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"content": "\u003cp>Is it any surprise that Oxford Dictionaries has named \u003ca href=\"https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/word-of-the-year/word-of-the-year-2016\">post-truth\u003c/a> the 2016 word of the year?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oxford says the word gained momentum after the Brexit vote and the American presidential election. It defines the adjective as \"relating to or denoting circumstances in which objective facts are less influential in shaping public opinion than appeals to emotion and personal belief.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A widely cited post-election Buzzfeed \u003ca href=\"https://www.buzzfeed.com/craigsilverman/viral-fake-election-news-outperformed-real-news-on-facebook?utm_term=.is5qzqZ2ny#.exbMLMeNA7\">analysis\u003c/a> would seem to buttress the validity of that idea, by showing the wild social media success of fake news stories as compared to real ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how does a science reporter like myself successfully relay information if so many people don’t care, necessarily, about its accuracy? (Or even if it's \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizzagate_(conspiracy_theory)\">made up out of whole cloth\u003c/a>.) How do we get readers to pay attention to news that confronts erroneous but entrenched \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewinternet.org/2016/10/04/the-politics-of-climate/ps_2016-10-04_politics-of-climate_0-01/\" target=\"_blank\">beliefs\u003c/a>, when the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/07/us/politics/scott-pruitt-epa-trump.html\" target=\"_blank\">people\u003c/a> filling the country's\u003ca href=\"http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2016/jun/03/hillary-clinton/yes-donald-trump-did-call-climate-change-chinese-h/\" target=\"_blank\"> highest offices\u003c/a> ignore \u003ca href=\"http://climate.nasa.gov/scientific-consensus/\" target=\"_blank\">overwhelming evidence\u003c/a> to the contrary?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you may imagine, these questions have fueled many conversations, not to mention entire meetings, in our newsroom of late.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Stirring Hearts\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that's where TEDMED comes in. \u003ca href=\"http://tedmed.com/\">TEDMED's\u003c/a> approach to its annual conference reminded me that part of the answer is to continue to tell true stories based on good science, but with a focus on \u003ci>people\u003c/i>. (\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/01/26/not-vaccinated-stay-home-from-school-says-marin-dad-of-leukemia-patient/\" target=\"_blank\">See here\u003c/a> for a good example from KQED's State of Health.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A three-day event, TEDMED attracts a who’s who in medical innovation. When videos of the presentations go online, they typically receive between 500,000 to 1 million views. Last year’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.ted.com/talks/judson_brewer_a_simple_way_to_break_a_bad_habit\">talk\u003c/a> by psychiatrist Judson Brewer about a simple way to break a bad habit has drawn 5.6 million views and counting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, when I wandered into a massive, dimly lit Palm Springs ballroom, decked out in plush couches and brightly colored velvet arm chairs, I thought I was cozying in for three days of speeches about gadgets and medical breakthroughs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that wasn’t the case. The speakers rarely discussed data, instead focusing on what was inspiring, memorable, and most importantly, personal. All of which is key if what you're communicating confronts entrenched beliefs that are unlikely to shift without engaging the heart as well as the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Memorable Talks\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_300967\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 315px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-300967 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/emi.jpb_-800x532.jpg\" alt=\"Spoken word poet Emtithal “Emi” Mahmoud on stage at TEDMED at the La Quinta Resort in Palm Springs. \" width=\"315\" height=\"209\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Spoken word poet Emtithal “Emi” Mahmoud on stage at TEDMED at the La Quinta Resort in Palm Springs. \u003ccite>(TEDMED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The theme of the opening session was \u003ci>Invisible Threats\u003c/i>. I assumed that meant speeches about airborne viruses like Ebola or Zika. But instead, Emitithal “Emi” Mahmoud, a spoken word poet from Sudan, took the stage. She performed an intimate piece about the emotional toll of violence in her country. Yes there were plenty of audience tears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The invisible threats that we grapple with on a personal level, such as the biases that we hold or the traumas that we have gone through, but have not processed completely, affect how we influence and interact with other human beings,” Mahmoud told me after her performance. “Because in the long run, if you’re standing across from someone who needs help, and invisible barriers make you see them through a lens that makes you think they are not like you or they are an ‘other,’ chances are you are not going to help them. That’s incredibly dangerous.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the course of the next few days, the speakers continued to share human stories that took the audience on surprising journeys all over the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_300975\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 314px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-300975\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/DSC_8921-900x600-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Documentary filmmaker Carolyn Jones shared the story of Sister Stephens, a Wisconsin nurse who helps dying patients in their final days. \" width=\"314\" height=\"209\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/DSC_8921-900x600-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/DSC_8921-900x600-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/DSC_8921-900x600-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/DSC_8921-900x600-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/DSC_8921-900x600-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/DSC_8921-900x600-520x347.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/DSC_8921-900x600.jpg 900w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 314px) 100vw, 314px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Documentary filmmaker Carolyn Jones shared the story of Sister Stephens, a Wisconsin nurse who helps dying patients in their final days. \u003ccite>(TEDMED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Documentary filmmaker Carolyn Jones highlighted the undervalued role nurses play in the health care industry. She shared the story of Sister Stephens, a Wisconsin nurse who runs an unusual nursing home. \"She uses ducks, goats and lambs for animal therapy with the residents who might not be able to remember their own name, but can rejoice in holding a baby lamb,\" Jones reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_300973\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 314px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-300973\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/cheryl-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Prison psychologist Cheryl Steed shares inmate Mr. Burdick's story to illustrate how helping others can rehabilitate hardened criminals. \" width=\"314\" height=\"210\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/cheryl-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/cheryl-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/cheryl-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/cheryl-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/cheryl-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/cheryl-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/cheryl-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/cheryl-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/cheryl-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/cheryl-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 314px) 100vw, 314px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Prison psychologist Cheryl Steed shares inmate Mr. Burdick's story to illustrate how helping others can rehabilitate hardened criminals. \u003ccite>(TEDMED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Prison psychologist Cheryl Steed revealed a unique rehabilitation program called the Gold Coats. Physically able inmates, wearing gold jackets, take care of older convicts who are struggling with dementia. She told the story of Mr. Burdick, incarcerated for 40 years, who helps elderly inmates shower, dress and eat daily. \"Society at large tends to reduce people to labels – criminal, thief, killer...\" Steed said. \"How do you explain the fact that a man who once took a life is now a caregiver? Which version of that person is the truth? The beautiful complexity of human nature is that \u003ci>both\u003c/i> are true. And by shouldering responsibility for someone who needs them, these men have begun to discover another way of life and a healthier, happier version of themselves.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_300974\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 314px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-300974\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/lauren-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"New Yorker writer Larissa MacFarquhar explores the lives of extreme altruists. \" width=\"314\" height=\"209\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/lauren-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/lauren-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/lauren-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/lauren-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/lauren-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/lauren-520x347.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/lauren.jpg 900w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 314px) 100vw, 314px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New Yorker writer Larissa MacFarquhar explores the lives of extreme altruists. \u003ccite>(TEDMED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>New Yorker writer Larissa MacFarquhar shared her research on the motivations behind altruism. She told the heroic tale of the Badeau family, a couple who kept adopting foster care children until they were housing 20 special needs kids. \"The thing about people like Sue and Hector is that they have a deep and happy sense of purpose,\" said MacFarquhar. \"Yes, they sacrifice a lot of comforts. But in exchange they know that they’ve changed many lives for the better, and they believe that they are living their own lives as they ought to. And how many of us can say that?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even more traditional talks like psychiatrist Kafui Dzirasa’s use of neuroelectrical stimulation to treat mental illness, or Israeli internist Nir Barzilai’s research on extending life revolved around personal narratives that tugged at the audience’s emotions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data and good research is a prerequisite for any science reporting. But TEDMED's speakers reminded me that communicating science, in an era where accurate information must compete with agenda- or profit-driven \"news,\" is not necessarily about driving home the numbers that scientists prize. Translating those numbers into stories of people who are actually affected by what they represent is what ultimately will move people to take science seriously.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Is it any surprise that Oxford Dictionaries has named \u003ca href=\"https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/word-of-the-year/word-of-the-year-2016\">post-truth\u003c/a> the 2016 word of the year?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oxford says the word gained momentum after the Brexit vote and the American presidential election. It defines the adjective as \"relating to or denoting circumstances in which objective facts are less influential in shaping public opinion than appeals to emotion and personal belief.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A widely cited post-election Buzzfeed \u003ca href=\"https://www.buzzfeed.com/craigsilverman/viral-fake-election-news-outperformed-real-news-on-facebook?utm_term=.is5qzqZ2ny#.exbMLMeNA7\">analysis\u003c/a> would seem to buttress the validity of that idea, by showing the wild social media success of fake news stories as compared to real ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how does a science reporter like myself successfully relay information if so many people don’t care, necessarily, about its accuracy? (Or even if it's \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizzagate_(conspiracy_theory)\">made up out of whole cloth\u003c/a>.) How do we get readers to pay attention to news that confronts erroneous but entrenched \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewinternet.org/2016/10/04/the-politics-of-climate/ps_2016-10-04_politics-of-climate_0-01/\" target=\"_blank\">beliefs\u003c/a>, when the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/07/us/politics/scott-pruitt-epa-trump.html\" target=\"_blank\">people\u003c/a> filling the country's\u003ca href=\"http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2016/jun/03/hillary-clinton/yes-donald-trump-did-call-climate-change-chinese-h/\" target=\"_blank\"> highest offices\u003c/a> ignore \u003ca href=\"http://climate.nasa.gov/scientific-consensus/\" target=\"_blank\">overwhelming evidence\u003c/a> to the contrary?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you may imagine, these questions have fueled many conversations, not to mention entire meetings, in our newsroom of late.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Stirring Hearts\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that's where TEDMED comes in. \u003ca href=\"http://tedmed.com/\">TEDMED's\u003c/a> approach to its annual conference reminded me that part of the answer is to continue to tell true stories based on good science, but with a focus on \u003ci>people\u003c/i>. (\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/01/26/not-vaccinated-stay-home-from-school-says-marin-dad-of-leukemia-patient/\" target=\"_blank\">See here\u003c/a> for a good example from KQED's State of Health.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A three-day event, TEDMED attracts a who’s who in medical innovation. When videos of the presentations go online, they typically receive between 500,000 to 1 million views. Last year’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.ted.com/talks/judson_brewer_a_simple_way_to_break_a_bad_habit\">talk\u003c/a> by psychiatrist Judson Brewer about a simple way to break a bad habit has drawn 5.6 million views and counting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, when I wandered into a massive, dimly lit Palm Springs ballroom, decked out in plush couches and brightly colored velvet arm chairs, I thought I was cozying in for three days of speeches about gadgets and medical breakthroughs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that wasn’t the case. The speakers rarely discussed data, instead focusing on what was inspiring, memorable, and most importantly, personal. All of which is key if what you're communicating confronts entrenched beliefs that are unlikely to shift without engaging the heart as well as the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Memorable Talks\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_300967\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 315px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-300967 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/emi.jpb_-800x532.jpg\" alt=\"Spoken word poet Emtithal “Emi” Mahmoud on stage at TEDMED at the La Quinta Resort in Palm Springs. \" width=\"315\" height=\"209\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Spoken word poet Emtithal “Emi” Mahmoud on stage at TEDMED at the La Quinta Resort in Palm Springs. \u003ccite>(TEDMED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The theme of the opening session was \u003ci>Invisible Threats\u003c/i>. I assumed that meant speeches about airborne viruses like Ebola or Zika. But instead, Emitithal “Emi” Mahmoud, a spoken word poet from Sudan, took the stage. She performed an intimate piece about the emotional toll of violence in her country. Yes there were plenty of audience tears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The invisible threats that we grapple with on a personal level, such as the biases that we hold or the traumas that we have gone through, but have not processed completely, affect how we influence and interact with other human beings,” Mahmoud told me after her performance. “Because in the long run, if you’re standing across from someone who needs help, and invisible barriers make you see them through a lens that makes you think they are not like you or they are an ‘other,’ chances are you are not going to help them. That’s incredibly dangerous.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the course of the next few days, the speakers continued to share human stories that took the audience on surprising journeys all over the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_300975\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 314px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-300975\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/DSC_8921-900x600-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Documentary filmmaker Carolyn Jones shared the story of Sister Stephens, a Wisconsin nurse who helps dying patients in their final days. \" width=\"314\" height=\"209\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/DSC_8921-900x600-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/DSC_8921-900x600-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/DSC_8921-900x600-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/DSC_8921-900x600-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/DSC_8921-900x600-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/DSC_8921-900x600-520x347.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/DSC_8921-900x600.jpg 900w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 314px) 100vw, 314px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Documentary filmmaker Carolyn Jones shared the story of Sister Stephens, a Wisconsin nurse who helps dying patients in their final days. \u003ccite>(TEDMED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Documentary filmmaker Carolyn Jones highlighted the undervalued role nurses play in the health care industry. She shared the story of Sister Stephens, a Wisconsin nurse who runs an unusual nursing home. \"She uses ducks, goats and lambs for animal therapy with the residents who might not be able to remember their own name, but can rejoice in holding a baby lamb,\" Jones reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_300973\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 314px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-300973\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/cheryl-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Prison psychologist Cheryl Steed shares inmate Mr. Burdick's story to illustrate how helping others can rehabilitate hardened criminals. \" width=\"314\" height=\"210\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/cheryl-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/cheryl-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/cheryl-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/cheryl-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/cheryl-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/cheryl-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/cheryl-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/cheryl-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/cheryl-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/cheryl-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 314px) 100vw, 314px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Prison psychologist Cheryl Steed shares inmate Mr. Burdick's story to illustrate how helping others can rehabilitate hardened criminals. \u003ccite>(TEDMED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Prison psychologist Cheryl Steed revealed a unique rehabilitation program called the Gold Coats. Physically able inmates, wearing gold jackets, take care of older convicts who are struggling with dementia. She told the story of Mr. Burdick, incarcerated for 40 years, who helps elderly inmates shower, dress and eat daily. \"Society at large tends to reduce people to labels – criminal, thief, killer...\" Steed said. \"How do you explain the fact that a man who once took a life is now a caregiver? Which version of that person is the truth? The beautiful complexity of human nature is that \u003ci>both\u003c/i> are true. And by shouldering responsibility for someone who needs them, these men have begun to discover another way of life and a healthier, happier version of themselves.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_300974\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 314px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-300974\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/lauren-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"New Yorker writer Larissa MacFarquhar explores the lives of extreme altruists. \" width=\"314\" height=\"209\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/lauren-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/lauren-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/lauren-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/lauren-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/lauren-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/lauren-520x347.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/lauren.jpg 900w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 314px) 100vw, 314px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New Yorker writer Larissa MacFarquhar explores the lives of extreme altruists. \u003ccite>(TEDMED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>New Yorker writer Larissa MacFarquhar shared her research on the motivations behind altruism. She told the heroic tale of the Badeau family, a couple who kept adopting foster care children until they were housing 20 special needs kids. \"The thing about people like Sue and Hector is that they have a deep and happy sense of purpose,\" said MacFarquhar. \"Yes, they sacrifice a lot of comforts. But in exchange they know that they’ve changed many lives for the better, and they believe that they are living their own lives as they ought to. And how many of us can say that?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even more traditional talks like psychiatrist Kafui Dzirasa’s use of neuroelectrical stimulation to treat mental illness, or Israeli internist Nir Barzilai’s research on extending life revolved around personal narratives that tugged at the audience’s emotions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data and good research is a prerequisite for any science reporting. But TEDMED's speakers reminded me that communicating science, in an era where accurate information must compete with agenda- or profit-driven \"news,\" is not necessarily about driving home the numbers that scientists prize. Translating those numbers into stories of people who are actually affected by what they represent is what ultimately will move people to take science seriously.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "For Some With Mental Illness, Pets Considered Among Closest Social Ties",
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"content": "\u003cp>Any pet owner will tell you that their animal companions comfort and sustain them when life gets rough. This may be especially true for people with serious mental illness, a study finds. When people with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder were asked who or what helped them manage the condition, many said it was pets that helped the most.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When I'm feeling really low they are wonderful because they won't leave my side for two days,\" one study participant with two dogs and two cats, \"They just stay with me until I am ready to come out of it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another person said of their pet birds: \"If I didn't have my pets I think I would be on my own. You know what I mean, so it's — it's nice to come home and, you know, listen to the birds singing and that, you know.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many people with serious mental illness live at home and have limited contact with the health care system, says Helen Brooks, a mental health researcher at University of Manchester in the United Kingdom and the lead author on the study, which was \u003ca href=\"https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12888-016-1111-3\">published Friday\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>BMC Psychiatry\u003c/em>. So they're doing a lot of the work of managing their conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brooks says, \"Many felt deep emotional connections with their pet that weren't available from friends and family.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brooks and her colleagues interviewed 54 people with serious long-term mental illnesses. Twenty-five of them considered their pets to be a part of their social network. The scientists asked who they went to when they needed help or advice, where they gained emotional support and encouragement and how they spent their days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The participants were then given a diagram with three consecutive circles radiating out from a square representing the participant. They were asked to write the people, places and things that gave them support into the circles, with the circles closest to the center being the most important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sixty percent of the people who considered pets to be a part of their social networks placed them in the central, most important circle — the same place many people put close family and social workers. 20 percent placed pets in the second circle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The interviews with participants are poignant, and reveal the struggle and isolation that can come with mental illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think it's really hard when you haven't had a mental illness to know what the actual experience is [like],\" said one participant. \"There's like a chasm, deep chasm between us ... [Other people are] on one side of it, and we're on the other side of it. We're sending smoke signals to each other to try and understand each other but we don't always — we don't always understand.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People with mental illnesses often see their social groups shrink and find themselves alienated from their friends. For many of these people, says Brooks, animals can break through the isolation. They give affection without needing to understand the disorder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"[Pets] don't look at the scars on your arms,\" one participant said. \"They don't question where you've been.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pets provided more than just emotional support and companionship, participants said. The animals also could distract them from their illness, even from severe psychosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One study participant placed birds in his closest social circle. When he was hearing voices, he said that they \"help me in the sense, you know, I'm not thinking about the voices, I'm just thinking of when I hear the birds singing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another participant said that merely seeing a hamster climbing the bars on the cage and acting cute helped with some difficult situations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And having to take care of pets keeps people from withdrawing from the world. \"They force me, the cats force me to sort of still be involved,\" said one participant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another said that walking the dog helped them get out of the house and with people. \"That surprised me, you know, the amount of people that stop and talk to him, and that, yeah, it cheers me up with him. I haven't got much in my life, but he's quite good, yeah.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The routine these pets provide is really important for people,\" says Brooks. \"Getting up in the morning to feed them and groom them and walk them, giving them structure and a sense of purpose that they won't otherwise have.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the study participants are unemployed because of their illness, she notes. Having a pet that was well taken care of was a source of pride for them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Longsjo, the program director of adult services at \u003ca href=\"http://www.mcleanhospital.org/programs/mclean-southeast-adult-psychiatric-inpatient-program\">McLean Southeast\u003c/a>, an inpatient mental facility in Middleborough, Mass., says that the interviews in the study reflect his professional experiences. \"We have so many patients come through, and we always ask them about their support system. Sometimes its family members, sometimes its friends, but it's very common to hear about pets.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When he does patient intake surveys, Longsjo says that he includes pets in their risk assessments. Patients with pets often say the animals help keep them from following through on suicidal thinking, because they know their pets depend on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The social workers at McLean also incorporate pets into their aftercare planning, encouraging patients to make walking and grooming their pets a part of their routine. \"I think there's significant value in considering the common everyday pet to be as important as the relationships one has with one's family in the course of their treatment,\" says Longsjo. He feels this study is important because, although there's a lot of work looking at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2012/03/09/146583986/pet-therapy-how-animals-and-humans-heal-each-other\">benefits of trained therapy animals\u003c/a>, they can be expensive and out of the reach of many patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brooks hopes that more health workers will consider incorporating pets into care plans for people with mental illness. Many of her participants said that sometimes it felt like their pets could sense when they needed help the most, and were able to provide it — just like the owners took care of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As one person in the study said, \"When he comes up and sits beside you on a night, it's different, you know. It's just, like, he needs me as much as I need him.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Pets+Help+People+Manage+The+Pain+Of+Serious+Mental+Illness+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Any pet owner will tell you that their animal companions comfort and sustain them when life gets rough. This may be especially true for people with serious mental illness, a study finds. When people with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder were asked who or what helped them manage the condition, many said it was pets that helped the most.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When I'm feeling really low they are wonderful because they won't leave my side for two days,\" one study participant with two dogs and two cats, \"They just stay with me until I am ready to come out of it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another person said of their pet birds: \"If I didn't have my pets I think I would be on my own. You know what I mean, so it's — it's nice to come home and, you know, listen to the birds singing and that, you know.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many people with serious mental illness live at home and have limited contact with the health care system, says Helen Brooks, a mental health researcher at University of Manchester in the United Kingdom and the lead author on the study, which was \u003ca href=\"https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12888-016-1111-3\">published Friday\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>BMC Psychiatry\u003c/em>. So they're doing a lot of the work of managing their conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brooks says, \"Many felt deep emotional connections with their pet that weren't available from friends and family.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brooks and her colleagues interviewed 54 people with serious long-term mental illnesses. Twenty-five of them considered their pets to be a part of their social network. The scientists asked who they went to when they needed help or advice, where they gained emotional support and encouragement and how they spent their days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The participants were then given a diagram with three consecutive circles radiating out from a square representing the participant. They were asked to write the people, places and things that gave them support into the circles, with the circles closest to the center being the most important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sixty percent of the people who considered pets to be a part of their social networks placed them in the central, most important circle — the same place many people put close family and social workers. 20 percent placed pets in the second circle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The interviews with participants are poignant, and reveal the struggle and isolation that can come with mental illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think it's really hard when you haven't had a mental illness to know what the actual experience is [like],\" said one participant. \"There's like a chasm, deep chasm between us ... [Other people are] on one side of it, and we're on the other side of it. We're sending smoke signals to each other to try and understand each other but we don't always — we don't always understand.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People with mental illnesses often see their social groups shrink and find themselves alienated from their friends. For many of these people, says Brooks, animals can break through the isolation. They give affection without needing to understand the disorder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"[Pets] don't look at the scars on your arms,\" one participant said. \"They don't question where you've been.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pets provided more than just emotional support and companionship, participants said. The animals also could distract them from their illness, even from severe psychosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One study participant placed birds in his closest social circle. When he was hearing voices, he said that they \"help me in the sense, you know, I'm not thinking about the voices, I'm just thinking of when I hear the birds singing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another participant said that merely seeing a hamster climbing the bars on the cage and acting cute helped with some difficult situations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And having to take care of pets keeps people from withdrawing from the world. \"They force me, the cats force me to sort of still be involved,\" said one participant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another said that walking the dog helped them get out of the house and with people. \"That surprised me, you know, the amount of people that stop and talk to him, and that, yeah, it cheers me up with him. I haven't got much in my life, but he's quite good, yeah.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The routine these pets provide is really important for people,\" says Brooks. \"Getting up in the morning to feed them and groom them and walk them, giving them structure and a sense of purpose that they won't otherwise have.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the study participants are unemployed because of their illness, she notes. Having a pet that was well taken care of was a source of pride for them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Longsjo, the program director of adult services at \u003ca href=\"http://www.mcleanhospital.org/programs/mclean-southeast-adult-psychiatric-inpatient-program\">McLean Southeast\u003c/a>, an inpatient mental facility in Middleborough, Mass., says that the interviews in the study reflect his professional experiences. \"We have so many patients come through, and we always ask them about their support system. Sometimes its family members, sometimes its friends, but it's very common to hear about pets.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When he does patient intake surveys, Longsjo says that he includes pets in their risk assessments. Patients with pets often say the animals help keep them from following through on suicidal thinking, because they know their pets depend on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The social workers at McLean also incorporate pets into their aftercare planning, encouraging patients to make walking and grooming their pets a part of their routine. \"I think there's significant value in considering the common everyday pet to be as important as the relationships one has with one's family in the course of their treatment,\" says Longsjo. He feels this study is important because, although there's a lot of work looking at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2012/03/09/146583986/pet-therapy-how-animals-and-humans-heal-each-other\">benefits of trained therapy animals\u003c/a>, they can be expensive and out of the reach of many patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brooks hopes that more health workers will consider incorporating pets into care plans for people with mental illness. Many of her participants said that sometimes it felt like their pets could sense when they needed help the most, and were able to provide it — just like the owners took care of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As one person in the study said, \"When he comes up and sits beside you on a night, it's different, you know. It's just, like, he needs me as much as I need him.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Pets+Help+People+Manage+The+Pain+Of+Serious+Mental+Illness+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Baby boomers are getting high in increasing numbers, reflecting growing acceptance of the drug as treatment for various medical conditions, according to a study published in the journal \u003cem>Addiction\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings reveal overall use among the 50-and-older study group increased “significantly” from 2006 to 2013. Marijuana users peaked between ages 50 to 64, then declined among the 65-and-over crowd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Men used marijuana more frequently than women, the study showed, but marital status and educational levels were not major factors in determining users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study by researchers at New York University School of Medicine suggests more data is needed about the long-term health impact of marijuana use among seniors. Study participants said they did not perceive the drug as dangerous, a sign of changing attitudes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study was based on 47,140 responses collected from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joseph Palamar, a professor at the NYU medical school and a co-author of the study, said the findings reinforce the need for research and a call for providers to screen the elderly for drug use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They shouldn’t just assume that someone is not a drug user because they’re older,” Palamar said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing use of the drug among the 50-and-older crowd reflects the national trend toward pushing cannabis into mainstream culture. Over 22 million people used the drug in 2015, according to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Eight states have legalized the drug for recreational use as well as medicinal use, according to Marijuana Policy Project, a non-profit advocacy group dedicated to enacting non-punitive marijuana policies across the United States. The drug has also proved to be a financial boon for state economies, generating over $19 million in September in Colorado.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers also uncovered an increasing diversity in marijuana users. Past-year use doubled among married couples and those earning less than $20,000 per year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More people living with medical conditions also sought out marijuana. The study showed the number of individuals living with two or more chronic conditions who used the drug over the past year more than doubled. Among those living with depression, the rate also doubled to 11.4 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Palamar says the increase among the sick could be attributed to more individuals seeking to self-medicate. Historically, the plant was difficult to research due to the government crackdown on the substance. The Drug Enforcement Administration classifies the plant as a Schedule I substance, “defined as drugs with no currently accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Benjamin Han, assistant professor at the New York University School of Medicine and the study’s lead author, fears that marijuana used with prescription drugs could make the elderly more vulnerable to adverse health outcomes, particularly to falls and cognitive impairment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While there may be benefits to using marijuana such as chronic pain,” he said, “there may be risks that we don’t know about.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The push and pull between state and federal governments has resulted in varying degrees of legality across the United States. Palamar says this variation places populations at risk of unknowingly breaking the law and getting arrested for drug possession. The issue poses one of the biggest public health concerns associated with marijuana, Palamar says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But unlike the marijuana of their youth, seniors living in states that legalized marijuana for medicinal use now can access a drug that has been tested for quality and purity, said Paul Armentano deputy director of NORML, a non-profit group advocating for marijuana legalization. Additionally, the plant is prescribed to manage diseases that usually strike in older age, pointing to an increasing desire to take a medication that has less side effects than traditional prescription drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study found over half of the users picked up the habit before turning 18, and over 90 percent of them before age 36.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are coming to a point where state lawmakers are responding to the rapidly emerging consensus-both public consensus and a scientific consensus — that marijuana is not an agent that possesses risks that qualifies it as a legally prohibited substance,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KHN’s coverage of end-of-life and serious illness issues is supported by The Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Baby boomers are getting high in increasing numbers, reflecting growing acceptance of the drug as treatment for various medical conditions, according to a study published in the journal \u003cem>Addiction\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings reveal overall use among the 50-and-older study group increased “significantly” from 2006 to 2013. Marijuana users peaked between ages 50 to 64, then declined among the 65-and-over crowd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Men used marijuana more frequently than women, the study showed, but marital status and educational levels were not major factors in determining users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study by researchers at New York University School of Medicine suggests more data is needed about the long-term health impact of marijuana use among seniors. Study participants said they did not perceive the drug as dangerous, a sign of changing attitudes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study was based on 47,140 responses collected from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joseph Palamar, a professor at the NYU medical school and a co-author of the study, said the findings reinforce the need for research and a call for providers to screen the elderly for drug use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They shouldn’t just assume that someone is not a drug user because they’re older,” Palamar said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing use of the drug among the 50-and-older crowd reflects the national trend toward pushing cannabis into mainstream culture. Over 22 million people used the drug in 2015, according to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Eight states have legalized the drug for recreational use as well as medicinal use, according to Marijuana Policy Project, a non-profit advocacy group dedicated to enacting non-punitive marijuana policies across the United States. The drug has also proved to be a financial boon for state economies, generating over $19 million in September in Colorado.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers also uncovered an increasing diversity in marijuana users. Past-year use doubled among married couples and those earning less than $20,000 per year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More people living with medical conditions also sought out marijuana. The study showed the number of individuals living with two or more chronic conditions who used the drug over the past year more than doubled. Among those living with depression, the rate also doubled to 11.4 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Palamar says the increase among the sick could be attributed to more individuals seeking to self-medicate. Historically, the plant was difficult to research due to the government crackdown on the substance. The Drug Enforcement Administration classifies the plant as a Schedule I substance, “defined as drugs with no currently accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Benjamin Han, assistant professor at the New York University School of Medicine and the study’s lead author, fears that marijuana used with prescription drugs could make the elderly more vulnerable to adverse health outcomes, particularly to falls and cognitive impairment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While there may be benefits to using marijuana such as chronic pain,” he said, “there may be risks that we don’t know about.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The push and pull between state and federal governments has resulted in varying degrees of legality across the United States. Palamar says this variation places populations at risk of unknowingly breaking the law and getting arrested for drug possession. The issue poses one of the biggest public health concerns associated with marijuana, Palamar says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But unlike the marijuana of their youth, seniors living in states that legalized marijuana for medicinal use now can access a drug that has been tested for quality and purity, said Paul Armentano deputy director of NORML, a non-profit group advocating for marijuana legalization. Additionally, the plant is prescribed to manage diseases that usually strike in older age, pointing to an increasing desire to take a medication that has less side effects than traditional prescription drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study found over half of the users picked up the habit before turning 18, and over 90 percent of them before age 36.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are coming to a point where state lawmakers are responding to the rapidly emerging consensus-both public consensus and a scientific consensus — that marijuana is not an agent that possesses risks that qualifies it as a legally prohibited substance,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KHN’s coverage of end-of-life and serious illness issues is supported by The Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Anti-Smoking Researchers Target Hipsters. And Yes, They Know Who You Are",
"title": "Anti-Smoking Researchers Target Hipsters. And Yes, They Know Who You Are",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">While no self-respecting hipsters would identify themselves as such, lots of people in the business of defining things -- from \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipster_(contemporary_subculture)\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hipster\" target=\"_blank\">Merriam-Webster\u003c/a> -- are happy to do it for them.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While hipster haters may delight in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=hipsters+irritating\" target=\"_blank\">pejorative pigeonholing\u003c/a> of beard-festooned, flannel-loving millennials, some anti-tobacco researchers have analyzed, categorized and targeted this population not to condemn them, but to get them to quit smoking.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Researchers have created an actual 'brand' to communicate that Big Tobacco is antithetical to everything hipsters hold dear.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In San Francisco, as part of a new \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfcancer.org/\" target=\"_blank\">initiative\u003c/a> aiming to reduce the incidence and mortality rate of residents with common cancers, researchers have begun creating \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/communesmokefree?hc_ref=SEARCH&fref=nf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Facebook smoking cessation groups\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> under the banner of a “brand” created specifically for the hipster community.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The groups are an extension of\u003c/span>\u003cb> r\u003c/b>esearch funded by the National Cancer Institute on how to boost the impact\u003cb> \u003c/b>of public anti-smoking campaigns in the face of the overpowering marketing know-how of big tobacco companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Young adults are the focus because the tobacco industry has long set its sights on turning them into customers. Somewhat successfully, it turns out. In California, for instance, \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">21-29-year-olds smoke at a \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/tobacco/Documents/CDPH%20CTCP%20Refresh/Research%20and%20Evaluation/Facts%20and%20Figures/FactsFigures2016PrePrintEditionV2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">higher rate\u003c/a> than any other age group\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and while there has been a drop in smoking overall\u003cstrong>, \u003c/strong>the reduction among 20-somethings has lagged. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In an attempt\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>to get the drop in the young adult smoking rate moving again, Dr. Pamela Ling of t\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">he University of California, San Francisco's Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">has been working with the Rescue marketing agency of San Diego to establish an anti-smoking brand called “Commune,” specifically targeting the nation's ample supply of hipsters. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What the brand is \"selling\" is the desire not to smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“One of the challenges around doing public health campaigns is that it’s really hard to sell the idea of not doing something,” says Ling. “If you’re selling cigarettes you can promote Marlboro, but if you’re selling not smoking Marlboro, you’re not really promoting anything. So the idea is creating a brand that competes with the tobacco brand.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Peer Crowds \u003cem> \u003c/em>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">To that end, the Rescue campaign has held \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/pg/jointhecommune/events/?ref=page_internal\" target=\"_blank\">events\u003c/a> under the banner of the Commune brand in hipster drinking establishments in a handful of cities around the country. The lineups feature local bands and artists and the campaigns are currently active in Minneapolis and Duluth. The project ended an eight-year run in San Diego in February and a 3-year stint in San Francisco in June. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The campaigns use a marketing strategy called \u003ca href=\"http://rescueagency.com/files/pdf/Young_Adult_Social_Branding.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">social branding\u003c/a>, which attempts to associate healthy behaviors with the values of individual subcultures, called \"peer crowds.\" In this model, a traditional demographic, such as young adults, is divided into cultural segments with shared interests, styles of dress, values, and media consumption habits\u003cb>. \u003c/b>Hipsters were the first target.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our goal was to develop something that spoke to them authentically,” says Jeff Jordan, the founder and president of Rescue. “That’s really the value of segmentation. Not only can you concentrate your resources on a higher risk group, minimizing waste, but you can actually make something a lot more appealing and tailored to the group, so they actually listen to you.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The potential messaging power of using peer crowds like hipsters is illustrated in a recent \u003ca href=\"http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/25/Suppl_1/i83.full\">paper\u003c/a> by Jordan, Ling and UCSF statistician Nadra Lisha, looking at data from surveys of 3,366 18-26 year-olds, conducted in the watering holes of San Diego, San Francisco, and L.A. The researchers focused on bars because studies have found an association between tobacco marketing there and smoking. From the data, t\u003c/span>he researchers mapped use of cigarettes, e-cigarettes, hookahs, cigars and smokeless tobacco to six different peer crowds. (A seventh group, LGBT, was added after subsequent studies.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/25/Suppl_1/i83/F1.large.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/25/Suppl_1/i83/F1.large.jpg\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers found membership in these groups to be a significant predictor of tobacco use on its own, independent of traditional demographics like ethnicity. For instance, while nearly 50 percent of Hispanics in the sample used at least one of the products, the hipster Hispanic rate was 55 percent while the Young Professional Hispanic rate just 39 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Similarly, Jordan, Ling and colleagues found, in a 2013 \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3795790/\">study\u003c/a> of\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> 13 to 20-year-old black youth in Richmond, Virginia, that \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">a Hip Hop peer group smoked at a much higher rate than two other African-American cohorts, called Mainstream and Preppy.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Worth a Thousand Words\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay--but how do researchers know which peer group to assign each person to?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">What makes a hipster a hipster? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers started by showing focus groups images of people with different clothing and hair styles. Individual photos elicited similar descriptions, which the researchers grouped together under different labels, like Hipster, Partier, or \"Homebody.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">When looking at the photos,\u003cstrong> \"\u003c/strong>the kind of narrative that people talk about is quite different,\" says Ling. “So you can say, OK … picture No. 27 is always put in the Partier group; people are talking about how they like to go out and have a good time and they drink beer and like sports.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having pegged certain photos to particular groups, the researchers then asked study participants to pick photos of people who “best fit into your main group of friends.” Those rankings were then combined with data from a list of bars the subjects patronized, and voilà -- you have been labeled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Researchers named one of the peer crowds \"Hipsters\" because it was a common term of description for certain photos. They don't, of course, use the word with their subjects.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ykbVR-iZU8\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> “We don’t usually overtly say hipsters because it will turn off all the hipster\u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">s,”\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Ling says.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Building a Brand\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first intervention started in San Diego in 2008. The researchers picked hipsters as a target because that was the group with the highest smoking rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next step was to create a brand around an anti-smoking message. The name “Commune” tested best.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The thing that tested well about Commune is the idea that this peer crowd supports each other, whether you’re an artist, a band, a DJ or you have your own little clothing store,” says Jordan. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The project then instituted monthly bar nights and other Commune-branded events, promoting them as a way to support the local community. Local is big with hipsters, according to the research. While taking in the music and art, attendees also got a good dose of anti-tobacco messaging. This was meant to counter tobacco advertising aimed at young barflies by ‘\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/pdf/10.1089/ped.2010.0031\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">denormalizing’ \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> the companies that sell cigarettes -- tying them to a host of perceived ills anathema to the hipster population. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\"We have rejected big corporations for a long time, like Big Music that hinders creative freedom and Big Fashion that runs sweatshops,\" the \u003ca href=\"http://jointhecommune.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Commune website\u003c/a> says. \"Our stand against Big Tobacco is even more important, since the industry contributes to things like world hunger, deforestation, and neo-conservative policies.\" \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The idea that Commune is trying to convey, says Ling, is that it's \"more authentically hipster than, say, Camel, that’s trying to come in here and sponsor tattoo artists and kind of pretending to be hipster, but they’re really not.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's kind of a war of ideals,\" she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9dzS1c2HBA8&ab_channel=Rescue%3ATheBehaviorChangeAgency\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Come for the Music, Stay to Quit Smoking\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Megan Younce, 32, attended \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/jointhecommune/\" target=\"_blank\">Commune Wednesday\u003c/a> events in San Diego when she was in her mid-20s.\u003c/span>“I had probably heard of it because of the bands and the local art,\" she says. \"One month it would be a girl who made jewelry, one month a painter, one month these girls who buy vintage clothing and alter them. Always a local person.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Younce came for the cultural events of \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/jointhecommune/\" target=\"_blank\">Commune Wednesdays\u003c/a>, she stayed for a smoking cessation program that was eventually introduced. She's now been off cigarettes almost five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Was she aware that the campaign had specifically designated her a hipster?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I definitely heard it from other people,\" she said. \"That doesn’t surprise me, considering where the events were held.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> Measuring Results \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">As it turns out, it’s “really hard in this population to find the same hipster year after year,” Ling says. So in order to measure their campaign's efficacy, the researchers had to use \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-94-007-0753-5_4201\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">time-location sampling\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, often employed with hard-to-reach populations. While they weren't able to track the exact people who initially signed up for the study, they went to the same bars where the Commune events had been held, to survey whoever was present in the right age range.In San Diego, using this method, the researchers \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4025707/\" target=\"_blank\">found a decrease in the hipster smoking rate \u003c/a>over three years, from 57 to 48 percent, and a daily smoking decrease from 22 to 15 percent. There was no decrease in the rate for non-hipster peer groups who were not part of the Commune project.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two other studies, in Albuquerque and Las Vegas, also found a smoking decrease in the Partier and LGBT groups after similar campaigns were run. A third study, in Oklahoma City, did not find a smoking decrease in the overall Partier population, but did find that the rate of daily smoking decreased for those who were aware of the brand called HAVOC. The rate actually increased for those who were not aware of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers acknowledge the limitations of these small studies, but feel that the evidence for the effectiveness of this approach is mounting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We are cautious not to be overly confident about changes in tobacco use being attributable to our intervention,\" says Jordan. \"What gives us more confidence is the repetition of these findings.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Laura Gibson, research director for the Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science at the University of Pennsylvania's Annenberg School for Communication, has studied anti-smoking communications for youth and young adults. She says other research corroborates that tailoring a message for distinct groups makes the target audience more likely to pay attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Further, segmentation can help campaign planners put their message in places where those groups are more likely to come across them,\" she wrote in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, she said, creating separate anti-tobacco communications strategies for different groups could actually cost more money than creating a one-size-fits-all message, given that individual sub-cultures like hipsters aren't the only young adult groups with a smoking problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If only hipsters are smoking, then perhaps there's no need for universal appeal, but that's not the situation,\" she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data from San Francisco Commune intervention is being analyzed now, and Ling says she hopes to present it at the National Conference on Tobacco or Health in March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, hipsters shouldn't feel singled out in having been stamped \u003cspan style=\"line-height: 1.5\">with empirically proven traits. For instance, among the characteristics of Partiers, says Jordan, are prioritizing fashion and a tendency to be \"more concerned about their appearance.\" \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Science marches on.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">While no self-respecting hipsters would identify themselves as such, lots of people in the business of defining things -- from \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipster_(contemporary_subculture)\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hipster\" target=\"_blank\">Merriam-Webster\u003c/a> -- are happy to do it for them.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While hipster haters may delight in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=hipsters+irritating\" target=\"_blank\">pejorative pigeonholing\u003c/a> of beard-festooned, flannel-loving millennials, some anti-tobacco researchers have analyzed, categorized and targeted this population not to condemn them, but to get them to quit smoking.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Researchers have created an actual 'brand' to communicate that Big Tobacco is antithetical to everything hipsters hold dear.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In San Francisco, as part of a new \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfcancer.org/\" target=\"_blank\">initiative\u003c/a> aiming to reduce the incidence and mortality rate of residents with common cancers, researchers have begun creating \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/communesmokefree?hc_ref=SEARCH&fref=nf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Facebook smoking cessation groups\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> under the banner of a “brand” created specifically for the hipster community.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The groups are an extension of\u003c/span>\u003cb> r\u003c/b>esearch funded by the National Cancer Institute on how to boost the impact\u003cb> \u003c/b>of public anti-smoking campaigns in the face of the overpowering marketing know-how of big tobacco companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Young adults are the focus because the tobacco industry has long set its sights on turning them into customers. Somewhat successfully, it turns out. In California, for instance, \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">21-29-year-olds smoke at a \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/tobacco/Documents/CDPH%20CTCP%20Refresh/Research%20and%20Evaluation/Facts%20and%20Figures/FactsFigures2016PrePrintEditionV2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">higher rate\u003c/a> than any other age group\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and while there has been a drop in smoking overall\u003cstrong>, \u003c/strong>the reduction among 20-somethings has lagged. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In an attempt\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>to get the drop in the young adult smoking rate moving again, Dr. Pamela Ling of t\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">he University of California, San Francisco's Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">has been working with the Rescue marketing agency of San Diego to establish an anti-smoking brand called “Commune,” specifically targeting the nation's ample supply of hipsters. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What the brand is \"selling\" is the desire not to smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“One of the challenges around doing public health campaigns is that it’s really hard to sell the idea of not doing something,” says Ling. “If you’re selling cigarettes you can promote Marlboro, but if you’re selling not smoking Marlboro, you’re not really promoting anything. So the idea is creating a brand that competes with the tobacco brand.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Peer Crowds \u003cem> \u003c/em>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">To that end, the Rescue campaign has held \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/pg/jointhecommune/events/?ref=page_internal\" target=\"_blank\">events\u003c/a> under the banner of the Commune brand in hipster drinking establishments in a handful of cities around the country. The lineups feature local bands and artists and the campaigns are currently active in Minneapolis and Duluth. The project ended an eight-year run in San Diego in February and a 3-year stint in San Francisco in June. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The campaigns use a marketing strategy called \u003ca href=\"http://rescueagency.com/files/pdf/Young_Adult_Social_Branding.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">social branding\u003c/a>, which attempts to associate healthy behaviors with the values of individual subcultures, called \"peer crowds.\" In this model, a traditional demographic, such as young adults, is divided into cultural segments with shared interests, styles of dress, values, and media consumption habits\u003cb>. \u003c/b>Hipsters were the first target.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our goal was to develop something that spoke to them authentically,” says Jeff Jordan, the founder and president of Rescue. “That’s really the value of segmentation. Not only can you concentrate your resources on a higher risk group, minimizing waste, but you can actually make something a lot more appealing and tailored to the group, so they actually listen to you.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The potential messaging power of using peer crowds like hipsters is illustrated in a recent \u003ca href=\"http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/25/Suppl_1/i83.full\">paper\u003c/a> by Jordan, Ling and UCSF statistician Nadra Lisha, looking at data from surveys of 3,366 18-26 year-olds, conducted in the watering holes of San Diego, San Francisco, and L.A. The researchers focused on bars because studies have found an association between tobacco marketing there and smoking. From the data, t\u003c/span>he researchers mapped use of cigarettes, e-cigarettes, hookahs, cigars and smokeless tobacco to six different peer crowds. (A seventh group, LGBT, was added after subsequent studies.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/25/Suppl_1/i83/F1.large.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/25/Suppl_1/i83/F1.large.jpg\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers found membership in these groups to be a significant predictor of tobacco use on its own, independent of traditional demographics like ethnicity. For instance, while nearly 50 percent of Hispanics in the sample used at least one of the products, the hipster Hispanic rate was 55 percent while the Young Professional Hispanic rate just 39 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Similarly, Jordan, Ling and colleagues found, in a 2013 \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3795790/\">study\u003c/a> of\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> 13 to 20-year-old black youth in Richmond, Virginia, that \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">a Hip Hop peer group smoked at a much higher rate than two other African-American cohorts, called Mainstream and Preppy.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Worth a Thousand Words\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay--but how do researchers know which peer group to assign each person to?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">What makes a hipster a hipster? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers started by showing focus groups images of people with different clothing and hair styles. Individual photos elicited similar descriptions, which the researchers grouped together under different labels, like Hipster, Partier, or \"Homebody.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">When looking at the photos,\u003cstrong> \"\u003c/strong>the kind of narrative that people talk about is quite different,\" says Ling. “So you can say, OK … picture No. 27 is always put in the Partier group; people are talking about how they like to go out and have a good time and they drink beer and like sports.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having pegged certain photos to particular groups, the researchers then asked study participants to pick photos of people who “best fit into your main group of friends.” Those rankings were then combined with data from a list of bars the subjects patronized, and voilà -- you have been labeled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Researchers named one of the peer crowds \"Hipsters\" because it was a common term of description for certain photos. They don't, of course, use the word with their subjects.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/_ykbVR-iZU8'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/_ykbVR-iZU8'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> “We don’t usually overtly say hipsters because it will turn off all the hipster\u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">s,”\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Ling says.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Building a Brand\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first intervention started in San Diego in 2008. The researchers picked hipsters as a target because that was the group with the highest smoking rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next step was to create a brand around an anti-smoking message. The name “Commune” tested best.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The thing that tested well about Commune is the idea that this peer crowd supports each other, whether you’re an artist, a band, a DJ or you have your own little clothing store,” says Jordan. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The project then instituted monthly bar nights and other Commune-branded events, promoting them as a way to support the local community. Local is big with hipsters, according to the research. While taking in the music and art, attendees also got a good dose of anti-tobacco messaging. This was meant to counter tobacco advertising aimed at young barflies by ‘\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/pdf/10.1089/ped.2010.0031\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">denormalizing’ \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> the companies that sell cigarettes -- tying them to a host of perceived ills anathema to the hipster population. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\"We have rejected big corporations for a long time, like Big Music that hinders creative freedom and Big Fashion that runs sweatshops,\" the \u003ca href=\"http://jointhecommune.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Commune website\u003c/a> says. \"Our stand against Big Tobacco is even more important, since the industry contributes to things like world hunger, deforestation, and neo-conservative policies.\" \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The idea that Commune is trying to convey, says Ling, is that it's \"more authentically hipster than, say, Camel, that’s trying to come in here and sponsor tattoo artists and kind of pretending to be hipster, but they’re really not.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's kind of a war of ideals,\" she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9dzS1c2HBA8&ab_channel=Rescue%3ATheBehaviorChangeAgency\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Come for the Music, Stay to Quit Smoking\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Megan Younce, 32, attended \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/jointhecommune/\" target=\"_blank\">Commune Wednesday\u003c/a> events in San Diego when she was in her mid-20s.\u003c/span>“I had probably heard of it because of the bands and the local art,\" she says. \"One month it would be a girl who made jewelry, one month a painter, one month these girls who buy vintage clothing and alter them. Always a local person.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Younce came for the cultural events of \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/jointhecommune/\" target=\"_blank\">Commune Wednesdays\u003c/a>, she stayed for a smoking cessation program that was eventually introduced. She's now been off cigarettes almost five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Was she aware that the campaign had specifically designated her a hipster?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I definitely heard it from other people,\" she said. \"That doesn’t surprise me, considering where the events were held.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> Measuring Results \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">As it turns out, it’s “really hard in this population to find the same hipster year after year,” Ling says. So in order to measure their campaign's efficacy, the researchers had to use \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-94-007-0753-5_4201\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">time-location sampling\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, often employed with hard-to-reach populations. While they weren't able to track the exact people who initially signed up for the study, they went to the same bars where the Commune events had been held, to survey whoever was present in the right age range.In San Diego, using this method, the researchers \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4025707/\" target=\"_blank\">found a decrease in the hipster smoking rate \u003c/a>over three years, from 57 to 48 percent, and a daily smoking decrease from 22 to 15 percent. There was no decrease in the rate for non-hipster peer groups who were not part of the Commune project.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two other studies, in Albuquerque and Las Vegas, also found a smoking decrease in the Partier and LGBT groups after similar campaigns were run. A third study, in Oklahoma City, did not find a smoking decrease in the overall Partier population, but did find that the rate of daily smoking decreased for those who were aware of the brand called HAVOC. The rate actually increased for those who were not aware of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers acknowledge the limitations of these small studies, but feel that the evidence for the effectiveness of this approach is mounting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We are cautious not to be overly confident about changes in tobacco use being attributable to our intervention,\" says Jordan. \"What gives us more confidence is the repetition of these findings.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Laura Gibson, research director for the Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science at the University of Pennsylvania's Annenberg School for Communication, has studied anti-smoking communications for youth and young adults. She says other research corroborates that tailoring a message for distinct groups makes the target audience more likely to pay attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Further, segmentation can help campaign planners put their message in places where those groups are more likely to come across them,\" she wrote in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, she said, creating separate anti-tobacco communications strategies for different groups could actually cost more money than creating a one-size-fits-all message, given that individual sub-cultures like hipsters aren't the only young adult groups with a smoking problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If only hipsters are smoking, then perhaps there's no need for universal appeal, but that's not the situation,\" she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data from San Francisco Commune intervention is being analyzed now, and Ling says she hopes to present it at the National Conference on Tobacco or Health in March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, hipsters shouldn't feel singled out in having been stamped \u003cspan style=\"line-height: 1.5\">with empirically proven traits. For instance, among the characteristics of Partiers, says Jordan, are prioritizing fashion and a tendency to be \"more concerned about their appearance.\" \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "California Tests Electronic Database For End-Of-Life Wishes",
"title": "California Tests Electronic Database For End-Of-Life Wishes",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>Mary De Freze, who has heart problems, chronic lung disease and a history of falling, knows she may not have too many years left. And she’s clear about what she wants — and doesn’t want — at the end of her life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t want to be in a lot of pain and I don’t want to be kept alive by machines,” said De Freze, 81.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a recent fall landed De Freze in Stonebrook Healthcare Center with cracked ribs and a bruised spleen, the staff there helped her put those wishes on paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The document they used, Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment, or POLST, gives patients a choice of how much medical care they want in an emergency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prompted by a state law that took effect this year, a coalition of emergency and social service providers is working to create an electronic registry for POLST forms so they will be available to first responders and medical providers when they are neededC. The group is starting with a three-year pilot project in San Diego and Contra Costa counties that could serve as a model for a single, statewide registry. Paper-based POLST forms are used across the nation, but electronic registries exist only in a few states, including Oregon, New York and West Virginia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many adults have advance directives, which are legal documents that designate a surrogate decision-maker and list patients’ health care preferences. POLST forms go further, creating a set of medical orders that are signed by the provider and the patient or a legally recognized decision-maker. Unlike advance directives, they are specifically designed for people who are already seriously ill or near the end of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research shows that POLST forms help ensure patients’ end-of-life wishes are followed. But that only happens if doctors and other emergency providers can get them quickly. In California, the POLST form is a paper document and might not be at hand when patients need it. In many situations — a heart attack, a stroke or severe dementia — patients may not be able to communicate. And doctors may not be able to reach their families right away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without information on what patients want, there is an increased chance their wishes won’t be followed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you take the time to fill out a POLST form, you want your health care wishes to be known and respected,” said Kate O’Malley, a senior program officer at the California Health Care Foundation, which is funding the pilot project in California. (California Healthline is an editorially independent service of the California Health Care Foundation.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A POLST registry “would be a big plus for being able to give people the care they want and not give them the care they don’t want,” said Jeffrey Klingman, a neurologist at Kaiser Permanente in the East Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t want to do things to people they don’t want done,” he said. “On the other hand, I don’t want to delay treatment while I wait to figure out what they want done.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_292639\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 370px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/senior2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-292639\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/senior2.jpg\" alt=\"Audrey de Jesus, 83, filled out a Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment form at Chaparral House in Berkeley. De Jesus has seven children and said the form tells them exactly what she wants – comfort-focused treatment -- so there aren’t any questions in an emergency.\" width=\"370\" height=\"247\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/senior2.jpg 370w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/senior2-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/senior2-240x160.jpg 240w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 370px) 100vw, 370px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Audrey de Jesus, 83, filled out a Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment form at Chaparral House in Berkeley. De Jesus has seven children and said the form tells them exactly what she wants – comfort-focused treatment -- so there aren’t any questions in an emergency. \u003ccite>(Anna Gorman/KHN)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Oregon was the first state to use POLST forms in 1991. California has been using them for nearly 20 years. Filling out the forms is voluntary, but once they are completed and signed, they must be followed, and providers have immunity from criminal prosecution or civil liability when they do so in good faith. The forms are printed on bright pink paper and include decisions such as whether a patient should be resuscitated, admitted to the intensive care unit or have a feeding tube inserted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tony Chicotel, a staff attorney at California Advocates for Nursing Home Reform in San Francisco, said patients should document their wishes in advance but that there are some downsides to doing so only with POLST forms. They are not nearly as thorough as advance directives and don’t allow you to designate a decision-maker, he noted. “The most comprehensive health care planning you can do is to name an agent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, Chicotel said many nursing home residents are being urged to complete POLST forms even if they aren’t seriously ill or at the end of life. He said if an electronic registry is created, it should also include advance health care directives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s electronic registry would be a secure, cloud-based portal for medical providers to submit and view POLST forms, regardless of whether the patient was at home, in the hospital or at a nursing home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An electronic registry is a “no-brainer,” said Judy Thomas, CEO of the Coalition for Compassionate Care of California, which coordinates the state’s POLST program. But implementation will be much harder because it will require the cooperation of state agencies, doctors, emergency personnel, and private and public health systems. Success will also depend in part on hospitals’ willingness to share records.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are not asking all health systems to share all information,” said Allen Namath, co-founder of Vynca, the technology vendor for the project. “But the value in these forms is being able to share them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patients who go through the trouble of documenting their medical preferences shouldn’t have to worry about getting the wrong care, he said. “It is not a cardiology problem. It is not a cancer problem. Helping improve our end-of-life care … applies to everybody.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Diego County already has a health information exchange that allows hospitals and health systems to share some data. But Contra Costa County is further behind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to be challenging,” said Donald Waters, executive director of the Alameda-Contra Costa Medical Association, which is helping lead the pilot project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Waters said it’s worth the effort to overcome the hurdles because having documents uploaded means paramedics and others will know in an instant if patients want to be resuscitated or just kept comfortable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Situations arise every day in which being able to access POLST forms electronically could improve end-of-life care, said Tom Sugarman, an emergency physician at Sutter Delta Medical Center in Antioch, Calif.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you come [to the hospital] in full cardiac arrest … we only have one or two minutes to make a decision,” said Sugarman, who educates doctors about POLST. “All physicians are going to err on the side of preserving life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes, however, a patient may prefer comfort care, Sugarman said. A POLST form — if it is available — means families don’t have to make decisions during an emergency, he said. “The worst time to have that conversation is during a crisis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Chaparral House, a nursing home in Berkeley, the POLST forms are in the residents’ folders at the nursing station. The forms go with patients to the hospital, but sometimes there is still a disconnect. Administrator KJ Page recalls one resident getting a feeding tube when he didn’t want one and another who almost underwent bypass surgery against his wishes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Audrey de Jesus, 83, arrived at Chaparral House just a few months ago. She uses a wheelchair and an oxygen tank. Beside her bed sits a Bible and a book of Psalms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>De Jesus has seven children and said the form tells them exactly what she wants — comfort-focused treatment — so there aren’t any questions in an emergency. “I want pain control and the least suffering for my family,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stonebrook Healthcare Center Social Services Director Shirley Jackson said filling out POLST forms is part of the admission process. “It’s almost like a driver’s license for the end of your life,” she said. “It’s important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having the form available electronically would make it much easier for everyone. “If, God forbid, you have to send somebody out in an emergency, especially if they are unresponsive, it’s right there in the chart,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>De Freze, a former certified nursing assistant, said she plans to put her pink form on her refrigerator when she leaves Stonebrook. She knows she could have an emergency and may not be able to tell doctors or paramedics what she wants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can’t communicate if you are in excruciating pain,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This story was produced by Kaiser Health News, an editorially independent program of the Kaiser Family Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Mary De Freze, who has heart problems, chronic lung disease and a history of falling, knows she may not have too many years left. And she’s clear about what she wants — and doesn’t want — at the end of her life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t want to be in a lot of pain and I don’t want to be kept alive by machines,” said De Freze, 81.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a recent fall landed De Freze in Stonebrook Healthcare Center with cracked ribs and a bruised spleen, the staff there helped her put those wishes on paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The document they used, Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment, or POLST, gives patients a choice of how much medical care they want in an emergency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prompted by a state law that took effect this year, a coalition of emergency and social service providers is working to create an electronic registry for POLST forms so they will be available to first responders and medical providers when they are neededC. The group is starting with a three-year pilot project in San Diego and Contra Costa counties that could serve as a model for a single, statewide registry. Paper-based POLST forms are used across the nation, but electronic registries exist only in a few states, including Oregon, New York and West Virginia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many adults have advance directives, which are legal documents that designate a surrogate decision-maker and list patients’ health care preferences. POLST forms go further, creating a set of medical orders that are signed by the provider and the patient or a legally recognized decision-maker. Unlike advance directives, they are specifically designed for people who are already seriously ill or near the end of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research shows that POLST forms help ensure patients’ end-of-life wishes are followed. But that only happens if doctors and other emergency providers can get them quickly. In California, the POLST form is a paper document and might not be at hand when patients need it. In many situations — a heart attack, a stroke or severe dementia — patients may not be able to communicate. And doctors may not be able to reach their families right away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without information on what patients want, there is an increased chance their wishes won’t be followed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you take the time to fill out a POLST form, you want your health care wishes to be known and respected,” said Kate O’Malley, a senior program officer at the California Health Care Foundation, which is funding the pilot project in California. (California Healthline is an editorially independent service of the California Health Care Foundation.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A POLST registry “would be a big plus for being able to give people the care they want and not give them the care they don’t want,” said Jeffrey Klingman, a neurologist at Kaiser Permanente in the East Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t want to do things to people they don’t want done,” he said. “On the other hand, I don’t want to delay treatment while I wait to figure out what they want done.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_292639\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 370px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/senior2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-292639\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/senior2.jpg\" alt=\"Audrey de Jesus, 83, filled out a Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment form at Chaparral House in Berkeley. De Jesus has seven children and said the form tells them exactly what she wants – comfort-focused treatment -- so there aren’t any questions in an emergency.\" width=\"370\" height=\"247\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/senior2.jpg 370w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/senior2-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/senior2-240x160.jpg 240w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 370px) 100vw, 370px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Audrey de Jesus, 83, filled out a Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment form at Chaparral House in Berkeley. De Jesus has seven children and said the form tells them exactly what she wants – comfort-focused treatment -- so there aren’t any questions in an emergency. \u003ccite>(Anna Gorman/KHN)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Oregon was the first state to use POLST forms in 1991. California has been using them for nearly 20 years. Filling out the forms is voluntary, but once they are completed and signed, they must be followed, and providers have immunity from criminal prosecution or civil liability when they do so in good faith. The forms are printed on bright pink paper and include decisions such as whether a patient should be resuscitated, admitted to the intensive care unit or have a feeding tube inserted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tony Chicotel, a staff attorney at California Advocates for Nursing Home Reform in San Francisco, said patients should document their wishes in advance but that there are some downsides to doing so only with POLST forms. They are not nearly as thorough as advance directives and don’t allow you to designate a decision-maker, he noted. “The most comprehensive health care planning you can do is to name an agent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, Chicotel said many nursing home residents are being urged to complete POLST forms even if they aren’t seriously ill or at the end of life. He said if an electronic registry is created, it should also include advance health care directives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s electronic registry would be a secure, cloud-based portal for medical providers to submit and view POLST forms, regardless of whether the patient was at home, in the hospital or at a nursing home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An electronic registry is a “no-brainer,” said Judy Thomas, CEO of the Coalition for Compassionate Care of California, which coordinates the state’s POLST program. But implementation will be much harder because it will require the cooperation of state agencies, doctors, emergency personnel, and private and public health systems. Success will also depend in part on hospitals’ willingness to share records.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are not asking all health systems to share all information,” said Allen Namath, co-founder of Vynca, the technology vendor for the project. “But the value in these forms is being able to share them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patients who go through the trouble of documenting their medical preferences shouldn’t have to worry about getting the wrong care, he said. “It is not a cardiology problem. It is not a cancer problem. Helping improve our end-of-life care … applies to everybody.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Diego County already has a health information exchange that allows hospitals and health systems to share some data. But Contra Costa County is further behind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to be challenging,” said Donald Waters, executive director of the Alameda-Contra Costa Medical Association, which is helping lead the pilot project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Waters said it’s worth the effort to overcome the hurdles because having documents uploaded means paramedics and others will know in an instant if patients want to be resuscitated or just kept comfortable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Situations arise every day in which being able to access POLST forms electronically could improve end-of-life care, said Tom Sugarman, an emergency physician at Sutter Delta Medical Center in Antioch, Calif.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you come [to the hospital] in full cardiac arrest … we only have one or two minutes to make a decision,” said Sugarman, who educates doctors about POLST. “All physicians are going to err on the side of preserving life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes, however, a patient may prefer comfort care, Sugarman said. A POLST form — if it is available — means families don’t have to make decisions during an emergency, he said. “The worst time to have that conversation is during a crisis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Chaparral House, a nursing home in Berkeley, the POLST forms are in the residents’ folders at the nursing station. The forms go with patients to the hospital, but sometimes there is still a disconnect. Administrator KJ Page recalls one resident getting a feeding tube when he didn’t want one and another who almost underwent bypass surgery against his wishes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Audrey de Jesus, 83, arrived at Chaparral House just a few months ago. She uses a wheelchair and an oxygen tank. Beside her bed sits a Bible and a book of Psalms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>De Jesus has seven children and said the form tells them exactly what she wants — comfort-focused treatment — so there aren’t any questions in an emergency. “I want pain control and the least suffering for my family,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stonebrook Healthcare Center Social Services Director Shirley Jackson said filling out POLST forms is part of the admission process. “It’s almost like a driver’s license for the end of your life,” she said. “It’s important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having the form available electronically would make it much easier for everyone. “If, God forbid, you have to send somebody out in an emergency, especially if they are unresponsive, it’s right there in the chart,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>De Freze, a former certified nursing assistant, said she plans to put her pink form on her refrigerator when she leaves Stonebrook. She knows she could have an emergency and may not be able to tell doctors or paramedics what she wants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can’t communicate if you are in excruciating pain,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "U.S. Life Expectancy Drops For First Time Since 1993",
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"content": "\u003cp>One of the fundamental ways scientists measure the well-being of a nation is tracking the rate at which its citizens die and how long they can be expected to live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the news out of the federal goverment Thursday is disturbing: The overall U.S. death rate has increased for the first time in a decade, according to an \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db267.htm\">analysis\u003c/a> of the latest data. And that led to a drop in overall life expectancy for the first time since 1993, particularly among people younger than 65.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is a big deal,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpc.unc.edu/people/fellows/bio?person=morganp\">Philip Morgan\u003c/a>, a demographer at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill who was not involved in the new analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's not a better indicator of well-being than life expectancy,\" he says. \"The fact that it's leveling off in the U.S. is a striking finding.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, there's a chance that the latest data, from 2015, could be just a one-time blip. In fact, a preliminary analysis from the first two quarters of 2016 suggests that may be the case, says Robert Anderson, chief of the mortality statistics branch at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/\">National Center for Health Statistics\u003c/a>, which released the new report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anderson says government analysts are awaiting more data before reaching any definitive conclusions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We'll have to see what happens in the second half of 2016,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, he believes the data from 2015 are worth paying attention to. Over that year, the overall death rate increased from 724.6 per 100,000 people to 733.1 per 100,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While that's not a lot, it was enough to cause the overall life expectancy to fall slightly. That's only happened a few times in the past 50 years. The dip in 1993, for example, was due to high death rates from AIDS, flu, homicide and accidental deaths that year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On average, the overall life expectancy, for someone born in 2015, fell from 78.9 years to 78.8 years. The life expectancy for the average American man fell two-tenths of a year — from 76.5 to 76.3. For women, it dropped one-tenth — from 81.3 to 81.2 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's remarkable,\" Morgan says. \"There are lots of things about this that are unexpected.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most notably, the overall death rate for Americans increased because mortality from heart disease and stroke increased after declining for years. Deaths were also up from Alzheimer's disease, respiratory disease, kidney disease and diabetes. More Americans also died from unintentional injuries and suicide. In all, the decline was driven by increases in deaths from eight of the top 10 leading causes of death in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you see increases in so many of the leading causes of death, it's difficult to pinpoint one particular cause as the culprit,\" Anderson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The obesity epidemic could be playing a role in the increase in deaths from heart disease, strokes, diabetes and possibly Alzheimer's. It could also be that doctors have reached the limit of what they can do to fight heart disease with current treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The epidemic of prescription opioid painkillers and heroin abuse is probably fueling the increase in unintentional injuries, \u003ca href=\"https://www.pop.upenn.edu/bio/arun-hendi\">Arun Hendi\u003c/a>, a demographer at Duke University, wrote in an email. The rise in drug abuse and suicide could be due to economic factors causing despair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Clearly, that could be related to the economic circumstances that many Americans have experienced in the last eight years, or so, since the recession,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://sociology.sas.upenn.edu/irma_elo\">Irma Elo\u003c/a>, a sociologist at the University of Pennsylvania.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever the cause, the trend is concerning, especially when the death rate is continuing to drop and life expectancy is still on the rise in most other industrialized countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's pretty grim,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.princeton.edu/%7Eaccase/\">Anne Case\u003c/a>, an economist at Princeton University studying the relationship between economics and health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Life+Expectancy+In+U.S.+Drops+For+First+Time+In+Decades%2C+Report+Finds&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>One of the fundamental ways scientists measure the well-being of a nation is tracking the rate at which its citizens die and how long they can be expected to live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the news out of the federal goverment Thursday is disturbing: The overall U.S. death rate has increased for the first time in a decade, according to an \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db267.htm\">analysis\u003c/a> of the latest data. And that led to a drop in overall life expectancy for the first time since 1993, particularly among people younger than 65.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is a big deal,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpc.unc.edu/people/fellows/bio?person=morganp\">Philip Morgan\u003c/a>, a demographer at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill who was not involved in the new analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's not a better indicator of well-being than life expectancy,\" he says. \"The fact that it's leveling off in the U.S. is a striking finding.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, there's a chance that the latest data, from 2015, could be just a one-time blip. In fact, a preliminary analysis from the first two quarters of 2016 suggests that may be the case, says Robert Anderson, chief of the mortality statistics branch at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/\">National Center for Health Statistics\u003c/a>, which released the new report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anderson says government analysts are awaiting more data before reaching any definitive conclusions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We'll have to see what happens in the second half of 2016,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, he believes the data from 2015 are worth paying attention to. Over that year, the overall death rate increased from 724.6 per 100,000 people to 733.1 per 100,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While that's not a lot, it was enough to cause the overall life expectancy to fall slightly. That's only happened a few times in the past 50 years. The dip in 1993, for example, was due to high death rates from AIDS, flu, homicide and accidental deaths that year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On average, the overall life expectancy, for someone born in 2015, fell from 78.9 years to 78.8 years. The life expectancy for the average American man fell two-tenths of a year — from 76.5 to 76.3. For women, it dropped one-tenth — from 81.3 to 81.2 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's remarkable,\" Morgan says. \"There are lots of things about this that are unexpected.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most notably, the overall death rate for Americans increased because mortality from heart disease and stroke increased after declining for years. Deaths were also up from Alzheimer's disease, respiratory disease, kidney disease and diabetes. More Americans also died from unintentional injuries and suicide. In all, the decline was driven by increases in deaths from eight of the top 10 leading causes of death in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you see increases in so many of the leading causes of death, it's difficult to pinpoint one particular cause as the culprit,\" Anderson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The obesity epidemic could be playing a role in the increase in deaths from heart disease, strokes, diabetes and possibly Alzheimer's. It could also be that doctors have reached the limit of what they can do to fight heart disease with current treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The epidemic of prescription opioid painkillers and heroin abuse is probably fueling the increase in unintentional injuries, \u003ca href=\"https://www.pop.upenn.edu/bio/arun-hendi\">Arun Hendi\u003c/a>, a demographer at Duke University, wrote in an email. The rise in drug abuse and suicide could be due to economic factors causing despair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Clearly, that could be related to the economic circumstances that many Americans have experienced in the last eight years, or so, since the recession,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://sociology.sas.upenn.edu/irma_elo\">Irma Elo\u003c/a>, a sociologist at the University of Pennsylvania.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever the cause, the trend is concerning, especially when the death rate is continuing to drop and life expectancy is still on the rise in most other industrialized countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's pretty grim,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.princeton.edu/%7Eaccase/\">Anne Case\u003c/a>, an economist at Princeton University studying the relationship between economics and health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Life+Expectancy+In+U.S.+Drops+For+First+Time+In+Decades%2C+Report+Finds&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A sprawling health bill that \u003ca href=\"http://californiahealthline.org/news/senate-approves-landmark-mental-health-bill-as-part-of-21st-century-cures-act/\" target=\"_blank\">passed the Senate Wednesday\u003c/a> and is expected to become law before the end of the year is a grab bag for industries that spent plenty of money lobbying to make sure it happened that way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are some of the winners and losers in the 21st Century Cures Act:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Winners\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Pharmaceutical and Medical Device Companies\u003c/em>. The bill will likely save drug and device companies billions of dollars bringing products to market by giving the Food and Drug Administration new authority and tools to demand fewer studies from those companies and speed up approvals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The changes represent a massive lobbying effort by 58 pharmaceutical companies, 24 device companies and 26 “biotech products and research” companies, according to a Kaiser Health News analysis of lobbying data compiled by the Center for Responsive Politics. The groups reported more than $192 million in lobbying expenses on the Cures Act and other legislative priorities, the analysis shows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Medical schools, hospitals and physicians\u003c/em>. The bill provides $4.8 billion over 10 years in additional funding to National Institutes of Health, the federal government’s main biomedical research organization. (The funds are not guaranteed, however, and will be subject to annual appropriations.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The money could help researchers at universities and medical centers get hundreds of millions more dollars in research grants, most of it toward research on cancer, neurobiology and genetic medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill attracted lobbying activity from more than 60 schools, 36 hospitals and several dozen groups representing physician organizations. They reported spending more than $120 million in disclosures that included Cures Act lobbying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Mental health and substance abuse advocates\u003c/em>. The bill provides $1 billion in state grants over two years to address opioid abuse and addiction. While most of that money goes to treatment facilities, some will fund research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill also boosts funding for mental health research and treatment, with hundreds of millions of dollars authorized for dozens of existing and new programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mental health, psychology and psychiatry groups spent $1.8 million on lobbying disclosures that included the Cures bill as an issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Patient groups\u003c/em>. Specialty disease and patient advocacy groups supported the legislation and lobbied vigorously. Many of these groups get a portion of their funding from drug and device companies. The bill includes more patient input in the drug development and approval process, and the bill is a boost to the clout of such groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than two dozen patient groups lobbied the bill, and reported spending $6.4 million in disclosures that named the bill as one of their issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Health information technology and software companies\u003c/em>. The bill pushes federal agencies and health providers nationwide to use electronic health records systems and to collect data to enhance research and treatment. Although it doesn’t specifically fund the effort, IT and data management companies could gain millions of dollars in new business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than a dozen computer, software and telecom companies reported Cures Act lobbying. The groups’ total lobbying spending was $35 million on Cures as well as other legislation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Losers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Preventive medicine\u003c/em>. The bill cuts $3.5 billion — about 30 percent — from the Prevention and Public Health Fund established under Obamacare to promote prevention of Alzheimer’s disease, hospital acquired infections, chronic illnesses and other ailments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Consumer and patient safety groups\u003c/em>. Groups like Public Citizen and the National Center for Health Research either fought the law outright or sought substantial changes. Although they won on some points, these groups still say Cures opens the door for unsafe drug and device approvals and doesn’t address rising drug costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Hair growth patients.\u003c/em> The bill says federal Medicaid will no longer help pay for drugs that help patients restore hair. The National Alopecia Areata Foundation spent $40,000 on lobbying disclosures this cycle that included Cures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The FDA.\u003c/em> The bill gives the FDA an additional $500 million through 2026 and more hiring power, but critics say it isn’t enough to cover the additional workload under the bill. The agency also got something it opposed: renewal of a controversial voucher program that awards companies that approve drugs for rare pediatric diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was produced by Kaiser Health News, an editorially independent program of the Kaiser Family Foundation.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A sprawling health bill that \u003ca href=\"http://californiahealthline.org/news/senate-approves-landmark-mental-health-bill-as-part-of-21st-century-cures-act/\" target=\"_blank\">passed the Senate Wednesday\u003c/a> and is expected to become law before the end of the year is a grab bag for industries that spent plenty of money lobbying to make sure it happened that way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are some of the winners and losers in the 21st Century Cures Act:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Winners\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Pharmaceutical and Medical Device Companies\u003c/em>. The bill will likely save drug and device companies billions of dollars bringing products to market by giving the Food and Drug Administration new authority and tools to demand fewer studies from those companies and speed up approvals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The changes represent a massive lobbying effort by 58 pharmaceutical companies, 24 device companies and 26 “biotech products and research” companies, according to a Kaiser Health News analysis of lobbying data compiled by the Center for Responsive Politics. The groups reported more than $192 million in lobbying expenses on the Cures Act and other legislative priorities, the analysis shows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Medical schools, hospitals and physicians\u003c/em>. The bill provides $4.8 billion over 10 years in additional funding to National Institutes of Health, the federal government’s main biomedical research organization. (The funds are not guaranteed, however, and will be subject to annual appropriations.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The money could help researchers at universities and medical centers get hundreds of millions more dollars in research grants, most of it toward research on cancer, neurobiology and genetic medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill attracted lobbying activity from more than 60 schools, 36 hospitals and several dozen groups representing physician organizations. They reported spending more than $120 million in disclosures that included Cures Act lobbying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Mental health and substance abuse advocates\u003c/em>. The bill provides $1 billion in state grants over two years to address opioid abuse and addiction. While most of that money goes to treatment facilities, some will fund research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill also boosts funding for mental health research and treatment, with hundreds of millions of dollars authorized for dozens of existing and new programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mental health, psychology and psychiatry groups spent $1.8 million on lobbying disclosures that included the Cures bill as an issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Patient groups\u003c/em>. Specialty disease and patient advocacy groups supported the legislation and lobbied vigorously. Many of these groups get a portion of their funding from drug and device companies. The bill includes more patient input in the drug development and approval process, and the bill is a boost to the clout of such groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than two dozen patient groups lobbied the bill, and reported spending $6.4 million in disclosures that named the bill as one of their issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Health information technology and software companies\u003c/em>. The bill pushes federal agencies and health providers nationwide to use electronic health records systems and to collect data to enhance research and treatment. Although it doesn’t specifically fund the effort, IT and data management companies could gain millions of dollars in new business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than a dozen computer, software and telecom companies reported Cures Act lobbying. The groups’ total lobbying spending was $35 million on Cures as well as other legislation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Losers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Preventive medicine\u003c/em>. The bill cuts $3.5 billion — about 30 percent — from the Prevention and Public Health Fund established under Obamacare to promote prevention of Alzheimer’s disease, hospital acquired infections, chronic illnesses and other ailments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Consumer and patient safety groups\u003c/em>. Groups like Public Citizen and the National Center for Health Research either fought the law outright or sought substantial changes. Although they won on some points, these groups still say Cures opens the door for unsafe drug and device approvals and doesn’t address rising drug costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Hair growth patients.\u003c/em> The bill says federal Medicaid will no longer help pay for drugs that help patients restore hair. The National Alopecia Areata Foundation spent $40,000 on lobbying disclosures this cycle that included Cures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The FDA.\u003c/em> The bill gives the FDA an additional $500 million through 2026 and more hiring power, but critics say it isn’t enough to cover the additional workload under the bill. The agency also got something it opposed: renewal of a controversial voucher program that awards companies that approve drugs for rare pediatric diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was produced by Kaiser Health News, an editorially independent program of the Kaiser Family Foundation.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Billions at Stake: UC Berkeley's Day in Court vs. Harvard/MIT Over CRISPR",
"title": "Billions at Stake: UC Berkeley's Day in Court vs. Harvard/MIT Over CRISPR",
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"content": "\u003cp>It's called CRISPR-Cas9 — one of the century's biggest scientific breakthroughs in genetic engineering\u003cem> — \u003c/em>and now three major universities are battling it out in court over who owns a patent on the revolutionary technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday, UC Berkeley lawyers defended the university's claim to patent\u003cem> \u003c/em>CRISPR in a dispute that went before a panel of judges at the U.S Patent and Trademark headquarters in Alexandria, Virginia\u003cem>. \u003c/em>The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard is also claiming it owns the rights to CRISPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CRISPR is a gene-editing tool that allows scientists to manipulate DNA by snipping out part of a mutated gene and substituting a healthy gene. It has huge implications \u003cem>—\u003c/em> from yielding new cancer therapies to correcting genetic disorders to modifying plant and animal DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Editing DNA Using CRISPR\u003c/h3>\n\u003cdiv class=\"row textColumnWidth\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"small-12 large-4 columns\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-296418\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR01.png\" alt=\"crispr01\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR01.png 750w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR01-160x285.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR01-240x427.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR01-375x667.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR01-520x925.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"small-12 large-4 columns\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-296419\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR02.png\" alt=\"crispr02\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR02.png 750w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR02-160x285.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR02-240x427.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR02-375x667.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR02-520x925.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"small-12 large-4 columns large-4 columns\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-296420\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR_03_Bug.jpg\" alt=\"crispr_03_bug\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR_03_Bug.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR_03_Bug-160x285.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR_03_Bug-240x427.jpg 240w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 375px) 100vw, 375px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\"If Berkeley wins it means they’re essentially going to control which commercial companies are able to develop the technology going forward and that will be a huge change in the status quo,\" says New York Law School professor says Jake Sherkow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sherkow says billions of dollars could be at stake. Companies that use the technology will likely need to pay royalties to whomever owns it -- Broad or Berkeley. Many start-ups including \u003ca href=\"https://www.addgene.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Addgene\u003c/a> -- a biotech non-profit working with Broad -- are already using CRISPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both UC Berkeley and the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard claim to have invented the technology and filed for patents.\u003cem> \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley filed first and even though Broad filed later, Broad fast-tracked its application, which was approved while Berkeley's was still pending. This is what Berkeley is contesting -- the fact that Broad's application was approved while its own was still under review.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The court has already ruled that the patent will be issued to the scientists who prove the CRISPR technology works in transforming the genes of a particular kind of cell -- \u003cem>eukaryotic\u003c/em> cells, those found in plants and animals, including humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In their research, Broad Institute bioengineer Feng Zhang and his team used eukaryotic cells, whereas UC Berkeley biochemist Jennifer Doudna used bacteria cells, not eukaryotic cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Doudna argues that UC Berkeley has a right to the patent because any skilled scientist could apply her team's research technique to eukaryotic cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley's lawyers faced more intense questioning on Tuesday than the Broad's.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It does speak to some of the judges' skepticism of the University of California's claims,\" says Sherkow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The patent judges could make a decision by February but Sherkow says whichever side loses will likely appeal. So a final resolution may not come until 2018 or 2019.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It's called CRISPR-Cas9 — one of the century's biggest scientific breakthroughs in genetic engineering\u003cem> — \u003c/em>and now three major universities are battling it out in court over who owns a patent on the revolutionary technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday, UC Berkeley lawyers defended the university's claim to patent\u003cem> \u003c/em>CRISPR in a dispute that went before a panel of judges at the U.S Patent and Trademark headquarters in Alexandria, Virginia\u003cem>. \u003c/em>The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard is also claiming it owns the rights to CRISPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CRISPR is a gene-editing tool that allows scientists to manipulate DNA by snipping out part of a mutated gene and substituting a healthy gene. It has huge implications \u003cem>—\u003c/em> from yielding new cancer therapies to correcting genetic disorders to modifying plant and animal DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Editing DNA Using CRISPR\u003c/h3>\n\u003cdiv class=\"row textColumnWidth\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"small-12 large-4 columns\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-296418\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR01.png\" alt=\"crispr01\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR01.png 750w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR01-160x285.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR01-240x427.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR01-375x667.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR01-520x925.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"small-12 large-4 columns\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-296419\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR02.png\" alt=\"crispr02\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR02.png 750w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR02-160x285.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR02-240x427.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR02-375x667.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR02-520x925.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"small-12 large-4 columns large-4 columns\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-296420\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR_03_Bug.jpg\" alt=\"crispr_03_bug\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR_03_Bug.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR_03_Bug-160x285.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR_03_Bug-240x427.jpg 240w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 375px) 100vw, 375px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\"If Berkeley wins it means they’re essentially going to control which commercial companies are able to develop the technology going forward and that will be a huge change in the status quo,\" says New York Law School professor says Jake Sherkow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sherkow says billions of dollars could be at stake. Companies that use the technology will likely need to pay royalties to whomever owns it -- Broad or Berkeley. Many start-ups including \u003ca href=\"https://www.addgene.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Addgene\u003c/a> -- a biotech non-profit working with Broad -- are already using CRISPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both UC Berkeley and the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard claim to have invented the technology and filed for patents.\u003cem> \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley filed first and even though Broad filed later, Broad fast-tracked its application, which was approved while Berkeley's was still pending. This is what Berkeley is contesting -- the fact that Broad's application was approved while its own was still under review.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The court has already ruled that the patent will be issued to the scientists who prove the CRISPR technology works in transforming the genes of a particular kind of cell -- \u003cem>eukaryotic\u003c/em> cells, those found in plants and animals, including humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In their research, Broad Institute bioengineer Feng Zhang and his team used eukaryotic cells, whereas UC Berkeley biochemist Jennifer Doudna used bacteria cells, not eukaryotic cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Doudna argues that UC Berkeley has a right to the patent because any skilled scientist could apply her team's research technique to eukaryotic cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley's lawyers faced more intense questioning on Tuesday than the Broad's.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It does speak to some of the judges' skepticism of the University of California's claims,\" says Sherkow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The patent judges could make a decision by February but Sherkow says whichever side loses will likely appeal. So a final resolution may not come until 2018 or 2019.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A nonprofit research group is giving scientists a new way to study the secret lives of human cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Wednesday, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.alleninstitute.org/what-we-do/cell-science/\">Allen Institute for Cell Science\u003c/a> provided access to a collection of living stem cells that have been genetically altered to make internal structures like the nucleus and mitochondria glow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What makes these cells special is that they are normal, healthy cells that we can spy on and see what the cell does when it's left alone,\" says Susanne Rafelski, director of assay development at the institute. Under a microscope, \"they are a wonder to behold,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cells originally came from skin. But they have the potential to become many different types of cells, including those found in the heart and brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they could help scientists answer basic questions about how cells specialize as they develop, how disease changes a cell and how experimental drugs affect certain types of cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're creating a powerful resource and a tool that any biologist can use,\" says Ruwanthi Gunawardane, director of stem cells and gene editing at the Allen institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Initially, the institute is releasing five cell lines through the \u003ca href=\"https://www.coriell.org/about/overview\">Coriell Institute for Medical Research\u003c/a>. Each line has a different internal structure that glows, allowing researchers to see how that structure moves and changes during a cell's life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What's really cool about this is that we can watch the cell as it divides,\" Gunawardane says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Any scientist can order the cells online for a price that reflects only the distribution cost. \"Our goal was to make this absolutely accessible to any person working on stem cells,\" Gunawardane says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until now, many scientists have had to rely on cells that grow abnormally or have mutations, Gunawardane says. And there has been no good way to see a living cell's internal structures without disrupting its normal operation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new cell lines are the product of cutting-edge technology found in just a few labs, Gunawardane says. \"We would not have been able to do this two years ago,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Glowing+Human+Cells+May+Shed+Light+On+Sickness+And+Health&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A nonprofit research group is giving scientists a new way to study the secret lives of human cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Wednesday, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.alleninstitute.org/what-we-do/cell-science/\">Allen Institute for Cell Science\u003c/a> provided access to a collection of living stem cells that have been genetically altered to make internal structures like the nucleus and mitochondria glow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What makes these cells special is that they are normal, healthy cells that we can spy on and see what the cell does when it's left alone,\" says Susanne Rafelski, director of assay development at the institute. Under a microscope, \"they are a wonder to behold,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cells originally came from skin. But they have the potential to become many different types of cells, including those found in the heart and brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they could help scientists answer basic questions about how cells specialize as they develop, how disease changes a cell and how experimental drugs affect certain types of cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're creating a powerful resource and a tool that any biologist can use,\" says Ruwanthi Gunawardane, director of stem cells and gene editing at the Allen institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Initially, the institute is releasing five cell lines through the \u003ca href=\"https://www.coriell.org/about/overview\">Coriell Institute for Medical Research\u003c/a>. Each line has a different internal structure that glows, allowing researchers to see how that structure moves and changes during a cell's life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What's really cool about this is that we can watch the cell as it divides,\" Gunawardane says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Any scientist can order the cells online for a price that reflects only the distribution cost. \"Our goal was to make this absolutely accessible to any person working on stem cells,\" Gunawardane says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until now, many scientists have had to rely on cells that grow abnormally or have mutations, Gunawardane says. And there has been no good way to see a living cell's internal structures without disrupting its normal operation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new cell lines are the product of cutting-edge technology found in just a few labs, Gunawardane says. \"We would not have been able to do this two years ago,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Glowing+Human+Cells+May+Shed+Light+On+Sickness+And+Health&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Cuba Has a Lung Cancer Vaccine; Now U.S. Patients Will Test It",
"title": "Cuba Has a Lung Cancer Vaccine; Now U.S. Patients Will Test It",
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"content": "\u003cp>Mick Phillips' doctor is surprised he's still alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 69-year-old Wisconsin man was diagnosed with late-stage lung cancer in 2010 and his doctor said he had less than a year to live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was six years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For all intents and purposes he shouldn’t be here,\" says Phillips' oncologist, \u003ca href=\"http://www.fvho.org/providers/timothy-goggins-md/\" target=\"_blank\">Timothy Goggins\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Goggins and Phillips both credit his survival to a lung cancer drug that isn't available in the U.S. and that Phillips has had to purchase illegally in Cuba.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Cancer won’t be cured, it will be turned into a chronic condition.’\u003ccite>Agustin Lage,Cuba’s Center of Molecular Immunology\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>U.S. researchers think if the treatment works it could be used to prevent lung cancer in patients that are high risk. \u003ca href=\"https://www.roswellpark.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Roswell Park Cancer Institute\u003c/a> in Buffalo, New York has begun testing CIMAvax, the Cuban-developed immunotherapy for lung cancer. If successful, the trial will pave the way for potential FDA approval, after which the drug could become commercially available in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The medicine has relatively minor side effects and appears to have \u003ca href=\"http://clincancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/early/2016/02/27/1078-0432.CCR-15-0855\" target=\"_blank\">prolonged the lives of patients\u003c/a> who have stage four lung cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CIMAvax stimulates the body's immune system to fight the lung cancer. In this way it's a vaccine, but one that you take to stop the spread of late-stage cancer rather than prevent it in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like a flu vaccine,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.roswellpark.org/grace-dy\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. Grace Dy\u003c/a>, principal investigator for the trial. \"It’s the same concept. You give a drug so the body develops an antibody to the drug;\u003cb> \u003c/b>you’re using your body’s own natural systems to develop a therapy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Lung cancer kills \u003ca href=\"http://www.lung.org/lung-health-and-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/lung-cancer/learn-about-lung-cancer/lung-cancer-fact-sheet.html?referrer=https://www.google.com/\" target=\"_blank\">nearly 160,000 Americans\u003c/a> annually. \u003c/span>Most people are diagnosed at a late stage and more than half die within a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is likely the first time the \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02955290\" target=\"_blank\">FDA has allowed\u003c/a> a clinical trial of a Cuban-made therapy in a U.S. health care facility. It's not uncommon for the\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>FDA to allow U.S. clinical trials in order to study therapies from other countries. It is extremely rare, however, for that therapy to come from Cuba.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it's popular\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">As of mid-November, nearly 200 people had \u003ca href=\"https://www.roswellpark.org/cimavax-form/?utm_source=page&utm_medium=button&utm_term=form1&utm_content=cimavax\" target=\"_blank\">applied online\u003c/a> to participate in the 60-90 person Phase II and Phase III studies.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I’m not surprised that there’s interest,” says Dr. Dy. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“When you have cancer and it’s potentially life-threatening you want to explore all the options.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_281617\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 960px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-281617\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/DrAgustinLage.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Augustin Lage (left) in Havana with Mick Phillips, researcher Gisela Gonzalez, and Maya Phillips.\" width=\"960\" height=\"720\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/DrAgustinLage.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/DrAgustinLage-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/DrAgustinLage-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/DrAgustinLage-768x576.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/DrAgustinLage-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/DrAgustinLage-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/DrAgustinLage-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Augustin Lage (left) in Havana with Mick Phillips, researcher Gisela Gonzalez, and Maya Phillips. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Maya Phillips)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mick Phillips didn't think he had much longer to live when he brought back CIMAvax from Cuba in 2011 and asked a nurse friend to give him the injections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He had a 5 percent chance of living five years,\" says Dr. Goggins who practices at \u003ca href=\"http://www.fvho.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Fox Valley Hemotology & Oncology\u003c/a> in Appleton, Wisconsin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Phillips is in remission from stage 4 lung cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I keep telling people, if you believe in God, it’s God,\" says Dr. Goggins. \"If you believe in science, it’s CIMAvax.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How\u003c/strong> \u003cstrong>the Cancer Vaccine Works\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lung cancer cells feed off a protein called epidermal growth factor or EGF. The protein supports normal cell growth but also fuels cancer cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vaccine triggers the immune system to create antibodies that bind to and remove\u003cb> \u003c/b>EGF, thereby starving the cancer of its \"food.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"100%\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/RaP4TsslJGw?rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normal cells can live without EGF and use other growth-promoting proteins instead. But the cancer cells can't, and without EGF they're unable to multiply and spread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CIMAvax has relatively few side effects when compared to chemotherapy, the traditional standard of care for late stage lung cancer. Chemo is hard on the body because it kills healthy cells (in addition to cancer cells) and causes side effects like hair loss, vomiting, loss of appetite and exhaustion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because CIMAvax doesn't kill cells, its side effects are relatively minor, such as chills or a fever that can be treated with over-the-counter medications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cuban patients that responded to CIMAvax had high levels of EGF, and t\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">heir bodies produced high levels of antibodies to combat the protein after they received the vaccine.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roswell Park will be looking to see if the same response emerges in its clinical trial— whether the most significant improvement is in patients with high EGF and antibody levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the study shows promise it could be good news for other types of cancer that also rely on EGF, such as prostate, breast and colon cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most recent \u003ca href=\"http://clincancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/early/2016/06/24/1078-0432.CCR-15-0855\" target=\"_blank\">Cuban clinical trial \u003c/a>of CIMAvax is comparatively small at about 400 patients, which raises questions about how reliable the findings are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UCSF oncologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.bivonalab.net/people/\" target=\"_blank\">Trever Bivona\u003c/a> says the study isn't large enough to determine whether the findings are statistically significant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_278549\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-278549\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/CIMAvax-EGF-3.jpeg\" alt=\"The lung cancer vaccine is currently available in Cuba, Peru, Venezuela, Paraguay, Colombia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. U.S. researchers start clinical trials this month.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1240\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/CIMAvax-EGF-3.jpeg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/CIMAvax-EGF-3-160x103.jpeg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/CIMAvax-EGF-3-800x517.jpeg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/CIMAvax-EGF-3-768x496.jpeg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/CIMAvax-EGF-3-1020x659.jpeg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/CIMAvax-EGF-3-1180x762.jpeg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/CIMAvax-EGF-3-960x620.jpeg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/CIMAvax-EGF-3-240x155.jpeg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/CIMAvax-EGF-3-375x242.jpeg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/CIMAvax-EGF-3-520x336.jpeg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The lung cancer vaccine is currently available in Cuba, Peru, Venezuela, Paraguay, Colombia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. U.S. researchers start clinical trials this month. \u003ccite>(Centro de Inmunología Molecular)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"I think we need a bigger more controlled study before making any conclusions,\" Bivona says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other problem with the Cuba study is that it had no control group. It compared patients getting CIMAvax to patients getting palliative care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There may be preliminary findings here,\" Bivona says, \"but it’s certainly not a slam dunk.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Will Cuban Drugs Be Approved Under Trump?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're contemplating a flight to Havana, it's important to note that most U.S. travel to Cuba is still restricted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">U.S. Treasury Office of Foreign Assets Control says people and companies can \u003ca href=\"https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/Pages/licensing.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">apply for a specific license\u003c/a> to visit Cuba and purchase pharmaceuticals like CIMAvax. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Because the relationship between\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Cuba and America has warmed, federal officials could potentially approve an application due to this change in \"foreign relations.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, President-elect Donald Trump has vowed to overturn all of President Obama's executive orders. Though it's unclear what that means, Obama's \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/12/17/fact-sheet-charting-new-course-cuba\" target=\"_blank\">2014 executive order\u003c/a> on Cuba expanded opportunities for Americans to legally visit Cuba.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Vice President-elect Mike Pence has specifically said he will \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.politico.com/story/2016/10/mike-pence-cuba-executive-orders-229827\" target=\"_blank\">reverse Barack Obama’s executive orders on Cuba\u003c/a>.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regardless, Dr. Dy says CIMAvax won't be available in pharmacies anytime soon. Roswell Park will start phase I of the clinical trial this month and it'll be months before it can start phase II and then phase III. She says an ambitious goal would be to have the medicine available by 2021.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A New York hospital is the nation's first to test a Cuban-developed lung cancer vaccine.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Mick Phillips' doctor is surprised he's still alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 69-year-old Wisconsin man was diagnosed with late-stage lung cancer in 2010 and his doctor said he had less than a year to live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was six years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For all intents and purposes he shouldn’t be here,\" says Phillips' oncologist, \u003ca href=\"http://www.fvho.org/providers/timothy-goggins-md/\" target=\"_blank\">Timothy Goggins\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Goggins and Phillips both credit his survival to a lung cancer drug that isn't available in the U.S. and that Phillips has had to purchase illegally in Cuba.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Cancer won’t be cured, it will be turned into a chronic condition.’\u003ccite>Agustin Lage,Cuba’s Center of Molecular Immunology\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>U.S. researchers think if the treatment works it could be used to prevent lung cancer in patients that are high risk. \u003ca href=\"https://www.roswellpark.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Roswell Park Cancer Institute\u003c/a> in Buffalo, New York has begun testing CIMAvax, the Cuban-developed immunotherapy for lung cancer. If successful, the trial will pave the way for potential FDA approval, after which the drug could become commercially available in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The medicine has relatively minor side effects and appears to have \u003ca href=\"http://clincancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/early/2016/02/27/1078-0432.CCR-15-0855\" target=\"_blank\">prolonged the lives of patients\u003c/a> who have stage four lung cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CIMAvax stimulates the body's immune system to fight the lung cancer. In this way it's a vaccine, but one that you take to stop the spread of late-stage cancer rather than prevent it in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like a flu vaccine,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.roswellpark.org/grace-dy\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. Grace Dy\u003c/a>, principal investigator for the trial. \"It’s the same concept. You give a drug so the body develops an antibody to the drug;\u003cb> \u003c/b>you’re using your body’s own natural systems to develop a therapy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Lung cancer kills \u003ca href=\"http://www.lung.org/lung-health-and-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/lung-cancer/learn-about-lung-cancer/lung-cancer-fact-sheet.html?referrer=https://www.google.com/\" target=\"_blank\">nearly 160,000 Americans\u003c/a> annually. \u003c/span>Most people are diagnosed at a late stage and more than half die within a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is likely the first time the \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02955290\" target=\"_blank\">FDA has allowed\u003c/a> a clinical trial of a Cuban-made therapy in a U.S. health care facility. It's not uncommon for the\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>FDA to allow U.S. clinical trials in order to study therapies from other countries. It is extremely rare, however, for that therapy to come from Cuba.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it's popular\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">As of mid-November, nearly 200 people had \u003ca href=\"https://www.roswellpark.org/cimavax-form/?utm_source=page&utm_medium=button&utm_term=form1&utm_content=cimavax\" target=\"_blank\">applied online\u003c/a> to participate in the 60-90 person Phase II and Phase III studies.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I’m not surprised that there’s interest,” says Dr. Dy. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“When you have cancer and it’s potentially life-threatening you want to explore all the options.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_281617\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 960px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-281617\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/DrAgustinLage.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Augustin Lage (left) in Havana with Mick Phillips, researcher Gisela Gonzalez, and Maya Phillips.\" width=\"960\" height=\"720\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/DrAgustinLage.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/DrAgustinLage-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/DrAgustinLage-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/DrAgustinLage-768x576.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/DrAgustinLage-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/DrAgustinLage-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/DrAgustinLage-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Augustin Lage (left) in Havana with Mick Phillips, researcher Gisela Gonzalez, and Maya Phillips. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Maya Phillips)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mick Phillips didn't think he had much longer to live when he brought back CIMAvax from Cuba in 2011 and asked a nurse friend to give him the injections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He had a 5 percent chance of living five years,\" says Dr. Goggins who practices at \u003ca href=\"http://www.fvho.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Fox Valley Hemotology & Oncology\u003c/a> in Appleton, Wisconsin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Phillips is in remission from stage 4 lung cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I keep telling people, if you believe in God, it’s God,\" says Dr. Goggins. \"If you believe in science, it’s CIMAvax.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How\u003c/strong> \u003cstrong>the Cancer Vaccine Works\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lung cancer cells feed off a protein called epidermal growth factor or EGF. The protein supports normal cell growth but also fuels cancer cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vaccine triggers the immune system to create antibodies that bind to and remove\u003cb> \u003c/b>EGF, thereby starving the cancer of its \"food.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"100%\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/RaP4TsslJGw?rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normal cells can live without EGF and use other growth-promoting proteins instead. But the cancer cells can't, and without EGF they're unable to multiply and spread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CIMAvax has relatively few side effects when compared to chemotherapy, the traditional standard of care for late stage lung cancer. Chemo is hard on the body because it kills healthy cells (in addition to cancer cells) and causes side effects like hair loss, vomiting, loss of appetite and exhaustion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because CIMAvax doesn't kill cells, its side effects are relatively minor, such as chills or a fever that can be treated with over-the-counter medications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cuban patients that responded to CIMAvax had high levels of EGF, and t\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">heir bodies produced high levels of antibodies to combat the protein after they received the vaccine.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roswell Park will be looking to see if the same response emerges in its clinical trial— whether the most significant improvement is in patients with high EGF and antibody levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the study shows promise it could be good news for other types of cancer that also rely on EGF, such as prostate, breast and colon cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most recent \u003ca href=\"http://clincancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/early/2016/06/24/1078-0432.CCR-15-0855\" target=\"_blank\">Cuban clinical trial \u003c/a>of CIMAvax is comparatively small at about 400 patients, which raises questions about how reliable the findings are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UCSF oncologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.bivonalab.net/people/\" target=\"_blank\">Trever Bivona\u003c/a> says the study isn't large enough to determine whether the findings are statistically significant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_278549\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-278549\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/CIMAvax-EGF-3.jpeg\" alt=\"The lung cancer vaccine is currently available in Cuba, Peru, Venezuela, Paraguay, Colombia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. U.S. researchers start clinical trials this month.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1240\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/CIMAvax-EGF-3.jpeg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/CIMAvax-EGF-3-160x103.jpeg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/CIMAvax-EGF-3-800x517.jpeg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/CIMAvax-EGF-3-768x496.jpeg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/CIMAvax-EGF-3-1020x659.jpeg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/CIMAvax-EGF-3-1180x762.jpeg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/CIMAvax-EGF-3-960x620.jpeg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/CIMAvax-EGF-3-240x155.jpeg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/CIMAvax-EGF-3-375x242.jpeg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/CIMAvax-EGF-3-520x336.jpeg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The lung cancer vaccine is currently available in Cuba, Peru, Venezuela, Paraguay, Colombia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. U.S. researchers start clinical trials this month. \u003ccite>(Centro de Inmunología Molecular)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"I think we need a bigger more controlled study before making any conclusions,\" Bivona says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other problem with the Cuba study is that it had no control group. It compared patients getting CIMAvax to patients getting palliative care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There may be preliminary findings here,\" Bivona says, \"but it’s certainly not a slam dunk.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Will Cuban Drugs Be Approved Under Trump?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're contemplating a flight to Havana, it's important to note that most U.S. travel to Cuba is still restricted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">U.S. Treasury Office of Foreign Assets Control says people and companies can \u003ca href=\"https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/Pages/licensing.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">apply for a specific license\u003c/a> to visit Cuba and purchase pharmaceuticals like CIMAvax. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Because the relationship between\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Cuba and America has warmed, federal officials could potentially approve an application due to this change in \"foreign relations.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, President-elect Donald Trump has vowed to overturn all of President Obama's executive orders. Though it's unclear what that means, Obama's \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/12/17/fact-sheet-charting-new-course-cuba\" target=\"_blank\">2014 executive order\u003c/a> on Cuba expanded opportunities for Americans to legally visit Cuba.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Vice President-elect Mike Pence has specifically said he will \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.politico.com/story/2016/10/mike-pence-cuba-executive-orders-229827\" target=\"_blank\">reverse Barack Obama’s executive orders on Cuba\u003c/a>.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regardless, Dr. Dy says CIMAvax won't be available in pharmacies anytime soon. Roswell Park will start phase I of the clinical trial this month and it'll be months before it can start phase II and then phase III. She says an ambitious goal would be to have the medicine available by 2021.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The market for products designed specifically for older adults could reach \u003ca href=\"http://semico.com/content/aging-place-internet-things-golden-years\">$30 billion by next year,\u003c/a> and startups want in on the action. What they sometimes lack is feedback from the people they hope will use their product. So \u003ca href=\"https://www.brookdale.com/en.html\">Brookdale\u003c/a>, the country's largest owner of retirement communities, has been inviting a few select entrepreneurs just to move in for a few days, show off their products and hear what the residents have to say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's what brought Dayle Rodriguez, 28, all the way from England to the dining room of \u003ca href=\"https://www.brookdale.com/en/communities/brookdale-south-bay-ca.html\">Brookdale South Bay\u003c/a> in Torrance, Calif. Rodriguez is the community and marketing manager for a company called Sentab. The startup's \u003ca href=\"https://www.sentab.com/\">product\u003c/a>, SentabTV, enables older adults who may not be comfortable with computers to access email, video chat and social media using just their televisions and a remote control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's nothing new, it's nothing too complicated and it's intuitive because lots of people have TV remotes,\" says Rodriguez.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But none of that is the topic of conversation in the Brookdale dining room. Instead, Rodriguez solicits residents' advice on what he should get on his cheeseburger and how he should spend the afternoon. Billiards was on the agenda, as well as learning to play \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahjong\">mahjong\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rodriguez says it's important that residents here don't feel like he's selling them something. \"I've had more feedback in a passive approach\" he says. \"Playing pool, playing cards, having dinner, having lunch,\" all work better \"than going through a survey of questions. Them getting to know me and to trust me and knowing I'm not selling them something — there's more honest feedback that way.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rodriguez is just the seventh entrepreneur to move into one of \u003ca href=\"https://www.sentab.com/\">Brookdale\u003c/a>'s 1,100 senior living communities. Other new products in the program have included a kind of full-body blow dryer and specially designed clothing that allows people with disabilities to dress and undress themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brookdale has no financial relationship with these startups. But that's not what motivates the program, says Andrew Smith, Brookdale's director of strategy and innovation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"First and foremost, the residents love it,\" says Smith. \"It also provides Brookdale the opportunity to learn about and experience new technologies quickly and inexpensively and to make sure that we understand what residents want and need.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mary Lou Busch, 93, agreed to try the Sentab system. She tells Rodriguez that it might be good for \u003cem>someone\u003c/em>, but not for her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I have the computer and FaceTime, which I talk with my family on,\" she explains. She also has an iPad and a smart phone. \"So I do pretty much everything I need to do.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rodriguez takes it pretty well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm not going to lie to you, I would've liked a more positive response,\" he says. But \"if people don't need it or want it, it's up to us to change, adapt it or make it more useful.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be fair, if Rodriguez wanted feedback from some more technophobic seniors, he may have ended up in the wrong Brookdale community. This one's located in the heart of Southern California's aerospace corridor. Many residents have backgrounds in engineering, business and academia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Rodriguez says he's still learning something important by moving into to this Brookdale community: \"People are more tech-savvy than we thought.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And besides, where else would he learn to play mahjong?\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=For+Startups+Marketing+To+Seniors%2C+A+Novel+Idea%3A+Move+In+With+Them&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The market for products designed specifically for older adults could reach \u003ca href=\"http://semico.com/content/aging-place-internet-things-golden-years\">$30 billion by next year,\u003c/a> and startups want in on the action. What they sometimes lack is feedback from the people they hope will use their product. So \u003ca href=\"https://www.brookdale.com/en.html\">Brookdale\u003c/a>, the country's largest owner of retirement communities, has been inviting a few select entrepreneurs just to move in for a few days, show off their products and hear what the residents have to say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's what brought Dayle Rodriguez, 28, all the way from England to the dining room of \u003ca href=\"https://www.brookdale.com/en/communities/brookdale-south-bay-ca.html\">Brookdale South Bay\u003c/a> in Torrance, Calif. Rodriguez is the community and marketing manager for a company called Sentab. The startup's \u003ca href=\"https://www.sentab.com/\">product\u003c/a>, SentabTV, enables older adults who may not be comfortable with computers to access email, video chat and social media using just their televisions and a remote control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's nothing new, it's nothing too complicated and it's intuitive because lots of people have TV remotes,\" says Rodriguez.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But none of that is the topic of conversation in the Brookdale dining room. Instead, Rodriguez solicits residents' advice on what he should get on his cheeseburger and how he should spend the afternoon. Billiards was on the agenda, as well as learning to play \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahjong\">mahjong\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rodriguez says it's important that residents here don't feel like he's selling them something. \"I've had more feedback in a passive approach\" he says. \"Playing pool, playing cards, having dinner, having lunch,\" all work better \"than going through a survey of questions. Them getting to know me and to trust me and knowing I'm not selling them something — there's more honest feedback that way.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rodriguez is just the seventh entrepreneur to move into one of \u003ca href=\"https://www.sentab.com/\">Brookdale\u003c/a>'s 1,100 senior living communities. Other new products in the program have included a kind of full-body blow dryer and specially designed clothing that allows people with disabilities to dress and undress themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brookdale has no financial relationship with these startups. But that's not what motivates the program, says Andrew Smith, Brookdale's director of strategy and innovation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"First and foremost, the residents love it,\" says Smith. \"It also provides Brookdale the opportunity to learn about and experience new technologies quickly and inexpensively and to make sure that we understand what residents want and need.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mary Lou Busch, 93, agreed to try the Sentab system. She tells Rodriguez that it might be good for \u003cem>someone\u003c/em>, but not for her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I have the computer and FaceTime, which I talk with my family on,\" she explains. She also has an iPad and a smart phone. \"So I do pretty much everything I need to do.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rodriguez takes it pretty well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm not going to lie to you, I would've liked a more positive response,\" he says. But \"if people don't need it or want it, it's up to us to change, adapt it or make it more useful.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be fair, if Rodriguez wanted feedback from some more technophobic seniors, he may have ended up in the wrong Brookdale community. This one's located in the heart of Southern California's aerospace corridor. Many residents have backgrounds in engineering, business and academia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Rodriguez says he's still learning something important by moving into to this Brookdale community: \"People are more tech-savvy than we thought.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And besides, where else would he learn to play mahjong?\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=For+Startups+Marketing+To+Seniors%2C+A+Novel+Idea%3A+Move+In+With+Them&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "The Ethics of Withholding Life-Saving Treatment",
"title": "The Ethics of Withholding Life-Saving Treatment",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>From the authors of \"\u003ca href=\"http://us.macmillan.com/algorithmstoliveby/brianchristian\" target=\"_blank\">ALGORITHMS TO LIVE BY: The Computer Science of Human Decisions\u003c/a>,\" published by Henry Hold and Co.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every day we make a series of choices that are all really the same choice underneath: between our \u003cem>favorite\u003c/em> things and \u003cem>new\u003c/em> ones. Do we go to the restaurant we adore, or the place down the road that just opened up? Get our “usual,” or try the special? Invite our best friend, or reach out to a new acquaintance we’d like to get to know better? We intuitively understand that life is a balance between novelty and familiarity, between the latest and the greatest, between taking chances and savoring what we know and love. But the unanswered question is: What is that balance?\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The cost of knowledge: Twenty-four more infants died in a group receiving conventional treatment than in a group receiving the treatment being tested.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It’s a question with higher stakes than we might realize. And it has a more explicit answer, from a field we don’t often turn to in moments of human indecision, though perhaps we should: computer science. Indeed, computer scientists have been working on finding this balance for more than 50 years. They even have a name for it: the “explore/exploit” tradeoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, algorithms derived from studying the explore/exploit tradeoff power a sizable fraction of the Internet economy, including the advertising business responsible for almost all of Google’s revenue -- they determine when to display the ad that has performed the best so far and when to experiment with potentially superior alternatives. Algorithms have also become essential to political campaigning, an indispensable part of honing messaging and donation appeals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The single most important application of explore/exploit algorithms, however, is a domain where human lives are directly on the line. That domain is clinical trials, and a growing community of doctors, statisticians, and computer scientists think we’re doing them wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In English, the words “explore” and “exploit” come loaded with opposite connotations. But to a computer scientist, these words have much more specific and neutral meanings. Simply put, exploration is \u003cem>gathering\u003c/em> information, and exploitation is \u003cem>using\u003c/em> the information you have to get a known good result. It’s fairly intuitive that never exploring is no way to live. But computer science shows that failing to exploit can be every bit as bad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_180526\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2592px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/A_Resperatory_Therapist_treating_a_newborn_child_Pulaski_County_Technical_College_Respiratory_Therapist_Program.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-180526\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/A_Resperatory_Therapist_treating_a_newborn_child_Pulaski_County_Technical_College_Respiratory_Therapist_Program.jpg\" alt=\"Respiratory therapist Michelle Sirra takes a blood sample from 3-day-old Stuart Parker in preparation for transfer to an Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation unit on Friday, July 21, in San Juan, Puerto Rico. An ECMO team comprised Air Force and Army medical specialists from the Wilford Hall Medical Center at Lackland Air Force Base, Texas, flew to Puerto Rico to transport Stuart to San Antonio for more advanced care. \" width=\"2592\" height=\"1944\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/A_Resperatory_Therapist_treating_a_newborn_child_Pulaski_County_Technical_College_Respiratory_Therapist_Program.jpg 2592w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/A_Resperatory_Therapist_treating_a_newborn_child_Pulaski_County_Technical_College_Respiratory_Therapist_Program-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/A_Resperatory_Therapist_treating_a_newborn_child_Pulaski_County_Technical_College_Respiratory_Therapist_Program-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/A_Resperatory_Therapist_treating_a_newborn_child_Pulaski_County_Technical_College_Respiratory_Therapist_Program-768x576.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/A_Resperatory_Therapist_treating_a_newborn_child_Pulaski_County_Technical_College_Respiratory_Therapist_Program-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/A_Resperatory_Therapist_treating_a_newborn_child_Pulaski_County_Technical_College_Respiratory_Therapist_Program-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/A_Resperatory_Therapist_treating_a_newborn_child_Pulaski_County_Technical_College_Respiratory_Therapist_Program-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2592px) 100vw, 2592px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Respiratory therapist Michelle Sirra takes a blood sample from 3-day-old Stuart Parker in preparation for transfer to an Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation unit on Friday, July 21, in San Juan, Puerto Rico. An ECMO team comprised Air Force and Army medical specialists from the Wilford Hall Medical Center at Lackland Air Force Base, Texas, flew to Puerto Rico to transport Stuart to San Antonio for more advanced care. \u003ccite>(Staff Sgt. Matthew Rosine)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the fundamental maxims in medical ethics is the oath to “first, do no harm.” But this is not always as straightforward as it sounds. In clinical trials, doctors and scientists encounter directly the tension between acting on one’s best knowledge and gathering more. Do you give someone the best known conventional treatment, even if it’s not very good? Or do you give them an experimental treatment that \u003cem>might \u003c/em>be significantly better—but might also be worse? Computer science is no substitute for ethics, but perhaps it can offer a degree of precision that ethics alone cannot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question that has arisen over the last several decades is whether the standard approach to conducting clinical trials really does minimize risk to patients. In a conventional clinical trial, patients are split into equal groups, and each group is assigned to receive a different treatment for the duration of the study. (Only in exceptional cases does a trial get stopped early.) This procedure focuses on decisively resolving the question of which treatment is better, rather than on providing the best treatment to each patient in the trial itself. Maybe this is a false choice. Doctors are gaining some information about which option is better \u003cem>while\u003c/em> the trial proceeds—information that could be used to improve outcomes not only for future patients beyond the trial, but also for the patients currently in it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/iStock_17372419_LARGE.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-180561\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/iStock_17372419_LARGE.jpg\" alt=\"Juggling balls\" width=\"2715\" height=\"1810\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/iStock_17372419_LARGE.jpg 2715w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/iStock_17372419_LARGE-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/iStock_17372419_LARGE-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/iStock_17372419_LARGE-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/iStock_17372419_LARGE-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/iStock_17372419_LARGE-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/iStock_17372419_LARGE-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2715px) 100vw, 2715px\">\u003c/a>In 1969, Marvin Zelen, a biostatistician who spent most of his career at Harvard, proposed conducting “adaptive” trials, in which the chance of using a given treatment increases with each success and decreases with each failure. In his proposal, you start with a hat that contains one ball for each of the two treatment options being studied. The treatment for the first patient is selected by drawing a ball at random from the hat. (The ball is put back afterward.) If the chosen treatment is a success, you put another ball of the same kind into the hat—now you have three balls, two of which are for the successful treatment. If it fails, however, then you instead put another ball for the \u003cem>other\u003c/em> treatment into the hat, making it more likely you’ll choose the alternative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zelen’s algorithm was first used in a clinical trial 16 years later, for a study of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, or “ECMO”—an audacious approach to treating respiratory failure in infants. Developed in the 1970s by Robert Bartlett of the University of Michigan, ECMO takes blood that’s heading for the lungs and routes it instead out of the body, where it is oxygenated by a machine and returned to the heart. It is a drastic measure, with risks of its own (including the possibility of embolism), but it offered a possible approach in situations where no other options remained. In 1975 ECMO saved the life of a newborn girl in Orange County, California, for whom even a ventilator was not providing enough oxygen. But in its early days the ECMO technology and procedure were considered highly experimental, and early studies in adults showed no benefit compared to conventional treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From 1982 to 1984, Bartlett and his colleagues at the University of Michigan performed a study on newborns with respiratory failure. The team was clear that they wanted to address, as they put it, “the ethical issue of withholding an unproven but potentially lifesaving treatment,” and were “reluctant to withhold a lifesaving treatment from alternate patients simply to meet conventional random assignment technique.” Hence they turned to Zelen’s algorithm. The strategy resulted in one infant being assigned the “conventional” treatment and dying, and 11 infants in a row being assigned the experimental ECMO treatment, all of them surviving. Between April and November of 1984, after the end of the official study, 10 additional infants met the criteria for ECMO treatment. Eight were treated with ECMO, and all eight survived. Two were treated conventionally, and both died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are eye-catching numbers, yet shortly after the University of Michigan study on ECMO was completed, it became mired in controversy. Having so few patients in a trial receive the conventional treatment deviated significantly from standard methodology, and the procedure itself was highly invasive and potentially risky. After the publication of the paper, Jim Ware, professor of biostatistics at the Harvard School of Public Health, and his medical colleagues examined the data carefully and concluded that they “did not justify routine use of ECMO without further study.” So Ware and his colleagues designed a second clinical trial, still trying to balance the acquisition of knowledge with the effective treatment of patients but using a less radical design. They would randomly assign patients to either ECMO or the conventional treatment until a pre-specified number of deaths was observed in one of the groups. Then they would switch all the patients in the study to the more effective treatment of the two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the first phase of Ware’s study, four of 10 infants receiving conventional treatment died, and all of the nine infants receiving ECMO survived. The four deaths were enough to trigger a transition to the second phase, where all 20 patients were treated with ECMO and 19 survived. Ware and colleagues were convinced, concluding that “it is difficult to defend further randomization ethically.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"4oUXD2ItgXLntfzkJ3EfFLruRYG726oT\"]But some had already concluded this \u003cem>before\u003c/em> the Ware study, and were vocal about it. The critics included Don Berry, one of the world’s leading experts on the explore/exploit tradeoff. In a comment that was published alongside the Ware study, Berry wrote that “randomizing patients to non-ECMO therapy as in the Ware study was unethical. . . . In my view, the Ware study should not have been conducted.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And yet even the Ware study was not conclusive for all in the medical community. In the 1990s yet another study on ECMO was conducted, enrolling nearly 200 infants in the United Kingdom. Instead of using adaptive algorithms, this study followed the traditional methods, splitting the infants randomly into two equal groups. The researchers justified the experiment by saying that ECMO’s usefulness “is controversial because of varying interpretation of the available evidence.” As it turned out, the difference between the treatments wasn’t as pronounced in the United Kingdom as it had been in the two American studies, but the results were nonetheless declared “in accord with the earlier preliminary findings that a policy of ECMO support reduces the risk of death.” The cost of that knowledge? Twenty-four more infants died in the “conventional” group than in the group receiving ECMO treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zelen’s algorithm offers one simple way to navigate the explore/exploit tradeoff, and in the decades since it was first proposed, computer scientists have developed a host of even more refined strategies for how best to gain new information while leveraging what’s been gained so far. These approaches are finally beginning to gain acceptance within the medical mainstream\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong> Don Berry, for example, has joined the MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, where he uses methods developed by studying the explore/exploit tradeoff to design clinical trials for a variety of cancer treatments. 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"excerpt": "The authors of 'Algorithms to Live By' say the conventional way clinical trials are conducted do not always live up to the medical maxim 'First, do no harm.'",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>From the authors of \"\u003ca href=\"http://us.macmillan.com/algorithmstoliveby/brianchristian\" target=\"_blank\">ALGORITHMS TO LIVE BY: The Computer Science of Human Decisions\u003c/a>,\" published by Henry Hold and Co.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every day we make a series of choices that are all really the same choice underneath: between our \u003cem>favorite\u003c/em> things and \u003cem>new\u003c/em> ones. Do we go to the restaurant we adore, or the place down the road that just opened up? Get our “usual,” or try the special? Invite our best friend, or reach out to a new acquaintance we’d like to get to know better? We intuitively understand that life is a balance between novelty and familiarity, between the latest and the greatest, between taking chances and savoring what we know and love. But the unanswered question is: What is that balance?\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The cost of knowledge: Twenty-four more infants died in a group receiving conventional treatment than in a group receiving the treatment being tested.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It’s a question with higher stakes than we might realize. And it has a more explicit answer, from a field we don’t often turn to in moments of human indecision, though perhaps we should: computer science. Indeed, computer scientists have been working on finding this balance for more than 50 years. They even have a name for it: the “explore/exploit” tradeoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, algorithms derived from studying the explore/exploit tradeoff power a sizable fraction of the Internet economy, including the advertising business responsible for almost all of Google’s revenue -- they determine when to display the ad that has performed the best so far and when to experiment with potentially superior alternatives. Algorithms have also become essential to political campaigning, an indispensable part of honing messaging and donation appeals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The single most important application of explore/exploit algorithms, however, is a domain where human lives are directly on the line. That domain is clinical trials, and a growing community of doctors, statisticians, and computer scientists think we’re doing them wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In English, the words “explore” and “exploit” come loaded with opposite connotations. But to a computer scientist, these words have much more specific and neutral meanings. Simply put, exploration is \u003cem>gathering\u003c/em> information, and exploitation is \u003cem>using\u003c/em> the information you have to get a known good result. It’s fairly intuitive that never exploring is no way to live. But computer science shows that failing to exploit can be every bit as bad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_180526\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2592px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/A_Resperatory_Therapist_treating_a_newborn_child_Pulaski_County_Technical_College_Respiratory_Therapist_Program.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-180526\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/A_Resperatory_Therapist_treating_a_newborn_child_Pulaski_County_Technical_College_Respiratory_Therapist_Program.jpg\" alt=\"Respiratory therapist Michelle Sirra takes a blood sample from 3-day-old Stuart Parker in preparation for transfer to an Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation unit on Friday, July 21, in San Juan, Puerto Rico. An ECMO team comprised Air Force and Army medical specialists from the Wilford Hall Medical Center at Lackland Air Force Base, Texas, flew to Puerto Rico to transport Stuart to San Antonio for more advanced care. \" width=\"2592\" height=\"1944\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/A_Resperatory_Therapist_treating_a_newborn_child_Pulaski_County_Technical_College_Respiratory_Therapist_Program.jpg 2592w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/A_Resperatory_Therapist_treating_a_newborn_child_Pulaski_County_Technical_College_Respiratory_Therapist_Program-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/A_Resperatory_Therapist_treating_a_newborn_child_Pulaski_County_Technical_College_Respiratory_Therapist_Program-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/A_Resperatory_Therapist_treating_a_newborn_child_Pulaski_County_Technical_College_Respiratory_Therapist_Program-768x576.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/A_Resperatory_Therapist_treating_a_newborn_child_Pulaski_County_Technical_College_Respiratory_Therapist_Program-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/A_Resperatory_Therapist_treating_a_newborn_child_Pulaski_County_Technical_College_Respiratory_Therapist_Program-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/A_Resperatory_Therapist_treating_a_newborn_child_Pulaski_County_Technical_College_Respiratory_Therapist_Program-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2592px) 100vw, 2592px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Respiratory therapist Michelle Sirra takes a blood sample from 3-day-old Stuart Parker in preparation for transfer to an Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation unit on Friday, July 21, in San Juan, Puerto Rico. An ECMO team comprised Air Force and Army medical specialists from the Wilford Hall Medical Center at Lackland Air Force Base, Texas, flew to Puerto Rico to transport Stuart to San Antonio for more advanced care. \u003ccite>(Staff Sgt. Matthew Rosine)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the fundamental maxims in medical ethics is the oath to “first, do no harm.” But this is not always as straightforward as it sounds. In clinical trials, doctors and scientists encounter directly the tension between acting on one’s best knowledge and gathering more. Do you give someone the best known conventional treatment, even if it’s not very good? Or do you give them an experimental treatment that \u003cem>might \u003c/em>be significantly better—but might also be worse? Computer science is no substitute for ethics, but perhaps it can offer a degree of precision that ethics alone cannot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question that has arisen over the last several decades is whether the standard approach to conducting clinical trials really does minimize risk to patients. In a conventional clinical trial, patients are split into equal groups, and each group is assigned to receive a different treatment for the duration of the study. (Only in exceptional cases does a trial get stopped early.) This procedure focuses on decisively resolving the question of which treatment is better, rather than on providing the best treatment to each patient in the trial itself. Maybe this is a false choice. Doctors are gaining some information about which option is better \u003cem>while\u003c/em> the trial proceeds—information that could be used to improve outcomes not only for future patients beyond the trial, but also for the patients currently in it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/iStock_17372419_LARGE.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-180561\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/iStock_17372419_LARGE.jpg\" alt=\"Juggling balls\" width=\"2715\" height=\"1810\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/iStock_17372419_LARGE.jpg 2715w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/iStock_17372419_LARGE-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/iStock_17372419_LARGE-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/iStock_17372419_LARGE-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/iStock_17372419_LARGE-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/iStock_17372419_LARGE-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/iStock_17372419_LARGE-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2715px) 100vw, 2715px\">\u003c/a>In 1969, Marvin Zelen, a biostatistician who spent most of his career at Harvard, proposed conducting “adaptive” trials, in which the chance of using a given treatment increases with each success and decreases with each failure. In his proposal, you start with a hat that contains one ball for each of the two treatment options being studied. The treatment for the first patient is selected by drawing a ball at random from the hat. (The ball is put back afterward.) If the chosen treatment is a success, you put another ball of the same kind into the hat—now you have three balls, two of which are for the successful treatment. If it fails, however, then you instead put another ball for the \u003cem>other\u003c/em> treatment into the hat, making it more likely you’ll choose the alternative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zelen’s algorithm was first used in a clinical trial 16 years later, for a study of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, or “ECMO”—an audacious approach to treating respiratory failure in infants. Developed in the 1970s by Robert Bartlett of the University of Michigan, ECMO takes blood that’s heading for the lungs and routes it instead out of the body, where it is oxygenated by a machine and returned to the heart. It is a drastic measure, with risks of its own (including the possibility of embolism), but it offered a possible approach in situations where no other options remained. In 1975 ECMO saved the life of a newborn girl in Orange County, California, for whom even a ventilator was not providing enough oxygen. But in its early days the ECMO technology and procedure were considered highly experimental, and early studies in adults showed no benefit compared to conventional treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From 1982 to 1984, Bartlett and his colleagues at the University of Michigan performed a study on newborns with respiratory failure. The team was clear that they wanted to address, as they put it, “the ethical issue of withholding an unproven but potentially lifesaving treatment,” and were “reluctant to withhold a lifesaving treatment from alternate patients simply to meet conventional random assignment technique.” Hence they turned to Zelen’s algorithm. The strategy resulted in one infant being assigned the “conventional” treatment and dying, and 11 infants in a row being assigned the experimental ECMO treatment, all of them surviving. Between April and November of 1984, after the end of the official study, 10 additional infants met the criteria for ECMO treatment. Eight were treated with ECMO, and all eight survived. Two were treated conventionally, and both died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are eye-catching numbers, yet shortly after the University of Michigan study on ECMO was completed, it became mired in controversy. Having so few patients in a trial receive the conventional treatment deviated significantly from standard methodology, and the procedure itself was highly invasive and potentially risky. After the publication of the paper, Jim Ware, professor of biostatistics at the Harvard School of Public Health, and his medical colleagues examined the data carefully and concluded that they “did not justify routine use of ECMO without further study.” So Ware and his colleagues designed a second clinical trial, still trying to balance the acquisition of knowledge with the effective treatment of patients but using a less radical design. They would randomly assign patients to either ECMO or the conventional treatment until a pre-specified number of deaths was observed in one of the groups. Then they would switch all the patients in the study to the more effective treatment of the two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the first phase of Ware’s study, four of 10 infants receiving conventional treatment died, and all of the nine infants receiving ECMO survived. The four deaths were enough to trigger a transition to the second phase, where all 20 patients were treated with ECMO and 19 survived. Ware and colleagues were convinced, concluding that “it is difficult to defend further randomization ethically.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>But some had already concluded this \u003cem>before\u003c/em> the Ware study, and were vocal about it. The critics included Don Berry, one of the world’s leading experts on the explore/exploit tradeoff. In a comment that was published alongside the Ware study, Berry wrote that “randomizing patients to non-ECMO therapy as in the Ware study was unethical. . . . In my view, the Ware study should not have been conducted.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And yet even the Ware study was not conclusive for all in the medical community. In the 1990s yet another study on ECMO was conducted, enrolling nearly 200 infants in the United Kingdom. Instead of using adaptive algorithms, this study followed the traditional methods, splitting the infants randomly into two equal groups. The researchers justified the experiment by saying that ECMO’s usefulness “is controversial because of varying interpretation of the available evidence.” As it turned out, the difference between the treatments wasn’t as pronounced in the United Kingdom as it had been in the two American studies, but the results were nonetheless declared “in accord with the earlier preliminary findings that a policy of ECMO support reduces the risk of death.” The cost of that knowledge? Twenty-four more infants died in the “conventional” group than in the group receiving ECMO treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zelen’s algorithm offers one simple way to navigate the explore/exploit tradeoff, and in the decades since it was first proposed, computer scientists have developed a host of even more refined strategies for how best to gain new information while leveraging what’s been gained so far. These approaches are finally beginning to gain acceptance within the medical mainstream\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong> Don Berry, for example, has joined the MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, where he uses methods developed by studying the explore/exploit tradeoff to design clinical trials for a variety of cancer treatments. And in 2010 and 2015, the FDA released a pair of draft “guidance” documents on “Adaptive Design Clinical Trials” for drugs and medical devices, which suggests that—despite a long history of sticking to an option they trust—they might at last be willing to explore alternatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.cityarts.net/",
"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
"title": "Close All Tabs",
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"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
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},
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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}
},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"freakonomics-radio": {
"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
"id": "how-i-built-this",
"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
"meta": {
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/6c3dd23c-93fb-4aab-97ba-1725fa6315f1/hyphenaci%C3%B3n",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC2275451163"
}
},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
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"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
"subscribe": {
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"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"
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},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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