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"content": "\u003cp>The mouse slips, and the emergency room doctor clicks on the wrong number, ordering a medication dosage that’s far too large. Elsewhere, in another ER’s electronic health record, a patient’s name isn’t clearly displayed, so the nurse misses it and enters symptoms in the wrong person’s file.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The ER’s culture and pace can amplify the risks of human error. Stories of serious near misses are now common lore.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>These are easy mistakes to make. As ER doctors and nurses grapple with the transition to digitized record systems, they seem to happen more frequently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are new categories of patient safety errors” in emergency rooms that didn’t exist before the push to use electronic record systems, said Raj Ratwani, who researches health care safety and is the scientific director for MedStar Health’s National Center for Human Factors in Healthcare in Washington, D.C.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spurred by the 2009 stimulus package and the 2010 health reform law, the federal government has offered hospitals financial incentives to adopt electronic health records that, among other things, will add efficiency and reduce errors by linking physicians’ patient records, and coordinating and tracking how care is delivered across the health system. Hospitals that don’t meet those standards are hit with penalties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in ERs, where things often happen fast, this push is sometimes setting up a technology mismatch that creates challenges that aren’t necessarily as evident in other parts of the hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sneaker-clad doctors and nurses rush between patients, often juggling multiple cases. Verbal communication is key. Patients, even after being wheeled in by paramedics, can wait in a triage room for extended periods until a free nurse or physician comes to find out what’s wrong. It’s a different style of medicine, and one that’s often resulted in a distinct workflow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, the electronic record programs in many ERs evolved independently of hospital-wide systems. Since those homegrown, emergency department record systems often aren’t compatible with the newer, comprehensive ones hospitals are buying, they’re being phased out. The new EHR models are in many ways more efficient, but they may require adjustments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The way the systems are set up, it can actually predispose to higher error rates,” said Jesse Pines, who directs the Office for Clinical Practice Innovation at the George Washington University School of Medicine in Washington, D.C.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2013, Pines, with other members of the American College of Emergency Physicians, wrote a report finding mistakes in the ER — like ordering the wrong medications or, because of confusing computer displays, more easily missing key patient information — were common after the switch to these digital systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A growing body of evidence suggests that many errors may be the result of poor design rather than user errors,” the report states. That “can have a profound influence” on patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s certainly a patient safety concern,” said Jason Shapiro, an associate professor of emergency medicine at Mount Sinai, who chairs ACEP’s informatics committee and co-authored the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s no research measuring how often these errors — like entering care instructions in the wrong patient file or missing instructions altogether — cause actual harm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve got to figure out how we’re working with our electronic records, to make it part of the workflow,” said Nathan Spell, chief quality officer at Emory Hospital in Atlanta. Even when doctors have learned to use the record systems, missteps still occur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ER’s culture and pace, for instance, can amplify the risks of human error that stem from an already less user-friendly system. Think of the emergency physician who, reaching the end of a hectic 12-hour shift, looks for the record of a patient he just examined. He types in the man’s last name, clicks and writes medical instructions — not realizing that he’d accidentally pulled up the file of another patient with the same last name and similar age, who was admitted five minutes before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While misidentifying patients in this way was hardly an issue before EHRs, it’s “becoming quite prevalent,” in this more digital era, Ratwani said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many systems, meanwhile, allow doctors to edit the record for only one patient at a time, said Zach Hettinger, who practices emergency medicine at MedStar Union Memorial Hospital in Baltimore. That makes it harder to keep track of things, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re stuck with, ‘Do I cancel what I’m in the middle of and not complete that task? Or do I deal with the new task? Do I make a note somewhere — take scrap paper — or just remember it?’” said Hettinger, who’s also the medical director for the National Center for Human Factors in Healthcare and has researched how electronic records work in the ER.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How does that scenario play out? A triage nurse who is attending to multiple patients at once might scribble each individual’s details on the back of a piece of paper — ducking away later to enter the information into the computer system. That can make it easier to confuse things, and leave the emergency room short a nurse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Computer systems need to better account for that potential human error, said Shawna Perry, an associate professor of emergency medicine at the University of Florida College of Medicine-Jacksonville, who has worked in multiple hospitals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stories of such near misses in the ER are now common lore, she added. In one episode, an electronic record system’s poor design, which made the appropriate medication dosage difficult to read, led to an instruction for a nurse to give a child a sedative 10 times the correct amount. The patient was fine, Perry said, but the incident demonstrates how a clunky or counterintuitive record can be dangerous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was a simple slip of a cursor,” she said, questioning why the system even allowed the drug to be available in that strength for a 44-pound child. “How did this software fail its users?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s not an unusual event,” Perry added. “I know of many other situations. All of us do, by word of mouth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fairness, electronic records have resolved many safety concerns, Pines said. They’ve rendered obsolete issues like misreading doctors’ handwriting. Accessing records is easier and faster, noted Dan Hampton, an emergency physician who works at Epic Systems, a major electronic health record vendor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But because doctors don’t decide what a hospital buys, designs often emphasize what administrators or technology officials want, Pines said. To understand ERs, designers must spend time in them, Perry said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s one thing to have a computer, and informaticists on your staff, or have a doctor come in and look at this [particular design feature],” said Robert Wachter, a patient safety expert and interim chair of the department of medicine at the University of California, San Francisco. “It doesn’t get into this issue of what does it look like to be using this system at 4 in the morning, when you have nine other patients and a trauma patient running into the ER, and your beeper’s going.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Manufacturers said doctor feedback is important and something they prioritize in their designs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, Epic, based outside of Madison, Wisconsin, sends developers to hospitals to study their needs, Hampton said. “Making our software easy to use is one of our top priorities, along with quality of care and patient safety.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Cerner, another vendor from Kansas City, Misouri, doctors on advisory councils give feedback on the ER-specific system. Representatives visit emergency rooms to hear from physicians, said Leslie Lindsey, Cerner’s senior manager of emergency medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s room to improve, Lindsey added. To address oral communication, Cerner sells supplements, like a phone-like device meant to fix communication gaps with emergency medicine. But hospitals may not want to buy add-ons when they’ve already paid tens or even hundreds of millions of dollars for a record system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite these concerns, Pines said, it’s early. With time, companies will address kinks, so that patient safety issues diminish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Think about where we were even 30 years ago with cars. Cars are rapidly innovating to become safer and more efficient — and I think we can expect to see the same transformation in the electronic health record space,” Pines said. “Things are improving. And things will continue to improve.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sneaker-clad doctors and nurses rush between patients, often juggling multiple cases. Verbal communication is key. Patients, even after being wheeled in by paramedics, can wait in a triage room for extended periods until a free nurse or physician comes to find out what’s wrong. It’s a different style of medicine, and one that’s often resulted in a distinct workflow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, the electronic record programs in many ERs evolved independently of hospital-wide systems. Since those homegrown, emergency department record systems often aren’t compatible with the newer, comprehensive ones hospitals are buying, they’re being phased out. The new EHR models are in many ways more efficient, but they may require adjustments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The way the systems are set up, it can actually predispose to higher error rates,” said Jesse Pines, who directs the Office for Clinical Practice Innovation at the George Washington University School of Medicine in Washington, D.C.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2013, Pines, with other members of the American College of Emergency Physicians, wrote a report finding mistakes in the ER — like ordering the wrong medications or, because of confusing computer displays, more easily missing key patient information — were common after the switch to these digital systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A growing body of evidence suggests that many errors may be the result of poor design rather than user errors,” the report states. That “can have a profound influence” on patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s certainly a patient safety concern,” said Jason Shapiro, an associate professor of emergency medicine at Mount Sinai, who chairs ACEP’s informatics committee and co-authored the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s no research measuring how often these errors — like entering care instructions in the wrong patient file or missing instructions altogether — cause actual harm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve got to figure out how we’re working with our electronic records, to make it part of the workflow,” said Nathan Spell, chief quality officer at Emory Hospital in Atlanta. Even when doctors have learned to use the record systems, missteps still occur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ER’s culture and pace, for instance, can amplify the risks of human error that stem from an already less user-friendly system. Think of the emergency physician who, reaching the end of a hectic 12-hour shift, looks for the record of a patient he just examined. He types in the man’s last name, clicks and writes medical instructions — not realizing that he’d accidentally pulled up the file of another patient with the same last name and similar age, who was admitted five minutes before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While misidentifying patients in this way was hardly an issue before EHRs, it’s “becoming quite prevalent,” in this more digital era, Ratwani said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many systems, meanwhile, allow doctors to edit the record for only one patient at a time, said Zach Hettinger, who practices emergency medicine at MedStar Union Memorial Hospital in Baltimore. That makes it harder to keep track of things, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re stuck with, ‘Do I cancel what I’m in the middle of and not complete that task? Or do I deal with the new task? Do I make a note somewhere — take scrap paper — or just remember it?’” said Hettinger, who’s also the medical director for the National Center for Human Factors in Healthcare and has researched how electronic records work in the ER.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How does that scenario play out? A triage nurse who is attending to multiple patients at once might scribble each individual’s details on the back of a piece of paper — ducking away later to enter the information into the computer system. That can make it easier to confuse things, and leave the emergency room short a nurse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Computer systems need to better account for that potential human error, said Shawna Perry, an associate professor of emergency medicine at the University of Florida College of Medicine-Jacksonville, who has worked in multiple hospitals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stories of such near misses in the ER are now common lore, she added. In one episode, an electronic record system’s poor design, which made the appropriate medication dosage difficult to read, led to an instruction for a nurse to give a child a sedative 10 times the correct amount. The patient was fine, Perry said, but the incident demonstrates how a clunky or counterintuitive record can be dangerous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was a simple slip of a cursor,” she said, questioning why the system even allowed the drug to be available in that strength for a 44-pound child. “How did this software fail its users?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s not an unusual event,” Perry added. “I know of many other situations. All of us do, by word of mouth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fairness, electronic records have resolved many safety concerns, Pines said. They’ve rendered obsolete issues like misreading doctors’ handwriting. Accessing records is easier and faster, noted Dan Hampton, an emergency physician who works at Epic Systems, a major electronic health record vendor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But because doctors don’t decide what a hospital buys, designs often emphasize what administrators or technology officials want, Pines said. To understand ERs, designers must spend time in them, Perry said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s one thing to have a computer, and informaticists on your staff, or have a doctor come in and look at this [particular design feature],” said Robert Wachter, a patient safety expert and interim chair of the department of medicine at the University of California, San Francisco. “It doesn’t get into this issue of what does it look like to be using this system at 4 in the morning, when you have nine other patients and a trauma patient running into the ER, and your beeper’s going.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Manufacturers said doctor feedback is important and something they prioritize in their designs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, Epic, based outside of Madison, Wisconsin, sends developers to hospitals to study their needs, Hampton said. “Making our software easy to use is one of our top priorities, along with quality of care and patient safety.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Cerner, another vendor from Kansas City, Misouri, doctors on advisory councils give feedback on the ER-specific system. Representatives visit emergency rooms to hear from physicians, said Leslie Lindsey, Cerner’s senior manager of emergency medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s room to improve, Lindsey added. To address oral communication, Cerner sells supplements, like a phone-like device meant to fix communication gaps with emergency medicine. But hospitals may not want to buy add-ons when they’ve already paid tens or even hundreds of millions of dollars for a record system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite these concerns, Pines said, it’s early. With time, companies will address kinks, so that patient safety issues diminish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Think about where we were even 30 years ago with cars. Cars are rapidly innovating to become safer and more efficient — and I think we can expect to see the same transformation in the electronic health record space,” Pines said. “Things are improving. And things will continue to improve.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>California’s health care industry is a data-security laggard, failing to sufficiently protect sensitive information stored on lost or stolen laptops, smartphones and flash drives, according to state Attorney General Kamala Harris.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not just personal records. Hackers have begun threatening the basic day-to-day functioning of hospitals and other health care facilities, made vivid by the Feb. 5 ransomware attack on Hollywood Presbyterian Medical Center in Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In that attack, hackers encrypted critical files on the center’s computer system and demanded $17,000 in ransom for the digital key to make them readable again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a controversial move, the hospital sent the unidentified hackers the money in a digital currency known as Bitcoin — tough, if not impossible, to trace. Critics said paying the ransom would only invite more attacks, but hospital executives, who noted employees had turned to pen and paper for record keeping, insisted they needed to get the center running again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now that organizations rely increasingly on the collection and use of personal information and criminals take advantage of security weaknesses to obtain and profit from that same information, it is more important than ever that all of us redouble our efforts to ensure that this data does not end up in the wrong hands,” Harris wrote the report, which covers reported data breaches across all industries in California from 2012 to 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over those years, the number of Californians whose personal records were breached through loss or theft grew from 2.6 million in 2012 to 24 million in 2015, whether at hospitals, insurers, retailers, financial institutions or other places where sensitive data is stores. Health care and insurers played a big role, though: That 24 million includes 10.4 million breached in a hack attack on health insurer Anthem, and 4.5 million in another attack on UCLA Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The health sector has improved its use of strong encryption on hardware devices, the report notes, and while those kind of breaches have declined, health care still is “lagging behind other sectors” in securing devices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But cyberattacks on large databases are growing in all industry sectors, with far more personal records available than might be found on a smartphone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cybersecurity challenges in health care aren’t just confined to California — hospitals, insurers, doctors’ offices, pharmacies, and medical device manufacturers all face the possibility of data breaches. A security firm recently reported that its team was able to hack into patient monitors and medicine-delivery systems at hospitals in the Baltimore and Washington, D.C. region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health organizations face a unique challenge when it comes to shoring up their cybersecurity, said Dan McWhorter, vice president and chief intelligence strategist at Fire Eye, a cybersecurity firm based in Milpitas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health care providers and insurers keep on hand massive amounts of highly sensitive personal medical data as well as financial data. Breaching that data can result in serious violations of privacy, economic harm and even physical harm to patients, if treatment technology is compromised. These organizations need to protect that confidential information while simultaneously sharing it with other providers to coordinate patient care and payment, McWhorter said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health care mergers that involve combining data among large companies have made data protection even more complicated, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, hospitals have many visitors, in contrast to other companies that can limit access only to employees. And they work with many “trusted third parties” such as insurers and medical device manufacturers, with online connections to their data, McWhorter said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McWhorter said he was able to compromise the website of an infusion pump manufacturer, giving him potential access to 15 different medical organizations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are industries that are more heavily targeted (by cybercriminals) than health care, but the impact (on people) is much, much greater,” McWhorter said. “What’s happening is that cyber-attacks are becoming a better way to do malicious things without risk, rather than running into a shopping center and shooting people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was produced by \u003ca href=\"http://khn.org/\">Kaiser Health News\u003c/a>, which publishes \u003ca href=\"http://californiahealthline.org/\" target=\"_blank\">California Healthline\u003c/a>, a service of the California Health Care Foundation.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California’s health care industry is a data-security laggard, failing to sufficiently protect sensitive information stored on lost or stolen laptops, smartphones and flash drives, according to state Attorney General Kamala Harris.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not just personal records. Hackers have begun threatening the basic day-to-day functioning of hospitals and other health care facilities, made vivid by the Feb. 5 ransomware attack on Hollywood Presbyterian Medical Center in Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In that attack, hackers encrypted critical files on the center’s computer system and demanded $17,000 in ransom for the digital key to make them readable again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a controversial move, the hospital sent the unidentified hackers the money in a digital currency known as Bitcoin — tough, if not impossible, to trace. Critics said paying the ransom would only invite more attacks, but hospital executives, who noted employees had turned to pen and paper for record keeping, insisted they needed to get the center running again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now that organizations rely increasingly on the collection and use of personal information and criminals take advantage of security weaknesses to obtain and profit from that same information, it is more important than ever that all of us redouble our efforts to ensure that this data does not end up in the wrong hands,” Harris wrote the report, which covers reported data breaches across all industries in California from 2012 to 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over those years, the number of Californians whose personal records were breached through loss or theft grew from 2.6 million in 2012 to 24 million in 2015, whether at hospitals, insurers, retailers, financial institutions or other places where sensitive data is stores. Health care and insurers played a big role, though: That 24 million includes 10.4 million breached in a hack attack on health insurer Anthem, and 4.5 million in another attack on UCLA Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The health sector has improved its use of strong encryption on hardware devices, the report notes, and while those kind of breaches have declined, health care still is “lagging behind other sectors” in securing devices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But cyberattacks on large databases are growing in all industry sectors, with far more personal records available than might be found on a smartphone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cybersecurity challenges in health care aren’t just confined to California — hospitals, insurers, doctors’ offices, pharmacies, and medical device manufacturers all face the possibility of data breaches. A security firm recently reported that its team was able to hack into patient monitors and medicine-delivery systems at hospitals in the Baltimore and Washington, D.C. region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health organizations face a unique challenge when it comes to shoring up their cybersecurity, said Dan McWhorter, vice president and chief intelligence strategist at Fire Eye, a cybersecurity firm based in Milpitas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health care providers and insurers keep on hand massive amounts of highly sensitive personal medical data as well as financial data. Breaching that data can result in serious violations of privacy, economic harm and even physical harm to patients, if treatment technology is compromised. These organizations need to protect that confidential information while simultaneously sharing it with other providers to coordinate patient care and payment, McWhorter said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health care mergers that involve combining data among large companies have made data protection even more complicated, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, hospitals have many visitors, in contrast to other companies that can limit access only to employees. And they work with many “trusted third parties” such as insurers and medical device manufacturers, with online connections to their data, McWhorter said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McWhorter said he was able to compromise the website of an infusion pump manufacturer, giving him potential access to 15 different medical organizations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are industries that are more heavily targeted (by cybercriminals) than health care, but the impact (on people) is much, much greater,” McWhorter said. “What’s happening is that cyber-attacks are becoming a better way to do malicious things without risk, rather than running into a shopping center and shooting people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was produced by \u003ca href=\"http://khn.org/\">Kaiser Health News\u003c/a>, which publishes \u003ca href=\"http://californiahealthline.org/\" target=\"_blank\">California Healthline\u003c/a>, a service of the California Health Care Foundation.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Yes, Even CRISPR Pioneer Jennifer Doudna Experiences Gender Bias",
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"content": "\u003cp>A Google search for the exact phrase \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/?gws_rd=ssl#q=%22barriers+to+women+in+science%22\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">barriers to women in science\u003c/a>\" brings up 85,000 results. \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/?gws_rd=ssl#q=%22barriers+for+women+in+science%22\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Barriers for women in science\u003c/a>\" fetches another 30k and change.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\"I've gotten to a point where I do now see signs of the glass ceiling.\"\u003ccite>Jennifer Doudna\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Here's a 2010 \u003ca href=\"http://www.aauw.org/files/2013/02/Why-So-Few-Women-in-Science-Technology-Engineering-and-Mathematics.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a> from the American Association of University Women that found negative stereotypes contributing to implicit bias against females in the STEM fields. This 2014 \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0102172\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">survey\u003c/a> found 70 percent of female scientist trainees doing fieldwork had experienced sexual harassment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So no, it's not a new concept. And yet, it was still a little unnerving to hear someone as prestigious as Jennifer Doudna -- a pioneer of the gene-editing technique CRISPR whom \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/12/science/jennifer-doudna-crispr-cas9-genetic-engineering.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The New York Times\u003c/a> said \"helped make one of the most monumental discoveries in biology\" -- \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201602151000\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">say on KQED Forum recently\u003c/a> that she, too, was hitting the proverbial glass ceiling. When asked if she'd ever experienced gender discrimination, she told host Michael Krasny:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"This topic comes up a lot and I have to say, earlier in my career, honestly, I never gave it a thought. I didn't think about my gender, I pursued my passion for science and research. But I do have to tell you, as I've gone on in my career, particularly the last 10 years or so, I've gotten to a point where I do now see signs of the glass ceiling. I don't think it's always intentional bias, but ... I do experience bias against women in some settings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think that what we're seeing is that it's very difficult for women to break into the top echelons of leadership in science. I'm not talking so much here about university leadership, but more leadership in the highest levels of public policy and the government, as well as in company board rooms.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=\"https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/247244078\" params=\"color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" iframe=\"true\" /]\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Overcoming Bias\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doudna is not alone. Last month, a panel at the Women in Science Summit in San Francisco shared personal experiences of gender discrimination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"All along the way I would hear about my opportunities in science,\" said oceanographer Anne Russell. \"For example, ‘You could marry this guy, he’s a really good hydrologist.' [Or] you’d be talking to someone about your ideas and then he puts his arm around you.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Russell now runs her own lab. But she is still aware of the potential for being minimized. When the press covers her research, she said, she makes sure she is the one piloting the boat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dawn Wright, chief scientist at the Environmental System Research Institute, said she was once on a months-long expedition at sea where she was one of five women on board, and the only woman of color. Despite her trepidation, she became friends with a male oil driller who had never worked with an African-American, let alone one who was a female scientist. She urged her colleagues, outnumbered in the male-dominated sciences, to persevere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There is peril out there; we can't avoid it,\" she said. \"But there are really, really good things that can come from it as well if we continue to be courageous.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally there was Jonathan Eisen, a microbiologist at the University of California, Davis who has become an outspoken critic on social media of the lack of diversity at scientific conferences. He said his awareness about barriers to women's participation started when he saw a nanny watching a baby outside a scientific conference; she'd been hired so the infant's mother could attend the conference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was literally one of those light bulb epiphany moments where my privilege in my life came front and center to me, because it had never occurred to me to that this would be an issue for anybody,” Eisen said. “I changed on that day from being an oblivious, privileged person to being a little less oblivious, privileged person,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A Google search for the exact phrase \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/?gws_rd=ssl#q=%22barriers+to+women+in+science%22\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">barriers to women in science\u003c/a>\" brings up 85,000 results. \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/?gws_rd=ssl#q=%22barriers+for+women+in+science%22\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Barriers for women in science\u003c/a>\" fetches another 30k and change.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\"I've gotten to a point where I do now see signs of the glass ceiling.\"\u003ccite>Jennifer Doudna\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Here's a 2010 \u003ca href=\"http://www.aauw.org/files/2013/02/Why-So-Few-Women-in-Science-Technology-Engineering-and-Mathematics.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a> from the American Association of University Women that found negative stereotypes contributing to implicit bias against females in the STEM fields. This 2014 \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0102172\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">survey\u003c/a> found 70 percent of female scientist trainees doing fieldwork had experienced sexual harassment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So no, it's not a new concept. And yet, it was still a little unnerving to hear someone as prestigious as Jennifer Doudna -- a pioneer of the gene-editing technique CRISPR whom \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/12/science/jennifer-doudna-crispr-cas9-genetic-engineering.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The New York Times\u003c/a> said \"helped make one of the most monumental discoveries in biology\" -- \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201602151000\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">say on KQED Forum recently\u003c/a> that she, too, was hitting the proverbial glass ceiling. When asked if she'd ever experienced gender discrimination, she told host Michael Krasny:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"This topic comes up a lot and I have to say, earlier in my career, honestly, I never gave it a thought. I didn't think about my gender, I pursued my passion for science and research. But I do have to tell you, as I've gone on in my career, particularly the last 10 years or so, I've gotten to a point where I do now see signs of the glass ceiling. I don't think it's always intentional bias, but ... I do experience bias against women in some settings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think that what we're seeing is that it's very difficult for women to break into the top echelons of leadership in science. I'm not talking so much here about university leadership, but more leadership in the highest levels of public policy and the government, as well as in company board rooms.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='100%' height='166'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/247244078&visual=true&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false'\n title='https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/247244078'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Overcoming Bias\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doudna is not alone. Last month, a panel at the Women in Science Summit in San Francisco shared personal experiences of gender discrimination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"All along the way I would hear about my opportunities in science,\" said oceanographer Anne Russell. \"For example, ‘You could marry this guy, he’s a really good hydrologist.' [Or] you’d be talking to someone about your ideas and then he puts his arm around you.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Russell now runs her own lab. But she is still aware of the potential for being minimized. When the press covers her research, she said, she makes sure she is the one piloting the boat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dawn Wright, chief scientist at the Environmental System Research Institute, said she was once on a months-long expedition at sea where she was one of five women on board, and the only woman of color. Despite her trepidation, she became friends with a male oil driller who had never worked with an African-American, let alone one who was a female scientist. She urged her colleagues, outnumbered in the male-dominated sciences, to persevere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There is peril out there; we can't avoid it,\" she said. \"But there are really, really good things that can come from it as well if we continue to be courageous.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally there was Jonathan Eisen, a microbiologist at the University of California, Davis who has become an outspoken critic on social media of the lack of diversity at scientific conferences. He said his awareness about barriers to women's participation started when he saw a nanny watching a baby outside a scientific conference; she'd been hired so the infant's mother could attend the conference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was literally one of those light bulb epiphany moments where my privilege in my life came front and center to me, because it had never occurred to me to that this would be an issue for anybody,” Eisen said. “I changed on that day from being an oblivious, privileged person to being a little less oblivious, privileged person,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Meet the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucsfmissionbayhospitals.org/articles/high-tech-tug-robots-do-heavy-lifting-at-mission-bay.html\" target=\"_blank\">Tugs\u003c/a> — a team of 27 robots now zooming around the hallways of the new University of California-San Francisco hospital at Mission Bay. They look a bit like R2D2, dragging a platform around behind them. Instead of drones, think of them more as little flatbed trucks, ferrying carts of stuff around the vast hospital complex — food, linens, medications, medical waste and garbage. And they do it more efficiently than humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"“pullquote alignright\">Using TUG robots allowed UCSF to hire about 30 fewer workers during an expansion.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“This one is going up to one of the floors. It’s carrying meals that were ordered in probably the last 20 minutes,” said Dan Henroid, who is in charge of this elite fleet, as he pointed to a robot motoring by him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Henroid, who is also director of nutrition and food services for the USCF Medical Center, says each Tug travels about 35 miles each day. Over the past year, they have made more than 157,000 trips through the hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Henroid said no one in the hospital has lost a job to the robots. UCSF was in the midst of a hiring spree for the new hospital, and the Tugs allowed him to hire about 30 fewer workers than he would have otherwise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He added that the robots are really just carting things from one point to another, something most humans would not find particularly rewarding. “The Tug has a job to do, and it’s sort of a thankless job. So, I think, better to have a robot doing it, perhaps, than a human.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not everyone in the hospital is such a big fan of the Tugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think they’re helpful. I think they’re also kind of a pain,” said Mardi Thompson, a nurse in the neonatal intensive care unit. “I’ve seen them run into computers; I’ve seen them run into glass doors; I’ve seen them run into each other.” Sometimes, she said, two Tugs get stuck near the nurses’ station, each one waiting for the other to pass. The nurses call that a “Tug of war.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says over the past year, the robots have gotten better. But for Thompson, there’s still the issue of jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Definitely there are jobs lost, which is kind of interesting to me because with the economy the way it is, you’d think people need jobs. And then we have these robots doing them,” said Thompson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_121045\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 370px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-121045\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/tug-3.jpg\" alt=\"The UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital in San Francisco, Calif., is experimenting with different types of skins on the tugs. (Heidi de Marco/KHN)\" width=\"370\" height=\"554\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital in San Francisco, Calif., is experimenting with different types of skins on the tugs. (Heidi de Marco/KHN) \u003ccite>(Heidi de Marco/KHN)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Overall, the Tug program has cost UCSF about $6 million, including the changes required to hospital infrastructure to accommodate the robots. But Henroid said they have still saved the hospital money. “The cost of transporting materials and supplies waste is an overhead cost. So the more you can do you that efficiently, the less cost you have,” he explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 120 hospitals throughout the U.S. are using Tugs, according to manufacturer \u003ca href=\"http://www.aethon.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Aethon\u003c/a> in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For some departments, such as the bustling hospital kitchen where the Tugs pick up carts loaded with trays of food and drop off dirty dishes, employees have eagerly adopted their automated co-workers. “In nutrition food services, we named all of ours for fruit — so we have Apple, Pear, Blueberry, Orange and Grape,” explained Henroid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Tugs are kind of cute, but also a little unnerving, as they shuttle past other hospital workers like they own the joint. Each one is carefully programmed to stay out of the way, said Henroid, but sometimes it feels as if one could mow down a bystander.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a moment of bravery, a visitor decided to step in a Tug’s path. It headed straight for her, but stopped suddenly a safe distance away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=REEzJfGRaZE\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Henroid seemed pleased: “You have faith! See, it stopped 2 feet away from you. You thought it was gonna run into you.” The Tugs have sensors along their base that can tell if anything is in their way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The robots have very little contact with patients. They mostly stay in the hallways or nurses’ stations, where human workers pick up their goods and deliver them to patients in person. When the kids in the children’s hospital catch a glance, however, it’s quite a scene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Medical-surgical unit coordinator Michael Eckenrode pointed out a half dozen plastic toy vehicles nearby, including a cab and a bike.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The children like to climb aboard and ride them around the unit. “When the robots come the kids start screaming ‘Robots’ and they follow them down the hall. And it goes down around the corner and opens the elevator and gets on by itself. So that’s like a magic thing for them,” said Eckenrode.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rogelio Diaz-Ramirez, an adorable three-year-old, was in the hospital with a lung infection, but he couldn’t stop smiling at just the thought of seeing a robot for the first time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re going to search for a robot!” said nurse Sonia Salinas in Spanish, as she took Rogelio’s hand and led him through the hallway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Salinas spotted a Tug coming down the corridor. “Robot! Come on! Run, Run!” she told Rogelio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When he caught up, Rogelio looked awestruck. Salinas showed him how to press the big green and red buttons on top that make the Tug go and stop. Until it’s time for the Tug to attend to its next assignment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Say Goodbye. Goodbye, Tuggy!” she told him. “Adios!” said Rogelio with a wave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was produced in collaboration with APM’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.marketplace.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Marketplace\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem> “This story was produced by \u003ca href=\"http://khn.org/\">Kaiser Health News\u003c/a>, which publishes California Healthline, a service of the California Health Care Foundation.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Meet the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucsfmissionbayhospitals.org/articles/high-tech-tug-robots-do-heavy-lifting-at-mission-bay.html\" target=\"_blank\">Tugs\u003c/a> — a team of 27 robots now zooming around the hallways of the new University of California-San Francisco hospital at Mission Bay. They look a bit like R2D2, dragging a platform around behind them. Instead of drones, think of them more as little flatbed trucks, ferrying carts of stuff around the vast hospital complex — food, linens, medications, medical waste and garbage. And they do it more efficiently than humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"“pullquote alignright\">Using TUG robots allowed UCSF to hire about 30 fewer workers during an expansion.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“This one is going up to one of the floors. It’s carrying meals that were ordered in probably the last 20 minutes,” said Dan Henroid, who is in charge of this elite fleet, as he pointed to a robot motoring by him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Henroid, who is also director of nutrition and food services for the USCF Medical Center, says each Tug travels about 35 miles each day. Over the past year, they have made more than 157,000 trips through the hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Henroid said no one in the hospital has lost a job to the robots. UCSF was in the midst of a hiring spree for the new hospital, and the Tugs allowed him to hire about 30 fewer workers than he would have otherwise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He added that the robots are really just carting things from one point to another, something most humans would not find particularly rewarding. “The Tug has a job to do, and it’s sort of a thankless job. So, I think, better to have a robot doing it, perhaps, than a human.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not everyone in the hospital is such a big fan of the Tugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think they’re helpful. I think they’re also kind of a pain,” said Mardi Thompson, a nurse in the neonatal intensive care unit. “I’ve seen them run into computers; I’ve seen them run into glass doors; I’ve seen them run into each other.” Sometimes, she said, two Tugs get stuck near the nurses’ station, each one waiting for the other to pass. The nurses call that a “Tug of war.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says over the past year, the robots have gotten better. But for Thompson, there’s still the issue of jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Definitely there are jobs lost, which is kind of interesting to me because with the economy the way it is, you’d think people need jobs. And then we have these robots doing them,” said Thompson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_121045\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 370px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-121045\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/tug-3.jpg\" alt=\"The UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital in San Francisco, Calif., is experimenting with different types of skins on the tugs. (Heidi de Marco/KHN)\" width=\"370\" height=\"554\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital in San Francisco, Calif., is experimenting with different types of skins on the tugs. (Heidi de Marco/KHN) \u003ccite>(Heidi de Marco/KHN)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Overall, the Tug program has cost UCSF about $6 million, including the changes required to hospital infrastructure to accommodate the robots. But Henroid said they have still saved the hospital money. “The cost of transporting materials and supplies waste is an overhead cost. So the more you can do you that efficiently, the less cost you have,” he explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 120 hospitals throughout the U.S. are using Tugs, according to manufacturer \u003ca href=\"http://www.aethon.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Aethon\u003c/a> in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For some departments, such as the bustling hospital kitchen where the Tugs pick up carts loaded with trays of food and drop off dirty dishes, employees have eagerly adopted their automated co-workers. “In nutrition food services, we named all of ours for fruit — so we have Apple, Pear, Blueberry, Orange and Grape,” explained Henroid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Tugs are kind of cute, but also a little unnerving, as they shuttle past other hospital workers like they own the joint. Each one is carefully programmed to stay out of the way, said Henroid, but sometimes it feels as if one could mow down a bystander.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a moment of bravery, a visitor decided to step in a Tug’s path. It headed straight for her, but stopped suddenly a safe distance away.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/REEzJfGRaZE'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/REEzJfGRaZE'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Henroid seemed pleased: “You have faith! See, it stopped 2 feet away from you. You thought it was gonna run into you.” The Tugs have sensors along their base that can tell if anything is in their way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The robots have very little contact with patients. They mostly stay in the hallways or nurses’ stations, where human workers pick up their goods and deliver them to patients in person. When the kids in the children’s hospital catch a glance, however, it’s quite a scene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Medical-surgical unit coordinator Michael Eckenrode pointed out a half dozen plastic toy vehicles nearby, including a cab and a bike.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The children like to climb aboard and ride them around the unit. “When the robots come the kids start screaming ‘Robots’ and they follow them down the hall. And it goes down around the corner and opens the elevator and gets on by itself. So that’s like a magic thing for them,” said Eckenrode.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rogelio Diaz-Ramirez, an adorable three-year-old, was in the hospital with a lung infection, but he couldn’t stop smiling at just the thought of seeing a robot for the first time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re going to search for a robot!” said nurse Sonia Salinas in Spanish, as she took Rogelio’s hand and led him through the hallway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Salinas spotted a Tug coming down the corridor. “Robot! Come on! Run, Run!” she told Rogelio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When he caught up, Rogelio looked awestruck. Salinas showed him how to press the big green and red buttons on top that make the Tug go and stop. Until it’s time for the Tug to attend to its next assignment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Say Goodbye. Goodbye, Tuggy!” she told him. “Adios!” said Rogelio with a wave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was produced in collaboration with APM’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.marketplace.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Marketplace\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem> “This story was produced by \u003ca href=\"http://khn.org/\">Kaiser Health News\u003c/a>, which publishes California Healthline, a service of the California Health Care Foundation.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Back when the iPhone first became a gleam in Steve Jobs' eye, it's possible, but not probable, the ability to provide thousands of people with visual access to the inside of someone's colon was high on his functionality wish list.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, today the Mayo Clinic fulfilled yet another promise of the smartphone revolution, by live-streaming one man's colonoscopy on the mobile app Periscope. The patient was Lee Aase, director of the Mayo Clinic Social Media Network. The project was part of the Mayo Clinic's collaboration with the advocacy organization Fight Colorectal Cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our previous promotions included live patient events, a music video and a social media campaign,\" Aase wrote before the procedure. \"As we discussed plans for our 2016 promotion, I received a reminder for my colonoscopy, so we decided to take this opportunity to demystify the process by live-streaming the procedure on Periscope.\" (The live colonoscopy, by the way, has already made inroads on \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zLAPQdlXgdU\" target=\"_blank\">national TV\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And live-stream they did. While the colonoscopy was being performed by one doctor, another answered questions from Periscope viewers, who numbered over 3,000. Aase was awake and on sedatives the entire time. The procedure did not find anything of concern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The video archive will be available until early Wednesday morning. \u003ca href=\"https://www.periscope.tv/MayoClinic/1DXxyzWyPWNKM\" target=\"_blank\">Click here\u003c/a> or on the photo below to watch\u003c/strong>. Anatomy fans -- not to mention the squeamish -- take note: You can see a scope's-eye view of the proceedings starting around 18 minutes in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.periscope.tv/MayoClinic/1DXxyzWyPWNKM\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-121201\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/colonoscopy.jpg\" alt=\"colonoscopy\" width=\"1037\" height=\"603\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/colonoscopy.jpg 1037w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/colonoscopy-400x233.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/colonoscopy-800x465.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/colonoscopy-768x447.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/colonoscopy-960x558.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1037px) 100vw, 1037px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It should be noted that a 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/02/health/colonoscopies-explain-why-us-leads-the-world-in-health-expenditures.html?pagewanted=all\" target=\"_blank\">New York Times investigation\u003c/a> found colonoscopies were overprescribed and overpriced. KQED State of Health's PriceCheck last year found a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/05/27/pricecheck-how-much-does-a-colonoscopy-cost/\" target=\"_blank\">wide variation\u003c/a> in the cost of the procedure. The American Cancer Society recommends colorectal cancer screening for men and women at average risk, and there are multiple \u003ca href=\"http://fightcolorectalcancer.org/prevent-it/screening-options/#OptionsScreened\" target=\"_blank\">screening methods\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Back when the iPhone first became a gleam in Steve Jobs' eye, it's possible, but not probable, the ability to provide thousands of people with visual access to the inside of someone's colon was high on his functionality wish list.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, today the Mayo Clinic fulfilled yet another promise of the smartphone revolution, by live-streaming one man's colonoscopy on the mobile app Periscope. The patient was Lee Aase, director of the Mayo Clinic Social Media Network. The project was part of the Mayo Clinic's collaboration with the advocacy organization Fight Colorectal Cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our previous promotions included live patient events, a music video and a social media campaign,\" Aase wrote before the procedure. \"As we discussed plans for our 2016 promotion, I received a reminder for my colonoscopy, so we decided to take this opportunity to demystify the process by live-streaming the procedure on Periscope.\" (The live colonoscopy, by the way, has already made inroads on \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zLAPQdlXgdU\" target=\"_blank\">national TV\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And live-stream they did. While the colonoscopy was being performed by one doctor, another answered questions from Periscope viewers, who numbered over 3,000. Aase was awake and on sedatives the entire time. The procedure did not find anything of concern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The video archive will be available until early Wednesday morning. \u003ca href=\"https://www.periscope.tv/MayoClinic/1DXxyzWyPWNKM\" target=\"_blank\">Click here\u003c/a> or on the photo below to watch\u003c/strong>. Anatomy fans -- not to mention the squeamish -- take note: You can see a scope's-eye view of the proceedings starting around 18 minutes in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.periscope.tv/MayoClinic/1DXxyzWyPWNKM\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-121201\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/colonoscopy.jpg\" alt=\"colonoscopy\" width=\"1037\" height=\"603\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/colonoscopy.jpg 1037w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/colonoscopy-400x233.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/colonoscopy-800x465.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/colonoscopy-768x447.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/colonoscopy-960x558.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1037px) 100vw, 1037px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It should be noted that a 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/02/health/colonoscopies-explain-why-us-leads-the-world-in-health-expenditures.html?pagewanted=all\" target=\"_blank\">New York Times investigation\u003c/a> found colonoscopies were overprescribed and overpriced. KQED State of Health's PriceCheck last year found a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/05/27/pricecheck-how-much-does-a-colonoscopy-cost/\" target=\"_blank\">wide variation\u003c/a> in the cost of the procedure. The American Cancer Society recommends colorectal cancer screening for men and women at average risk, and there are multiple \u003ca href=\"http://fightcolorectalcancer.org/prevent-it/screening-options/#OptionsScreened\" target=\"_blank\">screening methods\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Cleveland Clinic \u003ca href=\"http://my.clevelandclinic.org/about-cleveland-clinic/newsroom/releases-videos-newsletters/2016-2-25-cleveland-clinic-performs-nations-first-uterus-transplant\">says it has performed\u003c/a> the first uterus transplant in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This opens up another possible path to parenthood besides surrogacy or adoption for U.S. women who do not have a uterus, or who have a uterus that does not function.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The transplant happened during a nine-hour-long surgery on a 26-year-old patient, who the clinic did not identify. The clinic says the patient is in stable condition and that the transplanted uterus came from a deceased donor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The is a major step in the \u003ca href=\"http://health.clevelandclinic.org/2016/02/uterus-transplant-know-facts-infographic/\">clinic's transplant study\u003c/a> for women with Uterine Factor Infertility or UFI, meaning \"they were born without a uterus, have lost their uterus, or have a uterus that no longer functions.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is how the process goes from here, according \u003ca href=\"http://health.clevelandclinic.org/2016/02/uterus-transplant-know-facts-infographic/\">to general information released by the clinic about their trial:\u003c/a> They expect the transplanted uterus to take approximately one year to heal. Then, doctors will implant embryos one-by-one that were created using in vitro fertilization before the uterus transplant. The patient will be taking anti-rejection drugs throughout pregnancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the clinic says it intends for uterus transplants to be temporary in order to \"reduce long-term exposure to the medications.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"After 1-2 healthy babies are born, the anti-rejection drugs are stopped ... the transplanted uterus is either removed or allowed to disintegrate,\" the hospital says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Sweden, a woman who had a uterus transplant \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2014/10/04/353691555/a-first-uterus-transplant-gives-parents-a-healthy-baby\">successfully gave birth for the first time in 2014\u003c/a>. Since then, at least three other babies have been born in Sweden to mothers who have undergone the procedure, according to the Cleveland Clinic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some medical professionals have their doubts about whether this procedure is the best use of resources. Dr. Michael Green of Massachusetts General Hospital \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2012/09/21/161503782/swedes-perform-pioneering-uterine-transplants-americans-not-far-behind\">told NPR in 2012\u003c/a> that he \"questions whether this kind of transplant is really necessary.\" Here's more:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"'Nobody needs a uterus to live, OK?' Green says. 'Nobody needs a hand or a face to live, in fairness. It's a quality-of-life issue. This is in that same category. So we've opened the door. We've stepped through it. And this is one of the next logical things that people might do.'\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He wonders whether health care dollars should be spent on uterine transplants when a woman who lacks a uterus can turn to a surrogate mother to provide her with a child — if she can afford it, that is.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>But surrogacy is not always an option, the Cleveland Clinic argued in information about their clinical trial: \"In the U.S., the surrogacy process can be legally complicated. In many other countries, surrogacy is highly restricted or even banned.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For some candidates, it's simply about wanting to experience pregnancy. Here's what one 26-year-old woman who the Cleveland Clinic was screening as a possible candidate \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/26/health/uterus-transplant-cleveland-clinic.html?module=WatchingPortal®ion=c-column-middle-span-region&pgType=Homepage&action=click&mediaId=thumb_square&state=standard&contentPlacement=10&version=internal&contentCollection=www.nytimes.com&contentId=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F02%2F26%2Fhealth%2Futerus-transplant-cleveland-clinic.html&eventName=Watching-article-click\">told The New York Times in October:\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"I crave that experience ... I want the morning sickness, the backaches, the feet swelling. I want to feel the baby move. That is something I've wanted for as long as I can remember.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Cleveland+Clinic+Performs+First+Successful+Uterus+Transplant+In+The+U.S.&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Cleveland Clinic \u003ca href=\"http://my.clevelandclinic.org/about-cleveland-clinic/newsroom/releases-videos-newsletters/2016-2-25-cleveland-clinic-performs-nations-first-uterus-transplant\">says it has performed\u003c/a> the first uterus transplant in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This opens up another possible path to parenthood besides surrogacy or adoption for U.S. women who do not have a uterus, or who have a uterus that does not function.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The transplant happened during a nine-hour-long surgery on a 26-year-old patient, who the clinic did not identify. The clinic says the patient is in stable condition and that the transplanted uterus came from a deceased donor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The is a major step in the \u003ca href=\"http://health.clevelandclinic.org/2016/02/uterus-transplant-know-facts-infographic/\">clinic's transplant study\u003c/a> for women with Uterine Factor Infertility or UFI, meaning \"they were born without a uterus, have lost their uterus, or have a uterus that no longer functions.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is how the process goes from here, according \u003ca href=\"http://health.clevelandclinic.org/2016/02/uterus-transplant-know-facts-infographic/\">to general information released by the clinic about their trial:\u003c/a> They expect the transplanted uterus to take approximately one year to heal. Then, doctors will implant embryos one-by-one that were created using in vitro fertilization before the uterus transplant. The patient will be taking anti-rejection drugs throughout pregnancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the clinic says it intends for uterus transplants to be temporary in order to \"reduce long-term exposure to the medications.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"After 1-2 healthy babies are born, the anti-rejection drugs are stopped ... the transplanted uterus is either removed or allowed to disintegrate,\" the hospital says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Sweden, a woman who had a uterus transplant \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2014/10/04/353691555/a-first-uterus-transplant-gives-parents-a-healthy-baby\">successfully gave birth for the first time in 2014\u003c/a>. Since then, at least three other babies have been born in Sweden to mothers who have undergone the procedure, according to the Cleveland Clinic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some medical professionals have their doubts about whether this procedure is the best use of resources. Dr. Michael Green of Massachusetts General Hospital \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2012/09/21/161503782/swedes-perform-pioneering-uterine-transplants-americans-not-far-behind\">told NPR in 2012\u003c/a> that he \"questions whether this kind of transplant is really necessary.\" Here's more:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"'Nobody needs a uterus to live, OK?' Green says. 'Nobody needs a hand or a face to live, in fairness. It's a quality-of-life issue. This is in that same category. So we've opened the door. We've stepped through it. And this is one of the next logical things that people might do.'\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He wonders whether health care dollars should be spent on uterine transplants when a woman who lacks a uterus can turn to a surrogate mother to provide her with a child — if she can afford it, that is.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>But surrogacy is not always an option, the Cleveland Clinic argued in information about their clinical trial: \"In the U.S., the surrogacy process can be legally complicated. In many other countries, surrogacy is highly restricted or even banned.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For some candidates, it's simply about wanting to experience pregnancy. Here's what one 26-year-old woman who the Cleveland Clinic was screening as a possible candidate \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/26/health/uterus-transplant-cleveland-clinic.html?module=WatchingPortal®ion=c-column-middle-span-region&pgType=Homepage&action=click&mediaId=thumb_square&state=standard&contentPlacement=10&version=internal&contentCollection=www.nytimes.com&contentId=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F02%2F26%2Fhealth%2Futerus-transplant-cleveland-clinic.html&eventName=Watching-article-click\">told The New York Times in October:\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"I crave that experience ... I want the morning sickness, the backaches, the feet swelling. I want to feel the baby move. That is something I've wanted for as long as I can remember.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Cleveland+Clinic+Performs+First+Successful+Uterus+Transplant+In+The+U.S.&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"headTitle": "Future of You | KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>\"The X-Files\" revival has gotten some \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/27/arts/television/x-files-ratings-stay-strong.html\" target=\"_blank\">big ratings\u003c/a>. Clearly a lot of fans (if \u003ca href=\"http://variety.com/2016/tv/features/the-x-files-season-finale-review-my-struggle-ii-1201712181/\" target=\"_blank\">not\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://www.vox.com/2016/2/24/11104426/the-x-files-finale-recap-bad\" target=\"_blank\">critics\u003c/a>) are over the moon at its return, as this Twitter search on \"\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/search?q=x-files%20best%20show%20ever&src=typd\" target=\"_blank\">X-Files Best Show Ever\u003c/a>\" will attest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As much as we'd love to jump on the bandwagon and cover the infiltration of alien DNA in our genome, the funding isn't quite there, yet. Luckily, the inclusion of CRISPR/Cas9 as a major plot point in the season finale Monday does give us a convenient excuse to get in on the action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CRISPR/Cas9, as we have been \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/tag/crispr/\" target=\"_blank\">writing about\u003c/a>, is a cutting-edge gene-editing technique that has been heralded as a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/CRISPR%3A-What-You-Need-to-Know-About-the-Medical-Science-%27Breakthrough-of-the-Year%27\" target=\"_blank\">breakthrough technology\u003c/a>, inspiring \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/02/22/gene-editing-coming-to-a-kitchen-counter-near-you/\" target=\"_blank\">high expectations for\u003c/a> -- as well as \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/feb/12/rogue-scientists-could-exploit-gene-editing-technology-experts-warn\" target=\"_blank\">warnings about\u003c/a> -- potential uses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_118123\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 338px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-118123 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/duchovny-e1456426674504-338x600.jpg\" alt=\"X-Files science advisor Anne Simon and David Duchovny in Vancouver, August 2015.\" width=\"338\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/duchovny-e1456426674504-338x600.jpg 338w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/duchovny-e1456426674504-400x711.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/duchovny-e1456426674504-768x1365.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/duchovny-e1456426674504-664x1180.jpg 664w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/duchovny-e1456426674504-960x1707.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/duchovny-e1456426674504.jpg 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 338px) 100vw, 338px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">X-Files science advisor Anne Simon and David Duchovny in Vancouver, August 2015. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Anne Simon)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Anne Simon, a University of Maryland virologist who also happens to be a science advisor on \"The X-Files,\" has taken note. She co-wrote the finale's story, along with microbiologist Margaret Fearon and show creator Chris Carter. The plot involves humans who are stripped of their immune systems. This is accomplished via CRISPR/Cas9.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He asked me to come up with something that would kill off everybody,\" she said of Carter Wednesday. \"That took a lot of thought. It had to be something simple enough to get across to the public. I began thinking if you just got rid of the \u003ca href=\"http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/ADA\" target=\"_blank\">ADA gene\u003c/a> -- I teach this -- you would not have an immune system. That’s the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/CRISPR%3A-What-You-Need-to-Know-About-the-Medical-Science-%27Breakthrough-of-the-Year%27\" target=\"_blank\">Boy in the Bubble syndrome\u003c/a>. The idea is that a long time ago [the aliens and human conspirators] must have put something in our genome that would get rid of the gene.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(In the show, the mechanism for introducing alien DNA into the human genome is the smallpox vaccine, which \"doubtless made \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/jenny-mccarthy-were-not-an-anti-vaccine-movement-were-pro-safe-vaccine/\" target=\"_blank\">Jenny McCarthy\u003c/a> the happiest 'X-Files' viewer of the night,\" \u003ca href=\"https://www.yahoo.com/tv/x-files-finale-review-ep-6-my-struggle-141222649.html\" target=\"_blank\">wrote\u003c/a> a Yahoo! TV critic.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simon said she and co-writer Fearon had to do a lot of explaining to Carter as to how CRISPR works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/CRISPR-is-Here.jpg\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Between the two of us we’re trying to explain it to him on the phone and showing him YouTube videos and stuff, and he \u003cem>kind\u003c/em> of gets it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said she looked at the script every day to check on the science. \"It really is accurate. I was happy at the end.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Accurate within the bounds of sci-fi/conspiracy theory, of course. Simon said she suggested the story have the mass gene deletion triggered by the increase in CO2 -- global warming. But Carter opted to make the triggering mechanism ... \u003ca href=\"http://thevane.gawker.com/why-i-write-about-and-debunk-the-chemtrail-conspiracy-1581896346\" target=\"_blank\">chemtrails\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Chris wanted to use chemtrails, which is \u003ca href=\"http://thevane.gawker.com/why-i-write-about-and-debunk-the-chemtrail-conspiracy-1581896346\" target=\"_blank\">big in conspiracy theories\u003c/a>. I don’t even know what it is,\" Simon said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She first connected with Carter, back in the day, through a family connection. \"He needed to talk to a biologist. I thought, 'We'll get the microscopes right.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At one point, Carter named a character after Simon, but her fictional self was short-lived. \"I had visions of her being Scully and Mulder’s partner, and helping them solve cases scientifically. And then I get killed off. \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She thinks the character of Dana Scully has been great for encouraging female scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"She has been a wonderful draw for young people. I hear from so many people over Twitter who say they went into science because of 'The X-Files.'\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether the show comes back for more episodes is still an open question. But the signs are \u003ca href=\"http://www.ew.com/article/2016/01/29/x-files-ratings\" target=\"_blank\">encouraging\u003c/a>. FOX, no doubt, is suggesting we all stay tuned.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The show's science adviser says series creator Chris Carter told her \"to come up with something that kills everybody.\" ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\"The X-Files\" revival has gotten some \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/27/arts/television/x-files-ratings-stay-strong.html\" target=\"_blank\">big ratings\u003c/a>. Clearly a lot of fans (if \u003ca href=\"http://variety.com/2016/tv/features/the-x-files-season-finale-review-my-struggle-ii-1201712181/\" target=\"_blank\">not\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://www.vox.com/2016/2/24/11104426/the-x-files-finale-recap-bad\" target=\"_blank\">critics\u003c/a>) are over the moon at its return, as this Twitter search on \"\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/search?q=x-files%20best%20show%20ever&src=typd\" target=\"_blank\">X-Files Best Show Ever\u003c/a>\" will attest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As much as we'd love to jump on the bandwagon and cover the infiltration of alien DNA in our genome, the funding isn't quite there, yet. Luckily, the inclusion of CRISPR/Cas9 as a major plot point in the season finale Monday does give us a convenient excuse to get in on the action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CRISPR/Cas9, as we have been \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/tag/crispr/\" target=\"_blank\">writing about\u003c/a>, is a cutting-edge gene-editing technique that has been heralded as a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/CRISPR%3A-What-You-Need-to-Know-About-the-Medical-Science-%27Breakthrough-of-the-Year%27\" target=\"_blank\">breakthrough technology\u003c/a>, inspiring \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/02/22/gene-editing-coming-to-a-kitchen-counter-near-you/\" target=\"_blank\">high expectations for\u003c/a> -- as well as \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/feb/12/rogue-scientists-could-exploit-gene-editing-technology-experts-warn\" target=\"_blank\">warnings about\u003c/a> -- potential uses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_118123\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 338px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-118123 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/duchovny-e1456426674504-338x600.jpg\" alt=\"X-Files science advisor Anne Simon and David Duchovny in Vancouver, August 2015.\" width=\"338\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/duchovny-e1456426674504-338x600.jpg 338w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/duchovny-e1456426674504-400x711.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/duchovny-e1456426674504-768x1365.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/duchovny-e1456426674504-664x1180.jpg 664w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/duchovny-e1456426674504-960x1707.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/duchovny-e1456426674504.jpg 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 338px) 100vw, 338px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">X-Files science advisor Anne Simon and David Duchovny in Vancouver, August 2015. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Anne Simon)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Anne Simon, a University of Maryland virologist who also happens to be a science advisor on \"The X-Files,\" has taken note. She co-wrote the finale's story, along with microbiologist Margaret Fearon and show creator Chris Carter. The plot involves humans who are stripped of their immune systems. This is accomplished via CRISPR/Cas9.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He asked me to come up with something that would kill off everybody,\" she said of Carter Wednesday. \"That took a lot of thought. It had to be something simple enough to get across to the public. I began thinking if you just got rid of the \u003ca href=\"http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/ADA\" target=\"_blank\">ADA gene\u003c/a> -- I teach this -- you would not have an immune system. That’s the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/CRISPR%3A-What-You-Need-to-Know-About-the-Medical-Science-%27Breakthrough-of-the-Year%27\" target=\"_blank\">Boy in the Bubble syndrome\u003c/a>. The idea is that a long time ago [the aliens and human conspirators] must have put something in our genome that would get rid of the gene.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(In the show, the mechanism for introducing alien DNA into the human genome is the smallpox vaccine, which \"doubtless made \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/jenny-mccarthy-were-not-an-anti-vaccine-movement-were-pro-safe-vaccine/\" target=\"_blank\">Jenny McCarthy\u003c/a> the happiest 'X-Files' viewer of the night,\" \u003ca href=\"https://www.yahoo.com/tv/x-files-finale-review-ep-6-my-struggle-141222649.html\" target=\"_blank\">wrote\u003c/a> a Yahoo! TV critic.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simon said she and co-writer Fearon had to do a lot of explaining to Carter as to how CRISPR works.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\"Between the two of us we’re trying to explain it to him on the phone and showing him YouTube videos and stuff, and he \u003cem>kind\u003c/em> of gets it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said she looked at the script every day to check on the science. \"It really is accurate. I was happy at the end.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Accurate within the bounds of sci-fi/conspiracy theory, of course. Simon said she suggested the story have the mass gene deletion triggered by the increase in CO2 -- global warming. But Carter opted to make the triggering mechanism ... \u003ca href=\"http://thevane.gawker.com/why-i-write-about-and-debunk-the-chemtrail-conspiracy-1581896346\" target=\"_blank\">chemtrails\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Chris wanted to use chemtrails, which is \u003ca href=\"http://thevane.gawker.com/why-i-write-about-and-debunk-the-chemtrail-conspiracy-1581896346\" target=\"_blank\">big in conspiracy theories\u003c/a>. I don’t even know what it is,\" Simon said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She first connected with Carter, back in the day, through a family connection. \"He needed to talk to a biologist. I thought, 'We'll get the microscopes right.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At one point, Carter named a character after Simon, but her fictional self was short-lived. \"I had visions of her being Scully and Mulder’s partner, and helping them solve cases scientifically. And then I get killed off. \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She thinks the character of Dana Scully has been great for encouraging female scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"She has been a wonderful draw for young people. I hear from so many people over Twitter who say they went into science because of 'The X-Files.'\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether the show comes back for more episodes is still an open question. But the signs are \u003ca href=\"http://www.ew.com/article/2016/01/29/x-files-ratings\" target=\"_blank\">encouraging\u003c/a>. FOX, no doubt, is suggesting we all stay tuned.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "No Excuse For Failing to Report Medical Research Results (Commentary)",
"title": "No Excuse For Failing to Report Medical Research Results (Commentary)",
"headTitle": "Future of You | KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>In a study powered by the labor of medical students, my colleagues and I found that two-thirds of clinical trials led by scientists at our finest academic institutions didn't share their results publicly within two years of the study's completion.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\"Not reporting results violates the basic principle of the scientific method. It hurts patients, society and science. It also dishonors the people who gave their consent and bore the risk of participating in the studies.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Moreover, none of these research institutions has a good record of sharing results. Many are much worse than the average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For all the focus on the need to speed up science for cures, we have a bottleneck at our nation's bastions of research excellence. Too many times, study results are neither reported on the government website dedicated to that purpose, \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/\">clinicaltrials.gov\u003c/a>, nor published in a medical journal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our findings were \u003ca href=\"http://www.bmj.com/content/352/bmj.i637\">published\u003c/a> Wednesday in \u003cem>The BMJ,\u003c/em> formerly the British Medical Journal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The failure to share results is so pervasive that it seems inappropriate to blame individuals. Instead, it is a systemic problem. Academic medicine has fostered a culture in which the sharing of our results is considered discretionary, rather than mandatory. And if researchers decide to pass on sharing, there is no consequence to them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not reporting results violates the basic principle of the \u003ca href=\"http://scienceinvestigators.wikispaces.com/The+Scientific+Method\">scientific method\u003c/a>. It hurts patients, society and science. It also dishonors the people who gave their consent and bore the risk of participating in the studies. Who would agree to be in a study with the knowledge that the results wouldn't be shared?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It seems a fair assumption that these studies were worth doing and were designed to generate meaningful information. Academics at leading universities led these studies. Human studies oversight boards at these institutions approved these studies. Given all that, the holding back of the results impedes progress toward scientific breakthroughs, corrupts the medical literature and wastes research funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I am a \u003ca href=\"http://www.bmj.com/content/350/bmj.h599.long\">strong advocate for data sharing and open science\u003c/a>. I believe that scientists share data in the spirit of advancing knowledge. But those goals are a step beyond what we are talking about here: simply sharing the results of the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some people are intent on finding the underlying factors within the culture that has produced this behavior. I have heard people say that they aren't eager to publish results that seem weak or counter to what they believe. Some claim that other responsibilities occupied their time or that they ran out of research funds in the final stages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I must admit that I don't care. I don't want to study this problem further. I just want to see it fixed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Posting results on clinicaltrials.gov, the government website, could be done in less than an hour. Publishing the results, with or without peer review, could be done if people are determined to do it. Sharing the results is just not that hard and should not be considered optional.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem isn't new. I first encountered the selective sharing of research findings during my work as an expert for plaintiffs in the Vioxx litigation 10 years ago and we subsequently published an \u003ca href=\"http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1108579\">article\u003c/a> about it. Before that experience I never imagined that people would conduct human studies and not share results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To investigate this issue further, colleagues and I took a broader look at research and found that this wasn't a problem unique to industry, but was pervasive throughout medicine. In a \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1000144\">2009 study\u003c/a>, we were shocked to see that results of only about half of trials were published within four years of study completion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our first reaction was that we couldn't be right. We pored over our results to be sure they were true. We published them with trepidation because despite repeated checks, we still thought that someone would find an error. How could it be so bad?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And yet, our conclusions were true and \u003ca href=\"http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=745938\">others\u003c/a> soon replicated the findings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we published \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22214755\">a study\u003c/a> that showed even results from studies funded by the National Institutes of Health commonly went unshared, our findings were met by disbelief at NIH until scientists there repeated the study and \u003ca href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsa1300237\">found the same thing\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As these studies emerged, industry began to adopt \u003ca href=\"http://phrma.org/sites/default/files/pdf/PhRMAPrinciplesForResponsibleClinicalTrialDataSharing.pdf\">policies\u003c/a> to ensure reporting and publication. But not academic institutions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To zero in on this issue, the most recent study looks specifically at the performance of academic centers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I teach at Yale University and one of my students, Ray Chen (now a resident at the University of California, San Francisco), wanted to do a meaningful study as part of his degree. We began talking about researchers not sharing their results. We thought it would be useful to produce a national report card for the leading academic institutions. They are, after all, ultimately responsible for the studies conducted under their auspices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We didn't want to embarrass anyone, but we felt that maybe some stellar performers could help enlighten the others about how to improve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was only one problem: It would take a lot of work. I mean, \u003cem>a lot\u003c/em> of work. There was no easy way to track down the information about study publications without going one by one and searching for them in many different ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ray said that he thought he could recruit other medical students to help. They would have to spend hours tracking down whether studies led by people at the top academic institutions had shared results by reporting them on clinicaltrials.gov or publishing them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The students persevered, knowing that they might be questioning the practices of the powerful. And they were dismayed by what they found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What should be done about the problem? If I were a funder of research and the recipient academic institution didn't share the results, I would ask for a refund. If I were representing the interests of study participants, I would ask for apologies and forbid future research until there was a plan for sharing all results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's no excuse for not reporting all results within two years of finishing a study. And, I'd argue, the time should be much shorter. This is about taking science seriously and our commitment to move faster on behalf of patients and society.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is medical research. It is ultimately about providing practical benefit. We have a moral imperative to share what we learn. We need the systems in place that guarantee researchers adhere to the final step of the scientific method and share what they find.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, it would be particularly sweet if it were the labor of medical students that led the established researchers to correct their ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Harlan Krumholz is a cardiologist and the Harold H. Hines Jr. Professor of Medicine at Yale School of Medicine. He directs the Yale-New Haven Hospital Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation and is a co-director of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Clinical Scholars Program.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Academic+Medical+Centers+Get+An+F+In+Sharing+Research+Results&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In a study powered by the labor of medical students, my colleagues and I found that two-thirds of clinical trials led by scientists at our finest academic institutions didn't share their results publicly within two years of the study's completion.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\"Not reporting results violates the basic principle of the scientific method. It hurts patients, society and science. It also dishonors the people who gave their consent and bore the risk of participating in the studies.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Moreover, none of these research institutions has a good record of sharing results. Many are much worse than the average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For all the focus on the need to speed up science for cures, we have a bottleneck at our nation's bastions of research excellence. Too many times, study results are neither reported on the government website dedicated to that purpose, \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/\">clinicaltrials.gov\u003c/a>, nor published in a medical journal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our findings were \u003ca href=\"http://www.bmj.com/content/352/bmj.i637\">published\u003c/a> Wednesday in \u003cem>The BMJ,\u003c/em> formerly the British Medical Journal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The failure to share results is so pervasive that it seems inappropriate to blame individuals. Instead, it is a systemic problem. Academic medicine has fostered a culture in which the sharing of our results is considered discretionary, rather than mandatory. And if researchers decide to pass on sharing, there is no consequence to them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not reporting results violates the basic principle of the \u003ca href=\"http://scienceinvestigators.wikispaces.com/The+Scientific+Method\">scientific method\u003c/a>. It hurts patients, society and science. It also dishonors the people who gave their consent and bore the risk of participating in the studies. Who would agree to be in a study with the knowledge that the results wouldn't be shared?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It seems a fair assumption that these studies were worth doing and were designed to generate meaningful information. Academics at leading universities led these studies. Human studies oversight boards at these institutions approved these studies. Given all that, the holding back of the results impedes progress toward scientific breakthroughs, corrupts the medical literature and wastes research funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I am a \u003ca href=\"http://www.bmj.com/content/350/bmj.h599.long\">strong advocate for data sharing and open science\u003c/a>. I believe that scientists share data in the spirit of advancing knowledge. But those goals are a step beyond what we are talking about here: simply sharing the results of the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some people are intent on finding the underlying factors within the culture that has produced this behavior. I have heard people say that they aren't eager to publish results that seem weak or counter to what they believe. Some claim that other responsibilities occupied their time or that they ran out of research funds in the final stages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I must admit that I don't care. I don't want to study this problem further. I just want to see it fixed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Posting results on clinicaltrials.gov, the government website, could be done in less than an hour. Publishing the results, with or without peer review, could be done if people are determined to do it. Sharing the results is just not that hard and should not be considered optional.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem isn't new. I first encountered the selective sharing of research findings during my work as an expert for plaintiffs in the Vioxx litigation 10 years ago and we subsequently published an \u003ca href=\"http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1108579\">article\u003c/a> about it. Before that experience I never imagined that people would conduct human studies and not share results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To investigate this issue further, colleagues and I took a broader look at research and found that this wasn't a problem unique to industry, but was pervasive throughout medicine. In a \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1000144\">2009 study\u003c/a>, we were shocked to see that results of only about half of trials were published within four years of study completion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our first reaction was that we couldn't be right. We pored over our results to be sure they were true. We published them with trepidation because despite repeated checks, we still thought that someone would find an error. How could it be so bad?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And yet, our conclusions were true and \u003ca href=\"http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=745938\">others\u003c/a> soon replicated the findings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we published \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22214755\">a study\u003c/a> that showed even results from studies funded by the National Institutes of Health commonly went unshared, our findings were met by disbelief at NIH until scientists there repeated the study and \u003ca href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsa1300237\">found the same thing\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As these studies emerged, industry began to adopt \u003ca href=\"http://phrma.org/sites/default/files/pdf/PhRMAPrinciplesForResponsibleClinicalTrialDataSharing.pdf\">policies\u003c/a> to ensure reporting and publication. But not academic institutions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To zero in on this issue, the most recent study looks specifically at the performance of academic centers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I teach at Yale University and one of my students, Ray Chen (now a resident at the University of California, San Francisco), wanted to do a meaningful study as part of his degree. We began talking about researchers not sharing their results. We thought it would be useful to produce a national report card for the leading academic institutions. They are, after all, ultimately responsible for the studies conducted under their auspices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We didn't want to embarrass anyone, but we felt that maybe some stellar performers could help enlighten the others about how to improve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was only one problem: It would take a lot of work. I mean, \u003cem>a lot\u003c/em> of work. There was no easy way to track down the information about study publications without going one by one and searching for them in many different ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ray said that he thought he could recruit other medical students to help. They would have to spend hours tracking down whether studies led by people at the top academic institutions had shared results by reporting them on clinicaltrials.gov or publishing them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The students persevered, knowing that they might be questioning the practices of the powerful. And they were dismayed by what they found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What should be done about the problem? If I were a funder of research and the recipient academic institution didn't share the results, I would ask for a refund. If I were representing the interests of study participants, I would ask for apologies and forbid future research until there was a plan for sharing all results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's no excuse for not reporting all results within two years of finishing a study. And, I'd argue, the time should be much shorter. This is about taking science seriously and our commitment to move faster on behalf of patients and society.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is medical research. It is ultimately about providing practical benefit. We have a moral imperative to share what we learn. We need the systems in place that guarantee researchers adhere to the final step of the scientific method and share what they find.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, it would be particularly sweet if it were the labor of medical students that led the established researchers to correct their ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Whither wearables? Well...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fitbit shares have \u003ca href=\"http://finance.yahoo.com/echarts?s=FIT+Interactive#%7B%22range%22:%226mo%22,%22allowChartStacking%22:true%7D\" target=\"_blank\">taken a spanking \u003c/a> and keep on tanking. Investors must have done some major panting today, weathering a \u003ca href=\"http://finance.yahoo.com/q?s=FIT\" target=\"_blank\">double-digit dip\u003c/a> due to diminished \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.barrons.com/techtraderdaily/2016/02/22/fitbit-cfo-blames-first-quarter-weakness-on-timing-the-confidence-is-very-high/?mod=yahoobarrons&ru=yahoo\" target=\"_blank\">first-quarter guidance\u003c/a>. And more bad press today from the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/business/article/Wearables-do-more-than-monitor-fitness-6844920.php\" target=\"_blank\">San Francisco Chronicle\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>: The paper reports the Fitbit Charge and other wearables have some 'splainin' to do when it comes to privacy, as the products can \"be used to surveil\" the wearer's movements. And what's worse for some of the major brands, \"Only the Apple Watch properly protected users against tracking,\" the Chron said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Read here ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.sfgate.com/business/article/Wearables-do-more-than-monitor-fitness-6844920.php\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Whither wearables? Well...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fitbit shares have \u003ca href=\"http://finance.yahoo.com/echarts?s=FIT+Interactive#%7B%22range%22:%226mo%22,%22allowChartStacking%22:true%7D\" target=\"_blank\">taken a spanking \u003c/a> and keep on tanking. Investors must have done some major panting today, weathering a \u003ca href=\"http://finance.yahoo.com/q?s=FIT\" target=\"_blank\">double-digit dip\u003c/a> due to diminished \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.barrons.com/techtraderdaily/2016/02/22/fitbit-cfo-blames-first-quarter-weakness-on-timing-the-confidence-is-very-high/?mod=yahoobarrons&ru=yahoo\" target=\"_blank\">first-quarter guidance\u003c/a>. And more bad press today from the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/business/article/Wearables-do-more-than-monitor-fitness-6844920.php\" target=\"_blank\">San Francisco Chronicle\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>: The paper reports the Fitbit Charge and other wearables have some 'splainin' to do when it comes to privacy, as the products can \"be used to surveil\" the wearer's movements. And what's worse for some of the major brands, \"Only the Apple Watch properly protected users against tracking,\" the Chron said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Read here ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.sfgate.com/business/article/Wearables-do-more-than-monitor-fitness-6844920.php\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Making Music When You Can't Move or Speak (Video)",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://player.vimeo.com/video/143153591\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Late last week we took note of this item from the UK's Telegraph:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"\u003ca href=\"http://www.telegraph.co.uk/good-news/2016/02/11/brain-damaged-violinist-makes-music-for-first-time-in-27-years-w/\" target=\"_blank\">Brain damaged violinist makes music for first time in 27 years with mind-reading technology\u003c/a>.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That reads a bit like the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cracked.com/article_16310_12-comic-book-ads-that-taught-us-to-be-cynical.html\" target=\"_blank\">ads they used to run in old comic books\u003c/a>. But while \"mind-reading\" may be a little hyperbolic, the technology it describes is indeed on the wondrous side. Plus it made us tear up.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\"At the end of the day, the technology allows people to make choices, switch things on and off.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Brain Computer Music Interfacing is the subject of a short film (see above) that will debut at the Peninsula Arts Contemporary Music Festival next weekend at Plymouth University in England.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The violinist referenced in the Telegraph article is one of four severely disabled musicians who took part in a remarkable performance last year. Each of the participants suffers from \u003ca href=\"http://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/locked-in-syndrome/\" target=\"_blank\">locked-in syndrome\u003c/a>, which is possible to describe as the stuff of which nightmares are made. (If you've read or seen \"\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Diving_Bell_and_the_Butterfly_(film)\" target=\"_blank\">The Diving Bell and the Butterfly\u003c/a>,\" you'll know what we mean.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They cannot talk, cannot move at all,\" says Eduardo Miranda, who heads the Interdisciplinary Centre for Computer Music Research at Plymouth University. \"Some of them move their head a little bit, others communicate only through blinking eyes. That’s the thing that motivated us to do this project, to allow them to regain some sort of communication again through music.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_114645\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-114645\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/Activating-Memory-2-800x359.jpg\" alt=\"Members of The Paramusical Ensemble choose musical phrases by staring at a screen then transmitting their choice, via brain signals, to musicians who then play the music. \" width=\"800\" height=\"359\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Members of The Paramusical Ensemble choose musical phrases by staring at a screen then transmitting their choice, via brain signals, to musicians who then play the music. \u003ccite>(Eduardo Miranda)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That was accomplished through a device, developed by Miranda and his assistant, Joel Eaton, that reads the electrical signals produced by the visual cortex in each musician's brain. These signals are produced when the musicians pick one square to focus on from a group of four, each filled with flashing lights. Each square appears next to a different musical phrase, and because each flashes at a different frequency, it triggers a distinct brain signal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you have a light flashing at 20hz, another at 24hz, we can detect [which one you're looking at] in the brain signal,\" Miranda says. In this way, the disabled musicians each choose a snippet of music, written by Miranda. Another group of musicians then sees these choices on their own computer screens, so they can be played aloud. The title of the entire piece, composed by Miranda, is \"Activating Memory.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The groups of choices presented to the disabled musicians changed on average about every 10 seconds, Miranda says. Four musicians times four choices meant 16 potential combinations of music each time a new set was presented. Every time the piece is played, says Miranda, it would sound different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These combinations will produce sometimes dissonance, sometimes consonance,\" he says. \"That is part of the game, so to speak.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the performance, Steve Thomas, one of the musicians with locked-in syndrome, communicated through a synthetic voice activated by blinking his eyes. \"It was great to hear the musician play the phrase I selected,\" he said. \"I tried to select music that was harmonious with the others. It's very cool.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miranda, who is a composer by training but also took the time to get a Ph.D. in artificial intelligence, said the next step in the development of Brain Computer Music Interfacing could be detecting the brain signatures that correspond to different moods or emotions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Is it possible to detect when you are feeling sad or happy?\" he wonders. \"That would be a fantastic tool for therapies to treat people who may suffer from depression. If the system is monitoring your brain and detects that [someone] is getting into a depressive state, let’s play some music that will make that change.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whoa, there -- my iTunes already shuffles me up \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y6Sxv-sUYtM\" target=\"_blank\">Happy\u003c/a>\" way too much. But other uses could be on the horizon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"At the end of the day, the technology allows people to make choices, switch things on and off,\" Miranda says. \"You could use it to \u003ca href=\"https://jneuroengrehab.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1743-0003-11-7\" target=\"_blank\">drive a wheelchair\u003c/a> -- instead of having four musical phrases, you could say, 'go forward, backwards, left, right.'\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Go forward, indeed.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://player.vimeo.com/video/143153591\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Late last week we took note of this item from the UK's Telegraph:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"\u003ca href=\"http://www.telegraph.co.uk/good-news/2016/02/11/brain-damaged-violinist-makes-music-for-first-time-in-27-years-w/\" target=\"_blank\">Brain damaged violinist makes music for first time in 27 years with mind-reading technology\u003c/a>.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That reads a bit like the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cracked.com/article_16310_12-comic-book-ads-that-taught-us-to-be-cynical.html\" target=\"_blank\">ads they used to run in old comic books\u003c/a>. But while \"mind-reading\" may be a little hyperbolic, the technology it describes is indeed on the wondrous side. Plus it made us tear up.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\"At the end of the day, the technology allows people to make choices, switch things on and off.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Brain Computer Music Interfacing is the subject of a short film (see above) that will debut at the Peninsula Arts Contemporary Music Festival next weekend at Plymouth University in England.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The violinist referenced in the Telegraph article is one of four severely disabled musicians who took part in a remarkable performance last year. Each of the participants suffers from \u003ca href=\"http://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/locked-in-syndrome/\" target=\"_blank\">locked-in syndrome\u003c/a>, which is possible to describe as the stuff of which nightmares are made. (If you've read or seen \"\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Diving_Bell_and_the_Butterfly_(film)\" target=\"_blank\">The Diving Bell and the Butterfly\u003c/a>,\" you'll know what we mean.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They cannot talk, cannot move at all,\" says Eduardo Miranda, who heads the Interdisciplinary Centre for Computer Music Research at Plymouth University. \"Some of them move their head a little bit, others communicate only through blinking eyes. That’s the thing that motivated us to do this project, to allow them to regain some sort of communication again through music.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_114645\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-114645\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/Activating-Memory-2-800x359.jpg\" alt=\"Members of The Paramusical Ensemble choose musical phrases by staring at a screen then transmitting their choice, via brain signals, to musicians who then play the music. \" width=\"800\" height=\"359\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Members of The Paramusical Ensemble choose musical phrases by staring at a screen then transmitting their choice, via brain signals, to musicians who then play the music. \u003ccite>(Eduardo Miranda)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That was accomplished through a device, developed by Miranda and his assistant, Joel Eaton, that reads the electrical signals produced by the visual cortex in each musician's brain. These signals are produced when the musicians pick one square to focus on from a group of four, each filled with flashing lights. Each square appears next to a different musical phrase, and because each flashes at a different frequency, it triggers a distinct brain signal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you have a light flashing at 20hz, another at 24hz, we can detect [which one you're looking at] in the brain signal,\" Miranda says. In this way, the disabled musicians each choose a snippet of music, written by Miranda. Another group of musicians then sees these choices on their own computer screens, so they can be played aloud. The title of the entire piece, composed by Miranda, is \"Activating Memory.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The groups of choices presented to the disabled musicians changed on average about every 10 seconds, Miranda says. Four musicians times four choices meant 16 potential combinations of music each time a new set was presented. Every time the piece is played, says Miranda, it would sound different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These combinations will produce sometimes dissonance, sometimes consonance,\" he says. \"That is part of the game, so to speak.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the performance, Steve Thomas, one of the musicians with locked-in syndrome, communicated through a synthetic voice activated by blinking his eyes. \"It was great to hear the musician play the phrase I selected,\" he said. \"I tried to select music that was harmonious with the others. It's very cool.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miranda, who is a composer by training but also took the time to get a Ph.D. in artificial intelligence, said the next step in the development of Brain Computer Music Interfacing could be detecting the brain signatures that correspond to different moods or emotions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Is it possible to detect when you are feeling sad or happy?\" he wonders. \"That would be a fantastic tool for therapies to treat people who may suffer from depression. If the system is monitoring your brain and detects that [someone] is getting into a depressive state, let’s play some music that will make that change.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whoa, there -- my iTunes already shuffles me up \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y6Sxv-sUYtM\" target=\"_blank\">Happy\u003c/a>\" way too much. But other uses could be on the horizon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"At the end of the day, the technology allows people to make choices, switch things on and off,\" Miranda says. \"You could use it to \u003ca href=\"https://jneuroengrehab.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1743-0003-11-7\" target=\"_blank\">drive a wheelchair\u003c/a> -- instead of having four musical phrases, you could say, 'go forward, backwards, left, right.'\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Go forward, indeed.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>When you hear \"gene editing,\" do you think cancer cures? Designer babies? What about new fuel sources or drought-tolerant crops? Gene editing with a technique known as CRISPR/Cas9, hailed as a scientific \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/CRISPR%3A-What-You-Need-to-Know-About-the-Medical-Science-%27Breakthrough-of-the-Year%27\" target=\"_blank\">breakthrough\u003c/a>, could mean all those things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's a possibility, of course, that CRISPR/Cas9 may not live up to expectations. That's happened before. Twenty-five years ago, recombinant DNA was supposed to transform society in a way that, well, didn't happen. But any past biotech disappointments are not stopping a slew of Bay Area CRISPR startups from taking the leap into the new world of DNA tinkering and synthetic biology. They are, in fact, everywhere, from biotech labs in Emeryville to kitchen counters in Burlingame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's something that people read about, it's something people see that's cutting edge,\" says Josiah Zayner, a former synthetic biologist at NASA. \"Yet it's so accessible, it's something that you can do in your home, on your kitchen table.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zayner has considered himself a \"biohacker\" for a long time. Now it's his full-time job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_114669\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 360px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-114669\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/crispr-featureimage-e1455913319463.jpg\" alt='Biohacker Josiah Zayner conducts a gene editing experiment in his kitchen. Zayner has started \"The ODIN\" a company dedicated providing low cost lab supplies for DIY scientists.' width=\"360\" height=\"540\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Biohacker Josiah Zayner conducts a gene editing experiment in his kitchen. Zayner has started \"The ODIN\" a company dedicated providing low cost lab supplies for DIY scientists. \u003ccite>(Danielle Venton/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He's started a company called The Open Discovery Institute, or The ODIN (not coincidentally, the name of the Norse god connected with healing, knowledge and ... death). The point, he says, is to make science more accessible by providing low-cost supplies for people to practice gene editing at home. The first shipments from his \u003ca href=\"https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/diy-crispr-kits-learn-modern-science-by-doing#/\" target=\"_blank\">Indiegogo crowdfunding campaign\u003c/a> are expected this spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You can learn about cutting-edge science by actually doing it,\" Zayner says. \"When I started experimenting with CRISPR I thought, 'That's pretty crazy!' I would definitely want that opportunity.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Zayner's kitchen I get a crash course in how this new kind of gene editing works. Zayner's kits have three major parts: the Cas9 protein (other forms can use other proteins), the \"guide\" RNA and the donor DNA. The Cas9 protein makes precise cuts in the sections of the DNA to which it's led by the guide RNA. Sensing the cut, the cell's own repair mechanisms will try to repair it, by inserting a new piece of DNA. If all goes well, it will add a section of the donated DNA containing the desired gene or genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So you kind of trick the cell into using your new piece of DNA instead of some other piece of DNA it finds, or the original piece of DNA,\" says Zayner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_115245\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/CRISPR-is-Here.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-115245 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/CRISPR-is-Here.jpg\" alt=\"CRISPR is Here\" width=\"1280\" height=\"850\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/CRISPR-is-Here.jpg 1280w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/CRISPR-is-Here-400x266.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/CRISPR-is-Here-800x531.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/CRISPR-is-Here-768x510.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/CRISPR-is-Here-1180x784.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/CRISPR-is-Here-960x638.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Click on the image for a larger version\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To see the process in action, we insert a yeast mutation that will change its color from milky white to rusty red. We mix a chemical solution called a buffer (which helps the cell accept the DNA into its wall), the Cas9 protein, the guide RNA and the donor DNA together in a small plastic test tube.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So we're going to try to get this inside the yeast cells,\" Zayner says, holding up the clear fluid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zayner has some yeast growing on an agar-filled culture plate in his fridge. We transfer the yeast with a thin plastic loop. We heat up the cells by putting the test tube in a warm bowl of water, then let them cool again and rest before spreading them on a plate to let them grow. The yeast only needs to grow a day or two to see if the experiment was successful. A few days later, Zayner says it was.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Why should we limit ourselves to what evolution has told us we should have based on natural selection?'\u003ccite>Josiah Zayner, The ODIN\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>This is fairly simple stuff. Zayner's editing kits are more about fostering an interest in science than creating a new breed of super-humans -- not that he necessarily would have a problem with that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Gene editing is the next step for humanity,\" Zayner says. \"Why should we limit ourselves to what evolution has told us we should have based on natural selection? When we can decide what works best for humanity?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gene editing technology has made great strides in the three years since CRISPR/Cas9 burst onto the scientific scene. Despite the rapid pace of advances, many scientists are urging caution as the technology becomes easier to use and the experiments become more ambitious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We haven't really had the conversation about humans and what's ethically appropriate or inappropriate,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://med.stanford.edu/profiles/mildred-cho\" target=\"_blank\">Mildred Cho, \u003c/a>a bioethicist at Stanford University. She sees a huge potential for breakthroughs in gene editing, but also the possibility of misuse. \"And we haven't really had the conversation about widespread release of organisms that we won't be able to get back once they're released into the environment.\" Cho, however, says it's not up to scientists to decide such things. \"So far, those discussions have not been very widespread outside of the expert communities.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_114670\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 240px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-114670\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/RS18524_IMG_8357-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"Emily Leproust, co-founder of Twist Bioscience, holds one of the company's 10,000-well plates in her left hand. \" width=\"240\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Emily Leproust, co-founder of Twist Bioscience, holds one of the company's 10,000-well plates in her left hand. \u003ccite>(Danielle Venton/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Yet Silicon Valley and the local biotech community are forging ahead. In San Francisco's Mission Bay neighborhood, \u003ca href=\"https://www.twistbioscience.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Twist Bioscience\u003c/a> is making the components of DNA and RNA that companies and academic researchers can use in their synthetic biology experiments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We started Twist to disrupt the DNA-writing market,\" says Emily Leproust, one of the co-founders. \"There is a massive demand. A huge demand.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leproust says many drugs, antibiotics and vaccines begin from DNA, with engineered microbes used to make them. And in the area of industrial chemicals, many researchers and companies are modifying algae, yeast and E. coli to turn them into bio-factories that make specialty chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twist doesn't disclose the names of its clients. And in the interest of safety, Twist executives say, they restrict what sequences of DNA they'll sell, and to whom. But there are lots of local labs and companies using DNA in this way, and they're raising boatloads of money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to CrunchBase.com, \u003ca href=\"http://www.zymergen.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Zymergen\u003c/a> in Emeryville has raised $44 million, \u003ca href=\"http://cariboubio.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Caribou Bioscience\u003c/a> in Berkeley $14 million, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sangamo.com/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">Sangamo BioSciences\u003c/a> in Richmond about $74 million, and Twist itself more than $130 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's why, Leproust says, it's good, today, to be in bio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you were in the '50s, you wanted to be in space and aeronautics and in the '90s you wanted to be in computers. And nowadays you want to be in biology because that's where the next big economic growth is going to come from.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Time will tell. But local startups are betting and betting big on the new generation of gene editing.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When you hear \"gene editing,\" do you think cancer cures? Designer babies? What about new fuel sources or drought-tolerant crops? Gene editing with a technique known as CRISPR/Cas9, hailed as a scientific \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/CRISPR%3A-What-You-Need-to-Know-About-the-Medical-Science-%27Breakthrough-of-the-Year%27\" target=\"_blank\">breakthrough\u003c/a>, could mean all those things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's a possibility, of course, that CRISPR/Cas9 may not live up to expectations. That's happened before. Twenty-five years ago, recombinant DNA was supposed to transform society in a way that, well, didn't happen. But any past biotech disappointments are not stopping a slew of Bay Area CRISPR startups from taking the leap into the new world of DNA tinkering and synthetic biology. They are, in fact, everywhere, from biotech labs in Emeryville to kitchen counters in Burlingame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's something that people read about, it's something people see that's cutting edge,\" says Josiah Zayner, a former synthetic biologist at NASA. \"Yet it's so accessible, it's something that you can do in your home, on your kitchen table.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zayner has considered himself a \"biohacker\" for a long time. Now it's his full-time job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_114669\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 360px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-114669\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/crispr-featureimage-e1455913319463.jpg\" alt='Biohacker Josiah Zayner conducts a gene editing experiment in his kitchen. Zayner has started \"The ODIN\" a company dedicated providing low cost lab supplies for DIY scientists.' width=\"360\" height=\"540\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Biohacker Josiah Zayner conducts a gene editing experiment in his kitchen. Zayner has started \"The ODIN\" a company dedicated providing low cost lab supplies for DIY scientists. \u003ccite>(Danielle Venton/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He's started a company called The Open Discovery Institute, or The ODIN (not coincidentally, the name of the Norse god connected with healing, knowledge and ... death). The point, he says, is to make science more accessible by providing low-cost supplies for people to practice gene editing at home. The first shipments from his \u003ca href=\"https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/diy-crispr-kits-learn-modern-science-by-doing#/\" target=\"_blank\">Indiegogo crowdfunding campaign\u003c/a> are expected this spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You can learn about cutting-edge science by actually doing it,\" Zayner says. \"When I started experimenting with CRISPR I thought, 'That's pretty crazy!' I would definitely want that opportunity.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Zayner's kitchen I get a crash course in how this new kind of gene editing works. Zayner's kits have three major parts: the Cas9 protein (other forms can use other proteins), the \"guide\" RNA and the donor DNA. The Cas9 protein makes precise cuts in the sections of the DNA to which it's led by the guide RNA. Sensing the cut, the cell's own repair mechanisms will try to repair it, by inserting a new piece of DNA. If all goes well, it will add a section of the donated DNA containing the desired gene or genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So you kind of trick the cell into using your new piece of DNA instead of some other piece of DNA it finds, or the original piece of DNA,\" says Zayner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_115245\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/CRISPR-is-Here.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-115245 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/CRISPR-is-Here.jpg\" alt=\"CRISPR is Here\" width=\"1280\" height=\"850\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/CRISPR-is-Here.jpg 1280w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/CRISPR-is-Here-400x266.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/CRISPR-is-Here-800x531.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/CRISPR-is-Here-768x510.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/CRISPR-is-Here-1180x784.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/CRISPR-is-Here-960x638.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Click on the image for a larger version\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To see the process in action, we insert a yeast mutation that will change its color from milky white to rusty red. We mix a chemical solution called a buffer (which helps the cell accept the DNA into its wall), the Cas9 protein, the guide RNA and the donor DNA together in a small plastic test tube.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So we're going to try to get this inside the yeast cells,\" Zayner says, holding up the clear fluid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zayner has some yeast growing on an agar-filled culture plate in his fridge. We transfer the yeast with a thin plastic loop. We heat up the cells by putting the test tube in a warm bowl of water, then let them cool again and rest before spreading them on a plate to let them grow. The yeast only needs to grow a day or two to see if the experiment was successful. A few days later, Zayner says it was.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Why should we limit ourselves to what evolution has told us we should have based on natural selection?'\u003ccite>Josiah Zayner, The ODIN\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>This is fairly simple stuff. Zayner's editing kits are more about fostering an interest in science than creating a new breed of super-humans -- not that he necessarily would have a problem with that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Gene editing is the next step for humanity,\" Zayner says. \"Why should we limit ourselves to what evolution has told us we should have based on natural selection? When we can decide what works best for humanity?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gene editing technology has made great strides in the three years since CRISPR/Cas9 burst onto the scientific scene. Despite the rapid pace of advances, many scientists are urging caution as the technology becomes easier to use and the experiments become more ambitious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We haven't really had the conversation about humans and what's ethically appropriate or inappropriate,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://med.stanford.edu/profiles/mildred-cho\" target=\"_blank\">Mildred Cho, \u003c/a>a bioethicist at Stanford University. She sees a huge potential for breakthroughs in gene editing, but also the possibility of misuse. \"And we haven't really had the conversation about widespread release of organisms that we won't be able to get back once they're released into the environment.\" Cho, however, says it's not up to scientists to decide such things. \"So far, those discussions have not been very widespread outside of the expert communities.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_114670\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 240px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-114670\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/RS18524_IMG_8357-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"Emily Leproust, co-founder of Twist Bioscience, holds one of the company's 10,000-well plates in her left hand. \" width=\"240\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Emily Leproust, co-founder of Twist Bioscience, holds one of the company's 10,000-well plates in her left hand. \u003ccite>(Danielle Venton/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Yet Silicon Valley and the local biotech community are forging ahead. In San Francisco's Mission Bay neighborhood, \u003ca href=\"https://www.twistbioscience.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Twist Bioscience\u003c/a> is making the components of DNA and RNA that companies and academic researchers can use in their synthetic biology experiments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We started Twist to disrupt the DNA-writing market,\" says Emily Leproust, one of the co-founders. \"There is a massive demand. A huge demand.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leproust says many drugs, antibiotics and vaccines begin from DNA, with engineered microbes used to make them. And in the area of industrial chemicals, many researchers and companies are modifying algae, yeast and E. coli to turn them into bio-factories that make specialty chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twist doesn't disclose the names of its clients. And in the interest of safety, Twist executives say, they restrict what sequences of DNA they'll sell, and to whom. But there are lots of local labs and companies using DNA in this way, and they're raising boatloads of money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to CrunchBase.com, \u003ca href=\"http://www.zymergen.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Zymergen\u003c/a> in Emeryville has raised $44 million, \u003ca href=\"http://cariboubio.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Caribou Bioscience\u003c/a> in Berkeley $14 million, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sangamo.com/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">Sangamo BioSciences\u003c/a> in Richmond about $74 million, and Twist itself more than $130 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's why, Leproust says, it's good, today, to be in bio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you were in the '50s, you wanted to be in space and aeronautics and in the '90s you wanted to be in computers. And nowadays you want to be in biology because that's where the next big economic growth is going to come from.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Time will tell. But local startups are betting and betting big on the new generation of gene editing.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "A New Way to Avoid Jet Lag: Sleep With Flashing Lights",
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"content": "\u003cp>In the sci-fi romp, Men in Black, top-secret agents used what Will Smith called a \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PnEWvBsRjBo\">flashy-thing\u003c/a>\" to erase memories of trespassing space aliens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While that \"neuralyzer\" technology was strictly fictional (as far as we've been told), real men and women in white have come up with a flashy-thing to erase jet lag.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'People are becoming more aware that sleep is one of the pillars of health.'\u003ccite>LumosTech CEO Vanessa Burns\u003cbr>\n\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Stanford behavioral scientist Jamie Zeitzer says his team has figured out how to stave off the annoying travel fatigue with flashing lights during sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zeitzer, whose study appears in the \u003ci>\u003ca href=\"http://www.jci.org/articles/view/82306\" target=\"_blank\">Journal of Clinical Investigation\u003c/a> \u003c/i>this week, found that short flashes of 2 miliseconds each, delivered 10 seconds apart for two hours the day before a trip can help the change circadian rhythms, which act as the body's internal clock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That bio-clock is based on a 24-hour cycle and takes cues from the outside world, like the sunrise. It's the reason you often feel tired at night and why you can wake up at the same time everyday without an alarm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zeitzer and his team exposed study participants to flashing light while they were asleep, using a xenon flash bulb in a Ganzfeld dome. Zeitzer says to think of the dome as \"a giant ping pong ball that you put your head into. Wherever you look inside this 'ping pong ball,' the light is the same in terms of intensity.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_110854\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 620px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-110854\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/Zeitzer.jpg\" alt=\"Stanford University assistant professor Jamie Zeitzer sets up a flashing light in his lab. His research shows that exposure to short flashes of light during sleep can help prevent jet lag. \" width=\"620\" height=\"443\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/Zeitzer.jpg 620w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/Zeitzer-400x286.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stanford University assistant professor Jamie Zeitzer sets up a flashing light in his lab. His research shows that exposure to short flashes of light during sleep can help prevent jet lag. \u003ccite>(Norbert von der Groeben)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Even though their eyes were closed, participants still had light pass through their eyelids, which interacted with the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The brain perceives the light, which essentially \"tricks the brain into thinking the sun is still up,\" Zeitzer says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The light is administered at night because the body's circadian clock is the most sensitive at night during sleep. Zeitzer says the timing of the treatment is important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the light starts flashing right after you go to bed, the body thinks the day is longer than it is. Those flashing lights are perceived as daylight and thus the body perceives an extended day. Which is what you want if you're traveling from, say, New York to California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">If you're traveling back to New York, you'd want to administer the light during the last few hours you're sleeping so the brain perceives an early sunrise.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because sticking your head inside a high-tech 'ping pong ball' isn't practical for most of us, some of Zeitzer's students have started a company to bring light therapy to consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_110816\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1232px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-110816\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/lumostech_jpeg.jpg\" alt=\"More than 100 people have beta tested LumosTech's flashing light mask and CEO Vanessa Burns says it'll be commercially available late this summer.\" width=\"1232\" height=\"622\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/lumostech_jpeg.jpg 1232w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/lumostech_jpeg-400x202.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/lumostech_jpeg-800x404.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/lumostech_jpeg-768x388.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/lumostech_jpeg-1180x596.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/lumostech_jpeg-960x485.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1232px) 100vw, 1232px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Palo Alto's LumosTech says more than 100 people have beta-tested its flashing light mask and CEO Vanessa Burns says it'll be commercially available late this summer. \u003ccite>(LumosTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Palo Alto-based \u003ca href=\"http://lumostech.co/\">LumosTech\u003c/a> has created an eye mask that has flashing internal lights and is controlled by data entered into a smartphone app.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the app, you enter your gender, age, bedtime and whether you're a night owl or an early bird. Then the app tells LED lights in the mask when to start flashing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There’s been a growing interest in sleep with the rise of sleep tracking apps,\" says CEO Vanessa Burns. \"People are becoming more aware that sleep is one of the pillars of health.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fitful sleep isn't just a problem for travelers, it also affects shift workers, teenagers and astronauts. LumosTech has a contract with the NASA-funded \u003ca href=\"http://www.nsbri.org/\">National Space Biomedical Research Institute\u003c/a> to provide eye masks for astronauts to test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_110851\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-110851\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/LumosTech-1.jpg\" alt=\"Commander Ken Bowersox (left) tries on a LumosTech mask at NSBRI headquarters in Houston.\" width=\"400\" height=\"267\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Commander Ken Bowersox (left) tries on a LumosTech mask at NSBRI headquarters in Houston. \u003ccite>(NSBRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“They were very excited about the potential use,” says Burns. “Astronauts experience multiple sunrises over the course of 24 hours and frequently need assistance to optimize their sleep cycles.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the end of the summer, masks will also be available for Earthbound travelers. The final price is yet to be determined but the company is currently taking pre-orders at $175. The last time we checked, a strong cup of espresso was still cheaper.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In the sci-fi romp, Men in Black, top-secret agents used what Will Smith called a \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PnEWvBsRjBo\">flashy-thing\u003c/a>\" to erase memories of trespassing space aliens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While that \"neuralyzer\" technology was strictly fictional (as far as we've been told), real men and women in white have come up with a flashy-thing to erase jet lag.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'People are becoming more aware that sleep is one of the pillars of health.'\u003ccite>LumosTech CEO Vanessa Burns\u003cbr>\n\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Stanford behavioral scientist Jamie Zeitzer says his team has figured out how to stave off the annoying travel fatigue with flashing lights during sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zeitzer, whose study appears in the \u003ci>\u003ca href=\"http://www.jci.org/articles/view/82306\" target=\"_blank\">Journal of Clinical Investigation\u003c/a> \u003c/i>this week, found that short flashes of 2 miliseconds each, delivered 10 seconds apart for two hours the day before a trip can help the change circadian rhythms, which act as the body's internal clock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That bio-clock is based on a 24-hour cycle and takes cues from the outside world, like the sunrise. It's the reason you often feel tired at night and why you can wake up at the same time everyday without an alarm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zeitzer and his team exposed study participants to flashing light while they were asleep, using a xenon flash bulb in a Ganzfeld dome. Zeitzer says to think of the dome as \"a giant ping pong ball that you put your head into. Wherever you look inside this 'ping pong ball,' the light is the same in terms of intensity.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_110854\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 620px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-110854\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/Zeitzer.jpg\" alt=\"Stanford University assistant professor Jamie Zeitzer sets up a flashing light in his lab. His research shows that exposure to short flashes of light during sleep can help prevent jet lag. \" width=\"620\" height=\"443\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/Zeitzer.jpg 620w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/Zeitzer-400x286.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stanford University assistant professor Jamie Zeitzer sets up a flashing light in his lab. His research shows that exposure to short flashes of light during sleep can help prevent jet lag. \u003ccite>(Norbert von der Groeben)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Even though their eyes were closed, participants still had light pass through their eyelids, which interacted with the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The brain perceives the light, which essentially \"tricks the brain into thinking the sun is still up,\" Zeitzer says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The light is administered at night because the body's circadian clock is the most sensitive at night during sleep. Zeitzer says the timing of the treatment is important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the light starts flashing right after you go to bed, the body thinks the day is longer than it is. Those flashing lights are perceived as daylight and thus the body perceives an extended day. Which is what you want if you're traveling from, say, New York to California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">If you're traveling back to New York, you'd want to administer the light during the last few hours you're sleeping so the brain perceives an early sunrise.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because sticking your head inside a high-tech 'ping pong ball' isn't practical for most of us, some of Zeitzer's students have started a company to bring light therapy to consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_110816\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1232px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-110816\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/lumostech_jpeg.jpg\" alt=\"More than 100 people have beta tested LumosTech's flashing light mask and CEO Vanessa Burns says it'll be commercially available late this summer.\" width=\"1232\" height=\"622\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/lumostech_jpeg.jpg 1232w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/lumostech_jpeg-400x202.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/lumostech_jpeg-800x404.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/lumostech_jpeg-768x388.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/lumostech_jpeg-1180x596.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/lumostech_jpeg-960x485.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1232px) 100vw, 1232px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Palo Alto's LumosTech says more than 100 people have beta-tested its flashing light mask and CEO Vanessa Burns says it'll be commercially available late this summer. \u003ccite>(LumosTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Palo Alto-based \u003ca href=\"http://lumostech.co/\">LumosTech\u003c/a> has created an eye mask that has flashing internal lights and is controlled by data entered into a smartphone app.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the app, you enter your gender, age, bedtime and whether you're a night owl or an early bird. Then the app tells LED lights in the mask when to start flashing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There’s been a growing interest in sleep with the rise of sleep tracking apps,\" says CEO Vanessa Burns. \"People are becoming more aware that sleep is one of the pillars of health.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fitful sleep isn't just a problem for travelers, it also affects shift workers, teenagers and astronauts. LumosTech has a contract with the NASA-funded \u003ca href=\"http://www.nsbri.org/\">National Space Biomedical Research Institute\u003c/a> to provide eye masks for astronauts to test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_110851\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-110851\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/LumosTech-1.jpg\" alt=\"Commander Ken Bowersox (left) tries on a LumosTech mask at NSBRI headquarters in Houston.\" width=\"400\" height=\"267\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Commander Ken Bowersox (left) tries on a LumosTech mask at NSBRI headquarters in Houston. \u003ccite>(NSBRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“They were very excited about the potential use,” says Burns. “Astronauts experience multiple sunrises over the course of 24 hours and frequently need assistance to optimize their sleep cycles.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the end of the summer, masks will also be available for Earthbound travelers. The final price is yet to be determined but the company is currently taking pre-orders at $175. The last time we checked, a strong cup of espresso was still cheaper.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"tagline": "The flip side of gentrification, told through one town",
"info": "Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?",
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},
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"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
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},
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"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
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"order": 8
},
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},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"order": 1
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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}
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"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
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"source": "NPR"
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"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"jerrybrown": {
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"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
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},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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