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"content": "\u003cp>After Michael Uvanni’s older brother, James, was diagnosed with a deadly form of skin cancer, it seemed as if everyone told the family what they wanted to hear: Have hope. You can beat this, and we are here to help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The brothers met with doctors at a half-dozen of the country’s best hospitals, all with impressive credentials that inspired confidence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Uvanni was in awe when he visited the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, one of the world’s most respected cancer hospitals. It was like seeing the Grand Canyon, said Uvanni, 66, of Rome, N.Y. “You never get used to the size and scope.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even the MD Anderson logo on buses and buildings — with “Cancer” crossed out in red, above the words “Making cancer history” — made the family’s battle seem winnable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I thought they were going to save him,” said Uvanni, an interior designer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patients and families are bombarded with the news that the country is winning the war against cancer. The news media hypes research results to attract readers. Drug companies promise “a chance to live longer” to boost sales. Hospitals woo paying customers with ads that appeal to patients’ fears and hopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m starting to hear more and more that we are better than I think we really are,” said Dr. Otis Brawley, chief medical officer at the American Cancer Society. “We’re starting to believe our own bullshit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The consequences are real — and they can be deadly. Patients and their families have bought into treatments that either don’t work, cost a fortune or cause life-threatening side effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a lot of patients who spend their families into bankruptcy getting a hyped therapy that [many] know is worthless,” Brawley said. Some choose a medicine that “has a lot of hype around it and unfortunately lose their chance for a cure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although scientists have made important strides in recent years, and many early-stage cancers can now be cured, most of those with advanced cancer eventually die of their disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Uvanni, hope gave way to crushing disappointment when his brother’s health declined and he died from metastatic melanoma in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You get your hopes up, and then you are dropped off the edge of a cliff,” said Uvanni. “That’s the worst thing in the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Caregivers like Uvanni can suffer prolonged grief and guilt if their loved ones are riddled with side effects and don’t survive as long as the family expected, noted Holly Prigerson, co-director of the Center for Research on End-of-Life Care at Weill Cornell Medical College.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades, researchers have rolled out new cancer therapies with great fanfare, announcing that science has at last found a key to ending one of the world’s great plagues, said Dr. Vinay Prasad, an assistant professor of medicine at Oregon Health & Science University. When such efforts fail to live up to expectations, the cancer world simply moves on to the next big idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hyping early scientific results — based on lab tests or animal studies — can attract investors that allow researchers to continue their work. Positive results can lead biotech firms to be bought out by larger drug companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s in the interest of almost every stakeholder in the health system to be optimistic about these therapies,” said Dr. Walid Gellad, co-director of the Center for Pharmaceutical Policy and Prescribing at the University of Pittsburgh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, there is plenty of money to be made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. spent nearly $88 billion treating cancer in 2014, with patients paying nearly $4 billion out-of-pocket, according to the American Cancer Society Cancer Action Network. Spending on cancer, a disease that most afflicts the aging, is predicted to soar as people live longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While many people are trying to make patients’ lives healthier and longer and better, there are others that are exploiting their vulnerability,” said Dr. Leonard Saltz, chief of the gastrointestinal oncology service at New York’s Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others argue that the excitement about cancer research is justified. A spokeswoman for the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America, an industry group, said cancer patients have good reason for optimism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We continue to see great strides in identifying the genetic mutations and related factors that can drive the seemingly random formation of abnormal cells in cancer,” spokeswoman Holly Campbell said in a statement. “In the last decade, we’ve seen a number of scientific advances transform the landscape of many cancers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Promises To Cure Abound\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nEven the country’s top scientists sometimes get carried away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1998, Nobel laureate James Watson — who co-discovered the structure of DNA — told The New York Times that scientists would “cure cancer in two years” using drugs that block tumor blood supplies. At that time, the drugs had succeeded only in mice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2003, the director of the National Cancer Institute, Dr. Andrew von Eschenbach, announced a goal of “eliminating suffering and death due to cancer by 2015” by better understanding tumor genetics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, when President Barack Obama announced the Cancer Moonshot, which aims to accelerate and better coordinate research, he said, “Let’s make America the country that cures cancer once and for all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a recent interview, von Eschenbach acknowledged he didn’t communicate his goal well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We all fall into that trap,” said von Eschenbach, now a senior fellow at the Milken Institute, a health and public policy think tank. “We’re offering what we have, but making it appear that it’s more than what it is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s easy to see how patients’ hopes are raised, said Timothy Turnham, former executive director at the Melanoma Research Foundation, an advocacy group. Researchers are frequently overly enthusiastic about early discoveries that have little chance of leading to a new drug.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a disconnect between what researchers think is statistically significant and what is really significant for patients,” Turnham said. “Patients hear ‘progress,’ and they think that means they’re going to be cured.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Marketing Blitz\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nUvanni said his brother’s experience was nothing like the sunny images in TV commercials, in which smiling cancer patients hug their grandchildren, hike in the mountains and lead dance classes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A TV commercial for the Bristol-Myers Squibb drug Opdivo projects the words “a chance to live longer” on the side of skyscrapers, as a captivated crowd looks on. In much smaller type, a footnote reveals that lung cancer patients taking Opdivo lived just 3.2 months longer than others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A TV ad for Merck’s Keytruda features reassuring images of a smiling, healthy patient hugging her family — not fighting for breath or struggling to walk. Although the commercial notes that the people in the ad are portrayed by actors, the commercial claims the drug provides “a chance for a longer life. It’s Tru.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Your heart sinks when you see those ads,” Uvanni said. Seeing the family depicted in the ad, he said “makes you wonder if they’re going down the same path that we did.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Keytruda ad notes that 71 percent of patients given the drug were alive “at the time of patient follow-up,” compared with 58 percent of those who received chemotherapy. The ad doesn’t mention that the “time of follow-up” was 11 months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not false; it’s just incomplete,” said pharmacist Harold DeMonaco, a visiting scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Boston. “They don’t give patients or the patients’ family enough information to make a reasonable decision.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an interview, Merck senior vice president Jill DeSimone said that the company aims to be responsible with its advertising, noting that the Keytruda ad reminds patients to talk to their doctors. “The physician is the ultimate decider on treatment,” DeSimone said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, Bristol-Myers’ senior vice president Teresa Bitetti said that Opdivo ads play “an important role in educating patients about new treatment options and fostering informed conversations between patients and their doctors.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hospitals also have drawn criticism for overstating their success in treating cancer. In 1996, Cancer Treatment Centers of America, a for-profit chain, settled allegations from the Federal Trade Commission that “they made false and unsubstantiated claims in advertising and promoting their cancer treatments.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company’s current commercials — dozens of which are featured on their website — boast of offering “genomic testing” and “precision cancer treatment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The commercials don’t tell patients that these tests — which aim to pair cancer patients with drugs that target the specific mutations in their tumors — are rarely successful, Prasad said. In clinical trials, these tests have matched only 6.4 percent of patients with a drug, according to Prasad’s 2016 article in Nature. Because these drugs only manage to shrink a fraction of tumors, Prasad estimates that just 1.5 percent of patients actually benefit from precision oncology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, Cancer Treatment Centers of America said, “We use national media to help educate cancer patients and their families about the latest diagnostic tools and treatment options. … All of our advertising undergoes meticulous review for clinical accuracy as well as legal approval to ensure we tell our story in an informative and responsible manner, and in compliance with federal guidelines.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spending on ads for hospitals that treat cancer soared 220 percent from $54 million in 2005 to $173 million in 2014, according to a 2016 article in JAMA Internal Medicine. Ads for Cancer Treatment Centers of America accounted for nearly 60 percent of all total cancer center advertising.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Targeting Melanoma\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nFor more than a decade, the Food and Drug Administration approved no new treatments for metastatic melanoma. Patients typically died within a year of diagnosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2011, however, the FDA has approved 11 new treatments, including several immunotherapies, which aim to harness the immune system to fight cancer. Last year, doctors leading a clinical trial announced that the median survival of patients taking the drug Keytruda had grown to two years. Forty percent of patients were alive three years later, according to the clinical trial, presented at the American Society of Clinical Oncology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers have tested immunotherapies against a variety of tumors, leading to approvals in lung cancer, kidney cancer, bladder cancer and others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such success has led doctors to label cancer immunotherapy as a “game changer.” Newspapers and magazines call it a “breakthrough.” And hospitals laud them as “a miracle in the making.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet these treatments — which were initially assumed to be gentler than chemotherapy — can provoke fatal immune system attacks on the lungs, kidneys, heart and other organs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there are no approved immunotherapies for tumors of the breast, colon, prostate and pancreas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only about 10 percent of all cancer patients can expect to benefit from immunotherapy, Prasad said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Uvanni’s brother — who tried immunotherapy, as well as a number of other approved and experimental treatments — survived 3½ years after his diagnosis. That might lead many oncologists to describe his story as a success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Uvanni sees no reason to celebrate. He wanted more than short-term survival for his brother.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I thought we were going to have a treatment where we’d at least have a good block of quality time,” Uvanni said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But treatments meant to control the cancer only made him sick. Some caused flu-like symptoms, with fever, chills and shakes. Others left him nauseated, unable to eat or move his bowels. Others caused dangerous infections that sent him to the emergency room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I hope that if something like that happens to me,” Uvanni said, “I would be strong enough to say no to treatment.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"nprByline": "\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://khn.org/news/author/liz-szabo/\" target=\"_blank\">Liz Szabo \u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/br>Kaiser Health News",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>After Michael Uvanni’s older brother, James, was diagnosed with a deadly form of skin cancer, it seemed as if everyone told the family what they wanted to hear: Have hope. You can beat this, and we are here to help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The brothers met with doctors at a half-dozen of the country’s best hospitals, all with impressive credentials that inspired confidence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Uvanni was in awe when he visited the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, one of the world’s most respected cancer hospitals. It was like seeing the Grand Canyon, said Uvanni, 66, of Rome, N.Y. “You never get used to the size and scope.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even the MD Anderson logo on buses and buildings — with “Cancer” crossed out in red, above the words “Making cancer history” — made the family’s battle seem winnable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I thought they were going to save him,” said Uvanni, an interior designer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patients and families are bombarded with the news that the country is winning the war against cancer. The news media hypes research results to attract readers. Drug companies promise “a chance to live longer” to boost sales. Hospitals woo paying customers with ads that appeal to patients’ fears and hopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m starting to hear more and more that we are better than I think we really are,” said Dr. Otis Brawley, chief medical officer at the American Cancer Society. “We’re starting to believe our own bullshit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The consequences are real — and they can be deadly. Patients and their families have bought into treatments that either don’t work, cost a fortune or cause life-threatening side effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a lot of patients who spend their families into bankruptcy getting a hyped therapy that [many] know is worthless,” Brawley said. Some choose a medicine that “has a lot of hype around it and unfortunately lose their chance for a cure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although scientists have made important strides in recent years, and many early-stage cancers can now be cured, most of those with advanced cancer eventually die of their disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Uvanni, hope gave way to crushing disappointment when his brother’s health declined and he died from metastatic melanoma in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You get your hopes up, and then you are dropped off the edge of a cliff,” said Uvanni. “That’s the worst thing in the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Caregivers like Uvanni can suffer prolonged grief and guilt if their loved ones are riddled with side effects and don’t survive as long as the family expected, noted Holly Prigerson, co-director of the Center for Research on End-of-Life Care at Weill Cornell Medical College.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades, researchers have rolled out new cancer therapies with great fanfare, announcing that science has at last found a key to ending one of the world’s great plagues, said Dr. Vinay Prasad, an assistant professor of medicine at Oregon Health & Science University. When such efforts fail to live up to expectations, the cancer world simply moves on to the next big idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hyping early scientific results — based on lab tests or animal studies — can attract investors that allow researchers to continue their work. Positive results can lead biotech firms to be bought out by larger drug companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s in the interest of almost every stakeholder in the health system to be optimistic about these therapies,” said Dr. Walid Gellad, co-director of the Center for Pharmaceutical Policy and Prescribing at the University of Pittsburgh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, there is plenty of money to be made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. spent nearly $88 billion treating cancer in 2014, with patients paying nearly $4 billion out-of-pocket, according to the American Cancer Society Cancer Action Network. Spending on cancer, a disease that most afflicts the aging, is predicted to soar as people live longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While many people are trying to make patients’ lives healthier and longer and better, there are others that are exploiting their vulnerability,” said Dr. Leonard Saltz, chief of the gastrointestinal oncology service at New York’s Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others argue that the excitement about cancer research is justified. A spokeswoman for the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America, an industry group, said cancer patients have good reason for optimism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We continue to see great strides in identifying the genetic mutations and related factors that can drive the seemingly random formation of abnormal cells in cancer,” spokeswoman Holly Campbell said in a statement. “In the last decade, we’ve seen a number of scientific advances transform the landscape of many cancers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Promises To Cure Abound\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nEven the country’s top scientists sometimes get carried away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1998, Nobel laureate James Watson — who co-discovered the structure of DNA — told The New York Times that scientists would “cure cancer in two years” using drugs that block tumor blood supplies. At that time, the drugs had succeeded only in mice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2003, the director of the National Cancer Institute, Dr. Andrew von Eschenbach, announced a goal of “eliminating suffering and death due to cancer by 2015” by better understanding tumor genetics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, when President Barack Obama announced the Cancer Moonshot, which aims to accelerate and better coordinate research, he said, “Let’s make America the country that cures cancer once and for all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a recent interview, von Eschenbach acknowledged he didn’t communicate his goal well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We all fall into that trap,” said von Eschenbach, now a senior fellow at the Milken Institute, a health and public policy think tank. “We’re offering what we have, but making it appear that it’s more than what it is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s easy to see how patients’ hopes are raised, said Timothy Turnham, former executive director at the Melanoma Research Foundation, an advocacy group. Researchers are frequently overly enthusiastic about early discoveries that have little chance of leading to a new drug.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a disconnect between what researchers think is statistically significant and what is really significant for patients,” Turnham said. “Patients hear ‘progress,’ and they think that means they’re going to be cured.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Marketing Blitz\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nUvanni said his brother’s experience was nothing like the sunny images in TV commercials, in which smiling cancer patients hug their grandchildren, hike in the mountains and lead dance classes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A TV commercial for the Bristol-Myers Squibb drug Opdivo projects the words “a chance to live longer” on the side of skyscrapers, as a captivated crowd looks on. In much smaller type, a footnote reveals that lung cancer patients taking Opdivo lived just 3.2 months longer than others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A TV ad for Merck’s Keytruda features reassuring images of a smiling, healthy patient hugging her family — not fighting for breath or struggling to walk. Although the commercial notes that the people in the ad are portrayed by actors, the commercial claims the drug provides “a chance for a longer life. It’s Tru.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Your heart sinks when you see those ads,” Uvanni said. Seeing the family depicted in the ad, he said “makes you wonder if they’re going down the same path that we did.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Keytruda ad notes that 71 percent of patients given the drug were alive “at the time of patient follow-up,” compared with 58 percent of those who received chemotherapy. The ad doesn’t mention that the “time of follow-up” was 11 months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not false; it’s just incomplete,” said pharmacist Harold DeMonaco, a visiting scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Boston. “They don’t give patients or the patients’ family enough information to make a reasonable decision.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an interview, Merck senior vice president Jill DeSimone said that the company aims to be responsible with its advertising, noting that the Keytruda ad reminds patients to talk to their doctors. “The physician is the ultimate decider on treatment,” DeSimone said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, Bristol-Myers’ senior vice president Teresa Bitetti said that Opdivo ads play “an important role in educating patients about new treatment options and fostering informed conversations between patients and their doctors.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hospitals also have drawn criticism for overstating their success in treating cancer. In 1996, Cancer Treatment Centers of America, a for-profit chain, settled allegations from the Federal Trade Commission that “they made false and unsubstantiated claims in advertising and promoting their cancer treatments.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company’s current commercials — dozens of which are featured on their website — boast of offering “genomic testing” and “precision cancer treatment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The commercials don’t tell patients that these tests — which aim to pair cancer patients with drugs that target the specific mutations in their tumors — are rarely successful, Prasad said. In clinical trials, these tests have matched only 6.4 percent of patients with a drug, according to Prasad’s 2016 article in Nature. Because these drugs only manage to shrink a fraction of tumors, Prasad estimates that just 1.5 percent of patients actually benefit from precision oncology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, Cancer Treatment Centers of America said, “We use national media to help educate cancer patients and their families about the latest diagnostic tools and treatment options. … All of our advertising undergoes meticulous review for clinical accuracy as well as legal approval to ensure we tell our story in an informative and responsible manner, and in compliance with federal guidelines.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spending on ads for hospitals that treat cancer soared 220 percent from $54 million in 2005 to $173 million in 2014, according to a 2016 article in JAMA Internal Medicine. Ads for Cancer Treatment Centers of America accounted for nearly 60 percent of all total cancer center advertising.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Targeting Melanoma\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nFor more than a decade, the Food and Drug Administration approved no new treatments for metastatic melanoma. Patients typically died within a year of diagnosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2011, however, the FDA has approved 11 new treatments, including several immunotherapies, which aim to harness the immune system to fight cancer. Last year, doctors leading a clinical trial announced that the median survival of patients taking the drug Keytruda had grown to two years. Forty percent of patients were alive three years later, according to the clinical trial, presented at the American Society of Clinical Oncology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers have tested immunotherapies against a variety of tumors, leading to approvals in lung cancer, kidney cancer, bladder cancer and others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such success has led doctors to label cancer immunotherapy as a “game changer.” Newspapers and magazines call it a “breakthrough.” And hospitals laud them as “a miracle in the making.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet these treatments — which were initially assumed to be gentler than chemotherapy — can provoke fatal immune system attacks on the lungs, kidneys, heart and other organs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there are no approved immunotherapies for tumors of the breast, colon, prostate and pancreas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only about 10 percent of all cancer patients can expect to benefit from immunotherapy, Prasad said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Uvanni’s brother — who tried immunotherapy, as well as a number of other approved and experimental treatments — survived 3½ years after his diagnosis. That might lead many oncologists to describe his story as a success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Uvanni sees no reason to celebrate. He wanted more than short-term survival for his brother.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I thought we were going to have a treatment where we’d at least have a good block of quality time,” Uvanni said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But treatments meant to control the cancer only made him sick. Some caused flu-like symptoms, with fever, chills and shakes. Others left him nauseated, unable to eat or move his bowels. Others caused dangerous infections that sent him to the emergency room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update Thursday, 2:20 p.m.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Watch the winning presentation\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hey6Lzalx58\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the brightest -- or at least the most loquacious -- graduate students in the University of California system competed in the UC's third annual \u003ca href=\"https://gradslam.universityofcalifornia.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Grad Slam\u003c/a> today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the downtown San Francisco offices of LinkedIn, 10 current graduate and Ph.D. students –- one from each UC school -- took the stage to present their research in the form of a three-minute elevator pitch. The jargon-free talks were succinct, but the ideas were far from simple.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leslie Rith-Najarian, a Ph.D. student at UCLA, won the $6,000 grand prize for her presentation on building an online anxiety and depression prevention program for students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other topics ranged from curing blindness to sustainable surfboards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cruz foam does exactly that – taking chitin from shrimp shells and transforming it into foam,\" said John Felts, the second-prize winner from UC Santa Cruz, in his talk. \"Our eco-friendly water-based process involves only water, salts and a foaming agent. There’s no toxic component.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Third place went to Geoff Hollett, of UC San Diego, for his presentation on using geometry to create better birth control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A people's choice award, voted on by people watching the event online, went to Leah Foltz of UC Santa Barbara, whose presentation was about using personalized medicine to cure blindness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Students presented to an audience filled with UC alumni from companies like Google, Genentech and Illumina, and they all hung around afterward to network and -- dare we say it? -- perhaps discuss a little funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hope is that these big ideas will translate to the real world rather than find their ultimate expression as an article in a scientific journal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Communicating to Non-Academics\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC considers the contest a professional development opportunity, said Pamela Jennings, executive director of graduate studies for the system’s Office of the President.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It used to be when people talked about getting a Ph.D. in particular, you thought about it only as a vehicle to pursue a professorship or teaching at a university or college level,” Jennings said. “And really our students come to graduate school with a mindset to do all sorts of careers. It’s particularly important that they have the ability to translate their [research] in a way that’s relatable to others. We’re seeing that’s very critical on the job market and for entrepreneurial opportunities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And — we might say, as we’ve seen around climate change — scientists are not always the best at communicating their research in a way that hits home with the general public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very easy if your’e a researcher to speak to your own, because you do that quite often,” Jennings said. “What if you were just talking to someone down the street, you know your mom’s neighbor, your cousin’s best friend? How would you make them understand what you do and why it matters?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a side note on today's contest, the event was emceed by UC President Janet Napolitano, who is taking somewhat longer than three minutes to explain a \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/05/03/uc-president-napolitano-apologizes-for-interfering-with-state-audit/\" target=\"_blank\">$175 million secret reserve \u003c/a>uncovered by a state audit. Napolitano did not look the worse for wear today after having to apologize in front of a joint legislative oversight committee Tuesday for what the state auditor says was interference of the investigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update Thursday, 2:20 p.m.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Watch the winning presentation\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/hey6Lzalx58'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/hey6Lzalx58'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Some of the brightest -- or at least the most loquacious -- graduate students in the University of California system competed in the UC's third annual \u003ca href=\"https://gradslam.universityofcalifornia.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Grad Slam\u003c/a> today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the downtown San Francisco offices of LinkedIn, 10 current graduate and Ph.D. students –- one from each UC school -- took the stage to present their research in the form of a three-minute elevator pitch. The jargon-free talks were succinct, but the ideas were far from simple.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leslie Rith-Najarian, a Ph.D. student at UCLA, won the $6,000 grand prize for her presentation on building an online anxiety and depression prevention program for students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other topics ranged from curing blindness to sustainable surfboards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cruz foam does exactly that – taking chitin from shrimp shells and transforming it into foam,\" said John Felts, the second-prize winner from UC Santa Cruz, in his talk. \"Our eco-friendly water-based process involves only water, salts and a foaming agent. There’s no toxic component.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Third place went to Geoff Hollett, of UC San Diego, for his presentation on using geometry to create better birth control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A people's choice award, voted on by people watching the event online, went to Leah Foltz of UC Santa Barbara, whose presentation was about using personalized medicine to cure blindness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Students presented to an audience filled with UC alumni from companies like Google, Genentech and Illumina, and they all hung around afterward to network and -- dare we say it? -- perhaps discuss a little funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hope is that these big ideas will translate to the real world rather than find their ultimate expression as an article in a scientific journal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Communicating to Non-Academics\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC considers the contest a professional development opportunity, said Pamela Jennings, executive director of graduate studies for the system’s Office of the President.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It used to be when people talked about getting a Ph.D. in particular, you thought about it only as a vehicle to pursue a professorship or teaching at a university or college level,” Jennings said. “And really our students come to graduate school with a mindset to do all sorts of careers. It’s particularly important that they have the ability to translate their [research] in a way that’s relatable to others. We’re seeing that’s very critical on the job market and for entrepreneurial opportunities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And — we might say, as we’ve seen around climate change — scientists are not always the best at communicating their research in a way that hits home with the general public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very easy if your’e a researcher to speak to your own, because you do that quite often,” Jennings said. “What if you were just talking to someone down the street, you know your mom’s neighbor, your cousin’s best friend? How would you make them understand what you do and why it matters?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a side note on today's contest, the event was emceed by UC President Janet Napolitano, who is taking somewhat longer than three minutes to explain a \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/05/03/uc-president-napolitano-apologizes-for-interfering-with-state-audit/\" target=\"_blank\">$175 million secret reserve \u003c/a>uncovered by a state audit. Napolitano did not look the worse for wear today after having to apologize in front of a joint legislative oversight committee Tuesday for what the state auditor says was interference of the investigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Medical Student Suicides Prompt Schools to Finally Take Action",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>This post was updated May 22 to include the radio version, which you can listen to by scrolling down.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, all of the accumulated data pointing to the poor mental health of medical students in general suddenly became more than just numbers at USC's Keck School of Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Keck student, 25-year-old Sean Petro, had failed to show up for a clinical rotation. Eventually, campus police found his body in a closet of his apartment, where he had hung himself. In addition to attending medical school, Petro had just become an officer in the Navy Reserve, and had hopes of becoming a flight surgeon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Keck, he was just one year shy of graduating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His suicide shocked Ranjita Raghavan, now in her third year at the medical school, a year behind Petro.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It’s really scary,\" she says, speaking about medical school suicides in general. \"It’s one of those things that’s really alarming.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[audio src=\"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2017/05/WEBSuicideDocsGorn170522.mp3\" title=\"Click on the play button below to listen to the radio story\" program=\"Future of You\" image=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/SciencePlayer_BG.jpeg\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her own schedule illustrates how daunting a medical student's life can be. Six days a week, she rises at 4:30 a.m. and doesn't return home till 7 p.m. Whatever free time she has is used to study and eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"No one said medical school’s going to be easy,\" she says. \"But you just don’t know from the outside. I come off as a happy person, but it was really tough for me the first two years.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says although she is generally upbeat about her medical school experience, she still can't quite get her mind around all the data that shows so many students are exhibiting signs of burnout, not to mention thinking about suicide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Known Risk\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After aspiring doctors receive a prized acceptance letter to medical school, they face a daunting reality.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'There is so much buzz in our circle right now, in the academic and physician circle, and now it’s reaching a level that can no longer be pushed under the rug. It’s becoming scandalous.'\u003ccite>Dr. Andres Sciolla, psychiatrist, UC Davis School of Medicine\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Get ready for 80-hour work weeks for the next seven years of med school and residency. Get ready for trying to commit a crush of information to sleep-deprived brain cells. Get ready for little time spent with family and friends. Oh, and by the way, get ready for making decisions resulting in life and death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And get ready for, potentially, thoughts about ending your own life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one knows the exact number of medical students or residents who have killed themselves in the U.S.; there is no requirement to report suicide rates in medical school or residency programs. But multiple studies have shown these doctors-in-training are at risk for suicide, and the reality of poor mental health among the population is well-known.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, a\u003ca href=\"http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2589340\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> meta-study \u003c/a>published in the \u003cem>Journal of the American Medical Association\u003c/em> looked at 117,000 medical students around the world. The findings: 11 percent had considered ending their lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2008\u003ca href=\"https://www.med.upenn.edu/gastro/documents/Dyrbye.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> study\u003c/a> of over 4,000 students at seven U.S. medical schools found as high as 13 percent having suicidal thoughts. For comparison, in the U.S., the rate of suicidal ideation among the general population is just 7 percent for 18 to-25 -year-olds, according to 2013 \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/suicide-datasheet-a.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">numbers\u003c/a> from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. For 26- to 49-year-olds, it is 4 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while a 2014 \u003ca href=\"http://journals.lww.com/academicmedicine/Fulltext/2014/03000/Burnout_Among_U_S__Medical_Students,_Residents,.25.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">study\u003c/a> found a slightly lower rate of suicidal ideation among medical students, residents and young doctors compared to others in their age group, it found significantly higher rates of depression and burnout.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Schools, Programs React\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data, combined with a number of actual suicides by medical students and residents, have prompted schools and residency programs across California and the country to initiate programs to reduce stress, require mental-health screenings and offer counseling.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'I don’t know that we recognized the need. I think medicine traditionally has been a profession that says, ‘You just do it.’ ”\u003ccite>Donna Elliott, senior associate dean of student affairs, USC\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The programs have been instituted over just the last several years; traditionally, stress and mental health problems are not issues the institutions have specifically addressed, mental health experts say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's changing because Petro's death is only one of several recent suicides by medical students and residents around the country, says Andres Sciolla, a psychiatrist at the UC Davis School of Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sciolla says the suicides of two doctors-in-training in New York City in 2014 galvanized the idea among the medical community that something needed to be done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It’s a very big topic that the general public just doesn’t know about,” Sciolla says. “There is so much buzz in our circle right now, in the academic and physician circle, and now it’s reaching a level that can no longer be pushed under the rug. It’s becoming scandalous.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sciolla helped institute a mental health program at UC Davis to catch problems before they can turn into crises. Residents fill out an online confidential survey to help identify those who are dealing with high levels of stress. Those individuals are contacted and offered counseling and other resources so they don't have to suffer in silence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the Keck School of Medicine, administrators started to address student mental health even before Petro's death. That's partly because in 2014, the same year national attention focused on the resident suicides in New York, another medical student who was enrolled at USC disappeared and was never found. That same year, a faculty physician took his own life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Donna Elliott, the senior associate dean of student affairs at USC, says those local and national incidents were a loud wake-up call.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There's a strong need in medical schools now in supporting students’ mental health,\" Elliott says. A big first step in that direction, she says, is the need to change the culture of shame and stigma around burnout, depression and suicide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>USC has hired a director of medical student wellness, instituted mandatory \"Keck Check\" mental health\u003cem> \u003c/em>evaluation sessions and now requires students to take several mental-health days off every year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>'Slow Going'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past, Elliott says, \"I don’t know that we recognized the need. I think medicine traditionally has been a profession that says, ‘You just do it.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed the stigma and shame of suicide is more pronounced in the medical community, says Christine Moutier, chief medical officer at the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moutier, while working at UC San Diego, was the driving force behind the first med school suicide prevention program in California, \u003ca href=\"https://healthsciences.ucsd.edu/som/hear/Documents/suicide-prevention-depression-awareness.pdf\">back in 2009\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"At the time, it felt like few were doing that work, and it felt like swimming upstream to get it done,\" Moutier says. \"And it became even more difficult when I would take ideas to the regional or national level. It was slow going.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moutier points to the irony that those attending to people’s health are facing their own health crisis. “It’s such a disconnect that health professionals don’t take this seriously,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She calls the problem a public health crisis–not just for the medical providers, but for their patients as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a major problem,” Moutier says. “I mean, if you’re looking at the fact that almost a \u003ca href=\"http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2467822\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">quarter of interns\u003c/a> are thinking of suicide, what kind of care are they giving patients?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A national movement is now afoot to address the issue. The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education last year \u003ca href=\"https://www.acgme.org/Portals/0/PDFs/JointReleaseFinal_Letterhead.pdf\">launched an initiative\u003c/a> to prevent medical school and residency suicides, and it hopes to require residency training programs to have wellness initiatives in place starting in July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.acgme.org/Portals/0/PDFs/Nasca-Community/Section-VI-Memo-3-10-17.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">recent ACGME decision\u003c/a> raised the\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/10/health/us-doctors-residents-24-hour-shifts.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> number of continuous hours\u003c/a> first-year residents can work, from 16 to 24.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among other medical schools across the state, UCSF now requires third-year medical students, who typically spend up to 80 hours a week on hospital rotations, to attend check-in mental-health sessions. Stanford School of Medicine has a similar program to identify and help those who might be struggling with stress and burnout. One residency program at Stanford also offers stress-reduction perks like free delivery of groceries to residents' homes and time to exercise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of these efforts are a good start, but just a start, says Sidney Zisook, director of the psychiatry residency program at UC San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s been a code of silence throughout the years. Places have tried to cover this up and hush it up, no question,\" Zisook says. “I do think things are moving in a positive direction now. But certainly institutions need to take a much more serious look at this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Raghavan, the third-year medical student from USC, says she recognizes the support she is getting from the school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"On your own, you never have enough time to sit and think about what you need. I mean, when do I have time to do that?\" she says with a laugh. \"So I appreciate the school thinking about that for you, and trying to do something about it.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>This post was updated May 22 to include the radio version, which you can listen to by scrolling down.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, all of the accumulated data pointing to the poor mental health of medical students in general suddenly became more than just numbers at USC's Keck School of Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Keck student, 25-year-old Sean Petro, had failed to show up for a clinical rotation. Eventually, campus police found his body in a closet of his apartment, where he had hung himself. In addition to attending medical school, Petro had just become an officer in the Navy Reserve, and had hopes of becoming a flight surgeon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Keck, he was just one year shy of graduating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His suicide shocked Ranjita Raghavan, now in her third year at the medical school, a year behind Petro.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It’s really scary,\" she says, speaking about medical school suicides in general. \"It’s one of those things that’s really alarming.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her own schedule illustrates how daunting a medical student's life can be. Six days a week, she rises at 4:30 a.m. and doesn't return home till 7 p.m. Whatever free time she has is used to study and eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"No one said medical school’s going to be easy,\" she says. \"But you just don’t know from the outside. I come off as a happy person, but it was really tough for me the first two years.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says although she is generally upbeat about her medical school experience, she still can't quite get her mind around all the data that shows so many students are exhibiting signs of burnout, not to mention thinking about suicide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Known Risk\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After aspiring doctors receive a prized acceptance letter to medical school, they face a daunting reality.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'There is so much buzz in our circle right now, in the academic and physician circle, and now it’s reaching a level that can no longer be pushed under the rug. It’s becoming scandalous.'\u003ccite>Dr. Andres Sciolla, psychiatrist, UC Davis School of Medicine\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Get ready for 80-hour work weeks for the next seven years of med school and residency. Get ready for trying to commit a crush of information to sleep-deprived brain cells. Get ready for little time spent with family and friends. Oh, and by the way, get ready for making decisions resulting in life and death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And get ready for, potentially, thoughts about ending your own life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one knows the exact number of medical students or residents who have killed themselves in the U.S.; there is no requirement to report suicide rates in medical school or residency programs. But multiple studies have shown these doctors-in-training are at risk for suicide, and the reality of poor mental health among the population is well-known.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, a\u003ca href=\"http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2589340\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> meta-study \u003c/a>published in the \u003cem>Journal of the American Medical Association\u003c/em> looked at 117,000 medical students around the world. The findings: 11 percent had considered ending their lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2008\u003ca href=\"https://www.med.upenn.edu/gastro/documents/Dyrbye.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> study\u003c/a> of over 4,000 students at seven U.S. medical schools found as high as 13 percent having suicidal thoughts. For comparison, in the U.S., the rate of suicidal ideation among the general population is just 7 percent for 18 to-25 -year-olds, according to 2013 \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/suicide-datasheet-a.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">numbers\u003c/a> from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. For 26- to 49-year-olds, it is 4 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while a 2014 \u003ca href=\"http://journals.lww.com/academicmedicine/Fulltext/2014/03000/Burnout_Among_U_S__Medical_Students,_Residents,.25.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">study\u003c/a> found a slightly lower rate of suicidal ideation among medical students, residents and young doctors compared to others in their age group, it found significantly higher rates of depression and burnout.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Schools, Programs React\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data, combined with a number of actual suicides by medical students and residents, have prompted schools and residency programs across California and the country to initiate programs to reduce stress, require mental-health screenings and offer counseling.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'I don’t know that we recognized the need. I think medicine traditionally has been a profession that says, ‘You just do it.’ ”\u003ccite>Donna Elliott, senior associate dean of student affairs, USC\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The programs have been instituted over just the last several years; traditionally, stress and mental health problems are not issues the institutions have specifically addressed, mental health experts say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's changing because Petro's death is only one of several recent suicides by medical students and residents around the country, says Andres Sciolla, a psychiatrist at the UC Davis School of Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sciolla says the suicides of two doctors-in-training in New York City in 2014 galvanized the idea among the medical community that something needed to be done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It’s a very big topic that the general public just doesn’t know about,” Sciolla says. “There is so much buzz in our circle right now, in the academic and physician circle, and now it’s reaching a level that can no longer be pushed under the rug. It’s becoming scandalous.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sciolla helped institute a mental health program at UC Davis to catch problems before they can turn into crises. Residents fill out an online confidential survey to help identify those who are dealing with high levels of stress. Those individuals are contacted and offered counseling and other resources so they don't have to suffer in silence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the Keck School of Medicine, administrators started to address student mental health even before Petro's death. That's partly because in 2014, the same year national attention focused on the resident suicides in New York, another medical student who was enrolled at USC disappeared and was never found. That same year, a faculty physician took his own life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Donna Elliott, the senior associate dean of student affairs at USC, says those local and national incidents were a loud wake-up call.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There's a strong need in medical schools now in supporting students’ mental health,\" Elliott says. A big first step in that direction, she says, is the need to change the culture of shame and stigma around burnout, depression and suicide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>USC has hired a director of medical student wellness, instituted mandatory \"Keck Check\" mental health\u003cem> \u003c/em>evaluation sessions and now requires students to take several mental-health days off every year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>'Slow Going'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past, Elliott says, \"I don’t know that we recognized the need. I think medicine traditionally has been a profession that says, ‘You just do it.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed the stigma and shame of suicide is more pronounced in the medical community, says Christine Moutier, chief medical officer at the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moutier, while working at UC San Diego, was the driving force behind the first med school suicide prevention program in California, \u003ca href=\"https://healthsciences.ucsd.edu/som/hear/Documents/suicide-prevention-depression-awareness.pdf\">back in 2009\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"At the time, it felt like few were doing that work, and it felt like swimming upstream to get it done,\" Moutier says. \"And it became even more difficult when I would take ideas to the regional or national level. It was slow going.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moutier points to the irony that those attending to people’s health are facing their own health crisis. “It’s such a disconnect that health professionals don’t take this seriously,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She calls the problem a public health crisis–not just for the medical providers, but for their patients as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a major problem,” Moutier says. “I mean, if you’re looking at the fact that almost a \u003ca href=\"http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2467822\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">quarter of interns\u003c/a> are thinking of suicide, what kind of care are they giving patients?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A national movement is now afoot to address the issue. The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education last year \u003ca href=\"https://www.acgme.org/Portals/0/PDFs/JointReleaseFinal_Letterhead.pdf\">launched an initiative\u003c/a> to prevent medical school and residency suicides, and it hopes to require residency training programs to have wellness initiatives in place starting in July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.acgme.org/Portals/0/PDFs/Nasca-Community/Section-VI-Memo-3-10-17.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">recent ACGME decision\u003c/a> raised the\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/10/health/us-doctors-residents-24-hour-shifts.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> number of continuous hours\u003c/a> first-year residents can work, from 16 to 24.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among other medical schools across the state, UCSF now requires third-year medical students, who typically spend up to 80 hours a week on hospital rotations, to attend check-in mental-health sessions. Stanford School of Medicine has a similar program to identify and help those who might be struggling with stress and burnout. One residency program at Stanford also offers stress-reduction perks like free delivery of groceries to residents' homes and time to exercise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of these efforts are a good start, but just a start, says Sidney Zisook, director of the psychiatry residency program at UC San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s been a code of silence throughout the years. Places have tried to cover this up and hush it up, no question,\" Zisook says. “I do think things are moving in a positive direction now. But certainly institutions need to take a much more serious look at this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Raghavan, the third-year medical student from USC, says she recognizes the support she is getting from the school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"On your own, you never have enough time to sit and think about what you need. I mean, when do I have time to do that?\" she says with a laugh. \"So I appreciate the school thinking about that for you, and trying to do something about it.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>WHITTIER, Calif. -- Lynn Whittaker stood in the hallway of her home looking at the framed photos on the wall. In one, her son Andrew is playing high school water polo. In another, he’s holding a trombone.\u003cbr>\nThe images show no hint of his life today: the seizures that leave him temporarily paralyzed, the weakness that makes him fall over, his labored speech, his scrambled thoughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Andrew, 28, can no longer feed himself or walk on his own. The past nine years have been a blur of doctor appointments, hospital visits and medical tests that have failed to produce answers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You name it, he doesn’t have it,” his mother said. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Andrew has never had a clear diagnosis. He and his family are in a torturous state of suspense, hanging their hopes on every new exam and evaluation. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, they have sought help from the Undiagnosed Diseases Network, a federally funded coalition of universities, clinicians, hospitals and researchers dedicated to solving the nation’s toughest medical mysteries. The doctors and scientists in the network harness advances in genetic science to identify rare, sometimes unknown, illnesses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=\"https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/319736138\" params=\"color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" iframe=\"true\" /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At UCLA, one of the network’s sites, Andrew’s medical team would map his genetic makeup, then bring him in for a week of exams and consultations with specialists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Writing A New Disease Encyclopedia\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Undiagnosed Diseases Network was founded in 2015 with a $43 million grant from the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Building on work already being done at NIH, the initiative expanded to include universities across the country: Duke, Columbia and Stanford are among the other sites. The goals are to provide answers for patients with mysterious diseases and to learn more about the disorders.\u003cbr>\nA proposal last month by President Donald Trump to cut the NIH budget by $5.8 billion could put the program in jeopardy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even with the best technology and the finest brains at work, progress is slow. Since its launch, the network has received nearly 1,400 applications on behalf of patients. It has accepted 545 for review so far. Just 74 of the cases have been diagnosed, including 11 at UCLA. Andrew Whittaker’s case is among many in progress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s like battling “an unknown enemy,” said Euan Ashley, one of the principal investigators of the network’s Stanford University site. “That is a particular form of torment that other patients don’t have.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A diagnosis can end families’ painful odyssey while helping physicians and scientists better understand rare diseases and human physiology, said Rachel Ramoni, former executive director of the network, which is based at Harvard University. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers throughout the network use advanced medical technology. For example, to study patients’ gene expression and disease progression, they can make models using nearly transparent zebrafish, whose genetic structure is similar to that of humans. And scientists can conduct whole genome sequencing, which allows the medical team to read a patient’s DNA and identify changes that can reveal what may be causing a disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have powerful techniques to look at every gene that is being expressed as well as every gene that is inherited,” said Stanley Nelson, one of UCLA’s principal investigators and the lead doctor on Andrew’s case. “This is an example of true precision medicine.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nelson said the network can examine all known genes -- not just the ones believed to have mutations that cause diseases. Doing that can lead to the discovery of new illnesses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Part of what we have to do is keep building that library, that encyclopedia of what gene and what gene mutations cause what symptoms,” Nelson said. “It’s just incomplete at this moment.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Already the work is helping patients and their families come to terms with their illnesses. In one case, at Stanford, a toddler was diagnosed with two rare diseases, including a connective tissue disorder called Marfan Syndrome, after doctors conducted a form of sequencing that looks for changes in coded genetic segments known as exons. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes answers come from something decidedly lower-tech: collaboration among clinicians and researchers who share experiences, data and expertise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of times your ability to be diagnosed depends on who is in the room,” Ramoni said. “And what we are doing with the network is we are expanding exponentially the number of people in the room.”\u003cbr>\nDoctors at one institution might think their patient is a unique case, only to learn that colleagues elsewhere have a patient with a similar illness. But even when diseases are diagnosed or gene mutations are discovered, treatments may still not be available. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Life-Changing Mystery\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Andrew Whittaker’s odyssey began one afternoon at age 19, when he started trembling and couldn’t speak. Doctors suspected he was suffering from anxiety and prescribed medication to control it. But Andrew said he continued to have “episodes,” during which everything just went blank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like there’s not enough blood going to your brain,” he said. “You can’t think.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Andrew also started losing his balance and falling off his bicycle. The family visited several hospitals. Doctors discovered that the receptors in his brain were malfunctioning and that he lacked sufficient dopamine, a chemical compound in the body responsible for transmitting signals between nerve cells. As a result, Andrew has some symptoms similar to those of Parkinson’s disease. Doctors also confirmed he was having seizures. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Andrew’s symptoms didn’t add up to any known disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One afternoon last fall at precisely noon, as Andrew sat propped up on the living room couch, Lynn’s phone alarm sounded, signaling it was time for his medication. Lynn pried open Andrew’s hand, which was clenched into a fist, and dropped in the pills. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To keep Andrew from falling, the family has lowered his bed and removed carpet from the house. They also bought him a wheelchair. Their precautions don’t always work. One morning, Lynn was in the kitchen when she heard a crash. “I ran in there and he’s laid flat on his back,” she said. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Andrew is close to his mom. But he also gets frustrated. He can’t shower or dress without her help. He’s had to give up the things he loved to do: printing T-shirts. Skateboarding. Shooting short films. He’s lost friends and can’t imagine dating anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Girlfriends? Forget about it,” he said, his face twitching as he talks. “They want a guy who can do stuff for them, not the other way around.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Running The Medical Gauntlet\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a Monday morning in late January, Andrew and his parents were in an exam room at UCLA. Lynn teased her son, saying she was going to put him in a freezer until doctors figured out what was wrong.\u003cbr>\n“Then we’ll pull you back out again,” she said, smiling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ll never get pulled out,” Andrew responded. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yes, you will,” she said. “You will.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nelson, Andrew’s main doctor, walked into the room. He told Andrew he’d read through the medical records. “We’re going to try to figure you out.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The work Nelson does is personal. His teenage son, Dylan, has Duchenne muscular dystrophy, a genetic disorder that causes muscle degeneration and weakness. Nelson knows his son’s disease will eventually take his life, but he said having a diagnosis makes all the difference. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My heart very much goes out to the families that don’t even get an adequate diagnosis,” he said.\u003cbr>\nNelson suspects that Andrew’s disease is genetic as well. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He asked the Whittakers to describe their son’s journey and he conducted a short physical exam, asking Andrew to push against his hand and touch his own nose. Andrew trembled and his shoulders tensed, but he did it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rest of the week, Andrew underwent several other diagnostic tests, including a muscle biopsy, an EEG, MRI and a lumbar puncture. He remained upbeat, though running the medical gauntlet clearly wore him out. He also met with UCLA specialists in brain degeneration and muscle and nerve disorders. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At week’s end, Nelson sat down with the family to explain what he’d found. He had reviewed Andrew’s genome and compared it with that of both parents. Andrew had one copy of a defective gene that leads to Parkinson’s but the genome sequencing didn’t show a second copy, without which it could not be Parkinson’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also explained that Andrew’s illness was clearly progressive and that his brain was shrinking, making it harder for him to process language and information. Nelson said he still didn’t have a diagnosis -- he believed it was a brand-new disease. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nelson planned to continue poring over the test results, conducting additional exams and communicating with others in the network. He also is analyzing Andrew’s muscle, skin and blood to see whether any mutated gene is expressed abnormally. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even in the absence of a clear diagnosis, Nelson said, rare diseases like Andrew’s help educate scientists and may help other patients. “These are the people we as a society will owe a great debt of gratitude,” he said. “They are effectively donating their lives to this process.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lynn Whittaker was disappointed. “We are still left with just hope that they will come up with something,” she lamented. “What else do we have?” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Andrew said his relatives have asked if he’s scared the doctors will find something. “I’m more scared if they don’t,” he replied.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>WHITTIER, Calif. -- Lynn Whittaker stood in the hallway of her home looking at the framed photos on the wall. In one, her son Andrew is playing high school water polo. In another, he’s holding a trombone.\u003cbr>\nThe images show no hint of his life today: the seizures that leave him temporarily paralyzed, the weakness that makes him fall over, his labored speech, his scrambled thoughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Andrew, 28, can no longer feed himself or walk on his own. The past nine years have been a blur of doctor appointments, hospital visits and medical tests that have failed to produce answers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You name it, he doesn’t have it,” his mother said. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Andrew has never had a clear diagnosis. He and his family are in a torturous state of suspense, hanging their hopes on every new exam and evaluation. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, they have sought help from the Undiagnosed Diseases Network, a federally funded coalition of universities, clinicians, hospitals and researchers dedicated to solving the nation’s toughest medical mysteries. The doctors and scientists in the network harness advances in genetic science to identify rare, sometimes unknown, illnesses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='100%' height='166'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/319736138&visual=true&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false'\n title='https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/319736138'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At UCLA, one of the network’s sites, Andrew’s medical team would map his genetic makeup, then bring him in for a week of exams and consultations with specialists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Writing A New Disease Encyclopedia\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Undiagnosed Diseases Network was founded in 2015 with a $43 million grant from the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Building on work already being done at NIH, the initiative expanded to include universities across the country: Duke, Columbia and Stanford are among the other sites. The goals are to provide answers for patients with mysterious diseases and to learn more about the disorders.\u003cbr>\nA proposal last month by President Donald Trump to cut the NIH budget by $5.8 billion could put the program in jeopardy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even with the best technology and the finest brains at work, progress is slow. Since its launch, the network has received nearly 1,400 applications on behalf of patients. It has accepted 545 for review so far. Just 74 of the cases have been diagnosed, including 11 at UCLA. Andrew Whittaker’s case is among many in progress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s like battling “an unknown enemy,” said Euan Ashley, one of the principal investigators of the network’s Stanford University site. “That is a particular form of torment that other patients don’t have.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A diagnosis can end families’ painful odyssey while helping physicians and scientists better understand rare diseases and human physiology, said Rachel Ramoni, former executive director of the network, which is based at Harvard University. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers throughout the network use advanced medical technology. For example, to study patients’ gene expression and disease progression, they can make models using nearly transparent zebrafish, whose genetic structure is similar to that of humans. And scientists can conduct whole genome sequencing, which allows the medical team to read a patient’s DNA and identify changes that can reveal what may be causing a disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have powerful techniques to look at every gene that is being expressed as well as every gene that is inherited,” said Stanley Nelson, one of UCLA’s principal investigators and the lead doctor on Andrew’s case. “This is an example of true precision medicine.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nelson said the network can examine all known genes -- not just the ones believed to have mutations that cause diseases. Doing that can lead to the discovery of new illnesses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Part of what we have to do is keep building that library, that encyclopedia of what gene and what gene mutations cause what symptoms,” Nelson said. “It’s just incomplete at this moment.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Already the work is helping patients and their families come to terms with their illnesses. In one case, at Stanford, a toddler was diagnosed with two rare diseases, including a connective tissue disorder called Marfan Syndrome, after doctors conducted a form of sequencing that looks for changes in coded genetic segments known as exons. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes answers come from something decidedly lower-tech: collaboration among clinicians and researchers who share experiences, data and expertise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of times your ability to be diagnosed depends on who is in the room,” Ramoni said. “And what we are doing with the network is we are expanding exponentially the number of people in the room.”\u003cbr>\nDoctors at one institution might think their patient is a unique case, only to learn that colleagues elsewhere have a patient with a similar illness. But even when diseases are diagnosed or gene mutations are discovered, treatments may still not be available. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Life-Changing Mystery\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Andrew Whittaker’s odyssey began one afternoon at age 19, when he started trembling and couldn’t speak. Doctors suspected he was suffering from anxiety and prescribed medication to control it. But Andrew said he continued to have “episodes,” during which everything just went blank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like there’s not enough blood going to your brain,” he said. “You can’t think.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Andrew also started losing his balance and falling off his bicycle. The family visited several hospitals. Doctors discovered that the receptors in his brain were malfunctioning and that he lacked sufficient dopamine, a chemical compound in the body responsible for transmitting signals between nerve cells. As a result, Andrew has some symptoms similar to those of Parkinson’s disease. Doctors also confirmed he was having seizures. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Andrew’s symptoms didn’t add up to any known disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One afternoon last fall at precisely noon, as Andrew sat propped up on the living room couch, Lynn’s phone alarm sounded, signaling it was time for his medication. Lynn pried open Andrew’s hand, which was clenched into a fist, and dropped in the pills. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To keep Andrew from falling, the family has lowered his bed and removed carpet from the house. They also bought him a wheelchair. Their precautions don’t always work. One morning, Lynn was in the kitchen when she heard a crash. “I ran in there and he’s laid flat on his back,” she said. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Andrew is close to his mom. But he also gets frustrated. He can’t shower or dress without her help. He’s had to give up the things he loved to do: printing T-shirts. Skateboarding. Shooting short films. He’s lost friends and can’t imagine dating anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Girlfriends? Forget about it,” he said, his face twitching as he talks. “They want a guy who can do stuff for them, not the other way around.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Running The Medical Gauntlet\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a Monday morning in late January, Andrew and his parents were in an exam room at UCLA. Lynn teased her son, saying she was going to put him in a freezer until doctors figured out what was wrong.\u003cbr>\n“Then we’ll pull you back out again,” she said, smiling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ll never get pulled out,” Andrew responded. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yes, you will,” she said. “You will.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nelson, Andrew’s main doctor, walked into the room. He told Andrew he’d read through the medical records. “We’re going to try to figure you out.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The work Nelson does is personal. His teenage son, Dylan, has Duchenne muscular dystrophy, a genetic disorder that causes muscle degeneration and weakness. Nelson knows his son’s disease will eventually take his life, but he said having a diagnosis makes all the difference. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My heart very much goes out to the families that don’t even get an adequate diagnosis,” he said.\u003cbr>\nNelson suspects that Andrew’s disease is genetic as well. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He asked the Whittakers to describe their son’s journey and he conducted a short physical exam, asking Andrew to push against his hand and touch his own nose. Andrew trembled and his shoulders tensed, but he did it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rest of the week, Andrew underwent several other diagnostic tests, including a muscle biopsy, an EEG, MRI and a lumbar puncture. He remained upbeat, though running the medical gauntlet clearly wore him out. He also met with UCLA specialists in brain degeneration and muscle and nerve disorders. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At week’s end, Nelson sat down with the family to explain what he’d found. He had reviewed Andrew’s genome and compared it with that of both parents. Andrew had one copy of a defective gene that leads to Parkinson’s but the genome sequencing didn’t show a second copy, without which it could not be Parkinson’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also explained that Andrew’s illness was clearly progressive and that his brain was shrinking, making it harder for him to process language and information. Nelson said he still didn’t have a diagnosis -- he believed it was a brand-new disease. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nelson planned to continue poring over the test results, conducting additional exams and communicating with others in the network. He also is analyzing Andrew’s muscle, skin and blood to see whether any mutated gene is expressed abnormally. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even in the absence of a clear diagnosis, Nelson said, rare diseases like Andrew’s help educate scientists and may help other patients. “These are the people we as a society will owe a great debt of gratitude,” he said. “They are effectively donating their lives to this process.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lynn Whittaker was disappointed. “We are still left with just hope that they will come up with something,” she lamented. “What else do we have?” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Andrew said his relatives have asked if he’s scared the doctors will find something. “I’m more scared if they don’t,” he replied.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Four out of five older Americans with hearing loss just ignore it, in part because a hearing aid is an unwelcome sign of aging. But what if hearing aids looked like stylish fashion accessories and could be bought at your local pharmacy like reading glasses?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's the vision of Kristen \"KR\" Liu, who's the director of accessibility and advocacy for Doppler Labs, a company marketing one of these devices. She thinks a hearing aid could be \"something that's hip and cool and people have multiple pairs and it's fashionable.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Liu, who has severe hearing loss herself, helped design a device designed to let people with hearing loss blend in. One person may be using the technology to stream music or take a phone call, she says. Another may be wearing it to amplify speech and hear the conversation. \"And no one is going to know the difference,\" Liu says. \"So you're wearing technology in your ear, proudly.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The device is a small circular instrument that fits snugly in the ear. It can be adjusted to individual hearing using a smartphone app to control volume, cut out background noise or turn up the sound in a theater. \"It's pretty much a hearing aid,\" says Liu, except the company isn't allowed to call it that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's because the Food and Drug Administration, which regulates medical devices, doesn't allow hearing aids to be sold over the counter. So devices sold directly to consumers are marketed as \"personal sound amplification products,\" or PSAPs. They range in price from about $250 to $350 and are considerably cheaper than hearing aids, which can cost up to $6,000 and are typically not covered by Medicare or most private insurance companies. Hearing aids are customized by a hearing specialist such as an audiologist, following a hearing test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PSAPs can only be marketed as sound amplifiers for people with normal hearing who want to make things louder, like music or the sounds of birds chirping. Hearing loss advocates believe this means people with mild to moderate hearing loss who could benefit from the devices don't know about them. There are dozens of the devices on the market, but their quality varies wildly, as an analysis of 11 of them last year for hearing care professionals shows. And there's no easy way for potential purchasers to figure out which work best.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Hearing Loss Association of America, a consumer group, wants Congress to create a new category of aids for people with mild to moderate hearing loss by passing the Over-the-Counter Hearing Aid Act of2017. (People with severe hearing loss would still need to be seen by a medical professional.) The bill would direct the FDA to come up with safety and effectiveness standards for these new hearing aids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA is already moving in that direction, and in December said it would no longer require adults to be medically evaluated before buying a hearing aid. Proponents of direct-to-consumer sales hope Congressional action would get the FDA moving faster. A 2016 report from the National Academies of Sciences also endorsed allowing over-the-counter sales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This could be life changing for people with hearing loss, says Richard Einhorn, a composer of modern classical music who is on the board of the Hearing Loss Association of America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early one morning in 2010, he woke up with his ears ringing — a loud, piercing hiss. \"I hit the panic button,\" Einhorn says. \"I jumped out of bed and immediately fell over onto the floor.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An inner ear infection, likely a virus, had caused him to lose his balance. He went deaf in his right ear. He already had some hearing loss in his left ear. His hearing aids cost $5,000 and were not covered by insurance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm a composer, for goodness sake,\" Einhorn says. \"This is not an easy purchase to scrounge up the money for.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opening up the hearing aid market would foster competition and drive prices down, says Einhorn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It would also encourage companies to come up with new and better products, says Liu. She envisions a future that solves one of the biggest problems for many people – hearing in a noisy environment, like a party or a busy restaurant. She wants a hearing aid that would automatically adjust to different sound environments, so she could hear the person talking to her and not the background distraction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Nothing like that exists today,\" Liu says. \"But I very much see something like that down the road.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some audio specialists support rolling back regulations, while others are skeptical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hearing loss is complex, says Neil DiSarno, chief staff officer for audiology at the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. This makes it difficult for consumers to \"self-evaluate, self-treat and self-monitor,\" he says. If people buy their hearing aids directly over the counter, they'll miss out on all the skills audiologists can teach them, like how to lip read and how to distinguish high frequency sounds, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The market for over-the-counter hearing aids could be huge. More than 35 million Americans have some degree of hearing loss. And for older Americans, not dealing with the problem can have a big impact on age-related cognitive decline, says Dr. Frank Lin, associate professor of otolaryngology at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. Lin has done studies looking at the link between hearing loss and cognitive decline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The greater the hearing loss, the greater the risk of loss of thinking and memory abilities over time,\" he says, which can lead to feelings of insecurity and social isolation – a known risk factor for dementia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lin says his findings should serve as a \"wake-up call\" for policy makers. If people have easier access to more affordable hearing aids, he says, that could lead to benefits that go far beyond hearing.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Four out of five older Americans with hearing loss just ignore it, in part because a hearing aid is an unwelcome sign of aging. But what if hearing aids looked like stylish fashion accessories and could be bought at your local pharmacy like reading glasses?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's the vision of Kristen \"KR\" Liu, who's the director of accessibility and advocacy for Doppler Labs, a company marketing one of these devices. She thinks a hearing aid could be \"something that's hip and cool and people have multiple pairs and it's fashionable.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Liu, who has severe hearing loss herself, helped design a device designed to let people with hearing loss blend in. One person may be using the technology to stream music or take a phone call, she says. Another may be wearing it to amplify speech and hear the conversation. \"And no one is going to know the difference,\" Liu says. \"So you're wearing technology in your ear, proudly.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The device is a small circular instrument that fits snugly in the ear. It can be adjusted to individual hearing using a smartphone app to control volume, cut out background noise or turn up the sound in a theater. \"It's pretty much a hearing aid,\" says Liu, except the company isn't allowed to call it that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's because the Food and Drug Administration, which regulates medical devices, doesn't allow hearing aids to be sold over the counter. So devices sold directly to consumers are marketed as \"personal sound amplification products,\" or PSAPs. They range in price from about $250 to $350 and are considerably cheaper than hearing aids, which can cost up to $6,000 and are typically not covered by Medicare or most private insurance companies. Hearing aids are customized by a hearing specialist such as an audiologist, following a hearing test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PSAPs can only be marketed as sound amplifiers for people with normal hearing who want to make things louder, like music or the sounds of birds chirping. Hearing loss advocates believe this means people with mild to moderate hearing loss who could benefit from the devices don't know about them. There are dozens of the devices on the market, but their quality varies wildly, as an analysis of 11 of them last year for hearing care professionals shows. And there's no easy way for potential purchasers to figure out which work best.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Hearing Loss Association of America, a consumer group, wants Congress to create a new category of aids for people with mild to moderate hearing loss by passing the Over-the-Counter Hearing Aid Act of2017. (People with severe hearing loss would still need to be seen by a medical professional.) The bill would direct the FDA to come up with safety and effectiveness standards for these new hearing aids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA is already moving in that direction, and in December said it would no longer require adults to be medically evaluated before buying a hearing aid. Proponents of direct-to-consumer sales hope Congressional action would get the FDA moving faster. A 2016 report from the National Academies of Sciences also endorsed allowing over-the-counter sales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This could be life changing for people with hearing loss, says Richard Einhorn, a composer of modern classical music who is on the board of the Hearing Loss Association of America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early one morning in 2010, he woke up with his ears ringing — a loud, piercing hiss. \"I hit the panic button,\" Einhorn says. \"I jumped out of bed and immediately fell over onto the floor.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An inner ear infection, likely a virus, had caused him to lose his balance. He went deaf in his right ear. He already had some hearing loss in his left ear. His hearing aids cost $5,000 and were not covered by insurance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm a composer, for goodness sake,\" Einhorn says. \"This is not an easy purchase to scrounge up the money for.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opening up the hearing aid market would foster competition and drive prices down, says Einhorn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It would also encourage companies to come up with new and better products, says Liu. She envisions a future that solves one of the biggest problems for many people – hearing in a noisy environment, like a party or a busy restaurant. She wants a hearing aid that would automatically adjust to different sound environments, so she could hear the person talking to her and not the background distraction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Nothing like that exists today,\" Liu says. \"But I very much see something like that down the road.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some audio specialists support rolling back regulations, while others are skeptical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hearing loss is complex, says Neil DiSarno, chief staff officer for audiology at the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. This makes it difficult for consumers to \"self-evaluate, self-treat and self-monitor,\" he says. If people buy their hearing aids directly over the counter, they'll miss out on all the skills audiologists can teach them, like how to lip read and how to distinguish high frequency sounds, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The market for over-the-counter hearing aids could be huge. More than 35 million Americans have some degree of hearing loss. And for older Americans, not dealing with the problem can have a big impact on age-related cognitive decline, says Dr. Frank Lin, associate professor of otolaryngology at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. Lin has done studies looking at the link between hearing loss and cognitive decline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The greater the hearing loss, the greater the risk of loss of thinking and memory abilities over time,\" he says, which can lead to feelings of insecurity and social isolation – a known risk factor for dementia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lin says his findings should serve as a \"wake-up call\" for policy makers. If people have easier access to more affordable hearing aids, he says, that could lead to benefits that go far beyond hearing.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Theranos Will Pay Millions to Arizonans, Settles With Feds",
"title": "Theranos Will Pay Millions to Arizonans, Settles With Feds",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>Embattled diagnostics startup Theranos said it will return $4.65 million to Arizona residents for the blood testing services they received between 2013 and 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everyone who paid for a test will receive a full refund, period,” Arizona Attorney General Mark Brnovich said in a statement. Some 1.5 million blood tests were performed on 175,000 customers — and more than 10 percent were ultimately voided.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The deal, made with the Arizona attorney general’s office, is Theranos’s second for the week: The Silicon Valley company also told the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services that it wouldn’t conduct any blood testing for at least two years, in exchange for pared-down penalties from federal health authorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of the new deal, Theranos also agreed to not operate a CLIA-certified lab in Arizona for two years, starting March 28, 2017. It will pay the attorney general’s office $200,000 in civil penalties, and $25,000 in legal fees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Theranos, launched in 2003 by CEO Elizabeth Holmes, once had grand plans to revolutionize the diagnostics industry. The company claimed that its technology could run hundreds of lab tests with a single drop of blood. It partnered with Walgreens to create a network of Wellness Centers across Arizona and California, aiming to expand the direct-to-consumer diagnostics market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a series of damning media reports, beginning in late 2015, reversed the course of the once-promising diagnostics startup — and last summer, CMS found that Theranos’s practices in its California lab led to “immediate jeopardy to patient health and safety.” Federal health authorities banned Holmes from owning or operating a lab for two years, and Walgreens ended its partnership with Theranos — closing down the 40 Wellness Centers in Arizona and California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It has since switched gears, and is developing a “miniLab” device that it claims will miniaturize the entire diagnostics process into a small, table-top device.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January, the Arizona attorney general’s office began gearing up to launch a lawsuit against Theranos and its subsidiaries, alleging consumer fraud. It claimed that Theranos violated the Arizona Consumer Fraud Act, thanks to a “long-running scheme of deceptive acts and misrepresentations relating to the capabilities of Theranos blood testing equipment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/04/18/theranos-return-every-dollar-made-tests-arizona/\" target=\"_blank\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The diagnostics startup says it will return $4.65 million to Arizona residents for blood testing services. Theranos also cut a deal with the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services to settle the agency's case against the company.",
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"nprByline": "Meghana Keshavan\u003c/br >\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\">STAT\u003c/a>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Embattled diagnostics startup Theranos said it will return $4.65 million to Arizona residents for the blood testing services they received between 2013 and 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everyone who paid for a test will receive a full refund, period,” Arizona Attorney General Mark Brnovich said in a statement. Some 1.5 million blood tests were performed on 175,000 customers — and more than 10 percent were ultimately voided.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The deal, made with the Arizona attorney general’s office, is Theranos’s second for the week: The Silicon Valley company also told the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services that it wouldn’t conduct any blood testing for at least two years, in exchange for pared-down penalties from federal health authorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of the new deal, Theranos also agreed to not operate a CLIA-certified lab in Arizona for two years, starting March 28, 2017. It will pay the attorney general’s office $200,000 in civil penalties, and $25,000 in legal fees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Theranos, launched in 2003 by CEO Elizabeth Holmes, once had grand plans to revolutionize the diagnostics industry. The company claimed that its technology could run hundreds of lab tests with a single drop of blood. It partnered with Walgreens to create a network of Wellness Centers across Arizona and California, aiming to expand the direct-to-consumer diagnostics market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a series of damning media reports, beginning in late 2015, reversed the course of the once-promising diagnostics startup — and last summer, CMS found that Theranos’s practices in its California lab led to “immediate jeopardy to patient health and safety.” Federal health authorities banned Holmes from owning or operating a lab for two years, and Walgreens ended its partnership with Theranos — closing down the 40 Wellness Centers in Arizona and California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It has since switched gears, and is developing a “miniLab” device that it claims will miniaturize the entire diagnostics process into a small, table-top device.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January, the Arizona attorney general’s office began gearing up to launch a lawsuit against Theranos and its subsidiaries, alleging consumer fraud. It claimed that Theranos violated the Arizona Consumer Fraud Act, thanks to a “long-running scheme of deceptive acts and misrepresentations relating to the capabilities of Theranos blood testing equipment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/04/18/theranos-return-every-dollar-made-tests-arizona/\" target=\"_blank\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>When her youngest daughter, Olivia, was in middle school, Mary watched her disappear behind a screen. (Names have been changed to protect the family's identities). Her once bubbly daughter went from hanging out with a few close friends after school to isolating in her room for hours at a time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"She started just laying there not moving and just being on the phone,\" says Mary. \"I was at a loss about what to do.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'I got the idea to overdose online. I was researching how many pills I had to take to die.'\u003ccite>Olivia, 13\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Olivia had always been kind of a nerd, a straight-A student who sang in a competitive choir. But she desperately wanted to be popular, and the cool kids talked \u003cem>a lot\u003c/em> about their latest YouTube favorites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I started trying to watch as many videos as I could, so, like, I knew as much as they did,” says Olivia. “The second I got out of school, I was checking my phone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At her house in the Oakland hills, Olivia would dart to her room, where she’d curl up until after dark, watching video after video. When she finally emerged, she says, she was often bleary-eyed, hazy and slightly wired.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mary says she was walking on eggshells around her daughter; Olivia was often in a foul mood and quick to anger after staring at her small screen for hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Videos Turn Violent\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over time, Olivia started watching videos of girls fighting each other. They'd pull each other's hair, scratch violently and sometimes knock each other out. Olivia and her friends rooted for certain fighters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think it was just fun to watch because they would make me laugh,\" Olivia recalls. \"And at that time I was having a pretty hard time dealing with depression and anxiety.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Olivia’s parents were arguing a lot and she wasn’t connecting with her dad at all. Then her grandmother died. For the first time in her life, it was tough to keep up with school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"GyRdLxMHzfLU2EZ6BrI84PTmEB6oG8LQ\"]“She woke up one morning really depressed, and I brought her to the hospital,\" Mary says, lowering her eyes. Olivia had received a poor grade on a test and told her mom she wanted to hang herself, so she spent nearly a week at a psychiatric hospital under suicide watch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she was released, she started clicking on how-to videos about ways to commit suicide. “I got the idea to overdose online,\" says Olivia. \"I was researching how many pills I had to take to die.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three weeks later, she ended up in the hospital again after downing a bottle of Tylenol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"She was home alone and we had been told to lock it up, but we just didn’t think this would ever happen,\" says Mary, who is now in tears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Olivia's parents were shattered, and desperate to find a way to help their daughter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_375516\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-375516\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Olivia-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Olivia plugged in to all her devices. \" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Olivia-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Olivia-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Olivia-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Olivia-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Olivia-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Olivia-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Olivia-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Olivia-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Olivia-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Olivia-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Olivia, plugged in to all her devices. \u003ccite>(Paradigm)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Road to Recovery \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Olivia was released from her second hospital stay, her family checked her into an addiction recovery center for teens called \u003ca href=\"http://paradigmsanfrancisco.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Paradigm\u003c/a>. The high-end facility is a converted mansion at the end of a winding road in San Rafael. The family is tapping their retirement accounts to pay the $60,000 fee for Olivia’s six-week, in-patient stay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeff Nalin, head psychologist and co-founder of Paradigm, has been treating teens for substance abuse for more than 20 years. In the last few, he says, he’s seen an increasing number of cases similar to Olivia's. She was diagnosed with depression that led to compulsive internet use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The teens are using smartphones and tablets for the same reasons they’d turn to hard drugs \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">— \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 1.5\">to numb themselves from what’s really going on inside, he said. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I describe a lot of the kids that we see as having just stuck a cork in the volcano,” says Nalin. “Underneath there's this rumbling going on, but it just rumbles and rumbles until it blows. And it blows with the emergence of a depression or it emerges with a suicide attempt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most teens come to Paradigm because they've hit bottom in the same way an addict will. But the treatment for internet addiction is trickier, because you can’t really function in today's society without interacting with the digital world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The best analogy is when you have something like an eating disorder,\" says Nalin. \"You cannot be clean and sober from food. So, you have to learn the skills to deal with it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When Does Obsession Become Addiction?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Digital addictions, whether to social media, video games, texting, shopping or pornography, are not official mental disorders listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). But researchers see the same patterns in digital addictions as in other substance abuse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Addiction begins with intermittent to recreational use, then progresses into daily use, and then progresses into consequential use, which in some cases will progress to life-threatening use,” says Anna Lembke, a Stanford University psychiatrist and addiction expert. “That’s followed by a pattern of consequences like insomnia, dysfunctional relationships and absent days at work or school. That’s the natural narrative arc of any addiction, and the same is true with an internet addiction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'There are studies that have looked at people's brains while they're online, and their brains start looking like those of someone who has a substance use disorder. Similar pathways seem activated.'\u003ccite>Elias Aboujaoude,\u003cbr>\nStanford University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>China has labeled internet addiction as a mental disorder, and that's surprising \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">— \u003c/span>historically the Chinese have called addiction a moral failing rather than a clinical disorder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some experts attribute China's change in attitude to the widespread involvement of middle- and upper-class Chinese adolescents in addictive behavior. “A little like our opioid addiction here,\" says Lembke. \"People say no one cared about the opioid epidemic until it affected white suburban kids.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lembke predicts internet addiction will become a validated clinical diagnosis in the U.S. as more and more cases mirror Olivia’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Elias Aboujaoude, a psychiatrist and the director of Stanford's Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Clinic, says there’s also increasing physiological evidence that the internet is addictive. “There are studies that have looked at people's brains while they're online, and their brains start looking like those of someone who has a substance abuse disorder. Similar pathways seem activated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also says feel-good brain chemicals like dopamine that spike in a heroin addict also become elevated in people who compulsively use the internet. Tolerance also builds, says Aboujaoude, just as it does with hard drugs. “People needing more and more time on a particular online video game, for example, to get the same kind of euphoric feeling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Psychologists are still studying whether it is the internet itself that is addictive or specific behaviors people engage in while online, like shopping, video games, pornography and gambling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My view is that it is both,\" says Aboujaoude. \"These behaviors have long been known to be addictive, but the internet, in part by making them so easily accessible, changes the equation and increases the likelihood that they will become addictive.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some experts compare internet addiction to gambling addiction. Even though most of the time when you sit in front of a slot machine you don’t win, every once in a while you do. And that intermittent reward is what hooks people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think about your own devices. Most of the time when your phone dings, the notification is about something trivial, but every once in a while it's meaningful \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">— \u003c/span>like an alert that someone has tagged you in a Facebook photo. Experts say that kind of message is irresistible.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'If we see kids playing video games or watching YouTube videos, in our eyes it’s as if they’re wasting their time and not being productive ... But for that generation, that’s their pixelated playground.\u003ccite>Patrick Markey, professor of psychology, Villanova University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Still, not everyone is convinced that \"addiction\" is the right way to think about this compulsion. \u003ca href=\"http://www.stetson.edu/other/faculty/profiles/christopher-ferguson.php\">Chris Ferguson\u003c/a>, a psychologist at Stetson University, believes moral panic is fueling the rush to label the problem an addiction. \"Sometimes with new technology you see these heightened claims of harm, these exaggerated focuses on the detriment of the new media.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://interpersonalresearch.weebly.com/dr-patrick-markey.html\">Patrick Markey\u003c/a>, a professor of psychology at Villanova University, agrees that society should go slow in using the \"addiction\" label. He worries some researchers are casting an age bias on younger generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If we see kids playing video games or watching YouTube videos, in our eyes it's as if they're wasting their time and not being productive,\" Markey says. \"We might want them to be outside playing baseball or something, but for that generation that's their pixelated playground. It might not be a sign of a pathological behavior.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Markey acknowledges it's possible to spend too much time interacting with a screen. But both he and Ferguson believe that spending long hours on the internet falls into the same category as other behaviors that healthy people can overindulge in — like sex, food, exercise, religion and work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's no agreement about whether these pathological behavioral disorders are really the same things as substance abuse addictions,\" says Ferguson. \"But in my opinion they're not comparable to, say, methamphetamine addiction or heroin addiction.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Crusade for Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even as researchers debate whether the internet is clinically addictive, many if not most of us feel tethered to our devices. That's not a coincidence. Tech companies are invested in hooking people into spending more and more time online, and they're getting better and better at it, says Tristan Harris, a former design ethicist at Google. His job, he says, was to help the company create products that \u003cem>weren't\u003c/em> inherently manipulative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you look at the Facebook news feed, it's not just some neutral thing,\" Harris explains. \"That’s powered by massive farms of computers who are calculating with Ph.D.s and large data sets: how I can get you to scroll.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harris quit Google to form a nonprofit called \u003ca href=\"http://www.timewellspent.io/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Time Well Spent\u003c/a>, because, he says, he was disgusted by the tech industry’s race for our attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Never before in history have a handful of technology designers working at three tech companies influenced how a billion people spend their attention,” Harris says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He's on a crusade to inspire Facebook, Google and Apple to design products that don’t deliberately manipulate kids like Olivia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back at Paradigm, Olivia is getting ready for a session with her therapist, who will help her integrate her devices back into her life. Olivia says she’s petrified to check her Instagram and Snapchat accounts when she powers up her phone for the first time. “I'm worried about when I do go back on my phone what’s going to be there,\" Olivia says in a trembling voice. \"What have people been sending me?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she returns to school this week, Olivia says she doesn't plan to isolate herself again. In fact, she's asked her mom to restrict her phone use, so that she can't use the phone when she's alone. Instead, she’ll be talking to her therapist about what's going in her life, in outpatient treatment after school four days a week, for at least another month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This post has been edited.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A teenaged girl turned to online videos to be like the cool kids. Here's the story of what went wrong, and a look at whether compulsive internet use is really an addiction.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When her youngest daughter, Olivia, was in middle school, Mary watched her disappear behind a screen. (Names have been changed to protect the family's identities). Her once bubbly daughter went from hanging out with a few close friends after school to isolating in her room for hours at a time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"She started just laying there not moving and just being on the phone,\" says Mary. \"I was at a loss about what to do.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'I got the idea to overdose online. I was researching how many pills I had to take to die.'\u003ccite>Olivia, 13\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Olivia had always been kind of a nerd, a straight-A student who sang in a competitive choir. But she desperately wanted to be popular, and the cool kids talked \u003cem>a lot\u003c/em> about their latest YouTube favorites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I started trying to watch as many videos as I could, so, like, I knew as much as they did,” says Olivia. “The second I got out of school, I was checking my phone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At her house in the Oakland hills, Olivia would dart to her room, where she’d curl up until after dark, watching video after video. When she finally emerged, she says, she was often bleary-eyed, hazy and slightly wired.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mary says she was walking on eggshells around her daughter; Olivia was often in a foul mood and quick to anger after staring at her small screen for hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Videos Turn Violent\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over time, Olivia started watching videos of girls fighting each other. They'd pull each other's hair, scratch violently and sometimes knock each other out. Olivia and her friends rooted for certain fighters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think it was just fun to watch because they would make me laugh,\" Olivia recalls. \"And at that time I was having a pretty hard time dealing with depression and anxiety.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Olivia’s parents were arguing a lot and she wasn’t connecting with her dad at all. Then her grandmother died. For the first time in her life, it was tough to keep up with school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>“She woke up one morning really depressed, and I brought her to the hospital,\" Mary says, lowering her eyes. Olivia had received a poor grade on a test and told her mom she wanted to hang herself, so she spent nearly a week at a psychiatric hospital under suicide watch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she was released, she started clicking on how-to videos about ways to commit suicide. “I got the idea to overdose online,\" says Olivia. \"I was researching how many pills I had to take to die.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three weeks later, she ended up in the hospital again after downing a bottle of Tylenol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"She was home alone and we had been told to lock it up, but we just didn’t think this would ever happen,\" says Mary, who is now in tears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Olivia's parents were shattered, and desperate to find a way to help their daughter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_375516\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-375516\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Olivia-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Olivia plugged in to all her devices. \" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Olivia-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Olivia-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Olivia-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Olivia-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Olivia-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Olivia-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Olivia-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Olivia-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Olivia-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Olivia-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Olivia, plugged in to all her devices. \u003ccite>(Paradigm)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Road to Recovery \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Olivia was released from her second hospital stay, her family checked her into an addiction recovery center for teens called \u003ca href=\"http://paradigmsanfrancisco.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Paradigm\u003c/a>. The high-end facility is a converted mansion at the end of a winding road in San Rafael. The family is tapping their retirement accounts to pay the $60,000 fee for Olivia’s six-week, in-patient stay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeff Nalin, head psychologist and co-founder of Paradigm, has been treating teens for substance abuse for more than 20 years. In the last few, he says, he’s seen an increasing number of cases similar to Olivia's. She was diagnosed with depression that led to compulsive internet use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The teens are using smartphones and tablets for the same reasons they’d turn to hard drugs \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">— \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 1.5\">to numb themselves from what’s really going on inside, he said. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I describe a lot of the kids that we see as having just stuck a cork in the volcano,” says Nalin. “Underneath there's this rumbling going on, but it just rumbles and rumbles until it blows. And it blows with the emergence of a depression or it emerges with a suicide attempt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most teens come to Paradigm because they've hit bottom in the same way an addict will. But the treatment for internet addiction is trickier, because you can’t really function in today's society without interacting with the digital world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The best analogy is when you have something like an eating disorder,\" says Nalin. \"You cannot be clean and sober from food. So, you have to learn the skills to deal with it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When Does Obsession Become Addiction?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Digital addictions, whether to social media, video games, texting, shopping or pornography, are not official mental disorders listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). But researchers see the same patterns in digital addictions as in other substance abuse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Addiction begins with intermittent to recreational use, then progresses into daily use, and then progresses into consequential use, which in some cases will progress to life-threatening use,” says Anna Lembke, a Stanford University psychiatrist and addiction expert. “That’s followed by a pattern of consequences like insomnia, dysfunctional relationships and absent days at work or school. That’s the natural narrative arc of any addiction, and the same is true with an internet addiction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'There are studies that have looked at people's brains while they're online, and their brains start looking like those of someone who has a substance use disorder. Similar pathways seem activated.'\u003ccite>Elias Aboujaoude,\u003cbr>\nStanford University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>China has labeled internet addiction as a mental disorder, and that's surprising \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">— \u003c/span>historically the Chinese have called addiction a moral failing rather than a clinical disorder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some experts attribute China's change in attitude to the widespread involvement of middle- and upper-class Chinese adolescents in addictive behavior. “A little like our opioid addiction here,\" says Lembke. \"People say no one cared about the opioid epidemic until it affected white suburban kids.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lembke predicts internet addiction will become a validated clinical diagnosis in the U.S. as more and more cases mirror Olivia’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Elias Aboujaoude, a psychiatrist and the director of Stanford's Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Clinic, says there’s also increasing physiological evidence that the internet is addictive. “There are studies that have looked at people's brains while they're online, and their brains start looking like those of someone who has a substance abuse disorder. Similar pathways seem activated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also says feel-good brain chemicals like dopamine that spike in a heroin addict also become elevated in people who compulsively use the internet. Tolerance also builds, says Aboujaoude, just as it does with hard drugs. “People needing more and more time on a particular online video game, for example, to get the same kind of euphoric feeling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Psychologists are still studying whether it is the internet itself that is addictive or specific behaviors people engage in while online, like shopping, video games, pornography and gambling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My view is that it is both,\" says Aboujaoude. \"These behaviors have long been known to be addictive, but the internet, in part by making them so easily accessible, changes the equation and increases the likelihood that they will become addictive.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some experts compare internet addiction to gambling addiction. Even though most of the time when you sit in front of a slot machine you don’t win, every once in a while you do. And that intermittent reward is what hooks people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think about your own devices. Most of the time when your phone dings, the notification is about something trivial, but every once in a while it's meaningful \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">— \u003c/span>like an alert that someone has tagged you in a Facebook photo. Experts say that kind of message is irresistible.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'If we see kids playing video games or watching YouTube videos, in our eyes it’s as if they’re wasting their time and not being productive ... But for that generation, that’s their pixelated playground.\u003ccite>Patrick Markey, professor of psychology, Villanova University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Still, not everyone is convinced that \"addiction\" is the right way to think about this compulsion. \u003ca href=\"http://www.stetson.edu/other/faculty/profiles/christopher-ferguson.php\">Chris Ferguson\u003c/a>, a psychologist at Stetson University, believes moral panic is fueling the rush to label the problem an addiction. \"Sometimes with new technology you see these heightened claims of harm, these exaggerated focuses on the detriment of the new media.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://interpersonalresearch.weebly.com/dr-patrick-markey.html\">Patrick Markey\u003c/a>, a professor of psychology at Villanova University, agrees that society should go slow in using the \"addiction\" label. He worries some researchers are casting an age bias on younger generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If we see kids playing video games or watching YouTube videos, in our eyes it's as if they're wasting their time and not being productive,\" Markey says. \"We might want them to be outside playing baseball or something, but for that generation that's their pixelated playground. It might not be a sign of a pathological behavior.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Markey acknowledges it's possible to spend too much time interacting with a screen. But both he and Ferguson believe that spending long hours on the internet falls into the same category as other behaviors that healthy people can overindulge in — like sex, food, exercise, religion and work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's no agreement about whether these pathological behavioral disorders are really the same things as substance abuse addictions,\" says Ferguson. \"But in my opinion they're not comparable to, say, methamphetamine addiction or heroin addiction.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Crusade for Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even as researchers debate whether the internet is clinically addictive, many if not most of us feel tethered to our devices. That's not a coincidence. Tech companies are invested in hooking people into spending more and more time online, and they're getting better and better at it, says Tristan Harris, a former design ethicist at Google. His job, he says, was to help the company create products that \u003cem>weren't\u003c/em> inherently manipulative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you look at the Facebook news feed, it's not just some neutral thing,\" Harris explains. \"That’s powered by massive farms of computers who are calculating with Ph.D.s and large data sets: how I can get you to scroll.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harris quit Google to form a nonprofit called \u003ca href=\"http://www.timewellspent.io/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Time Well Spent\u003c/a>, because, he says, he was disgusted by the tech industry’s race for our attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Never before in history have a handful of technology designers working at three tech companies influenced how a billion people spend their attention,” Harris says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He's on a crusade to inspire Facebook, Google and Apple to design products that don’t deliberately manipulate kids like Olivia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back at Paradigm, Olivia is getting ready for a session with her therapist, who will help her integrate her devices back into her life. Olivia says she’s petrified to check her Instagram and Snapchat accounts when she powers up her phone for the first time. “I'm worried about when I do go back on my phone what’s going to be there,\" Olivia says in a trembling voice. \"What have people been sending me?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she returns to school this week, Olivia says she doesn't plan to isolate herself again. In fact, she's asked her mom to restrict her phone use, so that she can't use the phone when she's alone. Instead, she’ll be talking to her therapist about what's going in her life, in outpatient treatment after school four days a week, for at least another month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Scientists at the University of California, Berkeley have filed an appeal to overturn \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/02/16/broad-institute-wins-decision-over-uc-berkeley-in-crispr-patent-battle/\" target=\"_blank\">a decision\u003c/a> by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.broadinstitute.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Patent Trial and Appeal Board\u003c/a> filed in mid-February. The board granted a patent to UC for CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing in bacterial cells, but awarded a separate a patent to the East-Coast based \u003ca href=\"https://www.broadinstitute.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Broad Institute\u003c/a>, jointly owned by Harvard and MIT, for CRISPR's use in plant and animal cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC believes they were the first inventors and should have the patent for use in all applications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We expect to establish definitively that the team led by [UC's] Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier was the first to engineer CRISPR-Cas9 for use in all types of environments, including in non-cellular settings and within plant, animal and even human cells,” said Edward Penhoet, associate dean of biology at UC Berkeley \u003ca href=\"http://news.berkeley.edu/2017/04/13/uc-appeals-u-s-patent-board-decision-on-crispr-cas9/\" target=\"_blank\">in a statement\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"https://www.broadinstitute.org/crispr/journalists-statement-and-background-crispr-patent-process\" target=\"_blank\">a separate statement\u003c/a>, the Broad Institute says they expect the outcome of the appeal to remain the same.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Billions are at stake. The patent for CRISPR gene editing will make whoever holds it a powerful player in the biomed industry, university research and the future of medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For background on the patent dispute, and the new era of gene editing, catch our previous reporting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/01/15/crispr-patent-war-billions-at-stake-for-uc-berkeley/\" target=\"_blank\">CRISPR Patent War: Billions at Stake for UC Berkeley\u003c/a> (Jan. 15, 2016 )\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/02/23/crispr-patent-ruling-3-different-takes/\" target=\"_blank\">CRISPR Patent Ruling: 3 Different Takes\u003c/a> (Feb. 23, 2017)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/04/29/how-a-new-crisprcas9-technique-may-get-us-closer-to-curing-genetic-diseases/\" target=\"_blank\">How New CRISPR/Cas9 Technique Could Be a Game Changer in Curing Genetic Diseases\u003c/a> (Apr. 29, 2016)\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Scientists at the University of California, Berkeley have filed an appeal to overturn \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/02/16/broad-institute-wins-decision-over-uc-berkeley-in-crispr-patent-battle/\" target=\"_blank\">a decision\u003c/a> by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.broadinstitute.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Patent Trial and Appeal Board\u003c/a> filed in mid-February. The board granted a patent to UC for CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing in bacterial cells, but awarded a separate a patent to the East-Coast based \u003ca href=\"https://www.broadinstitute.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Broad Institute\u003c/a>, jointly owned by Harvard and MIT, for CRISPR's use in plant and animal cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC believes they were the first inventors and should have the patent for use in all applications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We expect to establish definitively that the team led by [UC's] Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier was the first to engineer CRISPR-Cas9 for use in all types of environments, including in non-cellular settings and within plant, animal and even human cells,” said Edward Penhoet, associate dean of biology at UC Berkeley \u003ca href=\"http://news.berkeley.edu/2017/04/13/uc-appeals-u-s-patent-board-decision-on-crispr-cas9/\" target=\"_blank\">in a statement\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"https://www.broadinstitute.org/crispr/journalists-statement-and-background-crispr-patent-process\" target=\"_blank\">a separate statement\u003c/a>, the Broad Institute says they expect the outcome of the appeal to remain the same.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Billions are at stake. The patent for CRISPR gene editing will make whoever holds it a powerful player in the biomed industry, university research and the future of medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For background on the patent dispute, and the new era of gene editing, catch our previous reporting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/01/15/crispr-patent-war-billions-at-stake-for-uc-berkeley/\" target=\"_blank\">CRISPR Patent War: Billions at Stake for UC Berkeley\u003c/a> (Jan. 15, 2016 )\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/02/23/crispr-patent-ruling-3-different-takes/\" target=\"_blank\">CRISPR Patent Ruling: 3 Different Takes\u003c/a> (Feb. 23, 2017)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/04/29/how-a-new-crisprcas9-technique-may-get-us-closer-to-curing-genetic-diseases/\" target=\"_blank\">How New CRISPR/Cas9 Technique Could Be a Game Changer in Curing Genetic Diseases\u003c/a> (Apr. 29, 2016)\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "What a 23andMe Disease Risk Report Can Tell You and What It Can't",
"title": "What a 23andMe Disease Risk Report Can Tell You and What It Can't",
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"content": "\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">The genetic testing company 23andMe received \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/04/06/genetic-test-alzheimers/\">approval\u003c/a> this week from regulators to sell genetic reports on an individual’s risk for 10 diseases, most prominently Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. Before you send in your saliva sample and $199, here’s what you should know:\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 class=\"danger-zone\">What will a genetic test actually tell me?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">At most, that you carry a DNA variant that, according to research, is associated with a higher risk of a disease. For the rare clotting disorder hereditary thrombophilia, for instance, the report will say that you do or do not carry a variant called Factor V Leiden in the F5 gene and a variant called Prothrombin G20210A in the F2 gene.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'It’s important for people to know that even if they have a mutation in the genes [associated with Parkinson’s that 23andMe will test for], by and large they won’t get Parkinson’s disease.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>23and me is still fine-tuning the reports, but its tests will also tell you how the presence (or absence) of variants affects risk. If there’s enough science to quantify that, the report will specify a percentage, like “your risk is 3 percent.” If not, it will just say there’s an (unspecified) increased risk. Of course, you can also look it up. For Alzheimer’s, carrying two copies of the Apoe4 variant (one from each parent), as \u003ca href=\"https://science.education.nih.gov/supplements/nih9/bioethics/guide/pdf/Master_4-2.pdf\">1 to 2 percent\u003c/a> of the population does, raises the risk of the disease to as much as 87 percent, for instance, compared to about \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2016/11/21/dementia-rate-decline/\">9 percent\u003c/a> in the general population.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 class=\"danger-zone\">What diseases can 23andMe tell me about?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">This month, late-onset Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, the clotting disorder alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, and Gaucher disease. Soon — the company hasn’t said exactly when — it will also test for genetic variants linked to factor XI deficiency (excessive bleeding), celiac disease, anemia-causing G6PD deficiency, the movement disorder early-onset primary dystonia, and the blood illness hereditary hemochromatosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Will the test tell me if I’m doomed to get one of these terrible disorders?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>No. None of the genetic variants that 23andMe tests for is what’s called “fully penetrant,” meaning that 100 percent of those who carry the variant develop the disease. By not “fully,” we mean \u003cem>really\u003c/em> not fully, as in the risk might be measured in the single-digit percentages. “It’s important for people to know that even if they have a mutation in the genes [associated with Parkinson’s that 23andMe will test for], by and large they won’t get Parkinson’s disease,” said James Beck, chief scientific officer of the Parkinson’s Foundation. The N370S variant in the GBA gene, for instance, triples the risk of Parkinson’s, Beck said, but with a baseline risk of 0.3 percent that means about a 1 percent risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Do these tests work better for some ethnic groups than others?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Geneticists have studied more people of European descent than other groups, so they have more data on white people. 23andMe knows this, so its reports will include warnings such as that the test results are “most relevant for people of European descent” (for Alzheimer’s), “. . . for people of European, Ashkenazi Jewish, and North African Berber descent” (for Parkinson’s), and “. . . for people of Ashkenazi Jewish descent” (Factor XI Deficiency). With Alzheimer’s, the effect of the ApoE4 variant is weaker in African-Americans, for instance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/04/07/genetic-analysis-need-to-know/\" target=\"_blank\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">The genetic testing company 23andMe received \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/04/06/genetic-test-alzheimers/\">approval\u003c/a> this week from regulators to sell genetic reports on an individual’s risk for 10 diseases, most prominently Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. Before you send in your saliva sample and $199, here’s what you should know:\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 class=\"danger-zone\">What will a genetic test actually tell me?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">At most, that you carry a DNA variant that, according to research, is associated with a higher risk of a disease. For the rare clotting disorder hereditary thrombophilia, for instance, the report will say that you do or do not carry a variant called Factor V Leiden in the F5 gene and a variant called Prothrombin G20210A in the F2 gene.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'It’s important for people to know that even if they have a mutation in the genes [associated with Parkinson’s that 23andMe will test for], by and large they won’t get Parkinson’s disease.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>23and me is still fine-tuning the reports, but its tests will also tell you how the presence (or absence) of variants affects risk. If there’s enough science to quantify that, the report will specify a percentage, like “your risk is 3 percent.” If not, it will just say there’s an (unspecified) increased risk. Of course, you can also look it up. For Alzheimer’s, carrying two copies of the Apoe4 variant (one from each parent), as \u003ca href=\"https://science.education.nih.gov/supplements/nih9/bioethics/guide/pdf/Master_4-2.pdf\">1 to 2 percent\u003c/a> of the population does, raises the risk of the disease to as much as 87 percent, for instance, compared to about \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2016/11/21/dementia-rate-decline/\">9 percent\u003c/a> in the general population.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 class=\"danger-zone\">What diseases can 23andMe tell me about?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">This month, late-onset Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, the clotting disorder alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, and Gaucher disease. Soon — the company hasn’t said exactly when — it will also test for genetic variants linked to factor XI deficiency (excessive bleeding), celiac disease, anemia-causing G6PD deficiency, the movement disorder early-onset primary dystonia, and the blood illness hereditary hemochromatosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Will the test tell me if I’m doomed to get one of these terrible disorders?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>No. None of the genetic variants that 23andMe tests for is what’s called “fully penetrant,” meaning that 100 percent of those who carry the variant develop the disease. By not “fully,” we mean \u003cem>really\u003c/em> not fully, as in the risk might be measured in the single-digit percentages. “It’s important for people to know that even if they have a mutation in the genes [associated with Parkinson’s that 23andMe will test for], by and large they won’t get Parkinson’s disease,” said James Beck, chief scientific officer of the Parkinson’s Foundation. The N370S variant in the GBA gene, for instance, triples the risk of Parkinson’s, Beck said, but with a baseline risk of 0.3 percent that means about a 1 percent risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Do these tests work better for some ethnic groups than others?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Geneticists have studied more people of European descent than other groups, so they have more data on white people. 23andMe knows this, so its reports will include warnings such as that the test results are “most relevant for people of European descent” (for Alzheimer’s), “. . . for people of European, Ashkenazi Jewish, and North African Berber descent” (for Parkinson’s), and “. . . for people of Ashkenazi Jewish descent” (Factor XI Deficiency). With Alzheimer’s, the effect of the ApoE4 variant is weaker in African-Americans, for instance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Katherine Stevenson was 8 when she joined a UCSF study to test the effects of a video game on kids like her with \u003ca href=\"https://www.spdstar.org/basic/about-spd\" target=\"_blank\">sensory processing dysfunction\u003c/a>, or SPD, a collection of symptoms where the brain has trouble filtering incoming information -- like sounds and instructions -- in organized, focused ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Katherine is a happy, outgoing child with a high overall IQ, but her cognitive speed (relating to response and performance) is low in comparison to her critical thinking. Her main challenge is an auditory processing disorder that makes it hard for her to screen out certain sounds, because she hears them all at once.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's almost like having a 500 horsepower engine that gets flooded,\" says her mom, Kori Stevenson.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'It’s almost like having a 500 horsepower engine that gets flooded.'\u003ccite>Parent Kori Stevenson on her daughter's sensory processing dysfunction, or SPD\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The UCSF study, spearheaded in 2014 by two Department of Neurology professors, brought Katherine and 62 other elementary school kids (38 with SPD and 25 with typical development patterns) into a lab where an EEG machine tracked their brain activity while they followed computer prompts designed to measure their ability to focus and multitask.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the real work began. The kids brought home iPads loaded with a special software designed to target and improve problems with thinking, reacting, and performing tasks. Twice a day, five days a week for a month, the kids spent 30 minutes maneuvering a cartoonish 3-D figure along a moving pathway without hitting the walls -- tilting, swiping and jabbing the iPad as the game made all kinds of sounds and other potential distractions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There were times that it was really hard to for her,\" says Stevenson. \"There were some days when she breezed through and other days, she was in tears.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when the month was over, and the kids were retested, Katherine's performance had improved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Her ability to focus was a little bit better. And she wasn’t as fatigued at the end of the day. Her ability to multitask improved,\" says Stevenson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Katherine's experience was not unique. The UCSF study, \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0172616\" target=\"_blank\">published \u003c/a>Wednesday in the journal PLOS ONE, showed that while the iPad home training program benefited all the kids who participated to some extent, the results were even better for seven children (including Katherine), a subset of the 38 SPD children with symptoms of ADHD. This group dramatically overcame these issues, at least temporarily, after just a month of video play. Nine months later, those children had so improved (based on their parents' feedback) that they would no longer meet the clinical standard for symptoms of ADHD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Underserved Group\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Video games designed for kids with ADHD have received the most press. But for this study, UCSF Neurology professors Joaquin Anguera and Elyse Marco wanted to focus on an underserved group that doesn't get as much attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some brain training studies specifically target people with ADHD with \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnbc.com/2015/05/21/a-tech-start-up-making-a-play-for-billions-in-adhd-drug-market.html\">gaming products\u003c/a> -- a market ripe for profit, if it can be shown that such products really work. But \u003ca href=\"http://profiles.ucsf.edu/joaquin.anguera\">Anguera\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://anp.ucsf.edu/aboutus/faculty/emarco\">Marco\u003c/a> wanted to work with children with sensory processing dysfunction, a group Marco got to know through her pediatric clinical practice at UCSF. If you're not familiar with SPD, you're not alone. The disorder is thought to affect 5 percent of all U.S. children, but it's a poorly studied group. Symptoms vary widely, from children like Katherine Stevenson with auditory processing issues to something closer to autism spectrum disorder and ADHD. As such, it is often misdiagnosed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_366979\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-366979\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Project-EVO-800x564.jpg\" alt=\"A child plays with Project: EVO, a video game software.\" width=\"800\" height=\"564\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Project-EVO-800x564.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Project-EVO-160x113.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Project-EVO-768x541.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Project-EVO-1020x719.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Project-EVO-960x677.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Project-EVO-240x169.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Project-EVO-375x264.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Project-EVO-520x366.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Project-EVO.jpg 1084w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A child plays with Project: EVO, a video game software. \u003ccite>(Akili Interactive Labs)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The results\u003cem> \u003c/em>of the UCSF study challenge the notion that prolonged exposure to video games, iPads and other interactive technology turns toddlers into strung-out youngsters with an \u003ca href=\"http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/adhd/adhd-associated-video-game-addiction\">ADHD-like inability to focus on tasks\u003c/a> and get things done to completion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A preponderance of studies suggest that all that screen time \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/11/19/502610055/heavy-screen-time-rewires-young-brains-for-better-and-worse\">\u003cem>does\u003c/em> re-wire the brain\u003c/a>. But that may not be a bad thing -- especially for kids like Katherine, who can benefit from learning how to focus on a single goal-based task and block out any other distractions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The fact that these parents reported persistent amounts of improvement for nine months – I think that’s really remarkable,\" says Anguera, lead author of the study. The results showed some parallels to his\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24005416\"> much-publicized 2013 \u003c/a>study where a different 3-D video game called Neuroracer trained seniors to multitask better than a group of 20-year-olds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Beyond the Hype\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the new study only included 63 kids, it was meant as more of a proof of concept experiment than a study meant to offer clinical conclusions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cognitive scientists bristle at suggestions that any of the newfangled cognitive training programs on the market can work for everyone. \u003ca href=\"http://www.cogmed.com/who-is-cogmed-for\">Cogmed \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"https://www.lumosity.com/\">Lumosity\u003c/a>, for example, target both children and adults with claims of improving attention and processing speed. The most common word experts use to describe them is \"exaggerated.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Laura Carstensen, founding director of the \u003ca href=\"http://longevity3.stanford.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Stanford Center on Longevity\u003c/a>, is one of the skeptics. “Can you improve your brain so that it’s faster, more adept, more vital?,\" she told KQED in 2010. \"That’s what the claims are, and I don’t think there’s really any evidence for that.\" In 2014, 73 experts signed an open letter (since taken offline) \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/oct/23/brain-games-memory-loss-open-letter\">warning about\u003c/a> companies exploiting consumers with such claims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anguera is the first to agree. \"You have all these problematic 'brain training' things, and it's fraught with snake oil,\" he says. \"There haven’t been very many studies that have shown any kind of difference, that it does work.\" [contextly_sidebar id=\"8fVx8JR3VjF4j4i929dImiQCARfor4l2\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main takeaway from this study, according to Anguera, is how well it demonstrates the need for personalized assessment before offering kids the brain-training programs of tomorrow. One size does not fit all; look at the fact that only a small subset of the study participants with SPD -- the cohort of SPD kids with hyperactivity or attention struggles -- showed long-term benefit from the video game training.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It really gives us a perspective. If you’re going to use these types of technologies to improve people's attention, you need to be putting thought into it. Not everyone needs the same type of intervention, and the same types of intervention won't work for everyone.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That said, Anguera has confidence that the improvements his team observed were genuine, based on the fact that they were assessed with three different metrics: behavioral testing in the lab, parent surveys, and the use of EEG devices to measure brain waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anguera's team was particularly intrigued to watch a part of the pre-frontal lobe \"light up\" during EEG scans. It's the part of the brain that drives goal-directed activities, and researchers saw how much more responsive it became after kids had spent a month playing with the iPad. Scientists suspect that in kids with ADHD-like symptoms, the cognitive circuits at the front of the brain are not firing at the right time or they’re not firing enough, according to Anguera.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers don't know exactly how, but it appears that \"pushing\" on, or repeatedly using, these circuits of attention strengthens them, like bicep training at the gym.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There’s very few of these cognitive training studies – maybe none – that show a signature that correlates with behavior on some test of attention and shows what’s happening,\" says Anguera. \"That's what makes this unique.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'The fact that these parents reported persistent amounts of improvement for nine months – I think that’s really remarkable.'\u003ccite>Dr. Joaquin Anguera, UCSF\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The UCSF study used an iPad game called Project: EVO. In 2015, \u003ca href=\"http://www.akiliinteractive.com/\">Akili Interactive Labs\u003c/a>, the software developer, used it to \u003ca href=\"https://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/11/23/video-game-is-built-to-be-prescribed-to-children-with-a-d-h-d/?_r=0\">measure the effects on a small group of children\u003c/a> with ADHD and a control group. The study found that, after playing the game five days a week for a month, the children with ADHD showed significant improvement and the control group did not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Akili Interactive is now \u003ca href=\"http://nationaladhdstudy.com/\">testing their software \u003c/a>on hundreds of ADHD children at 13 study sites across the U.S. and aims to be first FDA-approved ADHD videogame\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/08/10/430149726/will-doctors-soon-be-prescribing-video-games-for-mental-health\"> doctors prescribe to parents\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Katherine Stevenson was 8 when she joined a UCSF study to test the effects of a video game on kids like her with \u003ca href=\"https://www.spdstar.org/basic/about-spd\" target=\"_blank\">sensory processing dysfunction\u003c/a>, or SPD, a collection of symptoms where the brain has trouble filtering incoming information -- like sounds and instructions -- in organized, focused ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Katherine is a happy, outgoing child with a high overall IQ, but her cognitive speed (relating to response and performance) is low in comparison to her critical thinking. Her main challenge is an auditory processing disorder that makes it hard for her to screen out certain sounds, because she hears them all at once.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's almost like having a 500 horsepower engine that gets flooded,\" says her mom, Kori Stevenson.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'It’s almost like having a 500 horsepower engine that gets flooded.'\u003ccite>Parent Kori Stevenson on her daughter's sensory processing dysfunction, or SPD\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The UCSF study, spearheaded in 2014 by two Department of Neurology professors, brought Katherine and 62 other elementary school kids (38 with SPD and 25 with typical development patterns) into a lab where an EEG machine tracked their brain activity while they followed computer prompts designed to measure their ability to focus and multitask.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the real work began. The kids brought home iPads loaded with a special software designed to target and improve problems with thinking, reacting, and performing tasks. Twice a day, five days a week for a month, the kids spent 30 minutes maneuvering a cartoonish 3-D figure along a moving pathway without hitting the walls -- tilting, swiping and jabbing the iPad as the game made all kinds of sounds and other potential distractions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There were times that it was really hard to for her,\" says Stevenson. \"There were some days when she breezed through and other days, she was in tears.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when the month was over, and the kids were retested, Katherine's performance had improved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Her ability to focus was a little bit better. And she wasn’t as fatigued at the end of the day. Her ability to multitask improved,\" says Stevenson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Katherine's experience was not unique. The UCSF study, \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0172616\" target=\"_blank\">published \u003c/a>Wednesday in the journal PLOS ONE, showed that while the iPad home training program benefited all the kids who participated to some extent, the results were even better for seven children (including Katherine), a subset of the 38 SPD children with symptoms of ADHD. This group dramatically overcame these issues, at least temporarily, after just a month of video play. Nine months later, those children had so improved (based on their parents' feedback) that they would no longer meet the clinical standard for symptoms of ADHD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Underserved Group\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Video games designed for kids with ADHD have received the most press. But for this study, UCSF Neurology professors Joaquin Anguera and Elyse Marco wanted to focus on an underserved group that doesn't get as much attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some brain training studies specifically target people with ADHD with \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnbc.com/2015/05/21/a-tech-start-up-making-a-play-for-billions-in-adhd-drug-market.html\">gaming products\u003c/a> -- a market ripe for profit, if it can be shown that such products really work. But \u003ca href=\"http://profiles.ucsf.edu/joaquin.anguera\">Anguera\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://anp.ucsf.edu/aboutus/faculty/emarco\">Marco\u003c/a> wanted to work with children with sensory processing dysfunction, a group Marco got to know through her pediatric clinical practice at UCSF. If you're not familiar with SPD, you're not alone. The disorder is thought to affect 5 percent of all U.S. children, but it's a poorly studied group. Symptoms vary widely, from children like Katherine Stevenson with auditory processing issues to something closer to autism spectrum disorder and ADHD. As such, it is often misdiagnosed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_366979\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-366979\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Project-EVO-800x564.jpg\" alt=\"A child plays with Project: EVO, a video game software.\" width=\"800\" height=\"564\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Project-EVO-800x564.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Project-EVO-160x113.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Project-EVO-768x541.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Project-EVO-1020x719.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Project-EVO-960x677.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Project-EVO-240x169.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Project-EVO-375x264.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Project-EVO-520x366.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Project-EVO.jpg 1084w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A child plays with Project: EVO, a video game software. \u003ccite>(Akili Interactive Labs)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The results\u003cem> \u003c/em>of the UCSF study challenge the notion that prolonged exposure to video games, iPads and other interactive technology turns toddlers into strung-out youngsters with an \u003ca href=\"http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/adhd/adhd-associated-video-game-addiction\">ADHD-like inability to focus on tasks\u003c/a> and get things done to completion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A preponderance of studies suggest that all that screen time \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/11/19/502610055/heavy-screen-time-rewires-young-brains-for-better-and-worse\">\u003cem>does\u003c/em> re-wire the brain\u003c/a>. But that may not be a bad thing -- especially for kids like Katherine, who can benefit from learning how to focus on a single goal-based task and block out any other distractions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The fact that these parents reported persistent amounts of improvement for nine months – I think that’s really remarkable,\" says Anguera, lead author of the study. The results showed some parallels to his\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24005416\"> much-publicized 2013 \u003c/a>study where a different 3-D video game called Neuroracer trained seniors to multitask better than a group of 20-year-olds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Beyond the Hype\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the new study only included 63 kids, it was meant as more of a proof of concept experiment than a study meant to offer clinical conclusions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cognitive scientists bristle at suggestions that any of the newfangled cognitive training programs on the market can work for everyone. \u003ca href=\"http://www.cogmed.com/who-is-cogmed-for\">Cogmed \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"https://www.lumosity.com/\">Lumosity\u003c/a>, for example, target both children and adults with claims of improving attention and processing speed. The most common word experts use to describe them is \"exaggerated.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Laura Carstensen, founding director of the \u003ca href=\"http://longevity3.stanford.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Stanford Center on Longevity\u003c/a>, is one of the skeptics. “Can you improve your brain so that it’s faster, more adept, more vital?,\" she told KQED in 2010. \"That’s what the claims are, and I don’t think there’s really any evidence for that.\" In 2014, 73 experts signed an open letter (since taken offline) \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/oct/23/brain-games-memory-loss-open-letter\">warning about\u003c/a> companies exploiting consumers with such claims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anguera is the first to agree. \"You have all these problematic 'brain training' things, and it's fraught with snake oil,\" he says. \"There haven’t been very many studies that have shown any kind of difference, that it does work.\" \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main takeaway from this study, according to Anguera, is how well it demonstrates the need for personalized assessment before offering kids the brain-training programs of tomorrow. One size does not fit all; look at the fact that only a small subset of the study participants with SPD -- the cohort of SPD kids with hyperactivity or attention struggles -- showed long-term benefit from the video game training.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It really gives us a perspective. If you’re going to use these types of technologies to improve people's attention, you need to be putting thought into it. Not everyone needs the same type of intervention, and the same types of intervention won't work for everyone.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That said, Anguera has confidence that the improvements his team observed were genuine, based on the fact that they were assessed with three different metrics: behavioral testing in the lab, parent surveys, and the use of EEG devices to measure brain waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anguera's team was particularly intrigued to watch a part of the pre-frontal lobe \"light up\" during EEG scans. It's the part of the brain that drives goal-directed activities, and researchers saw how much more responsive it became after kids had spent a month playing with the iPad. Scientists suspect that in kids with ADHD-like symptoms, the cognitive circuits at the front of the brain are not firing at the right time or they’re not firing enough, according to Anguera.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers don't know exactly how, but it appears that \"pushing\" on, or repeatedly using, these circuits of attention strengthens them, like bicep training at the gym.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There’s very few of these cognitive training studies – maybe none – that show a signature that correlates with behavior on some test of attention and shows what’s happening,\" says Anguera. \"That's what makes this unique.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'The fact that these parents reported persistent amounts of improvement for nine months – I think that’s really remarkable.'\u003ccite>Dr. Joaquin Anguera, UCSF\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The UCSF study used an iPad game called Project: EVO. In 2015, \u003ca href=\"http://www.akiliinteractive.com/\">Akili Interactive Labs\u003c/a>, the software developer, used it to \u003ca href=\"https://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/11/23/video-game-is-built-to-be-prescribed-to-children-with-a-d-h-d/?_r=0\">measure the effects on a small group of children\u003c/a> with ADHD and a control group. The study found that, after playing the game five days a week for a month, the children with ADHD showed significant improvement and the control group did not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Akili Interactive is now \u003ca href=\"http://nationaladhdstudy.com/\">testing their software \u003c/a>on hundreds of ADHD children at 13 study sites across the U.S. and aims to be first FDA-approved ADHD videogame\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/08/10/430149726/will-doctors-soon-be-prescribing-video-games-for-mental-health\"> doctors prescribe to parents\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Electronic Program Reduces Wait Times for Specialty Care in L.A. County",
"title": "Electronic Program Reduces Wait Times for Specialty Care in L.A. County",
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"content": "\u003cp>An electronic program launched in 2012 by Los Angeles County’s health care system has reduced wait times for specialty care and eliminated the need for some safety-net patients to see specialists at all, according to a new \u003ca href=\"http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/36/3/492.abstract\" target=\"_blank\">study\u003c/a> in the journal Health Affairs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program, eConsult, allows primary care doctors to get specialists’ advice for their patients and expedite referrals for those who need in-person appointments. About a quarter of the requests included in the study were resolved without patients needing to see an advanced-care doctor, though there was variation among the specialties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It completely changed how specialty care was delivered in a safety net system,” said Michael Barnett, an assistant professor of health policy and management at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and lead author of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Los Angeles County Department of Health Services provides care for about 670,000 patients each year in a system that includes four hospitals, 19 health centers and dozens of community providers. The system serves a low-income population — mostly uninsured or covered by Medi-Cal — who traditionally have had difficulty getting access to specialty care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The eConsult system handles over 17,000 requests each month. About 4,500 providers from more than 400 clinics use the system, according to the county. In 2016, the program served about 130,000 patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the major benefits of the eConsult system is that it centralizes requests for care from specialists such as cardiologists, neurologists or gynecologists, Barnett said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Primary care doctors using eConsult have access to a secure, web-based portal to make requests for assistance from specialists. A specialist “reviewer” responds and helps the primary care physician decide how best to manage the patient’s condition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may mean giving advice, suggesting a specific treatment or recommending the patient see a specialist. If a patient needs a visit right away, the system allows for an expedited appointment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In many cases, primary care doctors can resolve clinical issues with their patients simply by having a conversation, Barnett said. “Many referrals are for issues that could be resolved pretty easily if a primary care doctor could get a specialist’s attention,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means those patients wouldn’t need to take another day off work, figure out transportation across town and wait to see a specialist, said Paul Giboney, director of specialty care for the Los Angeles County Department of Health Services. Instead, the care could be delivered in the offices of their primary care doctors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 30 percent of patients who needed a face-to-face visit with a specialist in 2015 were able to get one within 30 days, up from 24 percent in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Difficulty getting appointments with specialists is a challenge for low-income patients across the United States. Without timely access, patients may get sicker and turn to the emergency room for care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was happening on a large scale in L.A. County before the implementation of the eConsult program. Some patients had to wait more than nine months for an appointment with a urologist or a gastroenterologist, for example, the study said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The eConsult program started as an experiment to reduce the backlog, but Giboney said the county’s public health care system is now using it “day in and day out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the size and complexity of the Los Angeles County health care system, the eConsult program works efficiently, suggesting that “specialty access is not an intractable problem,” the study said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Giboney said the results show that electronic conversations between primary care doctors and specialists can improve the way business is done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Within a day, the specialist is already engaged and adding something to the patient’s care,” he said. “We are a public system that is delivering a speed of specialty care that is really unmatched.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since eConsult was rolled out in L.A. County, Giboney said he has talked to providers from Colorado, Illinois and Connecticut about starting similar programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the efficiency of the system, Barnett said, there is still room for improvement on the wait times. The average amount of time it took for a patient to see a specialist in 2015 was still 52 days, though it had dropped about 17 percent from 63 days in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patients who needed ear, nose and throat doctors and those who had kidney problems, cancer or blood diseases saw the most dramatic reductions in waiting time. The wait to see an ear, nose and throat specialist, for example, dropped from 72 to 44 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wait times increased in only one of the dozen specialties examined: Patients had to wait on average 75 days in 2015 to see a podiatrist, up from 65 the previous year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barnett said the next step is to study the impact of the program on quality of care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Giboney said he isn’t satisfied with the wait times either, despite the reduction, but he noted that sometimes doctors want patients to wait a few weeks to see if a treatment is working before going to see a specialist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is not always about reducing the wait time,” Giboney said. “It’s about delivering the right specialty care at the right time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KHN’s coverage in California is funded in part by \u003ca href=\"http://www.blueshieldcafoundation.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Blue Shield of California Foundation\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>An electronic program launched in 2012 by Los Angeles County’s health care system has reduced wait times for specialty care and eliminated the need for some safety-net patients to see specialists at all, according to a new \u003ca href=\"http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/36/3/492.abstract\" target=\"_blank\">study\u003c/a> in the journal Health Affairs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program, eConsult, allows primary care doctors to get specialists’ advice for their patients and expedite referrals for those who need in-person appointments. About a quarter of the requests included in the study were resolved without patients needing to see an advanced-care doctor, though there was variation among the specialties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It completely changed how specialty care was delivered in a safety net system,” said Michael Barnett, an assistant professor of health policy and management at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and lead author of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Los Angeles County Department of Health Services provides care for about 670,000 patients each year in a system that includes four hospitals, 19 health centers and dozens of community providers. The system serves a low-income population — mostly uninsured or covered by Medi-Cal — who traditionally have had difficulty getting access to specialty care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The eConsult system handles over 17,000 requests each month. About 4,500 providers from more than 400 clinics use the system, according to the county. In 2016, the program served about 130,000 patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the major benefits of the eConsult system is that it centralizes requests for care from specialists such as cardiologists, neurologists or gynecologists, Barnett said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Primary care doctors using eConsult have access to a secure, web-based portal to make requests for assistance from specialists. A specialist “reviewer” responds and helps the primary care physician decide how best to manage the patient’s condition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may mean giving advice, suggesting a specific treatment or recommending the patient see a specialist. If a patient needs a visit right away, the system allows for an expedited appointment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In many cases, primary care doctors can resolve clinical issues with their patients simply by having a conversation, Barnett said. “Many referrals are for issues that could be resolved pretty easily if a primary care doctor could get a specialist’s attention,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means those patients wouldn’t need to take another day off work, figure out transportation across town and wait to see a specialist, said Paul Giboney, director of specialty care for the Los Angeles County Department of Health Services. Instead, the care could be delivered in the offices of their primary care doctors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 30 percent of patients who needed a face-to-face visit with a specialist in 2015 were able to get one within 30 days, up from 24 percent in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Difficulty getting appointments with specialists is a challenge for low-income patients across the United States. Without timely access, patients may get sicker and turn to the emergency room for care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was happening on a large scale in L.A. County before the implementation of the eConsult program. Some patients had to wait more than nine months for an appointment with a urologist or a gastroenterologist, for example, the study said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The eConsult program started as an experiment to reduce the backlog, but Giboney said the county’s public health care system is now using it “day in and day out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the size and complexity of the Los Angeles County health care system, the eConsult program works efficiently, suggesting that “specialty access is not an intractable problem,” the study said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Giboney said the results show that electronic conversations between primary care doctors and specialists can improve the way business is done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Within a day, the specialist is already engaged and adding something to the patient’s care,” he said. “We are a public system that is delivering a speed of specialty care that is really unmatched.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since eConsult was rolled out in L.A. County, Giboney said he has talked to providers from Colorado, Illinois and Connecticut about starting similar programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the efficiency of the system, Barnett said, there is still room for improvement on the wait times. The average amount of time it took for a patient to see a specialist in 2015 was still 52 days, though it had dropped about 17 percent from 63 days in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patients who needed ear, nose and throat doctors and those who had kidney problems, cancer or blood diseases saw the most dramatic reductions in waiting time. The wait to see an ear, nose and throat specialist, for example, dropped from 72 to 44 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wait times increased in only one of the dozen specialties examined: Patients had to wait on average 75 days in 2015 to see a podiatrist, up from 65 the previous year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barnett said the next step is to study the impact of the program on quality of care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Giboney said he isn’t satisfied with the wait times either, despite the reduction, but he noted that sometimes doctors want patients to wait a few weeks to see if a treatment is working before going to see a specialist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is not always about reducing the wait time,” Giboney said. “It’s about delivering the right specialty care at the right time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KHN’s coverage in California is funded in part by \u003ca href=\"http://www.blueshieldcafoundation.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Blue Shield of California Foundation\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>What goes on the chopping block: Research into cancer or Alzheimer's? A Zika vaccine or a treatment for superbugs?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his budget blueprint Thursday, President Donald Trump called for cutting $5.8 billion from the National Institutes of Health. That's a staggering 18 percent drop for the $32 billion agency that funds much of the nation's research into what causes different diseases and what it will take to treat them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump's proposal would roll back NIH's 2018 budget to about what it was in 2003. The president called for a \"major reorganization\" of NIH to stress the \"highest priority research,\" but only specifically targeted for elimination the $69 million Fogarty International Center that focuses on global health and has played a big role in HIV research abroad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it's far from clear if Congress will agree to the cuts. The NIH has long experienced bipartisan support among lawmakers, who awarded the agency an extra $2 billion in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here is coverage from around the web, pointing to Republican and other opposition to the proposed cuts. ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/politics-government/congress/article138974053.html\">Republicans queasy about Trump’s cuts to medical research\u003c/a> (McClatchy)\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>President Donald Trump’s budget would slash funding for the National Institutes of Health by nearly $6 billion, or 19 percent, a proposal that’s likely to run into staunch opposition from conservatives within Trump’s own party.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two years ago, Republicans helped secure the largest budget increase for NIH in more than a decade. Led by Missouri Sen. Roy Blunt and Rep. Kevin Yoder and Sen. Jerry Moran of Kansas, the effort resulted in a $2 billion jump in funding and enabled the NIH to give out 1,147 more grants nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The GOP lawmakers again worked across the aisle in November to pass the bipartisan Cures Act, which would allocate more money to the NIH. It had less than Blunt, Yoder and Moran had wanted, but more than President Barack Obama had requested in his budget.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So when Trump released his budget on Thursday, proposing an NIH budget of about $26 billion, it quickly became apparent that the cuts to medical research were one of the few proposals that Republicans would be willing to criticize openly.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://theweek.com/speedreads/686585/gop-congressman-slams-trumps-proposed-cuts-nih-cdc-youre-much-more-likely-die-pandemic-than-terrorist-attack\">GOP congressman on Trump's proposed cuts to NIH, CDC: 'You're much more likely to die in a pandemic than a terrorist attack'\u003c/a> (The Week)\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>(Rep. Tom) Cole argued that defense spending — which Trump's budget blueprint calls for ratcheting up by $54 billion — is no more important than investing in health research. \"You're much more likely to die in a pandemic than a terrorist attack, and so that's part of the defense of the country as well,\" Cole said. \"The CDC is what protects you from things like Ebola and Zika. The NIH, we have 1.6 million Americans a year that contract cancer. About 600,000 die. That is more people than died in the Civil War, the bloodiest war in American history.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/03/trumps-budget-cuts-nih-funding-by-20-percent/519771/\" target=\"_blank\">Trump's Budget Proposal Cuts NIH Funding by 20 Percent\u003c/a> (The Atlantic)\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The agency, which distributes funding to some 300,000 scientists worldwide, has seen its funding wax and wane over the last 20-odd years. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, Congress doubled its funding each year, infusing the agency with cash. But for years afterward, the budgets stayed stagnant. Funding advocates explain that NIH didn’t lose its bipartisan support—other issues, like national defense, simply became more pressing. This hurt the agency’s ability to fund scientists’ research grants and labs’ ability to retain young researchers, and made planning for multi-year projects extremely difficult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists and NIH officials alike were encouraged by the recent enthusiasm around NIH. In an interview last year, agency Director Francis Collins said he hoped Congress would begin “a trend to get us back on a stable, predictable, upward trajectory.” At the time, lawmakers seemed mostly on board with that plan, as the Republican chairs of the relevant funding panels both supported future budget bumps. Congress hasn’t settled on funding for the 2017 fiscal year, but legislators planned for another NIH increase of up to $2 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question now is how closely congressional Republicans will conform to the president’s proposal as they craft their own budgets, and how strongly the president’s staff will push for this particular cut.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.forbes.com/sites/matthewherper/2017/03/16/trump-nih-cuts-would-be-catastrophic-event-says-bush-era-nih-chief/#f055a74789c6\">Trump NIH Cuts Would Be 'Catastrophic Event,' Says Bush-Era NIH Chief\u003c/a> (Forbes)\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Elias Zerhouni was nominated as director of the National Institutes of Health by George W. Bush in 2002, a role in which he served until 2008. Since 2011, he has run research and development at Sanofi, the world's fifth-largest drug company by sales. He says he's disturbed by the budget proposal of President Donald Trump. ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It will be a catastrophic event because the NIH funds grants over four or five years and therefore only has 20% of its budget to give at any one year,\" Zerhouni says. \"Therefore, if you cut it by $6 billion it means next year there will be no grants. It’s really ill-advised, I think, to change budgets so drastically so quickly. It will be very detrimental, especially on young investigators or new investigators, new science. It will set back the NIH significantly after years of stagnation, but recent support from Congress. I find it disturbing, to be honest with you.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-trump-budget-nih-20170316-story.html\">20% cut to NIH budget would leave Americans more vulnerable to cancer and other diseases, experts warn\u003c/a> (L.A. Times)\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Even scientists that have been critical of the NIH rallied to its defense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>J. Craig Venter, a genetics pioneer and chief executive of the J. Craig Venter Institute in La Jolla, said the proposed cuts would forfeit American primacy in a sector where the United States enjoys “absolutely dominant leadership in the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is an engine that drives our entire economy,” he said. “Our federal money can be better spent. But cutting these budgets will only make it 10 times worse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Faced with bare-bones budgets, Venter said, the NIH will put an end to any high-risk research. Like a drug company whose new CEO cuts costs by axing research and development, the U.S. could soon see its pipeline of innovative therapies has gone dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The ones that suffer most are new investigators with new ideas,” he said. “It’ll just be a disaster for the U.S. economy.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2017/3/16/14940444/2018-budget-trump-science-nih\">Trump’s budget is everything scientists have been fearing\u003c/a> (Vox)\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Already, competition for NIH grants is intense. Its funding has basically plateaued over the past decade. At the same time, the cost of research keeps increasing, and an ever-growing pool of PhDs is competing for a relatively smaller pile of grant money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider this: In 2000, more than 30 percent of NIH grant applications got approved. Today, it’s closer to 17 percent. It’s not crazy math: The less money there is to go around, the fewer projects get funded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Hourihan, when the NIH’s budget dropped 5 percent from sequestration cuts, they had to cut around 700 individual grants (out of about 9,000). With a 20 percent cut, “we’re likely talking about [grant] cuts in the hundreds, if not the thousands,” he says.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The first hearing by the subcommittee that oversees NIH is scheduled for Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Associated Press contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>What goes on the chopping block: Research into cancer or Alzheimer's? A Zika vaccine or a treatment for superbugs?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his budget blueprint Thursday, President Donald Trump called for cutting $5.8 billion from the National Institutes of Health. That's a staggering 18 percent drop for the $32 billion agency that funds much of the nation's research into what causes different diseases and what it will take to treat them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump's proposal would roll back NIH's 2018 budget to about what it was in 2003. The president called for a \"major reorganization\" of NIH to stress the \"highest priority research,\" but only specifically targeted for elimination the $69 million Fogarty International Center that focuses on global health and has played a big role in HIV research abroad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it's far from clear if Congress will agree to the cuts. The NIH has long experienced bipartisan support among lawmakers, who awarded the agency an extra $2 billion in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here is coverage from around the web, pointing to Republican and other opposition to the proposed cuts. ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/politics-government/congress/article138974053.html\">Republicans queasy about Trump’s cuts to medical research\u003c/a> (McClatchy)\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>President Donald Trump’s budget would slash funding for the National Institutes of Health by nearly $6 billion, or 19 percent, a proposal that’s likely to run into staunch opposition from conservatives within Trump’s own party.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two years ago, Republicans helped secure the largest budget increase for NIH in more than a decade. Led by Missouri Sen. Roy Blunt and Rep. Kevin Yoder and Sen. Jerry Moran of Kansas, the effort resulted in a $2 billion jump in funding and enabled the NIH to give out 1,147 more grants nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The GOP lawmakers again worked across the aisle in November to pass the bipartisan Cures Act, which would allocate more money to the NIH. It had less than Blunt, Yoder and Moran had wanted, but more than President Barack Obama had requested in his budget.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So when Trump released his budget on Thursday, proposing an NIH budget of about $26 billion, it quickly became apparent that the cuts to medical research were one of the few proposals that Republicans would be willing to criticize openly.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://theweek.com/speedreads/686585/gop-congressman-slams-trumps-proposed-cuts-nih-cdc-youre-much-more-likely-die-pandemic-than-terrorist-attack\">GOP congressman on Trump's proposed cuts to NIH, CDC: 'You're much more likely to die in a pandemic than a terrorist attack'\u003c/a> (The Week)\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>(Rep. Tom) Cole argued that defense spending — which Trump's budget blueprint calls for ratcheting up by $54 billion — is no more important than investing in health research. \"You're much more likely to die in a pandemic than a terrorist attack, and so that's part of the defense of the country as well,\" Cole said. \"The CDC is what protects you from things like Ebola and Zika. The NIH, we have 1.6 million Americans a year that contract cancer. About 600,000 die. That is more people than died in the Civil War, the bloodiest war in American history.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/03/trumps-budget-cuts-nih-funding-by-20-percent/519771/\" target=\"_blank\">Trump's Budget Proposal Cuts NIH Funding by 20 Percent\u003c/a> (The Atlantic)\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The agency, which distributes funding to some 300,000 scientists worldwide, has seen its funding wax and wane over the last 20-odd years. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, Congress doubled its funding each year, infusing the agency with cash. But for years afterward, the budgets stayed stagnant. Funding advocates explain that NIH didn’t lose its bipartisan support—other issues, like national defense, simply became more pressing. This hurt the agency’s ability to fund scientists’ research grants and labs’ ability to retain young researchers, and made planning for multi-year projects extremely difficult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists and NIH officials alike were encouraged by the recent enthusiasm around NIH. In an interview last year, agency Director Francis Collins said he hoped Congress would begin “a trend to get us back on a stable, predictable, upward trajectory.” At the time, lawmakers seemed mostly on board with that plan, as the Republican chairs of the relevant funding panels both supported future budget bumps. Congress hasn’t settled on funding for the 2017 fiscal year, but legislators planned for another NIH increase of up to $2 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question now is how closely congressional Republicans will conform to the president’s proposal as they craft their own budgets, and how strongly the president’s staff will push for this particular cut.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.forbes.com/sites/matthewherper/2017/03/16/trump-nih-cuts-would-be-catastrophic-event-says-bush-era-nih-chief/#f055a74789c6\">Trump NIH Cuts Would Be 'Catastrophic Event,' Says Bush-Era NIH Chief\u003c/a> (Forbes)\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Elias Zerhouni was nominated as director of the National Institutes of Health by George W. Bush in 2002, a role in which he served until 2008. Since 2011, he has run research and development at Sanofi, the world's fifth-largest drug company by sales. He says he's disturbed by the budget proposal of President Donald Trump. ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It will be a catastrophic event because the NIH funds grants over four or five years and therefore only has 20% of its budget to give at any one year,\" Zerhouni says. \"Therefore, if you cut it by $6 billion it means next year there will be no grants. It’s really ill-advised, I think, to change budgets so drastically so quickly. It will be very detrimental, especially on young investigators or new investigators, new science. It will set back the NIH significantly after years of stagnation, but recent support from Congress. I find it disturbing, to be honest with you.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-trump-budget-nih-20170316-story.html\">20% cut to NIH budget would leave Americans more vulnerable to cancer and other diseases, experts warn\u003c/a> (L.A. Times)\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Even scientists that have been critical of the NIH rallied to its defense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>J. Craig Venter, a genetics pioneer and chief executive of the J. Craig Venter Institute in La Jolla, said the proposed cuts would forfeit American primacy in a sector where the United States enjoys “absolutely dominant leadership in the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is an engine that drives our entire economy,” he said. “Our federal money can be better spent. But cutting these budgets will only make it 10 times worse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Faced with bare-bones budgets, Venter said, the NIH will put an end to any high-risk research. Like a drug company whose new CEO cuts costs by axing research and development, the U.S. could soon see its pipeline of innovative therapies has gone dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The ones that suffer most are new investigators with new ideas,” he said. “It’ll just be a disaster for the U.S. economy.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2017/3/16/14940444/2018-budget-trump-science-nih\">Trump’s budget is everything scientists have been fearing\u003c/a> (Vox)\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Already, competition for NIH grants is intense. Its funding has basically plateaued over the past decade. At the same time, the cost of research keeps increasing, and an ever-growing pool of PhDs is competing for a relatively smaller pile of grant money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider this: In 2000, more than 30 percent of NIH grant applications got approved. Today, it’s closer to 17 percent. It’s not crazy math: The less money there is to go around, the fewer projects get funded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Hourihan, when the NIH’s budget dropped 5 percent from sequestration cuts, they had to cut around 700 individual grants (out of about 9,000). With a 20 percent cut, “we’re likely talking about [grant] cuts in the hundreds, if not the thousands,” he says.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The first hearing by the subcommittee that oversees NIH is scheduled for Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"californiareportmagazine": {
"id": "californiareportmagazine",
"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
"meta": {
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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}
},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.cityarts.net/",
"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
"subscribe": {
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/City-Arts-and-Lectures-p692/",
"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
"title": "Close All Tabs",
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"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
"link": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"link": "/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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}
},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
"link": "/forum",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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}
},
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
}
},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
"id": "how-i-built-this",
"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
"imageAlt": "KQED Hyphenación",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/6c3dd23c-93fb-4aab-97ba-1725fa6315f1/hyphenaci%C3%B3n",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC2275451163"
}
},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
"meta": {
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"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
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