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"content": "\u003cp>Two refrigeration failures at fertility clinics in different states, coincidentally occurring on March 4, are raising questions about oversight of the industry and triggered several lawsuits.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'We know something has happened but we don't know if our four embryos are alive still.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In San Francisco, the Pacific Fertility Center says it is still assessing the extent of the damage to the embryos and eggs it stores, said San Francisco Chronicle reporter Catherine Ho on KQED's \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101864351/woman-sues-fertility-center-after-equipment-failure-destroys-her-eggs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Forum program\u003c/a> Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of those clients includes Bill Taroli, who told Forum host Mina Kim he first learned about the malfunction on the evening news. After contacting the center, he and his partner were informed their frozen embryos were in the impacted tank. But it will take at least another week before they learn whether their vials were damaged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's like waiting for any major test. 'Do we have cancer?' We're in this limbo,\" said Taroli, who said he spent $50,000 for the procedure. \"We know something has happened but we don't know if our four embryos are alive still.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem was discovered during a routine check by a senior embryologist who noticed that the liquid nitrogen levels in one tank had dipped to very low levels, affecting thousands of frozen eggs and embryos belonging to about 500 clients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tanks rely on liquid nitrogen to keep the frozen vials at the correct storage temperature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The clinic has not yet announced the number of people impacted, said Ho. In a statement, Pacific Fertility Center said, \"The vast majority of the eggs and embryos in the lab were unaffected.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the company's clients includes an unnamed woman who learned on Sunday that her frozen eggs were destroyed. She has since filed a class action lawsuit against the company, seeking $5 million in damages for gross negligence stemming from a failure to properly maintain equipment. That figure is the minimum required to file a class-action suit in federal court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steven Tindall, the attorney for the woman, told Forum the facility lacked a real-time monitoring system that could have immediately alerted staff of a drop in nitrogen levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement issued Wednesday, the company said it took immediate action once the malfunction was discovered:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>On March 4, a single piece of equipment in our cryogenic storage lab lost liquid nitrogen for a brief period of time. We do know that there is viable tissue from this tank. The rest of the tanks were not affected and the equipment was immediately retired. The vast majority of the eggs and embryos in the lab were unaffected and the facility is operating securely. As soon as the issue was discovered, our most senior embryologist took immediate action to transfer those tissues from the affected equipment to a new piece of equipment. And we have brought independent experts and are conducting a full investigation. We are truly sorry this happened and for the anxiety that this will surely cause.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The cost of storing frozen eggs or embryos is $600 a year, according to the center's website. But the entire process can cost anywhere between $10,000 to $100,000, said the Chronicle's Ho. Aside from the financial costs, the process can be emotionally draining for prospective parents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the clinic's clients include former cancer patients who had their eggs taken out in advance of cancer treatments, Tindall said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Those people may have lost their opportunity to have biological children.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ohio Incident\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a bizarre coincidence, a similar tank malfunction occurred at a Cleveland-based fertility clinic on the same day as the accident in San Francisco. The\u003ca href=\"http://www.cleveland.com/healthfit/index.ssf/2018/03/university_hospitals_notifies.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Cleveland Plain-Dealer\u003c/a> reported that the University Hospitals Fertility Center lost frozen eggs and embryos from 700 patients. Lawsuits have been filed in this incident as well, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2018/03/14/class-action-lawsuit-filed-against-pacific-fertility-for-loss-of-up-to-thousands-of-embryos-and-eggs/?utm_term=.705a90a7aa98\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Washington Post\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The loss of potentially thousands of eggs and embryos from both clinics mark the biggest such loss on record in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regulations for oversight of fertility clinics vary by state. California, for example, requires clinics to be accredited by the Laboratory Field Services division of the California Department of Public Health. Ohio has no such licensing requirement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The United States is the Wild West of the fertility industry,” Marcy Darnovsky, executive director of the Center for Genetics and Society told the Pew Charitable Trust's \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/blogs/stateline/2015/3/18/states-not-eager-to-regulate-fertility-industry\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stateline\u003c/a> in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data shows that 1.5 percent of all infants born in the U.S. are conceived using assisted reproductive technology, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/art/artdata/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. \u003c/a>More than 60,000 U.S. births in 2015 resulted from such methods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The American Society for Reproductive Medicine does issue guidelines for fertility clinics, but they are not mandatory. The center has been accused of prioritizing the business interests of its members.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a field characterized by strong antiregulatory sentiment because it evolved as a business, not a research enterprise,” Arthur Caplan, director of the division of Medical Ethics at New York University’s School of Medicine, told Pew Charitable Trust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Taroli, the question of liability doesn't change how the experience has affected him and his partner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The reality is ... we've all been affected. Even if it turns out that our embryos are okay,\" he says, \"we're still going through this madness right now of not knowing and we’re worried about whether or not they're still alive.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Associated Press contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tanks rely on liquid nitrogen to keep the frozen vials at the correct storage temperature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The clinic has not yet announced the number of people impacted, said Ho. In a statement, Pacific Fertility Center said, \"The vast majority of the eggs and embryos in the lab were unaffected.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the company's clients includes an unnamed woman who learned on Sunday that her frozen eggs were destroyed. She has since filed a class action lawsuit against the company, seeking $5 million in damages for gross negligence stemming from a failure to properly maintain equipment. That figure is the minimum required to file a class-action suit in federal court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steven Tindall, the attorney for the woman, told Forum the facility lacked a real-time monitoring system that could have immediately alerted staff of a drop in nitrogen levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement issued Wednesday, the company said it took immediate action once the malfunction was discovered:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>On March 4, a single piece of equipment in our cryogenic storage lab lost liquid nitrogen for a brief period of time. We do know that there is viable tissue from this tank. The rest of the tanks were not affected and the equipment was immediately retired. The vast majority of the eggs and embryos in the lab were unaffected and the facility is operating securely. As soon as the issue was discovered, our most senior embryologist took immediate action to transfer those tissues from the affected equipment to a new piece of equipment. And we have brought independent experts and are conducting a full investigation. We are truly sorry this happened and for the anxiety that this will surely cause.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The cost of storing frozen eggs or embryos is $600 a year, according to the center's website. But the entire process can cost anywhere between $10,000 to $100,000, said the Chronicle's Ho. Aside from the financial costs, the process can be emotionally draining for prospective parents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the clinic's clients include former cancer patients who had their eggs taken out in advance of cancer treatments, Tindall said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Those people may have lost their opportunity to have biological children.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ohio Incident\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a bizarre coincidence, a similar tank malfunction occurred at a Cleveland-based fertility clinic on the same day as the accident in San Francisco. The\u003ca href=\"http://www.cleveland.com/healthfit/index.ssf/2018/03/university_hospitals_notifies.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Cleveland Plain-Dealer\u003c/a> reported that the University Hospitals Fertility Center lost frozen eggs and embryos from 700 patients. Lawsuits have been filed in this incident as well, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2018/03/14/class-action-lawsuit-filed-against-pacific-fertility-for-loss-of-up-to-thousands-of-embryos-and-eggs/?utm_term=.705a90a7aa98\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Washington Post\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The loss of potentially thousands of eggs and embryos from both clinics mark the biggest such loss on record in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regulations for oversight of fertility clinics vary by state. California, for example, requires clinics to be accredited by the Laboratory Field Services division of the California Department of Public Health. Ohio has no such licensing requirement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The United States is the Wild West of the fertility industry,” Marcy Darnovsky, executive director of the Center for Genetics and Society told the Pew Charitable Trust's \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/blogs/stateline/2015/3/18/states-not-eager-to-regulate-fertility-industry\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stateline\u003c/a> in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data shows that 1.5 percent of all infants born in the U.S. are conceived using assisted reproductive technology, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/art/artdata/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. \u003c/a>More than 60,000 U.S. births in 2015 resulted from such methods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The American Society for Reproductive Medicine does issue guidelines for fertility clinics, but they are not mandatory. The center has been accused of prioritizing the business interests of its members.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a field characterized by strong antiregulatory sentiment because it evolved as a business, not a research enterprise,” Arthur Caplan, director of the division of Medical Ethics at New York University’s School of Medicine, told Pew Charitable Trust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Taroli, the question of liability doesn't change how the experience has affected him and his partner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The reality is ... we've all been affected. Even if it turns out that our embryos are okay,\" he says, \"we're still going through this madness right now of not knowing and we’re worried about whether or not they're still alive.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Associated Press contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Federal health officials took the first step Thursday to drastically cut nicotine levels in cigarettes so they aren’t addictive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Food and Drug Administration estimated that its sweeping anti-smoking plan, first announced last summer, could push the U.S. smoking rate to 1.4 percent. Now about 15 percent of U.S. adults smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FDA regulators estimate about 5 million more people would quit cigarettes within one year of new nicotine limits. Currently there are no limits. Under law, the FDA can regulate nicotine although it cannot remove it completely.[contextly_sidebar id=\"9olDXsRwAiQiqgX5WvuwgLl0mu4XBdRD\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our estimates underscore the tremendous opportunity to save so many lives if we come together and forge a new path forward to combat the overwhelming disease and death caused by cigarettes,” FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nicotine is highly addictive, but it is not deadly by itself. It’s the burning tobacco and other substances inhaled through smoking that cause cancer, heart disease and bronchitis. Smoking causes more than 480,000 deaths in the U.S. each year, even though smoking rates have been declining for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency published its formal notice online Thursday to begin regulating nicotine in what’s expected to be a multi-year process littered with potential obstacles. The FDA is seeking outside comment on a number of issues, including what nicotine levels should be permitted and whether the change should be implemented gradually or all at once.[contextly_sidebar id=\"45Q6TozhQqFgVppQS6Fjznm0r9Q6ETzk\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA gained authority to regulate ingredients in cigarettes and other tobacco products in 2009. But FDA’s regulatory efforts have been hampered for years by legal challenges by Big Tobacco companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cigarette makers generally have vowed to take part in the FDA’s regulatory process for nicotine levels, often emphasizing the long, complicated nature of implementing new regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA has sponsored several recent studies showing that when smokers switch to very low nicotine cigarettes they smoke less and are more likely to try quitting. This research was pivotal to establishing that smokers won’t compensate by smoking more cigarettes or inhaling more deeply if nicotine levels are low enough. One study limited nicotine to less than 1 milligram per gram of tobacco.[contextly_sidebar id=\"UKGTQuCuBUfxJoEZ4n1PBtwpRxDODc1r\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan to restrict nicotine in cigarettes is only part of a broader anti-smoking push outlined by Gottlieb. He envisions the FDA sanctioning a new class of federally reviewed products that deliver nicotine without the toxic byproducts of burning tobacco. While some of those products might bear similarities to e-cigarettes, the FDA has not granted any company permission to market its product as “reduced-risk” compared to cigarettes.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Federal health officials took the first step Thursday to drastically cut nicotine levels in cigarettes so they aren’t addictive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Food and Drug Administration estimated that its sweeping anti-smoking plan, first announced last summer, could push the U.S. smoking rate to 1.4 percent. Now about 15 percent of U.S. adults smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FDA regulators estimate about 5 million more people would quit cigarettes within one year of new nicotine limits. Currently there are no limits. Under law, the FDA can regulate nicotine although it cannot remove it completely.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our estimates underscore the tremendous opportunity to save so many lives if we come together and forge a new path forward to combat the overwhelming disease and death caused by cigarettes,” FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nicotine is highly addictive, but it is not deadly by itself. It’s the burning tobacco and other substances inhaled through smoking that cause cancer, heart disease and bronchitis. Smoking causes more than 480,000 deaths in the U.S. each year, even though smoking rates have been declining for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency published its formal notice online Thursday to begin regulating nicotine in what’s expected to be a multi-year process littered with potential obstacles. The FDA is seeking outside comment on a number of issues, including what nicotine levels should be permitted and whether the change should be implemented gradually or all at once.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA gained authority to regulate ingredients in cigarettes and other tobacco products in 2009. But FDA’s regulatory efforts have been hampered for years by legal challenges by Big Tobacco companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cigarette makers generally have vowed to take part in the FDA’s regulatory process for nicotine levels, often emphasizing the long, complicated nature of implementing new regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA has sponsored several recent studies showing that when smokers switch to very low nicotine cigarettes they smoke less and are more likely to try quitting. This research was pivotal to establishing that smokers won’t compensate by smoking more cigarettes or inhaling more deeply if nicotine levels are low enough. One study limited nicotine to less than 1 milligram per gram of tobacco.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan to restrict nicotine in cigarettes is only part of a broader anti-smoking push outlined by Gottlieb. He envisions the FDA sanctioning a new class of federally reviewed products that deliver nicotine without the toxic byproducts of burning tobacco. While some of those products might bear similarities to e-cigarettes, the FDA has not granted any company permission to market its product as “reduced-risk” compared to cigarettes.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Theranos and Elizabeth Holmes Charged With 'Massive Fraud' by SEC",
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"content": "\u003cp>It started as a massive success story — a wunderkind female college dropout disrupting the blood-testing industry and empowering patients to take charge of their own health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"ga0lyGeskUZhaMZ1G6m0viMzWzc3RBPU\"]It ended as an almost archetypal cautionary tale about Silicon Valley hubris and its incompatibility with the slow developmental cycles of biomedicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Securities and Exchange Commission today charged Bay Area-based Theranos, its founder and CEO Elizabeth Holmes, and former president Sunny Balwani with \"massive fraud,\" in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sec.gov/news/press-release/2018-41\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">words\u003c/a> of the SEC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Theranos' trangressions included \"raising more than $700 million from investors through an elaborate, years-long fraud in which they exaggerated or made false statements about the company's technology, business, and financial performance,\" according to the federal agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holmes has agreed to give up her majority voting control of the company and to a reduction in her equity, the SEC said. Holmes also agreed to pay a $500,000 penalty and is now barred from serving as an officer or director of a public company for 10 years. As part of the settlement, both she and the company neither admitted nor denied wrongdoing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bulwani, apparently, has not settled. The SEC said it will litigate the charges against him in Northern California federal district court. Balwani's attorney told \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnbc.com/2018/03/14/theranos-ceo-holmes-and-former-president-balwani-charged-with-massive-fraud.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CNBC\u003c/a> that the SEC action was \"unwarranted,\" and that Balwani \"accurately represented Theranos to investors to the best of his ability,\" taking on \"significant financial risk.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Theranos still faces a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/19/business/theranos-sec-justice-department-investigation.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">criminal investigation\u003c/a> by the U.S. Attorney's Office in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Hundreds of Blood Tests From a Few Drops of Blood\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The crux of the charges against Theranos are that it made \"numerous false and misleading statements\" to investors that it had found a way to conduct hundreds of blood tests from just a few drops of blood, which would have revolutionized the blood-testing industry. But in reality, according to the SEC, Theranos could only perform a small number of tests this way, with the vast majority completed on standard commercial equipment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The SEC also charges Theranos with claiming its technology was used by the military in Afghanistan, and that it would take in more than $100 million in revenue in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In truth, Theranos' technology was never deployed by the U.S. Department of Defense and generated a little more than $100,000 in revenue in 2014,\" the SEC said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Theranos had been flying high that year, with Forbes valuing the company at $9 billion, and Holmes stake worth half that. Holmes had also attracted glowing media attention from the tech and business press.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the story changed abruptly with the publication of a \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/theranos-has-struggled-with-blood-tests-1444881901\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wall Street Journal investigation in 2015\u003c/a>. Reporter John Carreyrou alleged that the company had failed to report tests that showed its proprietary blood-testing equipment may not be accurate, and that it was not using its own technology for most tests, anyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Theranos responded by stating the Journal's reporting was inaccurate. \"First they think you're crazy. Then they fight you. And then all of a sudden you change the world,\" was Holmes' retort on Jim Cramer's CNBC show.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Journal's investigation proved to be only the start of Theranos' woes. Soon, the federal government charged that deficiencies at the company's Newark, California lab put patients in \"immediate jeopardy,\" likely to cause \"serious injury or harm, or death.\" The government said that Theranos' own quality control tests had showed alarming rates of failure. The complaint led to Holmes' banishment from owning or operating a lab for two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Theranos also had to correct tens of thousands of blood tests. A high-profile alliance with Walgreens which put blood-testing centers in dozens of stores, collapsed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company exited the consumer blood-testing business, lawsuits and more investigations ensued. and Theranos has been treading water ever since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016, Theranos tried to remake itself as the manufacturer of a portable device that could process small volumes of blood remotely and send the data back to a centralized location.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the unveiling of the device, in front of a couple of thousand skeptical laboratory scientists, was mostly a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/210797/theranos-elizabeth-holmes-will-face-1000-scientists-monday-can-she-say-anything-to-gain-their-trust\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dud, \u003c/a>with some expressing the opinion that it was nothing new.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company's \"Newsroom\" page pretty much tells the story at this point. Lots of \u003ca href=\"https://news.theranos.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">press releases\u003c/a> about reaching settlements with various entities — the\u003ca href=\"https://news.theranos.com/2018/03/14/theranos-ceo-reach-settlement-sec/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> SEC\u003c/a>, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Walgreens, the Arizona attorney general — and nary a word about any product.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It started as a massive success story — a wunderkind female college dropout disrupting the blood-testing industry and empowering patients to take charge of their own health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>It ended as an almost archetypal cautionary tale about Silicon Valley hubris and its incompatibility with the slow developmental cycles of biomedicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Securities and Exchange Commission today charged Bay Area-based Theranos, its founder and CEO Elizabeth Holmes, and former president Sunny Balwani with \"massive fraud,\" in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sec.gov/news/press-release/2018-41\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">words\u003c/a> of the SEC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Theranos' trangressions included \"raising more than $700 million from investors through an elaborate, years-long fraud in which they exaggerated or made false statements about the company's technology, business, and financial performance,\" according to the federal agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holmes has agreed to give up her majority voting control of the company and to a reduction in her equity, the SEC said. Holmes also agreed to pay a $500,000 penalty and is now barred from serving as an officer or director of a public company for 10 years. As part of the settlement, both she and the company neither admitted nor denied wrongdoing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bulwani, apparently, has not settled. The SEC said it will litigate the charges against him in Northern California federal district court. Balwani's attorney told \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnbc.com/2018/03/14/theranos-ceo-holmes-and-former-president-balwani-charged-with-massive-fraud.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CNBC\u003c/a> that the SEC action was \"unwarranted,\" and that Balwani \"accurately represented Theranos to investors to the best of his ability,\" taking on \"significant financial risk.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Theranos still faces a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/19/business/theranos-sec-justice-department-investigation.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">criminal investigation\u003c/a> by the U.S. Attorney's Office in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Hundreds of Blood Tests From a Few Drops of Blood\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The crux of the charges against Theranos are that it made \"numerous false and misleading statements\" to investors that it had found a way to conduct hundreds of blood tests from just a few drops of blood, which would have revolutionized the blood-testing industry. But in reality, according to the SEC, Theranos could only perform a small number of tests this way, with the vast majority completed on standard commercial equipment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The SEC also charges Theranos with claiming its technology was used by the military in Afghanistan, and that it would take in more than $100 million in revenue in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In truth, Theranos' technology was never deployed by the U.S. Department of Defense and generated a little more than $100,000 in revenue in 2014,\" the SEC said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Theranos had been flying high that year, with Forbes valuing the company at $9 billion, and Holmes stake worth half that. Holmes had also attracted glowing media attention from the tech and business press.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the story changed abruptly with the publication of a \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/theranos-has-struggled-with-blood-tests-1444881901\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wall Street Journal investigation in 2015\u003c/a>. Reporter John Carreyrou alleged that the company had failed to report tests that showed its proprietary blood-testing equipment may not be accurate, and that it was not using its own technology for most tests, anyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Theranos responded by stating the Journal's reporting was inaccurate. \"First they think you're crazy. Then they fight you. And then all of a sudden you change the world,\" was Holmes' retort on Jim Cramer's CNBC show.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Journal's investigation proved to be only the start of Theranos' woes. Soon, the federal government charged that deficiencies at the company's Newark, California lab put patients in \"immediate jeopardy,\" likely to cause \"serious injury or harm, or death.\" The government said that Theranos' own quality control tests had showed alarming rates of failure. The complaint led to Holmes' banishment from owning or operating a lab for two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Theranos also had to correct tens of thousands of blood tests. A high-profile alliance with Walgreens which put blood-testing centers in dozens of stores, collapsed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company exited the consumer blood-testing business, lawsuits and more investigations ensued. and Theranos has been treading water ever since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016, Theranos tried to remake itself as the manufacturer of a portable device that could process small volumes of blood remotely and send the data back to a centralized location.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the unveiling of the device, in front of a couple of thousand skeptical laboratory scientists, was mostly a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/210797/theranos-elizabeth-holmes-will-face-1000-scientists-monday-can-she-say-anything-to-gain-their-trust\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dud, \u003c/a>with some expressing the opinion that it was nothing new.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company's \"Newsroom\" page pretty much tells the story at this point. Lots of \u003ca href=\"https://news.theranos.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">press releases\u003c/a> about reaching settlements with various entities — the\u003ca href=\"https://news.theranos.com/2018/03/14/theranos-ceo-reach-settlement-sec/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> SEC\u003c/a>, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Walgreens, the Arizona attorney general — and nary a word about any product.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "FDA Approves First Direct-to-Consumer Test for Breast Cancer Risk",
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"content": "\u003cp>Federal regulators approved the first direct-to-consumer test for the BRCA genes, which increase the risk of breast and ovarian cancer, the agency announced on Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The test for the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, from \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/04/07/genetic-analysis-need-to-know/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">23andMe\u003c/a>, uses a saliva sample. But it assesses only three of the more than 1,000 known BRCA1/2 mutations, raising concerns that women who are told they do not have any of those variants will be lulled into believing that, as a result, they do not have an elevated risk for breast and ovarian cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The three specific BRCA1/BRCA2 breast cancer \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/439059/why-even-siblings-can-get-different-ancestry-results-from-dna-tests\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gene mutations \u003c/a>are most common in people with Ashkenazi (Eastern European) Jewish ancestry, accounting for more than 90 percent of their risk of heritable breast and ovarian cancer. But even in this population only 2 percent of women carry any of these three so-called “founder” mutations, the FDA said. Women with one of the mutations have a 45 percent to 85 percent chance of developing breast cancer by age 70, 23andMe said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"n8fyxUwdBRcgBMG96UbMv2Lu8p4ZNItq\"]But these three variants are not the most common BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations in the general population: No more than 0.1 percent of women with non-Ashkenazi ancestry carry the mutations. “A negative result does not rule out the possibility that an individual carries other BRCA mutations that increase cancer risk,” the FDA warned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Test Limitations\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe 23andMe test “is a step forward in the availability of DTC genetic tests,” Donald St. Pierre, acting director of the FDA’s Office of In Vitro Diagnostics and Radiological Health, said in a statement. “But it has a lot of caveats.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency therefore warned that individuals and their physicians should not use the test results to make decisions about treatments, including prophylactic removal of the breasts or ovaries. That should be based on more extensive testing. Myriad Genetics, which developed the first BRCA1/2 tests, assesses DNA for thousands of variants; it has long \u003ca href=\"http://investor.myriad.com/releasedetail.cfm?releaseid=1021443\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">warned\u003c/a> that other tests, which came on the market after the Supreme Court threw out Myriad’s key BRCA patents, could mislead women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, most cases of breast cancer are not hereditary, from BRCA or other mutations, but “sporadic,” meaning they arise at random or from smoking, obesity, exposure to toxic chemicals, hormone use, and other environmental factors.[contextly_sidebar id=\"ixqQWxrYKmKKTNT32BcHv1EguBJm96pF\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At a minimum, 23andMe should be clear with people about what their test is and isn’t and present the information in a fair and balanced way that the average person can understand,” said Myriad spokesman Ron Rogers, who added that some customers might be uncomfortable about 23andMe’s \u003ca href=\"https://gizmodo.com/what-dna-testing-companies-terrifying-privacy-policies-1819158337\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">selling\u003c/a> of genetic information to third parties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For women with Ashkenazi ancestry, the test “is not too bad as a screen,” said Robert Cook-Deegan of Arizona State University, a longtime scholar in the field of genomics ethics and law. “But for other groups with different founder mutations, and there are many, it won’t help much. There’s a big need for users to understand that nuance, which is not widely understood.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Direct-to-Consumer Tests\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe FDA’s decision was based on data from 23andMe showing that its test can accurately identify the three genetic variants in saliva samples. The privately held company also submitted studies showing that consumers understood the report it will send to customers on what the results might mean, how to interpret them, and where to find additional information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Being the first and only direct-to-consumer genetics company to receive FDA authorization to test for cancer risk without a prescription is a major milestone for 23andMe and for the consumer,” Anne Wojcicki, 23andMe CEO and co-founder, said in a statement. “We believe it’s important for consumers to have direct and affordable access to this potentially life-saving information. … This authorization is incredibly valuable for those who might not be aware of their Ashkenazi Jewish descent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She, too, emphasized that “our test does not account for all genetic variants that can cause a higher risk of cancer, and people should continue with their recommended cancer screenings.” Myriad, for instance, has identified some 20,000 BRCA1/2 variants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decision follows one last year in which the FDA gave 23andMe the go-ahead to sell DNA tests assessing customers’ risk of 10 diseases, including Parkinson’s and late-onset Alzheimer’s. Those were the first FDA-approved direct-to-consumer tests for genetic risk of any disease or condition, which the agency said could help people make lifestyle decisions. At the time, the FDA also warned that genetic risk for complex diseases is not a sure thing: People whose 23andMe test does not find genetic variants that increase the risk of a disease can still develop it, and people whose DNA test shows no disease-causing variants might not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The BRCA test will be part of 23andme’s $199 Health + Ancestry test. Existing customers can opt to receive BRCA information for no additional cost, and as with the other disease-risk tests they as well as new customers must specifically choose to receive the information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My libertarian streak says this, properly understood, is a good thing that increases access,” said Cook-Deegan, “although I do worry about proliferation of commercial purveyors as the sources of information and keeping the data.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Federal regulators approved the first direct-to-consumer test for the BRCA genes, which increase the risk of breast and ovarian cancer, the agency announced on Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The test for the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, from \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/04/07/genetic-analysis-need-to-know/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">23andMe\u003c/a>, uses a saliva sample. But it assesses only three of the more than 1,000 known BRCA1/2 mutations, raising concerns that women who are told they do not have any of those variants will be lulled into believing that, as a result, they do not have an elevated risk for breast and ovarian cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The three specific BRCA1/BRCA2 breast cancer \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/439059/why-even-siblings-can-get-different-ancestry-results-from-dna-tests\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gene mutations \u003c/a>are most common in people with Ashkenazi (Eastern European) Jewish ancestry, accounting for more than 90 percent of their risk of heritable breast and ovarian cancer. But even in this population only 2 percent of women carry any of these three so-called “founder” mutations, the FDA said. Women with one of the mutations have a 45 percent to 85 percent chance of developing breast cancer by age 70, 23andMe said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>But these three variants are not the most common BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations in the general population: No more than 0.1 percent of women with non-Ashkenazi ancestry carry the mutations. “A negative result does not rule out the possibility that an individual carries other BRCA mutations that increase cancer risk,” the FDA warned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Test Limitations\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe 23andMe test “is a step forward in the availability of DTC genetic tests,” Donald St. Pierre, acting director of the FDA’s Office of In Vitro Diagnostics and Radiological Health, said in a statement. “But it has a lot of caveats.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency therefore warned that individuals and their physicians should not use the test results to make decisions about treatments, including prophylactic removal of the breasts or ovaries. That should be based on more extensive testing. Myriad Genetics, which developed the first BRCA1/2 tests, assesses DNA for thousands of variants; it has long \u003ca href=\"http://investor.myriad.com/releasedetail.cfm?releaseid=1021443\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">warned\u003c/a> that other tests, which came on the market after the Supreme Court threw out Myriad’s key BRCA patents, could mislead women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, most cases of breast cancer are not hereditary, from BRCA or other mutations, but “sporadic,” meaning they arise at random or from smoking, obesity, exposure to toxic chemicals, hormone use, and other environmental factors.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At a minimum, 23andMe should be clear with people about what their test is and isn’t and present the information in a fair and balanced way that the average person can understand,” said Myriad spokesman Ron Rogers, who added that some customers might be uncomfortable about 23andMe’s \u003ca href=\"https://gizmodo.com/what-dna-testing-companies-terrifying-privacy-policies-1819158337\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">selling\u003c/a> of genetic information to third parties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For women with Ashkenazi ancestry, the test “is not too bad as a screen,” said Robert Cook-Deegan of Arizona State University, a longtime scholar in the field of genomics ethics and law. “But for other groups with different founder mutations, and there are many, it won’t help much. There’s a big need for users to understand that nuance, which is not widely understood.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Direct-to-Consumer Tests\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe FDA’s decision was based on data from 23andMe showing that its test can accurately identify the three genetic variants in saliva samples. The privately held company also submitted studies showing that consumers understood the report it will send to customers on what the results might mean, how to interpret them, and where to find additional information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Being the first and only direct-to-consumer genetics company to receive FDA authorization to test for cancer risk without a prescription is a major milestone for 23andMe and for the consumer,” Anne Wojcicki, 23andMe CEO and co-founder, said in a statement. “We believe it’s important for consumers to have direct and affordable access to this potentially life-saving information. … This authorization is incredibly valuable for those who might not be aware of their Ashkenazi Jewish descent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She, too, emphasized that “our test does not account for all genetic variants that can cause a higher risk of cancer, and people should continue with their recommended cancer screenings.” Myriad, for instance, has identified some 20,000 BRCA1/2 variants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decision follows one last year in which the FDA gave 23andMe the go-ahead to sell DNA tests assessing customers’ risk of 10 diseases, including Parkinson’s and late-onset Alzheimer’s. Those were the first FDA-approved direct-to-consumer tests for genetic risk of any disease or condition, which the agency said could help people make lifestyle decisions. At the time, the FDA also warned that genetic risk for complex diseases is not a sure thing: People whose 23andMe test does not find genetic variants that increase the risk of a disease can still develop it, and people whose DNA test shows no disease-causing variants might not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The BRCA test will be part of 23andme’s $199 Health + Ancestry test. Existing customers can opt to receive BRCA information for no additional cost, and as with the other disease-risk tests they as well as new customers must specifically choose to receive the information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My libertarian streak says this, properly understood, is a good thing that increases access,” said Cook-Deegan, “although I do worry about proliferation of commercial purveyors as the sources of information and keeping the data.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Feds Hobble Potential Cannabis Treatments for Opioid Addiction",
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"content": "\u003cp>When she started collecting brains, neuroscientist Yasmin Hurd’s peers wondered what she could possibly be thinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studying animals made way more sense as a way to trace how chronic drug use changes the brain, they thought — after all, how was Hurd going to parse the long-term effects from the trauma of the overdoses that killed the brain donors?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She waved her colleagues off. She wanted to know what was happening in human brains, not in mice.[contextly_sidebar id=\"xjgcW8qRPdqM7MN9tkvvBeggkwrVyhgv\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So she began filling up freezers with slices of brain tissue from hundreds of overdose victims, most of them killed by too much cocaine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had a lot of freezers, sadly,” said Hurd, who now runs the Addiction Institute at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine. And then, early in the 2000s, she noticed a tidal shift: Suddenly, the overdoses were dominated by heroin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She saw the opioid crisis coming. Ever since, she’s been trying to figure out how to intervene — could she modify or reverse the way addiction changed the brains being studied in her lab?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hurd has honed in on cannabidiol, one of the two main compounds plucked from the marijuana plant. She thinks it might hold the potential to curb cravings for heroin and other opioids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s running against the wind. Cannabidiol is classified as a Schedule I drug, meaning the U.S. government thinks it carries severe safety concerns, no medicinal benefits, and a high risk of abuse. Even as a growing number of states legalize marijuana, the hard-line federal stance has made it difficult to do clinical research involving cannabis in this country.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'You have to treat every epidemic the same, whether it’s a drug epidemic or a viral epidemic.'\u003ccite>Dr. Yasmin Hurd\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But Hurd is throwing all of her weight into studying whether it can combat addiction. And she’s trying to rally other scientists to do the same, by creating a consortium to conduct cannabidiol clinical trials across the globe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If this is something that could be potentially beneficial, and there’s an indication that it could be beneficial,” Hurd said in an interview, “why not put all hands on deck?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hurd has the reputation and academic standing to pull this off — last fall, she was named to the prestigious National Academy of Medicine, along with dozens of other top-tier researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than that, she has determination: On the front of her computer screen, she’s stuck up a yellow Post-it note that says, “GAIN CONTROL.” Only she’s crossed out “GAIN,” and replaced it with “TAKE.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Unraveling The Biology of Addiction\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Hurd has always had what she calls a “pure fascination” with the brain. Her own bounces quickly from one thought to the next, sometimes leaving threads unfinished for the sake of starting a new one. One idea may spin off into a dozen new ones. During a recent interview, she jumped from why she finds outliers in science so intriguing to why she loves murder mysteries (Alfred Hitchcock is a personal favorite).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That mental multitasking is mirrored in her lab, where her team is working on a slew of projects, from how chronic drug use restructures the brain to how the brain’s circuits play a role in psychiatric disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My research, unfortunately, reflects me,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her mind is constantly hunting for new ideas in unlikely, often difficult places — like on the list of Schedule I drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Past studies have shown that cannabidiol works on a number of brain circuits involved in addiction and drug-seeking behavior. That’s made it an exciting pharmacological target — but the data, by and large, have just been preliminary and unpersuasive. Hurd started looking for more concrete evidence on cannabidiol.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'The hard-line federal stance has made it difficult to do clinical research involving cannabis in this country.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The compound is one of the two main cannabinoids found in the marijuana plant, the other being tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC. But unlike THC, cannabidiol doesn’t get people high. Scientists are studying whether the compound can treat conditions such as epilepsy and anxiety. Hurd is testing whether cannabidiol can cut down on cravings in patients who are addicted to opioids — and in turn, can prevent relapse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In her research on animals, the compound has decreased cravings and anxiety without producing any psychoactive effects. But she’s not sure why, exactly, it’s working. So at the same time, she’s orchestrating studies to delve into the biology that underlies addiction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some quick background: The neurons in the brain talk to each other through neurotransmitters such as dopamine, serotonin, and endocannabinoids. Those chemical messengers ferry information between brain cells through a synapse, which is the intersection between two neurons. Drugs like heroin are like a car crash — they damage those synapses to the point that other cars can’t get through.[contextly_sidebar id=\"lXwRcOY5jUafks0cGN2BzjpnPSmw1csG\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hurd’s lab is studying the wreckage through research like the experiment that one of her postdoctoral researchers, Noel Warren, is working on. Warren hits rat neurons with a compound that mimics chronic heroin use to see how synaptic plasticity — the way the brain changes the connections among neurons, forming new ones while pruning others — is different in the brain after drug use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Based on her findings, Hurd has launched trials to test cannabidiol in humans — but that’s no easy task.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘The Hurdles Are Enormous’\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Studying cannabidiol is daunting, and not just because the brain is so complex. To use cannabidiol or any part of the cannabis plant for research, a scientist has to get a special license from the Drug Enforcement Administration, which can take years. Then, scientists have to get approval from the Food and Drug Administration to administer it to patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The hurdles are enormous,” said Margaret Haney, a neurobiologist at Columbia University who studies cannabis use disorder and the therapeutic potential of cannabinoids in humans. Haney has to keep the cannabis used in her trials in a gun safe that’s stashed inside a freezer that’s sitting in a special room in her lab that can only be accessed with her fingerprint. That’s routine for cannabis research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-128930 alignleft\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/medmar-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"423\" height=\"282\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/medmar-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/medmar-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/medmar-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/medmar-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/medmar.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/medmar-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 423px) 100vw, 423px\">And patients who are enrolled in clinical trials involving cannabis have to come to the lab of the researcher who holds a DEA license to get the drug, which isn’t always doable for individuals with serious medical conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our hands are tied even though cannabidiol is not addictive,” Hurd said. But because it derives from the cannabis plant, the government classifies it as a Schedule I drug — like heroin, LSD, ecstasy, and peyote — which are considered to be harmful and have no medicinal value.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means there are relatively few scientists doing research involving cannabis, and even fewer studying its potential to treat addiction or testing cannabidiol in humans. Hurd isn’t in a crowded field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s really not that many people that do that,” said Dr. Sachin Patel, of Vanderbilt University, who has done research with cannabis to understand how marijuana exposure early in life raises the risk of psychiatric disorders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then, there’s the issue of supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Our hands are tied even though cannabidiol is not addictive.'\u003ccite>Dr. Yasmin Hurd\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>For decades, the only sanctioned source of marijuana available for U.S. research was the University of Mississippi, which held an exclusive contract with the federal government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re trying to do a clinical trial and you need cannabidiol, it’s actually quite difficult to get the types of cannabis needed to do the research,” said Patel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hurd said the restricted supply has made it all but impossible for her to study the specific formulations of cannabidiol she suspects would be the most therapeutic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She is currently running Phase 2 clinical trials in New York to test cannabidiol’s ability to reduce cravings in people addicted to heroin. And she’s initiating similar studies to test cannabidiol soon in Canada and Jamaica.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'[T]he process has felt painstakingly slow when people are dying so quickly.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But for Hurd, the process has felt painstakingly slow when people are dying so quickly. An estimated 63,600 people died of drug overdoses in 2016. Two-thirds of those deaths were caused by opioids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hurd is frustrated by how both the government is grappling with the crisis. It’s paled in comparison to the response to the Zika virus and other public health concerns in recent years, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People swarmed to do something. That did not happen with the opioid epidemic,” Hurd said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-435640 \" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/iStock-594036552-800x668.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"384\" height=\"321\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/iStock-594036552-800x668.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/iStock-594036552-160x134.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/iStock-594036552-768x641.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/iStock-594036552-1020x852.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/iStock-594036552-1180x985.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/iStock-594036552-960x801.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/iStock-594036552-240x200.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/iStock-594036552-375x313.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/iStock-594036552-520x434.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/iStock-594036552.jpg 1895w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 384px) 100vw, 384px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why not? Hurd blames it, in large part, on discrimination against people who are addicted to drugs. But if there were more federal funding for research, Hurd said, scientists could accelerate the search for solutions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to treat every epidemic the same,” she said, “whether it’s a drug epidemic or a viral epidemic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s quick to note that she’s not arguing that cannabidiol is a cure-all for the crisis. Hurd just wants to have enough researchers working on the problem that they can quickly say whether something works — or whether it doesn’t — and then move on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Haney, the Columbia neurobiologist, echoed that frustration. The DEA said it has not rescheduled cannabis because there aren’t enough studies to show it has medical potential. But until it’s rescheduled, Haney said, those kind of large, randomized studies won’t really be feasible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re in a vicious cycle,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And dispensaries and cannabis companies in the 29 states that have already legalized medical marijuana don’t have any incentive to fund or conduct clinical trials on the medical benefits, experts say, because they’re already able to sell their products to patients without government approval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The money-making is all happening outside of any data,” Haney said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Hurd is trying to spur her fellow scientists to do as much research as possible on the potential of cannabidiol to treat opioid addiction, in a bid to build a cannabinoid consortium. She’s connected with clinicians, pharmacologists, and neuroscientists to talk about how to spur new research. And she’s working to rope in companies interested in cannabidiol, too. Without National Institutes of Health funding for such a project, she’s hopeful they’ll help fund the consortium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her goal: build an infrastructure that’s far broader than her own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t need to be the only person in the room studying cannabidiol for opioid addiction,” she said. “It can’t be done with just one little Yasmin Hurd lab.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This article is reproduced with permission from \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">STAT\u003c/a>. It was first published on Feb. 28, 2018. Find the original story \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/02/28/marijuana-cannabidiol-opioids-addiction/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When she started collecting brains, neuroscientist Yasmin Hurd’s peers wondered what she could possibly be thinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studying animals made way more sense as a way to trace how chronic drug use changes the brain, they thought — after all, how was Hurd going to parse the long-term effects from the trauma of the overdoses that killed the brain donors?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She waved her colleagues off. She wanted to know what was happening in human brains, not in mice.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So she began filling up freezers with slices of brain tissue from hundreds of overdose victims, most of them killed by too much cocaine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had a lot of freezers, sadly,” said Hurd, who now runs the Addiction Institute at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine. And then, early in the 2000s, she noticed a tidal shift: Suddenly, the overdoses were dominated by heroin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She saw the opioid crisis coming. Ever since, she’s been trying to figure out how to intervene — could she modify or reverse the way addiction changed the brains being studied in her lab?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hurd has honed in on cannabidiol, one of the two main compounds plucked from the marijuana plant. She thinks it might hold the potential to curb cravings for heroin and other opioids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s running against the wind. Cannabidiol is classified as a Schedule I drug, meaning the U.S. government thinks it carries severe safety concerns, no medicinal benefits, and a high risk of abuse. Even as a growing number of states legalize marijuana, the hard-line federal stance has made it difficult to do clinical research involving cannabis in this country.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'You have to treat every epidemic the same, whether it’s a drug epidemic or a viral epidemic.'\u003ccite>Dr. Yasmin Hurd\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But Hurd is throwing all of her weight into studying whether it can combat addiction. And she’s trying to rally other scientists to do the same, by creating a consortium to conduct cannabidiol clinical trials across the globe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If this is something that could be potentially beneficial, and there’s an indication that it could be beneficial,” Hurd said in an interview, “why not put all hands on deck?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hurd has the reputation and academic standing to pull this off — last fall, she was named to the prestigious National Academy of Medicine, along with dozens of other top-tier researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than that, she has determination: On the front of her computer screen, she’s stuck up a yellow Post-it note that says, “GAIN CONTROL.” Only she’s crossed out “GAIN,” and replaced it with “TAKE.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Unraveling The Biology of Addiction\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Hurd has always had what she calls a “pure fascination” with the brain. Her own bounces quickly from one thought to the next, sometimes leaving threads unfinished for the sake of starting a new one. One idea may spin off into a dozen new ones. During a recent interview, she jumped from why she finds outliers in science so intriguing to why she loves murder mysteries (Alfred Hitchcock is a personal favorite).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That mental multitasking is mirrored in her lab, where her team is working on a slew of projects, from how chronic drug use restructures the brain to how the brain’s circuits play a role in psychiatric disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My research, unfortunately, reflects me,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her mind is constantly hunting for new ideas in unlikely, often difficult places — like on the list of Schedule I drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Past studies have shown that cannabidiol works on a number of brain circuits involved in addiction and drug-seeking behavior. That’s made it an exciting pharmacological target — but the data, by and large, have just been preliminary and unpersuasive. Hurd started looking for more concrete evidence on cannabidiol.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'The hard-line federal stance has made it difficult to do clinical research involving cannabis in this country.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The compound is one of the two main cannabinoids found in the marijuana plant, the other being tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC. But unlike THC, cannabidiol doesn’t get people high. Scientists are studying whether the compound can treat conditions such as epilepsy and anxiety. Hurd is testing whether cannabidiol can cut down on cravings in patients who are addicted to opioids — and in turn, can prevent relapse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In her research on animals, the compound has decreased cravings and anxiety without producing any psychoactive effects. But she’s not sure why, exactly, it’s working. So at the same time, she’s orchestrating studies to delve into the biology that underlies addiction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some quick background: The neurons in the brain talk to each other through neurotransmitters such as dopamine, serotonin, and endocannabinoids. Those chemical messengers ferry information between brain cells through a synapse, which is the intersection between two neurons. Drugs like heroin are like a car crash — they damage those synapses to the point that other cars can’t get through.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hurd’s lab is studying the wreckage through research like the experiment that one of her postdoctoral researchers, Noel Warren, is working on. Warren hits rat neurons with a compound that mimics chronic heroin use to see how synaptic plasticity — the way the brain changes the connections among neurons, forming new ones while pruning others — is different in the brain after drug use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Based on her findings, Hurd has launched trials to test cannabidiol in humans — but that’s no easy task.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘The Hurdles Are Enormous’\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Studying cannabidiol is daunting, and not just because the brain is so complex. To use cannabidiol or any part of the cannabis plant for research, a scientist has to get a special license from the Drug Enforcement Administration, which can take years. Then, scientists have to get approval from the Food and Drug Administration to administer it to patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The hurdles are enormous,” said Margaret Haney, a neurobiologist at Columbia University who studies cannabis use disorder and the therapeutic potential of cannabinoids in humans. Haney has to keep the cannabis used in her trials in a gun safe that’s stashed inside a freezer that’s sitting in a special room in her lab that can only be accessed with her fingerprint. That’s routine for cannabis research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-128930 alignleft\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/medmar-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"423\" height=\"282\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/medmar-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/medmar-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/medmar-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/medmar-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/medmar.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/medmar-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 423px) 100vw, 423px\">And patients who are enrolled in clinical trials involving cannabis have to come to the lab of the researcher who holds a DEA license to get the drug, which isn’t always doable for individuals with serious medical conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our hands are tied even though cannabidiol is not addictive,” Hurd said. But because it derives from the cannabis plant, the government classifies it as a Schedule I drug — like heroin, LSD, ecstasy, and peyote — which are considered to be harmful and have no medicinal value.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means there are relatively few scientists doing research involving cannabis, and even fewer studying its potential to treat addiction or testing cannabidiol in humans. Hurd isn’t in a crowded field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s really not that many people that do that,” said Dr. Sachin Patel, of Vanderbilt University, who has done research with cannabis to understand how marijuana exposure early in life raises the risk of psychiatric disorders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then, there’s the issue of supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Our hands are tied even though cannabidiol is not addictive.'\u003ccite>Dr. Yasmin Hurd\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>For decades, the only sanctioned source of marijuana available for U.S. research was the University of Mississippi, which held an exclusive contract with the federal government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re trying to do a clinical trial and you need cannabidiol, it’s actually quite difficult to get the types of cannabis needed to do the research,” said Patel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hurd said the restricted supply has made it all but impossible for her to study the specific formulations of cannabidiol she suspects would be the most therapeutic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She is currently running Phase 2 clinical trials in New York to test cannabidiol’s ability to reduce cravings in people addicted to heroin. And she’s initiating similar studies to test cannabidiol soon in Canada and Jamaica.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'[T]he process has felt painstakingly slow when people are dying so quickly.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But for Hurd, the process has felt painstakingly slow when people are dying so quickly. An estimated 63,600 people died of drug overdoses in 2016. Two-thirds of those deaths were caused by opioids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hurd is frustrated by how both the government is grappling with the crisis. It’s paled in comparison to the response to the Zika virus and other public health concerns in recent years, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People swarmed to do something. That did not happen with the opioid epidemic,” Hurd said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-435640 \" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/iStock-594036552-800x668.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"384\" height=\"321\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/iStock-594036552-800x668.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/iStock-594036552-160x134.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/iStock-594036552-768x641.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/iStock-594036552-1020x852.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/iStock-594036552-1180x985.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/iStock-594036552-960x801.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/iStock-594036552-240x200.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/iStock-594036552-375x313.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/iStock-594036552-520x434.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/iStock-594036552.jpg 1895w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 384px) 100vw, 384px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why not? Hurd blames it, in large part, on discrimination against people who are addicted to drugs. But if there were more federal funding for research, Hurd said, scientists could accelerate the search for solutions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to treat every epidemic the same,” she said, “whether it’s a drug epidemic or a viral epidemic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s quick to note that she’s not arguing that cannabidiol is a cure-all for the crisis. Hurd just wants to have enough researchers working on the problem that they can quickly say whether something works — or whether it doesn’t — and then move on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Haney, the Columbia neurobiologist, echoed that frustration. The DEA said it has not rescheduled cannabis because there aren’t enough studies to show it has medical potential. But until it’s rescheduled, Haney said, those kind of large, randomized studies won’t really be feasible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re in a vicious cycle,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And dispensaries and cannabis companies in the 29 states that have already legalized medical marijuana don’t have any incentive to fund or conduct clinical trials on the medical benefits, experts say, because they’re already able to sell their products to patients without government approval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The money-making is all happening outside of any data,” Haney said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Hurd is trying to spur her fellow scientists to do as much research as possible on the potential of cannabidiol to treat opioid addiction, in a bid to build a cannabinoid consortium. She’s connected with clinicians, pharmacologists, and neuroscientists to talk about how to spur new research. And she’s working to rope in companies interested in cannabidiol, too. Without National Institutes of Health funding for such a project, she’s hopeful they’ll help fund the consortium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her goal: build an infrastructure that’s far broader than her own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t need to be the only person in the room studying cannabidiol for opioid addiction,” she said. “It can’t be done with just one little Yasmin Hurd lab.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This article is reproduced with permission from \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">STAT\u003c/a>. It was first published on Feb. 28, 2018. Find the original story \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/02/28/marijuana-cannabidiol-opioids-addiction/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Scientists Sip Beer, Discover Link Between Alzheimer's And Brain's Ancient Immune System",
"title": "Scientists Sip Beer, Discover Link Between Alzheimer's And Brain's Ancient Immune System",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>Beer has fueled a lot of bad ideas. But on a Friday afternoon in 2007, it helped two Alzheimer's researchers come up with a really a good one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neuroscientists \u003ca href=\"http://www.massgeneral.org/neurology/researcher_profiles/moir_robert.aspx\">Robert Moir\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.massgeneral.org/neurology/researcher_profiles/tanzi_rudolph.aspx\">Rudolph Tanzi\u003c/a> were sipping Coronas in separate offices during \"attitude adjustment hour\" at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard's largest teaching hospital. And, by chance, each scientist found himself wondering about an apparent link between Alzheimer's disease and the immune system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moir had been surfing through random scientific papers online — something he does for an hour or so on most Fridays. \"I cruise wherever my fancy takes me,\" he says.[contextly_sidebar id=\"7M1TEDtx5VpvYNAuLZ4fq7p1cSKlsEay\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And on this day, he cruised to research on molecules known as antimicrobial peptides. They're part of the ancient immune system that's found in all forms of life and plays an important role in protecting the human brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way antimicrobial peptides protect us is by engulfing and neutralizing a germ or some other foreign invader. That gives newer parts of the immune system time to get mobilized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These peptides are \"extremely important,\" Moir says. \"They're not like legacies from an immune system we don't use anymore. If you don't have them, you're going to die in a couple of hours.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'What if those sticky plaques were actually an effort to protect the brain.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>As Moir surfed through paper after paper, he realized that one of these ancient molecules, known as LL-37, looked a lot like a molecule closely associated with Alzheimer's. That molecule is called amyloid-beta and it forms the sticky plaques that tend to build up in the brains of people with dementia[contextly_sidebar id=\"IYHDaMptIPqJzYR9l5XweOSqbSXwwBlK\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>LL-37 and Amyloid-beta \"looked just like peas in a pod,\" Moir says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was really surprising. Even more surprising, on that same Friday afternoon, Moir's colleague Tanzi had also noticed a connection between Alzheimer's and the ancient immune system, which scientists refer to as innate immunity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tanzi had been spending the same hour that Friday afternoon reviewing a list of genes he'd found that were somehow related to Alzheimer's. \"I was enjoying my first or second Corona,\" he says, \"and I noticed that many of the genes coming up were involved with innate immunity.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was like, well, what does that mean?\" Tanzi says. \"So I wandered into [Moir's] office, carrying my Corona in hand, and I said, 'What do you know about innate immunity in the brain?' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two researchers decided to team up to figure out precisely how innate immunity figures into Alzheimer's. They later sketched out their research plan while sipping Bordeaux on the deck of Tanzi's house along the coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We spent a lot of evenings out there making a dent in his very nice cellar,\" Moir says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Brain's Immune System\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe two scientists began to discuss a wild idea. What if amyloid-beta was an integral part of the ancient immune system? What if those sticky plaques were actually an effort to protect the brain by encapsulating foreign invaders?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their idea was that the brain was producing amyloid for much the same reason an oyster forms a pearl — for self-defense. \"Maybe amyloid plaques are a brain pearl,\" Moir says, \"a way for our body to trap and permanently sequester these invading pathogens.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was a pretty radical idea. For decades, most scientists thought amyloid-beta was no more than a toxic waste product. \"In all those scenarios it's bad, bad, bad, bad, bad,\" Moir says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Moir and Tanzi suspected amyloid-beta was usually good — unless the brain started making too much. Then it could kill brain cells and lead to dementia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This hypothesis was not immediately embraced by other scientists, Tanzi says.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'It may be possible to interrupt the process before it causes Alzheimer's.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"I had folks emailing me, ex-mentors — Nobel laureates — saying, 'Rudy have you lost your mind?' Luckily neither Rob nor I have a really good track record of listening to people.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So. Tanzi and Moir set out to prove that amyloid really is part of the immune system. And they were lucky enough to have a funder, the \u003ca href=\"https://curealz.org/\">Cure Alzheimer's Fund\u003c/a>, that was willing to take a chance on their idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effort took years. But in 2010, Moir, Tanzi, and their team \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0009505\">demonstrated\u003c/a> that amyloid is really good at killing viruses and bacteria in a test tube. And, in 2016, they \u003ca href=\"http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/8/340/340ra72\">showed\u003c/a> it did the same thing in worms and mice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was very clear that amyloid protected against infection,\" Tanzi says. \"If a mouse had meningitis or encephalitis, [and] if that mouse was making amyloid it lived longer.\" In contrast, mice that did not produce amyloid died quickly from the infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-93427 alignleft\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/iStock_000060595932_Large-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"401\" height=\"301\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/iStock_000060595932_Large-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/iStock_000060595932_Large-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/iStock_000060595932_Large-768x576.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/iStock_000060595932_Large-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/iStock_000060595932_Large-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/iStock_000060595932_Large-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 401px) 100vw, 401px\">Today, Tanzi and Moir's wild idea is no longer considered so wild. Lots of scientists are now \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/ng.3916\">studying\u003c/a> the ancient immune system's connection to Alzheimer's.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Tanzi says it's become clear that Alzheimer's involves a lot more than just plaques and tangles in the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Even though we really concentrate on these plaques and tangles in Alzheimer's disease, it looks like it's the brain's immune system — the very primitive immune system of the brain — that's gone awry,\" Tanzi says, \"and the plaques and tangles are a part of that system.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question now is: What's causing the glitch in the ancient immune system?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One possibility is that it's overreacting to viruses and bacteria that get into the brain. Or, the system could be getting confused and attacking healthy cells — a lot like what happens in diseases like lupus or multiple sclerosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If either idea holds up, it may be possible to interrupt the process before it causes Alzheimer's, Moir says. \"That's a pretty good outcome from a couple of Coronas 10 years ago.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http://www.npr.org/\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Scientists+Explore+Ties+Between+Alzheimer%27s+And+Brain%27s+Ancient+Immune+System&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Beer has fueled a lot of bad ideas. But on a Friday afternoon in 2007, it helped two Alzheimer's researchers come up with a really a good one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neuroscientists \u003ca href=\"http://www.massgeneral.org/neurology/researcher_profiles/moir_robert.aspx\">Robert Moir\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.massgeneral.org/neurology/researcher_profiles/tanzi_rudolph.aspx\">Rudolph Tanzi\u003c/a> were sipping Coronas in separate offices during \"attitude adjustment hour\" at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard's largest teaching hospital. And, by chance, each scientist found himself wondering about an apparent link between Alzheimer's disease and the immune system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moir had been surfing through random scientific papers online — something he does for an hour or so on most Fridays. \"I cruise wherever my fancy takes me,\" he says.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And on this day, he cruised to research on molecules known as antimicrobial peptides. They're part of the ancient immune system that's found in all forms of life and plays an important role in protecting the human brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way antimicrobial peptides protect us is by engulfing and neutralizing a germ or some other foreign invader. That gives newer parts of the immune system time to get mobilized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These peptides are \"extremely important,\" Moir says. \"They're not like legacies from an immune system we don't use anymore. If you don't have them, you're going to die in a couple of hours.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'What if those sticky plaques were actually an effort to protect the brain.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>As Moir surfed through paper after paper, he realized that one of these ancient molecules, known as LL-37, looked a lot like a molecule closely associated with Alzheimer's. That molecule is called amyloid-beta and it forms the sticky plaques that tend to build up in the brains of people with dementia\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>LL-37 and Amyloid-beta \"looked just like peas in a pod,\" Moir says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was really surprising. Even more surprising, on that same Friday afternoon, Moir's colleague Tanzi had also noticed a connection between Alzheimer's and the ancient immune system, which scientists refer to as innate immunity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tanzi had been spending the same hour that Friday afternoon reviewing a list of genes he'd found that were somehow related to Alzheimer's. \"I was enjoying my first or second Corona,\" he says, \"and I noticed that many of the genes coming up were involved with innate immunity.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was like, well, what does that mean?\" Tanzi says. \"So I wandered into [Moir's] office, carrying my Corona in hand, and I said, 'What do you know about innate immunity in the brain?' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two researchers decided to team up to figure out precisely how innate immunity figures into Alzheimer's. They later sketched out their research plan while sipping Bordeaux on the deck of Tanzi's house along the coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We spent a lot of evenings out there making a dent in his very nice cellar,\" Moir says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Brain's Immune System\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe two scientists began to discuss a wild idea. What if amyloid-beta was an integral part of the ancient immune system? What if those sticky plaques were actually an effort to protect the brain by encapsulating foreign invaders?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their idea was that the brain was producing amyloid for much the same reason an oyster forms a pearl — for self-defense. \"Maybe amyloid plaques are a brain pearl,\" Moir says, \"a way for our body to trap and permanently sequester these invading pathogens.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was a pretty radical idea. For decades, most scientists thought amyloid-beta was no more than a toxic waste product. \"In all those scenarios it's bad, bad, bad, bad, bad,\" Moir says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Moir and Tanzi suspected amyloid-beta was usually good — unless the brain started making too much. Then it could kill brain cells and lead to dementia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This hypothesis was not immediately embraced by other scientists, Tanzi says.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'It may be possible to interrupt the process before it causes Alzheimer's.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"I had folks emailing me, ex-mentors — Nobel laureates — saying, 'Rudy have you lost your mind?' Luckily neither Rob nor I have a really good track record of listening to people.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So. Tanzi and Moir set out to prove that amyloid really is part of the immune system. And they were lucky enough to have a funder, the \u003ca href=\"https://curealz.org/\">Cure Alzheimer's Fund\u003c/a>, that was willing to take a chance on their idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effort took years. But in 2010, Moir, Tanzi, and their team \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0009505\">demonstrated\u003c/a> that amyloid is really good at killing viruses and bacteria in a test tube. And, in 2016, they \u003ca href=\"http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/8/340/340ra72\">showed\u003c/a> it did the same thing in worms and mice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was very clear that amyloid protected against infection,\" Tanzi says. \"If a mouse had meningitis or encephalitis, [and] if that mouse was making amyloid it lived longer.\" In contrast, mice that did not produce amyloid died quickly from the infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-93427 alignleft\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/iStock_000060595932_Large-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"401\" height=\"301\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/iStock_000060595932_Large-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/iStock_000060595932_Large-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/iStock_000060595932_Large-768x576.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/iStock_000060595932_Large-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/iStock_000060595932_Large-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/iStock_000060595932_Large-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 401px) 100vw, 401px\">Today, Tanzi and Moir's wild idea is no longer considered so wild. Lots of scientists are now \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/ng.3916\">studying\u003c/a> the ancient immune system's connection to Alzheimer's.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Tanzi says it's become clear that Alzheimer's involves a lot more than just plaques and tangles in the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Even though we really concentrate on these plaques and tangles in Alzheimer's disease, it looks like it's the brain's immune system — the very primitive immune system of the brain — that's gone awry,\" Tanzi says, \"and the plaques and tangles are a part of that system.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question now is: What's causing the glitch in the ancient immune system?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One possibility is that it's overreacting to viruses and bacteria that get into the brain. Or, the system could be getting confused and attacking healthy cells — a lot like what happens in diseases like lupus or multiple sclerosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If either idea holds up, it may be possible to interrupt the process before it causes Alzheimer's, Moir says. \"That's a pretty good outcome from a couple of Coronas 10 years ago.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http://www.npr.org/\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Scientists+Explore+Ties+Between+Alzheimer%27s+And+Brain%27s+Ancient+Immune+System&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Sometimes, You Just Need a Robot to Talk to",
"title": "Sometimes, You Just Need a Robot to Talk to",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>We spend a lot of time talking to Alexa and Siri. Imagine if such artificial personalities were put inside a cute, adorable robot. That's what Alexander Reben has done. The artist created what he saw as the perfect interview machine to see how much he could get people to reveal to the robot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reben's experiments with human robot interactions began when he was working on his master's degree in robotics at MIT. He built a robot called \u003ca href=\"http://resenv.media.mit.edu/Boxie/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Boxie\u003c/a>. It was made of cardboard, about the size of a microwave oven, and rolled around like a toy tank.[contextly_sidebar id=\"yz0kM6ZG84eg4i4rxTL7lsT0kMn9aLm9\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you walked into the lab at MIT, Boxie would approach with its big, round black eyes wide open and ask you for help getting upstairs or going down the hall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reben wanted to see how many people would help the robot. He wondered, could you build cheaper robots without legs that could get around with help from humans?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, one day, something happened that would change the course of Reben's work.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'The robot was just a means to get closer to myself at a really critical moment in my life.'\u003ccite>Judith Helfand\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It started with a man walking into the lab and Boxie rolling up to greet him. \"I saw him from a distance, laying on the carpet in the middle of the lab talking to this robot on the ground,\" Reben says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The man began to share his troubles with Boxie. He had never been to Boston before and he'd come to take part in the marathon. The man \"just started talking to this thing like it was another person,\" Reben says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The man told the robot that he was supposed to go to Munich, but his flight was canceled because of a volcanic eruption in Iceland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The conversation was a revelation for Reben. He realized that the characteristics that made people want to help Boxie also seduced them into talking with the robot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After all, it was cute and seemed vulnerable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reben teamed up with another artist and filmmaker, Brent Hoff, to see whether they could design a robot that would make people want to open up. They carved a smile into its face. \"It's the perfect smile. It's kind of a Mona Lisa smile,\" Hoff says. \"It's open and engaging to make sure [it] was as nonjudgmental and nonthreatening as possible.\"[contextly_sidebar id=\"2iIvqmnB8RUBK8Dpjga3ECr8rh8Wtlbk\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They gave it the sweet voice of Hoff's 8-year-old son. And they taped him asking carefully chosen questions. \"There was some consideration of what are the deepest, most important questions we have as people,\" Hoff says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It asked things like, \"Who do you love most in the world?\" or \"If you could give someone any gift, what would it be?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it had a camera and a recorder inside it to catch the answers. They called the new robot \u003ca href=\"http://areben.com/project/blabdroid/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">BlabDroid\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The idea,\" says Hoff, \"is that there is not as much judgment in a robot asking you a question as a journalist\" would.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hoff says he doesn't know for sure whether that's true, but he wanted to find out. And so did I.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We set up a loose experiment. I would ask people the same questions as BlabDroid and — like the robot — there wouldn't be any follow-up questions. We tried the experiment a few times: once at an art opening and once at the Exploratorium, a science museum in San Francisco; we also listened to responses BlabDroid had collected at the Tribeca Film Festival in New York City.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can click on the audio below to listen to the two examples. Try to guess whether the person was talking to me or the robot before you read further.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/583682556/588054239\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/583682556/588055297\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\nThe first one is Nate Mazur, who was asked, \"Who do you love most in the world?\" He replies, \"My wife.\" Mazur opens up about the wonders of their relationship. He says he loves her most because of his \"ability to be with her, to be present with her. To respond and interact. ... She makes this a better world,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second example was Judith Helfand. She was asked, \"If you could give someone any gift, what would it be?\" She broke into tears as she spoke about her dying mother.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I would give my mother the gift of not worrying about me before she dies,\" Helfand says. \"She wants me to lose a ton of weight and get really, really healthy. And she needs to see that before she dies ... and I wish I could give her that and I'm not positive I can.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both the answers are sincere and from the heart. Mazur spoke to me and Helfand was talking to BlabDroid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Helfand found something satisfying about talking to the machine. \"The robot was just a means to get closer to myself at a really critical moment in my life,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's been over two years since her mother died. Helfand lost the weight, but she is struggling with her career. She thinks the robot would be helpful. \"Mediation really isn't really working for me,\" Helfand says. \"I can't seem to find the courage to sit and write down what my future plans are so that I can make them really happen.\"[contextly_sidebar id=\"0QqjSUSqTOgQ0iX4yALrApbCEjnw9Xay\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2012/10/18/163098594/in-constant-digital-contact-we-feel-alone-together\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sherry Turkle\u003c/a>, a professor of science and technology at MIT, to listen to the responses. She couldn't tell whether people were talking to BlabDroid or me. Turkle has been studying human-machine relationships for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says it really doesn't take much to get humans to open up to a robot. \"We are kind of cheap dates,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BlabDroid — with its sweet voice, Mona Lisa smile and probing questions — is \"pushing in us a kind of Darwinian button,\" Turkle says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says robots don't even have to be cute. In her research she found a child who vented to Apple's Siri on an iPhone. Turkle says the child would vent on the phone about her anger toward her sister and her parents \"because, in person, she tries to always play the good daughter.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turkle says over time, the child wasn't happy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There was almost a feeling of abandonment,\" Turkle says. \"There's no place they can go after they get the confession.\" She says robots can't offer certain very human things — like care, conversation and empathy. \"And the robot cannot do that because the robot has not had a life,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The science-fiction author William Gibson once said, \"The future is already here; it's just not very evenly distributed yet.\" In Japan, robots are being used to \u003ca href=\"https://www.economist.com/news/business/21731677-around-5000-nursing-care-homes-across-country-are-testing-robots-japan-embracing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">care for the elderly\u003c/a>. Men are having relationships with virtual women who exist only in a portable video game — even taking them out on dates. An American company has created \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/travel/la-tr-vegas-tipsy-robot-bar-20170704-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">robot bartenders\u003c/a>. In the future, perhaps they will listen to our problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reben knows there is a downside to social robots. But he also sees a place for them in the future. He thinks a cute robot might do a better job of getting people to answer survey questions or talk about embarrassing symptoms before seeing a doctor. Reben says \"people tend to be more honest because they don't feel embarrassed telling that to something that's not human.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As an artist, what Reben hopes to accomplish with BlabDroid is to force us to think about the implications of bringing more robots into our society knowing full well that they are coming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> http://www.npr.org/\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Sometimes+We+Feel+More+Comfortable+Talking+To+A+Robot&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>We spend a lot of time talking to Alexa and Siri. Imagine if such artificial personalities were put inside a cute, adorable robot. That's what Alexander Reben has done. The artist created what he saw as the perfect interview machine to see how much he could get people to reveal to the robot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reben's experiments with human robot interactions began when he was working on his master's degree in robotics at MIT. He built a robot called \u003ca href=\"http://resenv.media.mit.edu/Boxie/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Boxie\u003c/a>. It was made of cardboard, about the size of a microwave oven, and rolled around like a toy tank.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you walked into the lab at MIT, Boxie would approach with its big, round black eyes wide open and ask you for help getting upstairs or going down the hall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reben wanted to see how many people would help the robot. He wondered, could you build cheaper robots without legs that could get around with help from humans?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, one day, something happened that would change the course of Reben's work.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'The robot was just a means to get closer to myself at a really critical moment in my life.'\u003ccite>Judith Helfand\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It started with a man walking into the lab and Boxie rolling up to greet him. \"I saw him from a distance, laying on the carpet in the middle of the lab talking to this robot on the ground,\" Reben says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The man began to share his troubles with Boxie. He had never been to Boston before and he'd come to take part in the marathon. The man \"just started talking to this thing like it was another person,\" Reben says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The man told the robot that he was supposed to go to Munich, but his flight was canceled because of a volcanic eruption in Iceland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The conversation was a revelation for Reben. He realized that the characteristics that made people want to help Boxie also seduced them into talking with the robot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After all, it was cute and seemed vulnerable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reben teamed up with another artist and filmmaker, Brent Hoff, to see whether they could design a robot that would make people want to open up. They carved a smile into its face. \"It's the perfect smile. It's kind of a Mona Lisa smile,\" Hoff says. \"It's open and engaging to make sure [it] was as nonjudgmental and nonthreatening as possible.\"\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They gave it the sweet voice of Hoff's 8-year-old son. And they taped him asking carefully chosen questions. \"There was some consideration of what are the deepest, most important questions we have as people,\" Hoff says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It asked things like, \"Who do you love most in the world?\" or \"If you could give someone any gift, what would it be?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it had a camera and a recorder inside it to catch the answers. They called the new robot \u003ca href=\"http://areben.com/project/blabdroid/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">BlabDroid\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The idea,\" says Hoff, \"is that there is not as much judgment in a robot asking you a question as a journalist\" would.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hoff says he doesn't know for sure whether that's true, but he wanted to find out. And so did I.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We set up a loose experiment. I would ask people the same questions as BlabDroid and — like the robot — there wouldn't be any follow-up questions. We tried the experiment a few times: once at an art opening and once at the Exploratorium, a science museum in San Francisco; we also listened to responses BlabDroid had collected at the Tribeca Film Festival in New York City.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can click on the audio below to listen to the two examples. Try to guess whether the person was talking to me or the robot before you read further.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/583682556/588054239\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/583682556/588055297\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\nThe first one is Nate Mazur, who was asked, \"Who do you love most in the world?\" He replies, \"My wife.\" Mazur opens up about the wonders of their relationship. He says he loves her most because of his \"ability to be with her, to be present with her. To respond and interact. ... She makes this a better world,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second example was Judith Helfand. She was asked, \"If you could give someone any gift, what would it be?\" She broke into tears as she spoke about her dying mother.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I would give my mother the gift of not worrying about me before she dies,\" Helfand says. \"She wants me to lose a ton of weight and get really, really healthy. And she needs to see that before she dies ... and I wish I could give her that and I'm not positive I can.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both the answers are sincere and from the heart. Mazur spoke to me and Helfand was talking to BlabDroid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Helfand found something satisfying about talking to the machine. \"The robot was just a means to get closer to myself at a really critical moment in my life,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's been over two years since her mother died. Helfand lost the weight, but she is struggling with her career. She thinks the robot would be helpful. \"Mediation really isn't really working for me,\" Helfand says. \"I can't seem to find the courage to sit and write down what my future plans are so that I can make them really happen.\"\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2012/10/18/163098594/in-constant-digital-contact-we-feel-alone-together\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sherry Turkle\u003c/a>, a professor of science and technology at MIT, to listen to the responses. She couldn't tell whether people were talking to BlabDroid or me. Turkle has been studying human-machine relationships for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says it really doesn't take much to get humans to open up to a robot. \"We are kind of cheap dates,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BlabDroid — with its sweet voice, Mona Lisa smile and probing questions — is \"pushing in us a kind of Darwinian button,\" Turkle says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says robots don't even have to be cute. In her research she found a child who vented to Apple's Siri on an iPhone. Turkle says the child would vent on the phone about her anger toward her sister and her parents \"because, in person, she tries to always play the good daughter.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turkle says over time, the child wasn't happy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There was almost a feeling of abandonment,\" Turkle says. \"There's no place they can go after they get the confession.\" She says robots can't offer certain very human things — like care, conversation and empathy. \"And the robot cannot do that because the robot has not had a life,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The science-fiction author William Gibson once said, \"The future is already here; it's just not very evenly distributed yet.\" In Japan, robots are being used to \u003ca href=\"https://www.economist.com/news/business/21731677-around-5000-nursing-care-homes-across-country-are-testing-robots-japan-embracing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">care for the elderly\u003c/a>. Men are having relationships with virtual women who exist only in a portable video game — even taking them out on dates. An American company has created \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/travel/la-tr-vegas-tipsy-robot-bar-20170704-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">robot bartenders\u003c/a>. In the future, perhaps they will listen to our problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reben knows there is a downside to social robots. But he also sees a place for them in the future. He thinks a cute robot might do a better job of getting people to answer survey questions or talk about embarrassing symptoms before seeing a doctor. Reben says \"people tend to be more honest because they don't feel embarrassed telling that to something that's not human.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As an artist, what Reben hopes to accomplish with BlabDroid is to force us to think about the implications of bringing more robots into our society knowing full well that they are coming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> http://www.npr.org/\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Sometimes+We+Feel+More+Comfortable+Talking+To+A+Robot&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "To Lose Weight, Focus on What You Eat, Not How Much: Study",
"title": "To Lose Weight, Focus on What You Eat, Not How Much: Study",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>There is not a clear winner in the battle between low-fat or low-carb diets, according to a new \u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2673150?redirect=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> published Tuesday in JAMA. The study, from Stanford University researchers, found that the nutritional value of foods is more important to weight loss than whether you exclude fats or carbohydrates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers monitored the diets of more than 600 overweight adults. Even though the subjects did not focus on cutting calories, they lost an average of about 12 pounds over the course of a year. The weight changes ranged from a reduction of 60 pounds to a gain of 15.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study randomly assigned participants to reduce fat or carbohydrate intake. Subjects were not provided with food. Rather, they sat through 22 health education classes, where they learned how to shop, cook and dine nutritiously. They were also encouraged to be physically active.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Those who ate the fewest processed foods, sugary drinks and unhealthy fats while eating the most vegetables lost the most weight, regardless of whether they followed a low-carb or low-fat diet.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The results, based on self-reports from the study subjects, showed that both the low-carb and low-fat groups reduced their daily calorie intake by an average of about 500 calories. Being assigned to the low-carb or low-fat group didn't affect the results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Not All Calories Are the Same\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What did matter across both groups was the type of carbohydrates or fats participants consumed: Those who ate the fewest processed foods, sugary drinks and unhealthy fats while eating the most vegetables lost the most weight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Without focusing on calorie restriction,” said lead author Christopher Gardner in an email, “Our participants reported achieving calorie restriction, and in fact lost weight.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Potentially participants felt more satiated by eating a healthier diet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you reduce starch and sugar and you increase minimally processed healthful foods like vegetables, weight will go down naturally,\" said Dariush Mozaffarian, a cardiologist and nutrition expert\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>at Tufts University who is not connected to the study\u003cstrong>.\" \u003c/strong>About 10 pounds a year, which is pretty substantial.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No Silver Bullet\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results add to a growing body of \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25182101\">research\u003c/a> calling fad diets into question. Scientists have yet to corroborate any alleged silver bullet for losing weight, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16476868\">studies\u003c/a> have found \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25182101\">negligible differences\u003c/a> in reducing capabilities between low-carb and low-fat diets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mozaffarian specifically questions the mantra that all carbs are bad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The carbs that we should be avoiding are those that come in high doses and are digested very quickly, what you might call fast carbs,\" he says. He recommends tossing out refined flours, potatoes and sugars and stocking up on fruits, beans and minimally processed whole grains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The health outcomes of the participants also improved by changing what they ate. Body fat, body mass index, waist circumference, triglycerides, blood pressure, fasting glucose and insulin went down for both the low-fat and the low-carb groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Precision Medicine Takes a Hit\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the beginning of the study, participants underwent analysis to identify genetic variations that are linked to how the body processes fats or carbohydrates, which the researchers thought would make each individual more likely to lose weight on a low-fat or low-carb diet. Previous research had suggested that genes could interact with different types of diets to influence weight loss. The participants' insulin levels were also taken.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"lR73EJFQlezW1NDSbIIGP6dv8VCGeXmF\"]But neither their genetic makeup nor insulin resistance mattered in how successful the participants were in losing weight, the study found. These results suggest that “precision medicine is not as important as eating mindfully [and] getting rid of packaged, processed food,” said lead author Christopher Gardner. To achieve the former, he recommends avoiding screens while dining, shopping at farmers markets and sitting down for meals with friends and family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Other Experts Weigh In\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study was well-conducted, says Dr. David Ludwig, a Boston Children’s Hospital obesity researcher. But because participants were not provided with specific foods and self-reported their choices, he says, it wasn’t rigorous enough to disprove the idea that certain genes and insulin levels may affect which types of diets lead to weight loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Frank Hu, nutrition chief at Harvard’s School of Public Health who has called precision nutrition a promising approach, says the study wasn’t a comprehensive test of all gene variations that might affect individual responses to weight loss diets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In any weight loss diets, adherence to the diet and the overall quality of the diet are probably more important than any other factors,” Hu says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Still On The Hunt\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford researchers plan to continue combing through the data to see if other biological factors, such as those linked to individual microbiomes or to epigenetics, for example, impacted the results. Gardener has a hunch that one key factor is satiety: Some people might feel full after eating a bowl of steel cut oats for breakfast, for instance, while others still feel hungry. Meanwhile, the same people unsatiated by oatmeal might do better with eggs and an avocado.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think the next level of personalization is really thinking about which good carbs and which good fat foods are more satiating for some people than others,\" Gardner says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Associated Press contributed to this report and the content has been edited.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>There is not a clear winner in the battle between low-fat or low-carb diets, according to a new \u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2673150?redirect=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> published Tuesday in JAMA. The study, from Stanford University researchers, found that the nutritional value of foods is more important to weight loss than whether you exclude fats or carbohydrates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers monitored the diets of more than 600 overweight adults. Even though the subjects did not focus on cutting calories, they lost an average of about 12 pounds over the course of a year. The weight changes ranged from a reduction of 60 pounds to a gain of 15.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study randomly assigned participants to reduce fat or carbohydrate intake. Subjects were not provided with food. Rather, they sat through 22 health education classes, where they learned how to shop, cook and dine nutritiously. They were also encouraged to be physically active.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Those who ate the fewest processed foods, sugary drinks and unhealthy fats while eating the most vegetables lost the most weight, regardless of whether they followed a low-carb or low-fat diet.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The results, based on self-reports from the study subjects, showed that both the low-carb and low-fat groups reduced their daily calorie intake by an average of about 500 calories. Being assigned to the low-carb or low-fat group didn't affect the results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Not All Calories Are the Same\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What did matter across both groups was the type of carbohydrates or fats participants consumed: Those who ate the fewest processed foods, sugary drinks and unhealthy fats while eating the most vegetables lost the most weight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Without focusing on calorie restriction,” said lead author Christopher Gardner in an email, “Our participants reported achieving calorie restriction, and in fact lost weight.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Potentially participants felt more satiated by eating a healthier diet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you reduce starch and sugar and you increase minimally processed healthful foods like vegetables, weight will go down naturally,\" said Dariush Mozaffarian, a cardiologist and nutrition expert\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>at Tufts University who is not connected to the study\u003cstrong>.\" \u003c/strong>About 10 pounds a year, which is pretty substantial.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No Silver Bullet\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results add to a growing body of \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25182101\">research\u003c/a> calling fad diets into question. Scientists have yet to corroborate any alleged silver bullet for losing weight, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16476868\">studies\u003c/a> have found \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25182101\">negligible differences\u003c/a> in reducing capabilities between low-carb and low-fat diets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mozaffarian specifically questions the mantra that all carbs are bad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The carbs that we should be avoiding are those that come in high doses and are digested very quickly, what you might call fast carbs,\" he says. He recommends tossing out refined flours, potatoes and sugars and stocking up on fruits, beans and minimally processed whole grains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The health outcomes of the participants also improved by changing what they ate. Body fat, body mass index, waist circumference, triglycerides, blood pressure, fasting glucose and insulin went down for both the low-fat and the low-carb groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Precision Medicine Takes a Hit\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the beginning of the study, participants underwent analysis to identify genetic variations that are linked to how the body processes fats or carbohydrates, which the researchers thought would make each individual more likely to lose weight on a low-fat or low-carb diet. Previous research had suggested that genes could interact with different types of diets to influence weight loss. The participants' insulin levels were also taken.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>But neither their genetic makeup nor insulin resistance mattered in how successful the participants were in losing weight, the study found. These results suggest that “precision medicine is not as important as eating mindfully [and] getting rid of packaged, processed food,” said lead author Christopher Gardner. To achieve the former, he recommends avoiding screens while dining, shopping at farmers markets and sitting down for meals with friends and family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Other Experts Weigh In\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study was well-conducted, says Dr. David Ludwig, a Boston Children’s Hospital obesity researcher. But because participants were not provided with specific foods and self-reported their choices, he says, it wasn’t rigorous enough to disprove the idea that certain genes and insulin levels may affect which types of diets lead to weight loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Frank Hu, nutrition chief at Harvard’s School of Public Health who has called precision nutrition a promising approach, says the study wasn’t a comprehensive test of all gene variations that might affect individual responses to weight loss diets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In any weight loss diets, adherence to the diet and the overall quality of the diet are probably more important than any other factors,” Hu says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Still On The Hunt\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford researchers plan to continue combing through the data to see if other biological factors, such as those linked to individual microbiomes or to epigenetics, for example, impacted the results. Gardener has a hunch that one key factor is satiety: Some people might feel full after eating a bowl of steel cut oats for breakfast, for instance, while others still feel hungry. Meanwhile, the same people unsatiated by oatmeal might do better with eggs and an avocado.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think the next level of personalization is really thinking about which good carbs and which good fat foods are more satiating for some people than others,\" Gardner says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Associated Press contributed to this report and the content has been edited.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "There Will Be Jobs for Your Kids, Despite Artificial Intelligence (Commentary)",
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"content": "\u003cp>\"Whatever your job is the chances are that one of these machines can do it faster or better than you can.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, this is not a 2018 headline about self-driving cars or one of IBM’s new supercomputers. Instead, it was published by the \u003ca href=\"https://issuu.com/bloomsburypublishing/docs/electronic_dreams_extract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Daily Mirror\u003c/em> in 1955\u003c/a>, when a computer took as much space as a large kitchen and had less power than a pocket calculator. They were called “electronic brains” back then, and evoked both hope and fear. And more than 20 years later, little had changed: In a \u003ca href=\"http://podplayer.net/#/?id=9183280\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">1978 BBC documentary\u003c/a> about silicon chips, one commentator argued that “They are the reason why Japan is abandoning its shipbuilding and why our children will grow up without jobs to go to.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Artificial intelligence hype is not new\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>If one types “artificial intelligence” (AI) on Google Books’ Ngram Viewer – a tool that allows us to check how often a term was printed in a book between 1800 and 2008 – we can \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=artificial+intelligence\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">clearly see\u003c/a> that our modern-day hype, optimism and deep concern about AI are by no means a novelty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https://images.theconversation.com/files/206209/original/file-20180213-44630-8tobd.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip\" alt=\"\" width=\"754\" height=\"333\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The history of AI is a long series of booms and busts. The first “AI spring” took place between 1956 and 1974, with pioneers such as the young \u003ca href=\"https://web.media.mit.edu/%7Eminsky/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Marvin Minsky\u003c/a>. This was followed by the “first AI winter” (1974-1980), when disillusion with the gap between \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/what-is-machine-learning-76759\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">machine learning\u003c/a> and human cognitive capacities first led to disinvestment and disinterest in the topic. A second boom (1980-1987) was followed by another “winter” (1987-2001). Since the 2000s we’ve been surfing the third “AI spring”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s plenty of reasons to believe this latest wave of interest for AI is going to be more durable. \u003ca href=\"https://www.gartner.com/smarterwithgartner/top-trends-in-the-gartner-hype-cycle-for-emerging-technologies-2017/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">According to Gartner Research\u003c/a>, technologies typically go from a “peak of inflated expectations” through a “trough of disillusionment” until they finally reach a “plateau of productivity”. AI-intensive technologies such as virtual assistants, the Internet of Things, smart robots and augmented data discovery are about to reach the peak. \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/deep-learning-and-neural-networks-77259\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Deep learning\u003c/a>, machine learning and cognitive expert advisors are expected to reach the plateau of mainstream applications in two to five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Narrow intelligence\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>We finally seem to have enough computing power to credibly develop what is called “narrow AI”, of which all the aforementioned technologies are an example. These are not to be confused with “artificial general intelligence” (AGI), which scientist and futurologist Ray Kurzweil called \u003ca href=\"http://www.kurzweilai.net/are-we-spiritual-machines-ray-kurzweil-critics-strong-ai\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“strong AI.”\u003c/a> Some of the most advanced AI systems to date, such as IBM’s Watson supercomputer or \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/may/23/alphago-google-ai-beats-ke-jie-china-go\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Google’s AlphaGo\u003c/a>, are examples of narrow AI. They can be trained to perform complex tasks such as identifying cancerous skin patterns or playing the ancient Chinese strategy game of Go. They are very far, however, from being capable to do everyday general intelligence tasks such as gardening, arguing or inventing a children’s story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cautionary prophecies of visionaries like \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Letter_on_Artificial_Intelligence\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Elon Musk, Bill Gates and Stephen Hawking\u003c/a> against AI really are meant as an early warning against the dangers of AGI, but that is not something our children will be confronted with. Their immediate partners will be of the narrow AI kind. The future of labor depends on how well we equip them to use computers as cognitive partners .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Hype cycle for emerging technologies\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https://images.theconversation.com/files/206206/original/file-20180213-44627-13cbbah.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip\" alt=\"\" width=\"754\" height=\"480\">\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Better together\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Garry Kasparov – the chess grandmaster who was \u003ca href=\"http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/ibm100/us/en/icons/deepblue/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">defeated by IBM’s Deep Blue computer in 1997\u003c/a> – calls this human-machine cooperation “augmented intelligence.” He compares this “augmentation” to the mythic image of a centaur: combine a quadruped’s horsepower with the intuition of a human mind. To illustrate the potential of centaurs, he describes a freestyle chess tournament in 2005 in which any combination of human-machine teams was possible. \u003ca href=\"http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2010/02/11/the-chess-master-and-the-computer/\">In his words\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“The winner was revealed to be not a grandmaster with a state-of-the-art PC but a pair of amateur American chess players using three computers at the same time. Their skill at manipulating and ‘coaching’ their computers to look very deeply into positions effectively counteracted the superior chess understanding of their grand-master opponents and the greater computational power of other participants. Weak human + machine + better process was superior to a strong computer alone and, more remarkably, superior to a strong human + machine + inferior process. Human strategic guidance combined with the tactical acuity of a computer was overwhelming.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Human-machine cognitive partnerships can amplify what each partner does best: humans are great at making intuitive and creative decisions based on \u003cem>knowledge\u003c/em> while computers are good at sifting through large amounts of data to produce information that will feed into human knowledge and decision making. We use this combination of narrow AI and human unique cognitive and motor skills every day, often without realising it. A few examples:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Using Internet search engines to find content (videos, images, articles) that will be helpful in preparing for a school assignment. Then combining them in creative ways in a multimedia slide presentation.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Using a translation algorithm to produce a first draft of a document in a different language, then manually improving the style and grammar of the final document.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Driving a car to an unknown destination using a smartphone GPS application to navigate through alternative routes based on real-time traffic information;\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Relying on a movie-streaming platform to shortlist films you are going to appreciate based on your recent history; making the final choice based on mood, social context, serendipity.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Netflix is a \u003ca href=\"https://blog.kissmetrics.com/how-netflix-uses-analytics/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">great example\u003c/a> of this collaboration at its best. By using machine-learning algorithms to analyze how often and how long people watch their content, they can determine how engaging each story component is to certain audiences. This information is used by screenwriters, producers and directors to better understand what and how to create new content. Virtual-reality technology allows content creators to experiment with different storytelling perspectives before they ever shoot a single scene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Likewise, architects can rely on computers to adjust the functional aspects of their work. Software engineers can focus on the overall systems structure while machines provide ready-to-use code snippets and libraries to speed up the process. Marketers rely on big data and visualisation tools to determine how to better understand customer needs and develop better products and services. None of these tasks could be accomplished by AI without human guidance. Conversely, human creativity and productivity have been enormously leveraged by this AI support, allowing to achieve better quality solutions at lower costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Losses and gains\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>As innovation accelerates, thousands of jobs \u003cem>will\u003c/em> disappear, just as it has happened in the previous cycles of industrial revolutions. Machines powered by narrow AI algorithms can already perform certain 3-D tasks (“dull, dirty and dangerous”) much better than humans. This may create enormous pain for those who are losing their jobs over the next few years, particularly if they don’t acquire the computer-related skills that would enable them to find more creative opportunities. We must learn from the previous waves of creative destruction if we are to mitigate human suffering and increasing inequality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, some statistics indicate that as much as \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnbc.com/2016/09/02/driverless-cars-will-kill-the-most-jobs-in-select-us-states.html\">3 percent of the population\u003c/a> in developed countries work as drivers. When automated cars become a reality in the next 15 to 25 years, we must offer people who will be \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_unemployment\">“structurally unemployed”\u003c/a> some sort of compensation income, training and repositioning opportunities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/10/your-money/half-a-century-later-economists-creative-destruction-theory-is.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Schumpeterian waves of destructive innovation\u003c/a> also create jobs. History has shown that disruptive innovations are not always a zero-sum game. On the long run, the loss of low-added-value jobs to machines can have a positive impact in the overall quality of life of most workers. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.aei.org/publication/what-atms-bank-tellers-rise-robots-and-jobs/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ATM paradox\u003c/a> is a good example of this. As the use of automatic teller machines spread in the 1980s and ‘90s, many predicted massive unemployment in the banking sector. Instead, ATMs created more jobs as the cost of opening new agencies decreased. The number of agencies multiplied, as did the portfolio of banking products. Thanks to automation, going to the bank offers a much better customer experience than in previous decades. And the jobs in the industry became better paid and were of better quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A similar phenomenon happened with the textile industry in the 19th century. Better human-machine coordination leveraged productivity and created customer value, increasing the overall market size and creating new employment opportunities. Likewise, we may predict that as low-quality jobs continue to disappear, AI-assisted jobs will emerge to fulfill the increasing demand for more productive, ecological and creative products. More productivity may mean shorter work weeks and more time for family and entertainment, which may lead to more sustainable forms of value creation and, ultimately, more jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Adapting to the future\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>This optimist scenario assumes, however, that education systems will do a better job of preparing our children to become good at what humans do best: creative and critical thinking. Less learning-by-heart (after all, most information is one Google search away) and more learning-by-doing. Fewer clerical skills and more philosophical insights about human nature and how to cater to its infinite needs for art and culture. As Apple founder and CEO Steve Jobs \u003ca href=\"https://thenextweb.com/apple/2011/09/20/the-top-20-most-inspiring-steve-jobs-quotes/\">famously said\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“What made the Macintosh great was that the people working on it were musicians and poets and artists and zoologists and historians who also happened to be the best computer scientists in the world.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>To become creative and critical thinkers, our children will need knowledge and wisdom more than raw data points. They need to ask “why?”, “how?” and “what if?” more often than “what?”, who?“ and \"when?” And they must construct this knowledge by relying on databases as cognitive partners as soon as they learn how to read and write. Constructivist methods such as the \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/explainer-what-is-the-hybrid-classroom-and-is-it-the-future-of-education-37611\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“flipped classroom”\u003c/a> approach are a good step in that direction. In flipped classrooms, students are told to search for specific contents on the web at home and to come to class ready to apply what they learned in a collaborative project supervised by the teacher. Thus they do their “homework” (exercise) in class and they have web “lectures” at home, optimising class time to do what computers cannot help them to do: create, develop and apply complex ideas collaboratively with their peers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"https://counter.theconversation.com/content/91672/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\">Thus, the future of human-machine collaboration looks less like the scenario in the \u003cem>Terminator\u003c/em> movies and more like a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lG7DGMgfOb8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Minority Report\u003c/em>\u003c/a>-style of “augmented intelligence”. There will be jobs if we adapt the education system to equip our children to do what humans are good at: to think critically and creatively, to develop knowledge and wisdom, to appreciate and create beautiful works of art. That does not mean it will be a painless transition. Machines and automation will likely take away millions of low-quality jobs as it has happened in the past. But better-quality jobs will likely replace them, requiring less physical effort and shorter hours to deliver better results. At least until artificial general intelligence becomes a reality – then all bets are off. But this will likely be our great-grandchildren’s problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/profiles/marcos-lima-221766\">Marcos Lima\u003c/a>, Responsable de la filière Marketing Innovation and Distribution, EMLV (Ecole de Management Léonard de Vinci), \u003ca href=\"http://theconversation.com/institutions/pole-leonard-de-vinci-ugei-2391\">Pôle Léonard de Vinci – UGEI\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This article was originally published on \u003ca href=\"http://theconversation.com\">The Conversation\u003c/a>. Read the \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/no-artificial-intelligence-wont-steal-your-childrens-jobs-it-will-make-them-more-creative-and-productive-91672\">original article\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\"Whatever your job is the chances are that one of these machines can do it faster or better than you can.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, this is not a 2018 headline about self-driving cars or one of IBM’s new supercomputers. Instead, it was published by the \u003ca href=\"https://issuu.com/bloomsburypublishing/docs/electronic_dreams_extract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Daily Mirror\u003c/em> in 1955\u003c/a>, when a computer took as much space as a large kitchen and had less power than a pocket calculator. They were called “electronic brains” back then, and evoked both hope and fear. And more than 20 years later, little had changed: In a \u003ca href=\"http://podplayer.net/#/?id=9183280\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">1978 BBC documentary\u003c/a> about silicon chips, one commentator argued that “They are the reason why Japan is abandoning its shipbuilding and why our children will grow up without jobs to go to.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Artificial intelligence hype is not new\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>If one types “artificial intelligence” (AI) on Google Books’ Ngram Viewer – a tool that allows us to check how often a term was printed in a book between 1800 and 2008 – we can \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=artificial+intelligence\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">clearly see\u003c/a> that our modern-day hype, optimism and deep concern about AI are by no means a novelty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https://images.theconversation.com/files/206209/original/file-20180213-44630-8tobd.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip\" alt=\"\" width=\"754\" height=\"333\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The history of AI is a long series of booms and busts. The first “AI spring” took place between 1956 and 1974, with pioneers such as the young \u003ca href=\"https://web.media.mit.edu/%7Eminsky/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Marvin Minsky\u003c/a>. This was followed by the “first AI winter” (1974-1980), when disillusion with the gap between \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/what-is-machine-learning-76759\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">machine learning\u003c/a> and human cognitive capacities first led to disinvestment and disinterest in the topic. A second boom (1980-1987) was followed by another “winter” (1987-2001). Since the 2000s we’ve been surfing the third “AI spring”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s plenty of reasons to believe this latest wave of interest for AI is going to be more durable. \u003ca href=\"https://www.gartner.com/smarterwithgartner/top-trends-in-the-gartner-hype-cycle-for-emerging-technologies-2017/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">According to Gartner Research\u003c/a>, technologies typically go from a “peak of inflated expectations” through a “trough of disillusionment” until they finally reach a “plateau of productivity”. AI-intensive technologies such as virtual assistants, the Internet of Things, smart robots and augmented data discovery are about to reach the peak. \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/deep-learning-and-neural-networks-77259\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Deep learning\u003c/a>, machine learning and cognitive expert advisors are expected to reach the plateau of mainstream applications in two to five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Narrow intelligence\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>We finally seem to have enough computing power to credibly develop what is called “narrow AI”, of which all the aforementioned technologies are an example. These are not to be confused with “artificial general intelligence” (AGI), which scientist and futurologist Ray Kurzweil called \u003ca href=\"http://www.kurzweilai.net/are-we-spiritual-machines-ray-kurzweil-critics-strong-ai\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“strong AI.”\u003c/a> Some of the most advanced AI systems to date, such as IBM’s Watson supercomputer or \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/may/23/alphago-google-ai-beats-ke-jie-china-go\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Google’s AlphaGo\u003c/a>, are examples of narrow AI. They can be trained to perform complex tasks such as identifying cancerous skin patterns or playing the ancient Chinese strategy game of Go. They are very far, however, from being capable to do everyday general intelligence tasks such as gardening, arguing or inventing a children’s story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cautionary prophecies of visionaries like \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Letter_on_Artificial_Intelligence\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Elon Musk, Bill Gates and Stephen Hawking\u003c/a> against AI really are meant as an early warning against the dangers of AGI, but that is not something our children will be confronted with. Their immediate partners will be of the narrow AI kind. The future of labor depends on how well we equip them to use computers as cognitive partners .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Hype cycle for emerging technologies\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https://images.theconversation.com/files/206206/original/file-20180213-44627-13cbbah.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip\" alt=\"\" width=\"754\" height=\"480\">\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Better together\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Garry Kasparov – the chess grandmaster who was \u003ca href=\"http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/ibm100/us/en/icons/deepblue/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">defeated by IBM’s Deep Blue computer in 1997\u003c/a> – calls this human-machine cooperation “augmented intelligence.” He compares this “augmentation” to the mythic image of a centaur: combine a quadruped’s horsepower with the intuition of a human mind. To illustrate the potential of centaurs, he describes a freestyle chess tournament in 2005 in which any combination of human-machine teams was possible. \u003ca href=\"http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2010/02/11/the-chess-master-and-the-computer/\">In his words\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“The winner was revealed to be not a grandmaster with a state-of-the-art PC but a pair of amateur American chess players using three computers at the same time. Their skill at manipulating and ‘coaching’ their computers to look very deeply into positions effectively counteracted the superior chess understanding of their grand-master opponents and the greater computational power of other participants. Weak human + machine + better process was superior to a strong computer alone and, more remarkably, superior to a strong human + machine + inferior process. Human strategic guidance combined with the tactical acuity of a computer was overwhelming.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Human-machine cognitive partnerships can amplify what each partner does best: humans are great at making intuitive and creative decisions based on \u003cem>knowledge\u003c/em> while computers are good at sifting through large amounts of data to produce information that will feed into human knowledge and decision making. We use this combination of narrow AI and human unique cognitive and motor skills every day, often without realising it. A few examples:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Using Internet search engines to find content (videos, images, articles) that will be helpful in preparing for a school assignment. Then combining them in creative ways in a multimedia slide presentation.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Using a translation algorithm to produce a first draft of a document in a different language, then manually improving the style and grammar of the final document.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Driving a car to an unknown destination using a smartphone GPS application to navigate through alternative routes based on real-time traffic information;\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Relying on a movie-streaming platform to shortlist films you are going to appreciate based on your recent history; making the final choice based on mood, social context, serendipity.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Netflix is a \u003ca href=\"https://blog.kissmetrics.com/how-netflix-uses-analytics/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">great example\u003c/a> of this collaboration at its best. By using machine-learning algorithms to analyze how often and how long people watch their content, they can determine how engaging each story component is to certain audiences. This information is used by screenwriters, producers and directors to better understand what and how to create new content. Virtual-reality technology allows content creators to experiment with different storytelling perspectives before they ever shoot a single scene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Likewise, architects can rely on computers to adjust the functional aspects of their work. Software engineers can focus on the overall systems structure while machines provide ready-to-use code snippets and libraries to speed up the process. Marketers rely on big data and visualisation tools to determine how to better understand customer needs and develop better products and services. None of these tasks could be accomplished by AI without human guidance. Conversely, human creativity and productivity have been enormously leveraged by this AI support, allowing to achieve better quality solutions at lower costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Losses and gains\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>As innovation accelerates, thousands of jobs \u003cem>will\u003c/em> disappear, just as it has happened in the previous cycles of industrial revolutions. Machines powered by narrow AI algorithms can already perform certain 3-D tasks (“dull, dirty and dangerous”) much better than humans. This may create enormous pain for those who are losing their jobs over the next few years, particularly if they don’t acquire the computer-related skills that would enable them to find more creative opportunities. We must learn from the previous waves of creative destruction if we are to mitigate human suffering and increasing inequality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, some statistics indicate that as much as \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnbc.com/2016/09/02/driverless-cars-will-kill-the-most-jobs-in-select-us-states.html\">3 percent of the population\u003c/a> in developed countries work as drivers. When automated cars become a reality in the next 15 to 25 years, we must offer people who will be \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_unemployment\">“structurally unemployed”\u003c/a> some sort of compensation income, training and repositioning opportunities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/10/your-money/half-a-century-later-economists-creative-destruction-theory-is.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Schumpeterian waves of destructive innovation\u003c/a> also create jobs. History has shown that disruptive innovations are not always a zero-sum game. On the long run, the loss of low-added-value jobs to machines can have a positive impact in the overall quality of life of most workers. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.aei.org/publication/what-atms-bank-tellers-rise-robots-and-jobs/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ATM paradox\u003c/a> is a good example of this. As the use of automatic teller machines spread in the 1980s and ‘90s, many predicted massive unemployment in the banking sector. Instead, ATMs created more jobs as the cost of opening new agencies decreased. The number of agencies multiplied, as did the portfolio of banking products. Thanks to automation, going to the bank offers a much better customer experience than in previous decades. And the jobs in the industry became better paid and were of better quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A similar phenomenon happened with the textile industry in the 19th century. Better human-machine coordination leveraged productivity and created customer value, increasing the overall market size and creating new employment opportunities. Likewise, we may predict that as low-quality jobs continue to disappear, AI-assisted jobs will emerge to fulfill the increasing demand for more productive, ecological and creative products. More productivity may mean shorter work weeks and more time for family and entertainment, which may lead to more sustainable forms of value creation and, ultimately, more jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Adapting to the future\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>This optimist scenario assumes, however, that education systems will do a better job of preparing our children to become good at what humans do best: creative and critical thinking. Less learning-by-heart (after all, most information is one Google search away) and more learning-by-doing. Fewer clerical skills and more philosophical insights about human nature and how to cater to its infinite needs for art and culture. As Apple founder and CEO Steve Jobs \u003ca href=\"https://thenextweb.com/apple/2011/09/20/the-top-20-most-inspiring-steve-jobs-quotes/\">famously said\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“What made the Macintosh great was that the people working on it were musicians and poets and artists and zoologists and historians who also happened to be the best computer scientists in the world.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>To become creative and critical thinkers, our children will need knowledge and wisdom more than raw data points. They need to ask “why?”, “how?” and “what if?” more often than “what?”, who?“ and \"when?” And they must construct this knowledge by relying on databases as cognitive partners as soon as they learn how to read and write. Constructivist methods such as the \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/explainer-what-is-the-hybrid-classroom-and-is-it-the-future-of-education-37611\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“flipped classroom”\u003c/a> approach are a good step in that direction. In flipped classrooms, students are told to search for specific contents on the web at home and to come to class ready to apply what they learned in a collaborative project supervised by the teacher. Thus they do their “homework” (exercise) in class and they have web “lectures” at home, optimising class time to do what computers cannot help them to do: create, develop and apply complex ideas collaboratively with their peers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"https://counter.theconversation.com/content/91672/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\">Thus, the future of human-machine collaboration looks less like the scenario in the \u003cem>Terminator\u003c/em> movies and more like a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lG7DGMgfOb8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Minority Report\u003c/em>\u003c/a>-style of “augmented intelligence”. There will be jobs if we adapt the education system to equip our children to do what humans are good at: to think critically and creatively, to develop knowledge and wisdom, to appreciate and create beautiful works of art. That does not mean it will be a painless transition. Machines and automation will likely take away millions of low-quality jobs as it has happened in the past. But better-quality jobs will likely replace them, requiring less physical effort and shorter hours to deliver better results. At least until artificial general intelligence becomes a reality – then all bets are off. But this will likely be our great-grandchildren’s problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/profiles/marcos-lima-221766\">Marcos Lima\u003c/a>, Responsable de la filière Marketing Innovation and Distribution, EMLV (Ecole de Management Léonard de Vinci), \u003ca href=\"http://theconversation.com/institutions/pole-leonard-de-vinci-ugei-2391\">Pôle Léonard de Vinci – UGEI\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This article was originally published on \u003ca href=\"http://theconversation.com\">The Conversation\u003c/a>. Read the \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/no-artificial-intelligence-wont-steal-your-childrens-jobs-it-will-make-them-more-creative-and-productive-91672\">original article\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cp8SlAZhGbk&ab_channel=UCSanFrancisco%28UCSF%29\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let there be light -- in the battle against cancer cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stunning images above, captured using high-speed laser microscopy, shows a cancer cell isolated on a coverslip, trapped within \"walls\" of blue light. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists created this cage by inserting a light-sensitive protein from plants into the cell, so that any contact with the light caused the protein to come apart, and the cell's structural \"scaffolding\" (the white lines within the cell) to collapse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This makes it impossible for the cell to continue moving in the same direction. In response, the cell turns and tries a different route, with the same result. Thus, the cell is stopped dead in its tracks. The process of manipulating cells with light is called optogenetics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Photo-inactivation lets us turn proteins off and back on in living cells in real time, and do so with much more spatial accuracy than has been possible before,” said Torsten Wittmann, a UCSF professor who led the study on the technique.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the technique is not going to be used in people any time soon, disrupting this isolated cell's ability to migrate is teaching researchers about new ways they might prevent metastatic cancer from spreading in patients. The same process can also be used to study a host of functions in other types of cells, as well.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cp8SlAZhGbk&ab_channel=UCSanFrancisco%28UCSF%29\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let there be light -- in the battle against cancer cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stunning images above, captured using high-speed laser microscopy, shows a cancer cell isolated on a coverslip, trapped within \"walls\" of blue light. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists created this cage by inserting a light-sensitive protein from plants into the cell, so that any contact with the light caused the protein to come apart, and the cell's structural \"scaffolding\" (the white lines within the cell) to collapse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This makes it impossible for the cell to continue moving in the same direction. In response, the cell turns and tries a different route, with the same result. Thus, the cell is stopped dead in its tracks. The process of manipulating cells with light is called optogenetics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Kate Bowler's new memoir, \u003cem>Everything Happens for a Reason And Other Lies I've Loved\u003c/em>, is a funny, intimate portrait of living in that nether space between life and death. In it, she shares her experiences with incurable stage 4 cancer and gives advice on what not to say to those who are terminally ill.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cul>3 things not say to someone terminally ill, from author Kate Bowler...\n\u003cli>'Everything happens for a reason.'\u003c/li>\u003cli>'How are the treatments going?'\n\u003c/li>\u003cli>How are you really?\u003c/li>\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Bowler is also the host of\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/583447646/everything-happens\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Everything Happens\u003c/a>, a new podcast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She writes that sometimes silence is the best response: \"The truth is that no one knows what to say. It's awkward. Pain is awkward. Tragedy is awkward. People's weird, suffering bodies are awkward. But take the advice of one man, who wrote to me with his policy: Show up and shut up.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Interview Highlights\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On why she wrote Everything Happens For A Reason\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Suddenly at [age] 35, I get this stage 4 cancer diagnosis, and it's just like a bomb went off and everything around me is debris. And I'm thinking, \"Oh my gosh, did I actually maybe expect that everything was going to work out for me?\" And so I wrote the book more like a theological excavation project, like I was just trying to get down to the studs of what I really expected from my life. And I think I was a lot more sure than I realized ... maybe that I was the architect of my own life, that I could overcome anything with a little pluck and determination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On how a cancer diagnosis changed her outlook on life\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I kind of pictured my life like it was this life enhancement project, and like my life is like a bucket and I'm supposed to put all the things in the bucket. And the whole purpose is to figure out how to have as many good things coexisting at the same time.And then when everything falls apart, you totally have to switch imagination, like maybe instead, life is just vine to vine. And you're like grabbing onto something, and you're just hoping for dear life it doesn't break.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On how that diagnosis affected her relationship to friends and family\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I went from feeling like a normal person to all of a sudden, like this spaghetti bowl of cancer. I was trying to learn how to give up really quickly, like looking at my beautiful husband and just immediately all the stuff you're supposed to say, which is just like, \"I have loved you forever,\" and \"All I want for you is love.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>... You have these impossible thoughts like, \"You will live without me,\" and \"Please take care of our kid.\" And like you're trying to do all that hard work and then in the same moment, they're trying to rush in and say, \"We're going to fight this.\" There's all these plans they want to pour their certainty in, to remake the foundation. And there's this, kind of, almost terrible exchange, where you're trying to remake the world as it was. But it's all come apart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On whether she has had conversations with her 4-year-old son about death\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He is entirely impervious to all of this, in the best way. But I do think the thing that has radically changed is I really was, before, trying to create this little bubble around him and us, 'cause I thought, like, \"It's my job to protect you,\" and then I realized that I would be the worst thing that happened to him if this went badly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So then I thought like, \"OK, parenting strategy change.\" And I thought, 'Well, if I can just teach you that there is still beauty in others in the midst of pain, then like, that's my job.\" So we work a lot on like, \"How are you feeling?\" like, \"I feel frustrated.\" And then getting him to notice the feelings of others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On how she has learned to cope with negative news about her diagnosis\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well I have rules for when things are too sad, 'cause sometimes, just the reality of things really feels like an avalanche, and it's just going to sweep everything away. So I do make rules for the day, like don't talk about sad things after 9 p.m., so I try to make my day a little gentler. I try to make other people's day a little gentler. The other thing I do is I try really stupid stuff, like I got terrible news a couple months ago, which thankfully turned out to be a medical error.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a scan and it looked brutal, but I spent that week thinking like, \"This is my last year for sure.\" And it was weird because the next day, I turned to a friend and I said, \"Would you like to go visit the world's largest Ukrainian sausage?\" And he was like, \"Oh, I'm in.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On her list of things not to say to someone with terminal cancer, including \"How are the treatments going and how are you really?\" [book excerpt]\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the toughest one of all. I can hear you trying to be in my world and be on my side. But picture the worst thing that's ever happened to you. Got it? Now try to put it in a sentence. Now say it aloud 50 times a day. Does your head hurt? Do you feel sad? Me too. So let's just see if I want to talk about it today, because sometimes I do and sometimes I want a hug and a recap of American Ninja Warrior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Jeffrey Pierre and Miranda Kennedy produced and edited this interview for broadcast. Sydnee Monday and April Fulton adapted it for the Web.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http://www.npr.org/\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Kate Bowler's new memoir, \u003cem>Everything Happens for a Reason And Other Lies I've Loved\u003c/em>, is a funny, intimate portrait of living in that nether space between life and death. In it, she shares her experiences with incurable stage 4 cancer and gives advice on what not to say to those who are terminally ill.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cul>3 things not say to someone terminally ill, from author Kate Bowler...\n\u003cli>'Everything happens for a reason.'\u003c/li>\u003cli>'How are the treatments going?'\n\u003c/li>\u003cli>How are you really?\u003c/li>\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Bowler is also the host of\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/583447646/everything-happens\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Everything Happens\u003c/a>, a new podcast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She writes that sometimes silence is the best response: \"The truth is that no one knows what to say. It's awkward. Pain is awkward. Tragedy is awkward. People's weird, suffering bodies are awkward. But take the advice of one man, who wrote to me with his policy: Show up and shut up.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Interview Highlights\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On why she wrote Everything Happens For A Reason\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Suddenly at [age] 35, I get this stage 4 cancer diagnosis, and it's just like a bomb went off and everything around me is debris. And I'm thinking, \"Oh my gosh, did I actually maybe expect that everything was going to work out for me?\" And so I wrote the book more like a theological excavation project, like I was just trying to get down to the studs of what I really expected from my life. And I think I was a lot more sure than I realized ... maybe that I was the architect of my own life, that I could overcome anything with a little pluck and determination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On how a cancer diagnosis changed her outlook on life\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I kind of pictured my life like it was this life enhancement project, and like my life is like a bucket and I'm supposed to put all the things in the bucket. And the whole purpose is to figure out how to have as many good things coexisting at the same time.And then when everything falls apart, you totally have to switch imagination, like maybe instead, life is just vine to vine. And you're like grabbing onto something, and you're just hoping for dear life it doesn't break.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On how that diagnosis affected her relationship to friends and family\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I went from feeling like a normal person to all of a sudden, like this spaghetti bowl of cancer. I was trying to learn how to give up really quickly, like looking at my beautiful husband and just immediately all the stuff you're supposed to say, which is just like, \"I have loved you forever,\" and \"All I want for you is love.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>... You have these impossible thoughts like, \"You will live without me,\" and \"Please take care of our kid.\" And like you're trying to do all that hard work and then in the same moment, they're trying to rush in and say, \"We're going to fight this.\" There's all these plans they want to pour their certainty in, to remake the foundation. And there's this, kind of, almost terrible exchange, where you're trying to remake the world as it was. But it's all come apart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On whether she has had conversations with her 4-year-old son about death\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He is entirely impervious to all of this, in the best way. But I do think the thing that has radically changed is I really was, before, trying to create this little bubble around him and us, 'cause I thought, like, \"It's my job to protect you,\" and then I realized that I would be the worst thing that happened to him if this went badly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So then I thought like, \"OK, parenting strategy change.\" And I thought, 'Well, if I can just teach you that there is still beauty in others in the midst of pain, then like, that's my job.\" So we work a lot on like, \"How are you feeling?\" like, \"I feel frustrated.\" And then getting him to notice the feelings of others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On how she has learned to cope with negative news about her diagnosis\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well I have rules for when things are too sad, 'cause sometimes, just the reality of things really feels like an avalanche, and it's just going to sweep everything away. So I do make rules for the day, like don't talk about sad things after 9 p.m., so I try to make my day a little gentler. I try to make other people's day a little gentler. The other thing I do is I try really stupid stuff, like I got terrible news a couple months ago, which thankfully turned out to be a medical error.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a scan and it looked brutal, but I spent that week thinking like, \"This is my last year for sure.\" And it was weird because the next day, I turned to a friend and I said, \"Would you like to go visit the world's largest Ukrainian sausage?\" And he was like, \"Oh, I'm in.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On her list of things not to say to someone with terminal cancer, including \"How are the treatments going and how are you really?\" [book excerpt]\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the toughest one of all. I can hear you trying to be in my world and be on my side. But picture the worst thing that's ever happened to you. Got it? Now try to put it in a sentence. Now say it aloud 50 times a day. Does your head hurt? Do you feel sad? Me too. So let's just see if I want to talk about it today, because sometimes I do and sometimes I want a hug and a recap of American Ninja Warrior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Jeffrey Pierre and Miranda Kennedy produced and edited this interview for broadcast. Sydnee Monday and April Fulton adapted it for the Web.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http://www.npr.org/\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "UCSF Gets Another $500 Million Donation",
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"content": "\u003cp>Getting a \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/health/article/Helen-Sanford-Diller-fund-UCSF-cancer-center-3296458.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">$500 million donation\u003c/a> is the stuff of dreams for a university head. In January 2017, when UCSF announced that the Helen Diller Foundation was contributing a half-billion dollars, school Chancellor Sam Hawgood said, “I have to pinch myself every time I think about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hawgood’s going to have to keep pinching. The Helen Diller Foundation has now doubled down on its gift to the university with another $500 million donation. The funds will be used to build a new, state of the art hospital at UCSF's Parnassus Heights campus by 2030. The new hospital will be built on the site currently occupied by the Langley Porter Psychiatric Hospital, which will be torn down. Langley outpatient services will be relocated to a new building in San Francisco's Dogpatch neighborhood; inpatient services will remain somewhere on the Parnassus campus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hawgood called the donation \"transformative\" and \"beyond my wildest expectations,\" not to mention \"an exhilarating experience.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I couldn’t be more delighted for what it means for the patients we will care for for generations to come,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new funds will bring the foundation’s total donations to the university to roughly $1.15 billion, putting the school right at the top of of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.chronicle.com/article/Major-Private-Gifts-to-Higher/128264\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">list\u003c/a> of academic institutions that have received massive funds from a single organization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UCSF, part of the University of California system, includes schools of medicine, dentistry, nursing and pharmacy. The entire institution is dedicated to health sciences and biomedicine. Tracing its \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsf.edu/about/history-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">roots\u003c/a> back to 1864, the university has five Nobel Prize winners on staff, and an impressive portfolio of \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsf.edu/about/achievements\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">scientific achievements\u003c/a>, including the discovery of vitamin E back in 1923 and the co-discovery of HIV in 1983.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new hospital at Parnassus Heights will take over inpatient care now administered in UCSF's Moffitt building, part of the Moffitt-Long Hospital at \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/place/505+Parnassus+Ave,+San+Francisco,+CA+94143/@37.7630895,-122.4600031,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x8085875762cbdad5:0x30442fa9192ab3e1!8m2!3d37.7630895!4d-122.4578144\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">505 Parnassus Avenue\u003c/a>. Without retrofitting, Moffitt would no longer be able to house patients after 2030, according to state law. The new hospital will also be part of UCSF Health, the health care network \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2015/10/136716/ucsf-health-system-expand-care-throughout-bay-area-and-beyond\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">launched\u003c/a> by the university in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2003, the university opened a more modern campus in San Francisco's Mission Bay neighborhood. The school is just now beginning a year-long planning process to upgrade the Parnassus Heights site. Renovations are part of a $5 billion fundraising campaign, which includes the Diller donation for the hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The majority of the campus was built between 1950 and the mid-1970s. So the facilities are showing their age,\" Hawgood said. \"We’ll be looking to refurbish many of the research buildings ... Science has moved on; the need for different kinds of facilities are also required.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Diller Largesse\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UCSF pushed back the announcement about the donation a couple of days out of respect for the Diller family, who saw its partriarch, Sanford Diller, \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/business/article/Real-estate-developer-philanthropist-Sanford-12553646.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">die\u003c/a> last Friday at the age of 89. Diller was a billionaire who made his money as founder of the Prometheus Real Estate Group, one of the largest owners of apartment buildings in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and his wife, Helen, who died in 2015, established the Helen Diller Family Foundation in 1999. In 2003, the foundation donated $35 million to create the Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Care Center, at UCSF's Mission Bay Campus. Back then, $35 million was the largest gift by a single donor in UCSF history. But that amount was dwarfed by the family's whopping $500 million donation in late 2015. At the time, it was matched only by \u003ca href=\"https://www.philanthropy.com/factfile/gifts_detail?GiftDonorJoin_a_DonorID=PGDON1706\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">$500 million gifts\u003c/a> to each of two Oregon universities from Nike co-founder \u003ca href=\"https://www.philanthropy.com/factfile/gifts_detail?GiftDonorJoin_a_DonorID=PGDON1706\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Phil Knight\u003c/a>. (Knight also gave $400 million to Stanford in 2016.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A billion-dollars-plus to a single educational institution, albeit a public one, did get us thinking about the issue of\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=effective+philanthrop\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> effective philanthropy\u003c/a>. So we reached out for comment to \u003ca href=\"https://www.princeton.edu/news/2017/02/16/qa-singer-philosopher-his-craft-and-practicing-it-princeton\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Peter Singer\u003c/a>, a philosopher, author and professor of bioethics at Princeton University, who has taken a utilitarian approach to charitable giving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"No, it's clearly not the best use of the money,\" he wrote in an email. \"Health is a vital area for philanthropy, but not in an area that is already, by world standards, extraordinarily well-served ... .\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why \u003cem>have\u003c/em> the Dillers showered so much largesse on UCSF?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We are native San Franciscans, and are proud to give back to our community,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2003/10/4698/35-million-gift-supports-construction-helen-diller-family-cancer-researc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">said\u003c/a> Helen Diller, in 2003. “Our family is extremely enthused about cancer research at UCSF. ... (W)e have been presented with the joy of participating in the development of an entirely new section of this very beautiful city.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She repeated her feelings of attachment to the city, and to UCSF, in a 2009 interview with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/health/article/Helen-Sanford-Diller-fund-UCSF-cancer-center-3296458.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco Chronicle\u003c/a>, which provides a good window into some of her motivations. \"I was born in San Francisco at Mount Zion hospital. UCSF is known to have the finest scientists and doctors,\" she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She continued: \"There is a Hebrew expression, '\u003cem>Tikkun olam\u003c/em>,' which means to repair the world. My parents did things in a small way because that is what they could do. Now we are doing what we are able to do.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bulk of the initial $500 million Diller donation went toward retaining and recruiting faculty and supporting students at UCSF’s four professional schools, some of it in the form of scholarships. UCSF also created a discretionary $100 million \"innovation fund.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The family is also known for contributing to Jewish causes, funding UC Berkeley and UC Santa Cruz Jewish studies programs, renovating the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Kahn_(congressman)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Julius Kahn\u003c/a> in the Presidio, and a leadership \u003ca href=\"http://dillerteenfellows.org/en/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">program\u003c/a> for Jewish teenagers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recognition of the latest donation, UCSF has renamed its complex of medical buildings on campus as the UCSF Helen Diller Medical Center at Parnassus Heights.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Getting a \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/health/article/Helen-Sanford-Diller-fund-UCSF-cancer-center-3296458.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">$500 million donation\u003c/a> is the stuff of dreams for a university head. In January 2017, when UCSF announced that the Helen Diller Foundation was contributing a half-billion dollars, school Chancellor Sam Hawgood said, “I have to pinch myself every time I think about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hawgood’s going to have to keep pinching. The Helen Diller Foundation has now doubled down on its gift to the university with another $500 million donation. The funds will be used to build a new, state of the art hospital at UCSF's Parnassus Heights campus by 2030. The new hospital will be built on the site currently occupied by the Langley Porter Psychiatric Hospital, which will be torn down. Langley outpatient services will be relocated to a new building in San Francisco's Dogpatch neighborhood; inpatient services will remain somewhere on the Parnassus campus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hawgood called the donation \"transformative\" and \"beyond my wildest expectations,\" not to mention \"an exhilarating experience.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I couldn’t be more delighted for what it means for the patients we will care for for generations to come,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new funds will bring the foundation’s total donations to the university to roughly $1.15 billion, putting the school right at the top of of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.chronicle.com/article/Major-Private-Gifts-to-Higher/128264\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">list\u003c/a> of academic institutions that have received massive funds from a single organization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UCSF, part of the University of California system, includes schools of medicine, dentistry, nursing and pharmacy. The entire institution is dedicated to health sciences and biomedicine. Tracing its \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsf.edu/about/history-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">roots\u003c/a> back to 1864, the university has five Nobel Prize winners on staff, and an impressive portfolio of \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsf.edu/about/achievements\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">scientific achievements\u003c/a>, including the discovery of vitamin E back in 1923 and the co-discovery of HIV in 1983.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new hospital at Parnassus Heights will take over inpatient care now administered in UCSF's Moffitt building, part of the Moffitt-Long Hospital at \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/place/505+Parnassus+Ave,+San+Francisco,+CA+94143/@37.7630895,-122.4600031,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x8085875762cbdad5:0x30442fa9192ab3e1!8m2!3d37.7630895!4d-122.4578144\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">505 Parnassus Avenue\u003c/a>. Without retrofitting, Moffitt would no longer be able to house patients after 2030, according to state law. The new hospital will also be part of UCSF Health, the health care network \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2015/10/136716/ucsf-health-system-expand-care-throughout-bay-area-and-beyond\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">launched\u003c/a> by the university in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2003, the university opened a more modern campus in San Francisco's Mission Bay neighborhood. The school is just now beginning a year-long planning process to upgrade the Parnassus Heights site. Renovations are part of a $5 billion fundraising campaign, which includes the Diller donation for the hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The majority of the campus was built between 1950 and the mid-1970s. So the facilities are showing their age,\" Hawgood said. \"We’ll be looking to refurbish many of the research buildings ... Science has moved on; the need for different kinds of facilities are also required.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Diller Largesse\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UCSF pushed back the announcement about the donation a couple of days out of respect for the Diller family, who saw its partriarch, Sanford Diller, \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/business/article/Real-estate-developer-philanthropist-Sanford-12553646.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">die\u003c/a> last Friday at the age of 89. Diller was a billionaire who made his money as founder of the Prometheus Real Estate Group, one of the largest owners of apartment buildings in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and his wife, Helen, who died in 2015, established the Helen Diller Family Foundation in 1999. In 2003, the foundation donated $35 million to create the Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Care Center, at UCSF's Mission Bay Campus. Back then, $35 million was the largest gift by a single donor in UCSF history. But that amount was dwarfed by the family's whopping $500 million donation in late 2015. At the time, it was matched only by \u003ca href=\"https://www.philanthropy.com/factfile/gifts_detail?GiftDonorJoin_a_DonorID=PGDON1706\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">$500 million gifts\u003c/a> to each of two Oregon universities from Nike co-founder \u003ca href=\"https://www.philanthropy.com/factfile/gifts_detail?GiftDonorJoin_a_DonorID=PGDON1706\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Phil Knight\u003c/a>. (Knight also gave $400 million to Stanford in 2016.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A billion-dollars-plus to a single educational institution, albeit a public one, did get us thinking about the issue of\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=effective+philanthrop\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> effective philanthropy\u003c/a>. So we reached out for comment to \u003ca href=\"https://www.princeton.edu/news/2017/02/16/qa-singer-philosopher-his-craft-and-practicing-it-princeton\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Peter Singer\u003c/a>, a philosopher, author and professor of bioethics at Princeton University, who has taken a utilitarian approach to charitable giving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"No, it's clearly not the best use of the money,\" he wrote in an email. \"Health is a vital area for philanthropy, but not in an area that is already, by world standards, extraordinarily well-served ... .\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why \u003cem>have\u003c/em> the Dillers showered so much largesse on UCSF?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We are native San Franciscans, and are proud to give back to our community,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2003/10/4698/35-million-gift-supports-construction-helen-diller-family-cancer-researc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">said\u003c/a> Helen Diller, in 2003. “Our family is extremely enthused about cancer research at UCSF. ... (W)e have been presented with the joy of participating in the development of an entirely new section of this very beautiful city.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She repeated her feelings of attachment to the city, and to UCSF, in a 2009 interview with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/health/article/Helen-Sanford-Diller-fund-UCSF-cancer-center-3296458.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco Chronicle\u003c/a>, which provides a good window into some of her motivations. \"I was born in San Francisco at Mount Zion hospital. UCSF is known to have the finest scientists and doctors,\" she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She continued: \"There is a Hebrew expression, '\u003cem>Tikkun olam\u003c/em>,' which means to repair the world. My parents did things in a small way because that is what they could do. Now we are doing what we are able to do.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bulk of the initial $500 million Diller donation went toward retaining and recruiting faculty and supporting students at UCSF’s four professional schools, some of it in the form of scholarships. UCSF also created a discretionary $100 million \"innovation fund.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The family is also known for contributing to Jewish causes, funding UC Berkeley and UC Santa Cruz Jewish studies programs, renovating the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Kahn_(congressman)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Julius Kahn\u003c/a> in the Presidio, and a leadership \u003ca href=\"http://dillerteenfellows.org/en/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">program\u003c/a> for Jewish teenagers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recognition of the latest donation, UCSF has renamed its complex of medical buildings on campus as the UCSF Helen Diller Medical Center at Parnassus Heights.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
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"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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},
"science-friday": {
"id": "science-friday",
"title": "Science Friday",
"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
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"snap-judgment": {
"id": "snap-judgment",
"title": "Snap Judgment",
"tagline": "Real stories with killer beats",
"info": "The Snap Judgment radio show and podcast mixes real stories with killer beats to produce cinematic, dramatic radio. Snap's musical brand of storytelling dares listeners to see the world through the eyes of another. This is storytelling... with a BEAT!! Snap first aired on public radio stations nationwide in July 2010. Today, Snap Judgment airs on over 450 public radio stations and is brought to the airwaves by KQED & PRX.",
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},
"soldout": {
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