears to be a social revolution in the workplace.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'I mean this is something women have been experiencing for decades. And it’s part of the reason that so few victims come forward.'\u003ccite>Michele Dauber, Stanford University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Accusations of verbal abuse, inappropriate groping and molestation have left many \u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/sexual-misconduct/weinstein-here-s-growing-list-men-accused-sexual-misconduct-n816546\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">high-profile men\u003c/a> apologetic and shame-faced, albeit \u003ca href=\"https://www.wmagazine.com/story/worst-apologies-by-men-harvey-weinstein-kevin-spacey-charlie-rose\">not always in a way\u003c/a> some women would like. And some cases have included allegations of rape, which none of the accused men has yet to confess to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite this wrenching period of conflict between the sexes, when a Google News search on “\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=%22sexual+harassment%22\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sexual harassment\u003c/a>\" yields over 2 million-and-counting results, the national conversation has unfolded with a fair degree of civility and a general acknowledgment that the status quo is unacceptable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[audio src=\"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2017/12/McClurgMaleSpin.mp3\" Title=\"LISTEN: Here's What a Backlash Against #MeToo Might Look Like\" program=\"Future of You\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And yet, feminist leaders and \u003ca href=\"http://theweek.com/articles/734903/sexual-assault-backlash-coming-heres-how-respond\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">commentators\u003c/a> have begun to \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2017/11/27/opinions/sexual-harassment-assault-backlash-opinion-costello/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">warn\u003c/a> that an attempt to change the current narrative is \u003ca href=\"http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/interrogation/2017/11/rebecca_traister_on_the_coming_backlash_to_this_sexual_harassment_moment.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">inevitable\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-women-metoo-backlash/could-fear-of-metoo-backlash-silence-womens-voices-idUSKBN1E61Y3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">backlash \u003c/span>\u003c/a>is coming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rumblings of discontent have already cropped up on Twitter. For example, here’s Swedish author and TV personality Alexander Bard:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-437699\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Screen-Shot-2017-12-13-at-5.00.37-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"575\" height=\"147\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Screen-Shot-2017-12-13-at-5.00.37-PM.png 575w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Screen-Shot-2017-12-13-at-5.00.37-PM-160x41.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Screen-Shot-2017-12-13-at-5.00.37-PM-240x61.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Screen-Shot-2017-12-13-at-5.00.37-PM-375x96.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Screen-Shot-2017-12-13-at-5.00.37-PM-520x133.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 575px) 100vw, 575px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/search?f=tweets&q=lies%20sexual%20harassment&src=typd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">are\u003c/a> plenty \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/search?f=tweets&vertical=default&q=false%20claims%20sexual%20harassment&src=typd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">more\u003c/a> like that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Familiar Tactics\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let’s be clear: As of yet, there are no public examples of “careers destroyed over merely saying a flattering comment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michele Dauber, a law professor at Stanford University, calls this sort of straw-woman accusation \"vile.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He's using some pretty standard strategies by calling women neurotic or that this is a gossip incident,\" says Dauber. \"This is just a way of undermining the credibility of women coming forward.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dauber says a random tweet may not do much harm, but it’s a different story when it comes from someone who wields power and influence. Many \u003ca href=\"https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2017/12/12/trump-lows-ever-hit-rock-bottom-editorials-debates/945947001/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">commentators\u003c/a>, as well as \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/SenWarren/status/940615748988342273?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw&ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gq.com%2Fstory%2Felizabeth-warren-slut-shame-tweet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">political opponents\u003c/a>, have interpreted a recent tweet by President Trump about Sen. Kirsten Gillibrand as a clear case of “\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slut-shaming\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">slut-shaming\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-437702\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Screen-Shot-2017-12-13-at-5.14.41-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"590\" height=\"153\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Screen-Shot-2017-12-13-at-5.14.41-PM.png 590w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Screen-Shot-2017-12-13-at-5.14.41-PM-160x41.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Screen-Shot-2017-12-13-at-5.14.41-PM-240x62.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Screen-Shot-2017-12-13-at-5.14.41-PM-375x97.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Screen-Shot-2017-12-13-at-5.14.41-PM-520x135.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 590px) 100vw, 590px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s much more worrying when you see the president of the United States using a similar strategy,” Dauber says. (The administration \u003ca href=\"https://www.politico.com/story/2017/12/12/sarah-sanders-trump-gillibrand-tweet-292732\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">denies\u003c/a> Trump was making a sexual reference.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Typical Ploys to Silence Victims\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Psychologists like Jennifer Freyd, a professor at the University of Oregon, have studied the \u003ca href=\"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10926771.2017.1320777\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">strategies\u003c/a> used to discredit victims of sexual harassment. Usually the first tactic is simple denial, which is followed by attacks, which can take the form of \u003ca href=\"https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Gaslighting\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gaslighting\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re a liar. You’re crazy. You’re not a reliable person,\" Freyd says. \"You have some ulterior motive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"UL0lZereojRxEqLTwQV78idjCtbFoVy9\"]The last step taken by perpetrators or those defending them is trying to make victims feel guilty: “ 'You are hurting my reputation. You’re destroying me.' ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dauber says she’s watched predators twist the story time and again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I mean this is something women have been experiencing for decades,\" she says. \"And it’s part of the reason that so few victims come forward.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cstrong>Anita Hill's Story\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Freyd says some of the most obvious public examples of these tactics were evident in the U.S. Senate confirmation hearings for Clarence Thomas as Supreme Court justice, in 1991. Thomas’ former colleague, Anita Hill, accused him of making unwelcome sexual comments. Republican senators, as well as witnesses in support of Thomas, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/14/us/thomas-nomination-parade-witnesses-support-hill-s-story-thomas-s-integrity.html?pagewanted=all\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">raised the possibility\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that Hill was prone to fantasizing about her relationships with men. Here's a clip of someone who knew Hill and had been a classmate of Thomas, stating he believes she expressed an unrequited romantic interest in him:\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"600\" height=\"338\" src=\"//www.c-span.org/video/standalone/?c4699492\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thomas denied any wrongdoing and was confirmed by the Senate 52-48.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Freyd believes Hill was telling the truth. \"It is hard to imagine someone being more credible in that situation. And yet the [attack] seemed effective.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Anticipating Tactics\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After watching Hill's ordeal, Freyd created the acronym\u003ca href=\"http://dynamic.uoregon.edu/jjf/defineDARVO.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> DARVO, \u003c/a>for \"Deny, Attack, Reverse Victim to Offender,\" to help victims remember and anticipate the tactics of predators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My hope is that if we can identify the behavior pattern and call it out, [then] we can make it less disorienting and confusing -- we can defang it some,\" she said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet people should also be careful not to assume someone accused of sexual misconduct is guilty just because he is using DARVO tactics, she cautions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A truly innocent person may deny an accusation, attack the person making the accusation, or claim the victim role,” she writes on her website. “Future research may be able to determine the probability of a DARVO response as a function of guilt or innocence.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Jon Brooks contributed to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The flurry of #MeToo tales that followed the sexual assault accusations against Hollywood producer Harvey Weinstein have propelled America into what appears to be a social revolution in the workplace.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'I mean this is something women have been experiencing for decades. And it’s part of the reason that so few victims come forward.'\u003ccite>Michele Dauber, Stanford University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Accusations of verbal abuse, inappropriate groping and molestation have left many \u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/sexual-misconduct/weinstein-here-s-growing-list-men-accused-sexual-misconduct-n816546\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">high-profile men\u003c/a> apologetic and shame-faced, albeit \u003ca href=\"https://www.wmagazine.com/story/worst-apologies-by-men-harvey-weinstein-kevin-spacey-charlie-rose\">not always in a way\u003c/a> some women would like. And some cases have included allegations of rape, which none of the accused men has yet to confess to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite this wrenching period of conflict between the sexes, when a Google News search on “\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=%22sexual+harassment%22\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sexual harassment\u003c/a>\" yields over 2 million-and-counting results, the national conversation has unfolded with a fair degree of civility and a general acknowledgment that the status quo is unacceptable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And yet, feminist leaders and \u003ca href=\"http://theweek.com/articles/734903/sexual-assault-backlash-coming-heres-how-respond\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">commentators\u003c/a> have begun to \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2017/11/27/opinions/sexual-harassment-assault-backlash-opinion-costello/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">warn\u003c/a> that an attempt to change the current narrative is \u003ca href=\"http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/interrogation/2017/11/rebecca_traister_on_the_coming_backlash_to_this_sexual_harassment_moment.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">inevitable\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-women-metoo-backlash/could-fear-of-metoo-backlash-silence-womens-voices-idUSKBN1E61Y3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">backlash \u003c/span>\u003c/a>is coming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rumblings of discontent have already cropped up on Twitter. For example, here’s Swedish author and TV personality Alexander Bard:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-437699\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Screen-Shot-2017-12-13-at-5.00.37-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"575\" height=\"147\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Screen-Shot-2017-12-13-at-5.00.37-PM.png 575w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Screen-Shot-2017-12-13-at-5.00.37-PM-160x41.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Screen-Shot-2017-12-13-at-5.00.37-PM-240x61.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Screen-Shot-2017-12-13-at-5.00.37-PM-375x96.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Screen-Shot-2017-12-13-at-5.00.37-PM-520x133.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 575px) 100vw, 575px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/search?f=tweets&q=lies%20sexual%20harassment&src=typd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">are\u003c/a> plenty \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/search?f=tweets&vertical=default&q=false%20claims%20sexual%20harassment&src=typd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">more\u003c/a> like that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Familiar Tactics\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let’s be clear: As of yet, there are no public examples of “careers destroyed over merely saying a flattering comment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michele Dauber, a law professor at Stanford University, calls this sort of straw-woman accusation \"vile.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He's using some pretty standard strategies by calling women neurotic or that this is a gossip incident,\" says Dauber. \"This is just a way of undermining the credibility of women coming forward.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dauber says a random tweet may not do much harm, but it’s a different story when it comes from someone who wields power and influence. Many \u003ca href=\"https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2017/12/12/trump-lows-ever-hit-rock-bottom-editorials-debates/945947001/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">commentators\u003c/a>, as well as \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/SenWarren/status/940615748988342273?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw&ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gq.com%2Fstory%2Felizabeth-warren-slut-shame-tweet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">political opponents\u003c/a>, have interpreted a recent tweet by President Trump about Sen. Kirsten Gillibrand as a clear case of “\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slut-shaming\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">slut-shaming\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-437702\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Screen-Shot-2017-12-13-at-5.14.41-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"590\" height=\"153\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Screen-Shot-2017-12-13-at-5.14.41-PM.png 590w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Screen-Shot-2017-12-13-at-5.14.41-PM-160x41.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Screen-Shot-2017-12-13-at-5.14.41-PM-240x62.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Screen-Shot-2017-12-13-at-5.14.41-PM-375x97.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Screen-Shot-2017-12-13-at-5.14.41-PM-520x135.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 590px) 100vw, 590px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s much more worrying when you see the president of the United States using a similar strategy,” Dauber says. (The administration \u003ca href=\"https://www.politico.com/story/2017/12/12/sarah-sanders-trump-gillibrand-tweet-292732\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">denies\u003c/a> Trump was making a sexual reference.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Typical Ploys to Silence Victims\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Psychologists like Jennifer Freyd, a professor at the University of Oregon, have studied the \u003ca href=\"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10926771.2017.1320777\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">strategies\u003c/a> used to discredit victims of sexual harassment. Usually the first tactic is simple denial, which is followed by attacks, which can take the form of \u003ca href=\"https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Gaslighting\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gaslighting\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re a liar. You’re crazy. You’re not a reliable person,\" Freyd says. \"You have some ulterior motive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The last step taken by perpetrators or those defending them is trying to make victims feel guilty: “ 'You are hurting my reputation. You’re destroying me.' ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dauber says she’s watched predators twist the story time and again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I mean this is something women have been experiencing for decades,\" she says. \"And it’s part of the reason that so few victims come forward.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cstrong>Anita Hill's Story\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Freyd says some of the most obvious public examples of these tactics were evident in the U.S. Senate confirmation hearings for Clarence Thomas as Supreme Court justice, in 1991. Thomas’ former colleague, Anita Hill, accused him of making unwelcome sexual comments. Republican senators, as well as witnesses in support of Thomas, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/14/us/thomas-nomination-parade-witnesses-support-hill-s-story-thomas-s-integrity.html?pagewanted=all\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">raised the possibility\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that Hill was prone to fantasizing about her relationships with men. Here's a clip of someone who knew Hill and had been a classmate of Thomas, stating he believes she expressed an unrequited romantic interest in him:\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"600\" height=\"338\" src=\"//www.c-span.org/video/standalone/?c4699492\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thomas denied any wrongdoing and was confirmed by the Senate 52-48.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Freyd believes Hill was telling the truth. \"It is hard to imagine someone being more credible in that situation. And yet the [attack] seemed effective.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Anticipating Tactics\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After watching Hill's ordeal, Freyd created the acronym\u003ca href=\"http://dynamic.uoregon.edu/jjf/defineDARVO.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> DARVO, \u003c/a>for \"Deny, Attack, Reverse Victim to Offender,\" to help victims remember and anticipate the tactics of predators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My hope is that if we can identify the behavior pattern and call it out, [then] we can make it less disorienting and confusing -- we can defang it some,\" she said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet people should also be careful not to assume someone accused of sexual misconduct is guilty just because he is using DARVO tactics, she cautions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A truly innocent person may deny an accusation, attack the person making the accusation, or claim the victim role,” she writes on her website. “Future research may be able to determine the probability of a DARVO response as a function of guilt or innocence.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Jon Brooks contributed to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The cases of Clark Hawley, 54, and Luis Canales, 31, presented at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.curecountdown.org/research-index/2017/9/12/2017-hiv-cure-summit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">amfAR HIV Cure Summit \u003c/a>in San Francisco last November, provided at least a temporary answer to a big question: Can very early treatment after exposure to HIV lead to complete eradication of the virus — an actual cure?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But almost.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Early antitretroviral treatment brings about a striking period of long-term remission, also called a 'functional cure,' in an HIV patient. \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In Hawley’s case, nearly immediate treatment did usher in a striking period of long-term remission, also called a \"functional cure,\" in which zero trace of HIV was detected in his blood or tissue samples, without the benefit of drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The men were recruited as part of an ongoing observational UCSF study. Both were given an initial dose of the antiretroviral combination Truvada, also known as pre-exposure prophylaxis, or PrEP, within two weeks after their suspected exposure to the virus. The treatment came so soon after infection that their immune systems had yet to generate an antibody response. In Hawley’s case, only a more sensitive genetic test called PCR, which measures an individual’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.aidsmap.com/Viral-load/page/1327496/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">viral load\u003c/a>, showed signs of HIV. After the initial treatment, both men were switched to a daily four-drug antiviral regimen, which drove the virus below detectable levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What happened next is a mystery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"6nfWarjopr6zyonYcblrTOe4VSljxsdZ\"]As reported Nov. 7 in \u003cem> \u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/8JwmB0iVvmacp?domain=journals.plos.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PloS Medicine\u003c/a>\u003c/em>, a UCSF team led by Drs. Timothy Henrich and Steven Deeks said it failed to detect any trace of HIV in Hawley’s blood or tissue for the two years he remained on medication. Typically individuals on successful HIV therapy are classified as “undetectable” when drugs drive viral activity below observable levels in the blood. But it’s known that a small amount of residual virus called the HIV reservoir may be found in tissue using sensitive PCR tests. These came up negative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hawley then went off the drugs, a step that was part of the study design. About seven months later, the virus rebounded, quickly multiplying into an active infection. He immediately resumed antiretroviral treatment, which again rendered the virus undetectable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_437571\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/deeks-and-volberding.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-437571 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/deeks-and-volberding.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1000\" height=\"754\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/deeks-and-volberding.jpg 1000w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/deeks-and-volberding-160x121.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/deeks-and-volberding-800x603.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/deeks-and-volberding-768x579.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/deeks-and-volberding-960x724.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/deeks-and-volberding-240x181.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/deeks-and-volberding-375x283.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/deeks-and-volberding-520x392.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Steven Deeks, right, who talked about the results of early intervention after exposure to the HIV virus, at amfAR's 2017 HIV Cure Summit. On the left is long-time HIV researcher Dr. Paul Volberding. \u003ccite>(amfAR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But what puzzled scientists was that his body still showed no sign of an antibody response. That suggested his immune system had never had sufficient time to generate a defense because the drugs had worked so quickly that they halted the initial infection. Yet, they knew he still had HIV from the results of a viral load test. More genetic tests confirmed the resuscitated virus was the same strain he was initially exposed to.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'We got close; we may have been off by a day or two.'\u003ccite>Dr. Steven Deeks, UCSF\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Deeks said Hawley probably has a small latent reservoir of HIV somewhere in his body, which hasn’t grown due to Truvada’s suppression of the virus’s initial spread. His status is now in a kind of limbo, somewhere between having HIV and not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The whole excitement around Clark is that we were able to initiate therapy so early that we were hoping to prevent the establishing of latency,” says Deeks. “But it did not happen. We got close; we may have been off by a day or two. We did not achieve a real cure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if Hawley had been permanently freed of HIV, the problem with any protocol based on such early treatment is that doctors rarely detect a patient’s infection in the first days after exposure. Rather, the case is significant due to the milestone of pushing a patient into long-term remission free of medication, and because it might offer new clues on how to induce a permanent state of HIV dormancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dramatically Reducing HIV Reservoirs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Canales’ case is also tantalizing. He was given a PrEP dose of Truvada 12 days after exposure, and for two years showed no sign of HIV in blood or tissue samples on both viral load and PCR tests. Because of Hawley’s relapse experience after stopping therapy, doctors kept him on the treatment. The only way they could detect signs of the virus in Canales was by transferring some of his cells into mice bred with a copycat human immune system. They were able to intermittently spy a virus particle here or there upon removing the cells from the mice. As with Hawley, early treatment had dramatically limited the amount of virus that would later coalesce into a dormant pool in his body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think we have proven to ourselves that early treatment will never be curative,” Deeks said, referring to complete eradication of the virus within someone’s body. When pressed whether he really meant “never,” he amended his answer: “No, not yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But we can definitely shift the balance in favor of the patient,” he went on, “because the reservoir is reduced a hundred- to a million-fold.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deeks and his team are now investigating a series of HIV vaccines aimed at providing an immune booster to control the pieces of virus that remain in a patient’s body, the final step in sending HIV patients into remission — no medication required. Beyond that, if such tools could wipe out the last pockets of HIV, medical science would have finally achieved its ultimate goal in the fight against AIDS — an actual cure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Anne-christine d’Adesky is a longtime chronicler of HIV research. Her 90s-era AIDS memoir, “The Pox Lover,” was published in June.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The cases of Clark Hawley, 54, and Luis Canales, 31, presented at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.curecountdown.org/research-index/2017/9/12/2017-hiv-cure-summit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">amfAR HIV Cure Summit \u003c/a>in San Francisco last November, provided at least a temporary answer to a big question: Can very early treatment after exposure to HIV lead to complete eradication of the virus — an actual cure?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But almost.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Early antitretroviral treatment brings about a striking period of long-term remission, also called a 'functional cure,' in an HIV patient. \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In Hawley’s case, nearly immediate treatment did usher in a striking period of long-term remission, also called a \"functional cure,\" in which zero trace of HIV was detected in his blood or tissue samples, without the benefit of drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The men were recruited as part of an ongoing observational UCSF study. Both were given an initial dose of the antiretroviral combination Truvada, also known as pre-exposure prophylaxis, or PrEP, within two weeks after their suspected exposure to the virus. The treatment came so soon after infection that their immune systems had yet to generate an antibody response. In Hawley’s case, only a more sensitive genetic test called PCR, which measures an individual’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.aidsmap.com/Viral-load/page/1327496/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">viral load\u003c/a>, showed signs of HIV. After the initial treatment, both men were switched to a daily four-drug antiviral regimen, which drove the virus below detectable levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What happened next is a mystery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>As reported Nov. 7 in \u003cem> \u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/8JwmB0iVvmacp?domain=journals.plos.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PloS Medicine\u003c/a>\u003c/em>, a UCSF team led by Drs. Timothy Henrich and Steven Deeks said it failed to detect any trace of HIV in Hawley’s blood or tissue for the two years he remained on medication. Typically individuals on successful HIV therapy are classified as “undetectable” when drugs drive viral activity below observable levels in the blood. But it’s known that a small amount of residual virus called the HIV reservoir may be found in tissue using sensitive PCR tests. These came up negative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hawley then went off the drugs, a step that was part of the study design. 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He immediately resumed antiretroviral treatment, which again rendered the virus undetectable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_437571\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/deeks-and-volberding.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-437571 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/deeks-and-volberding.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1000\" height=\"754\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/deeks-and-volberding.jpg 1000w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/deeks-and-volberding-160x121.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/deeks-and-volberding-800x603.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/deeks-and-volberding-768x579.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/deeks-and-volberding-960x724.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/deeks-and-volberding-240x181.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/deeks-and-volberding-375x283.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/deeks-and-volberding-520x392.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Steven Deeks, right, who talked about the results of early intervention after exposure to the HIV virus, at amfAR's 2017 HIV Cure Summit. On the left is long-time HIV researcher Dr. Paul Volberding. \u003ccite>(amfAR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But what puzzled scientists was that his body still showed no sign of an antibody response. That suggested his immune system had never had sufficient time to generate a defense because the drugs had worked so quickly that they halted the initial infection. Yet, they knew he still had HIV from the results of a viral load test. More genetic tests confirmed the resuscitated virus was the same strain he was initially exposed to.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'We got close; we may have been off by a day or two.'\u003ccite>Dr. Steven Deeks, UCSF\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Deeks said Hawley probably has a small latent reservoir of HIV somewhere in his body, which hasn’t grown due to Truvada’s suppression of the virus’s initial spread. 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"content": "\u003cp>https://youtu.be/PMotykw0SIk\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might want to post this on Facebook.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Actually, you might not want to post this on Facebook.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Video of a former executive of the social media company that ate the world is making the rounds on the internet today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chamath Palihapitiya, whose \u003ca href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/chamath\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">LinkedIn page\u003c/a> says he was Facebook's vice president of user growth for mobile and international, said in an interview at the Stanford Graduate School of Business that social media is eroding civil society around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">[contextly_sidebar id=\"So6uXBYvpPvYGdV1Uz7IHJ486LHGxQ6C\"]\"I feel tremendous guilt,\" said Palihapitiya. \"I think we have created tools that are ripping apart the social fabric of how society works. ... No civil discourse, no cooperation; misinformation, mistruth.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The problem goes beyond the Russians buying pro-Trump ads, he said. \"This is a global problem.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Palihapitiya, who post-Facebook became the founder and CEO of the venture capital firm Social Capital, also discusses a \u003ca href=\"http://www.bgr.in/news/fake-whatsapp-messages-lead-to-killing-of-7-alleged-kidnappers-in-jharkhand/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent incident in India\u003c/a> where fake WhatsApp messages warning of hoax kidnappings lead to the death of seven innocent people by lynching.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">[contextly_sidebar id=\"Lw5Mvc0G9zydFy9AasACIr6hIbvOYYlz\"]\"It is eroding the core foundations of how people behave by and between each other.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He recommended people take a \"hard break\" from social media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Start watching from roughly 21:21. It may cause you to question your relationship to a world of \"likes,\" \"hearts\" and \"thumbs ups.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\n\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\"I feel tremendous guilt,\" said Palihapitiya. \"I think we have created tools that are ripping apart the social fabric of how society works. ... No civil discourse, no cooperation; misinformation, mistruth.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The problem goes beyond the Russians buying pro-Trump ads, he said. \"This is a global problem.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Palihapitiya, who post-Facebook became the founder and CEO of the venture capital firm Social Capital, also discusses a \u003ca href=\"http://www.bgr.in/news/fake-whatsapp-messages-lead-to-killing-of-7-alleged-kidnappers-in-jharkhand/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent incident in India\u003c/a> where fake WhatsApp messages warning of hoax kidnappings lead to the death of seven innocent people by lynching.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\"It is eroding the core foundations of how people behave by and between each other.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He recommended people take a \"hard break\" from social media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Start watching from roughly 21:21. It may cause you to question your relationship to a world of \"likes,\" \"hearts\" and \"thumbs ups.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\n\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Just Because You Have a 'Mild' Concussion Doesn't Mean You're OK",
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"content": "\u003cp>Last February Baxter Bailey injured himself trying to break into his own home when he couldn’t find his key. Crawling through a window leading to the utility room, he slipped and fell, hitting his head on the concrete floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was unconscious for about an hour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My skull, my forehead was bloody, bruised and banged,” says the 77-year-old architect from Richmond, Virginia. “And I had blood all over my shirt, my pants and underwear.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the hospital, “Doctors told me that my brain moved inside the skull,” Baxter says. But a small hemorrhage in the brain visible through scans wasn’t bad enough to keep him as an inpatient for more than a day. Baxter was diagnosed with a concussion, or what medical professionals call a mild traumatic brain injury, and released.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Unlike other neurological diseases, one cannot pinpoint the area of injury in concussion.'\u003ccite>Teena Shetty, neurologist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Within two weeks, the abrasion on my head got healed, and you couldn’t tell that anything ever happened to me if you looked at me,” says Baxter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But his troubles were just starting. Two months later, Baxter was in the emergency room again. He had started losing control of his left side. He found lifting his leg to get into a car difficult. Walking caused him trouble. This time the scans showed a chronic hematoma — swelling and bruising — on the right side of his skull.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was like 3 inches long and an inch thick and I could see that my brain literally was off center and my cerebellum was misaligned,” says Baxter. Doctors told him he needed immediate surgery. The plan was to drill a little hole in his head the size of a dime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I thought, ‘My lord, is this the end of me?’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Lot of Brain Injuries\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each year, about \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/66/ss/ss6609a1.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2.5 million people in the United States\u003c/a> are admitted to emergency rooms with traumatic brain injuries, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The difficulties of studying concussions, with their vague symptoms and hidden physical damage, have turned brain injury into a “silent epidemic,” in the words of \u003ca href=\"http://profiles.ucsf.edu/pratik.mukherjee\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pratik Mukherjee\u003c/a>, a neuroradiologist at UCSF.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.hss.edu/physicians_shetty-teena.asp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Teena Shetty\u003c/a>, a neurologist at New York City's Hospital for Special Surgery, agrees. “Unlike other neurological diseases, one cannot pinpoint the area of injury in concussion,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors are not even in agreement about how to treat concussions. Some advise resuming daily activities as soon as possible, others suggest avoiding demanding work and staying away from bright lights and loud sounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Existing guidelines are not backed by evidence, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/people/20187378-jeffrey-j-bazarian\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jeff Bazarian\u003c/a>, professor of emergency medicine at the University of Rochester Medical Center, in New York.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_437557\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-437557\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/16463775_10154204797011497_6888461288485270646_o-1020x765.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/16463775_10154204797011497_6888461288485270646_o-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/16463775_10154204797011497_6888461288485270646_o-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/16463775_10154204797011497_6888461288485270646_o-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/16463775_10154204797011497_6888461288485270646_o-768x576.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/16463775_10154204797011497_6888461288485270646_o-960x720.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/16463775_10154204797011497_6888461288485270646_o-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/16463775_10154204797011497_6888461288485270646_o-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/16463775_10154204797011497_6888461288485270646_o-520x390.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/16463775_10154204797011497_6888461288485270646_o.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tom Gal, 37-year old entrepreneur from San Francisco, recovering from a car accident at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Tom Gal)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A New Approach Tracks Patients in Detail\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Predicting which concussion patients will fully recover and which will be permanently debilitated is more or less a guessing game.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tom Gal, a 37-year old entrepreneur from San Francisco, spent almost two days in a coma after being hit by a car last August. He woke up with no memory of what happened and had to learn the details from his medical report. But eight months after the injury, he says he is doing just fine. In contrast, 29-year-old bread baker Ana Diaz, from Richmond, Virginia, complains about short-term memory lapses and increased anxiety six months after a biking accident that left her with no signs of head trauma on a CT scan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In light of such counter-intuitive outcomes, many researchers feel it is now time to make the diagnosis and prognosis of concussions more precise and evidence-based.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Mukherjee, \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12245-014-0031-6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">15 to 30 percent of concussion patients\u003c/a> will experience \u003ca href=\"http://www.neurosymptoms.org/post-concussion-syndrome/4582101276\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">worsening brain function\u003c/a> later on, including problems with thinking, memory, attention and decision-making. Patients can also experience sleep disorders and headaches that persist for weeks, months or years. In the severest cases, people can develop epilepsy and seizures, with increased risk of Alzheimer’s disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, about 3 to 5 million people live with the long-term physical, cognitive and psychological health disabilities of traumatic brain injury. Estimated annual direct and indirect costs are over $75 billion, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/traumaticbraininjury/severe.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">according to\u003c/a> the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s needed, some researchers believe, is a large study focused on improving how doctors measure concussions and predict the long-term effects on patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Baxter, Gal and Diaz may have found one. While recovering from their injuries, they signed up for a study called \u003ca href=\"https://tracktbi.ucsf.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TRACK TBI, \u003c/a>for Transforming Research in Clinical Knowledge in Traumatic Brain Injury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TRACK TBI, spearheaded at UCSF, started in 2014 with just 75 enrolled patients. The cohort has now expanded to include over 2,000, with the goal of enrolling 1,000 more. The study spans 19 research centers across the country, and major funding comes from the National Institutes of Health and the Department of Defense. TRACK TBI is also partnering with CENTER TBI, a European sister-trial, monitoring 10,000 concussion patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Study researchers want to analyze the results of blood analysis, MRI scans and cognitive tests to find which patients are at higher risk of developing long-term cognitive problems after suffering concussions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_437556\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-437556 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Pratik-with-brain-image-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Pratik-with-brain-image-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Pratik-with-brain-image-160x90.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Pratik-with-brain-image-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Pratik-with-brain-image-768x432.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Pratik-with-brain-image.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Pratik-with-brain-image-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Pratik-with-brain-image-960x540.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Pratik-with-brain-image-240x135.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Pratik-with-brain-image-375x211.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Pratik-with-brain-image-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pratik Mukherjee, neuroradiologist at UCSF, looking at a brain image. \u003ccite>(Julia Vassey/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Getting a Closer Look\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem with diagnosing concussions starts in the emergency room. The majority of patients with mild, non-life-threatening traumatic brain injuries get released from ER without any follow-up evaluation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And that is a mistake,” says Mukherjee, who is also one of TRACK TBI’s principal investigators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CT scans in the ERs across the country can miss subtle brain damage, as occurred in Baxter’s first CT scan. These diagnostics can only detect structural changes or internal bleeding in the brain, like the hemorrhage Baxter eventually developed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even following severe traumatic brain injuries, as Gal suffered, neither CT nor standard MRI can detect microstructural changes and alterations in brain functioning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it is these subtle changes that may predict the likelihood of lasting problems, including impaired focus, attention, memory and decision-making.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TRACK TBI researchers are looking for biochemical signals that could ensure reliable, speedy diagnoses and good predictions of whether patients will suffer long-term effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mapping is another focus of TRACK TBI. Powerful MRI scanners with software that allows precise reconstruction of high resolution MRI images could help scientists create brain maps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study is using the latest MRI scanners, at least twice as powerful as the ones installed in many of the country’s hospitals and imaging centers, to peer deeper into the brain and search for abnormalities in the fine-grain structure of the brain’s “white matter.” If this is damaged, it can disrupt brain functions like imprinting memories, maintaining focus and making decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patients enrolled in the TRACK TBI study get scanned two weeks after their head injury and then again six months later to reveal the presence of any chronic effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers are also scanning for the presence of specific types of proteins in the blood that can be detected in brain-injury patients. TRACK TBI is particularly focusing on GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein) and Tau protein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>“This is similar to how they diagnose heart attacks,” says Mukherjee. “If you are having a heart attack, the heart will spill particular proteins that can be detected, and provide a good objective test.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1950s and 1960s an electrocardiogram was the only way to measure a patient’s heart for signs of heart disease. But a patient could show a normal-looking EKG even while suffering a heart attack. With time, blood tests measuring proteins have proven to be more reliable. Using a similar approach could transform concussion diagnoses as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shetty, who is not involved in the study, believes it has “a tremendous potential to understand relationships between biomarkers, neuroimaging and cognitive data.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www2.eecs.berkeley.edu/Faculty/Homepages/chunleiliu.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chunlei Liu\u003c/a>, an associate professor of the Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute at UC Berkeley, who also has no relationship to the study, is glad to see TRACK TBI’s multipronged approach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because brain trauma involves systemic changes in different parts of the brain, Liu says, “A single biomarker won't make a definitive answer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"fpfN1gUvcMM6xziiLMO3LOmy1Q3hTGxh\"]This approach is part of a trend. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.careconsortium.net/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CARE Consortium\u003c/a>, funded by the NCAA and the U.S. Department of Defense, is similar in many ways to TRACK TBI, but focuses on student-athletes and military service members. At the University of Pittsburgh. the \u003ca href=\"http://www.adapttrial.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ADAPT Trial\u003c/a> is focusing on children with severe traumatic brain injury, hoping to determine the best care procedures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If prognostic biomarkers can be identified by TRACK and other studies, it could help scientists resurrect once-promising treatments that were abandoned after failed clinical trials. One of the most disappointing failures was the PROTECT trial, which in 2015 experimented with treating acute traumatic brain injury with progesterone, a steroid found to sometimes have powerful neuroprotective properties.The study showed promising results on lab animals, but it collapsed after moving to phase III human trials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Currently with the clinical trials, it has been one-size-fits-all for every patient,” says Mukherjee. He says researchers often enroll participants without knowing if they are prone to developing complications. “But this is a mistake, because patients are affected in many different ways, and types of pathologies are different.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If biomarkers can be discovered, researchers can determine exactly which patients will or will not benefit from treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And patients recovering from brain injuries may be able to face their future with a clearer idea of the path ahead.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Last February Baxter Bailey injured himself trying to break into his own home when he couldn’t find his key. Crawling through a window leading to the utility room, he slipped and fell, hitting his head on the concrete floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was unconscious for about an hour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My skull, my forehead was bloody, bruised and banged,” says the 77-year-old architect from Richmond, Virginia. “And I had blood all over my shirt, my pants and underwear.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the hospital, “Doctors told me that my brain moved inside the skull,” Baxter says. But a small hemorrhage in the brain visible through scans wasn’t bad enough to keep him as an inpatient for more than a day. Baxter was diagnosed with a concussion, or what medical professionals call a mild traumatic brain injury, and released.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Unlike other neurological diseases, one cannot pinpoint the area of injury in concussion.'\u003ccite>Teena Shetty, neurologist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Within two weeks, the abrasion on my head got healed, and you couldn’t tell that anything ever happened to me if you looked at me,” says Baxter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But his troubles were just starting. Two months later, Baxter was in the emergency room again. He had started losing control of his left side. He found lifting his leg to get into a car difficult. Walking caused him trouble. This time the scans showed a chronic hematoma — swelling and bruising — on the right side of his skull.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was like 3 inches long and an inch thick and I could see that my brain literally was off center and my cerebellum was misaligned,” says Baxter. Doctors told him he needed immediate surgery. The plan was to drill a little hole in his head the size of a dime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I thought, ‘My lord, is this the end of me?’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Lot of Brain Injuries\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each year, about \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/66/ss/ss6609a1.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2.5 million people in the United States\u003c/a> are admitted to emergency rooms with traumatic brain injuries, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The difficulties of studying concussions, with their vague symptoms and hidden physical damage, have turned brain injury into a “silent epidemic,” in the words of \u003ca href=\"http://profiles.ucsf.edu/pratik.mukherjee\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pratik Mukherjee\u003c/a>, a neuroradiologist at UCSF.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.hss.edu/physicians_shetty-teena.asp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Teena Shetty\u003c/a>, a neurologist at New York City's Hospital for Special Surgery, agrees. “Unlike other neurological diseases, one cannot pinpoint the area of injury in concussion,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors are not even in agreement about how to treat concussions. Some advise resuming daily activities as soon as possible, others suggest avoiding demanding work and staying away from bright lights and loud sounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Existing guidelines are not backed by evidence, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/people/20187378-jeffrey-j-bazarian\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jeff Bazarian\u003c/a>, professor of emergency medicine at the University of Rochester Medical Center, in New York.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_437557\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-437557\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/16463775_10154204797011497_6888461288485270646_o-1020x765.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/16463775_10154204797011497_6888461288485270646_o-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/16463775_10154204797011497_6888461288485270646_o-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/16463775_10154204797011497_6888461288485270646_o-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/16463775_10154204797011497_6888461288485270646_o-768x576.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/16463775_10154204797011497_6888461288485270646_o-960x720.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/16463775_10154204797011497_6888461288485270646_o-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/16463775_10154204797011497_6888461288485270646_o-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/16463775_10154204797011497_6888461288485270646_o-520x390.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/16463775_10154204797011497_6888461288485270646_o.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tom Gal, 37-year old entrepreneur from San Francisco, recovering from a car accident at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Tom Gal)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A New Approach Tracks Patients in Detail\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Predicting which concussion patients will fully recover and which will be permanently debilitated is more or less a guessing game.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tom Gal, a 37-year old entrepreneur from San Francisco, spent almost two days in a coma after being hit by a car last August. He woke up with no memory of what happened and had to learn the details from his medical report. But eight months after the injury, he says he is doing just fine. In contrast, 29-year-old bread baker Ana Diaz, from Richmond, Virginia, complains about short-term memory lapses and increased anxiety six months after a biking accident that left her with no signs of head trauma on a CT scan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In light of such counter-intuitive outcomes, many researchers feel it is now time to make the diagnosis and prognosis of concussions more precise and evidence-based.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Mukherjee, \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12245-014-0031-6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">15 to 30 percent of concussion patients\u003c/a> will experience \u003ca href=\"http://www.neurosymptoms.org/post-concussion-syndrome/4582101276\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">worsening brain function\u003c/a> later on, including problems with thinking, memory, attention and decision-making. Patients can also experience sleep disorders and headaches that persist for weeks, months or years. In the severest cases, people can develop epilepsy and seizures, with increased risk of Alzheimer’s disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, about 3 to 5 million people live with the long-term physical, cognitive and psychological health disabilities of traumatic brain injury. Estimated annual direct and indirect costs are over $75 billion, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/traumaticbraininjury/severe.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">according to\u003c/a> the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s needed, some researchers believe, is a large study focused on improving how doctors measure concussions and predict the long-term effects on patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Baxter, Gal and Diaz may have found one. While recovering from their injuries, they signed up for a study called \u003ca href=\"https://tracktbi.ucsf.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TRACK TBI, \u003c/a>for Transforming Research in Clinical Knowledge in Traumatic Brain Injury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TRACK TBI, spearheaded at UCSF, started in 2014 with just 75 enrolled patients. The cohort has now expanded to include over 2,000, with the goal of enrolling 1,000 more. The study spans 19 research centers across the country, and major funding comes from the National Institutes of Health and the Department of Defense. TRACK TBI is also partnering with CENTER TBI, a European sister-trial, monitoring 10,000 concussion patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Study researchers want to analyze the results of blood analysis, MRI scans and cognitive tests to find which patients are at higher risk of developing long-term cognitive problems after suffering concussions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_437556\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-437556 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Pratik-with-brain-image-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Pratik-with-brain-image-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Pratik-with-brain-image-160x90.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Pratik-with-brain-image-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Pratik-with-brain-image-768x432.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Pratik-with-brain-image.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Pratik-with-brain-image-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Pratik-with-brain-image-960x540.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Pratik-with-brain-image-240x135.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Pratik-with-brain-image-375x211.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Pratik-with-brain-image-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pratik Mukherjee, neuroradiologist at UCSF, looking at a brain image. \u003ccite>(Julia Vassey/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Getting a Closer Look\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem with diagnosing concussions starts in the emergency room. The majority of patients with mild, non-life-threatening traumatic brain injuries get released from ER without any follow-up evaluation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And that is a mistake,” says Mukherjee, who is also one of TRACK TBI’s principal investigators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CT scans in the ERs across the country can miss subtle brain damage, as occurred in Baxter’s first CT scan. These diagnostics can only detect structural changes or internal bleeding in the brain, like the hemorrhage Baxter eventually developed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even following severe traumatic brain injuries, as Gal suffered, neither CT nor standard MRI can detect microstructural changes and alterations in brain functioning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it is these subtle changes that may predict the likelihood of lasting problems, including impaired focus, attention, memory and decision-making.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TRACK TBI researchers are looking for biochemical signals that could ensure reliable, speedy diagnoses and good predictions of whether patients will suffer long-term effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mapping is another focus of TRACK TBI. Powerful MRI scanners with software that allows precise reconstruction of high resolution MRI images could help scientists create brain maps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study is using the latest MRI scanners, at least twice as powerful as the ones installed in many of the country’s hospitals and imaging centers, to peer deeper into the brain and search for abnormalities in the fine-grain structure of the brain’s “white matter.” If this is damaged, it can disrupt brain functions like imprinting memories, maintaining focus and making decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patients enrolled in the TRACK TBI study get scanned two weeks after their head injury and then again six months later to reveal the presence of any chronic effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers are also scanning for the presence of specific types of proteins in the blood that can be detected in brain-injury patients. TRACK TBI is particularly focusing on GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein) and Tau protein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>“This is similar to how they diagnose heart attacks,” says Mukherjee. “If you are having a heart attack, the heart will spill particular proteins that can be detected, and provide a good objective test.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1950s and 1960s an electrocardiogram was the only way to measure a patient’s heart for signs of heart disease. But a patient could show a normal-looking EKG even while suffering a heart attack. With time, blood tests measuring proteins have proven to be more reliable. Using a similar approach could transform concussion diagnoses as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shetty, who is not involved in the study, believes it has “a tremendous potential to understand relationships between biomarkers, neuroimaging and cognitive data.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www2.eecs.berkeley.edu/Faculty/Homepages/chunleiliu.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chunlei Liu\u003c/a>, an associate professor of the Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute at UC Berkeley, who also has no relationship to the study, is glad to see TRACK TBI’s multipronged approach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because brain trauma involves systemic changes in different parts of the brain, Liu says, “A single biomarker won't make a definitive answer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>This approach is part of a trend. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.careconsortium.net/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CARE Consortium\u003c/a>, funded by the NCAA and the U.S. Department of Defense, is similar in many ways to TRACK TBI, but focuses on student-athletes and military service members. At the University of Pittsburgh. the \u003ca href=\"http://www.adapttrial.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ADAPT Trial\u003c/a> is focusing on children with severe traumatic brain injury, hoping to determine the best care procedures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If prognostic biomarkers can be identified by TRACK and other studies, it could help scientists resurrect once-promising treatments that were abandoned after failed clinical trials. One of the most disappointing failures was the PROTECT trial, which in 2015 experimented with treating acute traumatic brain injury with progesterone, a steroid found to sometimes have powerful neuroprotective properties.The study showed promising results on lab animals, but it collapsed after moving to phase III human trials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Currently with the clinical trials, it has been one-size-fits-all for every patient,” says Mukherjee. He says researchers often enroll participants without knowing if they are prone to developing complications. “But this is a mistake, because patients are affected in many different ways, and types of pathologies are different.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If biomarkers can be discovered, researchers can determine exactly which patients will or will not benefit from treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And patients recovering from brain injuries may be able to face their future with a clearer idea of the path ahead.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Before You Try the Ketogenic Diet, Read This",
"title": "Before You Try the Ketogenic Diet, Read This",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Louison Labeaume believes a ketogenic diet has done him a lot of good. Not only has he lost 25 pounds on the popular low carb/high fat regimen, he even wonders if it helped push his prostate cancer into remission. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">While some \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/03/05/468285545/fighting-cancer-by-putting-tumor-cells-on-a-diet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">research\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> has been conducted into the diet’s ability to starve cancer cells, there has been little evidence to date that this could be the case.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The upshot: The ketogenic diet can be effective for short periods of time for patients who need to make a drastic change and have not had success using other strategies. But as a long-term lifestyle, there are health risks involved in adopting a high-fat food regime.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“I’m not going to say that the diet did it. I don’t know what did it,” says Labeaume, a database administrator for Alameda County. “But it was very stunning.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Labeaume is not alone in his avid fandom of the ketogenic diet, which is designed to coax the body into burning fat instead of glucose. The diet is everywhere these days, endorsed by \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.bodybuilding.com/content/ketogenic-dieting-101-how-to-use-fat-as-fuel.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">bodybuilders\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.businessinsider.com/what-is-keto-diet-ketosis-2017-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">biohackers\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and patients suffering from an assortment of ailments, including \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.neurology.org/content/early/2017/02/08/WNL.0000000000003690.short?rss=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">epilepsy\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nutritionjrnl.com/article/S0899-9007(12)00073-1/fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">diabetes\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=ketogenic+diet&oq=ketogenic+diet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">search on the term\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> returns well over 1 million results. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ketogenic diets run counter to the traditional dietary recommendation of limited fat intake. Can they really help you lose weight? And are they safe?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I asked four experts to weigh in: \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Dr. Larry Cheskin, director of the Johns Hopkins Weight Management Center in its school of public health\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Amy Reisenberg, a registered dietitian in the Stanford Health Care network\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Norae Ferrara, a registered dietitian at the San Francisco Nutrition Clinic, which provides personalized nutrition therapy\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Dr. Marcelo Campos, a lecturer at Harvard Medical School and clinical assistant professor at Tufts University. Campos is also \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">a doctor of internal medicine who has seen dozens of patients on the diet and has written about it.\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What Exactly Is the Ketogenic Diet?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">When the body is starved of carbohydrates, stored fat is broken down into fatty acids and metabolized into molecules called ketone bodies, which are then used by the body for fuel. This process is called ketosis. Weight loss occurs from the depletion of fat stores.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">A dietitian who works with cardiology patients says many come to her precisely because of dangerously high cholesterol levels after years on a ketogenic diet.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>A diet that induces ketosis calls for approximately 60 to 70 percent of daily calories from fat, and the remaining 30 to 40 percent from carbohydrates and protein -- different diets call for different ratios. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> A standard daily serving of carbohydrates on the diet ranges from 20 to 30 grams, which equates roughly to one banana or two slices of bread.\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">For comparison, the World Health Organization's \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs394/en/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dietary recommendations\u003c/a> allow for as much as 50 grams of different types of sugar \u003cem>alone, \u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">and state that fat make up no more than 30 percent of a person’s daily calories. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ferrara, the San Francisco dietitian,\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">emphasizes that the ketogenic diet is not high-protein, like the famous Atkins diet; she says protein is also processed in the body as glucose, and too much of it can kick the body out of ketosis. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">However, Cheskin, of Johns Hopkins, while concerned over the high fat content of many ketogenic diets, \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">says low carbohydrate intake is the only important consideration for inducing ketosis. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Labeaume, the guy who has lost 25 pounds on the diet, says, “I started by eating tons of bacon like everybody, but eventually you take a step back from that.” Now he eats mostly green vegetables and gets his fats from butter, coconut oil, cheese and nuts, plus a little bit of meat.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Who Will Benefit?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The dietitians and doctors I talked to all think the diet can be beneficial and effective for those patients who have a lot of weight to lose or suffer from Type 2 diabetes and need to control their blood sugar.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_437478\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/ketodieter2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-437478\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/ketodieter2-1020x1275.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/ketodieter2-1020x1275.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/ketodieter2-160x200.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/ketodieter2-800x1000.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/ketodieter2-768x960.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/ketodieter2-960x1200.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/ketodieter2-240x300.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/ketodieter2-375x469.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/ketodieter2-520x650.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/ketodieter2.jpg 1176w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Keto dieter Louison Labeaume is loving it -- he says he's lost 25 pounds. \u003ccite>(Dana Smith/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I think it's a good diet to jumpstart weight loss, more than some of the other popular diets I've seen,” Reisenberg, the dietitian for the Stanford Health Care network, says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Studies in mice suggest that ketosis can \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/cell-metabolism/fulltext/S1550-4131(17)30490-4?_returnURL=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS1550413117304904%3Fshowall%3Dtrue\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">increase lifespan\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/cell-metabolism/fulltext/S1550-4131(17)30489-8?_returnURL=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS1550413117304898%3Fshowall%3Dtrue\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">enhance cognition \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0115147\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">prevent tumor growth\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and followers of the diet anecdotally report mental clarity, alertness and sustained energy,\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"http://www.nutritionjrnl.com/article/S0899-9007(14)00044-6/fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">long-term research\u003c/a> on the diet in humans is scarce, and \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Reisenberg and Cheskin think it's primarily the lost weight and not ketosis itself that drives any health improvements.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“It is always true that when you go on a strict diet, your health numbers almost immediately start looking better, and it doesn't matter if it's a ketogenic diet or just cutting calories,” he says.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What Are the risks?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">For the most part, the experts said the diet is safe for healthy people. However, all four talked about a risk of vitamin and mineral\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">deficiencies. Constipation is also a common side effect.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The primary advantage of a ketogenic diet is that it basically enables you to comply with a low-calorie diet better,” says Cheskin. “The benefit is primarily from the perspective of what it feels like to be on a diet, that you are generally less hungry for a different calorie level.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Additionally, a diet with a lot of bacon, cheese, cream and butter can -- surprise, surprise -- take a toll on your cholesterol. Followers of the diet often initially see a spike in LDL; that’s the “bad” kind of cholesterol,\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">linked to cardiovascular disease.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'There’s a steady accumulation of evidence that, at least for compliance and initial weight loss, the low-carbohydrate dieting approach is better.'\u003ccite>Dr. Larry Cheskin, Johns Hopkins Weight Management Center\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Campos, the internist, says he’s seen some patients’ cholesterol initially go up, then drop to pre-diet levels after 6 months, potentially \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">due to lower insulin levels, he speculates\u003c/span>\u003cb>.\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">However, Reisenberg, who specializes in working with cardiology patients, says that many of the people she sees come to her precisely because they are experiencing dangerously high cholesterol levels after years on a ketogenic diet.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cheskin agrees. “The long-term health consequences of a high fat\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">—\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">especially a high saturated fat—\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">diet is still generally believed to be not good for you … which is why I encourage people to make it moderate-to-low fat as well as low-carbohydrate.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Campos and Ferrara say the bigger risk may come from frequently starting and stopping the diet. “People who go into those yo‐yo diets, they tend to have increased \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/05/01/526048767/-yo-yo-dieting-poses-serious-risks-for-heart-patients\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">cardiovascular risk\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">,” Campos says.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One \u003ca href=\"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/tjem/243/1/243_35/_article\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">study\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> found that\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> people who went in\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">to \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">ketosis \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">for just one day \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">had\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> a higher blood sugar\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> level than when they began the diet.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">There’s other \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2016/11/15/health/yoyo-dieting-harms-hearts/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">research\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5139007/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">indicates\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> flitting up and down the weight scale can be \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/05/01/526048767/-yo-yo-dieting-poses-serious-risks-for-heart-patients\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">bad\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> for your health. Cheskin, however, thinks it's even worse to simply remain overweight. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“To stay at a steady heavy weight is more dangerous,” he said, than frequently dropping and adding back pounds.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>So Would They Recommend it?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Three out of four of our experts say the ketogenic diet is so restrictive, they would not recommend it for healthy patients who just want to lose a little weight.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I’m hoping it’s another fad diet,” says Reisenberg. Instead, she advises her patients to follow the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/mediterranean-diet/art-20047801\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mediterranean diet\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. “There is so much research out there showing that following a mostly plant-based diet that's got a reasonable amount of carbohydrates [and] a little bit of lean protein, whether it's animal-based or plant-based, and then lots … of nonstarchy vegetables reduces all risk factors for all causes of mortality.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Campos agrees but recommends the ketogenic diet for short periods of time for patients who need to make a drastic change and have not been able to meet their goals using other strategies.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only Cheskin endorsed the ketogenic diet as relatively effective for the average person who wants to lose weight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“There's a steady accumulation of evidence that, at least for compliance and initial weight loss, the low-carbohydrate dieting approach is better,” he says. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">He added, however, that, \"Long-term, no diet works very well. It's more are you going to make long-term changes that you're going to be able to stick with for the rest of your life.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Nevertheless, research continues into the fats versus carbs debate: A recent large-scale \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)32252-3/fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">study\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that tracked 135,000 people in 18 countries over 7 years found that a diet high in carbohydrates was associated with increased risk of mortality, while a high-fat diet was linked to a lower risk. “\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Global dietary guidelines should be reconsidered in light of these findings,” the authors said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Still, as you probably know by now, every expert will tell you reducing food intake is just one- half of the weight-loss equation. The other half? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Quit reading about diets on the internet and get yourself some exercise.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Louison Labeaume believes a ketogenic diet has done him a lot of good. Not only has he lost 25 pounds on the popular low carb/high fat regimen, he even wonders if it helped push his prostate cancer into remission. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">While some \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/03/05/468285545/fighting-cancer-by-putting-tumor-cells-on-a-diet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">research\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> has been conducted into the diet’s ability to starve cancer cells, there has been little evidence to date that this could be the case.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The upshot: The ketogenic diet can be effective for short periods of time for patients who need to make a drastic change and have not had success using other strategies. But as a long-term lifestyle, there are health risks involved in adopting a high-fat food regime.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“I’m not going to say that the diet did it. I don’t know what did it,” says Labeaume, a database administrator for Alameda County. “But it was very stunning.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Labeaume is not alone in his avid fandom of the ketogenic diet, which is designed to coax the body into burning fat instead of glucose. The diet is everywhere these days, endorsed by \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.bodybuilding.com/content/ketogenic-dieting-101-how-to-use-fat-as-fuel.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">bodybuilders\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.businessinsider.com/what-is-keto-diet-ketosis-2017-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">biohackers\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and patients suffering from an assortment of ailments, including \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.neurology.org/content/early/2017/02/08/WNL.0000000000003690.short?rss=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">epilepsy\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nutritionjrnl.com/article/S0899-9007(12)00073-1/fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">diabetes\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=ketogenic+diet&oq=ketogenic+diet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">search on the term\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> returns well over 1 million results. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ketogenic diets run counter to the traditional dietary recommendation of limited fat intake. Can they really help you lose weight? And are they safe?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I asked four experts to weigh in: \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Dr. Larry Cheskin, director of the Johns Hopkins Weight Management Center in its school of public health\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Amy Reisenberg, a registered dietitian in the Stanford Health Care network\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Norae Ferrara, a registered dietitian at the San Francisco Nutrition Clinic, which provides personalized nutrition therapy\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Dr. Marcelo Campos, a lecturer at Harvard Medical School and clinical assistant professor at Tufts University. Campos is also \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">a doctor of internal medicine who has seen dozens of patients on the diet and has written about it.\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What Exactly Is the Ketogenic Diet?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">When the body is starved of carbohydrates, stored fat is broken down into fatty acids and metabolized into molecules called ketone bodies, which are then used by the body for fuel. This process is called ketosis. Weight loss occurs from the depletion of fat stores.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">A dietitian who works with cardiology patients says many come to her precisely because of dangerously high cholesterol levels after years on a ketogenic diet.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>A diet that induces ketosis calls for approximately 60 to 70 percent of daily calories from fat, and the remaining 30 to 40 percent from carbohydrates and protein -- different diets call for different ratios. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> A standard daily serving of carbohydrates on the diet ranges from 20 to 30 grams, which equates roughly to one banana or two slices of bread.\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">For comparison, the World Health Organization's \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs394/en/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dietary recommendations\u003c/a> allow for as much as 50 grams of different types of sugar \u003cem>alone, \u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">and state that fat make up no more than 30 percent of a person’s daily calories. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ferrara, the San Francisco dietitian,\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">emphasizes that the ketogenic diet is not high-protein, like the famous Atkins diet; she says protein is also processed in the body as glucose, and too much of it can kick the body out of ketosis. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">However, Cheskin, of Johns Hopkins, while concerned over the high fat content of many ketogenic diets, \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">says low carbohydrate intake is the only important consideration for inducing ketosis. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Labeaume, the guy who has lost 25 pounds on the diet, says, “I started by eating tons of bacon like everybody, but eventually you take a step back from that.” Now he eats mostly green vegetables and gets his fats from butter, coconut oil, cheese and nuts, plus a little bit of meat.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Who Will Benefit?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The dietitians and doctors I talked to all think the diet can be beneficial and effective for those patients who have a lot of weight to lose or suffer from Type 2 diabetes and need to control their blood sugar.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_437478\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/ketodieter2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-437478\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/ketodieter2-1020x1275.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/ketodieter2-1020x1275.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/ketodieter2-160x200.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/ketodieter2-800x1000.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/ketodieter2-768x960.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/ketodieter2-960x1200.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/ketodieter2-240x300.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/ketodieter2-375x469.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/ketodieter2-520x650.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/ketodieter2.jpg 1176w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Keto dieter Louison Labeaume is loving it -- he says he's lost 25 pounds. \u003ccite>(Dana Smith/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I think it's a good diet to jumpstart weight loss, more than some of the other popular diets I've seen,” Reisenberg, the dietitian for the Stanford Health Care network, says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Studies in mice suggest that ketosis can \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/cell-metabolism/fulltext/S1550-4131(17)30490-4?_returnURL=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS1550413117304904%3Fshowall%3Dtrue\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">increase lifespan\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/cell-metabolism/fulltext/S1550-4131(17)30489-8?_returnURL=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS1550413117304898%3Fshowall%3Dtrue\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">enhance cognition \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0115147\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">prevent tumor growth\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and followers of the diet anecdotally report mental clarity, alertness and sustained energy,\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"http://www.nutritionjrnl.com/article/S0899-9007(14)00044-6/fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">long-term research\u003c/a> on the diet in humans is scarce, and \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Reisenberg and Cheskin think it's primarily the lost weight and not ketosis itself that drives any health improvements.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“It is always true that when you go on a strict diet, your health numbers almost immediately start looking better, and it doesn't matter if it's a ketogenic diet or just cutting calories,” he says.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What Are the risks?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">For the most part, the experts said the diet is safe for healthy people. However, all four talked about a risk of vitamin and mineral\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">deficiencies. Constipation is also a common side effect.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The primary advantage of a ketogenic diet is that it basically enables you to comply with a low-calorie diet better,” says Cheskin. “The benefit is primarily from the perspective of what it feels like to be on a diet, that you are generally less hungry for a different calorie level.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Additionally, a diet with a lot of bacon, cheese, cream and butter can -- surprise, surprise -- take a toll on your cholesterol. Followers of the diet often initially see a spike in LDL; that’s the “bad” kind of cholesterol,\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">linked to cardiovascular disease.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'There’s a steady accumulation of evidence that, at least for compliance and initial weight loss, the low-carbohydrate dieting approach is better.'\u003ccite>Dr. Larry Cheskin, Johns Hopkins Weight Management Center\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Campos, the internist, says he’s seen some patients’ cholesterol initially go up, then drop to pre-diet levels after 6 months, potentially \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">due to lower insulin levels, he speculates\u003c/span>\u003cb>.\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">However, Reisenberg, who specializes in working with cardiology patients, says that many of the people she sees come to her precisely because they are experiencing dangerously high cholesterol levels after years on a ketogenic diet.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cheskin agrees. “The long-term health consequences of a high fat\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">—\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">especially a high saturated fat—\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">diet is still generally believed to be not good for you … which is why I encourage people to make it moderate-to-low fat as well as low-carbohydrate.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Campos and Ferrara say the bigger risk may come from frequently starting and stopping the diet. “People who go into those yo‐yo diets, they tend to have increased \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/05/01/526048767/-yo-yo-dieting-poses-serious-risks-for-heart-patients\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">cardiovascular risk\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">,” Campos says.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One \u003ca href=\"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/tjem/243/1/243_35/_article\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">study\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> found that\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> people who went in\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">to \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">ketosis \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">for just one day \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">had\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> a higher blood sugar\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> level than when they began the diet.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">There’s other \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2016/11/15/health/yoyo-dieting-harms-hearts/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">research\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5139007/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">indicates\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> flitting up and down the weight scale can be \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/05/01/526048767/-yo-yo-dieting-poses-serious-risks-for-heart-patients\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">bad\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> for your health. Cheskin, however, thinks it's even worse to simply remain overweight. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“To stay at a steady heavy weight is more dangerous,” he said, than frequently dropping and adding back pounds.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>So Would They Recommend it?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Three out of four of our experts say the ketogenic diet is so restrictive, they would not recommend it for healthy patients who just want to lose a little weight.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I’m hoping it’s another fad diet,” says Reisenberg. Instead, she advises her patients to follow the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/mediterranean-diet/art-20047801\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mediterranean diet\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. “There is so much research out there showing that following a mostly plant-based diet that's got a reasonable amount of carbohydrates [and] a little bit of lean protein, whether it's animal-based or plant-based, and then lots … of nonstarchy vegetables reduces all risk factors for all causes of mortality.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Campos agrees but recommends the ketogenic diet for short periods of time for patients who need to make a drastic change and have not been able to meet their goals using other strategies.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only Cheskin endorsed the ketogenic diet as relatively effective for the average person who wants to lose weight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“There's a steady accumulation of evidence that, at least for compliance and initial weight loss, the low-carbohydrate dieting approach is better,” he says. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">He added, however, that, \"Long-term, no diet works very well. It's more are you going to make long-term changes that you're going to be able to stick with for the rest of your life.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Nevertheless, research continues into the fats versus carbs debate: A recent large-scale \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)32252-3/fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">study\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that tracked 135,000 people in 18 countries over 7 years found that a diet high in carbohydrates was associated with increased risk of mortality, while a high-fat diet was linked to a lower risk. “\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Global dietary guidelines should be reconsidered in light of these findings,” the authors said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Still, as you probably know by now, every expert will tell you reducing food intake is just one- half of the weight-loss equation. The other half? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Quit reading about diets on the internet and get yourself some exercise.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "San Francisco Company Breaks a Few Eggs in Making Sustainable Food",
"title": "San Francisco Company Breaks a Few Eggs in Making Sustainable Food",
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"content": "\u003cp>Leave it to a San Francisco restaurant to serve up egg dishes with eggs that aren't, well, eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Hampton Creek tries to recover from a spate of bad news with its new artificial egg product.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>At the cozy Flore cafe in the Castro district, the thick, yellow liquid chef Ben Roche pours into a sizzling pan looks just like eggs. But nope -- it’s actually a mixture of mung beans, canola oil and salt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a little bit of spinach, some mushrooms, and we are going to finish it with some goat cheese,\" Roche says, divulging his not-so-secret recipe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fluffy yellow curds form rapidly. I'm more than game. Roche scoops a savory-looking scramble onto my plate. A couple of bites later:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I can honestly say I would not know the difference,\" I proclaim. \"It tastes like scrambled eggs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flore's $14 concoction makes the eatery the first in the Bay Area to put the imitation eggs, which are called Just Scramble, on the menu. The egg substitute is made by San Francisco food company Hampton Creek, which has been itself scrambling, trying to recover from a series of missteps and adverse events. In September the company\u003ca href=\"https://techcrunch.com/2017/09/14/hampton-creek-rises-again-with-new-directors-and-patents-for-a-new-direction/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> replenished\u003c/a> its board of directors, several months after a mass exodus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company’s CEO, Josh Tetrick, says it tried a multitude of plants before getting Just Scramble right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Kidney beans, black beans, and navy beans, sorghum and yellow peas,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hampton Creek's \u003ca href=\"https://www.eatjust.com/en-us/stories/mission\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mission statement\u003c/a> says the company is trying to change a \"mindset\" that \"does not believe it’s possible to have healthier, sustainable food that is also affordable and delicious.\" To that end, the company also offers Just Mayo, Just Cookies and Just Dressing. Hampton Creek \u003ca href=\"https://www.dropbox.com/s/r0lsd4hw4xzltg8/HC_Sustainability_Indicator_Methods_FINAL_11-2017.pdf?dl=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">says\u003c/a> making mung beans into artificial eggs requires a lot less water and has a lighter carbon footprint than producing the real thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Breaking a Few Eggs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make an omelette, you have to break a few eggs, and the company has certainly done that in recent years. In 2016, Bloomberg \u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-08-04/food-startup-ran-undercover-project-to-buy-up-its-own-products\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a> that Hampton Creek bought back hundreds of jars of Just Mayo from supermarkets across the U.S. The purpose of the program was to \"make sales look better to potential investors,\" according to former employees who spoke with Bloomberg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, \"contractors were told to call store managers pretending they were customers and ask about Just Mayo,\" Bloomberg said. The company claimed this was a quality control effort, though e-mails, receipts and expense reports reviewed by the news organization seemed to suggest otherwise. Hampton Creek spokesperson Andrew Noyes says federal inquiries and an audit by a \"Big Four accounting firm\" found no evidence of wrongdoing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in June this year, four of the company's board members topped off a year of infighting by\u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-07-17/hampton-creek-s-entire-board-is-said-to-leave-except-for-ceo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> quitting\u003c/a>, leaving co-founder Tetrick as the sole survivor. Also that month, Target removed Hampton Creek products from its shelves after receiving unconfirmed allegations they were unsafe. The FDA \u003ca href=\"http://www.foodsafetynews.com/2017/08/fda-ends-hampton-creek-query-gives-gras-status-to-protein/#.WiXS4ITysxF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cleared the company\u003c/a> of any concerns, but Target stuck with its decision nonetheless.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company, however, is forging ahead, with plant-based meat, butter and ice cream all in the works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This post has been updated with Hampton Creek's response to Bloomberg's reporting.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "To engineer an egg substitute, the food tech firm Hampton Creek removed starch from mung beans. The company is trying to recover after a run of bad news the last couple of years.",
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"description": "To engineer an egg substitute, the food tech firm Hampton Creek removed starch from mung beans. The company is trying to recover after a run of bad news the last couple of years.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Leave it to a San Francisco restaurant to serve up egg dishes with eggs that aren't, well, eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Hampton Creek tries to recover from a spate of bad news with its new artificial egg product.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>At the cozy Flore cafe in the Castro district, the thick, yellow liquid chef Ben Roche pours into a sizzling pan looks just like eggs. But nope -- it’s actually a mixture of mung beans, canola oil and salt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a little bit of spinach, some mushrooms, and we are going to finish it with some goat cheese,\" Roche says, divulging his not-so-secret recipe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fluffy yellow curds form rapidly. I'm more than game. Roche scoops a savory-looking scramble onto my plate. A couple of bites later:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I can honestly say I would not know the difference,\" I proclaim. \"It tastes like scrambled eggs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flore's $14 concoction makes the eatery the first in the Bay Area to put the imitation eggs, which are called Just Scramble, on the menu. The egg substitute is made by San Francisco food company Hampton Creek, which has been itself scrambling, trying to recover from a series of missteps and adverse events. In September the company\u003ca href=\"https://techcrunch.com/2017/09/14/hampton-creek-rises-again-with-new-directors-and-patents-for-a-new-direction/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> replenished\u003c/a> its board of directors, several months after a mass exodus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company’s CEO, Josh Tetrick, says it tried a multitude of plants before getting Just Scramble right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Kidney beans, black beans, and navy beans, sorghum and yellow peas,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hampton Creek's \u003ca href=\"https://www.eatjust.com/en-us/stories/mission\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mission statement\u003c/a> says the company is trying to change a \"mindset\" that \"does not believe it’s possible to have healthier, sustainable food that is also affordable and delicious.\" To that end, the company also offers Just Mayo, Just Cookies and Just Dressing. Hampton Creek \u003ca href=\"https://www.dropbox.com/s/r0lsd4hw4xzltg8/HC_Sustainability_Indicator_Methods_FINAL_11-2017.pdf?dl=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">says\u003c/a> making mung beans into artificial eggs requires a lot less water and has a lighter carbon footprint than producing the real thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Breaking a Few Eggs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make an omelette, you have to break a few eggs, and the company has certainly done that in recent years. In 2016, Bloomberg \u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-08-04/food-startup-ran-undercover-project-to-buy-up-its-own-products\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a> that Hampton Creek bought back hundreds of jars of Just Mayo from supermarkets across the U.S. The purpose of the program was to \"make sales look better to potential investors,\" according to former employees who spoke with Bloomberg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, \"contractors were told to call store managers pretending they were customers and ask about Just Mayo,\" Bloomberg said. The company claimed this was a quality control effort, though e-mails, receipts and expense reports reviewed by the news organization seemed to suggest otherwise. Hampton Creek spokesperson Andrew Noyes says federal inquiries and an audit by a \"Big Four accounting firm\" found no evidence of wrongdoing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in June this year, four of the company's board members topped off a year of infighting by\u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-07-17/hampton-creek-s-entire-board-is-said-to-leave-except-for-ceo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> quitting\u003c/a>, leaving co-founder Tetrick as the sole survivor. Also that month, Target removed Hampton Creek products from its shelves after receiving unconfirmed allegations they were unsafe. The FDA \u003ca href=\"http://www.foodsafetynews.com/2017/08/fda-ends-hampton-creek-query-gives-gras-status-to-protein/#.WiXS4ITysxF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cleared the company\u003c/a> of any concerns, but Target stuck with its decision nonetheless.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company, however, is forging ahead, with plant-based meat, butter and ice cream all in the works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This post has been updated with Hampton Creek's response to Bloomberg's reporting.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Bay Area Scientists Say Computers Can Develop Cancer Drugs 6 Times Faster",
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"content": "\u003cp>The average time to \u003ca href=\"http://njms.rutgers.edu/gsbs/olc/fmtm/resources/improvepharmaNatureDrugDisc.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">identify a new cancer\u003c/a> drug is six years. Since \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/dcpc/data/types.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">one of every four deaths\u003c/a> in the U.S. is due to cancer, a lot of lives could be saved if that drug development time could be cut down to just a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cancer researchers at UCSF and computer scientists at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory are \u003ca href=\"https://www.llnl.gov/news/public-private-consortium-aims-cut-preclinical-cancer-drug-discovery-six-years-just-one\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">partnering\u003c/a> with researchers from the National Cancer Institute's Frederick National Laboratory and pharmaceutical giant GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) in an attempt to do just that. Members of the consortium hope to use supercomputing power to significantly slash the time needed to\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>screen potential cancer drugs and bring them to human trials.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'These projects were completely and utterly just a pipe dream 10 years ago.'\u003ccite>Aedin Culhane,\u003cbr>\nDana-Farber Cancer Institute\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"We're rolling on this, and it's really exciting,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://cancer.ucsf.edu/people/profiles/ashworth_alan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alan Ashworth\u003c/a>, president of the Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center at UCSF. The university is committing $750,000 annually plus researchers and lab space, Ashworth says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>GSK is contributing a vast store of data concerning 2 million molecules that could lead to cancer drugs. The data trove also includes 500 compounds that failed in the development process. The combination of the huge data set with information on failed drugs will be key to training the project's algorithms to understand how compounds interact with the human body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Long Process\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ashworth was one of the scientists who, in 1995, discovered the gene BRCA2, which increases the risk of developing inherited breast cancer. It took 10 years from discovery of the drug to the treatment of cancer related to that mutation, he said, and another 9 years before the drug was licensed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason cancer drug development can take so long is that most testing is done with actual molecules — millions of them in order to find one that might become an effective drug in treating a particular type of cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'I honestly don’t see how throwing lots of computers at the problem will speed up preclinical cancer-drug discovery.'\u003ccite>Steven Salzberg, Johns Hopkins University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>For each molecule, researchers create dozens of iterations in a process called \"optimization,\" altering the molecule to find the most effective form. Chemists have to create every modification in the lab, so researchers can test each one for toxic effects and efficacy. Just one toxicology study on one molecule takes 18 months, says Michelle Arkin, an associate professor in the UCSF School of Pharmacy. If the molecule fails, you start over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you could test these same molecules in a supercomputer programmed to understand the relevant biological relationships, it would significantly streamline the process — a computer can do in seconds what may take days or weeks in a lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The consortium, called ATOM, for Accelerating Therapeutics for Opportunities in Medicine, believes computing power has finally reached the point where it can aid in the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's been a revolution in machine learning,\" says Jim Brase, the deputy associate director for computation at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"YVRKeVHRwPaovC2VxmUgK3PIxKAyVlyu\"]In the past, Brase says, when scientists wanted to analyze a large set of data, they had to tell the computer what interactions to search for in determining how a drug molecule might affect a specific protein in a particular type of tumor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now, Brase says, scientists believe they can teach a computer the fundamentals of biology so it can learn to identify which relationships might be effective and which could be useless or toxic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Success will depend on scientists' ability to push computer learning to new levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stacie Calad-Thomson, operations, planning and strategy director with GSK, says the consortium will take the first two years of the project to develop algorithms. After that, the goal is to identify an effective drug and take it to human trials -- all within one year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The original data donated by GSK will remain private, says Mary Anne Rhyne, the company's director of corporate communications. But any resulting drug-testing tools will be made publicly available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Reasons for Skepticism and Hope\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goals of computer-assisted drug development and personalized medicine have been around for a \u003ca href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20080513083401/http://www.isgtw.org:80/?pid=1000993\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">long time, \u003c/a>and many of these efforts have disappointed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/09/06/ibm-pitched-its-watson-supercomputer-as-a-revolution-in-cancer-care-its-nowhere-close/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">STAT\u003c/a>, as well as watchdog site\u003ca href=\"https://www.healthnewsreview.org/2017/02/md-anderson-cancer-centers-ibm-watson-project-fails-journalism-related/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Health News Review, \u003c/a>reported on the failed collaboration between the M.D. Anderson Cancer Center and IBM's Watson, which sought to make personal cancer treatment recommendations and match patients to clinical trials. Behind the largely positive news coverage, the project did not work as hoped. (\u003ca href=\"https://medcitynews.com/2017/02/mayo-clinic-cio-ai-stuff-really-real/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Not everyone agrees\u003c/a> it's been a bust.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the company's \u003ca href=\"https://www.ibm.com/watson/health/life-sciences/drug-discovery/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Watson for Drug Discovery\u003c/a> program is hoping candidate drugs it identified as potential treatment for Parkinson's disease will prove to work. And IBM and Pfizer \u003ca href=\"https://www.forbes.com/sites/brucejapsen/2016/12/01/pfizer-partners-with-ibm-watson-to-advance-cancer-drug-discovery/#68904ce21b1e\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">announced a collaboration\u003c/a> in 2016 to use Watson to accelerate cancer drug discovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Steven Salzberg, director of the Center for Computational Biology at the McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine at Johns Hopkins University, is skeptical of such supercomputing efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I honestly don't see how throwing lots of computers at the problem will speed up preclinical cancer drug discovery,\" he says. \"It's the classic problem where when your only tool is a hammer, everything looks like a nail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We all need computers for research, so that's good. But cutting drug discovery from 6 years down to 1? That sounds implausible to me.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute at Harvard, Aedin Culhane, who is also a researcher in the Department of Biostatistics, is more optimistic. Yes, the idea of computer-assisted drug discovery has been around for a long time, she says, but it's only now that it's finally matured.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'I think there are a confluence of things that give this a better shot now than we had in the past.'\u003ccite>John Baldoni, GlaxoSmithKline\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"These projects were completely and utterly just a pipe dream 10 years ago,\" says Culhane. \"And now we have more and better data, and we're learning more day by day. Given good data, the machines can learn, and I'm very hopeful about it. Much more than I was 10 years ago.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She finds ATOM's intent to publish negative results especially interesting. \"Because that's something that is missing. Academics rarely publish negative results, and pharma even more so.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Re-examing old data in the light of new information, she says, can sometimes offer novel insights. Perhaps researchers misunderstood how a failed drug was working in the body the first time around; or maybe reviewing its off-target effects in light of new discoveries related to tumors will reveal a deeper understanding of biochemistry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Baldoni, senior vice president for computerized drug screening at GSK, says that not only are data more abundant, but the engineering required for computer-based analysis is more sophisticated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also believes researchers will be able to draw on software advancements in fields like facial recognition and dimensional analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have applications in other sectors that are analogous to the applications that we want to develop in the pharma sector,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technology is also starting to demonstrate results, according to Baldoni. He points to clinical testing of molecules discovered by computer algorithms from \u003ca href=\"http://www.nimbustx.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nimbus Therapeutics\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What I would say to a skeptic,\" he says, \"is 'You might be right.' But I hope they're not. I think there are a confluence of things that give this a better shot now than we had in the past.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The average time to \u003ca href=\"http://njms.rutgers.edu/gsbs/olc/fmtm/resources/improvepharmaNatureDrugDisc.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">identify a new cancer\u003c/a> drug is six years. Since \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/dcpc/data/types.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">one of every four deaths\u003c/a> in the U.S. is due to cancer, a lot of lives could be saved if that drug development time could be cut down to just a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cancer researchers at UCSF and computer scientists at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory are \u003ca href=\"https://www.llnl.gov/news/public-private-consortium-aims-cut-preclinical-cancer-drug-discovery-six-years-just-one\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">partnering\u003c/a> with researchers from the National Cancer Institute's Frederick National Laboratory and pharmaceutical giant GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) in an attempt to do just that. Members of the consortium hope to use supercomputing power to significantly slash the time needed to\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>screen potential cancer drugs and bring them to human trials.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'These projects were completely and utterly just a pipe dream 10 years ago.'\u003ccite>Aedin Culhane,\u003cbr>\nDana-Farber Cancer Institute\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"We're rolling on this, and it's really exciting,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://cancer.ucsf.edu/people/profiles/ashworth_alan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alan Ashworth\u003c/a>, president of the Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center at UCSF. The university is committing $750,000 annually plus researchers and lab space, Ashworth says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>GSK is contributing a vast store of data concerning 2 million molecules that could lead to cancer drugs. The data trove also includes 500 compounds that failed in the development process. The combination of the huge data set with information on failed drugs will be key to training the project's algorithms to understand how compounds interact with the human body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Long Process\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ashworth was one of the scientists who, in 1995, discovered the gene BRCA2, which increases the risk of developing inherited breast cancer. It took 10 years from discovery of the drug to the treatment of cancer related to that mutation, he said, and another 9 years before the drug was licensed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason cancer drug development can take so long is that most testing is done with actual molecules — millions of them in order to find one that might become an effective drug in treating a particular type of cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'I honestly don’t see how throwing lots of computers at the problem will speed up preclinical cancer-drug discovery.'\u003ccite>Steven Salzberg, Johns Hopkins University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>For each molecule, researchers create dozens of iterations in a process called \"optimization,\" altering the molecule to find the most effective form. Chemists have to create every modification in the lab, so researchers can test each one for toxic effects and efficacy. Just one toxicology study on one molecule takes 18 months, says Michelle Arkin, an associate professor in the UCSF School of Pharmacy. If the molecule fails, you start over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you could test these same molecules in a supercomputer programmed to understand the relevant biological relationships, it would significantly streamline the process — a computer can do in seconds what may take days or weeks in a lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The consortium, called ATOM, for Accelerating Therapeutics for Opportunities in Medicine, believes computing power has finally reached the point where it can aid in the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's been a revolution in machine learning,\" says Jim Brase, the deputy associate director for computation at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>In the past, Brase says, when scientists wanted to analyze a large set of data, they had to tell the computer what interactions to search for in determining how a drug molecule might affect a specific protein in a particular type of tumor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now, Brase says, scientists believe they can teach a computer the fundamentals of biology so it can learn to identify which relationships might be effective and which could be useless or toxic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Success will depend on scientists' ability to push computer learning to new levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stacie Calad-Thomson, operations, planning and strategy director with GSK, says the consortium will take the first two years of the project to develop algorithms. After that, the goal is to identify an effective drug and take it to human trials -- all within one year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The original data donated by GSK will remain private, says Mary Anne Rhyne, the company's director of corporate communications. But any resulting drug-testing tools will be made publicly available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Reasons for Skepticism and Hope\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goals of computer-assisted drug development and personalized medicine have been around for a \u003ca href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20080513083401/http://www.isgtw.org:80/?pid=1000993\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">long time, \u003c/a>and many of these efforts have disappointed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/09/06/ibm-pitched-its-watson-supercomputer-as-a-revolution-in-cancer-care-its-nowhere-close/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">STAT\u003c/a>, as well as watchdog site\u003ca href=\"https://www.healthnewsreview.org/2017/02/md-anderson-cancer-centers-ibm-watson-project-fails-journalism-related/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Health News Review, \u003c/a>reported on the failed collaboration between the M.D. Anderson Cancer Center and IBM's Watson, which sought to make personal cancer treatment recommendations and match patients to clinical trials. Behind the largely positive news coverage, the project did not work as hoped. (\u003ca href=\"https://medcitynews.com/2017/02/mayo-clinic-cio-ai-stuff-really-real/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Not everyone agrees\u003c/a> it's been a bust.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the company's \u003ca href=\"https://www.ibm.com/watson/health/life-sciences/drug-discovery/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Watson for Drug Discovery\u003c/a> program is hoping candidate drugs it identified as potential treatment for Parkinson's disease will prove to work. And IBM and Pfizer \u003ca href=\"https://www.forbes.com/sites/brucejapsen/2016/12/01/pfizer-partners-with-ibm-watson-to-advance-cancer-drug-discovery/#68904ce21b1e\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">announced a collaboration\u003c/a> in 2016 to use Watson to accelerate cancer drug discovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Steven Salzberg, director of the Center for Computational Biology at the McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine at Johns Hopkins University, is skeptical of such supercomputing efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I honestly don't see how throwing lots of computers at the problem will speed up preclinical cancer drug discovery,\" he says. \"It's the classic problem where when your only tool is a hammer, everything looks like a nail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We all need computers for research, so that's good. But cutting drug discovery from 6 years down to 1? That sounds implausible to me.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute at Harvard, Aedin Culhane, who is also a researcher in the Department of Biostatistics, is more optimistic. Yes, the idea of computer-assisted drug discovery has been around for a long time, she says, but it's only now that it's finally matured.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'I think there are a confluence of things that give this a better shot now than we had in the past.'\u003ccite>John Baldoni, GlaxoSmithKline\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"These projects were completely and utterly just a pipe dream 10 years ago,\" says Culhane. \"And now we have more and better data, and we're learning more day by day. Given good data, the machines can learn, and I'm very hopeful about it. Much more than I was 10 years ago.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She finds ATOM's intent to publish negative results especially interesting. \"Because that's something that is missing. Academics rarely publish negative results, and pharma even more so.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Re-examing old data in the light of new information, she says, can sometimes offer novel insights. Perhaps researchers misunderstood how a failed drug was working in the body the first time around; or maybe reviewing its off-target effects in light of new discoveries related to tumors will reveal a deeper understanding of biochemistry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Baldoni, senior vice president for computerized drug screening at GSK, says that not only are data more abundant, but the engineering required for computer-based analysis is more sophisticated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also believes researchers will be able to draw on software advancements in fields like facial recognition and dimensional analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have applications in other sectors that are analogous to the applications that we want to develop in the pharma sector,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technology is also starting to demonstrate results, according to Baldoni. He points to clinical testing of molecules discovered by computer algorithms from \u003ca href=\"http://www.nimbustx.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nimbus Therapeutics\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What I would say to a skeptic,\" he says, \"is 'You might be right.' But I hope they're not. I think there are a confluence of things that give this a better shot now than we had in the past.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Bike, Car or Train: Which Commute Has the Worst Air Pollution?",
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"content": "\u003cp>The traffic in the Bay Area regularly ranks among the nation's worst — and sitting in traffic isn't just irritating; there's some downright unhealthy stuff in that air you're breathing.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">You can greatly reduce air pollution while biking by riding a block off of a busy road.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Breathing in air pollution can irritate the lungs and aggravate both asthma and cardiovascular disease. However, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231017305290?via%3Dihub\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent study\u003c/a> from the California Air Resources Board shows that \u003cem>how\u003c/em> you get to work makes a big difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Commuters participating in the study wore backpacks crammed with instruments to measure soot from diesel engines and other pollution while they biked, drove, bused or rode the train to work in Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[audio src=\"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2017/11/McClurgCommuterAirQuality.mp3\" /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I decided to try it on my own daily commute from Oakland to San Francisco, using the same gear borrowed from the Air Resources Board. Over the course of a few days I measured the pollution while I biked, then rode BART, and finally drove to my office. Even though my little experiment was clearly not scientifically significant, the results generally matched what the researchers found in Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_437110\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-437110 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/11/IMG_0823-e1510936683987-800x835.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"835\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lesley McClurg preparing air pollution measuring devices before her morning commute.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>BART was the clear winner for me. Light rail also exposed Sacramento commuters to the least polluted air. Driving came in second for me, and biking exposed me to the most smog. The researchers found pollution levels to be pretty similar for cars, buses and bicycle trips.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I didn't take a diesel-powered train, but the Air Board noted that older Amtrak trains on the Capitol Corridor exposed participants to the worst air. However, Amtrak is updating its locomotive fleet with newer models, so future trips should be a lot cleaner. Incidentally, high-speed Rail, when in service, will be even cleaner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, none of the pollution levels I recorded during my commute — biking or driving — were dangerous. Study participants in Sacramento were also well within safe exposures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_437181\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-437181\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/11/Screen-Shot-2017-11-17-at-8.26.27-AM-1-1020x444.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"279\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A street-by-street look at pollutants in San Francisco and Oakland. Aclima and Google plan to soon offer an interactive map where you can click on a particular street for more detailed information. To learn \u003ca href=\"https://blog.aclima.io/examining-air-quality-in-san-francisco-bay-area-d308b341be45\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">more.\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Below is a list of ways to protect yourself from nasty air while taking various forms of transportation.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch2>Pollutants in the Air\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Black Carbon:\u003c/strong> Known more commonly as soot. It usually comes from diesel trucks, but ships, diesel trains, vehicles, residential wood fires and even certain types of cooking can also release black carbon. It can worsen asthma and heart disease.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Nitric Oxide (NO):\u003c/strong> A gas emitted by power plants, vehicles, aircraft, ships, trains, soils, nitrogen fertilizers, the burning of biomass and gas-fired appliances. High levels can irritate skin, eyes and mucous membranes, triggering coughing fits and a burning sensation in the chest.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)\u003c/strong> : A gas released by burning fuel, forest fires and emissions from vehicles, power plants and off-road equipment. Breathing NO2 also irritates the lungs. When NO2 combines with other chemicals in the atmosphere it can lead to acid rain.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1) Travel by Light Rail\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My trip on BART from Oakland to San Francisco offered the best air. In general, the Air Board found electrically powered light rail to be the cleanest mode of transportation. That's likely because the trains themselves do not release any exhaust. However, the researchers cautioned the results may be different if the route is near a freeway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2) Set the AC to Recirculate\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My car trip was the second best. The Air Board said turning the air-conditioning on and setting it to recirculate (versus pulling in air from outside) can reduce pollution levels by up to 75 percent. In other words, roll up your windows and prevent as much air as possible from entering when driving through congestion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3) Cycle On Bike Paths\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As an avid cyclist, I was disappointed to learn that I was exposed to the dirtiest air while on two wheels. I'm going to try to find a less congested route because the Air Board says you can greatly reduce air pollution simply by cycling a block off a busy road or on bike paths away from heavy traffic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>4) Avoid Exhaust\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers found that commuters taking diesel trains were exposed to the worst air over other modes of transportation. It's best to avoid older diesel-powered trains that push rail cars, which were worse than engines that pulled cars. If you must take an older train, try to get a seat in a cabin away from the locomotive engine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>5) Check the Air Forecast\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Air quality can change day-by-day and block-by-block. It's a good idea to check the current pollution levels before deciding what mode of transportation to take. You can check your neighborhood at \u003ca href=\"https://airnow.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">airnow.gov\u003c/a>, or \u003ca href=\"http://sparetheair.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sparetheair.org. \u003c/a>This is especially important when there is a wildfire burning in the region or a temperature inversion layer puts a lid on the area, preventing pollutants from escaping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>6) Carpool\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sharing a vehicle not only shortens the trip because you can zip along in the carpool lane, it also means you're on the road for less time breathing bad air. Plus carpooling is a win for everyone because it means fewer cars are on the road spewing emissions and adding to congestion.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I decided to try it on my own daily commute from Oakland to San Francisco, using the same gear borrowed from the Air Resources Board. Over the course of a few days I measured the pollution while I biked, then rode BART, and finally drove to my office. Even though my little experiment was clearly not scientifically significant, the results generally matched what the researchers found in Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_437110\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-437110 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/11/IMG_0823-e1510936683987-800x835.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"835\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lesley McClurg preparing air pollution measuring devices before her morning commute.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>BART was the clear winner for me. Light rail also exposed Sacramento commuters to the least polluted air. Driving came in second for me, and biking exposed me to the most smog. The researchers found pollution levels to be pretty similar for cars, buses and bicycle trips.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I didn't take a diesel-powered train, but the Air Board noted that older Amtrak trains on the Capitol Corridor exposed participants to the worst air. However, Amtrak is updating its locomotive fleet with newer models, so future trips should be a lot cleaner. Incidentally, high-speed Rail, when in service, will be even cleaner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, none of the pollution levels I recorded during my commute — biking or driving — were dangerous. Study participants in Sacramento were also well within safe exposures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_437181\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-437181\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/11/Screen-Shot-2017-11-17-at-8.26.27-AM-1-1020x444.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"279\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A street-by-street look at pollutants in San Francisco and Oakland. Aclima and Google plan to soon offer an interactive map where you can click on a particular street for more detailed information. To learn \u003ca href=\"https://blog.aclima.io/examining-air-quality-in-san-francisco-bay-area-d308b341be45\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">more.\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Below is a list of ways to protect yourself from nasty air while taking various forms of transportation.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch2>Pollutants in the Air\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Black Carbon:\u003c/strong> Known more commonly as soot. It usually comes from diesel trucks, but ships, diesel trains, vehicles, residential wood fires and even certain types of cooking can also release black carbon. It can worsen asthma and heart disease.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Nitric Oxide (NO):\u003c/strong> A gas emitted by power plants, vehicles, aircraft, ships, trains, soils, nitrogen fertilizers, the burning of biomass and gas-fired appliances. High levels can irritate skin, eyes and mucous membranes, triggering coughing fits and a burning sensation in the chest.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)\u003c/strong> : A gas released by burning fuel, forest fires and emissions from vehicles, power plants and off-road equipment. Breathing NO2 also irritates the lungs. When NO2 combines with other chemicals in the atmosphere it can lead to acid rain.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1) Travel by Light Rail\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My trip on BART from Oakland to San Francisco offered the best air. In general, the Air Board found electrically powered light rail to be the cleanest mode of transportation. That's likely because the trains themselves do not release any exhaust. However, the researchers cautioned the results may be different if the route is near a freeway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2) Set the AC to Recirculate\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My car trip was the second best. The Air Board said turning the air-conditioning on and setting it to recirculate (versus pulling in air from outside) can reduce pollution levels by up to 75 percent. In other words, roll up your windows and prevent as much air as possible from entering when driving through congestion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3) Cycle On Bike Paths\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As an avid cyclist, I was disappointed to learn that I was exposed to the dirtiest air while on two wheels. I'm going to try to find a less congested route because the Air Board says you can greatly reduce air pollution simply by cycling a block off a busy road or on bike paths away from heavy traffic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>4) Avoid Exhaust\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers found that commuters taking diesel trains were exposed to the worst air over other modes of transportation. It's best to avoid older diesel-powered trains that push rail cars, which were worse than engines that pulled cars. If you must take an older train, try to get a seat in a cabin away from the locomotive engine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>5) Check the Air Forecast\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Air quality can change day-by-day and block-by-block. It's a good idea to check the current pollution levels before deciding what mode of transportation to take. You can check your neighborhood at \u003ca href=\"https://airnow.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">airnow.gov\u003c/a>, or \u003ca href=\"http://sparetheair.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sparetheair.org. \u003c/a>This is especially important when there is a wildfire burning in the region or a temperature inversion layer puts a lid on the area, preventing pollutants from escaping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>6) Carpool\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sharing a vehicle not only shortens the trip because you can zip along in the carpool lane, it also means you're on the road for less time breathing bad air. Plus carpooling is a win for everyone because it means fewer cars are on the road spewing emissions and adding to congestion.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "In First, Scientists Try to Cure Man's Disease by Editing DNA Inside Body",
"title": "In First, Scientists Try to Cure Man's Disease by Editing DNA Inside Body",
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"content": "\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W-gUUB0ofVA&ab_channel=AssociatedPress\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists for the first time have tried editing a gene inside the body in a bold attempt to permanently change a person's DNA to cure a disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The experiment was done Monday in California on 44-year-old Brian Madeux. Through an IV, he received billions of copies of a corrective gene and a genetic tool to cut his DNA in a precise spot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's kind of humbling\" to be the first to test this, said Madeux, who has a metabolic disease called Hunter syndrome. \"I'm willing to take that risk. Hopefully it will help me and other people.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Signs of whether it's working may come in a month; tests will show for sure in three months.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'You’re really toying with Mother Nature.'\u003ccite>Dr. Eric Topol, Scripps Translational Science Institute\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>If it's successful, it could give a major boost to the fledgling field of gene therapy . Scientists have edited people's genes before, altering cells in the lab that are then returned to patients. There also are gene therapies that don't involve editing DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these methods can only be used for a few types of diseases. Some give results that may not last. Some others supply a new gene like a spare part, but can't control where it inserts in the DNA, possibly causing a new problem like cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This time, the gene tinkering is happening in a precise way inside the body. It's like sending a mini surgeon along to place the new gene in exactly the right location.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We cut your DNA, open it up, insert a gene, stitch it back up. Invisible mending,\" said Dr. Sandy Macrae, president of Sangamo Therapeutics, the California company testing this for two metabolic diseases and hemophilia. \"It becomes part of your DNA and is there for the rest of your life.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That also means there's no going back, no way to erase any mistakes the editing might cause.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"aligncenter\">\u003cem>Also from KQED Future of You:\u003c/em>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/10/31/the-crippling-ransomware-attack-on-kqed-the-inside-story/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Crippling Ransomware Attack on an NPR Member Station\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/11/13/the-difference-between-a-bully-and-a-true-alpha-male/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Difference Between a Bully and a True Alpha Male\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"You're really toying with Mother Nature\" and the risks can't be fully known, but the studies should move forward because these are incurable diseases, said one independent expert, Dr. Eric Topol of the Scripps Translational Science Institute in San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Protections are in place to help ensure safety, and animal tests were very encouraging, said Dr. Howard Kaufman, a Boston scientist on the National Institutes of Health panel that approved the studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said gene editing's promise is too great to ignore. \"So far there's been no evidence that this is going to be dangerous,\" he said. \"Now is not the time to get scared.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Woe From Head to Toe\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fewer than 10,000 people worldwide have these metabolic diseases, partly because many die very young. Those with Madeux's condition, Hunter syndrome, lack a gene that makes an enzyme that breaks down certain carbohydrates. These build up in cells and cause havoc throughout the body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patients may have frequent colds and ear infections, distorted facial features, hearing loss, heart problems, breathing trouble, skin and eye problems, bone and joint flaws, bowel issues and brain and thinking problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Many are in wheelchairs ... dependent on their parents until they die,\" said Dr. Chester Whitley, a University of Minnesota genetics expert who plans to enroll patients in the studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weekly IV doses of the missing enzyme can ease some symptoms, but cost $100,000 to $400,000 a year and don't prevent brain damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Madeux, who now lives near Phoenix, is engaged to a nurse, Marcie Humphrey. He met her 15 years ago in a study that tested this enzyme therapy at UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, where the gene editing experiment took place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He has had 26 operations for hernias, bunions, bones pinching his spinal column, and ear, eye and gall bladder problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It seems like I had a surgery every other year of my life\" and many procedures in between, he said. Last year he nearly died from a bronchitis and pneumonia attack. The disease had warped his airway, and \"I was drowning in my secretions, I couldn't cough it out.\"\u003cbr>\nMadeux has a chef's degree and was part owner of two restaurants in Utah, cooking for U.S. ski teams and celebrities, but now can't work in a kitchen or ride horses as he used to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gene editing won't fix damage he's already suffered, but he hopes it will stop the need for weekly enzyme treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Initial studies will involve up to 30 adults to test safety, but the ultimate goal is to treat children very young, before much damage occurs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How It Works\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A gene-editing tool called CRISPR has gotten a lot of recent attention, but this study used a different one called zinc finger nucleases. They're like molecular scissors that seek and cut a specific piece of DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The therapy has three parts: The new gene and two zinc finger proteins. DNA instructions for each part are placed in a virus that's been altered to not cause infection but to ferry them into cells. Billions of copies of these are given through a vein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They travel to the liver, where cells use the instructions to make the zinc fingers and prepare the corrective gene. The fingers cut the DNA, allowing the new gene to slip in. The new gene then directs the cell to make the enzyme the patient lacked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only 1 percent of liver cells would have to be corrected to successfully treat the disease, said Madeux's physician and study leader, Dr. Paul Harmatz at the Oakland hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"How bulletproof is the technology? We're just learning,\" but safety tests have been very good, said Dr. Carl June, a University of Pennsylvania scientist who has done other gene therapy work but was not involved in this study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Could Go Wrong\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Safety issues plagued some earlier gene therapies. One worry is that the virus might provoke an immune system attack. In 1999, 18-year-old Jesse Gelsinger died in a gene therapy study from that problem, but the new studies use a different virus that's proved much safer in other experiments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another worry is that inserting a new gene might have unforeseen effects on other genes. That happened years ago, when researchers used gene therapy to cure some cases of the immune system disorder called \"bubble boy\" disease. Several patients later developed leukemia because the new gene inserted into a place in the native DNA where it unintentionally activated a cancer gene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you stick a chunk of DNA in randomly, sometimes it works well, sometimes it does nothing and sometimes it causes harm,\" said Hank Greely, a Stanford University bioethicist. \"The advantage with gene editing is you can put the gene in where you want it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, some fear that the virus could get into other places like the heart, or eggs and sperm where it could affect future generations. Doctors say built-in genetic safeguards prevent the therapy from working anywhere but the liver, like a seed that only germinates in certain conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This experiment is not connected to other, more controversial work being debated to try to edit genes in human embryos to prevent diseases before birth — changes that would be passed down from generation to generation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Making History\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Madeux's treatment was to have happened a week earlier, but a small glitch prevented it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and his fiancee returned to Arizona, but nearly didn't make it back to Oakland in time for the second attempt because their Sunday flight was canceled and no others were available until Monday, after the treatment was to take place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scrambling, they finally got a flight to Monterey, California, and a car service took them just over 100 miles north to Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday he had the three-hour infusion, surrounded by half a dozen doctors, nurses and others wearing head-to-toe protective garb to lower the risk of giving him any germs. His doctor, Harmatz, spent the night at the hospital to help ensure his patient stayed well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm nervous and excited,\" Madeux said as he prepared to leave the hospital. \"I've been waiting for this my whole life, something that can potentially cure me.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "In Oakland, Monday, 44-year-old Brian Madeux received billions of copies of a corrective gene, plus a genetic tool to cut his DNA in a precise spot.",
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"nprByline": "Marilynn Marchione\u003cbr />Associated Press",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/W-gUUB0ofVA'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/W-gUUB0ofVA'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Scientists for the first time have tried editing a gene inside the body in a bold attempt to permanently change a person's DNA to cure a disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The experiment was done Monday in California on 44-year-old Brian Madeux. Through an IV, he received billions of copies of a corrective gene and a genetic tool to cut his DNA in a precise spot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's kind of humbling\" to be the first to test this, said Madeux, who has a metabolic disease called Hunter syndrome. \"I'm willing to take that risk. Hopefully it will help me and other people.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Signs of whether it's working may come in a month; tests will show for sure in three months.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'You’re really toying with Mother Nature.'\u003ccite>Dr. Eric Topol, Scripps Translational Science Institute\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>If it's successful, it could give a major boost to the fledgling field of gene therapy . Scientists have edited people's genes before, altering cells in the lab that are then returned to patients. There also are gene therapies that don't involve editing DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these methods can only be used for a few types of diseases. Some give results that may not last. Some others supply a new gene like a spare part, but can't control where it inserts in the DNA, possibly causing a new problem like cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This time, the gene tinkering is happening in a precise way inside the body. It's like sending a mini surgeon along to place the new gene in exactly the right location.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We cut your DNA, open it up, insert a gene, stitch it back up. Invisible mending,\" said Dr. Sandy Macrae, president of Sangamo Therapeutics, the California company testing this for two metabolic diseases and hemophilia. \"It becomes part of your DNA and is there for the rest of your life.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That also means there's no going back, no way to erase any mistakes the editing might cause.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"aligncenter\">\u003cem>Also from KQED Future of You:\u003c/em>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/10/31/the-crippling-ransomware-attack-on-kqed-the-inside-story/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Crippling Ransomware Attack on an NPR Member Station\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/11/13/the-difference-between-a-bully-and-a-true-alpha-male/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Difference Between a Bully and a True Alpha Male\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"You're really toying with Mother Nature\" and the risks can't be fully known, but the studies should move forward because these are incurable diseases, said one independent expert, Dr. Eric Topol of the Scripps Translational Science Institute in San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Protections are in place to help ensure safety, and animal tests were very encouraging, said Dr. Howard Kaufman, a Boston scientist on the National Institutes of Health panel that approved the studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said gene editing's promise is too great to ignore. \"So far there's been no evidence that this is going to be dangerous,\" he said. \"Now is not the time to get scared.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Woe From Head to Toe\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fewer than 10,000 people worldwide have these metabolic diseases, partly because many die very young. Those with Madeux's condition, Hunter syndrome, lack a gene that makes an enzyme that breaks down certain carbohydrates. These build up in cells and cause havoc throughout the body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patients may have frequent colds and ear infections, distorted facial features, hearing loss, heart problems, breathing trouble, skin and eye problems, bone and joint flaws, bowel issues and brain and thinking problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Many are in wheelchairs ... dependent on their parents until they die,\" said Dr. Chester Whitley, a University of Minnesota genetics expert who plans to enroll patients in the studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weekly IV doses of the missing enzyme can ease some symptoms, but cost $100,000 to $400,000 a year and don't prevent brain damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Madeux, who now lives near Phoenix, is engaged to a nurse, Marcie Humphrey. He met her 15 years ago in a study that tested this enzyme therapy at UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, where the gene editing experiment took place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He has had 26 operations for hernias, bunions, bones pinching his spinal column, and ear, eye and gall bladder problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It seems like I had a surgery every other year of my life\" and many procedures in between, he said. Last year he nearly died from a bronchitis and pneumonia attack. The disease had warped his airway, and \"I was drowning in my secretions, I couldn't cough it out.\"\u003cbr>\nMadeux has a chef's degree and was part owner of two restaurants in Utah, cooking for U.S. ski teams and celebrities, but now can't work in a kitchen or ride horses as he used to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gene editing won't fix damage he's already suffered, but he hopes it will stop the need for weekly enzyme treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Initial studies will involve up to 30 adults to test safety, but the ultimate goal is to treat children very young, before much damage occurs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How It Works\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A gene-editing tool called CRISPR has gotten a lot of recent attention, but this study used a different one called zinc finger nucleases. They're like molecular scissors that seek and cut a specific piece of DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The therapy has three parts: The new gene and two zinc finger proteins. DNA instructions for each part are placed in a virus that's been altered to not cause infection but to ferry them into cells. Billions of copies of these are given through a vein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They travel to the liver, where cells use the instructions to make the zinc fingers and prepare the corrective gene. The fingers cut the DNA, allowing the new gene to slip in. The new gene then directs the cell to make the enzyme the patient lacked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only 1 percent of liver cells would have to be corrected to successfully treat the disease, said Madeux's physician and study leader, Dr. Paul Harmatz at the Oakland hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"How bulletproof is the technology? We're just learning,\" but safety tests have been very good, said Dr. Carl June, a University of Pennsylvania scientist who has done other gene therapy work but was not involved in this study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Could Go Wrong\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Safety issues plagued some earlier gene therapies. One worry is that the virus might provoke an immune system attack. In 1999, 18-year-old Jesse Gelsinger died in a gene therapy study from that problem, but the new studies use a different virus that's proved much safer in other experiments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another worry is that inserting a new gene might have unforeseen effects on other genes. That happened years ago, when researchers used gene therapy to cure some cases of the immune system disorder called \"bubble boy\" disease. Several patients later developed leukemia because the new gene inserted into a place in the native DNA where it unintentionally activated a cancer gene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you stick a chunk of DNA in randomly, sometimes it works well, sometimes it does nothing and sometimes it causes harm,\" said Hank Greely, a Stanford University bioethicist. \"The advantage with gene editing is you can put the gene in where you want it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, some fear that the virus could get into other places like the heart, or eggs and sperm where it could affect future generations. Doctors say built-in genetic safeguards prevent the therapy from working anywhere but the liver, like a seed that only germinates in certain conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This experiment is not connected to other, more controversial work being debated to try to edit genes in human embryos to prevent diseases before birth — changes that would be passed down from generation to generation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Making History\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Madeux's treatment was to have happened a week earlier, but a small glitch prevented it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and his fiancee returned to Arizona, but nearly didn't make it back to Oakland in time for the second attempt because their Sunday flight was canceled and no others were available until Monday, after the treatment was to take place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scrambling, they finally got a flight to Monterey, California, and a car service took them just over 100 miles north to Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday he had the three-hour infusion, surrounded by half a dozen doctors, nurses and others wearing head-to-toe protective garb to lower the risk of giving him any germs. His doctor, Harmatz, spent the night at the hospital to help ensure his patient stayed well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"masters-of-scale": {
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},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"onourwatch": {
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"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"on-the-media": {
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"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
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"pbs-newshour": {
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
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},
"perspectives": {
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"order": 14
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"planet-money": {
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
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"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 5
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/e0c2d153-ad36-4c8d-901d-f1da6a724824/political-breakdown",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
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