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"content": "\u003cp>There's new evidence to support a decades-old strategy for preventing the tick bites that lead to all sorts of nasty diseases, including Lyme disease and Rocky Mountain spotted fever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The remedy involves spraying your clothing with \u003ca href=\"http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/PermGen.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">permethrin\u003c/a> — a pesticide that's chemically similar to extracts of the flowering chrysanthemum plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in the 1980s, the U.S. military conducted several \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3735345\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tests\u003c/a> on a synthetic version of the plant-derived pesticide. When it was shown to be effective in preventing the bites of insects and ticks, the military began to purchase uniforms for soldiers that are \u003ca href=\"https://www.army.mil/article/110610/army_launches_website_about_permethrin_treated_acus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">factory-treated with permethrin\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, many outdoor enthusiasts are converts, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I love being outside — whether it's hiking, biking or climbing,\" says Danny Quinteros, who lives in Washington, D.C., and works at REI.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Quinteros is planning a hike of the Appalachian Trail, which cuts through many tick-infested areas. And because of the rise in tick-borne diseases, permethrin has become part of his protection routine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He takes a can and sprays it on a T-shirt. \"You want to stay back about 6 to 8 inches away from the clothing,\" he says. He applies an even coat, then flips the T-shirt over to spray the back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to treating his clothes with permethrin, Quinteros wears a \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/insect-repellents/deet\">DEET-based\u003c/a> repellent to cover his exposed skin when he's outdoors. Together, he says, these two strategies are very effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's scientific evidence to back up Quinteros' observations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are several studies that provide pretty compelling evidence that wearing permethrin-treated clothing has the potential to reduce tick bites,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://wcsu.edu/sigma-xi/neeta-connally/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Neeta Connally\u003c/a>, a medical entomologist who oversees the Tickborne Disease Prevention Lab at Western Connecticut State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most \u003ca href=\"https://academic.oup.com/jme/advance-article/doi/10.1093/jme/tjy062/4999656\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent study\u003c/a>, published in May in the \u003cem>Journal of Medical Entomology,\u003c/em> comes from researchers at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers purchased 10 different types of permethrin-treated clothing, including T-shirts, socks and pants from \u003ca href=\"https://www.insectshield.com/?mkwid=s1nqM9s0h&pcrid=278970168178&pmt=p&pkw=insect%20shield&pdv=c&slid=&product=&gclid=CjwKCAjwg_fZBRAoEiwAppvp-QZ8hfNLPVdP5uLKhbz9cznj2xFsO6HFT8tuFOEdo9pnQgSudOnGIBoCK_oQAvD_BwE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Insect Shield\u003c/a>, a purveyor of pretreated clothing. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.orvis.com/s/insect-repellent-clothing-by-bugsaway-from-orvis/3741\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bugsaway\u003c/a> is another brand of permethrin-treated clothing, and Cabela's \u003ca href=\"https://www.cabelas.com/product/cabela-s-men-s-insect-defense-over-the-calf-socks/2194854.uts?Ntk=AllProducts&searchPath=%2Fcatalog%2Fsearch%2F%3FN%3D5100830%26Ne%3D5100830%26Ntk%3DAllProducts%26Ntt%3Dinsect%26Ntx%3Dmode%252Bmatchallpartial%26WT.srch%3D1%26WT.tsrc%3DPPC%26rid%3D20%26WT.mc_id%3DGOOGLE%257Cmec_insect%252Bdefense%252Bclothing_permethrin%257CUSA%26WT.z_mc_id1%3D43700004953223579%26ds_rl%3D1256283%26gclid%3DCj0KCQjwpvzZBRCbARIsACe8vyJMjXM43KEVQge7fUu5cjDJtSMWKuOtBUrolmga-OkYJOhvp9lI49caAhLiEALw_wcB%26gclsrc%3Daw.ds&Ntt=insect&slotId=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sells socks\u003c/a> treated with the insecticide.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists let loose different species of ticks on a bit of treated cloth from each sample — a piece of cloth the size of a playing card.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We wanted to see how long [the ticks would] have to be in contact with the clothing to be incapacitated and die,\" says Lars Eisen, a research entomologist for the CDC in Fort Collins, Colo., and one of the study's authors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ticks quickly become irritated after being exposed to the pesticide, Eisen says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They essentially start flipping backwards and start rolling off the treated clothing,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The black-legged tick — also known as the deer tick — which can transmit the bacteria that cause Lyme disease, was one of the species tested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When black-legged nymphs (young ticks that are no bigger than a poppy seed) came into contact with the treated clothing, it took them \"less than a minute\" to receive a dose of permethrin that killed them, Eisen says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even though the ticks don't die instantly, the permethrin quickly incapacitates them so they're unable to bite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, if permethrin-treated clothing is so effective, why don't more people use it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, in one Lyme \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Peridomestic+Lyme+Disease+Prevention+Connally\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">prevention study\u003c/a> published in 2009 that Connally and her team conducted in Connecticut, less than 1 percent of study participants said they ever wear treated clothing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even though awareness is growing, she says, a more recent survey \"found that many respondents were uncertain about the effectiveness and safety of treated clothing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Permethrin has been registered with the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/insect-repellents/repellent-treated-clothing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Environmental Protection Agency\u003c/a> since 1979, and the EPA periodically re-evaluates it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's an EPA-registered product, \"which means it must be studied for safety,\" Connally says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/insect-repellents/repellent-treated-clothing#safety%20of%20permethrin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the EPA website\u003c/a>, \"All exposure scenarios showed that permethrin factory-treated clothing is unlikely to pose any significant immediate or long-term hazard to people wearing the clothing.\" Using permethrin spray according to directions to treat your own clothes should also pose little risk, the agency says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Pesticide Information Center \u003ca href=\"http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/PermGen.html\">notes\u003c/a> that some people who inadvertently get the insecticide spray on their skin may experience temporary tingling, redness or irritation at that site, but not serious symptoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Permethrin lotions and creams are also routinely used to treat \u003ca href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a698037.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">head lice and scabies\u003c/a> in people 2 months of age and older.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I absolutely wear permethrin-treated clothing,\" say Connally, who has no financial ties to makers of permethrin or the treated clothes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And she says many of the researchers in her lab wear treated overalls to protect themselves while doing research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When I think of the potentially serious illnesses that my family members or I could get from a single tick bite, I feel very comfortable wearing treated clothing,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=To+Repel+Ticks%2C+Try+Spraying+Your+Clothes+With+A+Pesticide+That+Mimics+Mums&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>There's new evidence to support a decades-old strategy for preventing the tick bites that lead to all sorts of nasty diseases, including Lyme disease and Rocky Mountain spotted fever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The remedy involves spraying your clothing with \u003ca href=\"http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/PermGen.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">permethrin\u003c/a> — a pesticide that's chemically similar to extracts of the flowering chrysanthemum plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in the 1980s, the U.S. military conducted several \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3735345\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tests\u003c/a> on a synthetic version of the plant-derived pesticide. When it was shown to be effective in preventing the bites of insects and ticks, the military began to purchase uniforms for soldiers that are \u003ca href=\"https://www.army.mil/article/110610/army_launches_website_about_permethrin_treated_acus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">factory-treated with permethrin\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, many outdoor enthusiasts are converts, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I love being outside — whether it's hiking, biking or climbing,\" says Danny Quinteros, who lives in Washington, D.C., and works at REI.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Quinteros is planning a hike of the Appalachian Trail, which cuts through many tick-infested areas. And because of the rise in tick-borne diseases, permethrin has become part of his protection routine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He takes a can and sprays it on a T-shirt. \"You want to stay back about 6 to 8 inches away from the clothing,\" he says. He applies an even coat, then flips the T-shirt over to spray the back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to treating his clothes with permethrin, Quinteros wears a \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/insect-repellents/deet\">DEET-based\u003c/a> repellent to cover his exposed skin when he's outdoors. Together, he says, these two strategies are very effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's scientific evidence to back up Quinteros' observations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are several studies that provide pretty compelling evidence that wearing permethrin-treated clothing has the potential to reduce tick bites,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://wcsu.edu/sigma-xi/neeta-connally/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Neeta Connally\u003c/a>, a medical entomologist who oversees the Tickborne Disease Prevention Lab at Western Connecticut State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most \u003ca href=\"https://academic.oup.com/jme/advance-article/doi/10.1093/jme/tjy062/4999656\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent study\u003c/a>, published in May in the \u003cem>Journal of Medical Entomology,\u003c/em> comes from researchers at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers purchased 10 different types of permethrin-treated clothing, including T-shirts, socks and pants from \u003ca href=\"https://www.insectshield.com/?mkwid=s1nqM9s0h&pcrid=278970168178&pmt=p&pkw=insect%20shield&pdv=c&slid=&product=&gclid=CjwKCAjwg_fZBRAoEiwAppvp-QZ8hfNLPVdP5uLKhbz9cznj2xFsO6HFT8tuFOEdo9pnQgSudOnGIBoCK_oQAvD_BwE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Insect Shield\u003c/a>, a purveyor of pretreated clothing. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.orvis.com/s/insect-repellent-clothing-by-bugsaway-from-orvis/3741\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bugsaway\u003c/a> is another brand of permethrin-treated clothing, and Cabela's \u003ca href=\"https://www.cabelas.com/product/cabela-s-men-s-insect-defense-over-the-calf-socks/2194854.uts?Ntk=AllProducts&searchPath=%2Fcatalog%2Fsearch%2F%3FN%3D5100830%26Ne%3D5100830%26Ntk%3DAllProducts%26Ntt%3Dinsect%26Ntx%3Dmode%252Bmatchallpartial%26WT.srch%3D1%26WT.tsrc%3DPPC%26rid%3D20%26WT.mc_id%3DGOOGLE%257Cmec_insect%252Bdefense%252Bclothing_permethrin%257CUSA%26WT.z_mc_id1%3D43700004953223579%26ds_rl%3D1256283%26gclid%3DCj0KCQjwpvzZBRCbARIsACe8vyJMjXM43KEVQge7fUu5cjDJtSMWKuOtBUrolmga-OkYJOhvp9lI49caAhLiEALw_wcB%26gclsrc%3Daw.ds&Ntt=insect&slotId=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sells socks\u003c/a> treated with the insecticide.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists let loose different species of ticks on a bit of treated cloth from each sample — a piece of cloth the size of a playing card.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We wanted to see how long [the ticks would] have to be in contact with the clothing to be incapacitated and die,\" says Lars Eisen, a research entomologist for the CDC in Fort Collins, Colo., and one of the study's authors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ticks quickly become irritated after being exposed to the pesticide, Eisen says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They essentially start flipping backwards and start rolling off the treated clothing,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The black-legged tick — also known as the deer tick — which can transmit the bacteria that cause Lyme disease, was one of the species tested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When black-legged nymphs (young ticks that are no bigger than a poppy seed) came into contact with the treated clothing, it took them \"less than a minute\" to receive a dose of permethrin that killed them, Eisen says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even though the ticks don't die instantly, the permethrin quickly incapacitates them so they're unable to bite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, if permethrin-treated clothing is so effective, why don't more people use it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, in one Lyme \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Peridomestic+Lyme+Disease+Prevention+Connally\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">prevention study\u003c/a> published in 2009 that Connally and her team conducted in Connecticut, less than 1 percent of study participants said they ever wear treated clothing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even though awareness is growing, she says, a more recent survey \"found that many respondents were uncertain about the effectiveness and safety of treated clothing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Permethrin has been registered with the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/insect-repellents/repellent-treated-clothing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Environmental Protection Agency\u003c/a> since 1979, and the EPA periodically re-evaluates it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's an EPA-registered product, \"which means it must be studied for safety,\" Connally says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/insect-repellents/repellent-treated-clothing#safety%20of%20permethrin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the EPA website\u003c/a>, \"All exposure scenarios showed that permethrin factory-treated clothing is unlikely to pose any significant immediate or long-term hazard to people wearing the clothing.\" Using permethrin spray according to directions to treat your own clothes should also pose little risk, the agency says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Pesticide Information Center \u003ca href=\"http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/PermGen.html\">notes\u003c/a> that some people who inadvertently get the insecticide spray on their skin may experience temporary tingling, redness or irritation at that site, but not serious symptoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Permethrin lotions and creams are also routinely used to treat \u003ca href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a698037.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">head lice and scabies\u003c/a> in people 2 months of age and older.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I absolutely wear permethrin-treated clothing,\" say Connally, who has no financial ties to makers of permethrin or the treated clothes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And she says many of the researchers in her lab wear treated overalls to protect themselves while doing research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When I think of the potentially serious illnesses that my family members or I could get from a single tick bite, I feel very comfortable wearing treated clothing,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=To+Repel+Ticks%2C+Try+Spraying+Your+Clothes+With+A+Pesticide+That+Mimics+Mums&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>News organizations are pushing for the public release of data detailing the distribution of prescription opioids throughout the U.S., information that could show how drug manufacturers and distributors contributed to the nation’s addiction and overdose crisis.[contextly_sidebar id=\"oFkuCyLuHD6r1DtsAM7gwD9CF2vOQObm\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Attorneys for The Washington Post and HD Media, which owns The Charleston Gazette-Mail in West Virginia, filed requests Monday in federal court in Cleveland. They are advocating for release of records that the federal Drug Enforcement Agency has turned over as part of lawsuits between hundreds of local governments and the drug industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other news organizations, including The Associated Press, also have requested information from the federal opioid distribution database.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Where releasing records would merely bring embarrassment or adverse publicity to a corporation or a governmental agency, the records must be disclosed. In this case, disclosure of the (distribution) data would cause no conceivable harm to patients or other innocent individuals,” Washington Post lawyer Karen Lofton wrote in a court filing Monday. “If anything, their interests would be advanced by the public accountability that would be demanded in the wake of such disclosures.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drug manufacturers, distributors and the federal government object to making the information public. In a court filing last month, lawyers for the federal government argued that doing so would jeopardize the companies’ trade secrets, criminal investigations and violate state public records laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The database compiles information from the drug industry about the sales and distribution of controlled substances. The government refers to it for law enforcement purposes, although in legal papers it redacted descriptions of how it’s used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A West Virginia judge made some of the data public in 2016. The Gazette-Mail used it to report that 780 million pills flowed into the state of just 1.8 million residents over a six-year period. During that time, more than 1,700 West Virginians died from opioid overdoses.[contextly_sidebar id=\"xvq6HHGRhbjlidwnKbSMejLZnMvvVApf\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In their filing, lawyers for the Charleston newspaper pointed to that previous decision and the resulting story as an example of why the national distribution data should be released.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The information is likely to be key evidence in the litigation over opioids. It’s the only way to trace opioids from manufacturers to distributors to pharmacies, said Paul Farrell Jr., a lead lawyer for plaintiffs suing the drug industry and an advocate of making the data public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It will identify every pill mill in the country,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government agreed to provide data from its registry for 2006 through 2014 to the parties in the hundreds of lawsuits over the impact of prescription opioids and related illicit drugs. That deal includes restrictions that it can be used only for litigation and law enforcement.[contextly_sidebar id=\"bhpnTcxjlxotKE6ut4pr90uVJZ0rSHLV\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cleveland-based U.S. District Judge Dan Polster is overseeing more than 800 lawsuits, most filed by governments, and is trying to get the sides to forge a settlement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the cases go to trial, it’s likely the distribution data would be presented as evidence. But if there’s a mass settlement, the information may not be revealed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Combined, opioids killed more than 42,000 Americans in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>News organizations are pushing for the public release of data detailing the distribution of prescription opioids throughout the U.S., information that could show how drug manufacturers and distributors contributed to the nation’s addiction and overdose crisis.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Attorneys for The Washington Post and HD Media, which owns The Charleston Gazette-Mail in West Virginia, filed requests Monday in federal court in Cleveland. They are advocating for release of records that the federal Drug Enforcement Agency has turned over as part of lawsuits between hundreds of local governments and the drug industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other news organizations, including The Associated Press, also have requested information from the federal opioid distribution database.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Where releasing records would merely bring embarrassment or adverse publicity to a corporation or a governmental agency, the records must be disclosed. In this case, disclosure of the (distribution) data would cause no conceivable harm to patients or other innocent individuals,” Washington Post lawyer Karen Lofton wrote in a court filing Monday. “If anything, their interests would be advanced by the public accountability that would be demanded in the wake of such disclosures.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drug manufacturers, distributors and the federal government object to making the information public. In a court filing last month, lawyers for the federal government argued that doing so would jeopardize the companies’ trade secrets, criminal investigations and violate state public records laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The database compiles information from the drug industry about the sales and distribution of controlled substances. The government refers to it for law enforcement purposes, although in legal papers it redacted descriptions of how it’s used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A West Virginia judge made some of the data public in 2016. The Gazette-Mail used it to report that 780 million pills flowed into the state of just 1.8 million residents over a six-year period. During that time, more than 1,700 West Virginians died from opioid overdoses.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In their filing, lawyers for the Charleston newspaper pointed to that previous decision and the resulting story as an example of why the national distribution data should be released.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The information is likely to be key evidence in the litigation over opioids. It’s the only way to trace opioids from manufacturers to distributors to pharmacies, said Paul Farrell Jr., a lead lawyer for plaintiffs suing the drug industry and an advocate of making the data public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It will identify every pill mill in the country,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government agreed to provide data from its registry for 2006 through 2014 to the parties in the hundreds of lawsuits over the impact of prescription opioids and related illicit drugs. That deal includes restrictions that it can be used only for litigation and law enforcement.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cleveland-based U.S. District Judge Dan Polster is overseeing more than 800 lawsuits, most filed by governments, and is trying to get the sides to forge a settlement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the cases go to trial, it’s likely the distribution data would be presented as evidence. But if there’s a mass settlement, the information may not be revealed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Combined, opioids killed more than 42,000 Americans in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Family Caregivers Exchange Tips, Share Stories To Ease Alzheimer's Losses",
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"content": "\u003cp>Vicki Bartholomew started a support group for wives who are caring for a husband with Alzheimer's disease because she needed that sort of group herself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They meet every month in a conference room at a new memory care facility in Nashville, Tenn., called \u003ca href=\"http://nashvillepublicradio.org/post/nashville-dementia-ward-aims-become-hub-memory-care-research#stream/0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Abe's Garden\u003c/a>, where Bartholomew's husband was one of the first residents — a Vietnam veteran and prominent attorney in Nashville.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My husband's still living, and now I'm in an even more difficult situation — I'm married, but I'm a widow,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These women draw the shades and open up to each other in ways they can't with their lifelong friends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They're still wonderful friends, but they didn't know how to handle this. It was hard for them, and as you all know, your friends don't come around as much as they used to,\" Bartholomew says. \"I was in bad shape. I didn't think I was — I did have health problems, and [now] I know I was depressed.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the numbers of Americans afflicted with Alzheimer's disease continue to swell to an estimated 5.7 million, so do the legions of loved ones caring for friends and family members. The toll on Bartholomew's own mental health is one of the reasons the Alzheimer's Foundation of America focuses on the nation's estimated \u003ca href=\"https://www.alz.org/facts/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">16 million unpaid caregivers\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With no cure on the horizon, the foundation has been highlighting the necessity of better support for those caregivers through a \u003ca href=\"https://alzfdn.org/afa-educating-america-tour/\">national tour\u003c/a>. It stopped in Nashville earlier this spring, was in Tempe, Ariz., in June and heads to Fairfax, Va., in September; the tour includes at least six more cities in the fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the live events, Alzheimer's researchers and clinicians offer guidance on a number of topics, including how to ensure safety for patients at home, care planning and even how to \u003ca href=\"https://alzfdn.org/event/afa-educating-america-tour-tempe/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">entertain someone\u003c/a> with memory loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The organization promotes in-person and \u003ca href=\"https://alzfdn.org/alzheimers-foundation-americas-national-toll-free-helpline-expanding-seven-days-week/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">telephone support groups\u003c/a>, since being a caregiver is often a barrier to getting out of the house alone. But even virtual support systems have shown some effectiveness at reducing loneliness, stress and depression \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4668714/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">in a small 2014 study.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have to do everything we can to educate a caregiver, to provide them with the best practices on caring for somebody,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://alzfdn.org/team_member/charles-j-fuschillo-jr/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Charles J. Fuschillo Jr.,\u003c/a> the Alzheimer's Foundation of America's CEO.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, the AFA \u003ca href=\"https://alzfdn.org/caregiving-resources/fact-sheets-information/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recommends\u003c/a> that family members:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Feed Alzheimer's patients one food at a time. \"A busy plate can be confusing,\" the group says.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Mark rooms in the house with signs to avoid unnecessary confusion.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Remind a person with Alzheimer's to use the toilet; don't wait for them to ask.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>When traveling, stick with familiar destinations.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Watch for a cough while eating; it can signal a swallowing disorder in people with dementia.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Schedule overnight stays at a memory-care facility so the caregiver gets some respite.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Just as important, Fuschillo says, \"We want to do everything we can to avoid caregiver burnout.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The breaking point sneaks up on even the most committed caregiver, say Alzheimer's advocates, especially as the nights grow more sleepless. Alzheimer's patients can tend to pace, or wake up their partner every few minutes. They can even become violent. Or, perhaps worse, they can leave the house.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And I've had some issues at night that I had to take care of alone,\" says Pam Hawkins, whose husband has Alzheimer's. \"But I'm not ready to have anyone there at night.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, she says, her husband usually sleeps all night. And if there's a problem, her son-in-law is 15 minutes away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She's had to hire caregivers during the day. Knowing how to find and hire the right person is a shared concern by Alzheimer's family members that has inspired an entire\u003ca href=\"https://www.alz.org/national/documents/topicsheet_homehealth.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> checklist\u003c/a> for navigating the process. The tips include these: Interview the aide in the home. Over-share information about the patient. Ask what kind of quality control a supervisor will provide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hawkins is adamant about keeping her husband at home, whatever the cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He's not going anywhere,\" she says. \"He's staying at our home until he moves to heaven. We made that decision a long time ago.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But many caregivers have no choice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>April Simpkins says tending to her husband became all consuming, and she's young enough that she still needs to keep her job; she works at a local university.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was not possible for us to keep Joe at home,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simpkins found she'd often have to call her husband's siblings to settle him down over the phone. One night, she had to dial 911 when he kept yelling in the hallways of their condo building.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And yet she felt some societal pressure that she wasn't doing enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's a lot of ... glory given to the whole idea of someone being long-suffering and staying at home and giving up their life, basically, to care for their loved one,\" Simpkins says. \"It makes it harder for people who can't do that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everyone around the table nods in agreement. Whatever stage of illness their loved one is experiencing, these caregivers understand the complicated existence that many have dubbed \"the long goodbye.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along with sharing the sorrow, they find a way to share in the humor of it all — one woman says her husband wears a laundry-basket's-worth of shirts and pants because he forgets he's already gotten dressed. Even tips on how to reduce the odor from incontinence are offered with a loving laugh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The support group ends with hugs. Some women head for the parking lot. Others buzz through the locked doors to see their husbands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simpkins sits down for lunch with Joe, who is a former state employee and a youthful-looking 66 years old. She drapes an arm around his slumping shoulders and assists him as he spears a cold strawberry with his fork.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You know, there are some days,\" she says, interrupted by a random reflection from Joe. \"Yeah, some days are clearer than others.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simpkins tries to stop by to see her husband every day. But it's a wicked kind of blessing, she says, that when she misses a visit, Joe no longer notices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story is part of NPR's reporting partnership with Nashville Public Radio and Kaiser Health News.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 Nashville Public Radio. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.wpln.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nashville Public Radio\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Family+Caregivers+Exchange+Tips%2C+Share+Stories+To+Ease+Alzheimer%27s+Losses&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Vicki Bartholomew started a support group for wives who are caring for a husband with Alzheimer's disease because she needed that sort of group herself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They meet every month in a conference room at a new memory care facility in Nashville, Tenn., called \u003ca href=\"http://nashvillepublicradio.org/post/nashville-dementia-ward-aims-become-hub-memory-care-research#stream/0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Abe's Garden\u003c/a>, where Bartholomew's husband was one of the first residents — a Vietnam veteran and prominent attorney in Nashville.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My husband's still living, and now I'm in an even more difficult situation — I'm married, but I'm a widow,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These women draw the shades and open up to each other in ways they can't with their lifelong friends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They're still wonderful friends, but they didn't know how to handle this. It was hard for them, and as you all know, your friends don't come around as much as they used to,\" Bartholomew says. \"I was in bad shape. I didn't think I was — I did have health problems, and [now] I know I was depressed.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the numbers of Americans afflicted with Alzheimer's disease continue to swell to an estimated 5.7 million, so do the legions of loved ones caring for friends and family members. The toll on Bartholomew's own mental health is one of the reasons the Alzheimer's Foundation of America focuses on the nation's estimated \u003ca href=\"https://www.alz.org/facts/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">16 million unpaid caregivers\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With no cure on the horizon, the foundation has been highlighting the necessity of better support for those caregivers through a \u003ca href=\"https://alzfdn.org/afa-educating-america-tour/\">national tour\u003c/a>. It stopped in Nashville earlier this spring, was in Tempe, Ariz., in June and heads to Fairfax, Va., in September; the tour includes at least six more cities in the fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the live events, Alzheimer's researchers and clinicians offer guidance on a number of topics, including how to ensure safety for patients at home, care planning and even how to \u003ca href=\"https://alzfdn.org/event/afa-educating-america-tour-tempe/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">entertain someone\u003c/a> with memory loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The organization promotes in-person and \u003ca href=\"https://alzfdn.org/alzheimers-foundation-americas-national-toll-free-helpline-expanding-seven-days-week/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">telephone support groups\u003c/a>, since being a caregiver is often a barrier to getting out of the house alone. But even virtual support systems have shown some effectiveness at reducing loneliness, stress and depression \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4668714/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">in a small 2014 study.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have to do everything we can to educate a caregiver, to provide them with the best practices on caring for somebody,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://alzfdn.org/team_member/charles-j-fuschillo-jr/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Charles J. Fuschillo Jr.,\u003c/a> the Alzheimer's Foundation of America's CEO.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, the AFA \u003ca href=\"https://alzfdn.org/caregiving-resources/fact-sheets-information/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recommends\u003c/a> that family members:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Feed Alzheimer's patients one food at a time. \"A busy plate can be confusing,\" the group says.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Mark rooms in the house with signs to avoid unnecessary confusion.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Remind a person with Alzheimer's to use the toilet; don't wait for them to ask.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>When traveling, stick with familiar destinations.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Watch for a cough while eating; it can signal a swallowing disorder in people with dementia.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Schedule overnight stays at a memory-care facility so the caregiver gets some respite.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Just as important, Fuschillo says, \"We want to do everything we can to avoid caregiver burnout.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The breaking point sneaks up on even the most committed caregiver, say Alzheimer's advocates, especially as the nights grow more sleepless. Alzheimer's patients can tend to pace, or wake up their partner every few minutes. They can even become violent. Or, perhaps worse, they can leave the house.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And I've had some issues at night that I had to take care of alone,\" says Pam Hawkins, whose husband has Alzheimer's. \"But I'm not ready to have anyone there at night.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, she says, her husband usually sleeps all night. And if there's a problem, her son-in-law is 15 minutes away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She's had to hire caregivers during the day. Knowing how to find and hire the right person is a shared concern by Alzheimer's family members that has inspired an entire\u003ca href=\"https://www.alz.org/national/documents/topicsheet_homehealth.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> checklist\u003c/a> for navigating the process. The tips include these: Interview the aide in the home. Over-share information about the patient. Ask what kind of quality control a supervisor will provide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hawkins is adamant about keeping her husband at home, whatever the cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He's not going anywhere,\" she says. \"He's staying at our home until he moves to heaven. We made that decision a long time ago.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But many caregivers have no choice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>April Simpkins says tending to her husband became all consuming, and she's young enough that she still needs to keep her job; she works at a local university.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was not possible for us to keep Joe at home,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simpkins found she'd often have to call her husband's siblings to settle him down over the phone. One night, she had to dial 911 when he kept yelling in the hallways of their condo building.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And yet she felt some societal pressure that she wasn't doing enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's a lot of ... glory given to the whole idea of someone being long-suffering and staying at home and giving up their life, basically, to care for their loved one,\" Simpkins says. \"It makes it harder for people who can't do that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everyone around the table nods in agreement. Whatever stage of illness their loved one is experiencing, these caregivers understand the complicated existence that many have dubbed \"the long goodbye.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along with sharing the sorrow, they find a way to share in the humor of it all — one woman says her husband wears a laundry-basket's-worth of shirts and pants because he forgets he's already gotten dressed. Even tips on how to reduce the odor from incontinence are offered with a loving laugh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The support group ends with hugs. Some women head for the parking lot. Others buzz through the locked doors to see their husbands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simpkins sits down for lunch with Joe, who is a former state employee and a youthful-looking 66 years old. She drapes an arm around his slumping shoulders and assists him as he spears a cold strawberry with his fork.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You know, there are some days,\" she says, interrupted by a random reflection from Joe. \"Yeah, some days are clearer than others.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simpkins tries to stop by to see her husband every day. But it's a wicked kind of blessing, she says, that when she misses a visit, Joe no longer notices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story is part of NPR's reporting partnership with Nashville Public Radio and Kaiser Health News.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 Nashville Public Radio. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.wpln.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nashville Public Radio\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Family+Caregivers+Exchange+Tips%2C+Share+Stories+To+Ease+Alzheimer%27s+Losses&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "For Women Over 30, There May Be A Better Choice Than The Pap Smear",
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"headTitle": "Women’s Health | KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>For most women under 65, a visit to the gynecologist often includes an unpleasant necessity: a Pap smear to check for cervical cancer risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The test involves letting a doctor or nurse scrape cells from the back of the cervix, which are visually inspected for signs of abnormality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's another way to screen for cervical cancer risk, by directly testing for the human papillomavirus, or HPV, which causes 99 percent of cervical cancer. \u003ca href=\"http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/10.1001/jama.2018.7464\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> A study published in JAMA\u003c/a> Tuesday suggests that method might be preferable for women age 30 and over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA in 2014 approved the first HPV test, which tests cervical cells for the presence of HPV.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>HPV testing also can be done on samples of vaginal and cervical secretions that clinicians or women themselves gather with a swab — a less invasive process than the Pap. That process was shown to be accurate in multiple studies but is not yet used in clinical practice in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new study, called the HPV FOCAL trial, compared the HPV test with traditional Pap smear screening among 19,000 Canadian women over four years. It adds to a body of research suggesting that HPV testing might be more accurate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In our world this study is going to be a pretty big deal, in a good way,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://faculty.mdanderson.org/profiles/kathleen_schmeler.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Kathleen Schmeler\u003c/a>, a gynecologic oncologist at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schmeler says that in the U.S., it has been hard to justify replacing the Pap smear with the HPV test because there has not been a head-to-head comparison until now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The issue is not resolved. Some are still skeptical of relying on HPV testing alone, and co-testing, or using both the HPV test and a Pap smear, is still the standard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cervical cancer screening is essential because nearly \u003ca href=\"https://gis.cdc.gov/Cancer/USCS/DataViz.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">13,000 women in the U.S. are diagnosed with cervical cancer\u003c/a> annually. More than 4,000 women die from it, even with screening and treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Current screening guidelines from the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommend women ages 30 to 65 have a Pap smear every three years, or every five years if an HPV test is done at the same time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/draft-recommendation-statement/cervical-cancer-screening2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">draft recommendations issued last fall by USPSTF\u003c/a> recommended just one or the other — a Pap smear or an HPV test — instead of co-testing for women 30 and up. The organization has yet to issue final guidelines. This new study could prove important in deciding practice guidelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the start of the HPV FOCAL trial, some women received HPV testing and some had a Pap smear; those in the Pap smear group who tested negative had a second Pap after two years. Both groups were tested again using both methods after four years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neither method was foolproof. The final round of co-testing found additional abnormal cells in some women who originally tested negative in both groups. Women who originally had the Pap smear were more than twice as likely to have abnormal cells. Of the women who tested negative on the HPV test only 22 women showed abnormal cells (grade 3 or worse), while from the Pap smear group, 52 women ended up with abnormal cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What our study shows is that by using HPV testing, we detect precancerous lesions earlier,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.spph.ubc.ca/person/gina-ogilvie/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">lead author Dr. Gina Ogilvie\u003c/a>. \"If women have a negative HPV test, they are significantly less likely to have a precancerous lesion four years later, meaning we can extend screening time.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ogilvie, a professor of medicine at the University of British Columbia, says this study shows that the real value of co-testing actually comes from the HPV test, not the Pap smear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies like this one could lead to a change in guidelines, according to Dr. Chris Zahn, the vice president of practice for the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This study adds evidence to those that evaluated use of HPV as a primary screening modality, and the findings support the use of HPV only as a primary screen,\" he wrote in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if guidelines do change for women over 30, the Pap smear is still important for women ages 21-29. They can't rely on HPV testing, Schmeler says, because almost everyone in that age group will contract HPV, and in many cases it goes away on its own. If the virus persists until their 30s, that's where problems come in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you tested everyone for HPV in their 20s, they are almost all going to be positive, but there's going to be all of this intervention that's not needed,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moving away from co-testing may not be a good idea, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.colposcopycenter.com/MeetDrMarkSpitzer.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mark Spitzer\u003c/a>, an OB-GYN and past president of American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology. He wrote in an email that this new study actually shows the small but significant benefit of co-testing. He cites the small group of women who had abnormal cells discovered through a Pap smear at the end of the study period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In the U.S., co-testing is currently the recommended gold standard, and neither doctors nor their patients should be willing to give up the added benefit you get from screening with a Pap test and HPV test together,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://medicine.umich.edu/dept/family-medicine/diane-m-harper-md-mph-ms\">Dr. Diane Harper,\u003c/a> a professor of medicine who researches HPV at the University of Michigan, argues that the study was \"extraordinarily well done\" and moving away from co-testing could result in a decrease of false positives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The whole reason for [co-testing] is that you get a slight improvement in sensitivity,\" Harper says. \"But your false positive rate blows up. It's up to 30 percent of people [who] are falsely positive.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Women who have a positive Pap smear generally get a colposcopy, which is an even closer \u003ca href=\"https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/colposcopy/about/pac-20385036\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">examination of the cervix, vagina and vulva \u003c/a>for signs of disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A false positive could mean going through a biopsy during a colposcopy. Biopsies come with risks like bleeding, infection and pelvic pain, according to the Mayo Clinic. Harper says false positives bring unnecessary costs and fears to patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's a lot of women that are unnecessarily worried,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Women can get a clear result from a simple HPV test and those who receive a negative result will be able to trust those results for several years, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's really amazing — there's no other test that gives us this level of reassurance for that period of time for a cancer,\" Harper says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pap smears rely on the human eye to get results, she says, and it's far preferable to detect problems on a molecular level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One caution about the study findings, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.uclahealth.org/carol-mangione\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Carol Mangione\u003c/a>, a USPSTF task force member and UCLA professor of medicine, is that screening — either kind — is what saves lives. She says the method of testing comes second to being sure that all women, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/10/11/556895389/could-making-cancer-screening-simpler-increase-womens-risk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">especially high-prevalence groups like black and Hispanic women\u003c/a>, are able to get the testing they need.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Most cases of cervical cancer happen in women who have not been regularly screened, or who have been screened, but don't have access to appropriate treatment,\" she says. \"When we think about cervical cancer screening, we want to think about it in the framework of how do we get this test in the hands of all women?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=For+Women+Over+30%2C+There+May+Be+A+Better+Choice+Than+The+Pap+Smear&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>For most women under 65, a visit to the gynecologist often includes an unpleasant necessity: a Pap smear to check for cervical cancer risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The test involves letting a doctor or nurse scrape cells from the back of the cervix, which are visually inspected for signs of abnormality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's another way to screen for cervical cancer risk, by directly testing for the human papillomavirus, or HPV, which causes 99 percent of cervical cancer. \u003ca href=\"http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/10.1001/jama.2018.7464\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> A study published in JAMA\u003c/a> Tuesday suggests that method might be preferable for women age 30 and over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA in 2014 approved the first HPV test, which tests cervical cells for the presence of HPV.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>HPV testing also can be done on samples of vaginal and cervical secretions that clinicians or women themselves gather with a swab — a less invasive process than the Pap. That process was shown to be accurate in multiple studies but is not yet used in clinical practice in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new study, called the HPV FOCAL trial, compared the HPV test with traditional Pap smear screening among 19,000 Canadian women over four years. It adds to a body of research suggesting that HPV testing might be more accurate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In our world this study is going to be a pretty big deal, in a good way,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://faculty.mdanderson.org/profiles/kathleen_schmeler.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Kathleen Schmeler\u003c/a>, a gynecologic oncologist at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schmeler says that in the U.S., it has been hard to justify replacing the Pap smear with the HPV test because there has not been a head-to-head comparison until now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The issue is not resolved. Some are still skeptical of relying on HPV testing alone, and co-testing, or using both the HPV test and a Pap smear, is still the standard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cervical cancer screening is essential because nearly \u003ca href=\"https://gis.cdc.gov/Cancer/USCS/DataViz.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">13,000 women in the U.S. are diagnosed with cervical cancer\u003c/a> annually. More than 4,000 women die from it, even with screening and treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Current screening guidelines from the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommend women ages 30 to 65 have a Pap smear every three years, or every five years if an HPV test is done at the same time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/draft-recommendation-statement/cervical-cancer-screening2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">draft recommendations issued last fall by USPSTF\u003c/a> recommended just one or the other — a Pap smear or an HPV test — instead of co-testing for women 30 and up. The organization has yet to issue final guidelines. This new study could prove important in deciding practice guidelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the start of the HPV FOCAL trial, some women received HPV testing and some had a Pap smear; those in the Pap smear group who tested negative had a second Pap after two years. Both groups were tested again using both methods after four years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neither method was foolproof. The final round of co-testing found additional abnormal cells in some women who originally tested negative in both groups. Women who originally had the Pap smear were more than twice as likely to have abnormal cells. Of the women who tested negative on the HPV test only 22 women showed abnormal cells (grade 3 or worse), while from the Pap smear group, 52 women ended up with abnormal cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What our study shows is that by using HPV testing, we detect precancerous lesions earlier,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.spph.ubc.ca/person/gina-ogilvie/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">lead author Dr. Gina Ogilvie\u003c/a>. \"If women have a negative HPV test, they are significantly less likely to have a precancerous lesion four years later, meaning we can extend screening time.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ogilvie, a professor of medicine at the University of British Columbia, says this study shows that the real value of co-testing actually comes from the HPV test, not the Pap smear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies like this one could lead to a change in guidelines, according to Dr. Chris Zahn, the vice president of practice for the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This study adds evidence to those that evaluated use of HPV as a primary screening modality, and the findings support the use of HPV only as a primary screen,\" he wrote in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if guidelines do change for women over 30, the Pap smear is still important for women ages 21-29. They can't rely on HPV testing, Schmeler says, because almost everyone in that age group will contract HPV, and in many cases it goes away on its own. If the virus persists until their 30s, that's where problems come in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you tested everyone for HPV in their 20s, they are almost all going to be positive, but there's going to be all of this intervention that's not needed,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moving away from co-testing may not be a good idea, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.colposcopycenter.com/MeetDrMarkSpitzer.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mark Spitzer\u003c/a>, an OB-GYN and past president of American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology. He wrote in an email that this new study actually shows the small but significant benefit of co-testing. He cites the small group of women who had abnormal cells discovered through a Pap smear at the end of the study period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In the U.S., co-testing is currently the recommended gold standard, and neither doctors nor their patients should be willing to give up the added benefit you get from screening with a Pap test and HPV test together,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://medicine.umich.edu/dept/family-medicine/diane-m-harper-md-mph-ms\">Dr. Diane Harper,\u003c/a> a professor of medicine who researches HPV at the University of Michigan, argues that the study was \"extraordinarily well done\" and moving away from co-testing could result in a decrease of false positives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The whole reason for [co-testing] is that you get a slight improvement in sensitivity,\" Harper says. \"But your false positive rate blows up. It's up to 30 percent of people [who] are falsely positive.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Women who have a positive Pap smear generally get a colposcopy, which is an even closer \u003ca href=\"https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/colposcopy/about/pac-20385036\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">examination of the cervix, vagina and vulva \u003c/a>for signs of disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A false positive could mean going through a biopsy during a colposcopy. Biopsies come with risks like bleeding, infection and pelvic pain, according to the Mayo Clinic. Harper says false positives bring unnecessary costs and fears to patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's a lot of women that are unnecessarily worried,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Women can get a clear result from a simple HPV test and those who receive a negative result will be able to trust those results for several years, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's really amazing — there's no other test that gives us this level of reassurance for that period of time for a cancer,\" Harper says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pap smears rely on the human eye to get results, she says, and it's far preferable to detect problems on a molecular level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One caution about the study findings, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.uclahealth.org/carol-mangione\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Carol Mangione\u003c/a>, a USPSTF task force member and UCLA professor of medicine, is that screening — either kind — is what saves lives. She says the method of testing comes second to being sure that all women, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/10/11/556895389/could-making-cancer-screening-simpler-increase-womens-risk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">especially high-prevalence groups like black and Hispanic women\u003c/a>, are able to get the testing they need.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "New Testimony Paints Bleak Picture of Family Separation",
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"content": "\u003cp>Last week, Democratic attorneys general in 17 states and the District of Columbia \u003ca href=\"https://agportal-s3bucket.s3.amazonaws.com/uploadedfiles/Another/News/Press_Releases/complaint_6.pdf\">filed a lawsuit\u003c/a> against the Trump administration, arguing that its family separation policy violated the due process and equal protection clauses of the Fifth Amendment. Now, in a new filing, they’re asking the federal government to provide more immediate information and access to those detained under the policy on an “expedited schedule.”[contextly_sidebar id=\"Ia0vmAO4LjpX4fPD28WIz4H7lzlRAfCw\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The motion \u003ca href=\"https://ag.ny.gov/sites/default/files/child_declarations.pdf\">filed Monday\u003c/a> came with more than 900 pages of declarations that included personal testimonies from parents, children and other family members who were directly impacted by the Trump policy. It also included declarations from the state attorneys general offices, elected representatives, advocates and child and immigration experts who have dealt with families separated at the border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump signed an executive order on June 20, halting the separation practice and ordering families to be detained together instead. But in a statement, the attorneys general criticized the administration’s response. “Hundreds of separated parents are in federal custody and the Administration can move them to other facilities at any time without notice,” they said in the statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The PBS NewsHour reached out to the federal agencies involved in the separation of families at the border — the Departments of Homeland Security and Health and Human Services; U.S. Customs and Border Protection, and U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement — for a response. All said they were unable to comment on ongoing litigation. The Department of Justice also declined to comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health and Human Services Secretary Alex Azar said Thursday the agency was prepared to reunite separated children with their parents, and would prioritize children under age 5 starting next week. But Azar, speaking to reporters, said families that have been reunited could still experience long stays in detention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s unclear how the lawsuit filed by the attorneys general would impact the administration’s efforts to reunify separated families.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NewsHour read through all 99 declarations and pulled 12 that offer a window into what’s has been happening under the family separation policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Parents Say\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“(My son) is not the same since we were reunited. I thought that, because he is so young he would not be traumatized by this experience, but he does not separate from me. He cries when he does not see me. That behavior is not normal. In El Salvador he would stay with his dad or my sister and not cry. Now he cries for fear of being alone.”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Olivia Caceres was separated from her 1-year-old son in November at a legal point of entry. The boy’s father, who was seeking asylum, remains detained, Caceres said. It took three months for Caceres to get her son back from government custody. According to her testimony, she said that after reuniting with her toddler, “he continued to cry when we got home and would hold on to my leg and would not let me go. When I took off his clothes he was full of dirt and lice. It seemed like they had not bathed him the 85 days he was away from us.”[contextly_sidebar id=\"1wKaQAyAkuqMNlxTuDwuLOdhBF0iL0do\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“They told me to sign a consent form to take my daughter, but that it did not matter whether or not I signed, because they were going to take her either way.”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Angelica Rebeca Gonzalez-Garcia was apprehended and separated from her 7-year-old daughter in May. She hasn’t seen her since. She said officers at the border told her she would never see her daughter again, and that she had “‘endangered’ her by bringing her here,” she wrote. “I cannot express the pain and fear I felt at that point,” she wrote. Gonzalez-Garcia said she has spoken by phone to her daughter, who is currently in a shelter and said that she had been hit by a boy, was bruised and had gotten sick there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“…One of the officers asked me, “In Guatemala do they celebrate Mother’s Day?” When I answered yes he said, “then Happy Mother’s Day” because the next Sunday was Mother’s Day. I lowered my head so that my daughter would not see the tears forming in my eyes. That particular act of cruelty astonished me then as it does now. I could not understand why they hated me so much, or wanted to hurt me so much,” she wrote as part of her statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“For eight days I was held in a small room with over 60 men. We called it The Freezer because the air conditioning was so strong that we felt like ice. The men got sick inside and we had to sleep, use the toilet, and pass the time all in the same tiny room.”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— “L. Doe,” the father to a 5-year-old son and 1.5-year-old daughter, wrote that he and his family presented themselves at a port of entry to apply for asylum. They were separated immediately. He remains in detention. “My thoughts run in circles, and I feel as though I am going to lose my mind. I need to see my family and take care of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“[The children] did not have shoes or blankets in the detention center, and there were people in the cells that had to sleep standing up. They did not have enough to eat either, and could not drink the water, because of the chlorine they added to it … the incarcerated children were insulted – called named such as “animals” and “donkeys.”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Ludin Jimenez said she was separated from her children, age 9 and 17, when she crossed the border in May seeking asylum. The family was reunited June 28 in Boston. She wrote that she was kept in a cell with nearly 50 other mothers. “The officers told them that they could not eat because they were asking about their children. There was a pregnant woman who fainted from hunger.”[contextly_sidebar id=\"kgvbnXUJ4dTVqfuwXPRufwHcqHZbww8t\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to her statement, Jimenez was not allowed “to bathe or brush her teeth for the eight days that she spent in the ‘dog pound.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There was an immigration officer who was a good person. He said that he understood what was going on, but could not help. He brought them cookies, since he knew they did not get enough to eat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“I am worried about M.’s mental health when he learns that we have to start the process again and that he is not going to be released soon.”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Francisco Serrano, a Washington, D.C., resident whose niece Maria crossed the U.S. border at San Ysidro in Southern California with her two children, age 2 and 7, as part of a caravan. A week later, a shelter called Serrano, informing him that Maria was going to separated from her children, and that she had asked for Serrano to be a sponsor. Serrano describes trying to become an approved sponsor as a process marked by complications and insufficient communication. In June, he said a social worker told him he would have to restart the sponsorship process again “because the rules changed.” Maria is on her way to Washington, D.C., but the boys are still in custody.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 7-year-old, identified in the declaration as “M.”, “asked me why I had not picked him up yet,” Serrano wrote. “The social worker told me that [he] is depressed and asked me for words of encouragement to cheer him up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Officials Say\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“The guards would wake all the girls up at 4 a.m. to count them by kicking on their mats. … G cried when she told me she kept hoping her mother would show up to take her out of that horrible place, but that never happened. … G overheard a girl asking to make a phone call to her family, but she was told they did not allow girls to make phone calls while detained.\"\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Alma Poletti, an investigator for Washington’s attorney general, interviewed eight children who were separated from their families and sent to the Seattle area for care and detention. “The place was freezing …The girls placed their mats in the floor very close to one another, since there was not enough space to fit them more comfortably. Girls as young as 3 years old were detained in this place and without their mothers,” Poletti wrote. She said one girl, 14, referred to as “G,” “felt hungry most of the time she was there because the food they provided her wasn’t good in quality or quantity.” “G” couldn’t sleep through the night, Poletti added.[contextly_sidebar id=\"tuJ0OrkOp5NgO3h12FPqNLMIK4Avv8wi\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“The placement of children with sponsors who have not been subject to the degree of evaluation and screening required by New Jersey law in all other circumstances substantially increases the risk that such children will be abuse or neglected.”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Christine Norbut-Beyer, the commissioner of the New Jersey Department of Children and Families, said the Office of Refugee Resettlement’s rules for taking care of children placed in foster care are less rigorous than state laws in New Jersey. “The home study requirements in ORR policy also fall short of requirements imposed by New Jersey law on all other foster care or adoptive placements in the state,” she wrote. “This is important because it shows that a child’s conditions in custody under ORR might meet federal guidelines, but don’t meet state laws.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“ORR does not provide information to [relevant state agencies] about the specific location or placement of unaccompanied minors.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Marcela Ruiz, the chief of the Immigration and Refugees Program Branch of the California Department of Social Services, added in her statement that “state-funded programs that serve unaccompanied minors in California rely on the State’s funding to support outreach, identification, and referral services.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Advocates Say\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“I simply cannot believe that my government could have done this to these people.”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Taylor Levy, the legal coordinator for the nonprofit Annunciation House, testified that he had worked with asylum seekers at the border for nine years. “I have borne witness to countless stories of rape, torture and murder. Despite all of this, I have never been as emotionally impacted by anything as intensely as I have been working with these mothers and fathers as they desperately struggle to be reunited with their minor children.”[contextly_sidebar id=\"eILFCrc43gQ59B9CldIZ5zJbSKdKYrsu\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“It is evident to [Kids in Need of Defense] that there is no consistent policy for ensuring communication among separated children and parents.”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Jennifer Podkul, policy director for KIND, which provides legal assistance to children in immigration court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Medical Experts Say\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“Prolonged stress (also known as toxic stress) can permanently disrupt the structure and function of a child’s developing brain. These changes can manifest as greater likelihood of adopting unhealthy behaviors (e.g., smoking and illicit drug use), increased risk of diseases (e.g., obesity, heart disease and cancer), depression and socioeconomic inequalities.”[contextly_sidebar id=\"9mLnptrV4HdboTqxlLswdf057Cx9ZcrZ\"]\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Howard Zucker, the Commissioner of the New York State Department of Health. In a separate testimony, Mitchell Katz, president and CEO of New York City’s public health care system, said that “NYC Health + Hospitals have treated several children who, based upon information provided to us in the course of taking patient histories, were separated from their families at the southwestern United States border … for such condition as asthma, strep throat, and suicidal ideation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Lawmakers Say\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“Both men visibly struggled to maintain their composure while recounting the trauma that they experienced since coming to the United States and ultimately broke down into tears. Our interpreter too broke down into tears, finding their stories too painful to bear.”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Rep. C.A. Dutch Ruppersberger, a Democratic congressman for Maryland, visited a detention center last month in Glen Burnie, Maryland, while the Trump administration was still separating children under its “zero tolerance” policy. There, he met two men who had been separated from their children under the policy. One of the men, identified as Carlos, fled Honduras with his 7-year-old son and reached the U.S. border at El Paso, Texas. He was arrested by border agents in March. The father, who said he was fleeing gang violence, wanted to claim asylum at the port of entry. Days later, Carlos was separated from his son. “Three months passed before Carlos was able to speak to his son again,” according to Ruppersberger’s testimony.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Carlos had the foresight to make his son memorize a relative’s phone number before they left Honduras. As a result, his son was able to contact the relative, who connected him to another family member in the United States. Carlos still did not know when he would be able to see his son again,” the congressman added.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Last week, Democratic attorneys general in 17 states and the District of Columbia \u003ca href=\"https://agportal-s3bucket.s3.amazonaws.com/uploadedfiles/Another/News/Press_Releases/complaint_6.pdf\">filed a lawsuit\u003c/a> against the Trump administration, arguing that its family separation policy violated the due process and equal protection clauses of the Fifth Amendment. Now, in a new filing, they’re asking the federal government to provide more immediate information and access to those detained under the policy on an “expedited schedule.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The motion \u003ca href=\"https://ag.ny.gov/sites/default/files/child_declarations.pdf\">filed Monday\u003c/a> came with more than 900 pages of declarations that included personal testimonies from parents, children and other family members who were directly impacted by the Trump policy. It also included declarations from the state attorneys general offices, elected representatives, advocates and child and immigration experts who have dealt with families separated at the border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump signed an executive order on June 20, halting the separation practice and ordering families to be detained together instead. But in a statement, the attorneys general criticized the administration’s response. “Hundreds of separated parents are in federal custody and the Administration can move them to other facilities at any time without notice,” they said in the statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The PBS NewsHour reached out to the federal agencies involved in the separation of families at the border — the Departments of Homeland Security and Health and Human Services; U.S. Customs and Border Protection, and U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement — for a response. All said they were unable to comment on ongoing litigation. The Department of Justice also declined to comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health and Human Services Secretary Alex Azar said Thursday the agency was prepared to reunite separated children with their parents, and would prioritize children under age 5 starting next week. But Azar, speaking to reporters, said families that have been reunited could still experience long stays in detention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s unclear how the lawsuit filed by the attorneys general would impact the administration’s efforts to reunify separated families.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NewsHour read through all 99 declarations and pulled 12 that offer a window into what’s has been happening under the family separation policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Parents Say\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“(My son) is not the same since we were reunited. I thought that, because he is so young he would not be traumatized by this experience, but he does not separate from me. He cries when he does not see me. That behavior is not normal. In El Salvador he would stay with his dad or my sister and not cry. Now he cries for fear of being alone.”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Olivia Caceres was separated from her 1-year-old son in November at a legal point of entry. The boy’s father, who was seeking asylum, remains detained, Caceres said. It took three months for Caceres to get her son back from government custody. According to her testimony, she said that after reuniting with her toddler, “he continued to cry when we got home and would hold on to my leg and would not let me go. When I took off his clothes he was full of dirt and lice. It seemed like they had not bathed him the 85 days he was away from us.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“They told me to sign a consent form to take my daughter, but that it did not matter whether or not I signed, because they were going to take her either way.”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Angelica Rebeca Gonzalez-Garcia was apprehended and separated from her 7-year-old daughter in May. She hasn’t seen her since. She said officers at the border told her she would never see her daughter again, and that she had “‘endangered’ her by bringing her here,” she wrote. “I cannot express the pain and fear I felt at that point,” she wrote. Gonzalez-Garcia said she has spoken by phone to her daughter, who is currently in a shelter and said that she had been hit by a boy, was bruised and had gotten sick there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“…One of the officers asked me, “In Guatemala do they celebrate Mother’s Day?” When I answered yes he said, “then Happy Mother’s Day” because the next Sunday was Mother’s Day. I lowered my head so that my daughter would not see the tears forming in my eyes. That particular act of cruelty astonished me then as it does now. I could not understand why they hated me so much, or wanted to hurt me so much,” she wrote as part of her statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“For eight days I was held in a small room with over 60 men. We called it The Freezer because the air conditioning was so strong that we felt like ice. The men got sick inside and we had to sleep, use the toilet, and pass the time all in the same tiny room.”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— “L. Doe,” the father to a 5-year-old son and 1.5-year-old daughter, wrote that he and his family presented themselves at a port of entry to apply for asylum. They were separated immediately. He remains in detention. “My thoughts run in circles, and I feel as though I am going to lose my mind. I need to see my family and take care of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“[The children] did not have shoes or blankets in the detention center, and there were people in the cells that had to sleep standing up. They did not have enough to eat either, and could not drink the water, because of the chlorine they added to it … the incarcerated children were insulted – called named such as “animals” and “donkeys.”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Ludin Jimenez said she was separated from her children, age 9 and 17, when she crossed the border in May seeking asylum. The family was reunited June 28 in Boston. She wrote that she was kept in a cell with nearly 50 other mothers. “The officers told them that they could not eat because they were asking about their children. There was a pregnant woman who fainted from hunger.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to her statement, Jimenez was not allowed “to bathe or brush her teeth for the eight days that she spent in the ‘dog pound.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There was an immigration officer who was a good person. He said that he understood what was going on, but could not help. He brought them cookies, since he knew they did not get enough to eat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“I am worried about M.’s mental health when he learns that we have to start the process again and that he is not going to be released soon.”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Francisco Serrano, a Washington, D.C., resident whose niece Maria crossed the U.S. border at San Ysidro in Southern California with her two children, age 2 and 7, as part of a caravan. A week later, a shelter called Serrano, informing him that Maria was going to separated from her children, and that she had asked for Serrano to be a sponsor. Serrano describes trying to become an approved sponsor as a process marked by complications and insufficient communication. In June, he said a social worker told him he would have to restart the sponsorship process again “because the rules changed.” Maria is on her way to Washington, D.C., but the boys are still in custody.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 7-year-old, identified in the declaration as “M.”, “asked me why I had not picked him up yet,” Serrano wrote. “The social worker told me that [he] is depressed and asked me for words of encouragement to cheer him up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Officials Say\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“The guards would wake all the girls up at 4 a.m. to count them by kicking on their mats. … G cried when she told me she kept hoping her mother would show up to take her out of that horrible place, but that never happened. … G overheard a girl asking to make a phone call to her family, but she was told they did not allow girls to make phone calls while detained.\"\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Alma Poletti, an investigator for Washington’s attorney general, interviewed eight children who were separated from their families and sent to the Seattle area for care and detention. “The place was freezing …The girls placed their mats in the floor very close to one another, since there was not enough space to fit them more comfortably. Girls as young as 3 years old were detained in this place and without their mothers,” Poletti wrote. She said one girl, 14, referred to as “G,” “felt hungry most of the time she was there because the food they provided her wasn’t good in quality or quantity.” “G” couldn’t sleep through the night, Poletti added.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“The placement of children with sponsors who have not been subject to the degree of evaluation and screening required by New Jersey law in all other circumstances substantially increases the risk that such children will be abuse or neglected.”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Christine Norbut-Beyer, the commissioner of the New Jersey Department of Children and Families, said the Office of Refugee Resettlement’s rules for taking care of children placed in foster care are less rigorous than state laws in New Jersey. “The home study requirements in ORR policy also fall short of requirements imposed by New Jersey law on all other foster care or adoptive placements in the state,” she wrote. “This is important because it shows that a child’s conditions in custody under ORR might meet federal guidelines, but don’t meet state laws.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“ORR does not provide information to [relevant state agencies] about the specific location or placement of unaccompanied minors.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Marcela Ruiz, the chief of the Immigration and Refugees Program Branch of the California Department of Social Services, added in her statement that “state-funded programs that serve unaccompanied minors in California rely on the State’s funding to support outreach, identification, and referral services.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Advocates Say\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“I simply cannot believe that my government could have done this to these people.”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Taylor Levy, the legal coordinator for the nonprofit Annunciation House, testified that he had worked with asylum seekers at the border for nine years. “I have borne witness to countless stories of rape, torture and murder. Despite all of this, I have never been as emotionally impacted by anything as intensely as I have been working with these mothers and fathers as they desperately struggle to be reunited with their minor children.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“It is evident to [Kids in Need of Defense] that there is no consistent policy for ensuring communication among separated children and parents.”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Jennifer Podkul, policy director for KIND, which provides legal assistance to children in immigration court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Medical Experts Say\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“Prolonged stress (also known as toxic stress) can permanently disrupt the structure and function of a child’s developing brain. These changes can manifest as greater likelihood of adopting unhealthy behaviors (e.g., smoking and illicit drug use), increased risk of diseases (e.g., obesity, heart disease and cancer), depression and socioeconomic inequalities.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Howard Zucker, the Commissioner of the New York State Department of Health. In a separate testimony, Mitchell Katz, president and CEO of New York City’s public health care system, said that “NYC Health + Hospitals have treated several children who, based upon information provided to us in the course of taking patient histories, were separated from their families at the southwestern United States border … for such condition as asthma, strep throat, and suicidal ideation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Lawmakers Say\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“Both men visibly struggled to maintain their composure while recounting the trauma that they experienced since coming to the United States and ultimately broke down into tears. Our interpreter too broke down into tears, finding their stories too painful to bear.”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Rep. C.A. Dutch Ruppersberger, a Democratic congressman for Maryland, visited a detention center last month in Glen Burnie, Maryland, while the Trump administration was still separating children under its “zero tolerance” policy. There, he met two men who had been separated from their children under the policy. One of the men, identified as Carlos, fled Honduras with his 7-year-old son and reached the U.S. border at El Paso, Texas. He was arrested by border agents in March. The father, who said he was fleeing gang violence, wanted to claim asylum at the port of entry. Days later, Carlos was separated from his son. “Three months passed before Carlos was able to speak to his son again,” according to Ruppersberger’s testimony.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Carlos had the foresight to make his son memorize a relative’s phone number before they left Honduras. As a result, his son was able to contact the relative, who connected him to another family member in the United States. Carlos still did not know when he would be able to see his son again,” the congressman added.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "How More Carbon Dioxide In The Air Could Lead To More Human Disease",
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"content": "\u003cp>The rising level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere means that crops are becoming less nutritious, and that change could lead to higher rates of malnutrition that predispose people to various diseases.[contextly_sidebar id=\"18DdwLKMm3290tNryCRK774LRYsmWfgG\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That conclusion comes from an \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1002586\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">analysis published Tuesday\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>PLOS Medicine\u003c/em>, which also examined how the risk could be alleviated. In the end, cutting emissions, and not public health initiatives, may be the best response, according to the paper's authors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research has already shown that crops like wheat and rice \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2018/06/19/616098095/as-carbon-dioxide-levels-rise-major-crops-are-losing-nutrients\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">produce lower levels\u003c/a> of essential nutrients when exposed to higher levels of carbon dioxide, thanks to \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/nature13179\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">experiments that artificially increased\u003c/a> CO\u003csub>2 \u003c/sub>concentrations in agricultural fields. While plants grew bigger, they also had lower concentrations of minerals like iron and zinc.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fewer nutrients in crops means fewer nutrients in food. People who don't get enough of the right nutrients are more likely to get sick. For instance, kids who don't get enough zinc are more likely to contract diseases like malaria, pneumonia and diarrhea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A multidisciplinary research team from Stanford put the puzzle pieces together and saw a potentially disturbing chain of events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We expect nutrient deficiencies to really increase dramatically from higher carbon dioxide in the atmosphere,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.stanford.edu/sanjay-basu\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Sanjay Basu\u003c/a>, assistant professor of medicine at Stanford University School of Medicine and one of the study's authors. \"In the long run, I think it's likely to cause some chronic problems we haven't prepared for.[contextly_sidebar id=\"gbrVwU339i9MY8FcRt5VLY49cSGDWBoP\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But how many more people would get sick, and what could be done to keep that from happening?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To answer this question, the researchers took the data we already know about carbon dioxide and crop nutrients and extended it to future CO\u003csub>2 \u003c/sub>concentrations. Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations are expected to rise from 400 parts per million to 550 ppm by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assuming people keep eating the same things, the researchers were able to predict how many more people would become nutrient-deficient as a result of their less nutritious diets. From there, the researchers then inferred changes in disease rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results suggest that rising CO\u003csub>2 \u003c/sub>will cost the world roughly 125 million \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/metrics_daly/en/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">disability-adjusted life years \u003c/a> – which are roughly equivalent to a year of healthy life – because of higher rates of disease between now and 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That number can be hard to wrap your head around, but \u003ca href=\"http://environment.harvard.edu/about/faculty/samuel-myers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Samuel Myers\u003c/a>, senior research scientist at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, says that it's in line with previous estimates of \"somewhere between 100-200 million people being pushed into risk of deficiency.\" Myers has authored several papers on the effect of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> on crop nutrition but wasn't involved in this study.[contextly_sidebar id=\"ee6yiCbpEDk7gwPD6za9z5kFstu6Rpw1\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the people affected would be in areas prone to malnutrition in Southeast Asia and Africa. Developed regions, such as Europe and North America, are unlikely to be heavily affected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next, the researchers simulated what would happen if countries took steps to mitigate the threat, such as reducing CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> emissions in line with the Paris Agreement on climate, or passing out zinc pills to affected populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers found that roughly half of the added disease burden could be avoided if CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> levels were cut to levels stipulated by the Paris Agreement—480 ppm. But public health initiatives, like iron distribution or malaria mitigation, would only reduce the problem by a 20 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Some of the climate change mitigation policies might be even more effective than public health measures to help avert this problem,\" states Basu.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mathematical biologist \u003ca href=\"https://www.bryanhealthcollege.edu/bcohs/faculty-staff-directory/general-education-faculty/meet-irakli/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Irakli Loladze\u003c/a>, an associate professor at the Bryan College of Health Sciences in Lincoln, Neb., says that this is the study's most important finding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The novel part is their estimate for the effects of various interventions,\" Loladze explains. \"What's interesting is that interventions such as zinc or iron supplementation actually have little effect.\"[contextly_sidebar id=\"MNakSRCGNFeTp3zbsPB3MtlGmpM34QQu\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although it's tempting to believe that nutrient deficiencies are easily solved, Loladze points out it's often difficult. \"Many will often say, 'Hey, let's just do supplementation. Everybody will take a pill.' Which of course is very naive thinking,\" Loladze says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He cites iodine as an example. Iodine deficiency has been effectively treated in many places by adding iodine to food staples like salt. Still, hundreds of millions of people remain iodine deficient because their governments lack the money to implement such large-scale health programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other warn against taking the authors' estimates of disease burden too literally. Predictive models are only as good as the numbers they use, and some of the estimates plugged into the model are murkier than others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We don't have highly accurate information about what everyone in the world is eating,\" says Harvard's Myers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Myers also highlights the difficulty of linking diet to nutrient deficiency, since the absorption of many nutrients – especially iron – is influenced by a variety of factors such as personal health and whether food contains iron-binding compounds that inhibit absorption. Still, Myers emphasizes that the numbers used in the study are the best we've got.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few things could happen to keep the predictions from coming true. Carbon dioxide emissions could be cut, and global diets could shift. Diets have \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014067361360776X\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">changed dramatically \u003c/a>in places like China, where more people are eating meat, a better source of iron than most plant-based foods. Additionally, Myers notes that some crop varieties appear resistant to the CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>-associated decrease in nutrition, and those varieties could provide the foundation for agricultural production in an increasingly CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>-rich atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The burden of addressing nutrient deficiency is not likely to fall on the people most responsible for the change. In the end, the study highlights how the habits of affluent countries trickle down to affect the world's poor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's the wealthy people in the world who are emitting lots of carbon dioxide,\" Myers says. \"Wealthy consumption patterns are putting the poorest, most vulnerable people in harm's way.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+More+Carbon+Dioxide+In+The+Air+Could+Lead+To+More+Human+Disease&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The rising level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere means that crops are becoming less nutritious, and that change could lead to higher rates of malnutrition that predispose people to various diseases.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That conclusion comes from an \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1002586\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">analysis published Tuesday\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>PLOS Medicine\u003c/em>, which also examined how the risk could be alleviated. In the end, cutting emissions, and not public health initiatives, may be the best response, according to the paper's authors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research has already shown that crops like wheat and rice \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2018/06/19/616098095/as-carbon-dioxide-levels-rise-major-crops-are-losing-nutrients\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">produce lower levels\u003c/a> of essential nutrients when exposed to higher levels of carbon dioxide, thanks to \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/nature13179\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">experiments that artificially increased\u003c/a> CO\u003csub>2 \u003c/sub>concentrations in agricultural fields. While plants grew bigger, they also had lower concentrations of minerals like iron and zinc.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fewer nutrients in crops means fewer nutrients in food. People who don't get enough of the right nutrients are more likely to get sick. For instance, kids who don't get enough zinc are more likely to contract diseases like malaria, pneumonia and diarrhea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A multidisciplinary research team from Stanford put the puzzle pieces together and saw a potentially disturbing chain of events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We expect nutrient deficiencies to really increase dramatically from higher carbon dioxide in the atmosphere,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.stanford.edu/sanjay-basu\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Sanjay Basu\u003c/a>, assistant professor of medicine at Stanford University School of Medicine and one of the study's authors. \"In the long run, I think it's likely to cause some chronic problems we haven't prepared for.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But how many more people would get sick, and what could be done to keep that from happening?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To answer this question, the researchers took the data we already know about carbon dioxide and crop nutrients and extended it to future CO\u003csub>2 \u003c/sub>concentrations. Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations are expected to rise from 400 parts per million to 550 ppm by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assuming people keep eating the same things, the researchers were able to predict how many more people would become nutrient-deficient as a result of their less nutritious diets. From there, the researchers then inferred changes in disease rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results suggest that rising CO\u003csub>2 \u003c/sub>will cost the world roughly 125 million \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/metrics_daly/en/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">disability-adjusted life years \u003c/a> – which are roughly equivalent to a year of healthy life – because of higher rates of disease between now and 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That number can be hard to wrap your head around, but \u003ca href=\"http://environment.harvard.edu/about/faculty/samuel-myers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Samuel Myers\u003c/a>, senior research scientist at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, says that it's in line with previous estimates of \"somewhere between 100-200 million people being pushed into risk of deficiency.\" Myers has authored several papers on the effect of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> on crop nutrition but wasn't involved in this study.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the people affected would be in areas prone to malnutrition in Southeast Asia and Africa. Developed regions, such as Europe and North America, are unlikely to be heavily affected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next, the researchers simulated what would happen if countries took steps to mitigate the threat, such as reducing CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> emissions in line with the Paris Agreement on climate, or passing out zinc pills to affected populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers found that roughly half of the added disease burden could be avoided if CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> levels were cut to levels stipulated by the Paris Agreement—480 ppm. But public health initiatives, like iron distribution or malaria mitigation, would only reduce the problem by a 20 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Some of the climate change mitigation policies might be even more effective than public health measures to help avert this problem,\" states Basu.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mathematical biologist \u003ca href=\"https://www.bryanhealthcollege.edu/bcohs/faculty-staff-directory/general-education-faculty/meet-irakli/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Irakli Loladze\u003c/a>, an associate professor at the Bryan College of Health Sciences in Lincoln, Neb., says that this is the study's most important finding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The novel part is their estimate for the effects of various interventions,\" Loladze explains. \"What's interesting is that interventions such as zinc or iron supplementation actually have little effect.\"\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although it's tempting to believe that nutrient deficiencies are easily solved, Loladze points out it's often difficult. \"Many will often say, 'Hey, let's just do supplementation. Everybody will take a pill.' Which of course is very naive thinking,\" Loladze says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He cites iodine as an example. Iodine deficiency has been effectively treated in many places by adding iodine to food staples like salt. Still, hundreds of millions of people remain iodine deficient because their governments lack the money to implement such large-scale health programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other warn against taking the authors' estimates of disease burden too literally. Predictive models are only as good as the numbers they use, and some of the estimates plugged into the model are murkier than others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We don't have highly accurate information about what everyone in the world is eating,\" says Harvard's Myers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Myers also highlights the difficulty of linking diet to nutrient deficiency, since the absorption of many nutrients – especially iron – is influenced by a variety of factors such as personal health and whether food contains iron-binding compounds that inhibit absorption. Still, Myers emphasizes that the numbers used in the study are the best we've got.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few things could happen to keep the predictions from coming true. Carbon dioxide emissions could be cut, and global diets could shift. Diets have \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014067361360776X\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">changed dramatically \u003c/a>in places like China, where more people are eating meat, a better source of iron than most plant-based foods. Additionally, Myers notes that some crop varieties appear resistant to the CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>-associated decrease in nutrition, and those varieties could provide the foundation for agricultural production in an increasingly CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>-rich atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The burden of addressing nutrient deficiency is not likely to fall on the people most responsible for the change. In the end, the study highlights how the habits of affluent countries trickle down to affect the world's poor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's the wealthy people in the world who are emitting lots of carbon dioxide,\" Myers says. \"Wealthy consumption patterns are putting the poorest, most vulnerable people in harm's way.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+More+Carbon+Dioxide+In+The+Air+Could+Lead+To+More+Human+Disease&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The mother of a girl at the center of a medical and religious debate over brain death said she does not regret moving from California to New Jersey so her daughter could receive care after being declared dead.[contextly_sidebar id=\"23Ay0lmvAahQPeVvigzIETSKtEkm43UJ\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nailah Winkfield told reporters Tuesday that she gave up everything for daughter Jahi McMath.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everything that I did, from selling my house, to quitting my job, to moving across the country and taking all that time away from my family, it was all worth it,” Winkfield said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She has said doctors declared Jahi dead on June 22 from excessive bleeding and liver failure after an operation to treat an intestinal issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jahi had been declared dead in December 2013 at age 13 after suffering irreversible brain damage during surgery in California to remove her tonsils. A coroner signed a death certificate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winkfield refused to accept the conclusion and took Jahi to New Jersey, which accommodates religions that don’t recognize brain death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winkfield said Tuesday that her daughter grew and went through puberty — evidence she was not dead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s no way in the world that I would be holding onto a corpse for 4½ years,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She also described her final moments with Jahi. Winkfield said she gave her daughter permission to “go” if she was tired, telling her not to worry about her mom.[contextly_sidebar id=\"aYsDGYXXZXPDLEprrXkMdRXaPOQCyavj\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I said, ‘You have my permission. You can go,’” she said. “I said, ‘My husband will see about me, your siblings will see about me. Don’t worry.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said Jahi died hours later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to be hard without her,” she said. “She was a sweet girl.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jahi will be buried Friday in Hayward, California, the San Francisco Chronicle \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Family-of-Jahi-McMath-gets-approval-to-bury-their-13047928.php\">reported\u003c/a> .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conservative religious groups rallied behind Winkfield and helped raise money for Jahi’s continued care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winkfield and her lawyers have been trying to rescind the California death certificate as part of a medical malpractice lawsuit against the hospital where Jahi had her tonsillectomy.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winkfield refused to accept the conclusion and took Jahi to New Jersey, which accommodates religions that don’t recognize brain death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winkfield said Tuesday that her daughter grew and went through puberty — evidence she was not dead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s no way in the world that I would be holding onto a corpse for 4½ years,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She also described her final moments with Jahi. Winkfield said she gave her daughter permission to “go” if she was tired, telling her not to worry about her mom.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I said, ‘You have my permission. You can go,’” she said. “I said, ‘My husband will see about me, your siblings will see about me. Don’t worry.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said Jahi died hours later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to be hard without her,” she said. “She was a sweet girl.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jahi will be buried Friday in Hayward, California, the San Francisco Chronicle \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Family-of-Jahi-McMath-gets-approval-to-bury-their-13047928.php\">reported\u003c/a> .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conservative religious groups rallied behind Winkfield and helped raise money for Jahi’s continued care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winkfield and her lawyers have been trying to rescind the California death certificate as part of a medical malpractice lawsuit against the hospital where Jahi had her tonsillectomy.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The study participants read short accounts of violent behavior: In one, a man smashed a beer bottle over someone’s head; in another, an assailant raped an acquaintance.[contextly_sidebar id=\"gKdycmp0KoVJxcxC1F1K6WdKxrJ9rXZI\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They were then asked: \u003cem>Would you do that?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The day before, half of them had had the frontmost region of their brains, responsible for such high-level functions as impulse control and moral judgments, electrically stimulated; the other half had not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The people whose prefrontal cortex was stimulated reported roughly half the likelihood of committing a violent act like the ones they watched, scientists at the University of Pennsylvania reported on Monday; they said they found such physical and sexual violence more morally wrong, compared with the control group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers hailed their results as evidence that “increasing activity in the prefrontal cortex can reduce intentions to commit aggression and enhance perceptions of moral judgment,” as they wrote in the Journal of Neuroscience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other experts said the results were far less than advertised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re a long way from ‘Clockwork Orange,’” said Dr. Paul Appelbaum, director of the Division of Law, Ethics, and Psychiatry at Columbia University’s Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the study, the Penn researchers randomly assigned 81 healthy adults (the average ago was 20) to receive “transcranial direct-current stimulation” of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, behind the top of the forehead, for 20 minutes via two scalp electrodes, or to get a low current for 30 seconds and then nothing, also via electrodes. Participants couldn’t tell if they were receiving the stimulation or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers aimed at the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex because dozens of small neuro-imaging studies have \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2784035/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a> that in people deemed antisocial or aggressive or both, this region is typically smaller and less active than in other people. Such studies can’t tell whether an impaired prefrontal cortex causes aggression or vice versa, so the Penn study, a registered \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02427672\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">clinical trial\u003c/a>, tried to figure that out.[contextly_sidebar id=\"dnHIsBbKjxIupKuLmg7VYu4mKCZSmb4l\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next day, participants read one vignette about the beer-bottle assault and one about the rape, and rated how likely they were (from “no chance” to “definitely”) to act as the assaulter did. The brain-stimulated group reported a 47 percent lower likelihood that they would commit the non-sexual physical assault (1.15 vs. 2.19 on a scale of 0 to 10) and a 70 percent lower likelihood of committing the sexual assault (0.26 vs. 0.86) compared with the control group. The brain-stimulated group also rated the assaults as more morally wrong than the control group did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But while the brain stimulation decreased people’s self-reported likelihood of committing assault, their actions indicated otherwise. In the only assessment of actual behavior, the participants got to stick pins into a computer image of a doll representing a close friend, a common lab test of violent tendencies. Those whose prefrontal cortex was stimulated stuck in slightly more pins than the control group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What people say they will do with regard to violence and what they actually do may be two different things,” said Appelbaum. “Whether actual violence would be reduced [by brain stimulation] is unknown,” but “the data suggest no impact” on actual aggressive behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Olivia Choy, the paper’s lead author and now a psychologist at Nanyang Technological University in Singapore, emphasized that the participants got only one 20-minute stimulation session. “It might be that repeated sessions over a longer time period could produce changes in behavior, but changes in behavior start with changing intent,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to find benign biological interventions [for criminal violence] that society will accept,” Penn psychologist Adrian Raine, who has studied the brain basis of violence and psychopathy for decades, said in a statement. “Transcranial direct-current stimulation is minimal risk. This isn’t a frontal lobotomy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robin Mackenzie, a scholar of medical law and ethics at England’s University of Kent, called the study “promising and suggestive,” saying it “advances the field of biological interventions on antisocial and aggressive behavior.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she, too, noted several concerns. One is that the brain-stimulated group had 24 women and 15 men, compared with 21 and 21 in the control group. That raises the question of whether the zapped group’s lower likelihood of endorsing rape and beer-bottle attacks might be driven by gender differences, especially on what constitutes rape, Mackenzie said: “Asking female participants to identify with a rapist to assess how likely they would be to rape a woman is inherently different from asking male participants to do so….It is at the very least possible that the gender distribution could have skewed the results.”[contextly_sidebar id=\"APQk5r3dfTy6mLZEMSYpZsZfNmt4Z4Oq\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, the study participants had no history of psychiatric or neurologic disease or injury, all of which are associated with violent tendencies. But the brain mechanisms causing that violence in these groups may differ from the mechanisms in normal people. Results on healthy, non-violent college students therefore might not apply to people with such brain abnormalities. “How far tDCS could affect [such people] is an open question,” Mackenzie said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even if stimulation of the prefrontal cortex makes people express a heightened sense that violence is wrong, when they are asked their views the next day, it remains to be seen whether any such effect would last, or if people would have to be zapped frequently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regardless of its shortcomings, the study worries some experts. If governments adopt brain zapping for violent offenders, would it be voluntary or, just as some states and countries mandate chemical castration for some male sex offenders, mandatory? And would governments be tempted to extend its use beyond violence, such as “to induce passivity in politically unruly groups?,” Appelbaum asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Neurotechnologies which affect identity, ways of being, and thought processes are particularly tempting for authorities seeking to secure control and cut costs,” Mackenzie said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/07/02/brain-electric-stimulation-violence/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other experts said the results were far less than advertised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re a long way from ‘Clockwork Orange,’” said Dr. Paul Appelbaum, director of the Division of Law, Ethics, and Psychiatry at Columbia University’s Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the study, the Penn researchers randomly assigned 81 healthy adults (the average ago was 20) to receive “transcranial direct-current stimulation” of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, behind the top of the forehead, for 20 minutes via two scalp electrodes, or to get a low current for 30 seconds and then nothing, also via electrodes. 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"content": "\u003cp>Nearly 150 marijuana businesses in California warned Friday that they could face crippling financial losses unless the state extends a July 1 deadline imposing strict standards for pot testing and packaging.[contextly_sidebar id=”0fHd0AejefxNkJsARNFShg1Layhsilve”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a letter to Gov. Jerry Brown, the United Cannabis Business Association said the changes would further unsettle the struggling legal marketplace that launched Jan. 1, potentially forcing businesses to close their doors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trade group that represents cannabis companies said there are too few labs to handle the testing, and retailers would have to destroy vast amounts of unsold cannabis that does not meet the new standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Association president Jerred Kiloh estimated that businesses could face nearly $400 million in losses if those unsold supplies are destroyed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Forcing the industry into compliance … will further cripple the already struggling regulated market,” the letter said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, the state Bureau of Cannabis Control gave no indication it would consider rolling back the deadline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We issued our emergency regulations back in November, and at that time we were pretty clear about the fact that there would be a six-month transition period for retailers to use up their existing supply. We felt that was a sufficient amount of time to deplete stock on hand and adapt to California’s new rules,” agency spokesman Alex Traverso said in an email.[contextly_sidebar id=”024mYCqF9Xv8Y0Ohhnf1BPJQ8spoTbMY”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The regulations are being phased in six months after the state broadly legalized marijuana and required that pot sold after Saturday meets strict quality standards. With the deadline approaching, retailers have been unloading untested inventory at bargain-basement prices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rollout of the nation’s largest legal pot market has been bumpy at best. The black market is still flourishing, and the industry complains about taxes that can approach 50 percent in some areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others fear a shortage of retailers for both adult-use and medicinal marijuana could shut down the supply chain, stranding growers with mountains of unsold pot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is operating under temporary regulations, while the largest city, Los Angeles, has been slow to issue licenses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The change in rules was part of the state’s decision to allow the industry to get a running start at the beginning of the year. Shops were given six months to burn through supplies of cannabis and edibles produced without strict testing requirements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Any marijuana harvested this year, or for sale July 1, must meet quality and safety standards or be destroyed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The letter depicted an emerging industry that is struggling to find its footing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group said the 30 licensed labs that would test pot would be unable to handle demand, resulting in a shortage of products on shelves. A system intended to track plants from seed to sale has been delayed. And packaging companies are not ready to meet the new rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Customers and patients will turn to illicit market retailers and delivery services who will still have an abundance of products for sale. Licensed retailers will be forced to shut down,” the letter said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The businesses and advocacy groups that signed the letter represent a fraction of the state’s legal marketplace. For example, over 3,300 cultivation licenses have been issued, and there are more than 400 licensed retailers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Associated Press writer Brian Melley contributed to this report.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Nearly 150 marijuana businesses in California warned Friday that they could face crippling financial losses unless the state extends a July 1 deadline imposing strict standards for pot testing and packaging.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a letter to Gov. Jerry Brown, the United Cannabis Business Association said the changes would further unsettle the struggling legal marketplace that launched Jan. 1, potentially forcing businesses to close their doors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trade group that represents cannabis companies said there are too few labs to handle the testing, and retailers would have to destroy vast amounts of unsold cannabis that does not meet the new standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Association president Jerred Kiloh estimated that businesses could face nearly $400 million in losses if those unsold supplies are destroyed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Forcing the industry into compliance … will further cripple the already struggling regulated market,” the letter said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, the state Bureau of Cannabis Control gave no indication it would consider rolling back the deadline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We issued our emergency regulations back in November, and at that time we were pretty clear about the fact that there would be a six-month transition period for retailers to use up their existing supply. We felt that was a sufficient amount of time to deplete stock on hand and adapt to California’s new rules,” agency spokesman Alex Traverso said in an email.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The regulations are being phased in six months after the state broadly legalized marijuana and required that pot sold after Saturday meets strict quality standards. With the deadline approaching, retailers have been unloading untested inventory at bargain-basement prices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rollout of the nation’s largest legal pot market has been bumpy at best. The black market is still flourishing, and the industry complains about taxes that can approach 50 percent in some areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others fear a shortage of retailers for both adult-use and medicinal marijuana could shut down the supply chain, stranding growers with mountains of unsold pot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is operating under temporary regulations, while the largest city, Los Angeles, has been slow to issue licenses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The change in rules was part of the state’s decision to allow the industry to get a running start at the beginning of the year. Shops were given six months to burn through supplies of cannabis and edibles produced without strict testing requirements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Any marijuana harvested this year, or for sale July 1, must meet quality and safety standards or be destroyed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The letter depicted an emerging industry that is struggling to find its footing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group said the 30 licensed labs that would test pot would be unable to handle demand, resulting in a shortage of products on shelves. A system intended to track plants from seed to sale has been delayed. And packaging companies are not ready to meet the new rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Customers and patients will turn to illicit market retailers and delivery services who will still have an abundance of products for sale. Licensed retailers will be forced to shut down,” the letter said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The businesses and advocacy groups that signed the letter represent a fraction of the state’s legal marketplace. For example, over 3,300 cultivation licenses have been issued, and there are more than 400 licensed retailers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Associated Press writer Brian Melley contributed to this report.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "The Age Plateau: Study Suggests, At Certain Age, Risk of Death No Longer Increases",
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"content": "\u003cp>Humans are living longer than ever before. But does our species have a fixed shelf life, or could we prolong our lives indefinitely?[contextly_sidebar id=\"SE82E4G0jfBm3Ty2BPZtQeC1Q2URGkhF\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new study in \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.aat3119\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science\u003c/a> suggests that we haven’t yet hit our limit on longevity — findings that come amid a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/news/human-age-limit-claim-sparks-debate-1.20750\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">heated debate\u003c/a> on the question and that will almost surely be disputed by scientists who caution against putting too much hope in new advances in technology and medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Demographers looked at data from nearly 4,000 Italians above the age of 105 and noticed that, with each passing year, they were no more likely to die than they had been before reaching that age. In other words, after a certain age, the risk for death plateaus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re seeing death rates, among extreme ages, go down a little bit,” said Ken Wachter, a professor of demography and statistics at University of California, Berkeley, who helped lead the study. “That means we’re not coming up against a limit to lifespan.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2016 study examined global demographic data, and concluded that humans have an upper limit of 115 years — with an occasional outlier surpassing expectations. That paper, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/news/human-age-limit-claim-sparks-debate-1.20750\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published in Nature\u003c/a>, was rebutted in subsequent papers — with this latest paper serving, potentially, as another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s what the Science paper found: A person’s risk of dying gets statistically higher with each passing year — until they hit 80. The idea is that those who were less fit, in a Darwinian sense, die out before they hit extreme old age. The survivors, who have proven their mettle as hardy stock, wind up less likely to die with each passing year. After 80, the death rates actually begin to decelerate — and after 105, the death rates plateau, according to the Science study.[contextly_sidebar id=\"YLSkNwloHkug4PGaOdi82m9E00o7xkuz\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those who have survived to extreme old age — say, 110 years — aren’t any more likely to die than a person who is a few years younger. Rather, the idea is that the most genetically robust people survive into old age — and could potentially continue to live for an indefinite amount of time, if technology advances permit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper’s methodology is “well-done,” but sheds little new light on the concept of mortality plateaus, said Tom Kirkwood, associate dean for aging at the Newcastle University Institute for Aging. Furthermore, it observes trends of aging but does nothing to explain why some people live for such long stretches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This kind of demographic study cannot identify the reasons for an apparent plateau, which are rooted in biology and which so far remain elusive,” Kirkwood said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One scientific faction puts a hard stop on the human lifespan at 115 years. The 2016 paper in Nature found that the maximum reported age of death increased until the mid-1990s, then plateaued. That suggested that despite all the advances in technology since, the upper limit of age could not surpass 115. To increase the limit, scientists would have to develop interventions that would tackle aging on too many different fronts — and that’s just not possible with the current technology we have, said Jan Vijg, chair of genetics at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine and an author of the Nature paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vijg thinks that a mortality plateau observed in the latest research doesn’t disprove his paper.[contextly_sidebar id=\"q3Z6RZoUG6JjLbtDvzjWH1Vt9KhybMkM\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re very lucky as a human, have good genes, and are lucky to avoid diseases, you probably do have a higher chance to live just a little longer than others — that’s selection,” Vijg said. “But this is far from saying ‘since mortality no longer increases, that means that humans can continue to live longer and longer.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These people are still very close to death.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a strong business incentive behind the idea that there’s no limit on human longevity. Case in point: Just this week, AbbVie and Google parent company Alphabet said they’d pour an \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/06/26/google-calico-abbvie-aging/\">additional $1 billion\u003c/a> to fund Alphabet spinout Calico, which is working covertly on aging science. But not everyone accepts the premise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m not a believer that there is going to be some silver bullet, some magic drug or substance or intervention that will have a major impact on aging overall,” Wachter said. “The hope is that as we understand the interaction between genes and our behaviors, along with environments, toxins, and medicines, we’ll be able to better tune the life course for widespread improvements in lifespan.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humans have gradually been extending their lifespans over millennia — with the biggest leaps being made in the past century or so. But our genes, by and large, often date back to caveman times, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What that shows is that the way our bodies are put together, and our genetic heritage, is very permissive,” Wachter said. “We strongly believe that the patterns we’re seeing — which include this leveling out at extreme ages — partly reflect the processes of evolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/06/28/human-longevity-limits-aging/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Humans are living longer than ever before. But does our species have a fixed shelf life, or could we prolong our lives indefinitely?\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new study in \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.aat3119\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science\u003c/a> suggests that we haven’t yet hit our limit on longevity — findings that come amid a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/news/human-age-limit-claim-sparks-debate-1.20750\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">heated debate\u003c/a> on the question and that will almost surely be disputed by scientists who caution against putting too much hope in new advances in technology and medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Demographers looked at data from nearly 4,000 Italians above the age of 105 and noticed that, with each passing year, they were no more likely to die than they had been before reaching that age. In other words, after a certain age, the risk for death plateaus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re seeing death rates, among extreme ages, go down a little bit,” said Ken Wachter, a professor of demography and statistics at University of California, Berkeley, who helped lead the study. “That means we’re not coming up against a limit to lifespan.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2016 study examined global demographic data, and concluded that humans have an upper limit of 115 years — with an occasional outlier surpassing expectations. That paper, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/news/human-age-limit-claim-sparks-debate-1.20750\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published in Nature\u003c/a>, was rebutted in subsequent papers — with this latest paper serving, potentially, as another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s what the Science paper found: A person’s risk of dying gets statistically higher with each passing year — until they hit 80. The idea is that those who were less fit, in a Darwinian sense, die out before they hit extreme old age. The survivors, who have proven their mettle as hardy stock, wind up less likely to die with each passing year. After 80, the death rates actually begin to decelerate — and after 105, the death rates plateau, according to the Science study.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those who have survived to extreme old age — say, 110 years — aren’t any more likely to die than a person who is a few years younger. Rather, the idea is that the most genetically robust people survive into old age — and could potentially continue to live for an indefinite amount of time, if technology advances permit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper’s methodology is “well-done,” but sheds little new light on the concept of mortality plateaus, said Tom Kirkwood, associate dean for aging at the Newcastle University Institute for Aging. Furthermore, it observes trends of aging but does nothing to explain why some people live for such long stretches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This kind of demographic study cannot identify the reasons for an apparent plateau, which are rooted in biology and which so far remain elusive,” Kirkwood said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One scientific faction puts a hard stop on the human lifespan at 115 years. The 2016 paper in Nature found that the maximum reported age of death increased until the mid-1990s, then plateaued. That suggested that despite all the advances in technology since, the upper limit of age could not surpass 115. To increase the limit, scientists would have to develop interventions that would tackle aging on too many different fronts — and that’s just not possible with the current technology we have, said Jan Vijg, chair of genetics at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine and an author of the Nature paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vijg thinks that a mortality plateau observed in the latest research doesn’t disprove his paper.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re very lucky as a human, have good genes, and are lucky to avoid diseases, you probably do have a higher chance to live just a little longer than others — that’s selection,” Vijg said. “But this is far from saying ‘since mortality no longer increases, that means that humans can continue to live longer and longer.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These people are still very close to death.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a strong business incentive behind the idea that there’s no limit on human longevity. Case in point: Just this week, AbbVie and Google parent company Alphabet said they’d pour an \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/06/26/google-calico-abbvie-aging/\">additional $1 billion\u003c/a> to fund Alphabet spinout Calico, which is working covertly on aging science. But not everyone accepts the premise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m not a believer that there is going to be some silver bullet, some magic drug or substance or intervention that will have a major impact on aging overall,” Wachter said. “The hope is that as we understand the interaction between genes and our behaviors, along with environments, toxins, and medicines, we’ll be able to better tune the life course for widespread improvements in lifespan.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humans have gradually been extending their lifespans over millennia — with the biggest leaps being made in the past century or so. But our genes, by and large, often date back to caveman times, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What that shows is that the way our bodies are put together, and our genetic heritage, is very permissive,” Wachter said. “We strongly believe that the patterns we’re seeing — which include this leveling out at extreme ages — partly reflect the processes of evolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/06/28/human-longevity-limits-aging/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Doctors have long known that separating families and other traumatic events can damage children’s well-being. More recent research has shed some light on how that may happen: Severe early adversity may cause brain changes and “toxic stress,” resulting in lasting psychological and physical health problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A “zero-tolerance” immigration policy announced this spring by the Trump Administration has separated 2,300 children from the adults they were traveling with and sent them to shelters and foster homes across the country, according to the government. The administration has 30 days to reunite families, but it remains unclear whether it can meet that deadline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s what evidence shows this kind of separation can do and how some experts think immigrant children may be at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Stress Response\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stress is a normal response to challenging or threatening circumstances that cause the brain to trigger the body’s “fight or flight” mode. Stress hormones and chemicals are released that increase heart rate, blood pressure, alertness and energy levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levels typically return to normal when the threat passes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the threat is ongoing — a result of things like war, famine, poverty, natural disasters, family discord or neighborhood violence — the stress system may remain on high alert, sometimes triggering anxiety, behavior problems, stomach aches, sleep problems and other mental and physical symptoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts believe that contact with a loving, nurturing parent or caregiver can help children weather stress and reduce chances for lasting ill effects. A recent U.S. study of toddlers from families living in poverty is an example. Youngsters who had a strong parent relationship had lower stress-hormone levels when they arrived at a clinic to get vaccinations than those without that parent buffer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What's Toxic Stress? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists increasingly believe that persistent stress, particularly when there’s no nurturing parent to help kids cope, can cause stress hormones and internal inflammatory markers to smolder at elevated levels, raising risks for later heart disease, diabetes and other health problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The science is not settled, but some studies also have shown that persistent stress may alter brain structure in regions affecting emotions and regulating behavior. Imaging studies have found these regions are smaller than usual in severely traumatized children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harvard University neuroscientist Charles Nelson says children younger than 3, with rapidly developing brains, are most at risk for the toxic effects of ongoing stress. In his imaging studies, school-aged Romanian orphans sent to live with foster families had brains with less gray matter than orphans sent to nurturing foster homes before age 2.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What About Migrant Children \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Central American children arriving with their families at the southern U.S. border have already endured the trauma of leaving their homes, some after violence or other threats, and faced the additional trauma of an arduous journey north, Nelson said Wednesday. “That may increase their susceptibility to the hazards of separation at the border,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nelson said the images he’s seen of U.S. detention centers housing children remind him of his research with Romanian children. In a recent research newsletter, Nelson wrote, “The lessons we learned then taught us that housing children in institution-like settings, with rotating shifts of caregivers and unfavorable ratios of caregivers to children, may cause severe and permanent damage to their minds and bodies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is what science has taught us about separation,” he said Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Doctors Say \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2017, a year before the separation policy was announced, the American Academy of Pediatrics advised against holding migrant children in detention centers and said they should receive health care and treatment to “support their well-being.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.aap.org/en-us/about-the-aap/aap-press-room/Pages/AAPStatementOpposingBorderSecurityandImmigrationReformAct.aspx\">academy\u003c/a> and several mental health \u003ca href=\"http://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2018/06/family-separation-policy.aspx\">groups\u003c/a> recently denounced the separation policy and cautiously supported last week’s executive order to overturn it. Tuesday’s order from a federal judge mandating that thousands of families be reunited within 30 days is an important step, the academy said in a joint statement with UNICEF USA, but it won’t undo the trauma separated children have already faced, said Academy President Dr. Colleen Kraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if they are eventually reunited, these families will need “trauma-informed” care to help them cope, Kraft said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In their statement Wednesday, the academy and UNICEF USA said their organizations “stand ready to assist in reunifying families and supporting their needs. Pediatricians across the country are prepared to provide care for immigrant children as they enter our communities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kraft attempted to enter a children’s shelter in McAllen, Texas on Wednesday to see what attempts were being made to reunite children and parents but said authorities turned her away. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Doctors have long known that separating families and other traumatic events can damage children’s well-being. More recent research has shed some light on how that may happen: Severe early adversity may cause brain changes and “toxic stress,” resulting in lasting psychological and physical health problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A “zero-tolerance” immigration policy announced this spring by the Trump Administration has separated 2,300 children from the adults they were traveling with and sent them to shelters and foster homes across the country, according to the government. The administration has 30 days to reunite families, but it remains unclear whether it can meet that deadline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s what evidence shows this kind of separation can do and how some experts think immigrant children may be at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Stress Response\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stress is a normal response to challenging or threatening circumstances that cause the brain to trigger the body’s “fight or flight” mode. Stress hormones and chemicals are released that increase heart rate, blood pressure, alertness and energy levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levels typically return to normal when the threat passes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the threat is ongoing — a result of things like war, famine, poverty, natural disasters, family discord or neighborhood violence — the stress system may remain on high alert, sometimes triggering anxiety, behavior problems, stomach aches, sleep problems and other mental and physical symptoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts believe that contact with a loving, nurturing parent or caregiver can help children weather stress and reduce chances for lasting ill effects. A recent U.S. study of toddlers from families living in poverty is an example. Youngsters who had a strong parent relationship had lower stress-hormone levels when they arrived at a clinic to get vaccinations than those without that parent buffer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What's Toxic Stress? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists increasingly believe that persistent stress, particularly when there’s no nurturing parent to help kids cope, can cause stress hormones and internal inflammatory markers to smolder at elevated levels, raising risks for later heart disease, diabetes and other health problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The science is not settled, but some studies also have shown that persistent stress may alter brain structure in regions affecting emotions and regulating behavior. Imaging studies have found these regions are smaller than usual in severely traumatized children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harvard University neuroscientist Charles Nelson says children younger than 3, with rapidly developing brains, are most at risk for the toxic effects of ongoing stress. In his imaging studies, school-aged Romanian orphans sent to live with foster families had brains with less gray matter than orphans sent to nurturing foster homes before age 2.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What About Migrant Children \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Central American children arriving with their families at the southern U.S. border have already endured the trauma of leaving their homes, some after violence or other threats, and faced the additional trauma of an arduous journey north, Nelson said Wednesday. “That may increase their susceptibility to the hazards of separation at the border,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nelson said the images he’s seen of U.S. detention centers housing children remind him of his research with Romanian children. In a recent research newsletter, Nelson wrote, “The lessons we learned then taught us that housing children in institution-like settings, with rotating shifts of caregivers and unfavorable ratios of caregivers to children, may cause severe and permanent damage to their minds and bodies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is what science has taught us about separation,” he said Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Doctors Say \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2017, a year before the separation policy was announced, the American Academy of Pediatrics advised against holding migrant children in detention centers and said they should receive health care and treatment to “support their well-being.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.aap.org/en-us/about-the-aap/aap-press-room/Pages/AAPStatementOpposingBorderSecurityandImmigrationReformAct.aspx\">academy\u003c/a> and several mental health \u003ca href=\"http://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2018/06/family-separation-policy.aspx\">groups\u003c/a> recently denounced the separation policy and cautiously supported last week’s executive order to overturn it. Tuesday’s order from a federal judge mandating that thousands of families be reunited within 30 days is an important step, the academy said in a joint statement with UNICEF USA, but it won’t undo the trauma separated children have already faced, said Academy President Dr. Colleen Kraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if they are eventually reunited, these families will need “trauma-informed” care to help them cope, Kraft said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In their statement Wednesday, the academy and UNICEF USA said their organizations “stand ready to assist in reunifying families and supporting their needs. Pediatricians across the country are prepared to provide care for immigrant children as they enter our communities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kraft attempted to enter a children’s shelter in McAllen, Texas on Wednesday to see what attempts were being made to reunite children and parents but said authorities turned her away. During an April visit to the same shelter, Kraft saw children who were “eerily quiet” and one who was crying inconsolably while attendants watched.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Staff in the room were not allowed to pick her up and hold her,” Kraft said. It’s that kind of absence of nurturing contact that experts think worsens the effects of traumatic stress.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Bargain basement bud is on the menu in California, but you need to act fast to cash in on the cheap weed.[contextly_sidebar id=\"klE8bvGIu5iQdFjCjnLgbvKiZvSMLEOF\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regulations being phased in six months after the state broadly legalized marijuana require that pot sold after Saturday meet strict quality standards, so retailers unloading untested inventory are offering blowout prices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deep discounts on everything from edibles to joints reflect the last days of the heady first phase of legal recreational pot. They could be followed by empty shelves as many stores scramble to restock with properly tested and packaged products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You can smell it. There’s a certain desperation from stores that bought too much and they have to dump it,” said John Atari, CEO of Source Cannabis Farms, a licensed cultivator in Los Angeles. “There’s going to be a big shortage of clean product come July 1.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Firehaus, a shop along an LA freeway, a fire sale of sorts unfolded this month with a 50 percent off “summer blowout” sale advertised on a popular marijuana app and texted and emailed to regular customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patrons leaving the brick storefront on a recent day were happy to double their value, but were unaware of the reason behind the bargains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A half-dozen of those interviewed said they welcomed testing designed to weed out pesticides and contaminants such as solvents and mold, though they were largely unconcerned about the safety of the cannabis they’ve used for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I smoked pot for 40 years that wasn’t tested, from dealers on the street, and it smelled like anything from gasoline to perfume,” said Catherine Lanzarotta, who stocked up on “Blue Dream.” ″So I’ve never had that concern.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Testing will also examine concentrations and potency of the ingredient that gives users a buzz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The change in rules was part of the state’s decision to allow the industry in its legal infancy to get a running start at the beginning of the year. Shops were given six months to burn through supplies of grass grown and cookies and other products made without strict testing requirements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Any marijuana harvested this year or for sale July 1 must meet quality and safety standards or be destroyed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the legalization of recreational marijuana, testing of pot sold for medical purposes was largely done for marketing. Growers could promote the potency of their product or the fact that it was free of contaminants.[contextly_sidebar id=\"qFwHtuTaonMJke2ut1S76W4JUvNMUiGD\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robert Martin, co-founder and CEO of CW Analytical Laboratories in Oakland, said the voluminous new rules are draconian, with a mandate to test for heavy metals, which he said is unnecessary, and one to keep tested samples 45 days. There are also requirements about what technicians must wear, and lab employees have to pick up test samples directly from suppliers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The new regulations have us twisting,” Martin said. “We feel like we’re trying to do yoga on two mats.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are concerns that the 28 testing facilities licensed by the state will not be enough, though labs said even with a spike in recent months, they have been able to handle capacity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A larger concern is a lag in testing as business owners banked on delayed implementation of the new rules. That could put them in a precarious position as they try to push product through a limited pipeline to restock shops with clean weed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fear is there will be a repeat of what Oregon experienced two years ago as distributors held out for a rules reprieve that never materialized and held up the supply chain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The resulting bottleneck at labs meant testing that should have taken days dragged on for weeks, said Lori Glauser, chief operating officer of EVIO Labs, which has locations in California, Oregon, Colorado, Florida and Massachusetts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glauser said the recent surge in business she’s seen indicates a similar scenario in California that will lead to a temporary shortage of marijuana in dispensaries once they can no longer sell untested product.[contextly_sidebar id=\"xuZZxhZSqmD9988cGK6v3jmvXA963u1P\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some shops prepared for the new regulations by gradually replacing pot they sold with products that pass the tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jamie Garzot said she reopened her Shasta Lake medical marijuana shop to recreational customers Jan. 1 with the same untested inventory as the day before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But by February, she estimated, about 15 percent of inventory at 530 Cannabis had been approved by testing labs. In April, that jumped to about 50 percent, and earlier this month Garzot said she figured about 95 percent of her goods passed muster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everyone in the game knew this was coming,” she said. “My hope is that everybody has been doing their job getting systems dialed in for an uninterrupted supply chain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She was waiting until the final days of the month to see what remained in her stockpiles that could go in a limited blowout sale.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patrons leaving the brick storefront on a recent day were happy to double their value, but were unaware of the reason behind the bargains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A half-dozen of those interviewed said they welcomed testing designed to weed out pesticides and contaminants such as solvents and mold, though they were largely unconcerned about the safety of the cannabis they’ve used for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I smoked pot for 40 years that wasn’t tested, from dealers on the street, and it smelled like anything from gasoline to perfume,” said Catherine Lanzarotta, who stocked up on “Blue Dream.” ″So I’ve never had that concern.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Testing will also examine concentrations and potency of the ingredient that gives users a buzz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The change in rules was part of the state’s decision to allow the industry in its legal infancy to get a running start at the beginning of the year. Shops were given six months to burn through supplies of grass grown and cookies and other products made without strict testing requirements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Any marijuana harvested this year or for sale July 1 must meet quality and safety standards or be destroyed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the legalization of recreational marijuana, testing of pot sold for medical purposes was largely done for marketing. Growers could promote the potency of their product or the fact that it was free of contaminants.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robert Martin, co-founder and CEO of CW Analytical Laboratories in Oakland, said the voluminous new rules are draconian, with a mandate to test for heavy metals, which he said is unnecessary, and one to keep tested samples 45 days. There are also requirements about what technicians must wear, and lab employees have to pick up test samples directly from suppliers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The new regulations have us twisting,” Martin said. “We feel like we’re trying to do yoga on two mats.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are concerns that the 28 testing facilities licensed by the state will not be enough, though labs said even with a spike in recent months, they have been able to handle capacity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A larger concern is a lag in testing as business owners banked on delayed implementation of the new rules. That could put them in a precarious position as they try to push product through a limited pipeline to restock shops with clean weed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fear is there will be a repeat of what Oregon experienced two years ago as distributors held out for a rules reprieve that never materialized and held up the supply chain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The resulting bottleneck at labs meant testing that should have taken days dragged on for weeks, said Lori Glauser, chief operating officer of EVIO Labs, which has locations in California, Oregon, Colorado, Florida and Massachusetts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glauser said the recent surge in business she’s seen indicates a similar scenario in California that will lead to a temporary shortage of marijuana in dispensaries once they can no longer sell untested product.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some shops prepared for the new regulations by gradually replacing pot they sold with products that pass the tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jamie Garzot said she reopened her Shasta Lake medical marijuana shop to recreational customers Jan. 1 with the same untested inventory as the day before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But by February, she estimated, about 15 percent of inventory at 530 Cannabis had been approved by testing labs. In April, that jumped to about 50 percent, and earlier this month Garzot said she figured about 95 percent of her goods passed muster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everyone in the game knew this was coming,” she said. “My hope is that everybody has been doing their job getting systems dialed in for an uninterrupted supply chain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She was waiting until the final days of the month to see what remained in her stockpiles that could go in a limited blowout sale.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?",
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},
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"id": "baycurious",
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"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
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},
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},
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"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
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"order": 8
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"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"order": 1
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 9
},
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"meta": {
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"source": "WNYC"
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
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"source": "NPR"
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
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