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"content": "\u003cp>Vincent Van Gogh's paintings might not make it obvious that he was an artist troubled with depression and mania. But a computer algorithm might be able to figure that out. Computer programs are getting pretty good at discovering health information by studying heaps of social media data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A computer script analyzed galleries of photos posted to Instagram and accurately predicted if the users had depression, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://arxiv.org/abs/1608.03282\">study\u003c/a> posted this month to the public online repository arXiv.com.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers asked 166 Instagram users for permission to analyze their posts and also asked whether or not they had a diagnosis of clinical depression from a mental health professional. First, the researchers had their algorithm just sort 70 percent of the information to find out what photo features are common among people with depression and people without depression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program looked through four distinct categories of information: color and brightness, number of faces in the photo, use of Instagram filters, and metadata including number of comments or likes. \"In general, each one of these things has some relationship to what people have already found in studying depression,\" says Andrew Reece, the lead author and a psychology and computational science graduate student at Harvard University.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'There's evidence people who are depressed tend to interact in smaller social settings. If there's a ton of faces in the photos, then it probably means you're interacting in large social settings.'\u003ccite>Andrew Reece, Harvard University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>For example, there's some research that suggests people with depression prefer darker colors and more grays or blues. \"There's evidence people who are depressed tend to interact in smaller social settings. If there's a ton of faces in the photos, then it probably means you're interacting in large social settings,\" Reece says. The same might be true for the number of likes or comments someone gets for their posts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program was able to find associations in the Instagram data that backed these theories up. Photos from people with depression tend to be bluer, darker and grayer. \"[People with depression] tend to have more comments on their posts, but fewer likes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Depressed people were less likely to use any filters at all, but when they did use filters they went for Inkwell, which makes everything black and white,\" Reece says. \"And depressed people have fewer faces in their photos, but they tend to post more photos with faces.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then Reece and his coauthor removed the depression diagnosis information from their remaining untouched Instagram photos. They gave those to the computer program and had the machine figure out which of those users had depression and which of them didn't. \"We were right about people being healthy 84 percent of the time. About a third of the people who were truly depressed, the machine found,\" Reece says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the machine gave a depression marker, it was right about 54 percent of the time, compared to unassisted primary physicians who correctly make a depression diagnosis about 42 percent of the time. \"It's not an A+, but it's a 25 percent improvement over those human rates,\" Reece says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This study hasn't been peer reviewed, but it looks like the algorithm is doing a a fairly good job. Reece says it doesn't mean that computer programs are going to replace primary doctors when it comes to diagnosing depression. Primary doctors look at the general population, rather than just Instagram users, and don't separate people into binary categories like depression or no depression like the program does. \"You can't even really compare the two in a formal sense,\" Reece says.[contextly_sidebar id=\"oqHCpemWP2iSz8ggRX1sOElP7P4zxHcW\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the algorithm can't truly diagnose someone with depression or rule it out the way a psychologist or psychiatrist would. Ideally, programs like this might help clinicians quickly find people who are struggling and need help. Right now, Reece says that patients wait several months on average between depression sets in and treatment. \"If someone is depressed and really needs services, and they don't get that assessment, anything that can help them get assessed is good,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And computers are able to look at vast amounts of social media information, something which a doctor could never do. Researchers have created \u003ca href=\"http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/horvitz/depression_social_media_icwsm_2013.pdf\">computer scripts\u003c/a> that can parse out signs of depression from Twitter, Facebook or Tumblr feeds. That means a program like this could provide useful information that doctors otherwise wouldn't have, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.munmund.net/\">Munmun De Choudhury\u003c/a>, a social and computer scientist at Georgia Tech who was not involved in this study. \"The goal lies in empowering the clinician with tools that would help people manage or cope with these challenges above and beyond what they're currently using.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But we aren't quite there yet, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.seattlechildrens.org/medical-staff/megan-a-moreno/\">Dr. Megan Moreno\u003c/a>, an adolescent psychiatrist at Seattle Children's Hospital who studies social media and mental illness. \"We're probably still a ways away from having these types of approaches normalized as part of clinical care,\" she says. \"I think this is a cool and interesting piece to the puzzle.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Actually using this information for depression screening comes with legal and privacy issues. \"We're talking about the perspective that we could find people who need help. There's so much hope and optimism, but if we develop ways to monitor [social media data], then who else will monitor?\" Moreno says. \"Could these things come back and affect someone's employment or insurability? To some extent, people assume some of that is already happening.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Companies could already be collecting the data for this type of use. After all, Tweets, Tumblr and many Instagram posts are freely available to anyone with an Internet connection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Instagramming+In+Black+And+White%3F+Could+Be+You%27re+Depressed&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Vincent Van Gogh's paintings might not make it obvious that he was an artist troubled with depression and mania. But a computer algorithm might be able to figure that out. Computer programs are getting pretty good at discovering health information by studying heaps of social media data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A computer script analyzed galleries of photos posted to Instagram and accurately predicted if the users had depression, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://arxiv.org/abs/1608.03282\">study\u003c/a> posted this month to the public online repository arXiv.com.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers asked 166 Instagram users for permission to analyze their posts and also asked whether or not they had a diagnosis of clinical depression from a mental health professional. First, the researchers had their algorithm just sort 70 percent of the information to find out what photo features are common among people with depression and people without depression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program looked through four distinct categories of information: color and brightness, number of faces in the photo, use of Instagram filters, and metadata including number of comments or likes. \"In general, each one of these things has some relationship to what people have already found in studying depression,\" says Andrew Reece, the lead author and a psychology and computational science graduate student at Harvard University.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'There's evidence people who are depressed tend to interact in smaller social settings. If there's a ton of faces in the photos, then it probably means you're interacting in large social settings.'\u003ccite>Andrew Reece, Harvard University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>For example, there's some research that suggests people with depression prefer darker colors and more grays or blues. \"There's evidence people who are depressed tend to interact in smaller social settings. If there's a ton of faces in the photos, then it probably means you're interacting in large social settings,\" Reece says. The same might be true for the number of likes or comments someone gets for their posts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program was able to find associations in the Instagram data that backed these theories up. Photos from people with depression tend to be bluer, darker and grayer. \"[People with depression] tend to have more comments on their posts, but fewer likes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Depressed people were less likely to use any filters at all, but when they did use filters they went for Inkwell, which makes everything black and white,\" Reece says. \"And depressed people have fewer faces in their photos, but they tend to post more photos with faces.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then Reece and his coauthor removed the depression diagnosis information from their remaining untouched Instagram photos. They gave those to the computer program and had the machine figure out which of those users had depression and which of them didn't. \"We were right about people being healthy 84 percent of the time. About a third of the people who were truly depressed, the machine found,\" Reece says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the machine gave a depression marker, it was right about 54 percent of the time, compared to unassisted primary physicians who correctly make a depression diagnosis about 42 percent of the time. \"It's not an A+, but it's a 25 percent improvement over those human rates,\" Reece says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This study hasn't been peer reviewed, but it looks like the algorithm is doing a a fairly good job. Reece says it doesn't mean that computer programs are going to replace primary doctors when it comes to diagnosing depression. Primary doctors look at the general population, rather than just Instagram users, and don't separate people into binary categories like depression or no depression like the program does. \"You can't even really compare the two in a formal sense,\" Reece says.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the algorithm can't truly diagnose someone with depression or rule it out the way a psychologist or psychiatrist would. Ideally, programs like this might help clinicians quickly find people who are struggling and need help. Right now, Reece says that patients wait several months on average between depression sets in and treatment. \"If someone is depressed and really needs services, and they don't get that assessment, anything that can help them get assessed is good,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And computers are able to look at vast amounts of social media information, something which a doctor could never do. Researchers have created \u003ca href=\"http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/horvitz/depression_social_media_icwsm_2013.pdf\">computer scripts\u003c/a> that can parse out signs of depression from Twitter, Facebook or Tumblr feeds. That means a program like this could provide useful information that doctors otherwise wouldn't have, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.munmund.net/\">Munmun De Choudhury\u003c/a>, a social and computer scientist at Georgia Tech who was not involved in this study. \"The goal lies in empowering the clinician with tools that would help people manage or cope with these challenges above and beyond what they're currently using.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But we aren't quite there yet, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.seattlechildrens.org/medical-staff/megan-a-moreno/\">Dr. Megan Moreno\u003c/a>, an adolescent psychiatrist at Seattle Children's Hospital who studies social media and mental illness. \"We're probably still a ways away from having these types of approaches normalized as part of clinical care,\" she says. \"I think this is a cool and interesting piece to the puzzle.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Actually using this information for depression screening comes with legal and privacy issues. \"We're talking about the perspective that we could find people who need help. There's so much hope and optimism, but if we develop ways to monitor [social media data], then who else will monitor?\" Moreno says. \"Could these things come back and affect someone's employment or insurability? To some extent, people assume some of that is already happening.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Companies could already be collecting the data for this type of use. After all, Tweets, Tumblr and many Instagram posts are freely available to anyone with an Internet connection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Instagramming+In+Black+And+White%3F+Could+Be+You%27re+Depressed&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>When Scott Gatz and his husband decided to become fathers several years ago, pursuing parenthood meant finding both an egg donor and a surrogate to help them conceive a baby. Their first round of in vitro fertilization produced seven healthy embryos. One of those embryos was successfully transferred to their surrogate's womb, resulting in their son Matthew, who is now 6-years-old.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\"Every time we read the 'destroy' option on the form, my stomach does a somersault. It feels as if our future children are showing up once a year to confront us.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>While the San Francisco couple feels their family is now complete, they are still in a quandary over what to do with their six remaining embryos — what they call their \"maybe babies.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every year they're forced to weigh their options again, Gatz tells Shots, when a letter arrives from the fertility clinic. It asks whether they want to destroy the embryos, donate them for medical research, give them to another infertile couple or continue paying $800 annually to keep the embryos frozen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Every time we read the 'destroy' option on the form, my stomach does a somersault,\" Gatz says. \"It feels as if our future children are showing up once a year to confront us.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The men are not alone in their ambivalence. It's estimated that, in the United States, there are almost \u003ca href=\"http://www.hhs.gov/opa/about-opa-and-initiatives/embryo-adoption/\">one million\u003c/a> frozen embryos now in storage, a number that includes embryos reserved for research, as well as those reserved to expand families.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Indecision Reigns\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a 2005 \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16084886\">study\u003c/a> that interviewed 58 couples who conceived through IVF and had at least one frozen embryo in storage, more than 70 percent had not yet decided — even several years after the procedure — how they would dispose of a surplus embryo. Some said they considered the embryos to be biologic tissue or a genetic or psychological \"insurance policy.\" Others told the researchers they thought of the embryos as living entities — \"virtual children\" that have interests that needed to be considered and protected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"With the astonishing advancements in reproductive science, IVF now produces far more embryos than it did in the past,\" says Dr. Anna Glezer, a psychiatrist at the University of California, San Francisco. The choices that abundance poses are very difficult for some couples, she says, \"which raises the need for psychological resources, such as peer support groups for these families.'\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After conceiving their daughter via IVF, Megan and Jay Khmelev had eight remaining embryos. For two years, says Megan, she was overcome by guilt, anxiety, and sadness as she struggled with what to do with them. At the beginning of her fertility journey, she had imagined one day donating the embryos to science or to another infertile couple.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But after her daughter arrived, she says, she couldn't imagine parting with the surplus embryos in this way. The Khmelevs didn't want eight more children, but discarding the embryos didn't feel like the right choice, either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I wish someone had told me that I'd be haunted by the grief of my infertility struggle all over again as I wrestled with my decision,\" Megan says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://eggwhisperer.com/\">Dr. Aimee Eyvazzadeh\u003c/a>, a reproductive endocrinologist in the San Francisco Bay area, says many families she counsels struggle with these choices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a complicated process,\" Eyvazzadeh says. \"At the beginning of IVF, patients hope for many embryos, because they long to have a baby. They don't realize how their feelings might change once their children are born.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1980s, when fertility clinics began freezing embryos, there wasn't any available research about how patients would feel regarding their frozen embryos after they became parents. More than 30 years later, though the number of IVF babies has \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2014/02/18/279035110/ivf-baby-boom-births-from-fertility-procedure-hit-new-high\">steadily climbed\u003c/a>, many fertility doctors are still unsure how to handle some patients' ambivalence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our clinic told us that we could freeze our embryos and explained the cost associated with yearly storage fees,\" Gatz says, \"but they didn't mention the feelings that might arise as we faced these choices.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study \u003ca href=\"http://www.fertstert.org/article/S0015-0282(15)02109-3/abstract\">published\u003c/a> in the March issue of the journal \u003cem>Fertility and Sterility\u003c/em> found that that after successful IVF treatment, most of the 131 couples responding to a survey were dissatisfied with the education they obtained from their health care providers about disposal decisions. And less than 50 percent were satisfied with the emotional guidance they got.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet other research suggests that \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0015028215022232\">peer support\u003c/a> \u003cem>can \u003c/em>help people make these complicated choices, by giving them a place to disclose their struggles in the company of others who have been through the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://latalktherapy.com/dr-lederer/\">Francine Lederer,\u003c/a> a clinical psychologist in private practice in Los Angeles, offers a \"disposition support group,\" specifically aimed at couples and individuals who are deciding what to do with their embryos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"After successful IVF treatments, many couples come to view their embryos as human life, which makes it even harder for them to find closure,\" Lederer says. Some even have funeral ceremonies for the embryos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For other couples, making these decisions ignites emotional conflict between the spouses, or even beyond — to include the extended family, Lederer finds, because religious beliefs and personal preferences play a role in how each person views the stored embryos. One couple she counseled who had decided to destroy the embryos mentioned that to their parents and discovered the in-laws were aghast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Too often, these families have never shared their stories aloud,\" says Lederer. \"Support groups can make a difference by allowing them to talk about their personal experiences with others who understand, which can help them to feel less isolated.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Megan and Jay Khmelev finally decided to do additional rounds of IVF, and use the remaining embryos themselves, but none resulted in a viable pregnancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm glad I did the transfers anyway,\" Megan says. \"It gave me and my husband closure, knowing that we had given them a chance to become life.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=After+IVF%2C+Some+Struggle+With+What+To+Do+With+Leftover+Embryos&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When Scott Gatz and his husband decided to become fathers several years ago, pursuing parenthood meant finding both an egg donor and a surrogate to help them conceive a baby. Their first round of in vitro fertilization produced seven healthy embryos. One of those embryos was successfully transferred to their surrogate's womb, resulting in their son Matthew, who is now 6-years-old.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\"Every time we read the 'destroy' option on the form, my stomach does a somersault. It feels as if our future children are showing up once a year to confront us.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>While the San Francisco couple feels their family is now complete, they are still in a quandary over what to do with their six remaining embryos — what they call their \"maybe babies.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every year they're forced to weigh their options again, Gatz tells Shots, when a letter arrives from the fertility clinic. It asks whether they want to destroy the embryos, donate them for medical research, give them to another infertile couple or continue paying $800 annually to keep the embryos frozen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Every time we read the 'destroy' option on the form, my stomach does a somersault,\" Gatz says. \"It feels as if our future children are showing up once a year to confront us.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The men are not alone in their ambivalence. It's estimated that, in the United States, there are almost \u003ca href=\"http://www.hhs.gov/opa/about-opa-and-initiatives/embryo-adoption/\">one million\u003c/a> frozen embryos now in storage, a number that includes embryos reserved for research, as well as those reserved to expand families.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Indecision Reigns\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a 2005 \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16084886\">study\u003c/a> that interviewed 58 couples who conceived through IVF and had at least one frozen embryo in storage, more than 70 percent had not yet decided — even several years after the procedure — how they would dispose of a surplus embryo. Some said they considered the embryos to be biologic tissue or a genetic or psychological \"insurance policy.\" Others told the researchers they thought of the embryos as living entities — \"virtual children\" that have interests that needed to be considered and protected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"With the astonishing advancements in reproductive science, IVF now produces far more embryos than it did in the past,\" says Dr. Anna Glezer, a psychiatrist at the University of California, San Francisco. The choices that abundance poses are very difficult for some couples, she says, \"which raises the need for psychological resources, such as peer support groups for these families.'\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After conceiving their daughter via IVF, Megan and Jay Khmelev had eight remaining embryos. For two years, says Megan, she was overcome by guilt, anxiety, and sadness as she struggled with what to do with them. At the beginning of her fertility journey, she had imagined one day donating the embryos to science or to another infertile couple.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But after her daughter arrived, she says, she couldn't imagine parting with the surplus embryos in this way. The Khmelevs didn't want eight more children, but discarding the embryos didn't feel like the right choice, either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I wish someone had told me that I'd be haunted by the grief of my infertility struggle all over again as I wrestled with my decision,\" Megan says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://eggwhisperer.com/\">Dr. Aimee Eyvazzadeh\u003c/a>, a reproductive endocrinologist in the San Francisco Bay area, says many families she counsels struggle with these choices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a complicated process,\" Eyvazzadeh says. \"At the beginning of IVF, patients hope for many embryos, because they long to have a baby. They don't realize how their feelings might change once their children are born.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1980s, when fertility clinics began freezing embryos, there wasn't any available research about how patients would feel regarding their frozen embryos after they became parents. More than 30 years later, though the number of IVF babies has \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2014/02/18/279035110/ivf-baby-boom-births-from-fertility-procedure-hit-new-high\">steadily climbed\u003c/a>, many fertility doctors are still unsure how to handle some patients' ambivalence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our clinic told us that we could freeze our embryos and explained the cost associated with yearly storage fees,\" Gatz says, \"but they didn't mention the feelings that might arise as we faced these choices.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study \u003ca href=\"http://www.fertstert.org/article/S0015-0282(15)02109-3/abstract\">published\u003c/a> in the March issue of the journal \u003cem>Fertility and Sterility\u003c/em> found that that after successful IVF treatment, most of the 131 couples responding to a survey were dissatisfied with the education they obtained from their health care providers about disposal decisions. And less than 50 percent were satisfied with the emotional guidance they got.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet other research suggests that \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0015028215022232\">peer support\u003c/a> \u003cem>can \u003c/em>help people make these complicated choices, by giving them a place to disclose their struggles in the company of others who have been through the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://latalktherapy.com/dr-lederer/\">Francine Lederer,\u003c/a> a clinical psychologist in private practice in Los Angeles, offers a \"disposition support group,\" specifically aimed at couples and individuals who are deciding what to do with their embryos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"After successful IVF treatments, many couples come to view their embryos as human life, which makes it even harder for them to find closure,\" Lederer says. Some even have funeral ceremonies for the embryos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For other couples, making these decisions ignites emotional conflict between the spouses, or even beyond — to include the extended family, Lederer finds, because religious beliefs and personal preferences play a role in how each person views the stored embryos. One couple she counseled who had decided to destroy the embryos mentioned that to their parents and discovered the in-laws were aghast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Too often, these families have never shared their stories aloud,\" says Lederer. \"Support groups can make a difference by allowing them to talk about their personal experiences with others who understand, which can help them to feel less isolated.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Megan and Jay Khmelev finally decided to do additional rounds of IVF, and use the remaining embryos themselves, but none resulted in a viable pregnancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm glad I did the transfers anyway,\" Megan says. \"It gave me and my husband closure, knowing that we had given them a chance to become life.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. 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"content": "\u003cp>Puberty is no picnic, even in the best of circumstances. Once the sex hormones estrogen or testosterone kick in, there’s no turning back: Here come breasts and periods, Adam’s apples and acne. It’s a tough passage for many kids, but for some — transgender youth whose bodies don’t match their gender identity — puberty can be unbearable.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Full-blown puberty is irreversible, but for transgender children, it’s no longer inevitable.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>For one Oakland family, their daughter’s path was clear from the time she was three. Her birth certificate said “male,” but the child would always say she wanted to be a girl, and that soon became, “I AM a girl,” said the mother, who asked that her family’s name not be used to protect her daughter’s privacy. She recalled a day when the girl wept in frustration trying to fashion a skirt out of some t-shirts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Finally I just said, ‘Honey, do you want a dress?’’ and they went to a store and bought one. “I literally thought she was going to faint or hyperventilate,” said the mother. “She couldn’t sit still, she was so excited and so happy. It was a moment of pure joy for her, and also a turning point,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She was happy growing up and attended a progressive school in the San Francisco Bay Area as a girl. But when she was approaching puberty, she became very nervous, “worried about getting facial hair or watching her shoulders get broader. It was all very painful for her,” her mother said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The child was experiencing what’s known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.dsm5.org/documents/gender%20dysphoria%20fact%20sheet.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">gender dysphoria\u003c/a>, a DSM-5 diagnosis of significant ongoing distress, with the feeling of being assigned the wrong gender at birth. Researchers at Harvard \u003ca href=\"http://www.jahonline.org/article/S1054-139X%2814%2900693-4/abstract\" target=\"_blank\">recently found\u003c/a> that transgender youth are at a much higher risk for mental disorders, including depression, anxiety, suicidal thoughts and self-harm. They are more than twice as likely as non-trans youth to be diagnosed with depression (50.6 percent vs. 20.6 percent) or suffer from anxiety (26.7 percent vs. 10 percent).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These kids are saying to the world, ‘I was born in the wrong body, and there’s something just not right about living this way,’” said Scott Leibowitz, head child and adolescent psychiatrist at the Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Blockers ‘Safe and Effective’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Full-blown puberty is irreversible, but for transgender children, it’s no longer inevitable. By taking a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist, secretion of the sex hormones can be stopped and the onset of puberty suppressed, so that the body does not develop secondary sex characteristics. This has been done safely for decades to suppress sex hormones in children who develop too early, a condition known as precocious puberty. Suppressors have also been used to treat endometriosis, uterine fibroids and prostate cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was only in 2008 that \u003ca href=\"https://endocrine.org/\" target=\"_blank\">the Endocrine Society\u003c/a> approved puberty suppressors as a treatment for transgender adolescents as young as 12 years old. The Society, with members in more than 100 countries, has \u003ca href=\"https://www.endocrine.org/news-room/press-release-archives/2013/medical-intervention-in-transgender-adolescents-appears-to-be-safe-and-effective\" target=\"_blank\">since declared\u003c/a> that the intervention appears to be safe and effective. In 2011 the \u003ca href=\"http://www.wpath.org/site_page.cfm?pk_association_webpage_menu=1347&pk_association_webpage=4233\" target=\"_blank\">World Professional Association for Transgender Health\u003c/a> (WPATH), also issued Standards of Care for the treatment of patients with gender dysphoria, which include puberty suppression.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'As soon as he got breast buds, it was like the panic button was hit. He was quickly and very intensely uncomfortable and afraid.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>There are few reported side effects to this off-label use of sex hormone suppressors. Despite early concerns that blocking sex hormones might harm bone development, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25427144\" target=\"_blank\">recent study\u003c/a> from the Netherlands found no evidence of long-term effects on bone mineral density. If the suppressors are halted, puberty resumes as if there had been no treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data on the use of puberty blockers is scarce, but in the past decade or so, it’s believed thousands of transgender youth and their families have chosen to suppress puberty to give adolescents a time-out while they figure out the next step in their development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A St. Louis, Mo., child was classified as female at birth, one of a set of twin girls. But the parents had been discussing puberty blockers with him since he was seven years old, after he had begun dressing as a boy and showing more masculine traits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I remember watching a documentary where he learned what blockers were and we talked about it and he was sure that’s what he wanted when the time came,” said his mother, who also asked that the family’s names not be used to protect her child’s privacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As soon as he got breast buds, it was like the panic button was hit,” the mother said. “He was quickly and very intensely uncomfortable and afraid. He would cry, knowing that this was the beginning of something that he didn’t want, that he knew wasn’t right for him,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In March, after the boy turned 11, a pediatric endocrinologist prescribed the sex hormone suppressor Eligard, an injection that he receives every four months. According to his mother, because they intervened early, the unwanted breast buds receded quickly, along with her son’s depression and anxiety. “I don’t know what we would have done if we were not able to stop puberty so he doesn’t have to feel in constant conflict with his own body,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, according to the mother, the biggest problem their family has faced has been trying to get insurance coverage for her son’s treatment. She said they have been lucky to obtain the injections at cost — $500 per shot — rather than the $1,500 to $2,000 per shot that the therapy typically costs. Her husband’s employer, which self-funds its medical insurance plan, chose a clause that excludes transgender care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That kind of exclusion could change, especially since the Obama Administration recently issued \u003ca href=\"https://s3.amazonaws.com/public-inspection.federalregister.gov/2016-11458.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">final regulations on Section 1557 of the Affordable Care Act\u003c/a> that ban the denial of health care on the basis of gender identity in programs that receive federal funding. The rule could help people who feel they have been discriminated against to bring complaints or lawsuits, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://transgenderlawcenter.org/archives/12908\" target=\"_blank\">Transgender Law Center\u003c/a> in Oakland, Calif.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, Oregon became the first state to provide Medicaid coverage for adolescents receiving puberty blockers. Medicaid programs in other states, including New York and California, have also expanded transgender healthcare coverage, although that does not mean that puberty blockers always are covered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Early is Too Early?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Treatment with puberty blockers gives transgender children a breather so they can continue to mature and decide whether they will pursue treatment with cross-sex hormones or gender reassignment surgery. For many families, the question is not whether to intervene with blockers, but how early to start.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the onset of puberty varies so widely — as early as age 9 for some — suppression can begin at different ages. And that’s prompted some disagreement within the field — the “age versus stage” debate — about when to begin, according to Leibowitz. Most often blockers are initiated at the first visible signs of development as measured by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.childgrowthfoundation.org/CMS/FILES/Puberty_and_the_Tanner_Stages.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Tanner Stages\u003c/a>, a scale of sexual maturation developed by pediatrician James Tanner. The trigger for suppression is usually Tanner stage 2, when pubic hair and breast buds appear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you are able to suspend puberty as soon as it happens you’re optimizing the benefits that it can bring physically,” said Leibowitz. Starting early may alleviate the need for surgical breast removal or voice modification therapy later on. It also makes it far easier for transgender teens to fit in. “That ability to blend in and be perceived as the gender that they identify with is associated with long-term psychological benefits,” said Leibowitz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But does that mean that 9- or 10-year-old transgender kids should be started on puberty blockers? Even though the treatment is reversible and is considered safe, Leibowitz said some clinicians argue the age issue is important because less is known about very early interventions. How long can puberty be safely suppressed? And if the next step is transitioning with cross-sex hormones, at what age should that begin?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, there is no treatment at all unless the parents of transgender children agree. “For most of my clients [who are minors], the issue revolves around whether they can start hormones or puberty blockers without parental consent, and the short answer is ‘No,”’ said Danielle Castro, a psychotherapist and project director at the Center of Excellence for Transgender Health at the University of California, San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Castro said families of some transgender youth refuse the intervention because they believe their children are “just going through a phase.” A \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18981931\" target=\"_blank\">study\u003c/a> in 2008 found that 43 percent of very young children who experienced gender dysphoria no longer felt that way after adolescence. The 27 percent who remained dysphoric were the ones who had felt that way most strongly when they were young.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Young children may indeed change their minds, but gender identity seems to be fixed by the time kids have reached puberty. The Endocrine Society finds that transgender adolescents grow up to be transgender adults “100 percent of the time.” Dr. Stephen Rosenthal, director of the Child and Adolescent Gender Center at UCSF, \u003ca href=\"http://press.endocrine.org/doi/pdf/10.1210/jc.2014-1919\" target=\"_blank\">agrees\u003c/a>: “Children who meet the mental health criteria for gender dysphoria in adolescence are likely to be transgender for life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20646177\" target=\"_blank\">recent study\u003c/a> of 70 participants all the adolescents who had been given puberty blockers went through with sex reassignment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Standard of Care\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though the Oakland family had agreed in advance that their daughter would start on blockers at the right time, “we had to reassure her constantly that we wouldn’t let it go too far,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she turned 13, the girl started receiving monthly injections of Lupron, a widely prescribed sex hormone suppressor. “As soon as she started, you could just see the relief in her,” said the mother. “You could see it in her demeanor, in her mood; it was just a huge weight off her shoulders,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The family’s insurer, Kaiser Permanente, covered the treatment. Puberty blockers are considered “standard of care in the appropriate clinical circumstances,” said Erica Metz, medical director for Transgender Health at Kaiser Permanente Northern California. According to Metz, the treatment “gives patients and their families time to work with their mental health and medical providers to determine if it is appropriate to start transitioning.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the girl was 14, she started taking estrogen — the next step in her male-to-female transition. Instead of growing facial hair and a male physique, she developed breasts and some curves. Her voice didn’t deepen, and she doesn’t have an Adam’s apple.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mother described her daughter as a social, outgoing and well-adjusted teenager. She knows the \u003ca href=\"http://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/research/suicide-attempts-among-transgender-and-gender-non-conforming-adults/\" target=\"_blank\">grim mental health statistics\u003c/a> for transgender people — 41 percent have attempted suicide, nearly nine times the national average — and she doesn’t want to imagine a world where her daughter would be without puberty blockers, a medical intervention that she called a “lifesaver.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The thought of her having had to go through male puberty, I think it would have destroyed her mental health and well-being,” the mother said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was produced by Kaiser Health News, which publishes California Healthline, a service of the California Health Care Foundation.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Puberty is no picnic, even in the best of circumstances. Once the sex hormones estrogen or testosterone kick in, there’s no turning back: Here come breasts and periods, Adam’s apples and acne. It’s a tough passage for many kids, but for some — transgender youth whose bodies don’t match their gender identity — puberty can be unbearable.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Full-blown puberty is irreversible, but for transgender children, it’s no longer inevitable.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>For one Oakland family, their daughter’s path was clear from the time she was three. Her birth certificate said “male,” but the child would always say she wanted to be a girl, and that soon became, “I AM a girl,” said the mother, who asked that her family’s name not be used to protect her daughter’s privacy. She recalled a day when the girl wept in frustration trying to fashion a skirt out of some t-shirts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Finally I just said, ‘Honey, do you want a dress?’’ and they went to a store and bought one. “I literally thought she was going to faint or hyperventilate,” said the mother. “She couldn’t sit still, she was so excited and so happy. It was a moment of pure joy for her, and also a turning point,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She was happy growing up and attended a progressive school in the San Francisco Bay Area as a girl. But when she was approaching puberty, she became very nervous, “worried about getting facial hair or watching her shoulders get broader. It was all very painful for her,” her mother said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The child was experiencing what’s known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.dsm5.org/documents/gender%20dysphoria%20fact%20sheet.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">gender dysphoria\u003c/a>, a DSM-5 diagnosis of significant ongoing distress, with the feeling of being assigned the wrong gender at birth. Researchers at Harvard \u003ca href=\"http://www.jahonline.org/article/S1054-139X%2814%2900693-4/abstract\" target=\"_blank\">recently found\u003c/a> that transgender youth are at a much higher risk for mental disorders, including depression, anxiety, suicidal thoughts and self-harm. They are more than twice as likely as non-trans youth to be diagnosed with depression (50.6 percent vs. 20.6 percent) or suffer from anxiety (26.7 percent vs. 10 percent).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These kids are saying to the world, ‘I was born in the wrong body, and there’s something just not right about living this way,’” said Scott Leibowitz, head child and adolescent psychiatrist at the Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Blockers ‘Safe and Effective’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Full-blown puberty is irreversible, but for transgender children, it’s no longer inevitable. By taking a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist, secretion of the sex hormones can be stopped and the onset of puberty suppressed, so that the body does not develop secondary sex characteristics. This has been done safely for decades to suppress sex hormones in children who develop too early, a condition known as precocious puberty. Suppressors have also been used to treat endometriosis, uterine fibroids and prostate cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was only in 2008 that \u003ca href=\"https://endocrine.org/\" target=\"_blank\">the Endocrine Society\u003c/a> approved puberty suppressors as a treatment for transgender adolescents as young as 12 years old. The Society, with members in more than 100 countries, has \u003ca href=\"https://www.endocrine.org/news-room/press-release-archives/2013/medical-intervention-in-transgender-adolescents-appears-to-be-safe-and-effective\" target=\"_blank\">since declared\u003c/a> that the intervention appears to be safe and effective. In 2011 the \u003ca href=\"http://www.wpath.org/site_page.cfm?pk_association_webpage_menu=1347&pk_association_webpage=4233\" target=\"_blank\">World Professional Association for Transgender Health\u003c/a> (WPATH), also issued Standards of Care for the treatment of patients with gender dysphoria, which include puberty suppression.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'As soon as he got breast buds, it was like the panic button was hit. He was quickly and very intensely uncomfortable and afraid.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>There are few reported side effects to this off-label use of sex hormone suppressors. Despite early concerns that blocking sex hormones might harm bone development, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25427144\" target=\"_blank\">recent study\u003c/a> from the Netherlands found no evidence of long-term effects on bone mineral density. If the suppressors are halted, puberty resumes as if there had been no treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data on the use of puberty blockers is scarce, but in the past decade or so, it’s believed thousands of transgender youth and their families have chosen to suppress puberty to give adolescents a time-out while they figure out the next step in their development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A St. Louis, Mo., child was classified as female at birth, one of a set of twin girls. But the parents had been discussing puberty blockers with him since he was seven years old, after he had begun dressing as a boy and showing more masculine traits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I remember watching a documentary where he learned what blockers were and we talked about it and he was sure that’s what he wanted when the time came,” said his mother, who also asked that the family’s names not be used to protect her child’s privacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As soon as he got breast buds, it was like the panic button was hit,” the mother said. “He was quickly and very intensely uncomfortable and afraid. He would cry, knowing that this was the beginning of something that he didn’t want, that he knew wasn’t right for him,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In March, after the boy turned 11, a pediatric endocrinologist prescribed the sex hormone suppressor Eligard, an injection that he receives every four months. According to his mother, because they intervened early, the unwanted breast buds receded quickly, along with her son’s depression and anxiety. “I don’t know what we would have done if we were not able to stop puberty so he doesn’t have to feel in constant conflict with his own body,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, according to the mother, the biggest problem their family has faced has been trying to get insurance coverage for her son’s treatment. She said they have been lucky to obtain the injections at cost — $500 per shot — rather than the $1,500 to $2,000 per shot that the therapy typically costs. Her husband’s employer, which self-funds its medical insurance plan, chose a clause that excludes transgender care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That kind of exclusion could change, especially since the Obama Administration recently issued \u003ca href=\"https://s3.amazonaws.com/public-inspection.federalregister.gov/2016-11458.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">final regulations on Section 1557 of the Affordable Care Act\u003c/a> that ban the denial of health care on the basis of gender identity in programs that receive federal funding. The rule could help people who feel they have been discriminated against to bring complaints or lawsuits, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://transgenderlawcenter.org/archives/12908\" target=\"_blank\">Transgender Law Center\u003c/a> in Oakland, Calif.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, Oregon became the first state to provide Medicaid coverage for adolescents receiving puberty blockers. Medicaid programs in other states, including New York and California, have also expanded transgender healthcare coverage, although that does not mean that puberty blockers always are covered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Early is Too Early?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Treatment with puberty blockers gives transgender children a breather so they can continue to mature and decide whether they will pursue treatment with cross-sex hormones or gender reassignment surgery. For many families, the question is not whether to intervene with blockers, but how early to start.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the onset of puberty varies so widely — as early as age 9 for some — suppression can begin at different ages. And that’s prompted some disagreement within the field — the “age versus stage” debate — about when to begin, according to Leibowitz. Most often blockers are initiated at the first visible signs of development as measured by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.childgrowthfoundation.org/CMS/FILES/Puberty_and_the_Tanner_Stages.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Tanner Stages\u003c/a>, a scale of sexual maturation developed by pediatrician James Tanner. The trigger for suppression is usually Tanner stage 2, when pubic hair and breast buds appear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you are able to suspend puberty as soon as it happens you’re optimizing the benefits that it can bring physically,” said Leibowitz. Starting early may alleviate the need for surgical breast removal or voice modification therapy later on. It also makes it far easier for transgender teens to fit in. “That ability to blend in and be perceived as the gender that they identify with is associated with long-term psychological benefits,” said Leibowitz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But does that mean that 9- or 10-year-old transgender kids should be started on puberty blockers? Even though the treatment is reversible and is considered safe, Leibowitz said some clinicians argue the age issue is important because less is known about very early interventions. How long can puberty be safely suppressed? And if the next step is transitioning with cross-sex hormones, at what age should that begin?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, there is no treatment at all unless the parents of transgender children agree. “For most of my clients [who are minors], the issue revolves around whether they can start hormones or puberty blockers without parental consent, and the short answer is ‘No,”’ said Danielle Castro, a psychotherapist and project director at the Center of Excellence for Transgender Health at the University of California, San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Castro said families of some transgender youth refuse the intervention because they believe their children are “just going through a phase.” A \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18981931\" target=\"_blank\">study\u003c/a> in 2008 found that 43 percent of very young children who experienced gender dysphoria no longer felt that way after adolescence. The 27 percent who remained dysphoric were the ones who had felt that way most strongly when they were young.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Young children may indeed change their minds, but gender identity seems to be fixed by the time kids have reached puberty. The Endocrine Society finds that transgender adolescents grow up to be transgender adults “100 percent of the time.” Dr. Stephen Rosenthal, director of the Child and Adolescent Gender Center at UCSF, \u003ca href=\"http://press.endocrine.org/doi/pdf/10.1210/jc.2014-1919\" target=\"_blank\">agrees\u003c/a>: “Children who meet the mental health criteria for gender dysphoria in adolescence are likely to be transgender for life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20646177\" target=\"_blank\">recent study\u003c/a> of 70 participants all the adolescents who had been given puberty blockers went through with sex reassignment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Standard of Care\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though the Oakland family had agreed in advance that their daughter would start on blockers at the right time, “we had to reassure her constantly that we wouldn’t let it go too far,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she turned 13, the girl started receiving monthly injections of Lupron, a widely prescribed sex hormone suppressor. “As soon as she started, you could just see the relief in her,” said the mother. “You could see it in her demeanor, in her mood; it was just a huge weight off her shoulders,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The family’s insurer, Kaiser Permanente, covered the treatment. Puberty blockers are considered “standard of care in the appropriate clinical circumstances,” said Erica Metz, medical director for Transgender Health at Kaiser Permanente Northern California. According to Metz, the treatment “gives patients and their families time to work with their mental health and medical providers to determine if it is appropriate to start transitioning.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the girl was 14, she started taking estrogen — the next step in her male-to-female transition. Instead of growing facial hair and a male physique, she developed breasts and some curves. Her voice didn’t deepen, and she doesn’t have an Adam’s apple.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mother described her daughter as a social, outgoing and well-adjusted teenager. She knows the \u003ca href=\"http://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/research/suicide-attempts-among-transgender-and-gender-non-conforming-adults/\" target=\"_blank\">grim mental health statistics\u003c/a> for transgender people — 41 percent have attempted suicide, nearly nine times the national average — and she doesn’t want to imagine a world where her daughter would be without puberty blockers, a medical intervention that she called a “lifesaver.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The thought of her having had to go through male puberty, I think it would have destroyed her mental health and well-being,” the mother said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A computer may soon be able to offer highly personalized treatment suggestions for cancer patients based on the specifics of their cases and the full sweep of the most relevant scientific research.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Time is of the essence in formulating precision treatment plans for cancer patients. 'By the time we got through with this patient, the patient died.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>IBM and the New York Genome Center, a consortium of medical research institutions in New York City, are collaborating on a \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02725684\">project\u003c/a> to speed up cancer diagnoses and treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The work, which got underway in 2013, is exploring the use of computers to help analyze a wide range of genetic information and the scientific literature with the goal of quickly formulating precise treatment plans for cancer patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The line of research is being orchestrated by \u003ca href=\"http://www.nygenome.org/authorbio/robert-b-darnell/\">Robert Darnell\u003c/a>, the founding director of the New York Genome Center and a neuro-oncologist at Rockefeller University. A project on brain tumors aims to bring cancer experts in New York City to bear on treatment plans that take advantage of the very latest scientific evidence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An essential assistant on Darnell's team is supercomputer \u003ca href=\"https://www.ibm.com/watson/\">IBM Watson\u003c/a>, which helps by comparing the genetic differences between healthy cells and tumor cells in patients, as well as fetching the newest treatment ideas from medical journals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watson wasn't always part of Darnell's lineup. When he started the project, he relied on the collective brainpower of a bunch of medical researchers in New York City. Fifteen of them, including Darnell, spent three weeks evaluating the case of the first patient of the project. But, he says, \"by the time we got through with this patient, the patient died.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speed matters, given how fast cancer can spread. Information overload is a particular challenge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Cancer is not giving you the luxury of time,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://researcher.watson.ibm.com/\">Ajay Royyuru\u003c/a>, the director of IBM's Healthcare and Life Sciences Research. And, he adds, there are \"more papers published in each year than cancer researchers can read and remember.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In contrast, IBM's supercomputer Watson, famous for defeating former champions in \u003cem>Jeopardy!\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WFR3lOm_xhE\">in 2011\u003c/a>, is able to read \"800 million pages per second ... from medical literature to patient records to doctors' notes,\" according to Christine Douglass at IBM Watson Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Upon learning about Watson's abilities, Darnell approached IBM. By 2014, a human-computer coalition to fight cancer \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/on-it/ibms-watson-new-york-genome-center-partner-on-brain-cancer-treatment/2014/03/18/35019894-aba7-11e3-af5f-4c56b834c4bf_story.html\">was born\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Compare what the genetics in the healthy cell looks like to what the genetics in the cancer cell looks like, you get the list of differences,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://stevejamesharvey.com/\">Steve Harvey\u003c/a>, vice president of Watson Health at IBM. \"Watson will first try to figure out what are the differences that could be causing cancer. For each of those potential genetic issues, it will go through databases and literature to find\" known treatment options, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the help of Watson, Darnell's group studied 30 patients with glioblastoma, an aggressive form of brain cancer, and developed personalized treatment options for each patient \"based on genetic mutations present in the tumor,\" according to Darnell. Darnell declined to comment on the specifics of the findings before they're published. But, he says, \"there are patients who will benefit\" from this study. A preliminary report on the findings has been submitted to \u003cem>The Journal of Clinical Oncology\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both IBM and the New York Genome Center are moving on to find out whether Watson can apply what he learned from Darnell's research to a larger group of glioblastoma patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We'll be \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2016/06/28/fact-sheet-cancer-moonshot-summit-vice-president-biden-announces-new\">working with\u003c/a> the Veterans Health Administration,\" says Harvey. According to Harvey, \"The VHA overseas the largest population of cancer patients — 3.5 percent of all cancer patients in the US are from the VHA.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Darnell, the paper his group submitted will \"lay the groundwork for the larger, more comprehensive paper on the same study.\" Darnell says the current research project is not yet a clinical trial, and he hopes to execute a large-scale clinical trial in the future, recruiting \"any cancer patient who is sick, not necessarily from glioblastoma.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not going to be doable without the machines,\" says Darnell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Why+Doctors+Want+A+Computerized+Assistant+For+Cancer+Care&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A computer may soon be able to offer highly personalized treatment suggestions for cancer patients based on the specifics of their cases and the full sweep of the most relevant scientific research.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Time is of the essence in formulating precision treatment plans for cancer patients. 'By the time we got through with this patient, the patient died.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>IBM and the New York Genome Center, a consortium of medical research institutions in New York City, are collaborating on a \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02725684\">project\u003c/a> to speed up cancer diagnoses and treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The work, which got underway in 2013, is exploring the use of computers to help analyze a wide range of genetic information and the scientific literature with the goal of quickly formulating precise treatment plans for cancer patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The line of research is being orchestrated by \u003ca href=\"http://www.nygenome.org/authorbio/robert-b-darnell/\">Robert Darnell\u003c/a>, the founding director of the New York Genome Center and a neuro-oncologist at Rockefeller University. A project on brain tumors aims to bring cancer experts in New York City to bear on treatment plans that take advantage of the very latest scientific evidence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An essential assistant on Darnell's team is supercomputer \u003ca href=\"https://www.ibm.com/watson/\">IBM Watson\u003c/a>, which helps by comparing the genetic differences between healthy cells and tumor cells in patients, as well as fetching the newest treatment ideas from medical journals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watson wasn't always part of Darnell's lineup. When he started the project, he relied on the collective brainpower of a bunch of medical researchers in New York City. Fifteen of them, including Darnell, spent three weeks evaluating the case of the first patient of the project. But, he says, \"by the time we got through with this patient, the patient died.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speed matters, given how fast cancer can spread. Information overload is a particular challenge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Cancer is not giving you the luxury of time,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://researcher.watson.ibm.com/\">Ajay Royyuru\u003c/a>, the director of IBM's Healthcare and Life Sciences Research. And, he adds, there are \"more papers published in each year than cancer researchers can read and remember.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In contrast, IBM's supercomputer Watson, famous for defeating former champions in \u003cem>Jeopardy!\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WFR3lOm_xhE\">in 2011\u003c/a>, is able to read \"800 million pages per second ... from medical literature to patient records to doctors' notes,\" according to Christine Douglass at IBM Watson Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Upon learning about Watson's abilities, Darnell approached IBM. By 2014, a human-computer coalition to fight cancer \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/on-it/ibms-watson-new-york-genome-center-partner-on-brain-cancer-treatment/2014/03/18/35019894-aba7-11e3-af5f-4c56b834c4bf_story.html\">was born\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Compare what the genetics in the healthy cell looks like to what the genetics in the cancer cell looks like, you get the list of differences,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://stevejamesharvey.com/\">Steve Harvey\u003c/a>, vice president of Watson Health at IBM. \"Watson will first try to figure out what are the differences that could be causing cancer. For each of those potential genetic issues, it will go through databases and literature to find\" known treatment options, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the help of Watson, Darnell's group studied 30 patients with glioblastoma, an aggressive form of brain cancer, and developed personalized treatment options for each patient \"based on genetic mutations present in the tumor,\" according to Darnell. Darnell declined to comment on the specifics of the findings before they're published. But, he says, \"there are patients who will benefit\" from this study. A preliminary report on the findings has been submitted to \u003cem>The Journal of Clinical Oncology\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both IBM and the New York Genome Center are moving on to find out whether Watson can apply what he learned from Darnell's research to a larger group of glioblastoma patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We'll be \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2016/06/28/fact-sheet-cancer-moonshot-summit-vice-president-biden-announces-new\">working with\u003c/a> the Veterans Health Administration,\" says Harvey. According to Harvey, \"The VHA overseas the largest population of cancer patients — 3.5 percent of all cancer patients in the US are from the VHA.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Darnell, the paper his group submitted will \"lay the groundwork for the larger, more comprehensive paper on the same study.\" Darnell says the current research project is not yet a clinical trial, and he hopes to execute a large-scale clinical trial in the future, recruiting \"any cancer patient who is sick, not necessarily from glioblastoma.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not going to be doable without the machines,\" says Darnell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Why+Doctors+Want+A+Computerized+Assistant+For+Cancer+Care&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Scientists Build Implantable Bio-Sensor Size of Sand Grain (Video)",
"title": "Scientists Build Implantable Bio-Sensor Size of Sand Grain (Video)",
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"content": "\u003cp>Scientists at \u003ca href=\"http://www.berkeley.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">UC Berkeley\u003c/a> have built a \u003ca href=\"http://news.berkeley.edu/2016/08/03/sprinkling-of-neural-dust-opens-door-to-electroceuticals/\" target=\"_blank\">tiny, wireless sensor\u003c/a> that might someday be able to monitor muscles or organs in real time, stimulate nerves to treat diseases, or allow people to control prosthetics with their minds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sensor is a 1-millimeter cube, about the size of a grain of sand. Researchers implanted them in the muscles and peripheral nerves of rats to record electrical activity, which provides information about how the nervous system is functioning in actual time. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/neuron/fulltext/S0896-6273(16)30344-0\" target=\"_blank\">research\u003c/a> was published this month in \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/neuron/fulltext/S0896-6273(16)30344-0\" target=\"_blank\">Neuron\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the major problems in neurotechnology has been figuring out how to make durable and unobtrusive implants that can record and stimulate nerves. There are electrodes that connect a human brain to a prosthetic, such as a robotic arm, but they are cumbersome and have not been engineered to last for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_907491\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1104px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/cathy_robot_arm-e1470962177565.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-907491\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/cathy_robot_arm-e1470962177565.jpg\" alt=\"Cathy Hutchinson, a woman who is completely paralyzed, practices moving a robotic arm with her mind. She's communicating through the box on the top of her head, which has been implanted in her brain.\" width=\"1104\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cathy Hutchinson, a woman who is completely paralyzed, practices moving a robotic arm with her mind. She's communicating through the box on the top of her head, which has been implanted in her brain.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"We thought what if we could build really tiny things,\" says lead author \u003ca href=\"https://www2.eecs.berkeley.edu/Faculty/Homepages/maharbiz.html\" target=\"_blank\">Michel Maharbiz\u003c/a>, professor of\u003ca href=\"https://eecs.berkeley.edu/\" target=\"_blank\"> Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences\u003c/a> (EECS) at UC Berkeley, \"untethered, no wires—and put them into your body, literally a little cube of sand could be put into your body, right next to the neuron that you cared about, and we could talk to it from the outside, without any wires or anything—then that would be a step towards solving [the problem].\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The 'Aha' Moment\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first breakthrough, Maharbiz says, is that he and his colleagues, including \u003ca href=\"https://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~carmena/contact.html\" target=\"_blank\">Jose Carmena\u003c/a>, a world leader in brain-machine interfaces, turned to \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasound\" target=\"_blank\">ultrasound \u003c/a>and not \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_wave\" target=\"_blank\"> radio waves\u003c/a> as a means of reading the electrical signals deep in the body. It's similar to how scientists use \u003ca href=\"http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/sonar.html\" target=\"_blank\">sonar to explore the depths of the ocean\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultrasound loses far less power in the body's tissues and scatters far less than radio waves. That means ultrasonic energy can penetrate more deeply at a given power, and less energy gets introduced into tissues where it's not wanted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's the video UC Berkeley produced to explain \"neural dust\":\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oO0zy30n_jQ\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For objects that are smaller than a millimeter, communicating with [radio waves] deep in the body is very difficult,\" Maharbiz says. \"It's essentially a losing proposition, because your body is salt water, effectively, and absorbs all of that energy [that then] gets lost in your body.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next big breakthrough for the research team was to get the sensor device, no bigger than a speck of dust, to work in a actual organism, by implanting it next to a peripheral nerve in a rat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The trick is, we put this little [sensor] in [the rat], we hit it with ultrasound and what reflects back is telling us what the neuron nearby is doing,\" says Maharbiz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_907380\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 728px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Rat_nerve_w_neural_dust-e1470961230864.png\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-907380 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Rat_nerve_w_neural_dust-e1470961230864.png\" alt=\"Peripheral nerve of a lab rat that has a neural dust implant. Called a 'neural mote' this implant can sense electrical activity of target neurons in the body.\" width=\"728\" height=\"595\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Peripheral nerve of a lab rat that has a neural dust implant. Called a 'neural mote' this implant can sense electrical activity of target neurons in the body.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Because of its small size and durability, neural dust may have promise, Maharbiz says, to improve treatments for human diseases such as \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epilepsy\" target=\"_blank\">epilepsy\u003c/a> and disabilities such as \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraplegia\" target=\"_blank\">tetraplegia\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What's in a Name?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coined by Maharbiz, the term \"neural dust\" pays homage to work done 20 years ago by \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristofer_Pister\" target=\"_blank\">Kristofer Pister\u003c/a>, another professor at \u003ca href=\"https://eecs.berkeley.edu/?_ga=1.30886461.344604690.1467241104\" target=\"_blank\">EECS\u003c/a>. Pister is the inventor and key implementer of something called \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartdust\" target=\"_blank\">Smartdust\u003c/a>, which is a term that describes a collection of wireless\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microelectromechanical_systems\" target=\"_blank\"> microelectomechanical sensors\u003c/a> that \u003ca href=\"http://www.computerworld.com/article/2581821/mobile-wireless/smart-dust.html\" target=\"_blank\">can detect everything from light to vibrations\u003c/a> using radio waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maharbiz laughs softly as he reminisces about the term \"smart dust\" making it \"into lots of science fiction books about [how] our future was going to have all these tiny sensors everywhere in the world and they would be taking data and communicating.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now in a world of activity trackers and neural dust, it seems that future may not be so far away.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Scientists at \u003ca href=\"http://www.berkeley.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">UC Berkeley\u003c/a> have built a \u003ca href=\"http://news.berkeley.edu/2016/08/03/sprinkling-of-neural-dust-opens-door-to-electroceuticals/\" target=\"_blank\">tiny, wireless sensor\u003c/a> that might someday be able to monitor muscles or organs in real time, stimulate nerves to treat diseases, or allow people to control prosthetics with their minds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sensor is a 1-millimeter cube, about the size of a grain of sand. Researchers implanted them in the muscles and peripheral nerves of rats to record electrical activity, which provides information about how the nervous system is functioning in actual time. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/neuron/fulltext/S0896-6273(16)30344-0\" target=\"_blank\">research\u003c/a> was published this month in \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/neuron/fulltext/S0896-6273(16)30344-0\" target=\"_blank\">Neuron\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the major problems in neurotechnology has been figuring out how to make durable and unobtrusive implants that can record and stimulate nerves. There are electrodes that connect a human brain to a prosthetic, such as a robotic arm, but they are cumbersome and have not been engineered to last for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_907491\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1104px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/cathy_robot_arm-e1470962177565.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-907491\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/cathy_robot_arm-e1470962177565.jpg\" alt=\"Cathy Hutchinson, a woman who is completely paralyzed, practices moving a robotic arm with her mind. She's communicating through the box on the top of her head, which has been implanted in her brain.\" width=\"1104\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cathy Hutchinson, a woman who is completely paralyzed, practices moving a robotic arm with her mind. She's communicating through the box on the top of her head, which has been implanted in her brain.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"We thought what if we could build really tiny things,\" says lead author \u003ca href=\"https://www2.eecs.berkeley.edu/Faculty/Homepages/maharbiz.html\" target=\"_blank\">Michel Maharbiz\u003c/a>, professor of\u003ca href=\"https://eecs.berkeley.edu/\" target=\"_blank\"> Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences\u003c/a> (EECS) at UC Berkeley, \"untethered, no wires—and put them into your body, literally a little cube of sand could be put into your body, right next to the neuron that you cared about, and we could talk to it from the outside, without any wires or anything—then that would be a step towards solving [the problem].\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The 'Aha' Moment\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first breakthrough, Maharbiz says, is that he and his colleagues, including \u003ca href=\"https://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~carmena/contact.html\" target=\"_blank\">Jose Carmena\u003c/a>, a world leader in brain-machine interfaces, turned to \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasound\" target=\"_blank\">ultrasound \u003c/a>and not \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_wave\" target=\"_blank\"> radio waves\u003c/a> as a means of reading the electrical signals deep in the body. It's similar to how scientists use \u003ca href=\"http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/sonar.html\" target=\"_blank\">sonar to explore the depths of the ocean\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultrasound loses far less power in the body's tissues and scatters far less than radio waves. That means ultrasonic energy can penetrate more deeply at a given power, and less energy gets introduced into tissues where it's not wanted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's the video UC Berkeley produced to explain \"neural dust\":\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/oO0zy30n_jQ'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/oO0zy30n_jQ'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\"For objects that are smaller than a millimeter, communicating with [radio waves] deep in the body is very difficult,\" Maharbiz says. \"It's essentially a losing proposition, because your body is salt water, effectively, and absorbs all of that energy [that then] gets lost in your body.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next big breakthrough for the research team was to get the sensor device, no bigger than a speck of dust, to work in a actual organism, by implanting it next to a peripheral nerve in a rat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The trick is, we put this little [sensor] in [the rat], we hit it with ultrasound and what reflects back is telling us what the neuron nearby is doing,\" says Maharbiz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_907380\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 728px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Rat_nerve_w_neural_dust-e1470961230864.png\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-907380 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Rat_nerve_w_neural_dust-e1470961230864.png\" alt=\"Peripheral nerve of a lab rat that has a neural dust implant. Called a 'neural mote' this implant can sense electrical activity of target neurons in the body.\" width=\"728\" height=\"595\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Peripheral nerve of a lab rat that has a neural dust implant. Called a 'neural mote' this implant can sense electrical activity of target neurons in the body.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Because of its small size and durability, neural dust may have promise, Maharbiz says, to improve treatments for human diseases such as \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epilepsy\" target=\"_blank\">epilepsy\u003c/a> and disabilities such as \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraplegia\" target=\"_blank\">tetraplegia\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What's in a Name?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coined by Maharbiz, the term \"neural dust\" pays homage to work done 20 years ago by \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristofer_Pister\" target=\"_blank\">Kristofer Pister\u003c/a>, another professor at \u003ca href=\"https://eecs.berkeley.edu/?_ga=1.30886461.344604690.1467241104\" target=\"_blank\">EECS\u003c/a>. Pister is the inventor and key implementer of something called \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartdust\" target=\"_blank\">Smartdust\u003c/a>, which is a term that describes a collection of wireless\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microelectromechanical_systems\" target=\"_blank\"> microelectomechanical sensors\u003c/a> that \u003ca href=\"http://www.computerworld.com/article/2581821/mobile-wireless/smart-dust.html\" target=\"_blank\">can detect everything from light to vibrations\u003c/a> using radio waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maharbiz laughs softly as he reminisces about the term \"smart dust\" making it \"into lots of science fiction books about [how] our future was going to have all these tiny sensors everywhere in the world and they would be taking data and communicating.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now in a world of activity trackers and neural dust, it seems that future may not be so far away.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Janet Prochazka was active and outspoken, living by herself and working as a special education tutor. Then, in March, a bad fall landed her in the hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'The older you are, the worse the hospital is for you.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Doctors cared for her wounds and treated her pneumonia. But Prochazka, 75, didn’t sleep or eat well at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center. She became confused and agitated and ultimately contracted a serious stomach infection. After more than three weeks in the hospital and three more in a rehabilitation facility, she emerged far weaker than before, shaky and unable to think clearly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She had to stop working and wasn’t able to drive for months. And now, she’s considering a move to Maine to be closer to relatives for support.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a big, big change,” said her stepdaughter, Kitty Gilbert, soon after Prochazka returned home. “I am hopeful that she will regain a lot of what she lost, but I am not sure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many elderly patients like Prochazka deteriorate mentally or physically in the hospital, even if they recover from the original illness or injury that brought them there. About one-third of patients over 70 years old and more than half of patients over 85 leave the hospital more disabled than when they arrived, research shows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, many seniors are unable to care for themselves after discharge and need assistance with daily activities such as bathing, dressing or even walking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The older you are, the worse the hospital is for you,” said Ken Covinsky, a physician and researcher at the University of California, San Francisco division of geriatrics. “A lot of the stuff we do in medicine does more harm than good. And sometimes with the care of older people, less is more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hospital staff often fail to feed older patients properly, get them out of bed enough or control their pain adequately. Providers frequently restrict their movements by tethering them to beds with oxygen tanks and IV poles. Doctors subject them to unnecessary procedures and prescribe redundant or potentially harmful medications. And caregivers deprive them of sleep by placing them in noisy wards or checking vital signs at all hours of the night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interrupted sleep, unappetizing food and days in bed may be merely annoying for younger patients, but they can cause lasting damage to older ones. Elderly patients are far different than their younger counterparts — so much so that some hospitals are treating some of them in separate medical units.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco General is one of them. Its Acute Care for Elders (ACE) ward, which opened in 2007, has special accommodations and a team of providers to address the unique needs of older patients. They focus less on the original diagnosis and more on how to get patients back home, living as independently as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early on, the staff tests patients’ memories and assesses how well they can walk and care for themselves at home. Then they give patients practice doing things for themselves as much as possible throughout their stay. They remove catheters and IVs, and encourage patients to get out of bed and eat in a communal dining area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Bed rest is really, really bad,” said the medical director of the ACE unit, Edgar Pierluissi. “It sets off an explosive chain of events that are very detrimental to people’s health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such units are still rare — there are only about 200 around the country. And even where they exist, not every senior is admitted, in part because space is limited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prochazka went to the emergency room first, then intensive care. She was transferred to ACE about a week later. The staff weaned her off some of her medications and got her up and walking. They also limited the disorienting nighttime checks. Prochazka said she got “the first good night of sleep I have had.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for her, the move might have been too late.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She will not leave here where she started,” Pierluissi said several days before Prochazka was discharged. “She is going to be weaker and unable to do the things you really need to do to live independently.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Not a Priority\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How hospitals handle the old — and very old — is a pressing problem. Elderly patients are a growing clientele for hospitals, a trend that will only accelerate as baby boomers age. Patients over 65 already make up more than one-third of all discharges, according to the federal government, and nearly 13 million seniors are hospitalized each year. And they stay longer than younger patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many seniors are already suspended precariously between independent living and reliance on others. They are weakened by multiple chronic diseases and medications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One bad hospitalization can tip them over the edge, and they may never recover, said Melissa Mattison, chief of the hospital medicine unit at Massachusetts General Hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is like putting Humpty Dumpty back together again,” said Mattison, who wrote a 2013 report detailing the risks elderly patients face in the hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet the unique needs of older patients are not a priority for most hospitals, Covinsky said. Doctors and other hospital staff focus so intensely on treating injuries or acute illnesses — like pneumonia or an exacerbation of heart disease — that they can overlook nearly all other aspects of caring for the patients, he noted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, hospitals face few consequences if elderly patients become more impaired or less functional during their stays. The federal government penalizes hospitals when patients fall, get preventable infections or return to the hospital within 30 days of their discharge. But hospitals aren’t held accountable if patients lose their memories or their ability to walk. As a result, most don’t measure those things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you don’t measure it, you can’t fix it,” Covinsky said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Improving care for older patients requires an investment that hospital administrators are not always willing to make, experts said. Some argue, however, that the investment pays off — not just for older people but for hospitals themselves as well as for a country intent on controlling health care spending.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though research on the financial impact of problematic hospital care for the elderly has been limited, a 2010 report by the Department of Health and Human Services’ Office of Inspector General found that more than a quarter of hospitalized Medicare beneficiaries had suffered an “adverse event,” or harm as a result of medical care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those events, such as bed sores or oxygen deficiency, cost Medicare about $4.4 billion annually, according to the report. Physicians who reviewed the incidents determined that 44 percent could have been prevented.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to outright mistakes, poor or inadequate treatment in hospitals leads to needless medical spending on extended hospital visits, readmissions, in-home caregivers and nursing home care. Nursing home stays cost about $85,000 a year. And the average hospital stay for an elderly person is $12,000, according to the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you don’t feed a patient, if you don’t mobilize a patient, you have just made it far more likely they will go to a skilled nursing [facility], and that’s expensive,” said Robert Palmer, director of the geriatrics and gerontology center at Eastern Virginia Medical School and one of the brains behind the idea of ACE units.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ACE units have been shown to reduce hospital-inflicted disabilities in older patients, decrease lengths of stay and reduce the number of patients discharged to nursing homes. In one 2012 Health Affairs study, Palmer and other researchers found that hospital units for the elderly saved about $1,000 per patient visit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Different Life\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After coming home, Prochazka said she felt weak. It took weeks of walking her labradoodle, Gino, to regain strength.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her stepdaughter, Gilbert, said Prochazka has started to improve. “We knew she was getting better when she was getting ornery,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Prochazka, who is highly educated, still has some short-term memory loss, Gilbert said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prochazka knows that her life after hospitalization is different than before — she will have to depend more on others. It’s not an easy adjustment, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have been somebody who has always been both mentally and physically active,” she said. “Before I fell … I was respected for what I have and what I did and all of a sudden, I’m not.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said her time at San Francisco General was frustrating. Getting the infection just as she was starting to recover was especially hard, she said. “I felt like I had been dealt a blow I really didn’t need.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For other patients, being admitted proactively to the special geriatric unit can stave off such precipitous declines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosenda Esquivel, 80, spent 18 days at San Francisco General, much of it in the unit, this spring. She suffered no noticeable setbacks, physical or mental, during her time in the hospital, according to Annelie Nilsson, a clinical nurse specialist in the unit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Esquivel, an animated woman who used to work as a home caregiver, was admitted with intense arthritic pain and, while hospitalized, underwent a procedure to address an abnormal heartbeat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soon after her arrival, Pierluissi, the ACE unit medical director, speaking to Esquivel in her native Spanish, sought to determine how independent she was at home. He learned that a friend helped take care of her but that she took pride in cooking and cleaning for herself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The doctor noticed that Esquivel needed help to get up from a chair but that she could get around with a walker. Her memory, though, wasn’t too strong. A few minutes after hearing three words — “honesty,” “baseball” and “flower” — she could only recall one of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pierluissi came up with a plan for her time in the hospital: Get Esquivel’s pain under control. Make sure she walks three or four times a day. Arrange for her to have a caregiver at home to remind her to take her diabetes and blood pressure medications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, release her as fast as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The less time she spends here, the better,” Pierluissi said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This story was reported while its author, Anna Gorman, participated in a fellowship supported by New America Media, the Gerontological Society of America and The Commonwealth Fund.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KHN’s coverage of aging and long-term care issues is supported by a grant from The SCAN Foundation, and its coverage of late life and geriatric care is supported by The John A. Hartford Foundation.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Janet Prochazka was active and outspoken, living by herself and working as a special education tutor. Then, in March, a bad fall landed her in the hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'The older you are, the worse the hospital is for you.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Doctors cared for her wounds and treated her pneumonia. But Prochazka, 75, didn’t sleep or eat well at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center. She became confused and agitated and ultimately contracted a serious stomach infection. After more than three weeks in the hospital and three more in a rehabilitation facility, she emerged far weaker than before, shaky and unable to think clearly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She had to stop working and wasn’t able to drive for months. And now, she’s considering a move to Maine to be closer to relatives for support.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a big, big change,” said her stepdaughter, Kitty Gilbert, soon after Prochazka returned home. “I am hopeful that she will regain a lot of what she lost, but I am not sure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many elderly patients like Prochazka deteriorate mentally or physically in the hospital, even if they recover from the original illness or injury that brought them there. About one-third of patients over 70 years old and more than half of patients over 85 leave the hospital more disabled than when they arrived, research shows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, many seniors are unable to care for themselves after discharge and need assistance with daily activities such as bathing, dressing or even walking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The older you are, the worse the hospital is for you,” said Ken Covinsky, a physician and researcher at the University of California, San Francisco division of geriatrics. “A lot of the stuff we do in medicine does more harm than good. And sometimes with the care of older people, less is more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hospital staff often fail to feed older patients properly, get them out of bed enough or control their pain adequately. Providers frequently restrict their movements by tethering them to beds with oxygen tanks and IV poles. Doctors subject them to unnecessary procedures and prescribe redundant or potentially harmful medications. And caregivers deprive them of sleep by placing them in noisy wards or checking vital signs at all hours of the night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interrupted sleep, unappetizing food and days in bed may be merely annoying for younger patients, but they can cause lasting damage to older ones. Elderly patients are far different than their younger counterparts — so much so that some hospitals are treating some of them in separate medical units.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco General is one of them. Its Acute Care for Elders (ACE) ward, which opened in 2007, has special accommodations and a team of providers to address the unique needs of older patients. They focus less on the original diagnosis and more on how to get patients back home, living as independently as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early on, the staff tests patients’ memories and assesses how well they can walk and care for themselves at home. Then they give patients practice doing things for themselves as much as possible throughout their stay. They remove catheters and IVs, and encourage patients to get out of bed and eat in a communal dining area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Bed rest is really, really bad,” said the medical director of the ACE unit, Edgar Pierluissi. “It sets off an explosive chain of events that are very detrimental to people’s health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such units are still rare — there are only about 200 around the country. And even where they exist, not every senior is admitted, in part because space is limited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prochazka went to the emergency room first, then intensive care. She was transferred to ACE about a week later. The staff weaned her off some of her medications and got her up and walking. They also limited the disorienting nighttime checks. Prochazka said she got “the first good night of sleep I have had.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for her, the move might have been too late.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She will not leave here where she started,” Pierluissi said several days before Prochazka was discharged. “She is going to be weaker and unable to do the things you really need to do to live independently.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Not a Priority\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How hospitals handle the old — and very old — is a pressing problem. Elderly patients are a growing clientele for hospitals, a trend that will only accelerate as baby boomers age. Patients over 65 already make up more than one-third of all discharges, according to the federal government, and nearly 13 million seniors are hospitalized each year. And they stay longer than younger patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many seniors are already suspended precariously between independent living and reliance on others. They are weakened by multiple chronic diseases and medications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One bad hospitalization can tip them over the edge, and they may never recover, said Melissa Mattison, chief of the hospital medicine unit at Massachusetts General Hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is like putting Humpty Dumpty back together again,” said Mattison, who wrote a 2013 report detailing the risks elderly patients face in the hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet the unique needs of older patients are not a priority for most hospitals, Covinsky said. Doctors and other hospital staff focus so intensely on treating injuries or acute illnesses — like pneumonia or an exacerbation of heart disease — that they can overlook nearly all other aspects of caring for the patients, he noted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, hospitals face few consequences if elderly patients become more impaired or less functional during their stays. The federal government penalizes hospitals when patients fall, get preventable infections or return to the hospital within 30 days of their discharge. But hospitals aren’t held accountable if patients lose their memories or their ability to walk. As a result, most don’t measure those things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you don’t measure it, you can’t fix it,” Covinsky said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Improving care for older patients requires an investment that hospital administrators are not always willing to make, experts said. Some argue, however, that the investment pays off — not just for older people but for hospitals themselves as well as for a country intent on controlling health care spending.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though research on the financial impact of problematic hospital care for the elderly has been limited, a 2010 report by the Department of Health and Human Services’ Office of Inspector General found that more than a quarter of hospitalized Medicare beneficiaries had suffered an “adverse event,” or harm as a result of medical care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those events, such as bed sores or oxygen deficiency, cost Medicare about $4.4 billion annually, according to the report. Physicians who reviewed the incidents determined that 44 percent could have been prevented.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to outright mistakes, poor or inadequate treatment in hospitals leads to needless medical spending on extended hospital visits, readmissions, in-home caregivers and nursing home care. Nursing home stays cost about $85,000 a year. And the average hospital stay for an elderly person is $12,000, according to the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you don’t feed a patient, if you don’t mobilize a patient, you have just made it far more likely they will go to a skilled nursing [facility], and that’s expensive,” said Robert Palmer, director of the geriatrics and gerontology center at Eastern Virginia Medical School and one of the brains behind the idea of ACE units.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ACE units have been shown to reduce hospital-inflicted disabilities in older patients, decrease lengths of stay and reduce the number of patients discharged to nursing homes. In one 2012 Health Affairs study, Palmer and other researchers found that hospital units for the elderly saved about $1,000 per patient visit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Different Life\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After coming home, Prochazka said she felt weak. It took weeks of walking her labradoodle, Gino, to regain strength.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her stepdaughter, Gilbert, said Prochazka has started to improve. “We knew she was getting better when she was getting ornery,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Prochazka, who is highly educated, still has some short-term memory loss, Gilbert said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prochazka knows that her life after hospitalization is different than before — she will have to depend more on others. It’s not an easy adjustment, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have been somebody who has always been both mentally and physically active,” she said. “Before I fell … I was respected for what I have and what I did and all of a sudden, I’m not.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said her time at San Francisco General was frustrating. Getting the infection just as she was starting to recover was especially hard, she said. “I felt like I had been dealt a blow I really didn’t need.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For other patients, being admitted proactively to the special geriatric unit can stave off such precipitous declines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosenda Esquivel, 80, spent 18 days at San Francisco General, much of it in the unit, this spring. She suffered no noticeable setbacks, physical or mental, during her time in the hospital, according to Annelie Nilsson, a clinical nurse specialist in the unit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Esquivel, an animated woman who used to work as a home caregiver, was admitted with intense arthritic pain and, while hospitalized, underwent a procedure to address an abnormal heartbeat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soon after her arrival, Pierluissi, the ACE unit medical director, speaking to Esquivel in her native Spanish, sought to determine how independent she was at home. He learned that a friend helped take care of her but that she took pride in cooking and cleaning for herself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The doctor noticed that Esquivel needed help to get up from a chair but that she could get around with a walker. Her memory, though, wasn’t too strong. A few minutes after hearing three words — “honesty,” “baseball” and “flower” — she could only recall one of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pierluissi came up with a plan for her time in the hospital: Get Esquivel’s pain under control. Make sure she walks three or four times a day. Arrange for her to have a caregiver at home to remind her to take her diabetes and blood pressure medications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, release her as fast as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The less time she spends here, the better,” Pierluissi said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This story was reported while its author, Anna Gorman, participated in a fellowship supported by New America Media, the Gerontological Society of America and The Commonwealth Fund.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KHN’s coverage of aging and long-term care issues is supported by a grant from The SCAN Foundation, and its coverage of late life and geriatric care is supported by The John A. Hartford Foundation.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>I had a friend who used Tinder once—for maybe a weekend. Each time he logged on, he could feel his serotonin level dropping another notch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(Okay, so it wasn't a \"friend.\")\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anyway, I'm not alone in my opinion. The media, at least, has been taking swipes-left at the dating app recently. \"Why everyone is miserable on Tinder,\" The Washington Post headlined a \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/07/26/why-everyone-is-miserable-on-tinder/\" target=\"_blank\">story\u003c/a> last month. \"Tinder and the Dawn of the 'Dating Apocalypse'\" Vanity Fair called its \u003ca href=\"http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2015/08/tinder-hook-up-culture-end-of-dating\" target=\"_blank\">article\u003c/a> last September. And last week, from the UK's \u003ca href=\"http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/tinder-man-swipes-right-on-200000-women-with-little-success-a7168056.html\" target=\"_blank\">Independent\u003c/a>: \"Man swipes right on 200,000 women on Tinder, with little success.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\"Across all of the measures, the men and women who used Tinder scored more dysfunctionally than those who did not use Tinder.'\u003ccite>Trent Petrie, University of North Texas\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>That's bad enough publicity. But now that the social scientists are getting involved, look out. The West Hollywood-based company should prepare for a lot more headlines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last Thursday, at the annual convention of the American Psychological Association, researchers \u003ca href=\"https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2016/08/tinder-self-esteem.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">presented a study\u003c/a> that found \u003ca href=\"https://www.gotinder.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Tinder\u003c/a> use is associated with higher levels of body shame, more dissatisfaction with one's looks and lower levels of self-esteem, among other negative outcomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study was conducted by giving surveys to 1,044 women and 273 men, most of them undergraduate students. About 10 percent of those subjects used Tinder at least two to three times a month and were considered \"users.\" Researchers compared this small sample to the big majority of individuals who fell below that level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Across all of the measures, the men and women who used Tinder scored more dysfunctionally than those who did not use Tinder,\" said Trent Petrie, a professor of psychology at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.unt.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">University of North Texas\u003c/a>, and a co-author of the study, which is currently under review for publication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked Petrie, along with co-author Jessica Strubel, an assistant professor at the school's \u003ca href=\"http://cmht.unt.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">College of Merchandising, Hospitality & Tourism\u003c/a>, what they thought was going on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It’s all very visual,\" said Strubel, speaking about Tinder's potentially negative effect. \"They leave very little space for anything verbal. Four to five photos, that’s the way [Tinder users] are passing judgment and evaluating each other. They're internalizing those ideals and trying to perfect the image they're portraying to attract the interest of a potential partner or hookup.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/08/14837259957_ee1516134a_k.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-219326\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/08/14837259957_ee1516134a_k.jpg\" alt=\"14837259957_ee1516134a_k\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1152\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/08/14837259957_ee1516134a_k.jpg 2048w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/08/14837259957_ee1516134a_k-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/08/14837259957_ee1516134a_k-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/08/14837259957_ee1516134a_k-768x432.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/08/14837259957_ee1516134a_k-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/08/14837259957_ee1516134a_k-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/08/14837259957_ee1516134a_k-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>(\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/66944824@N05/14837259957/in/photolist-oB7QsR-aw9RY6-nsm5Df-9491YR-Dmu1Xb-qwKGDX-hk2Wo1-4oSAVP-z7m9wv-rx1y3H-8HQQsh-5Hq2A1-fQb8im-DyDp2b-x4UADy-awcyef-ssZFKP-8EcnJV-roSmWt-pqZ6Zw-8EfxKA-64zYuP-N1t3v-oLzApu-pMXfvD-Ha13zU-5HkGm4-5TiNG7-pheFgE-5QXSye-5QXN4v-kAonoA-AW8fnc-r9urZf-6sZvBx-5R3eKh-29fw3i-ghHChr-qKCkY2-ghJ5t2-o8GgbG-pr2Fwu-8HMGBc-8EfrNb-8EcpCK-5kwM9n-e5YRvA-9b8YCF-rLiZdT-4fmD8u\" target=\"_blank\">Denis Bocquet/Flickr Creative Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We say \"potentially negative effect,\" because the survey, while establishing a correlation between Tinder use and negative psychological states, does not prove use of the app actually \u003cem>causes\u003c/em> those states -- it could be the other way around. Petrie and Strubel said they hope other researchers will pick up the ball and look closer at the association, as well as at the question of whether more Tinder use tracks with greater levels of psychological distress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to the study, Jess Carbino, Tinder's in-house sociologist, noted the big drawback of the \"incredibly small\" number of Tinder users who participated in the study, saying: \"No statistically significant finding finding can be drawn about women or men who use Tinder relative to men or women who do not use Tinder or Tinder users generally.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of that limitation and because of the limited geographical representation in the study's sample population, \"any serious social scientist would strongly question and doubt the validity\" of the results, Carbino said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May, in \u003ca href=\"http://www.lamag.com/longform/tinder-sociologist/\" target=\"_blank\">Los Angeles magazine\u003c/a>, Carbino contended that Tinder is not only about people's looks. “I think Tinder is far more complex than simply physical attractiveness,” she said. \"With photos, people are not simply looking at whether someone has a nice smile or a nice face per se. They are looking at other factors related to that individual’s attributes—like socioenomic status, whether they think they are kind, nice, or mean.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(For a positive view of Tinder not \u003cem>from\u003c/em> Tinder, check out this Wired writer's \u003ca href=\"http://www.wired.com/2015/08/an-admittedly-biased-defense-of-tinder/\" target=\"_blank\">piece\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Men: Those Swipin' Fools\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://arxiv.org/pdf/1607.01952v1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Research\u003c/a> published in July could shed light on why Tinder might erode male users' self-esteem. In that study, researchers created 14 fake Tinder profiles, half of them men and half women, all Caucasian, all ostensibly living within a 100-mile radius in London. The profiles omitted any biographical detail, and the photos displayed only faces, with neither clothing nor background images visible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the results: The male profiles received a positive response -- the treasured \"swipe right\" -- just 0.6 percent of the time. But the female female profiles received a favorable response at a whopping 10.5 percent clip, almost 18 times the rate at which men caught someone's attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It therefore seems that, rather than pre-filtering their mates via the like feature, many male users \"like\" in a relatively non-selective way and post-filter after a match has been obtained,\" the researchers wrote, referring to the \"This gaming of the system undermines its operation and likely leads to much frustration.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe, though, this is not a Tinder problem, but a Homo sapiens problem. Caitlin Dewey in \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2016/08/01/this-guy-has-swiped-right-on-200000-women-without-much-success/\" target=\"_blank\">The Washington Post,\u003c/a> for one, notes this sort of disparity in mating approach has been going on for a long time:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>(E)ven before Tinder — even before online dating — women were way more selective in choosing potential partners. In online profiles and personal ads, women tend to list more rules and requirements for the kind of guys they want to meet — roughly one and a half times as many, according to one 2005 study. Men are more likely to accept date invitations from strangers; they almost always send the opening email or message.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anthropologists are split on this, but depending on whom you ask, the gap between male and female selectivity can be attributed to some mix of inherited, deep-seated social norms and hard-wired evolution. ... But by allowing men to take this indiscriminate approach to its logical extremes, Tinder definitely may have heightened or exaggerated them. Meanwhile, ladies have to become even more selective to get through their inboxes.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Perhaps not coincidentally, last year, in conjunction with the introduction of a paid premium service, Tinder \u003ca href=\"http://money.cnn.com/2015/03/03/technology/tinder-plus/\" target=\"_blank\">instituted\u003c/a> a limit on how many times non-paying users can swipe right. This would encourage users to \u003cspan style=\"line-height: 1.5;\">\"make sure their swipes are honest,\" a Tinder spokesperson told CNN. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>I had a friend who used Tinder once—for maybe a weekend. Each time he logged on, he could feel his serotonin level dropping another notch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(Okay, so it wasn't a \"friend.\")\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anyway, I'm not alone in my opinion. The media, at least, has been taking swipes-left at the dating app recently. \"Why everyone is miserable on Tinder,\" The Washington Post headlined a \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/07/26/why-everyone-is-miserable-on-tinder/\" target=\"_blank\">story\u003c/a> last month. \"Tinder and the Dawn of the 'Dating Apocalypse'\" Vanity Fair called its \u003ca href=\"http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2015/08/tinder-hook-up-culture-end-of-dating\" target=\"_blank\">article\u003c/a> last September. And last week, from the UK's \u003ca href=\"http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/tinder-man-swipes-right-on-200000-women-with-little-success-a7168056.html\" target=\"_blank\">Independent\u003c/a>: \"Man swipes right on 200,000 women on Tinder, with little success.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\"Across all of the measures, the men and women who used Tinder scored more dysfunctionally than those who did not use Tinder.'\u003ccite>Trent Petrie, University of North Texas\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>That's bad enough publicity. But now that the social scientists are getting involved, look out. The West Hollywood-based company should prepare for a lot more headlines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last Thursday, at the annual convention of the American Psychological Association, researchers \u003ca href=\"https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2016/08/tinder-self-esteem.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">presented a study\u003c/a> that found \u003ca href=\"https://www.gotinder.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Tinder\u003c/a> use is associated with higher levels of body shame, more dissatisfaction with one's looks and lower levels of self-esteem, among other negative outcomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study was conducted by giving surveys to 1,044 women and 273 men, most of them undergraduate students. About 10 percent of those subjects used Tinder at least two to three times a month and were considered \"users.\" Researchers compared this small sample to the big majority of individuals who fell below that level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Across all of the measures, the men and women who used Tinder scored more dysfunctionally than those who did not use Tinder,\" said Trent Petrie, a professor of psychology at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.unt.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">University of North Texas\u003c/a>, and a co-author of the study, which is currently under review for publication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked Petrie, along with co-author Jessica Strubel, an assistant professor at the school's \u003ca href=\"http://cmht.unt.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">College of Merchandising, Hospitality & Tourism\u003c/a>, what they thought was going on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It’s all very visual,\" said Strubel, speaking about Tinder's potentially negative effect. \"They leave very little space for anything verbal. Four to five photos, that’s the way [Tinder users] are passing judgment and evaluating each other. They're internalizing those ideals and trying to perfect the image they're portraying to attract the interest of a potential partner or hookup.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/08/14837259957_ee1516134a_k.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-219326\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/08/14837259957_ee1516134a_k.jpg\" alt=\"14837259957_ee1516134a_k\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1152\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/08/14837259957_ee1516134a_k.jpg 2048w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/08/14837259957_ee1516134a_k-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/08/14837259957_ee1516134a_k-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/08/14837259957_ee1516134a_k-768x432.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/08/14837259957_ee1516134a_k-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/08/14837259957_ee1516134a_k-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/08/14837259957_ee1516134a_k-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>(\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/66944824@N05/14837259957/in/photolist-oB7QsR-aw9RY6-nsm5Df-9491YR-Dmu1Xb-qwKGDX-hk2Wo1-4oSAVP-z7m9wv-rx1y3H-8HQQsh-5Hq2A1-fQb8im-DyDp2b-x4UADy-awcyef-ssZFKP-8EcnJV-roSmWt-pqZ6Zw-8EfxKA-64zYuP-N1t3v-oLzApu-pMXfvD-Ha13zU-5HkGm4-5TiNG7-pheFgE-5QXSye-5QXN4v-kAonoA-AW8fnc-r9urZf-6sZvBx-5R3eKh-29fw3i-ghHChr-qKCkY2-ghJ5t2-o8GgbG-pr2Fwu-8HMGBc-8EfrNb-8EcpCK-5kwM9n-e5YRvA-9b8YCF-rLiZdT-4fmD8u\" target=\"_blank\">Denis Bocquet/Flickr Creative Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We say \"potentially negative effect,\" because the survey, while establishing a correlation between Tinder use and negative psychological states, does not prove use of the app actually \u003cem>causes\u003c/em> those states -- it could be the other way around. Petrie and Strubel said they hope other researchers will pick up the ball and look closer at the association, as well as at the question of whether more Tinder use tracks with greater levels of psychological distress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to the study, Jess Carbino, Tinder's in-house sociologist, noted the big drawback of the \"incredibly small\" number of Tinder users who participated in the study, saying: \"No statistically significant finding finding can be drawn about women or men who use Tinder relative to men or women who do not use Tinder or Tinder users generally.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of that limitation and because of the limited geographical representation in the study's sample population, \"any serious social scientist would strongly question and doubt the validity\" of the results, Carbino said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May, in \u003ca href=\"http://www.lamag.com/longform/tinder-sociologist/\" target=\"_blank\">Los Angeles magazine\u003c/a>, Carbino contended that Tinder is not only about people's looks. “I think Tinder is far more complex than simply physical attractiveness,” she said. \"With photos, people are not simply looking at whether someone has a nice smile or a nice face per se. They are looking at other factors related to that individual’s attributes—like socioenomic status, whether they think they are kind, nice, or mean.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(For a positive view of Tinder not \u003cem>from\u003c/em> Tinder, check out this Wired writer's \u003ca href=\"http://www.wired.com/2015/08/an-admittedly-biased-defense-of-tinder/\" target=\"_blank\">piece\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Men: Those Swipin' Fools\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://arxiv.org/pdf/1607.01952v1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Research\u003c/a> published in July could shed light on why Tinder might erode male users' self-esteem. In that study, researchers created 14 fake Tinder profiles, half of them men and half women, all Caucasian, all ostensibly living within a 100-mile radius in London. The profiles omitted any biographical detail, and the photos displayed only faces, with neither clothing nor background images visible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the results: The male profiles received a positive response -- the treasured \"swipe right\" -- just 0.6 percent of the time. But the female female profiles received a favorable response at a whopping 10.5 percent clip, almost 18 times the rate at which men caught someone's attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It therefore seems that, rather than pre-filtering their mates via the like feature, many male users \"like\" in a relatively non-selective way and post-filter after a match has been obtained,\" the researchers wrote, referring to the \"This gaming of the system undermines its operation and likely leads to much frustration.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe, though, this is not a Tinder problem, but a Homo sapiens problem. Caitlin Dewey in \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2016/08/01/this-guy-has-swiped-right-on-200000-women-without-much-success/\" target=\"_blank\">The Washington Post,\u003c/a> for one, notes this sort of disparity in mating approach has been going on for a long time:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>(E)ven before Tinder — even before online dating — women were way more selective in choosing potential partners. In online profiles and personal ads, women tend to list more rules and requirements for the kind of guys they want to meet — roughly one and a half times as many, according to one 2005 study. Men are more likely to accept date invitations from strangers; they almost always send the opening email or message.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anthropologists are split on this, but depending on whom you ask, the gap between male and female selectivity can be attributed to some mix of inherited, deep-seated social norms and hard-wired evolution. ... But by allowing men to take this indiscriminate approach to its logical extremes, Tinder definitely may have heightened or exaggerated them. Meanwhile, ladies have to become even more selective to get through their inboxes.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Perhaps not coincidentally, last year, in conjunction with the introduction of a paid premium service, Tinder \u003ca href=\"http://money.cnn.com/2015/03/03/technology/tinder-plus/\" target=\"_blank\">instituted\u003c/a> a limit on how many times non-paying users can swipe right. This would encourage users to \u003cspan style=\"line-height: 1.5;\">\"make sure their swipes are honest,\" a Tinder spokesperson told CNN. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Federal authorities gave final approval Friday to a plan to release genetically modified mosquitoes in Florida, but none of the insects will be immediately dispatched in the state's fight against the spread of Zika.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After considering thousands of public comments, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Center for Veterinary Medicine concluded the proposal from biotech firm Oxitec to release its mosquitoes in an island neighborhood just north of Key West would not significantly affect the environment, according a statement from the agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Environmental Protection Agency also contributed to the FDA's review. Local officials will hold a nonbinding vote on the proposal for Florida Keys residents in November.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA approval came hours before Florida's Department of Health confirmed a new Zika infection within a 1-square-mile zone encompassing Miami's Wynwood neighborhood. That brings the state's tally of non-travel-related Zika cases to 16, in addition to 351 travel-related infections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Keys, Oxitec would release nonbiting male Aedes aegypti mosquitoes modified with synthetic DNA to produce offspring that die outside a lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Florida Keys Mosquito Control District approached Oxitec after a dengue outbreak in Key West ended in 2010. The district wants new ways to eradicate Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, which it considers a significant and expensive threat in the tourism-dependent island chain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brazil and the Cayman Islands are releasing Oxitec's insects as part of other mosquito control operations. The company, a subsidiary of Maryland-based Intrexon, also has tested the mosquitoes in Panama.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In separate projects overseen by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Oxitec has tested genetically modified pink bollworms and diamondback moths to fight agricultural pests in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anti-GMO activists have criticized Oxitec for allowing the release of some modified female mosquitoes, which do bite humans. The company has said only a very small number of females are released, and no humans have reported any health problems from their bites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oxitec CEO Hadyn Perry said the FDA's approval of the field trial should lead to discussions about fast-tracking releases elsewhere during a public health crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The pathways that enable emergency use should be looked at because the crisis is here and now, and it would be an awful shame if we looked back in two or three years and say, 'Why didn't we do this?'\" Parry remarked in a conference call with reporters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oxitec promotes its technology as a chemical-free way to control mosquitoes and reduce the risks of Zika, dengue fever or chikungunya. In Miami this week, the head of the CDC credited aerial pesticide spraying with killing a significant number of mosquitoes in an arts district where Zika was apparently transmitted by insects on the U.S. mainland for the first time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zika is mainly spread by mosquitoes, as well as sex. Except for the 16 confirmed cases in the Miami area, the other 1,825 infections reported in the U.S. have been linked to travel to countries in Latin America or the Caribbean with Zika outbreaks.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Federal authorities gave final approval Friday to a plan to release genetically modified mosquitoes in Florida, but none of the insects will be immediately dispatched in the state's fight against the spread of Zika.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After considering thousands of public comments, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Center for Veterinary Medicine concluded the proposal from biotech firm Oxitec to release its mosquitoes in an island neighborhood just north of Key West would not significantly affect the environment, according a statement from the agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Environmental Protection Agency also contributed to the FDA's review. Local officials will hold a nonbinding vote on the proposal for Florida Keys residents in November.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA approval came hours before Florida's Department of Health confirmed a new Zika infection within a 1-square-mile zone encompassing Miami's Wynwood neighborhood. That brings the state's tally of non-travel-related Zika cases to 16, in addition to 351 travel-related infections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Keys, Oxitec would release nonbiting male Aedes aegypti mosquitoes modified with synthetic DNA to produce offspring that die outside a lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Florida Keys Mosquito Control District approached Oxitec after a dengue outbreak in Key West ended in 2010. The district wants new ways to eradicate Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, which it considers a significant and expensive threat in the tourism-dependent island chain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brazil and the Cayman Islands are releasing Oxitec's insects as part of other mosquito control operations. The company, a subsidiary of Maryland-based Intrexon, also has tested the mosquitoes in Panama.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In separate projects overseen by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Oxitec has tested genetically modified pink bollworms and diamondback moths to fight agricultural pests in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anti-GMO activists have criticized Oxitec for allowing the release of some modified female mosquitoes, which do bite humans. The company has said only a very small number of females are released, and no humans have reported any health problems from their bites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oxitec CEO Hadyn Perry said the FDA's approval of the field trial should lead to discussions about fast-tracking releases elsewhere during a public health crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The pathways that enable emergency use should be looked at because the crisis is here and now, and it would be an awful shame if we looked back in two or three years and say, 'Why didn't we do this?'\" Parry remarked in a conference call with reporters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oxitec promotes its technology as a chemical-free way to control mosquitoes and reduce the risks of Zika, dengue fever or chikungunya. In Miami this week, the head of the CDC credited aerial pesticide spraying with killing a significant number of mosquitoes in an arts district where Zika was apparently transmitted by insects on the U.S. mainland for the first time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zika is mainly spread by mosquitoes, as well as sex. Except for the 16 confirmed cases in the Miami area, the other 1,825 infections reported in the U.S. have been linked to travel to countries in Latin America or the Caribbean with Zika outbreaks.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Wearable Tech Gives Olympic Athletes a Boost",
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"content": "\u003cp>Every year at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.augmentedworldexpo.com/\">Augmented World Expo in Santa Clara\u003c/a>, makers of wearable gadgetry gather to debut prototypes and debate the future of bionic living.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'We are very, very, very fast approaching the superhero stage.' \u003ccite>Mounir Zok, U.S. Olympic Committee\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>This year, Mounir Zok, the director of technology and innovation for the U.S. Olympic Committee, predicted that wearable sensors will soon be just as important to elite players as their designer athletic shoes. In fact, that day might be Friday, when the 2016 games open in Rio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the technologies used for Olympic training this year: Sensors worn by divers and gymnasts that track performance metrics in real time. Glasses for cyclists that deliver cadence, speed and heart rate data directly into their field of view. And for the Paralympic Games, Zok said, the Olympic Committee worked with automaker BMW to develop a new wheelchair that tracks stats like miles traveled and the frequency of arm strokes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Age of the Superhero\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are very, very, very fast approaching the superhero stage. Tony Stark is not anymore a science fiction character,” Zok said, referring to the Marvel Comics Iron Man hero who wears an armored suit that gives him cybernetic superpowers. “Tony Stark will be on the field of play.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Technology has long been integrated into sports training, in everything from nutrition to physiology. But as recently as the year 2000, Zok pointed out, most high-tech performance analysis took place in an environment unnatural to the athlete: the lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having an Olympian jog on a treadmill just isn’t the same as having her sprint on a track or whoosh down a mountain. And, Zok added, it took days to compile the old data into spreadsheets, which didn't help athletes make immediate corrections during training or game play.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_183278\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 442px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-183278\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/usoc-442x600.jpg\" alt=\"Paralympic judo athlete, training for the 2016 Olympics in Rio. \" width=\"442\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/usoc-442x600.jpg 442w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/usoc-400x543.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/usoc-768x1042.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/usoc-869x1180.jpg 869w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/usoc-1180x1601.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/usoc-960x1303.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/usoc.jpg 1509w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 442px) 100vw, 442px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Paralympic judo athlete, training for the 2016 Olympics in Rio. \u003ccite>(Jeff Cable Photography)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This year, many Olympians are training using sensors that instantly port performance metrics to a coach’s tablet device. This gives the coach a kind of dashboard, displaying each team member’s stats as well as their historical performance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zok believes that being able to match their metrics to their visceral experience will help athletes learn faster. If an athlete knows, for example, the ideal angle at which her body should enter the water or the perfect rotational speed for her spin, she can check her stats after each dive, or dismount, and match the data against how the move felt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In gymnastics, said Zok, “we have almost come up with a digital code of what makes the gold medal,” a set of figures that describes a perfect 10 performance. “Imagine having that milestone for each and every Olympic athlete, specifically when they are very young, so that they have that fixed North Star.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wearable Tech is Changing the NFL\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Olympians aren’t the only elite athletes trying out wearable sensors. Dan Waters of San Jose-based Zebra Technologies spoke about the tracking devices NFL players wore during the 2015 season, which relayed to their coaches real-time information about their location, speed and distance traveled. Zebra’s RFID chips, worn under players’ shoulder pads, pulsed information 25 times per second to receivers mounted inside each stadium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_183837\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-183837\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/SHOULDER_PADS_BLACK-800x547.jpg\" alt=\"NFL shoulder pad sensors\" width=\"800\" height=\"547\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/SHOULDER_PADS_BLACK-800x547.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/SHOULDER_PADS_BLACK-400x273.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/SHOULDER_PADS_BLACK-768x525.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/SHOULDER_PADS_BLACK-1180x806.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/SHOULDER_PADS_BLACK-960x656.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/SHOULDER_PADS_BLACK.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NFL shoulder pad \u003ccite>(Zebra Technologies)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We’re translating the physical player into digital information that could be acted upon in real time by coaches,” said Waters. This, he said, could help coaches prevent injuries. Suppose, said Waters, “you have a wide receiver who has already run 6 miles in a game. Well, it might be good to rest that player, for example, before they pull a hamstring.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Waters’ company has also worked with Big 10, Pac 12 and Southeastern Conference schools. At the moment, NFL teams have elected to receive only their own players’ data, but Waters points out that these measurements, if shared, could ultimately effect recruiting, “allowing for the more thorough and efficient identification of player alignment and tendencies; both of which will contribute greatly to scouting and coaching efforts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 1.5\">Zok credits the proliferation of smartphones with driving down the cost of parts—accelerometers, magnetometers, GPS devices—and enabling today’s boom in wearable sports technology. And improvements in transmission range has allowed sports scientists to finally ditch the cables that once attached computer to electrode.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Next Gen Smart Gear\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next wave of wearables will be smaller still, as the industry moves away from hard plastic sensors like heart rate monitors that strap to the chest or smart bands that encircle the wrist. Sports gear will likely make use of ever more lightweight “smart tattoos,” or flexible electronics that stick on like bandages, and “smart clothing” that has conductive or sensing fibers woven directly into the fabric. With these, Zok said, “We can finally exploit all the real estate that we have on our bodies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recreational and student athletes are in line for this new generation of smart gear, too. At the expo, Joyce Chow, the creative director of design and brand development for Toronto-based Myant, was demonstrating the company’s fitness wear prototypes. “We believe that textiles are the best and the most natural solution to be next to skin,” she said, and can be used for preventing and rehabbing injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She held aloft a windbreaker for urban runners and cyclists; it has an electroluminescent strip, as thin and rubbery as a vinyl window decal, embedded along the spine. In the current design, the strip simply lights up to make the user visible to traffic, but in future versions, she said, wearers will be able to program its flashing pattern to signal their turning direction or heart rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_183898\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-183898\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/Myant3-600x600.jpg\" alt=\"Myant wearable tech jacket\" width=\"600\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/Myant3-600x600.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/Myant3-400x400.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/Myant3-768x768.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/Myant3-1180x1180.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/Myant3-1920x1920.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/Myant3-960x960.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/Myant3-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/Myant3-50x50.jpg 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/Myant3-64x64.jpg 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/Myant3-96x96.jpg 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/Myant3-128x128.jpg 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/Myant3-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Myant wearable tech jacket \u003ccite>(Myant)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Myant is also working on distributing sensors throughout a garment, like a compression knee sock embedded with electroactive polymer sensors; these measure deformation and can be used to monitor swelling for people with conditions like diabetes. Chow also showed off a gray tank top woven with conductive yarn that can measure breathing volume and electrocardiography; next to it was a bike shirt that shimmered metalically thanks to heat patches knitted into strategic spots to provide a gentle warmth to the wearer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And CEO John Ralson of Seattle’s X2 Biosystems spoke about using wearable sensors to prevent head injuries for young athletes. His company is developing two kinds of sensors: One worn as a mouth guard fitted to the upper teeth and one that sticks to the bony area behind the ear. These monitor the buildup and distribution of impact forces that rattle the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of the company’s research has been conducted in collaboration with UC Santa Barbara and Stanford University, measuring head trauma in college sports like soccer and mixed martial arts. Ralston said the company hopes to use its accumulated data to create a “neuro-trauma dosimeter,” or a device “that tells you when it’s time to get off the field,” the same way a radiation tracker would tell you when you’ve had too much exposure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it may seem sci-fi indeed to imagine athletes instantly transmitting their data through the ether, Zok said wearables are just the next evolutionary step for an industry that has always sought to give players a competitive edge through better gear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you have a good running shoe, you are at an advantage,” Zok said. “If you have got ski goggles that don’t go foggy on you, you are at an advantage.” And if you’re Iron Man, maybe you have a big enough advantage to take home the gold.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Every year at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.augmentedworldexpo.com/\">Augmented World Expo in Santa Clara\u003c/a>, makers of wearable gadgetry gather to debut prototypes and debate the future of bionic living.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'We are very, very, very fast approaching the superhero stage.' \u003ccite>Mounir Zok, U.S. Olympic Committee\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>This year, Mounir Zok, the director of technology and innovation for the U.S. Olympic Committee, predicted that wearable sensors will soon be just as important to elite players as their designer athletic shoes. In fact, that day might be Friday, when the 2016 games open in Rio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the technologies used for Olympic training this year: Sensors worn by divers and gymnasts that track performance metrics in real time. Glasses for cyclists that deliver cadence, speed and heart rate data directly into their field of view. And for the Paralympic Games, Zok said, the Olympic Committee worked with automaker BMW to develop a new wheelchair that tracks stats like miles traveled and the frequency of arm strokes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Age of the Superhero\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are very, very, very fast approaching the superhero stage. Tony Stark is not anymore a science fiction character,” Zok said, referring to the Marvel Comics Iron Man hero who wears an armored suit that gives him cybernetic superpowers. “Tony Stark will be on the field of play.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Technology has long been integrated into sports training, in everything from nutrition to physiology. But as recently as the year 2000, Zok pointed out, most high-tech performance analysis took place in an environment unnatural to the athlete: the lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having an Olympian jog on a treadmill just isn’t the same as having her sprint on a track or whoosh down a mountain. And, Zok added, it took days to compile the old data into spreadsheets, which didn't help athletes make immediate corrections during training or game play.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_183278\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 442px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-183278\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/usoc-442x600.jpg\" alt=\"Paralympic judo athlete, training for the 2016 Olympics in Rio. \" width=\"442\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/usoc-442x600.jpg 442w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/usoc-400x543.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/usoc-768x1042.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/usoc-869x1180.jpg 869w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/usoc-1180x1601.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/usoc-960x1303.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/usoc.jpg 1509w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 442px) 100vw, 442px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Paralympic judo athlete, training for the 2016 Olympics in Rio. \u003ccite>(Jeff Cable Photography)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This year, many Olympians are training using sensors that instantly port performance metrics to a coach’s tablet device. This gives the coach a kind of dashboard, displaying each team member’s stats as well as their historical performance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zok believes that being able to match their metrics to their visceral experience will help athletes learn faster. If an athlete knows, for example, the ideal angle at which her body should enter the water or the perfect rotational speed for her spin, she can check her stats after each dive, or dismount, and match the data against how the move felt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In gymnastics, said Zok, “we have almost come up with a digital code of what makes the gold medal,” a set of figures that describes a perfect 10 performance. “Imagine having that milestone for each and every Olympic athlete, specifically when they are very young, so that they have that fixed North Star.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wearable Tech is Changing the NFL\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Olympians aren’t the only elite athletes trying out wearable sensors. Dan Waters of San Jose-based Zebra Technologies spoke about the tracking devices NFL players wore during the 2015 season, which relayed to their coaches real-time information about their location, speed and distance traveled. Zebra’s RFID chips, worn under players’ shoulder pads, pulsed information 25 times per second to receivers mounted inside each stadium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_183837\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-183837\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/SHOULDER_PADS_BLACK-800x547.jpg\" alt=\"NFL shoulder pad sensors\" width=\"800\" height=\"547\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/SHOULDER_PADS_BLACK-800x547.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/SHOULDER_PADS_BLACK-400x273.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/SHOULDER_PADS_BLACK-768x525.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/SHOULDER_PADS_BLACK-1180x806.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/SHOULDER_PADS_BLACK-960x656.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/SHOULDER_PADS_BLACK.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NFL shoulder pad \u003ccite>(Zebra Technologies)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We’re translating the physical player into digital information that could be acted upon in real time by coaches,” said Waters. This, he said, could help coaches prevent injuries. Suppose, said Waters, “you have a wide receiver who has already run 6 miles in a game. Well, it might be good to rest that player, for example, before they pull a hamstring.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Waters’ company has also worked with Big 10, Pac 12 and Southeastern Conference schools. At the moment, NFL teams have elected to receive only their own players’ data, but Waters points out that these measurements, if shared, could ultimately effect recruiting, “allowing for the more thorough and efficient identification of player alignment and tendencies; both of which will contribute greatly to scouting and coaching efforts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 1.5\">Zok credits the proliferation of smartphones with driving down the cost of parts—accelerometers, magnetometers, GPS devices—and enabling today’s boom in wearable sports technology. And improvements in transmission range has allowed sports scientists to finally ditch the cables that once attached computer to electrode.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Next Gen Smart Gear\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next wave of wearables will be smaller still, as the industry moves away from hard plastic sensors like heart rate monitors that strap to the chest or smart bands that encircle the wrist. Sports gear will likely make use of ever more lightweight “smart tattoos,” or flexible electronics that stick on like bandages, and “smart clothing” that has conductive or sensing fibers woven directly into the fabric. With these, Zok said, “We can finally exploit all the real estate that we have on our bodies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recreational and student athletes are in line for this new generation of smart gear, too. At the expo, Joyce Chow, the creative director of design and brand development for Toronto-based Myant, was demonstrating the company’s fitness wear prototypes. “We believe that textiles are the best and the most natural solution to be next to skin,” she said, and can be used for preventing and rehabbing injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She held aloft a windbreaker for urban runners and cyclists; it has an electroluminescent strip, as thin and rubbery as a vinyl window decal, embedded along the spine. In the current design, the strip simply lights up to make the user visible to traffic, but in future versions, she said, wearers will be able to program its flashing pattern to signal their turning direction or heart rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_183898\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-183898\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/Myant3-600x600.jpg\" alt=\"Myant wearable tech jacket\" width=\"600\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/Myant3-600x600.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/Myant3-400x400.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/Myant3-768x768.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/Myant3-1180x1180.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/Myant3-1920x1920.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/Myant3-960x960.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/Myant3-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/Myant3-50x50.jpg 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/Myant3-64x64.jpg 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/Myant3-96x96.jpg 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/Myant3-128x128.jpg 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/06/Myant3-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Myant wearable tech jacket \u003ccite>(Myant)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Myant is also working on distributing sensors throughout a garment, like a compression knee sock embedded with electroactive polymer sensors; these measure deformation and can be used to monitor swelling for people with conditions like diabetes. Chow also showed off a gray tank top woven with conductive yarn that can measure breathing volume and electrocardiography; next to it was a bike shirt that shimmered metalically thanks to heat patches knitted into strategic spots to provide a gentle warmth to the wearer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And CEO John Ralson of Seattle’s X2 Biosystems spoke about using wearable sensors to prevent head injuries for young athletes. His company is developing two kinds of sensors: One worn as a mouth guard fitted to the upper teeth and one that sticks to the bony area behind the ear. These monitor the buildup and distribution of impact forces that rattle the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of the company’s research has been conducted in collaboration with UC Santa Barbara and Stanford University, measuring head trauma in college sports like soccer and mixed martial arts. Ralston said the company hopes to use its accumulated data to create a “neuro-trauma dosimeter,” or a device “that tells you when it’s time to get off the field,” the same way a radiation tracker would tell you when you’ve had too much exposure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it may seem sci-fi indeed to imagine athletes instantly transmitting their data through the ether, Zok said wearables are just the next evolutionary step for an industry that has always sought to give players a competitive edge through better gear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you have a good running shoe, you are at an advantage,” Zok said. “If you have got ski goggles that don’t go foggy on you, you are at an advantage.” And if you’re Iron Man, maybe you have a big enough advantage to take home the gold.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "When Female Tech CEOs Stumble",
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"content": "\u003cp>Two of the highest profile women in tech have had a tough year. Marissa Mayer, the CEO of Yahoo, saw her company \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/07/24/486451834/verizon-reportedly-prepares-to-buy-yahoo-for-4-8-billion\">sold to Verizon\u003c/a>. Elizabeth Holmes, the founder of the experimental blood testing company Theranos, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/07/09/485355994/theranos-founder-elizabeth-holmes-barred-from-operating-labs-for-two-years\">was banned\u003c/a> from her own labs by regulators for two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">When a Marissa Mayer or Elizabeth Holmes fails, does it feed stereotypes?\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Though male founders and CEOs fail all the time, it may have different implications when women mess up, says Marianne Cooper, a sociologist at the Clayman Institute for Gender Research at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are so many other male leaders that ... failure doesn't really create expectations about other men's leadership capacities or capabilities,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When former Enron CEO Kenneth Lay was indicted for securities fraud or Angelo Mozilo, the former chairman of Countrywide Financial, was associated with bringing on the housing crisis nobody suggested it was because they were men.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because there are so few female CEOs, especially in tech, Cooper says when a Marissa Mayer or Elizabeth Holmes fails it can feed stereotypes. \"It not only can damage her career just individually for herself,\" says Cooper, \"but it can actually serve to reconfirm broader cultural beliefs that are out there that women aren't quite the right fit for senior leadership or certain kinds of senior leadership positions.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cooper says there are studies that show that when women and men go to funders with the same idea, women are \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/111/12/4427\">less likely to get backing\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And with the timing of failures by Mayer and Holmes so close, some people do lump them together despite their very different career trajectories. If you read the comments below articles online, both women are the targets of stinging sexism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A recent post on NPR's site said of Mayer's failure — \"simply evidence that \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2016/08/01/488246171/ceo-marissa-mayer-treated-yahoo-like-a-think-tank-not-a-sinking-ship\">women cannot lead\u003c/a>.\" A post on news comment site Reddit — called both women part of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.reddit.com/r/TheRedPill/comments/4rtndp/us_regulator_bans_theranos_ceo_elizabeth_holmes/?st=irfd7ycx&sh=be5928a6\">\"the feminist industrial complex\"\u003c/a> that promotes unqualified women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite other successful CEOs in tech, as young, attractive, rising stars Mayer and Holmes became media darlings. Holmes was fashioned as a great female visionary of the tech world. Last year, \u003cem>Time\u003c/em> magazine put her on the list of its \u003ca href=\"http://time.com/3822734/elizabeth-holmes-2015-time-100/\">100 most influential people\u003c/a>. Holmes' penchant for wearing black turtlenecks evoked comparisons to Steve Jobs, who also wore them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mayer became a symbol of a woman CEO who could juggle her job and \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2015/09/02/436966682/yahoo-ceo-to-take-limited-leave-after-giving-birth-to-twins\">giving birth to twins\u003c/a>. She appeared on television shows talking about the experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many female executives in the tech world still prefer to see Mayer as a role model.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think certainly Marissa going in as a CEO who was having a child has shown that you can do both of those things at once. And just having a woman be in that role is normalizing for the rest of us,\" says Natala Menezes, who has been an executive at Amazon, Microsoft and Google and is currently a general manager at the marketing and analytics firm Localytics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Minnie Ingersoll, the chief operating officer and co-founder of Shift, a startup that helps people sell used cars online, likes to see women shoot for the stars. \"One message for young women is that it's OK to take a big risk and to fail,\" she says. \"I think there's something actually for me personally that I find almost inspiring in someone who is willing to take that risk.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she doesn't think Mayer and Holmes have much in common. \"Marissa and Elizabeth are both blond women. But other than that, I see what is going on in their careers very differently,\" Ingersoll says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though being young and blond may have something to do with the media's fascination with these women, there are others succeeding as leaders in tech. Ursula Burns runs Xerox. Meg Whitman now runs HP enterprise — and as the former CEO of eBay she helped turn the company into a giant of online commerce. Ginni Rometty is CEO of IBM.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Menezes and Ingersoll hope that their successes will make it easier for women to succeed and dream so big that they can afford to fail as often as men do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Is+There+A+Double+Standard+When+Female+CEOs+In+Tech+Stumble%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Two of the highest profile women in tech have had a tough year. Marissa Mayer, the CEO of Yahoo, saw her company \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/07/24/486451834/verizon-reportedly-prepares-to-buy-yahoo-for-4-8-billion\">sold to Verizon\u003c/a>. Elizabeth Holmes, the founder of the experimental blood testing company Theranos, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/07/09/485355994/theranos-founder-elizabeth-holmes-barred-from-operating-labs-for-two-years\">was banned\u003c/a> from her own labs by regulators for two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">When a Marissa Mayer or Elizabeth Holmes fails, does it feed stereotypes?\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Though male founders and CEOs fail all the time, it may have different implications when women mess up, says Marianne Cooper, a sociologist at the Clayman Institute for Gender Research at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are so many other male leaders that ... failure doesn't really create expectations about other men's leadership capacities or capabilities,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When former Enron CEO Kenneth Lay was indicted for securities fraud or Angelo Mozilo, the former chairman of Countrywide Financial, was associated with bringing on the housing crisis nobody suggested it was because they were men.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because there are so few female CEOs, especially in tech, Cooper says when a Marissa Mayer or Elizabeth Holmes fails it can feed stereotypes. \"It not only can damage her career just individually for herself,\" says Cooper, \"but it can actually serve to reconfirm broader cultural beliefs that are out there that women aren't quite the right fit for senior leadership or certain kinds of senior leadership positions.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cooper says there are studies that show that when women and men go to funders with the same idea, women are \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/111/12/4427\">less likely to get backing\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And with the timing of failures by Mayer and Holmes so close, some people do lump them together despite their very different career trajectories. If you read the comments below articles online, both women are the targets of stinging sexism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A recent post on NPR's site said of Mayer's failure — \"simply evidence that \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2016/08/01/488246171/ceo-marissa-mayer-treated-yahoo-like-a-think-tank-not-a-sinking-ship\">women cannot lead\u003c/a>.\" A post on news comment site Reddit — called both women part of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.reddit.com/r/TheRedPill/comments/4rtndp/us_regulator_bans_theranos_ceo_elizabeth_holmes/?st=irfd7ycx&sh=be5928a6\">\"the feminist industrial complex\"\u003c/a> that promotes unqualified women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite other successful CEOs in tech, as young, attractive, rising stars Mayer and Holmes became media darlings. Holmes was fashioned as a great female visionary of the tech world. Last year, \u003cem>Time\u003c/em> magazine put her on the list of its \u003ca href=\"http://time.com/3822734/elizabeth-holmes-2015-time-100/\">100 most influential people\u003c/a>. Holmes' penchant for wearing black turtlenecks evoked comparisons to Steve Jobs, who also wore them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mayer became a symbol of a woman CEO who could juggle her job and \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2015/09/02/436966682/yahoo-ceo-to-take-limited-leave-after-giving-birth-to-twins\">giving birth to twins\u003c/a>. She appeared on television shows talking about the experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many female executives in the tech world still prefer to see Mayer as a role model.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think certainly Marissa going in as a CEO who was having a child has shown that you can do both of those things at once. And just having a woman be in that role is normalizing for the rest of us,\" says Natala Menezes, who has been an executive at Amazon, Microsoft and Google and is currently a general manager at the marketing and analytics firm Localytics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Minnie Ingersoll, the chief operating officer and co-founder of Shift, a startup that helps people sell used cars online, likes to see women shoot for the stars. \"One message for young women is that it's OK to take a big risk and to fail,\" she says. \"I think there's something actually for me personally that I find almost inspiring in someone who is willing to take that risk.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she doesn't think Mayer and Holmes have much in common. \"Marissa and Elizabeth are both blond women. But other than that, I see what is going on in their careers very differently,\" Ingersoll says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though being young and blond may have something to do with the media's fascination with these women, there are others succeeding as leaders in tech. Ursula Burns runs Xerox. Meg Whitman now runs HP enterprise — and as the former CEO of eBay she helped turn the company into a giant of online commerce. Ginni Rometty is CEO of IBM.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Menezes and Ingersoll hope that their successes will make it easier for women to succeed and dream so big that they can afford to fail as often as men do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Is+There+A+Double+Standard+When+Female+CEOs+In+Tech+Stumble%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[ted id=2528]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About two minutes into Keolu Fox's TED talk about democratizing genetic research, he reveals a startling \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v475/n7355/abs/475163a.html\" target=\"_blank\">statistic\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ninety-six percent of genome studies that have associated a common genetic variation with a specific disease focused exclusively on individuals of European ancestry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So that begs the question: Who is the Human Genome Project actually for?\" said Fox, a a fifth-year Ph.D. student in genome sciences at the University of Washington. \"Just like we have different-colored eyes and hair, we metabolize drugs differently based on the variation in our genomes. So how many of you would be shocked to learn that 95 percent of clinical trials have also exclusively featured individuals of European ancestry?”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'How many of you would be shocked to learn that 95 percent of clinical trials have also exclusively featured individuals of European ancestry?'\u003ccite>Keolu Fox, University of Washington\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The focus on white patients in research pushed Congress to pass \u003ca href=\"https://grants.nih.gov/grants/funding/women_min/guidelines_amended_10_2001.htm\">legislation\u003c/a> in 1993 requiring that publicly funded medical studies include more minorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, a recent\u003ca href=\"http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1164/rccm.201410-1944PP#.V0TCyuSLWYi\" target=\"_blank\"> review\u003c/a> of lung disease studies found only five percent of publicly funded research included patients of color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Problem Recruiting\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One reason it has been difficult for scientists to recruit ethnically diverse study participants is that researchers have misused data in the past. Fox cites a notorious example from 1989, when Arizona State University researchers \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/22/us/22dna.html?pagewanted=all\" target=\"_blank\">used blood samples\u003c/a> from the Havasupai tribe to study schizophrenia and inbreeding \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.ncai.org/case-study/havasupai-Tribe.cfm\" target=\"_blank\">without patient permission\u003c/a>. The controversy snowballed until the Navajo Nation, representing one of the largest tribes in the United States, put a \u003ca href=\"http://grantome.com/grant/NIH/F32-HG005931-02\" target=\"_blank\">moratorium\u003c/a> on genetic research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.tuskegee.edu/about_us/centers_of_excellence/bioethics_center/about_the_usphs_syphilis_study.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">decades-long federal study\u003c/a> of the affects of untreated syphilis in African-American men is another well-known example of the abuse of a patient population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers with the U.S. Public Health Service told 600 male participants they were being treated for “bad blood,” but the true purpose of the study was to observe the progression of untreated syphilis. Those who had the disease were not told they were infected, and they were not offered penicillin when that became the standard of care. The study went on for 40 years, and only after media reports exposed the experiment did major federal reforms in patient consent occur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There may also be problems on the researcher side of things. Last November, Nature published a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/racial-bias-continues-to-haunt-nih-grants-1.18807\" target=\"_blank\">report\u003c/a> stating that from 1985 to 2013, \"under-represented minorities were awarded NIH grants at 78–90% the rate of white and mixed-race applicants every year.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two scientists who obtained this data said the disparity in funding could impact the quality of research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>...Burchard and Oh worry that a racial divide could develop between researchers and the people they study. Burchard notes, for example, that a lack of diversity among trial participants may have caused problems for two drug companies that produced an anticlotting drug that had reduced efficacy in East Asians and Pacific Islanders. The attorney-general of Hawaii filed a lawsuit against the companies last year for failing to disclose the issue. “It’s a public-health problem,” he says.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Broader Genetic Data Could Help Vulnerable Communities\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We recently reported a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/06/06/could-more-diverse-studies-reduce-health-disparities/\" target=\"_blank\">story \u003c/a>on asthma that illustrates what happens when studies don't include key populations. A research team at UCSF is compiling genetic information on the three communities that suffer most severely from asthma -- African- Americans, Mexicans and Puerto Ricans. There's very little asthma-related genetic information on these populations, which means current treatment options aren't tailored to the most vulnerable communities. The hope is that broader genetic data will eventually lead to ethnic-specific treatment options that would reduce health disparities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The longest studies do not really include very many minority populations,” said UCSF geneticist Marquitta White, \"which means that most patients aren’t getting the best care, because we don’t really know what the disease etiology is in their particular population.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But collecting the data is expensive and requires a lot of laboratory time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Democratic Solution\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fox, from the TED talk, has started a new project called IndiGenomics. The goal is to collect DNA information on indigenous people by educating and inviting them to partner with scientists on studies, rather than be subjects of gene research. In other words, Fox's answer to the challenge of upping participation is citizen science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Onstage at TED, Fox pulled a rectangular box, called a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nanoporetech.com/products-services/minion-mki\" target=\"_blank\">MinION\u003c/a>, out of his pocket. He said the device, a mini gene-sequencer, is one-10,000th the size of a traditional laboratory genome sequencer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It's not tethered to a lab bench with extraneous cords, large vats of chemicals or computer monitors. It allows us to de-black-box genome sequencing technology development in way that's immersive and collaborative, activating and empowering indigenous communities ... as citizen scientists.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fox believes the small devices will be less intimidating than traveling to a laboratory. Plus the technology is accessible and easy to use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and his team plan to educate indigenous communities on how to use the palm-sized devices to collect personal data. Fox hopes this will prevent indigenous people from being left out of the genetic revolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Jon Brooks contributed to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>[ted id=2528]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About two minutes into Keolu Fox's TED talk about democratizing genetic research, he reveals a startling \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v475/n7355/abs/475163a.html\" target=\"_blank\">statistic\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ninety-six percent of genome studies that have associated a common genetic variation with a specific disease focused exclusively on individuals of European ancestry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So that begs the question: Who is the Human Genome Project actually for?\" said Fox, a a fifth-year Ph.D. student in genome sciences at the University of Washington. \"Just like we have different-colored eyes and hair, we metabolize drugs differently based on the variation in our genomes. So how many of you would be shocked to learn that 95 percent of clinical trials have also exclusively featured individuals of European ancestry?”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'How many of you would be shocked to learn that 95 percent of clinical trials have also exclusively featured individuals of European ancestry?'\u003ccite>Keolu Fox, University of Washington\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The focus on white patients in research pushed Congress to pass \u003ca href=\"https://grants.nih.gov/grants/funding/women_min/guidelines_amended_10_2001.htm\">legislation\u003c/a> in 1993 requiring that publicly funded medical studies include more minorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, a recent\u003ca href=\"http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1164/rccm.201410-1944PP#.V0TCyuSLWYi\" target=\"_blank\"> review\u003c/a> of lung disease studies found only five percent of publicly funded research included patients of color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Problem Recruiting\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One reason it has been difficult for scientists to recruit ethnically diverse study participants is that researchers have misused data in the past. Fox cites a notorious example from 1989, when Arizona State University researchers \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/22/us/22dna.html?pagewanted=all\" target=\"_blank\">used blood samples\u003c/a> from the Havasupai tribe to study schizophrenia and inbreeding \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.ncai.org/case-study/havasupai-Tribe.cfm\" target=\"_blank\">without patient permission\u003c/a>. The controversy snowballed until the Navajo Nation, representing one of the largest tribes in the United States, put a \u003ca href=\"http://grantome.com/grant/NIH/F32-HG005931-02\" target=\"_blank\">moratorium\u003c/a> on genetic research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.tuskegee.edu/about_us/centers_of_excellence/bioethics_center/about_the_usphs_syphilis_study.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">decades-long federal study\u003c/a> of the affects of untreated syphilis in African-American men is another well-known example of the abuse of a patient population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers with the U.S. Public Health Service told 600 male participants they were being treated for “bad blood,” but the true purpose of the study was to observe the progression of untreated syphilis. Those who had the disease were not told they were infected, and they were not offered penicillin when that became the standard of care. The study went on for 40 years, and only after media reports exposed the experiment did major federal reforms in patient consent occur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There may also be problems on the researcher side of things. Last November, Nature published a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/racial-bias-continues-to-haunt-nih-grants-1.18807\" target=\"_blank\">report\u003c/a> stating that from 1985 to 2013, \"under-represented minorities were awarded NIH grants at 78–90% the rate of white and mixed-race applicants every year.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two scientists who obtained this data said the disparity in funding could impact the quality of research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>...Burchard and Oh worry that a racial divide could develop between researchers and the people they study. Burchard notes, for example, that a lack of diversity among trial participants may have caused problems for two drug companies that produced an anticlotting drug that had reduced efficacy in East Asians and Pacific Islanders. The attorney-general of Hawaii filed a lawsuit against the companies last year for failing to disclose the issue. “It’s a public-health problem,” he says.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Broader Genetic Data Could Help Vulnerable Communities\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We recently reported a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/06/06/could-more-diverse-studies-reduce-health-disparities/\" target=\"_blank\">story \u003c/a>on asthma that illustrates what happens when studies don't include key populations. A research team at UCSF is compiling genetic information on the three communities that suffer most severely from asthma -- African- Americans, Mexicans and Puerto Ricans. There's very little asthma-related genetic information on these populations, which means current treatment options aren't tailored to the most vulnerable communities. The hope is that broader genetic data will eventually lead to ethnic-specific treatment options that would reduce health disparities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The longest studies do not really include very many minority populations,” said UCSF geneticist Marquitta White, \"which means that most patients aren’t getting the best care, because we don’t really know what the disease etiology is in their particular population.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But collecting the data is expensive and requires a lot of laboratory time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Democratic Solution\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fox, from the TED talk, has started a new project called IndiGenomics. The goal is to collect DNA information on indigenous people by educating and inviting them to partner with scientists on studies, rather than be subjects of gene research. In other words, Fox's answer to the challenge of upping participation is citizen science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Onstage at TED, Fox pulled a rectangular box, called a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nanoporetech.com/products-services/minion-mki\" target=\"_blank\">MinION\u003c/a>, out of his pocket. He said the device, a mini gene-sequencer, is one-10,000th the size of a traditional laboratory genome sequencer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It's not tethered to a lab bench with extraneous cords, large vats of chemicals or computer monitors. It allows us to de-black-box genome sequencing technology development in way that's immersive and collaborative, activating and empowering indigenous communities ... as citizen scientists.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fox believes the small devices will be less intimidating than traveling to a laboratory. 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"content": "\u003cp>There are apps that can help people with diabetes keep track of their blood sugar and apps that can attach to a blood pressure cuff and store blood pressure information. I use an app called ZocDoc to schedule and manage doctor's appointments. Every time I see a therapist or a primary care doctor or dentist, the data get stored in my personal account.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But we leave behind other trails of health data, too, from apps and activities that are sometimes only tangentially health related. When I walk down the street, an app on my phone logs steps as it bounces against my thigh. When I swipe a loyalty card at the pharmacy, the over-the-counter medications that I buy become bits of data attached to my name. Medical information can be gleaned from all this and more, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.law.smu.edu/professor-profiles/cortez\">Nathan Cortez\u003c/a>, a professor of law at the Southern Methodist University Dedman School of Law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those data aren't always protected. A recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthit.gov/sites/default/files/non-covered_entities_report_june_17_2016.pdf\">report\u003c/a> from the Department of Health and Human Services showed that the vast majority of mobile health apps on the marketplace aren't covered by the Health Information Portability and Accountability Act. \"HIPAA is pretty narrow as far as these things go. It applies only to traditional entities [like hospitals, doctors and health insurance providers], and it's not surprising. HIPAA was written by Congress in 1996 before we had health apps,\" Cortez says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apps or devices used in conjunction with a doctor's office or a hospital can't share or sell your information. But there's no definitive federal law governing what happens to the data that an app developer, tech company or private individual collects. Cortez and I spoke about what that means and what people can do with individuals' data. This interview has been shortened for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So if you share your data with a physician or a hospital, then it's covered under HIPAA. If you share it with someone like Apple, then it's not?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yeah, that's right. If your physician tells you to use an app and tells you to share that data with her, then for most purposes that data-sharing would be covered by HIPAA. And physicians have professional obligations to maintain confidentiality. So if you're sitting and show them data on your app but don't send it to their computer, they would have professional obligations under state law to keep that information confidential.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now let's say there's an app made by a third-party developer. It's not covered under HIPAA. Then you take that data and send it to your physician, who puts it into your medical record. The data in your medical record would be covered by HIPAA. The data that the third-party app developer has would not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It's literally that identical bits of data in different computers have different protections. The data the app developer has are not protected, while the very same bits of information in the doctor's computer are?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yup. But the Federal Trade Commission has taken a few enforcement actions where mobile app developers made privacy promises but haven't kept those promises. If you're an app company you might not be governed by HIPAA, but you have to be careful to do what you're saying you're doing with that information. If you're engaging in any unfair or deceptive practices with regards to user data, the FTC could swoop in and take action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What are the kinds of data that mobile app developers and tech companies have that people might be concerned about?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's quite a few thoughtful researchers in this space who basically say that any data can be health data. Your online search terms, location, all of these are combined into a kind of profile of each of us. There's the famous case of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/19/magazine/shopping-habits.html?pagewanted=1&_r=2&hp\">Target\u003c/a> sending mailers to a house because they accurately predicted the high-school-age daughter was pregnant. That was all predictive analytics based on shopping patterns and the like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you start shopping for certain goods and analytics online, it's not that hard for companies to figure out what medical conditions you might be dealing with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Amazon has these shopping lists or wish lists that are public. I realized that somebody with my email address could probably learn a lot about me just based on what I have on that shopping list.\u003c/strong> \u003cstrong>Or if you're sending more texts than usual that could that mean you aren't feeling so great that day — that kind of thing?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yeah, or what words are you using? Do you check into certain restaurants? Your gym patterns? Your travel patterns? There's a huge industry that's emerging around this data-gathering where you can predict a lot and ascertain a lot about people from data where on its face doesn't seem like health data. You can learn a lot about someone's health, even really intensely personal information, by analyzing this information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do you think an employer purchasing those data could use the information to figure out whether you have a certain medical condition that might give the company second thoughts about hiring you?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The discrimination question is really interesting and really scary, potentially. We have laws that inhibit medical insurance companies from discriminating based on your past medical history. But you can take a lot of data points and make inferences that get you to the same spot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Legal scholars are wondering — is this a backdoor way to discriminate against insured populations based on their medical history? There's a company called Oscar based out of New York that has [become] really popular. They market themselves as a next-generation health insurance company where we're smart and we're data driven, we use modern technologies, we're not an old stodgy health insurance company. They give you an \u003ca href=\"http://blog.hioscar.com/post/119375641948/building-better-rewards-step-by-step\">incentive\u003c/a> to use [wearables] and use apps [to track exercise and give an opportunity to earn rewards].\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you're using a Fitbit and you have a desk job and you sit around, will you be charged premiums for that or denied coverage in the future? Can we measure people's health risks in advance based on data points that individually seem innocuous but put together paint pretty detailed pictures?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Of course, some people would be happy to share those data, right? We do it all the time to get better traffic information. We could potentially be getting much better health care and health apps by freely sharing our information.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course! Not all consumers want their data to be locked up and in silos and kept confidential. I went to a conference at Stanford last month, and a bunch of patients there wanted their data to be open and free. One good thing about health going online is you have patient communities with chronic or difficult diseases where patients can find and help each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there are certain egregious practices [from data brokers] that are predatory and abusive. It's very tricky to come up with a legal system that will work for everybody.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So, say I'm a consumer who wants to use these apps. How do I check and make sure that my data are protected to my satisfaction? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It depends on your level of concern. If it's very sensitive and you're very concerned, I wouldn't use an app unless it's from a traditional provider. If you're going to a hospital and they have an app that allows you to access records, which should be protected by definition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're downloading ... fitness tracking, health, lifestyle apps or even apps for chronic disease that aren't being offered by traditional providers, there's a good chance it's not covered by HIPAA. If you are concerned, read the privacy policy. Unfortunately, they're written by lawyers and aren't always clear. That's a lot of work for a consumer. It's a very buyer-beware market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story is part of the bonus material for NPR's podcast and show \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/510307/invisibilia\">Invisibilia\u003c/a>,\u003cem> which this week tells the tale of a woman who used a blood-glucose monitoring app to track the health of her twin sister from afar.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+Your+Health+Data+Lead+A+Not-So-Secret+Life+Online&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>There are apps that can help people with diabetes keep track of their blood sugar and apps that can attach to a blood pressure cuff and store blood pressure information. I use an app called ZocDoc to schedule and manage doctor's appointments. Every time I see a therapist or a primary care doctor or dentist, the data get stored in my personal account.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But we leave behind other trails of health data, too, from apps and activities that are sometimes only tangentially health related. When I walk down the street, an app on my phone logs steps as it bounces against my thigh. When I swipe a loyalty card at the pharmacy, the over-the-counter medications that I buy become bits of data attached to my name. Medical information can be gleaned from all this and more, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.law.smu.edu/professor-profiles/cortez\">Nathan Cortez\u003c/a>, a professor of law at the Southern Methodist University Dedman School of Law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those data aren't always protected. A recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthit.gov/sites/default/files/non-covered_entities_report_june_17_2016.pdf\">report\u003c/a> from the Department of Health and Human Services showed that the vast majority of mobile health apps on the marketplace aren't covered by the Health Information Portability and Accountability Act. \"HIPAA is pretty narrow as far as these things go. It applies only to traditional entities [like hospitals, doctors and health insurance providers], and it's not surprising. HIPAA was written by Congress in 1996 before we had health apps,\" Cortez says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apps or devices used in conjunction with a doctor's office or a hospital can't share or sell your information. But there's no definitive federal law governing what happens to the data that an app developer, tech company or private individual collects. Cortez and I spoke about what that means and what people can do with individuals' data. This interview has been shortened for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So if you share your data with a physician or a hospital, then it's covered under HIPAA. If you share it with someone like Apple, then it's not?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yeah, that's right. If your physician tells you to use an app and tells you to share that data with her, then for most purposes that data-sharing would be covered by HIPAA. And physicians have professional obligations to maintain confidentiality. So if you're sitting and show them data on your app but don't send it to their computer, they would have professional obligations under state law to keep that information confidential.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now let's say there's an app made by a third-party developer. It's not covered under HIPAA. Then you take that data and send it to your physician, who puts it into your medical record. The data in your medical record would be covered by HIPAA. The data that the third-party app developer has would not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It's literally that identical bits of data in different computers have different protections. The data the app developer has are not protected, while the very same bits of information in the doctor's computer are?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yup. But the Federal Trade Commission has taken a few enforcement actions where mobile app developers made privacy promises but haven't kept those promises. If you're an app company you might not be governed by HIPAA, but you have to be careful to do what you're saying you're doing with that information. If you're engaging in any unfair or deceptive practices with regards to user data, the FTC could swoop in and take action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What are the kinds of data that mobile app developers and tech companies have that people might be concerned about?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's quite a few thoughtful researchers in this space who basically say that any data can be health data. Your online search terms, location, all of these are combined into a kind of profile of each of us. There's the famous case of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/19/magazine/shopping-habits.html?pagewanted=1&_r=2&hp\">Target\u003c/a> sending mailers to a house because they accurately predicted the high-school-age daughter was pregnant. That was all predictive analytics based on shopping patterns and the like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you start shopping for certain goods and analytics online, it's not that hard for companies to figure out what medical conditions you might be dealing with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Amazon has these shopping lists or wish lists that are public. I realized that somebody with my email address could probably learn a lot about me just based on what I have on that shopping list.\u003c/strong> \u003cstrong>Or if you're sending more texts than usual that could that mean you aren't feeling so great that day — that kind of thing?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yeah, or what words are you using? Do you check into certain restaurants? Your gym patterns? Your travel patterns? There's a huge industry that's emerging around this data-gathering where you can predict a lot and ascertain a lot about people from data where on its face doesn't seem like health data. You can learn a lot about someone's health, even really intensely personal information, by analyzing this information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do you think an employer purchasing those data could use the information to figure out whether you have a certain medical condition that might give the company second thoughts about hiring you?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The discrimination question is really interesting and really scary, potentially. We have laws that inhibit medical insurance companies from discriminating based on your past medical history. 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}
},
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"id": "californiareportmagazine",
"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
"subscribe": {
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/City-Arts-and-Lectures-p692/",
"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
"title": "Close All Tabs",
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"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
"meta": {
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC2275451163"
}
},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
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