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"content": "\u003cp>After a mother killed her four young children and then herself last month in rural China, onlookers quickly pointed to life circumstances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The family lived in extreme poverty, and bloggers speculated that her inability to escape adversity pushed her over the edge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Can poverty really cause mental illness?\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Studies show that all over the globe, there is a connection between poverty and mental illness.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It's a complex question that is fairly new to science. Despite high rates of both poverty and mental disorders around the world, researchers only started probing the possible links about 25 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, evidence has piled up to make the case that, at the very least, there is a connection. People who live in poverty appear to be at higher risk for mental illnesses. They also report lower levels of happiness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That seems to be true all over the globe. In a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20621748\">2010 review\u003c/a> of 115 studies that spanned 33 countries across the developed and developing worlds, nearly 80 percent of the studies showed that poverty comes with higher rates of mental illness. Among people living in poverty, those studies also found, mental illnesses were more severe, lasted longer and had worse outcomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there's growing \u003ca href=\"https://www.brookings.edu/research/subjective-well%e2%80%90being-and-income-is-there-any-evidence-of-satiation/;%20https://www.dartmouth.edu/~neudc2012/docs/paper_195.pdf\">evidence\u003c/a> that levels of depression are higher in poorer countries than in wealthier ones. Those kinds of findings challenge a long-held myth of the \"poor but happy African sitting under a palm tree,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.princeton.edu/haushofer/\">Johannes Haushofer\u003c/a>, an economist and neurobiologist who studies interactions between poverty and mental health at Princeton University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As data builds to connect tough economic circumstances with mental struggles, scientists are still trying to answer a trickier question: Which causes which?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no easy answer, says psychologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.health.uct.ac.za/fhs/departments/psychiatry/staff/crick-lund\">Crick Lund \u003c/a>of the University of Capetown, who studies mental health policy. Mental illness is never caused by just one thing. Poverty can be one factor that interacts with genetics, adverse life events or substance abuse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But so far, the strongest evidence suggests that poverty can lead to mental illness, especially in cases of disorders like depression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because scientists can't experimentally plunge people into poverty to see what happens to their mental health, natural experiments offer one kind of clue. When disasters or tough spells (like losing a job or enduring periods of drought for farmers) destroy financial circumstances, numerous studies show a rise in rates of depression, Haushofer says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the flip side, people often get happier after economic windfalls. In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.princeton.edu/haushofer/publications/Haushofer_Shapiro_UCT_2016.04.25.pdf\">new study\u003c/a>, Haushofer and a colleague found that when families in Kenya were given cash grants averaging $700 (nearly twice the amount typically spent per person per year), they reported higher levels of life satisfaction and lower levels of depression than they did before they got the money, which they could spend on anything. The larger the cash transfer, the bigger the mental boost. It didn't matter if the money came in monthly installments or all at once.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the long-held belief that winning the lottery destroys lives as people make bad decisions about \u003ca href=\"http://qje.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2016/02/17/qje.qjw001.full.pdf\">how to use the money\u003c/a>, Haushofer adds, newer evidence suggests the opposite. In study published this year, researchers in Sweden, reported that lottery winners used fewer anti-anxiety medications and sleeping pills after collecting their payout, suggesting that they became happier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how does poverty \"get under the skin\" or into the brain, Lund asks? Stress is a leading contender. \u003ca href=\"https://www.dartmouth.edu/~neudc2012/docs/paper_195.pdf\">Some studies\u003c/a> have found higher levels of the stress hormone cortisol in people living in poverty. In Mexican households that received cash grants, found a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2768580/\">2009 study\u003c/a>, young children had lower cortisol levels compared to kids from families that didn't get extra money. Other studies, however, have failed to find any changes in cortisol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rates of violence are also higher among people who face economic tension. Living amid violence can exacerbate depression, Lund adds. And studies have found connections between mental illness and poverty-associated conditions, such as not having enough to eat, not making enough money to live on and having a greater chance of developing risks for physical illnesses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mental illness may, in some cases, lead people down a road to poverty, Lund says, because of disability, stigma or the need to spend extra money on health care. may play a role, with some evidence suggesting that poverty more often leads to depression while disorders like schizophrenia more often lead to poverty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still unclear is how best to break the cycle. Although cash-transfer programs have shown promising improvements to mental health, studies have yet to determine whether those improvements persist in the long-term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think the jury is still out on the extent to which poverty alleviation interventions actually lead to mental health improvements,\" Lund says. \"It hasn't been evaluated rigorously enough.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data is also lacking on whether mental-health interventions can make a true dent in poverty rates or why some people remain resilient even in extremely challenging circumstances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We don't know whether intervening in depression is also a good poverty intervention,\" Haushofer says. Because depression keeps people out of work, treating it should help, but evidence is still lacking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Better data may be coming. Lund is in charge of an effort called \u003ca href=\"http://www.prime.uct.ac.za/background/about-prime\">PRIME\u003c/a>, a multinational consortium that aims to implement treatment programs for mental disorders in low-resource settings. One project involves tracking efforts to improve access to mental health services in five countries, including Ethiopia, South Africa and Uganda, with preliminary results expected within the next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(13)61139-3/fulltext\">In 2013\u003c/a>, the World Health Organization committed to a mental health action plan, with a goal of increasing access to services for severe mental health disorders by 20 percent and reducing the suicide rate by 10 percent in 135 member countries by 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for why the mother in China took the lives of her children, no one can say for sure. Similar tragedies happen in wealthy countries, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Can+Poverty+Lead+To+Mental+Illness%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>After a mother killed her four young children and then herself last month in rural China, onlookers quickly pointed to life circumstances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The family lived in extreme poverty, and bloggers speculated that her inability to escape adversity pushed her over the edge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Can poverty really cause mental illness?\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Studies show that all over the globe, there is a connection between poverty and mental illness.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It's a complex question that is fairly new to science. Despite high rates of both poverty and mental disorders around the world, researchers only started probing the possible links about 25 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, evidence has piled up to make the case that, at the very least, there is a connection. People who live in poverty appear to be at higher risk for mental illnesses. They also report lower levels of happiness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That seems to be true all over the globe. In a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20621748\">2010 review\u003c/a> of 115 studies that spanned 33 countries across the developed and developing worlds, nearly 80 percent of the studies showed that poverty comes with higher rates of mental illness. Among people living in poverty, those studies also found, mental illnesses were more severe, lasted longer and had worse outcomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there's growing \u003ca href=\"https://www.brookings.edu/research/subjective-well%e2%80%90being-and-income-is-there-any-evidence-of-satiation/;%20https://www.dartmouth.edu/~neudc2012/docs/paper_195.pdf\">evidence\u003c/a> that levels of depression are higher in poorer countries than in wealthier ones. Those kinds of findings challenge a long-held myth of the \"poor but happy African sitting under a palm tree,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.princeton.edu/haushofer/\">Johannes Haushofer\u003c/a>, an economist and neurobiologist who studies interactions between poverty and mental health at Princeton University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As data builds to connect tough economic circumstances with mental struggles, scientists are still trying to answer a trickier question: Which causes which?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no easy answer, says psychologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.health.uct.ac.za/fhs/departments/psychiatry/staff/crick-lund\">Crick Lund \u003c/a>of the University of Capetown, who studies mental health policy. Mental illness is never caused by just one thing. Poverty can be one factor that interacts with genetics, adverse life events or substance abuse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But so far, the strongest evidence suggests that poverty can lead to mental illness, especially in cases of disorders like depression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because scientists can't experimentally plunge people into poverty to see what happens to their mental health, natural experiments offer one kind of clue. When disasters or tough spells (like losing a job or enduring periods of drought for farmers) destroy financial circumstances, numerous studies show a rise in rates of depression, Haushofer says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the flip side, people often get happier after economic windfalls. In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.princeton.edu/haushofer/publications/Haushofer_Shapiro_UCT_2016.04.25.pdf\">new study\u003c/a>, Haushofer and a colleague found that when families in Kenya were given cash grants averaging $700 (nearly twice the amount typically spent per person per year), they reported higher levels of life satisfaction and lower levels of depression than they did before they got the money, which they could spend on anything. The larger the cash transfer, the bigger the mental boost. It didn't matter if the money came in monthly installments or all at once.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the long-held belief that winning the lottery destroys lives as people make bad decisions about \u003ca href=\"http://qje.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2016/02/17/qje.qjw001.full.pdf\">how to use the money\u003c/a>, Haushofer adds, newer evidence suggests the opposite. In study published this year, researchers in Sweden, reported that lottery winners used fewer anti-anxiety medications and sleeping pills after collecting their payout, suggesting that they became happier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how does poverty \"get under the skin\" or into the brain, Lund asks? Stress is a leading contender. \u003ca href=\"https://www.dartmouth.edu/~neudc2012/docs/paper_195.pdf\">Some studies\u003c/a> have found higher levels of the stress hormone cortisol in people living in poverty. In Mexican households that received cash grants, found a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2768580/\">2009 study\u003c/a>, young children had lower cortisol levels compared to kids from families that didn't get extra money. Other studies, however, have failed to find any changes in cortisol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rates of violence are also higher among people who face economic tension. Living amid violence can exacerbate depression, Lund adds. And studies have found connections between mental illness and poverty-associated conditions, such as not having enough to eat, not making enough money to live on and having a greater chance of developing risks for physical illnesses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mental illness may, in some cases, lead people down a road to poverty, Lund says, because of disability, stigma or the need to spend extra money on health care. may play a role, with some evidence suggesting that poverty more often leads to depression while disorders like schizophrenia more often lead to poverty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still unclear is how best to break the cycle. Although cash-transfer programs have shown promising improvements to mental health, studies have yet to determine whether those improvements persist in the long-term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think the jury is still out on the extent to which poverty alleviation interventions actually lead to mental health improvements,\" Lund says. \"It hasn't been evaluated rigorously enough.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data is also lacking on whether mental-health interventions can make a true dent in poverty rates or why some people remain resilient even in extremely challenging circumstances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We don't know whether intervening in depression is also a good poverty intervention,\" Haushofer says. Because depression keeps people out of work, treating it should help, but evidence is still lacking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Better data may be coming. Lund is in charge of an effort called \u003ca href=\"http://www.prime.uct.ac.za/background/about-prime\">PRIME\u003c/a>, a multinational consortium that aims to implement treatment programs for mental disorders in low-resource settings. One project involves tracking efforts to improve access to mental health services in five countries, including Ethiopia, South Africa and Uganda, with preliminary results expected within the next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(13)61139-3/fulltext\">In 2013\u003c/a>, the World Health Organization committed to a mental health action plan, with a goal of increasing access to services for severe mental health disorders by 20 percent and reducing the suicide rate by 10 percent in 135 member countries by 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for why the mother in China took the lives of her children, no one can say for sure. Similar tragedies happen in wealthy countries, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Can+Poverty+Lead+To+Mental+Illness%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Just about every day, genetic counselor Shawn Fayer heads to the maternity ward at Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston and tries to convince new parents to give him a blood sample.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Ninety-four percent of parents approached by researchers are declining to have their newborns’ genes sequenced.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Fayer is offering gene sequencing for newborns. It gives parents a tantalizing look at their baby’s genetic information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New parents Lauren and Ian Patrick, from Marion, Mass., were excited when they were first approached earlier this month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My initial reaction — why wouldn’t someone do this? Why wouldn’t they want the information?” Ian Patrick says as he cradles his newborn son, Finn. “For me, more information is better, even if it’s not always good.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If his parents sign him up, Finn would join the \u003ca href=\"http://www.genomes2people.org/babyseqproject/\">BabySeq\u003c/a> project, an NIH-funded study led by \u003ca href=\"http://www.brighamandwomens.org/Research/depts/Medicine/genetics/pis/Default.aspx\">Dr. Robert Green\u003c/a>, a medical geneticist at Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Alan Beggs at Boston Children’s Hospital. With genetic testing getting cheaper and cheaper, Green wants to figure out what happens when parents know their child’s genetic blueprint from day one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Half of the babies who join the study will have their protein-coding genes sequenced and screened for variants that are associated with diseases of childhood, with a method called whole-exome sequencing. The other half will get the regular heel-prick blood test offered to all newborns, which screens for major genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”0oB4UbBMca7FkmnzM9TuzpFpRg2XPk3h”]\u003cbr>\nResearchers will follow both sets of babies to figure out how genetic sequencing impacts them. They want to find out if knowing a child’s genetic makeup could actually make them healthier, or if it could increase their health care costs, or even change their relationship with their parents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are looking for all sorts of unanticipated variations in DNA,” Green says, “and we say right up front we don’t know what they all mean. We don’t know what they’re all going to mean for your baby.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Green is particularly interested in a list of 1,514 genes where there are good reasons to reveal a mutation because a disease might be treated or prevented. But there are so many changes in everyone’s DNA, he says, he’s finding something to report in every baby he sequences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, that’s a pretty small number of babies. Green has sequenced the genes of 51 newborns so far, and he’s found five who have genetic mutations families wouldn’t have known about otherwise. Two babies have \u003ca href=\"https://www.nigms.nih.gov/News/Meetings/Pages/DrugResponses.aspx\">pharmacogenetic variants\u003c/a> — mutations that mean certain drugs might not work as well on them. Three have mutations associated with heart conditions they inherited from a parent. Both the babies and their parents appears to be totally healthy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of those babies is Kai Gracia. His parents, Alyssa and Jason Gracia, agreed to the test when Kai was just a few days old. They didn’t expect to find much. Alyssa was genotyped a few years before, and the information she got was mostly trivial — she learned she metabolized caffeine particularly quickly and she discovered she didn’t have the photic sneeze reflex, meaning she wasn’t likely to sneeze when suddenly exposed to bright light. So when the results on her baby came back, she was shocked. Right there in Kai’s genetic report was this: \u003ca href=\"https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/supravalvular-aortic-stenosis\">supravalvular aortic stenosis.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out Kai has a mutation in a gene that codes for a protein called elastin. Elastin helps heart muscles bend and stretch. Not producing enough of it can cause the aorta to narrow. People can die from this, or need multiple surgeries as they grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that she knew her baby might get sick, Alyssa Gracia had lots of questions. Would Kai be able to play sports when he got older? Did he need surgery? Could crying too much be dangerous?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She made appointments with pediatric cardiologists and brought in Kai’s genetic report. One doctor said he looked fine, and only needed to be monitored every few years. Another said his parents should bring him back after just a few months. Usually, a condition like Kai’s isn’t diagnosed until a child is showing symptoms. That means doctors still aren’t quite sure how to treat Kai.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the kind of story that both thrills and terrifies the observers of this new technology, according to Green.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s no consensus on how to manage these findings,” he says. And it’s unclear if the follow-up is worth it, or if it might actually do harm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gene sequencing reveals medical information about not just one person, but potentially a whole family. So all that follow-up is being done not just on Kai, but on his dad and his grandmother — all people who might be carrying this gene and might be at risk themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what can families do with all this information? Dr. Green says that for one family, this genetic report was potentially lifesaving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It showed an inherited mutation in the baby’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/genetics/brca-fact-sheet\">BRCA2\u003c/a> gene, which increases the risk of breast, ovarian, prostate and pancreatic cancers. This means not only is the baby at risk, but the child’s mother or father could be, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before they told the family, the researchers had to deal with “a really pernicious ethical problem,” says Green. He and his colleagues had agreed they would only tell parents about genetic variants that could impact babies in childhood, since the children weren’t able to decide for themselves whether they wanted to know their genetic risks. BRCA2 causes cancer in adults, not children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this information was so important, Green decided to break protocol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You know what the first four words were out of the mother’s mouth when she was told?” Green asks. ” ‘Oh, that explains it.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out the mother knew distant relatives who had died from cancer, but she hadn’t thought it meant anything for her. Without her baby’s test, she might never have learned about her own risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not every mutation is actionable like this. Green is also finding a lot of single recessive mutations for conditions like \u003ca href=\"http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cf/\">cystic fibrosis\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/taysachs/taysachs.htm\">Tay-Sachs\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/sca/\">sickle cell\u003c/a>. Since it takes two mutations, one each from mother and father, to cause the disease, it becomes an issue only when these babies grow up and decide to have children themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing Green hadn’t anticipated is how hard it has been to convince new parents to do this screening in the first place. Early research showed the majority of parents were interested in the medical information. But 94 percent of parents Green and his team are approaching are saying no.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lauren and Ian Patrick, the parents of baby Finn, are a good case study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Initially, they were convinced they wanted the screening. But after an hour talking to a genetic counselor about all the ways this sequencing could go wrong, they decided against it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They learned that any genetic sequencing would go in their son’s medical record, and it wouldn’t be able to be removed. And while federal law prohibits genetic discrimination by health care providers and in the workplace, life insurers can still use genetic information to pick and choose whom they’ll sell policies to. By the time the meeting was over, the Patricks’ excitement had been replaced with concern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It really gave me pause that this would be part of the medical record that private companies would have access to,” Lauren Patrick says. “That was my full stop in the end.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After all, for the first time she’s making a decision for someone who has no say, she says. “That’s the biggest thing on my mind, this new dynamic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 WNYC Radio. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.wnyc.org/\">WNYC Radio\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Would+You+Want+To+Know+The+Secrets+Hidden+In+Your+Baby%27s+Genes%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Just about every day, genetic counselor Shawn Fayer heads to the maternity ward at Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston and tries to convince new parents to give him a blood sample.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Ninety-four percent of parents approached by researchers are declining to have their newborns’ genes sequenced.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Fayer is offering gene sequencing for newborns. It gives parents a tantalizing look at their baby’s genetic information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New parents Lauren and Ian Patrick, from Marion, Mass., were excited when they were first approached earlier this month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My initial reaction — why wouldn’t someone do this? Why wouldn’t they want the information?” Ian Patrick says as he cradles his newborn son, Finn. “For me, more information is better, even if it’s not always good.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If his parents sign him up, Finn would join the \u003ca href=\"http://www.genomes2people.org/babyseqproject/\">BabySeq\u003c/a> project, an NIH-funded study led by \u003ca href=\"http://www.brighamandwomens.org/Research/depts/Medicine/genetics/pis/Default.aspx\">Dr. Robert Green\u003c/a>, a medical geneticist at Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Alan Beggs at Boston Children’s Hospital. With genetic testing getting cheaper and cheaper, Green wants to figure out what happens when parents know their child’s genetic blueprint from day one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Half of the babies who join the study will have their protein-coding genes sequenced and screened for variants that are associated with diseases of childhood, with a method called whole-exome sequencing. The other half will get the regular heel-prick blood test offered to all newborns, which screens for major genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cbr>\nResearchers will follow both sets of babies to figure out how genetic sequencing impacts them. They want to find out if knowing a child’s genetic makeup could actually make them healthier, or if it could increase their health care costs, or even change their relationship with their parents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are looking for all sorts of unanticipated variations in DNA,” Green says, “and we say right up front we don’t know what they all mean. We don’t know what they’re all going to mean for your baby.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Green is particularly interested in a list of 1,514 genes where there are good reasons to reveal a mutation because a disease might be treated or prevented. But there are so many changes in everyone’s DNA, he says, he’s finding something to report in every baby he sequences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, that’s a pretty small number of babies. Green has sequenced the genes of 51 newborns so far, and he’s found five who have genetic mutations families wouldn’t have known about otherwise. Two babies have \u003ca href=\"https://www.nigms.nih.gov/News/Meetings/Pages/DrugResponses.aspx\">pharmacogenetic variants\u003c/a> — mutations that mean certain drugs might not work as well on them. Three have mutations associated with heart conditions they inherited from a parent. Both the babies and their parents appears to be totally healthy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of those babies is Kai Gracia. His parents, Alyssa and Jason Gracia, agreed to the test when Kai was just a few days old. They didn’t expect to find much. Alyssa was genotyped a few years before, and the information she got was mostly trivial — she learned she metabolized caffeine particularly quickly and she discovered she didn’t have the photic sneeze reflex, meaning she wasn’t likely to sneeze when suddenly exposed to bright light. So when the results on her baby came back, she was shocked. Right there in Kai’s genetic report was this: \u003ca href=\"https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/supravalvular-aortic-stenosis\">supravalvular aortic stenosis.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out Kai has a mutation in a gene that codes for a protein called elastin. Elastin helps heart muscles bend and stretch. Not producing enough of it can cause the aorta to narrow. People can die from this, or need multiple surgeries as they grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that she knew her baby might get sick, Alyssa Gracia had lots of questions. Would Kai be able to play sports when he got older? Did he need surgery? Could crying too much be dangerous?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She made appointments with pediatric cardiologists and brought in Kai’s genetic report. One doctor said he looked fine, and only needed to be monitored every few years. Another said his parents should bring him back after just a few months. Usually, a condition like Kai’s isn’t diagnosed until a child is showing symptoms. That means doctors still aren’t quite sure how to treat Kai.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the kind of story that both thrills and terrifies the observers of this new technology, according to Green.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s no consensus on how to manage these findings,” he says. And it’s unclear if the follow-up is worth it, or if it might actually do harm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gene sequencing reveals medical information about not just one person, but potentially a whole family. So all that follow-up is being done not just on Kai, but on his dad and his grandmother — all people who might be carrying this gene and might be at risk themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what can families do with all this information? Dr. Green says that for one family, this genetic report was potentially lifesaving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It showed an inherited mutation in the baby’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/genetics/brca-fact-sheet\">BRCA2\u003c/a> gene, which increases the risk of breast, ovarian, prostate and pancreatic cancers. This means not only is the baby at risk, but the child’s mother or father could be, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before they told the family, the researchers had to deal with “a really pernicious ethical problem,” says Green. He and his colleagues had agreed they would only tell parents about genetic variants that could impact babies in childhood, since the children weren’t able to decide for themselves whether they wanted to know their genetic risks. BRCA2 causes cancer in adults, not children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this information was so important, Green decided to break protocol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You know what the first four words were out of the mother’s mouth when she was told?” Green asks. ” ‘Oh, that explains it.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out the mother knew distant relatives who had died from cancer, but she hadn’t thought it meant anything for her. Without her baby’s test, she might never have learned about her own risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not every mutation is actionable like this. Green is also finding a lot of single recessive mutations for conditions like \u003ca href=\"http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cf/\">cystic fibrosis\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/taysachs/taysachs.htm\">Tay-Sachs\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/sca/\">sickle cell\u003c/a>. Since it takes two mutations, one each from mother and father, to cause the disease, it becomes an issue only when these babies grow up and decide to have children themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing Green hadn’t anticipated is how hard it has been to convince new parents to do this screening in the first place. Early research showed the majority of parents were interested in the medical information. But 94 percent of parents Green and his team are approaching are saying no.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lauren and Ian Patrick, the parents of baby Finn, are a good case study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Initially, they were convinced they wanted the screening. But after an hour talking to a genetic counselor about all the ways this sequencing could go wrong, they decided against it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They learned that any genetic sequencing would go in their son’s medical record, and it wouldn’t be able to be removed. And while federal law prohibits genetic discrimination by health care providers and in the workplace, life insurers can still use genetic information to pick and choose whom they’ll sell policies to. By the time the meeting was over, the Patricks’ excitement had been replaced with concern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It really gave me pause that this would be part of the medical record that private companies would have access to,” Lauren Patrick says. “That was my full stop in the end.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After all, for the first time she’s making a decision for someone who has no say, she says. “That’s the biggest thing on my mind, this new dynamic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 WNYC Radio. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.wnyc.org/\">WNYC Radio\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Would+You+Want+To+Know+The+Secrets+Hidden+In+Your+Baby%27s+Genes%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>For a long time, Daniel Au Valencia got the message that she was wrong, wrong, wrong. She stood wrong. She talked wrong. She looked at people wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot of shame around autism,” she says. “There’s a lot of being told you look weird.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://actingnt.blogspot.com/\">Valencia\u003c/a>, 22, often taps her feet when talking to someone. Or she’ll flap her hands. She says those movements help her communicate emotions and stay calm.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003ca href=\"#note\">A note on pronouns\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“A common question is, ‘Why are you doing that?' in a very accusatory tone,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don't even get her started on eye contact. A social skills teacher once tried to show her how to make eye contact without making people uncomfortable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don’t avoid it, but don’t stare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What I would have to do is, \"Okay, eye contact. One, two, three, glance away, glance back. One, two, three, glance away,’” Valencia explains. “And at that point, I’m no longer listening, I am pretending to listen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot of people just walk away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It can be anxiety-provoking,” she says. “That anxiety comes from being excluded, being rejected, being ridiculed for things that are just part of naturally being me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valencia likes hanging out with people. She’s into salsa dancing, acting, improv and Pokemon Go. But sometimes social situations can be so stressful that Valencia hangs back on the sidelines, or avoids them altogether. She never answers the phone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It creates a cycle of self-judgment,” she says, “and makes the anxiety worse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_266972\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/MDMA_image-e1477009038956.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-266972 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/MDMA_image-1020x791.jpg\" alt=\"MDMA_image\" width=\"640\" height=\"496\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Daniel Au Valencia participated in a pilot study examining the potential of MDMA as a treatment for social anxiety in autistic adults. \u003ccite>(April Dembosky/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Experimental Study\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then last year Valencia heard about an unusual experimental study. Unlike a lot of other studies, this one didn’t say anything about trying to “cure autism.” This one was exploring a treatment specifically for social anxiety in autistic adults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anxiety, unlike autism, is actually a problem that you might want to get rid of,” Valencia says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many traditional therapies don’t work for autistic people, says Nick Walker, an autistic advocate and consultant on the new study, because they reinforce stigma around autism and are “designed to coerce autistic people into acting like they’re not autistic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He sees this new research as a uniquely “culturally appropriate” approach to addressing the “epidemic” of social anxiety in autistic adults – anxiety caused by a lifetime of repeated, traumatic social interactions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The treatment is MDMA, known more commonly as Ecstacy or Molly. On the street, it is often cut with speed or other drugs, and is popular among ravers for lowering inhibitions, heightening physical sensations, and making people feel all lovey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But researchers are finding that pure MDMA has potential to be a true medicine. Early studies backed by MAPS, the Multidisciplinary Association of Psychedelic Studies based in Santa Cruz, show it can ease or erase symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. In \u003ca href=\"http://www.maps.org/research-archive/publications/Oehen_2012_MDMA_PTSD_Swisstudy.pdf\">one study\u003c/a>, 83 percent of study participants treated with MDMA and psychotherapy were cured of their PTSD, compared to 25 percent who were cured from talk therapy alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“MDMA creates a sensation of feeling safe,” says psychologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.icpr2016.nl/speakers/alicia-danforth-phd/\">Alicia Danforth\u003c/a>, one of the researchers conducting the social anxiety study at UCLA’s Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, along with psychiatrist \u003ca href=\"http://www.harboruclapsych.com/charles-s-grob-m-d/\">Charles Grob\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'I felt the changes in my body. My bodily needs were radically altered.'\u003ccite>Daniel Au Valencia, Study participant\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>MDMA floods the brain with serotonin and dopamine, they say, and quiets the fear response from the amygdala, allowing people to confront past traumatic experiences without becoming overwhelmed. Or they can try new things without fear or inhibition getting in the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It creates a practice environment to try different social skills out,” Danforth says. “MDMA can be a bit like training wheels for the psyche.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valencia is one of just 12 autistic adults participating in the pilot study. Given the small size, researchers won’t get statistically meaningful data on the efficacy of MDMA in treating social anxiety. Their focus is proving that this research can be done safely in this population, with the hopes that others will conduct larger-scale studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The treatment consists of two MDMA sessions, 10 a.m. to 6 p.m., six weeks apart. Danforth and Grob meet with each study participant several times before and after each session for psychotherapy and to measure their social anxiety levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the first MDMA session, they ask participants to set an intention. Danforth says they want them to think about how they hope to grow or change from the treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It can be something simple: ‘I want to be better at small talk, or I want to learn the skill of asking someone out on a date,’” Danforth says. “It can also be very large, ‘I’m working on forgiveness or unresolved grief or loss.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valencia’s goal was to be more assertive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the things that makes anxiety go away is to be in control of the situation rather than waiting for things to happen,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The First Session\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valencia arrived at 10 a.m. for her first MDMA session at a bland office building on the UCLA campus. Researchers transformed the room to a kind of den that Danforth describes as “autism friendly” -- soft lighting, soothing colors, and a luxury leather recliner facing a wall-sized poster of a forest canopy with light streaming through the trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New-age flute music played over the computer speakers as Valencia swallowed the MDMA capsule. Within a half hour, she knew it was not a placebo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I felt the changes in my body,” Valencia describes. “My bodily needs were radically altered.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She describes one moment that was particularly powerful, when researchers brought in a plate of grapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I bit into half a grape,” Valencia says. “I felt the flavors, the texture, the nuance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This sparked a classic psychedelic epiphany.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Wow, I can really enjoy every bit of life more, if I can do it mindfully,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later in the session, she felt a rush of energy in her body and said, “I feel like dancing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then Valencia did something that would normally take her eons to build up the courage to do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She asked Danforth if she would care to salsa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was thinking, my intention is to be more assertive,” Valencia says. “Well, one part of being assertive is ask for what you want.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Danforth says in the context of the therapy and Valencia’s intention, this was completely appropriate. It was in keeping with Danforth’s previous research, where she collected qualitative reports from autistic adults who had taken MDMA recreationally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We call them the Five C’s,” she says. “People reported changes in their level of courage or confidence, communication, feeling connected, a sense of communion or belonging, and mental clarity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_266943\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/MDMA_1-e1477009669302.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-266943\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/MDMA_1-1020x765.jpg\" alt='Valencia uses emotion cards to help her understand and articulate her feelings. There are about 60 in the deck, including a few \"make your own\" cards.' width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Valencia uses emotion cards to help her understand and articulate her feelings. There are about 60 in the deck, including a few \"make your own\" cards. \u003ccite>(April Dembosky/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Follow-Up\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The day after the MDMA session, the researchers meet with each participant to talk about what happened. Then they call them every day for a week after that to check in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The treatment is just a day,” Danforth says. “It’s what you do with those insights and how you integrate it into your everyday life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After her first session, Valencia started using a deck of “emotion cards” each day to help her understand what she was feeling. Each card has a word – “peaceful,” “loving,” “uncomfortable,” “frustrated,” “receptive” -- with a corresponding illustration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve learned about the importance of connecting with your emotions,” she says. “I have learned that you can experience a whole lot of different emotions at once.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While that may seem innate for a lot of typically developing individuals, it’s novel for a lot of autistic people, Danforth says. MDMA is known for helping people get clarity about their feeling states, to find words to express them, she says. That, in turn, helps people articulate their needs so they can “shape the world to be more to their liking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was one of Valencia’s big takeaways: “Knowing that I have a choice,” she says. “Anytime something is bothering me, I can do something about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Second Session\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it was time for Valencia’s second MDMA session, she felt her original goal of being more assertive was now not quite right. It felt like a concession to societal pressure to fit in. She needed to let go of that, she says, and release the pressure she was putting on herself to always be involved, to be better all the time, to be different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In session number two, there was a moment I was just sitting in a big comfy chair,” Valencia says. “Letting my hands do whatever my hands wanted to do, kind of floating around. It looks like nothing is happening.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in fact, Valencia says, her mind was racing with thoughts, one idea popping up after another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And I thought, ‘Oh, these are some good ideas. I should write them down,” she says. “And then I stopped myself. ‘Do I have to do this? I can just sit here. And enjoy them.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she flipped through the emotion cards, she picked one where the illustration was a swirl of blackness. The word was “depressed,” but Valencia says she saw something else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not having to do something in every moment, not having to \u003cem>feel \u003c/em>anything for just a couple hours,” she says. “That was such a relief.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Reflections \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valencia completed the treatment last year. It’s impossible to draw a direct line between the treatment and how Valencia is doing right now, but she says she’s doing great. She’s got a steady full-time job, her own apartment, and she just got married. The study is still ongoing, so Valencia won’t know if her scores on the social anxiety tests improved until all participants finish the treatment and the researchers analyze the data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she says her biggest takeaway from the experiment is more about emotions than social anxiety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says she’s learned that there’s no such thing as good emotions or bad emotions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All emotions deserve to exist,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This underscores a process of transformation Valencia started a couple years before the MDMA treatment around her autistic identity. She started reading essays by Nick Walker, the autism advocate based in Berkeley. He rejects the notion that autism is a disease, the same way the gay community rejects the notion that homosexuality is a disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walker says autistic brains are simply different. They’re part of the patchwork of neurodiversity in the human population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s the dominant belief in society that there's good brains and bad brains,” Valencia says. “And from a neurodiversity perspective, all those concepts are no longer valid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the MDMA treatment, Valencia started to see emotions in the same way, along the same continuum of self-acceptance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once you do away with that most basic of dichotomies, good versus bad, and just make it all sort of a jumbled mess of the same thing, then you can either hate yourself as a whole or you can accept and love yourself as a whole,” she says. “And I think, it’s not always as easy as making a decision, but it’s pretty obvious which one is preferable.”\u003ca id=\"note\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor's Note:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>After completing the full course of MDMA treatment and working on assertiveness, Valencia began asking friends and acquaintances to use the pronouns “they, them, their.” Valencia identifies as gender-vague.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using “they” or “them” to refer to an individual presents certain grammatical and syntactical challenges, and in light of this, Valencia asked KQED to use female pronouns instead.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>For a long time, Daniel Au Valencia got the message that she was wrong, wrong, wrong. She stood wrong. She talked wrong. She looked at people wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot of shame around autism,” she says. “There’s a lot of being told you look weird.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://actingnt.blogspot.com/\">Valencia\u003c/a>, 22, often taps her feet when talking to someone. Or she’ll flap her hands. She says those movements help her communicate emotions and stay calm.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003ca href=\"#note\">A note on pronouns\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“A common question is, ‘Why are you doing that?' in a very accusatory tone,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don't even get her started on eye contact. A social skills teacher once tried to show her how to make eye contact without making people uncomfortable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don’t avoid it, but don’t stare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What I would have to do is, \"Okay, eye contact. One, two, three, glance away, glance back. One, two, three, glance away,’” Valencia explains. “And at that point, I’m no longer listening, I am pretending to listen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot of people just walk away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It can be anxiety-provoking,” she says. “That anxiety comes from being excluded, being rejected, being ridiculed for things that are just part of naturally being me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valencia likes hanging out with people. She’s into salsa dancing, acting, improv and Pokemon Go. But sometimes social situations can be so stressful that Valencia hangs back on the sidelines, or avoids them altogether. She never answers the phone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It creates a cycle of self-judgment,” she says, “and makes the anxiety worse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_266972\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/MDMA_image-e1477009038956.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-266972 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/MDMA_image-1020x791.jpg\" alt=\"MDMA_image\" width=\"640\" height=\"496\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Daniel Au Valencia participated in a pilot study examining the potential of MDMA as a treatment for social anxiety in autistic adults. \u003ccite>(April Dembosky/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Experimental Study\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then last year Valencia heard about an unusual experimental study. Unlike a lot of other studies, this one didn’t say anything about trying to “cure autism.” This one was exploring a treatment specifically for social anxiety in autistic adults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anxiety, unlike autism, is actually a problem that you might want to get rid of,” Valencia says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many traditional therapies don’t work for autistic people, says Nick Walker, an autistic advocate and consultant on the new study, because they reinforce stigma around autism and are “designed to coerce autistic people into acting like they’re not autistic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He sees this new research as a uniquely “culturally appropriate” approach to addressing the “epidemic” of social anxiety in autistic adults – anxiety caused by a lifetime of repeated, traumatic social interactions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The treatment is MDMA, known more commonly as Ecstacy or Molly. On the street, it is often cut with speed or other drugs, and is popular among ravers for lowering inhibitions, heightening physical sensations, and making people feel all lovey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But researchers are finding that pure MDMA has potential to be a true medicine. Early studies backed by MAPS, the Multidisciplinary Association of Psychedelic Studies based in Santa Cruz, show it can ease or erase symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. In \u003ca href=\"http://www.maps.org/research-archive/publications/Oehen_2012_MDMA_PTSD_Swisstudy.pdf\">one study\u003c/a>, 83 percent of study participants treated with MDMA and psychotherapy were cured of their PTSD, compared to 25 percent who were cured from talk therapy alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“MDMA creates a sensation of feeling safe,” says psychologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.icpr2016.nl/speakers/alicia-danforth-phd/\">Alicia Danforth\u003c/a>, one of the researchers conducting the social anxiety study at UCLA’s Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, along with psychiatrist \u003ca href=\"http://www.harboruclapsych.com/charles-s-grob-m-d/\">Charles Grob\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'I felt the changes in my body. My bodily needs were radically altered.'\u003ccite>Daniel Au Valencia, Study participant\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>MDMA floods the brain with serotonin and dopamine, they say, and quiets the fear response from the amygdala, allowing people to confront past traumatic experiences without becoming overwhelmed. Or they can try new things without fear or inhibition getting in the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It creates a practice environment to try different social skills out,” Danforth says. “MDMA can be a bit like training wheels for the psyche.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valencia is one of just 12 autistic adults participating in the pilot study. Given the small size, researchers won’t get statistically meaningful data on the efficacy of MDMA in treating social anxiety. Their focus is proving that this research can be done safely in this population, with the hopes that others will conduct larger-scale studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The treatment consists of two MDMA sessions, 10 a.m. to 6 p.m., six weeks apart. Danforth and Grob meet with each study participant several times before and after each session for psychotherapy and to measure their social anxiety levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the first MDMA session, they ask participants to set an intention. Danforth says they want them to think about how they hope to grow or change from the treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It can be something simple: ‘I want to be better at small talk, or I want to learn the skill of asking someone out on a date,’” Danforth says. “It can also be very large, ‘I’m working on forgiveness or unresolved grief or loss.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valencia’s goal was to be more assertive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the things that makes anxiety go away is to be in control of the situation rather than waiting for things to happen,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The First Session\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valencia arrived at 10 a.m. for her first MDMA session at a bland office building on the UCLA campus. Researchers transformed the room to a kind of den that Danforth describes as “autism friendly” -- soft lighting, soothing colors, and a luxury leather recliner facing a wall-sized poster of a forest canopy with light streaming through the trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New-age flute music played over the computer speakers as Valencia swallowed the MDMA capsule. Within a half hour, she knew it was not a placebo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I felt the changes in my body,” Valencia describes. “My bodily needs were radically altered.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She describes one moment that was particularly powerful, when researchers brought in a plate of grapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I bit into half a grape,” Valencia says. “I felt the flavors, the texture, the nuance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This sparked a classic psychedelic epiphany.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Wow, I can really enjoy every bit of life more, if I can do it mindfully,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later in the session, she felt a rush of energy in her body and said, “I feel like dancing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then Valencia did something that would normally take her eons to build up the courage to do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She asked Danforth if she would care to salsa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was thinking, my intention is to be more assertive,” Valencia says. “Well, one part of being assertive is ask for what you want.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Danforth says in the context of the therapy and Valencia’s intention, this was completely appropriate. It was in keeping with Danforth’s previous research, where she collected qualitative reports from autistic adults who had taken MDMA recreationally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We call them the Five C’s,” she says. “People reported changes in their level of courage or confidence, communication, feeling connected, a sense of communion or belonging, and mental clarity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_266943\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/MDMA_1-e1477009669302.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-266943\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/MDMA_1-1020x765.jpg\" alt='Valencia uses emotion cards to help her understand and articulate her feelings. There are about 60 in the deck, including a few \"make your own\" cards.' width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Valencia uses emotion cards to help her understand and articulate her feelings. There are about 60 in the deck, including a few \"make your own\" cards. \u003ccite>(April Dembosky/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Follow-Up\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The day after the MDMA session, the researchers meet with each participant to talk about what happened. Then they call them every day for a week after that to check in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The treatment is just a day,” Danforth says. “It’s what you do with those insights and how you integrate it into your everyday life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After her first session, Valencia started using a deck of “emotion cards” each day to help her understand what she was feeling. Each card has a word – “peaceful,” “loving,” “uncomfortable,” “frustrated,” “receptive” -- with a corresponding illustration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve learned about the importance of connecting with your emotions,” she says. “I have learned that you can experience a whole lot of different emotions at once.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While that may seem innate for a lot of typically developing individuals, it’s novel for a lot of autistic people, Danforth says. MDMA is known for helping people get clarity about their feeling states, to find words to express them, she says. That, in turn, helps people articulate their needs so they can “shape the world to be more to their liking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was one of Valencia’s big takeaways: “Knowing that I have a choice,” she says. “Anytime something is bothering me, I can do something about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Second Session\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it was time for Valencia’s second MDMA session, she felt her original goal of being more assertive was now not quite right. It felt like a concession to societal pressure to fit in. She needed to let go of that, she says, and release the pressure she was putting on herself to always be involved, to be better all the time, to be different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In session number two, there was a moment I was just sitting in a big comfy chair,” Valencia says. “Letting my hands do whatever my hands wanted to do, kind of floating around. It looks like nothing is happening.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in fact, Valencia says, her mind was racing with thoughts, one idea popping up after another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And I thought, ‘Oh, these are some good ideas. I should write them down,” she says. “And then I stopped myself. ‘Do I have to do this? I can just sit here. And enjoy them.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she flipped through the emotion cards, she picked one where the illustration was a swirl of blackness. The word was “depressed,” but Valencia says she saw something else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not having to do something in every moment, not having to \u003cem>feel \u003c/em>anything for just a couple hours,” she says. “That was such a relief.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Reflections \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valencia completed the treatment last year. It’s impossible to draw a direct line between the treatment and how Valencia is doing right now, but she says she’s doing great. She’s got a steady full-time job, her own apartment, and she just got married. The study is still ongoing, so Valencia won’t know if her scores on the social anxiety tests improved until all participants finish the treatment and the researchers analyze the data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she says her biggest takeaway from the experiment is more about emotions than social anxiety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says she’s learned that there’s no such thing as good emotions or bad emotions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All emotions deserve to exist,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This underscores a process of transformation Valencia started a couple years before the MDMA treatment around her autistic identity. She started reading essays by Nick Walker, the autism advocate based in Berkeley. He rejects the notion that autism is a disease, the same way the gay community rejects the notion that homosexuality is a disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walker says autistic brains are simply different. They’re part of the patchwork of neurodiversity in the human population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s the dominant belief in society that there's good brains and bad brains,” Valencia says. “And from a neurodiversity perspective, all those concepts are no longer valid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the MDMA treatment, Valencia started to see emotions in the same way, along the same continuum of self-acceptance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once you do away with that most basic of dichotomies, good versus bad, and just make it all sort of a jumbled mess of the same thing, then you can either hate yourself as a whole or you can accept and love yourself as a whole,” she says. “And I think, it’s not always as easy as making a decision, but it’s pretty obvious which one is preferable.”\u003ca id=\"note\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor's Note:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>After completing the full course of MDMA treatment and working on assertiveness, Valencia began asking friends and acquaintances to use the pronouns “they, them, their.” Valencia identifies as gender-vague.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using “they” or “them” to refer to an individual presents certain grammatical and syntactical challenges, and in light of this, Valencia asked KQED to use female pronouns instead.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Ever Ask Your Kids if They Want Photos of Them Shared Online? Maybe You Should.",
"title": "Ever Ask Your Kids if They Want Photos of Them Shared Online? Maybe You Should.",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>When Katlyn Burbidge's son was 6 years old, he was performing some silly antic typical of a first-grader. But after she snapped a photo and started using her phone, he asked her a serious question: \"Are you going to post that to Facebook?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She laughed and answered, \"Yes, I think I will.\" What he said next stopped her.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\"The parents said, ‘We don’t need rules — we’re fine,’ and the children said, ‘Our parents need rules.’ ”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>That's when it dawned on her: She had been posting photos of him online without asking his permission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're big proponents of bodily autonomy and not forcing him to hug or kiss people unless he wants to, but it never occurred to me that I should ask his permission to post photos of him online,\" says Burbridge, a mom of two in Wakefield, Mass. \"Now when I post photos of him on Facebook, I show him the photo and get his OK. I get to approve tags and photos of myself I want posted — why not my child?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When her 8-month-old is 3 or 4 years old, she plans to start asking him in an age-appropriate way, \"Do you want other people to see this?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's precisely the approach that two researchers advocated before a room of pediatricians last week at the American Academy of Pediatrics meeting, when they discussed the 21st century challenge of \"sharenting,\" a new term for parents' online sharing about their children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As children's-rights advocates, we believe that children should have a voice about what information is shared about them if possible,\" says Stacey Steinberg, a legal skills professor at the University of Florida Levin College of Law in Gainesville.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether it's ensuring your child isn't bullied over something you post, that their identity isn't \u003ca href=\"http://www.cosmopolitan.com/lifestyle/a44264/digital-kidnapping/\">digitally\u003c/a> \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.fastcompany.com/3036073/the-creepiest-new-corner-of-instagram-role-playing-with-stolen-baby-photos\">kidnapped\u003c/a>\" or that their photos don't end up on a half dozen child pornography sites, as \u003ca href=\"http://www.kidspot.com.au/parenting/real-life/reader-stories/mums-warning-i-found-my-childrens-photos-on-porn-sites\">one Australian mom discovered\u003c/a>, parents and pediatricians are increasingly aware of the importance of protecting children's digital presence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steinberg and \u003ca href=\"https://ufhealth.org/bahareh-keith\">Bahareh Keith\u003c/a>, an assistant professor of pediatrics at the University of Florida College of Medicine, say most children will likely never experience problems related to what their parents share, but a tension still exists between parents' rights to share their experiences and their children's rights to privacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're in no way trying to silence parents' voices,\" Steinberg says. \"At the same time, we recognize that children might have an interest in entering adulthood free to create their own digital footprint.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They cited a \u003ca href=\"http://yardi.people.si.umich.edu/pubs/Schoenebeck_FamilyTechRules16.pdf\">study presented earlier this year\u003c/a> of 249 pairs of parents and their children in which more than twice as many children than parents wanted rules on what parents could share.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The parents said, 'We don't need rules — we're fine,' and the children said, 'Our parents need rules,' \" Keith says. \"The children wanted autonomy about this issue and were worried about their parents sharing information about them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She pointed out that the American Academy of Pediatrics offers \u003ca href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2016/10/19/peds.2016-2591\">guidelines\u003c/a> to parents on monitoring their children's social media use, but not the other way around, something \u003ca href=\"http://doctordavidhill.com/about-dr-hill/\">David Hill\u003c/a>, chair of the AAP Council on Communications and Media, expects will become an important part of AAP's messaging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although its current media guidelines do recommend that parents model appropriate social media use for their children, it does not explicitly discuss oversharing by parents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think this is a very legitimate concern, and I appreciate their drawing our attention to it,\" Hill, a father of five, says. He sees a role for pediatricians to talk with parents about this, but believes the messaging must extend far beyond pediatricians' offices. \"I look forward to seeing researchers expand our understanding of the issue so we can translate it into effective education and policy,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's been little research on the topic, Steinbert wrote in a \u003ca href=\"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2711442\">law article\u003c/a> about this issue. While states could pass laws related to sharing information about children online, Steinberg feels parents themselves are generally best suited to make these decisions for their families.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"While we didn't want to create any unnecessary panic, we did find some concerns that were troublesome, and we thought that parents or at least physicians should be aware of those potential risks,\" Steinberg says. They include photos repurposed for inappropriate or illegal means, identity theft, embarrassment, bullying by peers or \u003ca href=\"https://www.yahoo.com/news/mom-my-son-was-digitally-kidnapped-what-112545291567.html\">digital kidnapping\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parents aren't oblivious to these possibilities. A March 2015 \u003ca href=\"http://mottnpch.org/sites/default/files/documents/031615_sharenting_0.pdf\">survey of 569 parents\u003c/a> of children ages 4 and younger, conducted by C.S. Mott Children's Hospital at the University of Michigan, found that 68 percent worried about their child's privacy and 67 percent worried their children's photos might be reshared — a concern grounded in reality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, an unscientific survey of an online child pornography site by an Australian government official found a \u003ca href=\"http://www.smh.com.au/national/millions-of-social-media-photos-found-on-child-exploitation-sharing-sites-20150929-gjxe55.html\">significant chunk of the photos\u003c/a> had initially been shared by parents on sites such as Facebook and Instagram. The photos themselves were mostly innocent, everyday scenes of kids playing, but they were accompanied by explicit, inappropriate comments. The Australian official estimated that \"about half\" of the 45 million images \"appeared to be sourced directly from social media.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that's the sordid side, with risks that must be balanced against the benefits of sharing. Steinberg pointed out that parental sharing on social media helps build communities, connect spread-out families, provide support and raise awareness around important social issues for which parents might be their child's only voice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same C.S. Mott survey found among the 56 percent of mothers and 34 percent of fathers who discussed parenting on social media, 72 percent of them said sharing made them feel less alone and nearly as many said sharing helped them worry less and gave them advice from other parents. The most common topics they discussed included kids' sleep, nutrition, discipline, behavior problems and day care and preschool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's this peer-to-peer nature of health care these days with a profound opportunity for parents to learn helpful tips, safety and prevention efforts, pro-vaccine messages and all kinds of other messages from other parents in their social communities,\" says Wendy Sue Swanson, a pediatrician and executive director of digital health at Seattle Children's Hospital, where \u003ca href=\"http://seattlemamadoc.seattlechildrens.org/\">she blogs\u003c/a> about her own parenting journey to help other parents. \"They're getting nurtured by people they've already preselected that they trust,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"How do we weigh the risks, how do we think about the benefits, and how do we mitigate the risks?\" she says. \"Those are the questions we need to ask ourselves, and everyone can have a different answer.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For mom Karen Koy, of Platte City, Mo., avoiding nudity or posts about bodily fluids is a given, but for things she's uncertain about, she asks herself a series of questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Who does this serve? If it's anyone other than the kid, no go,\" she explained via Facebook Messenger. \"Is this something people would enjoy hearing or seeing? If the answer is no, no go. Is this something I would love to see pop up as a Facebook memory on a bad day? If not, no go.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last question is the reason she did not share photos when her daughter was hospitalized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"She looked adorable in the oversized hospital gown, which she was wearing because she was vulnerable, and I feel like posting that takes advantage of that vulnerability to gain attention for us, her parents,\" Koy says. \"Her being in the hospital shouldn't be about us, it should be about her and what she needs in that moment.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some parents find the best route for them is not to share at all. Bridget O'Hanlon and her husband, who live in Cleveland, decided before their daughter was born that they would not post her photos online. When a few family members did post pictures, O'Hanlon and her husband made their wishes clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's been hard not to share pics of her because people always want to know how babies and toddlers are doing and to see pictures, but we made the decision to have social media, she did not,\" O'Hanlon told NPR via Facebook Messenger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, Alison Jamison of Fairport, N.Y., decided with her husband that their child had a right to their own online identity. They did use an invitation-only photo sharing platform so that friends and family, including those far away, could see the photos, but they stood firm when they received pushback about not using other social media platforms, she told NPR via Facebook Messenger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For most families, it's a journey. Sometimes it goes wrong, but most of the time it doesn't,\" says Swanson, who recommends starting to ask children permission to post narratives or photos around ages 6 to 8. \"We'll learn more and more what our tolerance is. We can ask our kids to help us learn as a society what's okay and what's not.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, that learning process goes both ways. Bria Dunham, a mother in Somerville, Mass., was so excited to watch a moment of brotherly bonding while her first-grader and baby took a bath together that she snapped a few photos. But when she considered posting them on Facebook, she took the perspective of her son: How would he feel if his classmates' parents saw photos of him chest-up in the bathtub?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It made me think about how I am teaching him to have ownership of his own body and how what is shared today endures into the future,\" Dunham says. \"So I kept the pictures to myself and accepted this as one more step in supporting his increasing autonomy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Tara Haelle is the co-author of \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/books/titles/473075468/the-informed-parent-a-science-based-resource-for-your-childs-first-four-years\">The Informed Parent: A Science-Based Resource for Your Child's First Four Years\u003c/a>\u003cem>. She's on Twitter: \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/tarahaelle\">@tarahaelle\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Do+Parents+Invade+Children%27s+Privacy+When+They+Post+Photos+Online%3F+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When Katlyn Burbidge's son was 6 years old, he was performing some silly antic typical of a first-grader. But after she snapped a photo and started using her phone, he asked her a serious question: \"Are you going to post that to Facebook?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She laughed and answered, \"Yes, I think I will.\" What he said next stopped her.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\"The parents said, ‘We don’t need rules — we’re fine,’ and the children said, ‘Our parents need rules.’ ”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>That's when it dawned on her: She had been posting photos of him online without asking his permission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're big proponents of bodily autonomy and not forcing him to hug or kiss people unless he wants to, but it never occurred to me that I should ask his permission to post photos of him online,\" says Burbridge, a mom of two in Wakefield, Mass. \"Now when I post photos of him on Facebook, I show him the photo and get his OK. I get to approve tags and photos of myself I want posted — why not my child?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When her 8-month-old is 3 or 4 years old, she plans to start asking him in an age-appropriate way, \"Do you want other people to see this?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's precisely the approach that two researchers advocated before a room of pediatricians last week at the American Academy of Pediatrics meeting, when they discussed the 21st century challenge of \"sharenting,\" a new term for parents' online sharing about their children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As children's-rights advocates, we believe that children should have a voice about what information is shared about them if possible,\" says Stacey Steinberg, a legal skills professor at the University of Florida Levin College of Law in Gainesville.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether it's ensuring your child isn't bullied over something you post, that their identity isn't \u003ca href=\"http://www.cosmopolitan.com/lifestyle/a44264/digital-kidnapping/\">digitally\u003c/a> \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.fastcompany.com/3036073/the-creepiest-new-corner-of-instagram-role-playing-with-stolen-baby-photos\">kidnapped\u003c/a>\" or that their photos don't end up on a half dozen child pornography sites, as \u003ca href=\"http://www.kidspot.com.au/parenting/real-life/reader-stories/mums-warning-i-found-my-childrens-photos-on-porn-sites\">one Australian mom discovered\u003c/a>, parents and pediatricians are increasingly aware of the importance of protecting children's digital presence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steinberg and \u003ca href=\"https://ufhealth.org/bahareh-keith\">Bahareh Keith\u003c/a>, an assistant professor of pediatrics at the University of Florida College of Medicine, say most children will likely never experience problems related to what their parents share, but a tension still exists between parents' rights to share their experiences and their children's rights to privacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're in no way trying to silence parents' voices,\" Steinberg says. \"At the same time, we recognize that children might have an interest in entering adulthood free to create their own digital footprint.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They cited a \u003ca href=\"http://yardi.people.si.umich.edu/pubs/Schoenebeck_FamilyTechRules16.pdf\">study presented earlier this year\u003c/a> of 249 pairs of parents and their children in which more than twice as many children than parents wanted rules on what parents could share.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The parents said, 'We don't need rules — we're fine,' and the children said, 'Our parents need rules,' \" Keith says. \"The children wanted autonomy about this issue and were worried about their parents sharing information about them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She pointed out that the American Academy of Pediatrics offers \u003ca href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2016/10/19/peds.2016-2591\">guidelines\u003c/a> to parents on monitoring their children's social media use, but not the other way around, something \u003ca href=\"http://doctordavidhill.com/about-dr-hill/\">David Hill\u003c/a>, chair of the AAP Council on Communications and Media, expects will become an important part of AAP's messaging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although its current media guidelines do recommend that parents model appropriate social media use for their children, it does not explicitly discuss oversharing by parents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think this is a very legitimate concern, and I appreciate their drawing our attention to it,\" Hill, a father of five, says. He sees a role for pediatricians to talk with parents about this, but believes the messaging must extend far beyond pediatricians' offices. \"I look forward to seeing researchers expand our understanding of the issue so we can translate it into effective education and policy,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's been little research on the topic, Steinbert wrote in a \u003ca href=\"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2711442\">law article\u003c/a> about this issue. While states could pass laws related to sharing information about children online, Steinberg feels parents themselves are generally best suited to make these decisions for their families.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"While we didn't want to create any unnecessary panic, we did find some concerns that were troublesome, and we thought that parents or at least physicians should be aware of those potential risks,\" Steinberg says. They include photos repurposed for inappropriate or illegal means, identity theft, embarrassment, bullying by peers or \u003ca href=\"https://www.yahoo.com/news/mom-my-son-was-digitally-kidnapped-what-112545291567.html\">digital kidnapping\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parents aren't oblivious to these possibilities. A March 2015 \u003ca href=\"http://mottnpch.org/sites/default/files/documents/031615_sharenting_0.pdf\">survey of 569 parents\u003c/a> of children ages 4 and younger, conducted by C.S. Mott Children's Hospital at the University of Michigan, found that 68 percent worried about their child's privacy and 67 percent worried their children's photos might be reshared — a concern grounded in reality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, an unscientific survey of an online child pornography site by an Australian government official found a \u003ca href=\"http://www.smh.com.au/national/millions-of-social-media-photos-found-on-child-exploitation-sharing-sites-20150929-gjxe55.html\">significant chunk of the photos\u003c/a> had initially been shared by parents on sites such as Facebook and Instagram. The photos themselves were mostly innocent, everyday scenes of kids playing, but they were accompanied by explicit, inappropriate comments. The Australian official estimated that \"about half\" of the 45 million images \"appeared to be sourced directly from social media.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that's the sordid side, with risks that must be balanced against the benefits of sharing. Steinberg pointed out that parental sharing on social media helps build communities, connect spread-out families, provide support and raise awareness around important social issues for which parents might be their child's only voice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same C.S. Mott survey found among the 56 percent of mothers and 34 percent of fathers who discussed parenting on social media, 72 percent of them said sharing made them feel less alone and nearly as many said sharing helped them worry less and gave them advice from other parents. The most common topics they discussed included kids' sleep, nutrition, discipline, behavior problems and day care and preschool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's this peer-to-peer nature of health care these days with a profound opportunity for parents to learn helpful tips, safety and prevention efforts, pro-vaccine messages and all kinds of other messages from other parents in their social communities,\" says Wendy Sue Swanson, a pediatrician and executive director of digital health at Seattle Children's Hospital, where \u003ca href=\"http://seattlemamadoc.seattlechildrens.org/\">she blogs\u003c/a> about her own parenting journey to help other parents. \"They're getting nurtured by people they've already preselected that they trust,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"How do we weigh the risks, how do we think about the benefits, and how do we mitigate the risks?\" she says. \"Those are the questions we need to ask ourselves, and everyone can have a different answer.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For mom Karen Koy, of Platte City, Mo., avoiding nudity or posts about bodily fluids is a given, but for things she's uncertain about, she asks herself a series of questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Who does this serve? If it's anyone other than the kid, no go,\" she explained via Facebook Messenger. \"Is this something people would enjoy hearing or seeing? If the answer is no, no go. Is this something I would love to see pop up as a Facebook memory on a bad day? If not, no go.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last question is the reason she did not share photos when her daughter was hospitalized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"She looked adorable in the oversized hospital gown, which she was wearing because she was vulnerable, and I feel like posting that takes advantage of that vulnerability to gain attention for us, her parents,\" Koy says. \"Her being in the hospital shouldn't be about us, it should be about her and what she needs in that moment.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some parents find the best route for them is not to share at all. Bridget O'Hanlon and her husband, who live in Cleveland, decided before their daughter was born that they would not post her photos online. When a few family members did post pictures, O'Hanlon and her husband made their wishes clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's been hard not to share pics of her because people always want to know how babies and toddlers are doing and to see pictures, but we made the decision to have social media, she did not,\" O'Hanlon told NPR via Facebook Messenger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, Alison Jamison of Fairport, N.Y., decided with her husband that their child had a right to their own online identity. They did use an invitation-only photo sharing platform so that friends and family, including those far away, could see the photos, but they stood firm when they received pushback about not using other social media platforms, she told NPR via Facebook Messenger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For most families, it's a journey. Sometimes it goes wrong, but most of the time it doesn't,\" says Swanson, who recommends starting to ask children permission to post narratives or photos around ages 6 to 8. \"We'll learn more and more what our tolerance is. We can ask our kids to help us learn as a society what's okay and what's not.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, that learning process goes both ways. Bria Dunham, a mother in Somerville, Mass., was so excited to watch a moment of brotherly bonding while her first-grader and baby took a bath together that she snapped a few photos. But when she considered posting them on Facebook, she took the perspective of her son: How would he feel if his classmates' parents saw photos of him chest-up in the bathtub?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It made me think about how I am teaching him to have ownership of his own body and how what is shared today endures into the future,\" Dunham says. \"So I kept the pictures to myself and accepted this as one more step in supporting his increasing autonomy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Tara Haelle is the co-author of \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/books/titles/473075468/the-informed-parent-a-science-based-resource-for-your-childs-first-four-years\">The Informed Parent: A Science-Based Resource for Your Child's First Four Years\u003c/a>\u003cem>. She's on Twitter: \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/tarahaelle\">@tarahaelle\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Do+Parents+Invade+Children%27s+Privacy+When+They+Post+Photos+Online%3F+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Oakland Kids Tell Story of Henrietta Lacks in Hip-Hop Video",
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"content": "\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ej0b7GHGYjs\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Henrietta Lacks. Born 1920. Black Virginian, tobacco farmer, steel worker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cancer patient. Poor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Johns Hopkins, in 1951, while Lacks was being treated in the \"colored\" ward, a doctor passed on samples from her cervix to researchers, without her consent or even knowledge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That same year, at age 31, she died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not all of her, though.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cells derived from the two samples taken from an unwitting Lacks have inexplicably lived on in labs for over 60 years now, used to research the effects of radiation, AIDS, the polio vaccine and much more. Here's what Rebecca Skloot, author of the 2010 book \"The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks,\" told NPR's \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2010/02/02/123232331/henrietta-lacks-a-donors-immortal-legacy\" target=\"_blank\">Fresh Air\u003c/a>\" in 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>[The cells] were the first immortal cell line ever to grow in culture. Scientists put them in culture in 1951, and they just never died. They kept growing and growing and growing. And scientists had been trying to do that for decades, and it had never worked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she went to the hospital, she had a tumor on her cervix that was about the size of a dime, and within six months nearly every organ of her body was taken over by tumors. So her cancer grew incredibly fast in her body. When scientists put them in culture, they just took off. They doubled every 24 hours and they sort of piled onto each other and grew in these enormous ... quantities that no cells had ever done before.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Those cells have done a lot of good -- and also contributed to a lot of profits. The case, which is as much about class, gender and race as it is about science, has spawned \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/10/18/what-stem-cell-researchers-talk-about-when-they-talk-about-ethics/\" target=\"_blank\">ethical debates\u003c/a> about informed consent among researchers. To learn more, you can read the book or watch the coming HBO movie based on it. (Look \u003ca href=\"http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-3755716/Oprah-Winfrey-wears-1950s-garb-filming-HBO-movie-Henrietta-Lacks-Atlanta.html\" target=\"_blank\">here \u003c/a>for many pictures of Oprah Winfrey on set playing Lacks' daughter.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But we recommend that first you should watch the awesome video above. \"The Immortal Rap of Henrietta Lacks\" stars mostly eighth graders from KIPP Bridge Charter School in Oakland, California. The students researched and wrote the lyrics -- set to the songs \"Right Hand,\" \"Shell Shocked\" and \"Work\" -- with help from their performing arts teacher, Shannon Perkins, and San Francisco Bay Area educator Tom McFadden, who runs a small organization devoted to the intersection of science and the arts. McFadden sent drafts of the piece to Henrietta Lacks' granddaughter for approval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked him how this idea came about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I’d done one \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=35FwmiPE9tI\" target=\"_blank\">project\u003c/a> before with this school on \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/tech/rosalind-franklin-legacy.html\" target=\"_blank\">Rosalind Franklin\u003c/a>,\" McFadden said. \"When I published that video, Rebecca Skloot said for your next project you should do one on Henrietta Lacks. She planted the seed through a tweet.\" (And makes a cameo in the video, as well.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McFadden said he hoped the video would inspire schools and educators to embrace \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/HipHopEd?src=hash\" target=\"_blank\">#HipHopEd\u003c/a>, interdisciplinary project-based learning, and \"the value of performing arts for student ownership of their scholastic experience.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or maybe ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hey, \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Lin_Manuel\" target=\"_blank\">Lin-Manuel Miranda\u003c/a>, check it out!\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not all of her, though.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cells derived from the two samples taken from an unwitting Lacks have inexplicably lived on in labs for over 60 years now, used to research the effects of radiation, AIDS, the polio vaccine and much more. Here's what Rebecca Skloot, author of the 2010 book \"The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks,\" told NPR's \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2010/02/02/123232331/henrietta-lacks-a-donors-immortal-legacy\" target=\"_blank\">Fresh Air\u003c/a>\" in 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>[The cells] were the first immortal cell line ever to grow in culture. Scientists put them in culture in 1951, and they just never died. They kept growing and growing and growing. And scientists had been trying to do that for decades, and it had never worked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she went to the hospital, she had a tumor on her cervix that was about the size of a dime, and within six months nearly every organ of her body was taken over by tumors. So her cancer grew incredibly fast in her body. When scientists put them in culture, they just took off. They doubled every 24 hours and they sort of piled onto each other and grew in these enormous ... quantities that no cells had ever done before.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Those cells have done a lot of good -- and also contributed to a lot of profits. The case, which is as much about class, gender and race as it is about science, has spawned \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/10/18/what-stem-cell-researchers-talk-about-when-they-talk-about-ethics/\" target=\"_blank\">ethical debates\u003c/a> about informed consent among researchers. To learn more, you can read the book or watch the coming HBO movie based on it. (Look \u003ca href=\"http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-3755716/Oprah-Winfrey-wears-1950s-garb-filming-HBO-movie-Henrietta-Lacks-Atlanta.html\" target=\"_blank\">here \u003c/a>for many pictures of Oprah Winfrey on set playing Lacks' daughter.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But we recommend that first you should watch the awesome video above. \"The Immortal Rap of Henrietta Lacks\" stars mostly eighth graders from KIPP Bridge Charter School in Oakland, California. The students researched and wrote the lyrics -- set to the songs \"Right Hand,\" \"Shell Shocked\" and \"Work\" -- with help from their performing arts teacher, Shannon Perkins, and San Francisco Bay Area educator Tom McFadden, who runs a small organization devoted to the intersection of science and the arts. McFadden sent drafts of the piece to Henrietta Lacks' granddaughter for approval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked him how this idea came about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I’d done one \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=35FwmiPE9tI\" target=\"_blank\">project\u003c/a> before with this school on \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/tech/rosalind-franklin-legacy.html\" target=\"_blank\">Rosalind Franklin\u003c/a>,\" McFadden said. \"When I published that video, Rebecca Skloot said for your next project you should do one on Henrietta Lacks. She planted the seed through a tweet.\" (And makes a cameo in the video, as well.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McFadden said he hoped the video would inspire schools and educators to embrace \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/HipHopEd?src=hash\" target=\"_blank\">#HipHopEd\u003c/a>, interdisciplinary project-based learning, and \"the value of performing arts for student ownership of their scholastic experience.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or maybe ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hey, \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Lin_Manuel\" target=\"_blank\">Lin-Manuel Miranda\u003c/a>, check it out!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>If you feel like Internet ads are more pervasive and invasive than ever before, you're not alone. Author Tim Wu tells \"Fresh Air's\" Terry Gross that the Web has gotten worse over the years, not better — and unrelenting ads are to blame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think you spend 50 percent of your mental energy trying to defeat ad systems,\" Wu says. \"It's amazing that we've got this great scientific invention, the Web and the Internet, and then it has come to the point where using it reminds me of swatting mosquitoes.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a professor at Columbia Law School, Wu became known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2014/04/24/306542099/what-do-net-neutrality-rules-mean-for-web-users\" target=\"_blank\">an open Internet advocate\u003c/a> who is credited with coining the term \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2014/07/21/333737282/net-neutrality-shall-i-compare-thee-to-a-highway-a-showerhead\" target=\"_blank\">net neutrality\u003c/a>.\" His new book, \u003cem>The Attention Merchants,\u003c/em> examines how advertising has changed the Internet — and how those changes affect us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says the book was inspired by his own experience of sitting down to look something up on the computer and finding, four hours later, that he had slid into a world of digital distraction. \"It's what I call the casino effect,\" Wu says. \"It's this effort of the environment to make you lose control of your sense of time and your attention kind of gets dragged away.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wu points out that much of the \"free\" content on the Internet comes at a price to users, who are subjected to ads that are targeted specifically at them and which are increasingly difficult to ignore or close. \"Google, Facebook, Twitter — the whole set of companies essentially knows all your weaknesses and essentially how to manipulate you in subtle ways in order to have you do things you might not otherwise do,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wu says that although the Internet is full of \"clickbait that brings ads along like a bad cold,\" it doesn't have to be that way. \"We can have a better Web,\" he says. \"Whether it's a combination of subscription models or nonprofit models, I would like to have a Web that we feel proud of, that lives up to its promise.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Interview Highlights\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On \u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>the quest for clicks\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's inherent to the business model. It's very driven with the need to grow, to get more clicks and clicks and clicks. And some of this book is about the history, and we often say that ratings kind of ruined television in the 1950s, well, the quest for ratings looks dignified in comparison to the quest for clicks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So much engineering talent and ability has gone into trying to make people click on things that I think we've almost lost the last five years of development. It's been very disappointing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On how we are used to content being free\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a bargain with some historical precedent. I think back starting with radio, starting with television, we got used to this idea of stuff being free as long as you just watch a few ads. ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This attention-merchant model has spread to so many areas of our life, where we're completely used to everything being free. But then the payoff, or the exchange, is that then we also agree to stuff that is compromised, because it is always trying to get us to click on ads at the same time. So we have this bargain that we made — and you can call it Faustian, you can call it whatever you want — that we have decided that we have to have everything for free, and I think we're starting to pay for it in terms of our mental states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On \u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>the price of 'free' Internet content \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you really want change in this area, and you want to act, you probably have to pay for stuff, pay for content. Some people are like, \"Oh my God I have to pay?\" But people do pay. They pay for Netflix, they pay for HBO, they pay for other types — they subscribe to newspapers sometimes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Generally speaking, when you pay for stuff it has more of your interests at heart. ... In other words, a lot of the websites are always serving two masters, they're both trying to get you entertained enough to stay there, or to click on things, but to also then make it a good platform for advertising. So I have sort of a plea to people who want to change these sort of things is, like, maybe just suck it up and start paying for more stuff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On the pervasiveness of Internet advertising\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the media, traditional media like print, we had boundaries, we had spaces that ads didn't leave, they stayed where they were on the page, they didn't float around over the text, and we're sort of lost on the Internet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We don't have any barriers. We have a demand for growth that is insistent, and so advertising just keeps getting heavier and heavier and heavier. It doesn't have any natural limit, and we haven't found a place for the limit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On Google's approach to advertising\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think Google is the most profitable attention merchant in the history of the world. ... They started a very idealistic beautiful company in many ways, but they didn't have a business model.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most interesting thing about Google is its founders hated advertising and in fact, they wrote this paper in the '90s, saying in its appendix that any advertising-based search engine would always be corrupted and unable to serve its highest purposes, because advertising always corrupts the goal of the search engine, which is to try to give you the most important stuff, not the stuff someone paid to be there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google is this conflicted company. I think they thought they could do this deal and keep advertising at bay, but I think year in, year out Google is starting to get worse instead of better. ... You can see it with Google Maps, you can see it with Google Directions where somehow Uber is always one of the options, and it's becoming exactly what they said was what they never wanted, which is a pay-for service where the highest bidder gets the best results. So it's kind of a cautionary tale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I do think the best thing for companies like Google and Facebook, if they are afraid of this ethical trap of advertising, is they should start letting people pay who want to pay and avoid some of the advertising.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On how advertisers can use technology to target individual \u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>\"moments\"\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think this is going to become more intense in the coming decade as we start to carry more and more technology with us. We already have our phones, but other wearables and those technologies are going to want to know when you're deciding things and then offer some kind of input, subtle or less so, on that moment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So you know, discovering the moment: Let's say you're someone's phone and you notice that your owner is drinking coffee at certain times of the day, just very subtly indicating where the local coffee shop is, which happens to have paid whoever makes your phone, at the right moment. ... We are possibly facing little tiny bits of manipulation in all of our waking hours, if we don't have that already.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On how Facebook \"likes\" help advertisers \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every time you click on a \"like\" button on another site, you've told Facebook that you're doing that, and so therefore advertisers know who their fan base is. When you decide to \"like\" something you may feel you're innocently putting out your preferences, but actually you're delivering something of enormous value, which is indicating that you essentially like to be advertised to by this company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's so funny that the Internet has become a series of traps where you do innocent things like give your name or address or indicate a preference — \"I like this thing\" — and therefore you open yourself up to a deluge of advertising based on those stated preferences. That's what you're doing, you're signaling who you are as a consumer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On what can happen when Internet companies know intimate details about individuals\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I'm concerned with our autonomy. ... I particularly don't like it when it's used to exploit your weaknesses or make you lose control in some ways — so it's like advertising casinos to people who have gambling problems, or just things that are too sensitive — if you have a disease and suddenly you started getting ads for cures for that disease, it's an embarrassing disease. All that kind of stuff, it just gets into that zone of autonomy or privacy where you feel a sense of freedom to be who you want to be, and I'm afraid when too many people know too much about you, it actually makes us all a lot more boring, because you're afraid to express yourself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 Fresh Air. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/\">Fresh Air\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+Free+Web+Content+Traps+People+In+An+Abyss+Of+Ads+And+Clickbait&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you feel like Internet ads are more pervasive and invasive than ever before, you're not alone. Author Tim Wu tells \"Fresh Air's\" Terry Gross that the Web has gotten worse over the years, not better — and unrelenting ads are to blame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think you spend 50 percent of your mental energy trying to defeat ad systems,\" Wu says. \"It's amazing that we've got this great scientific invention, the Web and the Internet, and then it has come to the point where using it reminds me of swatting mosquitoes.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a professor at Columbia Law School, Wu became known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2014/04/24/306542099/what-do-net-neutrality-rules-mean-for-web-users\" target=\"_blank\">an open Internet advocate\u003c/a> who is credited with coining the term \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2014/07/21/333737282/net-neutrality-shall-i-compare-thee-to-a-highway-a-showerhead\" target=\"_blank\">net neutrality\u003c/a>.\" His new book, \u003cem>The Attention Merchants,\u003c/em> examines how advertising has changed the Internet — and how those changes affect us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says the book was inspired by his own experience of sitting down to look something up on the computer and finding, four hours later, that he had slid into a world of digital distraction. \"It's what I call the casino effect,\" Wu says. \"It's this effort of the environment to make you lose control of your sense of time and your attention kind of gets dragged away.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wu points out that much of the \"free\" content on the Internet comes at a price to users, who are subjected to ads that are targeted specifically at them and which are increasingly difficult to ignore or close. \"Google, Facebook, Twitter — the whole set of companies essentially knows all your weaknesses and essentially how to manipulate you in subtle ways in order to have you do things you might not otherwise do,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wu says that although the Internet is full of \"clickbait that brings ads along like a bad cold,\" it doesn't have to be that way. \"We can have a better Web,\" he says. \"Whether it's a combination of subscription models or nonprofit models, I would like to have a Web that we feel proud of, that lives up to its promise.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Interview Highlights\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On \u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>the quest for clicks\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's inherent to the business model. It's very driven with the need to grow, to get more clicks and clicks and clicks. And some of this book is about the history, and we often say that ratings kind of ruined television in the 1950s, well, the quest for ratings looks dignified in comparison to the quest for clicks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So much engineering talent and ability has gone into trying to make people click on things that I think we've almost lost the last five years of development. It's been very disappointing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On how we are used to content being free\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a bargain with some historical precedent. I think back starting with radio, starting with television, we got used to this idea of stuff being free as long as you just watch a few ads. ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This attention-merchant model has spread to so many areas of our life, where we're completely used to everything being free. But then the payoff, or the exchange, is that then we also agree to stuff that is compromised, because it is always trying to get us to click on ads at the same time. So we have this bargain that we made — and you can call it Faustian, you can call it whatever you want — that we have decided that we have to have everything for free, and I think we're starting to pay for it in terms of our mental states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On \u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>the price of 'free' Internet content \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you really want change in this area, and you want to act, you probably have to pay for stuff, pay for content. Some people are like, \"Oh my God I have to pay?\" But people do pay. They pay for Netflix, they pay for HBO, they pay for other types — they subscribe to newspapers sometimes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Generally speaking, when you pay for stuff it has more of your interests at heart. ... In other words, a lot of the websites are always serving two masters, they're both trying to get you entertained enough to stay there, or to click on things, but to also then make it a good platform for advertising. So I have sort of a plea to people who want to change these sort of things is, like, maybe just suck it up and start paying for more stuff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On the pervasiveness of Internet advertising\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the media, traditional media like print, we had boundaries, we had spaces that ads didn't leave, they stayed where they were on the page, they didn't float around over the text, and we're sort of lost on the Internet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We don't have any barriers. We have a demand for growth that is insistent, and so advertising just keeps getting heavier and heavier and heavier. It doesn't have any natural limit, and we haven't found a place for the limit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On Google's approach to advertising\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think Google is the most profitable attention merchant in the history of the world. ... They started a very idealistic beautiful company in many ways, but they didn't have a business model.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most interesting thing about Google is its founders hated advertising and in fact, they wrote this paper in the '90s, saying in its appendix that any advertising-based search engine would always be corrupted and unable to serve its highest purposes, because advertising always corrupts the goal of the search engine, which is to try to give you the most important stuff, not the stuff someone paid to be there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google is this conflicted company. I think they thought they could do this deal and keep advertising at bay, but I think year in, year out Google is starting to get worse instead of better. ... You can see it with Google Maps, you can see it with Google Directions where somehow Uber is always one of the options, and it's becoming exactly what they said was what they never wanted, which is a pay-for service where the highest bidder gets the best results. So it's kind of a cautionary tale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I do think the best thing for companies like Google and Facebook, if they are afraid of this ethical trap of advertising, is they should start letting people pay who want to pay and avoid some of the advertising.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On how advertisers can use technology to target individual \u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>\"moments\"\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think this is going to become more intense in the coming decade as we start to carry more and more technology with us. We already have our phones, but other wearables and those technologies are going to want to know when you're deciding things and then offer some kind of input, subtle or less so, on that moment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So you know, discovering the moment: Let's say you're someone's phone and you notice that your owner is drinking coffee at certain times of the day, just very subtly indicating where the local coffee shop is, which happens to have paid whoever makes your phone, at the right moment. ... We are possibly facing little tiny bits of manipulation in all of our waking hours, if we don't have that already.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On how Facebook \"likes\" help advertisers \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every time you click on a \"like\" button on another site, you've told Facebook that you're doing that, and so therefore advertisers know who their fan base is. When you decide to \"like\" something you may feel you're innocently putting out your preferences, but actually you're delivering something of enormous value, which is indicating that you essentially like to be advertised to by this company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's so funny that the Internet has become a series of traps where you do innocent things like give your name or address or indicate a preference — \"I like this thing\" — and therefore you open yourself up to a deluge of advertising based on those stated preferences. That's what you're doing, you're signaling who you are as a consumer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On what can happen when Internet companies know intimate details about individuals\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I'm concerned with our autonomy. ... I particularly don't like it when it's used to exploit your weaknesses or make you lose control in some ways — so it's like advertising casinos to people who have gambling problems, or just things that are too sensitive — if you have a disease and suddenly you started getting ads for cures for that disease, it's an embarrassing disease. All that kind of stuff, it just gets into that zone of autonomy or privacy where you feel a sense of freedom to be who you want to be, and I'm afraid when too many people know too much about you, it actually makes us all a lot more boring, because you're afraid to express yourself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 Fresh Air. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/\">Fresh Air\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+Free+Web+Content+Traps+People+In+An+Abyss+Of+Ads+And+Clickbait&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Whether your kid is 3 and obsessed with Daniel Tiger videos or 15 and spending half her conscious hours on Snapchat, you are probably somewhat conflicted about how to think about their media habits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"ToaVS9hvcyjx3MddUkWr7CPLYS7N3SjF\"]How much time? What kind of media? What should our family's rules be?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the American Academy of Pediatrics released its latest recommendations on these burning questions Friday, it also did something pretty cool: it launched an online tool that parents can use to create their \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthychildren.org/English/media/Pages/default.aspx\">own family media plan\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The interactive tool lets you set guidelines for each child, with suggested items based on the AAP's age-specific recommendations and space to add or substitute your own family's rules. At the end, you can print out a document that lays out your family's own media policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I went through the process for my 4-year-old daughter a few days ago. It took about five minutes to indicate the screen-free areas and times in our household, specify our device curfews and where they will recharge, how we will watch media with our daughter, what kind of media we'll avoid (unboxing videos) and answer other questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We've certainly had some of these rules in vague form floating around in our heads, but it helps to have something concrete to remind us that there are no screens allowed at the dining room table, in my daughter's bedroom, in the stroller or in the bathroom (\u003ca href=\"http://www.ctadigital.com/item.asp?item=3016\">No iPotty for us\u003c/a>, thanks.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our plan also includes a list of things we can do more of by decreasing time spent with media, like coloring, going to the library and playing outside. It reminds us about digital safety rules, like reviewing privacy settings on sites our kid may use. And by making these the family's rules, it reminds my husband and me that we need to set a good example ourselves by putting our devices aside at the agreed-upon times and places. (I haven't had a chance to run it by my kid yet, but that's on my list for the weekend.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not that a printout is going to automatically change behavior, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.mottchildren.org/profile/4195/jenny-stillwaggon-radesky-md\">Jenny Radesky\u003c/a>, a developmental pediatrician at the University of Michigan's C.S. Mott Children's Hospital and lead author of the AAP's policy statement on media use for young children. But it helps parents lay out their values in advance rather than simply reacting to the latest app or platform.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The AAP's updated recommendations are more nuanced than in the past, when the group \u003ca href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2011/10/12/peds.2011-1753\">discouraged any digital media use for children under 2\u003c/a> and recommended \u003ca href=\"https://www.aap.org/en-us/advocacy-and-policy/aap-health-initiatives/Pages/Media-and-Children.aspx\">limiting screen time to two hours or less\u003c/a> for those older than that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those lines in the sand are \"too simplistic,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://411pediatrics.com/about-us/ari-brown-md-faap/\">Ari Brown\u003c/a>, a pediatrician in private practice in Austin, Texas, and a former member of the AAP's Council on Communications and Media. (She wasn't involved in writing these latest guidelines.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(NPR Ed lead education blogger Anya Kamenetz explains what we know about media use and learning in very young children \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/ed/2016/10/21/498550475/american-academy-of-pediatrics-lifts-no-screens-under-2-rule\">here\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the recommendations for elementary school-aged kids and teens don't set any specific time limit. The AAP says that's a decision that depends on the type of media being used and the child using them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they do say that children and teens' priority should be getting \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/basics/children/\">enough physical activity\u003c/a> (one hour per day), and sleep (8-12 hours). They recommend that kids not sleep with devices in their room, and that they avoid exposure for one hour before bedtime, since that can disrupt sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they make it clear that parents have a huge role in their children' media use, even when they're teenagers. Parents should talk about online citizenship and safety, form a network of trusted adults their kids can engage with on social media, and take an active role in selecting and watching media with their children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So-called \"co-viewing\" is crucial for younger children. \"It should be like reading a book together,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.vanderbilt.edu/psychological_sciences/bio/georgene-troseth\">Georgene Troseth\u003c/a>, an associate professor of psychology at Vanderbilt University. \"You should be talking about what you're watching.\" As with books, the goal is to help children compare what they're watching to the real world. That's a valuable skill to work on, since \"that's how adults use media: we use it to get information or to be entertained,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the AAP says that parents shouldn't feel pressured to buy apps or gadgets because they think kids will be left behind. (They're intuitive enough so that they'll pick them up quickly whenever they start.) \"Your kid doesn't know how to do a Google search when they enter kindergarten,\" says Brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bottom line: Your family's media policy should be informed by your own values and intuition as well as what the science says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I want parents to trust their gut,\" says Radesky. \"If they're sitting with a child [using media] and the child is liking it and seeming to be learning something, that kind of a test is totally great.\" And if you decide you'd rather ditch all devices in your house, that's fine too. \"We support that 100 percent,\" she says. \"Your child is not missing out on anything.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Katherine Hobson is a freelance health and science writer based in Brooklyn, N.Y. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Whether your kid is 3 and obsessed with Daniel Tiger videos or 15 and spending half her conscious hours on Snapchat, you are probably somewhat conflicted about how to think about their media habits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>How much time? What kind of media? What should our family's rules be?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the American Academy of Pediatrics released its latest recommendations on these burning questions Friday, it also did something pretty cool: it launched an online tool that parents can use to create their \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthychildren.org/English/media/Pages/default.aspx\">own family media plan\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The interactive tool lets you set guidelines for each child, with suggested items based on the AAP's age-specific recommendations and space to add or substitute your own family's rules. At the end, you can print out a document that lays out your family's own media policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I went through the process for my 4-year-old daughter a few days ago. It took about five minutes to indicate the screen-free areas and times in our household, specify our device curfews and where they will recharge, how we will watch media with our daughter, what kind of media we'll avoid (unboxing videos) and answer other questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We've certainly had some of these rules in vague form floating around in our heads, but it helps to have something concrete to remind us that there are no screens allowed at the dining room table, in my daughter's bedroom, in the stroller or in the bathroom (\u003ca href=\"http://www.ctadigital.com/item.asp?item=3016\">No iPotty for us\u003c/a>, thanks.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our plan also includes a list of things we can do more of by decreasing time spent with media, like coloring, going to the library and playing outside. It reminds us about digital safety rules, like reviewing privacy settings on sites our kid may use. And by making these the family's rules, it reminds my husband and me that we need to set a good example ourselves by putting our devices aside at the agreed-upon times and places. (I haven't had a chance to run it by my kid yet, but that's on my list for the weekend.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not that a printout is going to automatically change behavior, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.mottchildren.org/profile/4195/jenny-stillwaggon-radesky-md\">Jenny Radesky\u003c/a>, a developmental pediatrician at the University of Michigan's C.S. Mott Children's Hospital and lead author of the AAP's policy statement on media use for young children. But it helps parents lay out their values in advance rather than simply reacting to the latest app or platform.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The AAP's updated recommendations are more nuanced than in the past, when the group \u003ca href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2011/10/12/peds.2011-1753\">discouraged any digital media use for children under 2\u003c/a> and recommended \u003ca href=\"https://www.aap.org/en-us/advocacy-and-policy/aap-health-initiatives/Pages/Media-and-Children.aspx\">limiting screen time to two hours or less\u003c/a> for those older than that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those lines in the sand are \"too simplistic,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://411pediatrics.com/about-us/ari-brown-md-faap/\">Ari Brown\u003c/a>, a pediatrician in private practice in Austin, Texas, and a former member of the AAP's Council on Communications and Media. (She wasn't involved in writing these latest guidelines.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(NPR Ed lead education blogger Anya Kamenetz explains what we know about media use and learning in very young children \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/ed/2016/10/21/498550475/american-academy-of-pediatrics-lifts-no-screens-under-2-rule\">here\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the recommendations for elementary school-aged kids and teens don't set any specific time limit. The AAP says that's a decision that depends on the type of media being used and the child using them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they do say that children and teens' priority should be getting \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/basics/children/\">enough physical activity\u003c/a> (one hour per day), and sleep (8-12 hours). They recommend that kids not sleep with devices in their room, and that they avoid exposure for one hour before bedtime, since that can disrupt sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they make it clear that parents have a huge role in their children' media use, even when they're teenagers. Parents should talk about online citizenship and safety, form a network of trusted adults their kids can engage with on social media, and take an active role in selecting and watching media with their children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So-called \"co-viewing\" is crucial for younger children. \"It should be like reading a book together,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.vanderbilt.edu/psychological_sciences/bio/georgene-troseth\">Georgene Troseth\u003c/a>, an associate professor of psychology at Vanderbilt University. \"You should be talking about what you're watching.\" As with books, the goal is to help children compare what they're watching to the real world. That's a valuable skill to work on, since \"that's how adults use media: we use it to get information or to be entertained,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the AAP says that parents shouldn't feel pressured to buy apps or gadgets because they think kids will be left behind. 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"content": "\u003cp>Researchers have discovered a piece in the puzzle of how the Zika virus spreads in human cells and neutralizes the body’s defenses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study by scientists at the University of California, San Diego School of Medicine answered a fundamental question posed by biologists: What happens when the virus enters a human cell?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zika infections lead to modifications in the genetic material of both the virus itself and humans’ immune systems, influencing the virus’ spread and the body’s immune response, according to the researchers. Their study was published last week in \u003cem>Cell Host & Microbe\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While humans’ genetic material is made up of DNA and RNA, some viruses’ genomes — including Zika and HIV — are comprised only of RNA. In humans, RNA carries genetic information from DNA to create new cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers found that when the Zika virus infected a human cell, the cell modified viral RNA to get rid of the infection. But that adaptation triggered human enzymes that may have impacted the cell’s protective shield. The Zika infection also induced modifications on human RNA, according to the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Changing viral RNA let the virus “hide in plain sight,” said Tariq Rana, the lead author of the study and a professor of pediatrics at UC San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That discovery probably won’t help find a vaccine for Zika, but it could contribute to the discovery of drugs to prevent birth defects in some babies born to women who contracted the virus while pregnant, said Dr. Peter Hotez, dean of the National School of Tropical Medicine at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston. He was not involved in the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It might also help scientists develop drugs in the future that can specifically target and stop Zika from changing RNA, Rana said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And understanding how Zika changes RNA opens the door to studying when fetuses are harmed during pregnancies and what potential risk factors may be, said Amesh Adalja, a senior associate at the Center for Health Security, part of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research may be a key to understanding how Zika causes so much damage to a developing fetus, said Adalja, who was also not part of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What you’re seeing with Zika is science progressing at breakneck speed to discover mysteries about this virus that no one paid attention to for decades and decades,” Adalja said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was produced by Kaiser Health News, which publishes California Healthline, a service of the California Health Care Foundation.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Changing viral RNA let the virus “hide in plain sight,” said Tariq Rana, the lead author of the study and a professor of pediatrics at UC San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That discovery probably won’t help find a vaccine for Zika, but it could contribute to the discovery of drugs to prevent birth defects in some babies born to women who contracted the virus while pregnant, said Dr. Peter Hotez, dean of the National School of Tropical Medicine at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston. He was not involved in the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It might also help scientists develop drugs in the future that can specifically target and stop Zika from changing RNA, Rana said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And understanding how Zika changes RNA opens the door to studying when fetuses are harmed during pregnancies and what potential risk factors may be, said Amesh Adalja, a senior associate at the Center for Health Security, part of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research may be a key to understanding how Zika causes so much damage to a developing fetus, said Adalja, who was also not part of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What you’re seeing with Zika is science progressing at breakneck speed to discover mysteries about this virus that no one paid attention to for decades and decades,” Adalja said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was produced by Kaiser Health News, which publishes California Healthline, a service of the California Health Care Foundation.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Mind-Controlled, Robotic Arm Restores Some Sense of Touch to Paralyzed Man",
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"content": "\u003cp>Twelve years ago, a car wreck took away Nathan Copeland's ability to control his hands or sense what his fingers were touching.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few months ago, researchers at the University of Pittsburgh and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center gave Copeland a new way to reach out and feel the world around him. It's a mind-controlled robotic arm that has pressure sensors in each fingertip that send signals directly to Copeland's brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists \u003ca href=\"http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/early/2016/10/12/scitranslmed.aaf8083\">published\u003c/a> details of their work online Thursday in the journal \u003cem>Science Translational Medicine.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a really weird sensation,\" Copeland, now 30, says in a video made shortly after he first tried the system. \"Sometimes it feels, kind of, like electrical and sometimes it's more of a pressure.\" But he also describes many of the sensations coming from his robotic hand as \"natural.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Copeland touches an object with the robotic hand, he can tell which finger the sensation is coming from and whether an object feels hard or soft, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.rehabmedicine.pitt.edu/people/bios/gaunt_2016.html\">Robert Gaunt\u003c/a>, a bioengineer and assistant professor in the Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation at the University of Pittsburgh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But we're really not at the point where we could, say, get him to feel the difference between silk and burlap,\" Gaunt says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The success represents an advance that is \"absolutely critical in terms of making prosthetics useful,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://jhmvhi.jhu.edu/people/michael-p-mcloughlin/\">Mike McLoughlin\u003c/a>, an engineer at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McLoughlin is part of a team at Hopkins that developed the \u003ca href=\"http://www.jhuapl.edu/prosthetics/scientists/mpl.asp\">Modular Prosthetic Limb\u003c/a> that Copeland is using. The research at both Hopkins and in Pittsburgh is supported by the government's Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For several years now, people have been able to control robotic arms using thoughts alone. But they have relied entirely on vision to know whether the arm is going in the right direction or grasping an object with the proper amount of force.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That makes it very challenging to perform simple tasks like grasping a foam coffee cup without crushing it, McLoughlin says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Without sensory feedback, somebody would have to actually have to look at the prosthetic, look at the cup, start to close the hand, (and) visually see the cup is starting to deform,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Restoring Copeland's sense of touch was a painstaking process, but the Pittsburgh team knew it was possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"His hand has been disconnected from his brain because of his spinal cord injury,\" Gaunt says. \"But the brain hasn't lost its ability to feel.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the team began looking for a way to send touch sensations directly to Copeland's brain. The first step was to monitor his brain activity using a technique called \u003ca href=\"http://megcommunity.org/what-is-meg\">magnetoencephalography\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We were able to see the parts of his brain that became active when he was watching videos of a hand being touched,\" Gaunt says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next, the researchers placed tiny electrodes in Copeland's brain that could stimulate the areas corresponding to each finger. Then they waited for the brain to heal, as it adjusted to the presence of the electrodes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was several weeks before the team was able to send the first tiny pulse of electricity to Copeland's brain. \"When it finally happened, he just very calmly said, 'Yep, I felt it on my index finger,' \" Gaunt recalls. \"But in the background I was breathing a sigh of relief and other people were cheering.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, mind-controlled robots are still years away from consumer applications, McLoughlin says. At the moment, they are still too expensive, too bulky and too finicky to be used outside a laboratory setting. And there's no good way to control them without implanting electrodes in the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the ability to receive touch sensation from a robotic arm has the potential to help not only thousands of people who are paralyzed, but also people with a wide range of physical disabilities, McLoughlin says. For example, robots that provide sensory feedback could eventually help a disabled person cook a meal or clean up things at home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're on the verge of something here that's going to transform lives,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Brain+Implant+Restores+Sense+Of+Touch+To+Paralyzed+Man&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Twelve years ago, a car wreck took away Nathan Copeland's ability to control his hands or sense what his fingers were touching.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few months ago, researchers at the University of Pittsburgh and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center gave Copeland a new way to reach out and feel the world around him. It's a mind-controlled robotic arm that has pressure sensors in each fingertip that send signals directly to Copeland's brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists \u003ca href=\"http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/early/2016/10/12/scitranslmed.aaf8083\">published\u003c/a> details of their work online Thursday in the journal \u003cem>Science Translational Medicine.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a really weird sensation,\" Copeland, now 30, says in a video made shortly after he first tried the system. \"Sometimes it feels, kind of, like electrical and sometimes it's more of a pressure.\" But he also describes many of the sensations coming from his robotic hand as \"natural.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Copeland touches an object with the robotic hand, he can tell which finger the sensation is coming from and whether an object feels hard or soft, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.rehabmedicine.pitt.edu/people/bios/gaunt_2016.html\">Robert Gaunt\u003c/a>, a bioengineer and assistant professor in the Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation at the University of Pittsburgh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But we're really not at the point where we could, say, get him to feel the difference between silk and burlap,\" Gaunt says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The success represents an advance that is \"absolutely critical in terms of making prosthetics useful,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://jhmvhi.jhu.edu/people/michael-p-mcloughlin/\">Mike McLoughlin\u003c/a>, an engineer at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McLoughlin is part of a team at Hopkins that developed the \u003ca href=\"http://www.jhuapl.edu/prosthetics/scientists/mpl.asp\">Modular Prosthetic Limb\u003c/a> that Copeland is using. The research at both Hopkins and in Pittsburgh is supported by the government's Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For several years now, people have been able to control robotic arms using thoughts alone. But they have relied entirely on vision to know whether the arm is going in the right direction or grasping an object with the proper amount of force.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That makes it very challenging to perform simple tasks like grasping a foam coffee cup without crushing it, McLoughlin says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Without sensory feedback, somebody would have to actually have to look at the prosthetic, look at the cup, start to close the hand, (and) visually see the cup is starting to deform,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Restoring Copeland's sense of touch was a painstaking process, but the Pittsburgh team knew it was possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"His hand has been disconnected from his brain because of his spinal cord injury,\" Gaunt says. \"But the brain hasn't lost its ability to feel.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the team began looking for a way to send touch sensations directly to Copeland's brain. The first step was to monitor his brain activity using a technique called \u003ca href=\"http://megcommunity.org/what-is-meg\">magnetoencephalography\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We were able to see the parts of his brain that became active when he was watching videos of a hand being touched,\" Gaunt says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next, the researchers placed tiny electrodes in Copeland's brain that could stimulate the areas corresponding to each finger. Then they waited for the brain to heal, as it adjusted to the presence of the electrodes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was several weeks before the team was able to send the first tiny pulse of electricity to Copeland's brain. \"When it finally happened, he just very calmly said, 'Yep, I felt it on my index finger,' \" Gaunt recalls. \"But in the background I was breathing a sigh of relief and other people were cheering.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, mind-controlled robots are still years away from consumer applications, McLoughlin says. At the moment, they are still too expensive, too bulky and too finicky to be used outside a laboratory setting. And there's no good way to control them without implanting electrodes in the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the ability to receive touch sensation from a robotic arm has the potential to help not only thousands of people who are paralyzed, but also people with a wide range of physical disabilities, McLoughlin says. For example, robots that provide sensory feedback could eventually help a disabled person cook a meal or clean up things at home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're on the verge of something here that's going to transform lives,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Brain+Implant+Restores+Sense+Of+Touch+To+Paralyzed+Man&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Apps That Claim to Help Moderate Drinking",
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"content": "\u003cp>Would you trust your smartphone to guide your drinking habits?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_267154\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-267154 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/screenshot_2016-10-03-10-41-28_custom-4ed1d77360493ba415f3dcba3495947ecacc4b82-1020x1568.png\" alt=\"Checkup & Choices screenshot.\" width=\"640\" height=\"984\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/screenshot_2016-10-03-10-41-28_custom-4ed1d77360493ba415f3dcba3495947ecacc4b82-1020x1568.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/screenshot_2016-10-03-10-41-28_custom-4ed1d77360493ba415f3dcba3495947ecacc4b82-160x246.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/screenshot_2016-10-03-10-41-28_custom-4ed1d77360493ba415f3dcba3495947ecacc4b82-800x1230.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/screenshot_2016-10-03-10-41-28_custom-4ed1d77360493ba415f3dcba3495947ecacc4b82-768x1181.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/screenshot_2016-10-03-10-41-28_custom-4ed1d77360493ba415f3dcba3495947ecacc4b82-1180x1814.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/screenshot_2016-10-03-10-41-28_custom-4ed1d77360493ba415f3dcba3495947ecacc4b82-960x1476.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/screenshot_2016-10-03-10-41-28_custom-4ed1d77360493ba415f3dcba3495947ecacc4b82-240x369.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/screenshot_2016-10-03-10-41-28_custom-4ed1d77360493ba415f3dcba3495947ecacc4b82-375x577.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/screenshot_2016-10-03-10-41-28_custom-4ed1d77360493ba415f3dcba3495947ecacc4b82-520x800.png 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/screenshot_2016-10-03-10-41-28_custom-4ed1d77360493ba415f3dcba3495947ecacc4b82.png 1438w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Checkup & Choices screenshot.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A lot of people are doing just that. With many of us glued to our digital devices for much of the day, web developers and medical researchers are taking note of the potential for harnessing our phones, tablets and laptops as tools to moderate drinking, or stay sober after quitting booze.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Web-based drink tracking and alcohol control programs have mushroomed in recent years, ranging from the whimsically named \u003ca href=\"http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/AheadoftheCurve/buzzed-iphone-app/story?id=9456433\" target=\"_blank\">R-U-Buzzed?\u003c/a> app for iPhone (which claims to calculate when you're too buzzed to drive) to the University of Wisconsin's \u003ca href=\"http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1847578\" target=\"_blank\">A-CHESS\u003c/a> addiction recovery app (which, among other things\u003cem>)\u003c/em>, uses your phone's GPS to warn you when a bar is nearby). Others send motivational text messages to promote abstinence, and still more count your drinks and calculate your risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take for example \u003ca href=\"http://checkupandchoices.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Checkup and Choices\u003c/a>, an online drink tracking program developed by Reid Hester, a clinical psychologist based in New Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program gauges users' habits and risk of health problems with a confidential survey, then directs them to a smartphone-friendly website where you can record your drinks, your mood while drinking, and your urges. Afterward, you're left with some objective data to help you assess your habits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People can and do change their drinking all the time,\" Hester says. \"It's a matter of being willing to take a close look at your drinking, getting some objective feedback, really thinking about it, and then deciding what, if anything, you're going to do. Many, many people change their drinking on their own, but they need a catalyst to trigger that process.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Finding the R\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>ight Fit\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hester developed his approach after years of research and clinical trials. It's \u003ca href=\"http://nrepp.samhsa.gov/ProgramProfile.aspx?id=91\" target=\"_blank\">listed as an evidence-based program\u003c/a> by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration — something \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4897297/\" target=\"_blank\">not a lot of the apps and websites\u003c/a> out there can say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are also many web applications and phone apps that have no evidence whatsoever of effectiveness,\" Hester says. \"I just think that's immoral and unethical.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But how is a consumer to know?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kimberly Johnson, who directs SAMHSA's Center For Substance Abuse Treatment, says it takes a lot of research on the part of the customer to find out if the app they're about to download is any good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Unless the people that developed it put in their description that it was tested in a randomized trial,\" she says, \"there isn't really anything on the app store that says that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bigger question, Johnson says, is what people are looking for in a treatment situation. There is no one-size-fits-all approach. For some people a communal setting like Alcoholics Anonymous is most effective; others need a one-on-one relationship with a therapist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you're seeking empathy and rapport from another person, a computer probably isn't going to give you that,\" Johnson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Web-based programs do have their advantages. For one, research has shown that people may be \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3908712/\" target=\"_blank\">more honest\u003c/a> about their alcohol consumption when they're using a computer. The lack of interpersonal interaction takes away the incentive to fib about your drinking habits, which can lead to a more accurate assessment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cost of Access\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using the Internet to tackle your drinking problem has another plus: You don't have to drive to the doctor's office or the group meeting. That\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>can be big, because -- \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16989328\" target=\"_blank\">especially for people with lower incomes or who live in rural communities\u003c/a> -- just getting to your appointment can be a major hurdle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The No. 1 thing we get asked for help with is transportation issues,\" said Caitlin Donovan, spokeswoman for the National Patient Advocate Foundation. \"People can't get to their doctor because it's too far away or it would take too much time to get there. It's a big problem.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the people who might benefit most from the convenience of apps and websites often face the biggest challenges in accessing them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The challenges are manifold, starting with affordability of phone data or Internet access and the quality of coverage, which can be unreliable in some city neighborhoods and even worse in rural areas. And, of course, you have to own a smartphone or a computer to use the programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're able to get past those issues, there's still the problem of cost: Well-researched, medically sound programs can take a lot of money to set up and maintain, which means they're likely to charge fees for use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's what happened with Hester's program. He initially tried to offer it for free, relying on donations instead of charging fees. But maintaining the site was too expensive, even after the research was done. \"We weren't even keeping the lights on from the donations,\" he says, \"so we had to go back to a paid model.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Donovan says the costs do risk keeping the programs that actually work out of reach for people living below the poverty line: \"Unless you're talking about 99 cents, it's probably going to be a barrier for a lot of people.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if the right program for you isn't out there today, there are many more options on the horizon. \"Health care in general, and treatment specifically, are increasingly moving online,\" says Johnson of SAMHSA. That leaves a lot of room for innovation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 KUNM-FM. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://kunm.org\">KUNM-FM\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Navigating+The+World+Of+Apps+That+Claim+To+Fix+Your+Drinking+Problem&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Would you trust your smartphone to guide your drinking habits?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_267154\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-267154 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/screenshot_2016-10-03-10-41-28_custom-4ed1d77360493ba415f3dcba3495947ecacc4b82-1020x1568.png\" alt=\"Checkup & Choices screenshot.\" width=\"640\" height=\"984\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/screenshot_2016-10-03-10-41-28_custom-4ed1d77360493ba415f3dcba3495947ecacc4b82-1020x1568.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/screenshot_2016-10-03-10-41-28_custom-4ed1d77360493ba415f3dcba3495947ecacc4b82-160x246.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/screenshot_2016-10-03-10-41-28_custom-4ed1d77360493ba415f3dcba3495947ecacc4b82-800x1230.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/screenshot_2016-10-03-10-41-28_custom-4ed1d77360493ba415f3dcba3495947ecacc4b82-768x1181.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/screenshot_2016-10-03-10-41-28_custom-4ed1d77360493ba415f3dcba3495947ecacc4b82-1180x1814.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/screenshot_2016-10-03-10-41-28_custom-4ed1d77360493ba415f3dcba3495947ecacc4b82-960x1476.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/screenshot_2016-10-03-10-41-28_custom-4ed1d77360493ba415f3dcba3495947ecacc4b82-240x369.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/screenshot_2016-10-03-10-41-28_custom-4ed1d77360493ba415f3dcba3495947ecacc4b82-375x577.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/screenshot_2016-10-03-10-41-28_custom-4ed1d77360493ba415f3dcba3495947ecacc4b82-520x800.png 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/screenshot_2016-10-03-10-41-28_custom-4ed1d77360493ba415f3dcba3495947ecacc4b82.png 1438w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Checkup & Choices screenshot.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A lot of people are doing just that. With many of us glued to our digital devices for much of the day, web developers and medical researchers are taking note of the potential for harnessing our phones, tablets and laptops as tools to moderate drinking, or stay sober after quitting booze.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Web-based drink tracking and alcohol control programs have mushroomed in recent years, ranging from the whimsically named \u003ca href=\"http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/AheadoftheCurve/buzzed-iphone-app/story?id=9456433\" target=\"_blank\">R-U-Buzzed?\u003c/a> app for iPhone (which claims to calculate when you're too buzzed to drive) to the University of Wisconsin's \u003ca href=\"http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1847578\" target=\"_blank\">A-CHESS\u003c/a> addiction recovery app (which, among other things\u003cem>)\u003c/em>, uses your phone's GPS to warn you when a bar is nearby). Others send motivational text messages to promote abstinence, and still more count your drinks and calculate your risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take for example \u003ca href=\"http://checkupandchoices.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Checkup and Choices\u003c/a>, an online drink tracking program developed by Reid Hester, a clinical psychologist based in New Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program gauges users' habits and risk of health problems with a confidential survey, then directs them to a smartphone-friendly website where you can record your drinks, your mood while drinking, and your urges. Afterward, you're left with some objective data to help you assess your habits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People can and do change their drinking all the time,\" Hester says. \"It's a matter of being willing to take a close look at your drinking, getting some objective feedback, really thinking about it, and then deciding what, if anything, you're going to do. Many, many people change their drinking on their own, but they need a catalyst to trigger that process.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Finding the R\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>ight Fit\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hester developed his approach after years of research and clinical trials. It's \u003ca href=\"http://nrepp.samhsa.gov/ProgramProfile.aspx?id=91\" target=\"_blank\">listed as an evidence-based program\u003c/a> by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration — something \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4897297/\" target=\"_blank\">not a lot of the apps and websites\u003c/a> out there can say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are also many web applications and phone apps that have no evidence whatsoever of effectiveness,\" Hester says. \"I just think that's immoral and unethical.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But how is a consumer to know?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kimberly Johnson, who directs SAMHSA's Center For Substance Abuse Treatment, says it takes a lot of research on the part of the customer to find out if the app they're about to download is any good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Unless the people that developed it put in their description that it was tested in a randomized trial,\" she says, \"there isn't really anything on the app store that says that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bigger question, Johnson says, is what people are looking for in a treatment situation. There is no one-size-fits-all approach. For some people a communal setting like Alcoholics Anonymous is most effective; others need a one-on-one relationship with a therapist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you're seeking empathy and rapport from another person, a computer probably isn't going to give you that,\" Johnson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Web-based programs do have their advantages. For one, research has shown that people may be \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3908712/\" target=\"_blank\">more honest\u003c/a> about their alcohol consumption when they're using a computer. The lack of interpersonal interaction takes away the incentive to fib about your drinking habits, which can lead to a more accurate assessment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cost of Access\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using the Internet to tackle your drinking problem has another plus: You don't have to drive to the doctor's office or the group meeting. That\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>can be big, because -- \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16989328\" target=\"_blank\">especially for people with lower incomes or who live in rural communities\u003c/a> -- just getting to your appointment can be a major hurdle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The No. 1 thing we get asked for help with is transportation issues,\" said Caitlin Donovan, spokeswoman for the National Patient Advocate Foundation. \"People can't get to their doctor because it's too far away or it would take too much time to get there. It's a big problem.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the people who might benefit most from the convenience of apps and websites often face the biggest challenges in accessing them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The challenges are manifold, starting with affordability of phone data or Internet access and the quality of coverage, which can be unreliable in some city neighborhoods and even worse in rural areas. And, of course, you have to own a smartphone or a computer to use the programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're able to get past those issues, there's still the problem of cost: Well-researched, medically sound programs can take a lot of money to set up and maintain, which means they're likely to charge fees for use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's what happened with Hester's program. He initially tried to offer it for free, relying on donations instead of charging fees. But maintaining the site was too expensive, even after the research was done. \"We weren't even keeping the lights on from the donations,\" he says, \"so we had to go back to a paid model.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Donovan says the costs do risk keeping the programs that actually work out of reach for people living below the poverty line: \"Unless you're talking about 99 cents, it's probably going to be a barrier for a lot of people.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if the right program for you isn't out there today, there are many more options on the horizon. \"Health care in general, and treatment specifically, are increasingly moving online,\" says Johnson of SAMHSA. That leaves a lot of room for innovation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 KUNM-FM. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://kunm.org\">KUNM-FM\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Navigating+The+World+Of+Apps+That+Claim+To+Fix+Your+Drinking+Problem&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "'Help! My Phone Is Ruining My Life' -- 8 Tips for the Addicted",
"title": "'Help! My Phone Is Ruining My Life' -- 8 Tips for the Addicted",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>We all know that texting while driving is \u003ca href=\"http://journalistsresource.org/studies/environment/transportation/multitasking-texting-and-distracted-driving-academics-discuss-the-cognitive-effects-and-risks\" target=\"_blank\">perilous\u003c/a> and answering a phone during a face to face conversation is rude. Many of us now understand that screen time before bed \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/03/01/once-again-reminder-for-the-sleepless-quit-checking-your-email/\">inhibits sleep\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"eNzQ8IsiA6FljS77Q2owwiTNbjQ5luPK\"]And, as we recently \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/10/17/your-devices-are-probably-lowering-your-productivity-heres-why/\" target=\"_blank\">reported\u003c/a>, we only \u003cem>think\u003c/em> we can multitask, when in fact \u003ca href=\"http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/horvitz/CHI_2007_Iqbal_Horvitz.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">research\u003c/a> shows the process of splitting our attention usually leads to delays and mistakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet, with all this awareness of how the digital world overwhelms us, breaking this destructive tether seems near impossible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Does Your Heart Skip a Beat When Your Phone Dies?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003ca href=\"#tips\">8 tips for detaching from your phone\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>If you need a little more incentive, though, research continues to pile up on the psychological effects of digital dependence. \u003cem>Smartphone separation anxiety--\u003c/em>that's actually a thing. Researchers are calling it \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/scientists-study-nomophobia-mdash-fear-of-being-without-a-mobile-phone/\" target=\"_blank\">nomophobia\u003c/a> (no-mobile phone phobia), and Iowa State University academics have devised a \u003ca href=\"http://www.news.iastate.edu/news/2015/08/26/nomophobia\" target=\"_blank\">questionnaire\u003c/a> to diagnose it. (Rate on a scale of one to seven if \"Running out of battery in my smartphone would scare me.\")\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vEEzoUeb15A\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Luckily, there are some practical strategies to break nomophobia and increase health and well-being. UCSF neuroscientist Dr. Adam Gazzeley and California State University, Dominguez Hills professor emeritus Larry D. Rosen offer tips in their new book, \"\u003ca href=\"https://mitpress.mit.edu/distracted\" target=\"_blank\">The Distracted Mind: Ancient Brains in a High Tech World\u003c/a>.\" We've categorized them into three areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca id=\"tips\">\u003c/a>\u003cb>Socializing\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though social media allows us to collect thousands of digital friends, our physical relationships are taking a hit. \u003ca href=\"http://eab.sagepub.com/content/early/2014/05/31/0013916514539755\" target=\"_blank\">Research \u003c/a>shows that digital devices are impacting closeness and connection with loved ones. One \u003ca href=\"http://spr.sagepub.com/content/30/3/237.full.pdf+html\" target=\"_blank\">study\u003c/a> found a correlation between the mere presence of a phone at the dinner table and a diminished sense of trust and empathy between individuals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Tips\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Declare places like the dining room to be technology-free zones.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>When engaging in an important conversation, set a timer for a predetermined period during which you and the person you're talking to will refrain from checking your phones.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If you’re worried about missing urgent calls, then use an app like \u003ca href=\"https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.sifakas.essential.calls&hl=en\">Essential Calls\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.noshufou.selectivesilence&hl=en\">Selective Silence\u003c/a> for Android devices, or Do Not Disturb coupled with the Allow Calls function on an iPhone.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Sleep\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I used to think it was relaxing to scroll through my email or Facebook feed one last time before shutting my eyes at night, but screen time \u003ca href=\"https://sleep.org/articles/ways-technology-affects-sleep/\" target=\"_blank\">messes \u003c/a>with your sleep. The blue light emitted by a smartphone or tablet affects melatonin, a hormone that controls the natural sleep-wake cycle. Mounting \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/03/01/once-again-reminder-for-the-sleepless-quit-checking-your-email/\" target=\"_blank\">evidence\u003c/a> has found that--unlike reading a book--online browsing stimulates the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Tips\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Remove your digital devices from the bedroom.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If that sounds impossible, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.journalsleep.org/Resources/Documents/2013AbstractSupplement.pdf\">Mayo clinic study\u003c/a> advises dimming devices and holding the screen at least 14 inches away from your face to reduce the blue light infiltrating your eyes, so as not to inhibit the release of melatonin.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Safe Driving\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At 55 mph, taking your eyes off the road for five seconds to respond to a text message is the equivalent of driving 100 yards -- the length of a football field--with your eyes closed. Hand-free devices, you should consider, are not the solution; A recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.psychologicalscience.org/index.php/news/motr/even-hands-free-devices-are-dangerously-distracting.html\">study\u003c/a> revealed that drivers can remain distracted for up to 27 seconds after hanging up a call, even if it was enabled by a voice assistant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Department of Transportation \u003ca href=\"https://www.transportation.gov/tags/distracted-driving\">reports\u003c/a> that in 2013 distracted driving claimed 3,154 lives and injured an estimated 424,000 Americans, all of which were 100 percent preventable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Tips\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Leave your phone in your trunk with the Bluetooth off.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If that’s too much to bear, give your device to a passenger to monitor.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Apps can help. \u003ca href=\"http://www.getsafedrive.com/\">SafeDrive\u003c/a> gives you points when you restrict yourself from your phone while you're driving faster than 6 mph. You can use the points to receive discounts at participating stores. \u003ca href=\"https://drivemode.com/\">DriveMode\u003c/a> reads incoming messages by turning texts into audio. Parents can check out \u003ca href=\"https://www.cellcontrol.com/\">Cellcontro\u003c/a>l, DriveMode and \u003ca href=\"https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.call.disconnect&hl=en\">Live2Txt \u003c/a>for teens behind the wheel.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gazzeley says none of this is about opting out of technology. Rather, the point is to create boundaries and carve out time to focus on a single task. This means we will all have to stop responding every time our phone rings, dings or otherwise beckons.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>We all know that texting while driving is \u003ca href=\"http://journalistsresource.org/studies/environment/transportation/multitasking-texting-and-distracted-driving-academics-discuss-the-cognitive-effects-and-risks\" target=\"_blank\">perilous\u003c/a> and answering a phone during a face to face conversation is rude. Many of us now understand that screen time before bed \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/03/01/once-again-reminder-for-the-sleepless-quit-checking-your-email/\">inhibits sleep\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>And, as we recently \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/10/17/your-devices-are-probably-lowering-your-productivity-heres-why/\" target=\"_blank\">reported\u003c/a>, we only \u003cem>think\u003c/em> we can multitask, when in fact \u003ca href=\"http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/horvitz/CHI_2007_Iqbal_Horvitz.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">research\u003c/a> shows the process of splitting our attention usually leads to delays and mistakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet, with all this awareness of how the digital world overwhelms us, breaking this destructive tether seems near impossible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Does Your Heart Skip a Beat When Your Phone Dies?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003ca href=\"#tips\">8 tips for detaching from your phone\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>If you need a little more incentive, though, research continues to pile up on the psychological effects of digital dependence. \u003cem>Smartphone separation anxiety--\u003c/em>that's actually a thing. Researchers are calling it \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/scientists-study-nomophobia-mdash-fear-of-being-without-a-mobile-phone/\" target=\"_blank\">nomophobia\u003c/a> (no-mobile phone phobia), and Iowa State University academics have devised a \u003ca href=\"http://www.news.iastate.edu/news/2015/08/26/nomophobia\" target=\"_blank\">questionnaire\u003c/a> to diagnose it. (Rate on a scale of one to seven if \"Running out of battery in my smartphone would scare me.\")\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/vEEzoUeb15A'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/vEEzoUeb15A'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Luckily, there are some practical strategies to break nomophobia and increase health and well-being. UCSF neuroscientist Dr. Adam Gazzeley and California State University, Dominguez Hills professor emeritus Larry D. Rosen offer tips in their new book, \"\u003ca href=\"https://mitpress.mit.edu/distracted\" target=\"_blank\">The Distracted Mind: Ancient Brains in a High Tech World\u003c/a>.\" We've categorized them into three areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca id=\"tips\">\u003c/a>\u003cb>Socializing\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though social media allows us to collect thousands of digital friends, our physical relationships are taking a hit. \u003ca href=\"http://eab.sagepub.com/content/early/2014/05/31/0013916514539755\" target=\"_blank\">Research \u003c/a>shows that digital devices are impacting closeness and connection with loved ones. One \u003ca href=\"http://spr.sagepub.com/content/30/3/237.full.pdf+html\" target=\"_blank\">study\u003c/a> found a correlation between the mere presence of a phone at the dinner table and a diminished sense of trust and empathy between individuals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Tips\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Declare places like the dining room to be technology-free zones.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>When engaging in an important conversation, set a timer for a predetermined period during which you and the person you're talking to will refrain from checking your phones.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If you’re worried about missing urgent calls, then use an app like \u003ca href=\"https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.sifakas.essential.calls&hl=en\">Essential Calls\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.noshufou.selectivesilence&hl=en\">Selective Silence\u003c/a> for Android devices, or Do Not Disturb coupled with the Allow Calls function on an iPhone.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Sleep\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I used to think it was relaxing to scroll through my email or Facebook feed one last time before shutting my eyes at night, but screen time \u003ca href=\"https://sleep.org/articles/ways-technology-affects-sleep/\" target=\"_blank\">messes \u003c/a>with your sleep. The blue light emitted by a smartphone or tablet affects melatonin, a hormone that controls the natural sleep-wake cycle. Mounting \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/03/01/once-again-reminder-for-the-sleepless-quit-checking-your-email/\" target=\"_blank\">evidence\u003c/a> has found that--unlike reading a book--online browsing stimulates the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Tips\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Remove your digital devices from the bedroom.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If that sounds impossible, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.journalsleep.org/Resources/Documents/2013AbstractSupplement.pdf\">Mayo clinic study\u003c/a> advises dimming devices and holding the screen at least 14 inches away from your face to reduce the blue light infiltrating your eyes, so as not to inhibit the release of melatonin.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Safe Driving\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At 55 mph, taking your eyes off the road for five seconds to respond to a text message is the equivalent of driving 100 yards -- the length of a football field--with your eyes closed. Hand-free devices, you should consider, are not the solution; A recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.psychologicalscience.org/index.php/news/motr/even-hands-free-devices-are-dangerously-distracting.html\">study\u003c/a> revealed that drivers can remain distracted for up to 27 seconds after hanging up a call, even if it was enabled by a voice assistant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Department of Transportation \u003ca href=\"https://www.transportation.gov/tags/distracted-driving\">reports\u003c/a> that in 2013 distracted driving claimed 3,154 lives and injured an estimated 424,000 Americans, all of which were 100 percent preventable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Tips\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Leave your phone in your trunk with the Bluetooth off.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If that’s too much to bear, give your device to a passenger to monitor.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Apps can help. \u003ca href=\"http://www.getsafedrive.com/\">SafeDrive\u003c/a> gives you points when you restrict yourself from your phone while you're driving faster than 6 mph. You can use the points to receive discounts at participating stores. \u003ca href=\"https://drivemode.com/\">DriveMode\u003c/a> reads incoming messages by turning texts into audio. Parents can check out \u003ca href=\"https://www.cellcontrol.com/\">Cellcontro\u003c/a>l, DriveMode and \u003ca href=\"https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.call.disconnect&hl=en\">Live2Txt \u003c/a>for teens behind the wheel.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gazzeley says none of this is about opting out of technology. Rather, the point is to create boundaries and carve out time to focus on a single task. This means we will all have to stop responding every time our phone rings, dings or otherwise beckons.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp class=\"p1\">This year marks an anniversary that in all probability flew under your radar: The iPSC is 10-years-old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Great! you say. What's that, some sort of mobile fantasy sports league?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Nooo. Would you guess \u003cem>induced pluripotent stem cells? \u003c/em>They're the product of a revolution in stem cell research that helped stem the controversy that was roiling the entire field.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'You do not want to be in the position where someone says, ‘I didn't know you were going to do that. I would never agree to that.’'\u003ccite>Hank Greely, Stanford University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Prior to the development of iPSCs, stem cells were derived primarily from eggs fertilized in clinics \u003ci>in vitro\u003c/i> that were donated for research purposes. To some, such as President George W. Bush, this was tantamount to abortion. In 2001 he \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2744932/\" target=\"_blank\">banned federal funding\u003c/a> for research on newly created human embryonic stem cell lines. (President Barack Obama \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/10/us/politics/10stem.html?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\">lifted that ban\u003c/a> in 2009.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">But iPSCs are normal cells, such as skin or blood cells, which have been tinkered with and reprogrammed to revert to an embryonic-like state. They are then capable of reproducing as stem cells or developing into \u003ci>other\u003c/i> types of human cells (pluripotent), such as liver, heart, pancreatic or nerve cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">So the ability to derive a stem cell without using human embryonic tissue changed the debate about stem cell research ethics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cstrong>Plenty of Issues\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">But there are still plenty of hot-button topics in the field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">At a recent gathering in Berkeley to celebrate “\u003ca href=\"http://www.cell-symposia-ipscs.com/conference-program/\" target=\"_blank\">10 Years of iPSCs\u003c/a>,” a panel of researchers and leaders kicked off the ethics discussion with comments on how to make sure researchers get proper permissions from human subjects who sign up for clinical trials. Some members of the public might be surprised what a controversial topic “informed consent” can be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“Everyone wants to avoid a HeLa situation,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.lumc.nl/org/anatomie-embriologie/medewerkers/902201040032533?setlanguage=English&setcountry=en\" target=\"_blank\">Christine Mummery,\u003c/a> of the Leiden University Medical Centr\u003ca href=\"https://www.lumc.nl/org/anatomie-embriologie/medewerkers/902201040032533?setlanguage=English&setcountry=en\" target=\"_blank\">e\u003c/a> in the Netherlands, referring to the oldest and most commonly used cell line in research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_262544\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/HeLa_cells_1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-262544\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/HeLa_cells_1.jpg\" alt=\"Cultured HeLa cells.\" width=\"2400\" height=\"1999\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/HeLa_cells_1.jpg 2400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/HeLa_cells_1-400x333.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/HeLa_cells_1-720x600.jpg 720w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/HeLa_cells_1-768x640.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/HeLa_cells_1-1180x983.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/HeLa_cells_1-1920x1599.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/HeLa_cells_1-960x800.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2400px) 100vw, 2400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cultured HeLa cells. \u003ccite>(National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>HeLa cells were taken, without permission, from Henrietta Lacks, a patient who died of cervical cancer in 1951\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong> For reasons no one knows, her cells were the first that could grow “immortally” in a lab, without dying after a few days. Her cells helped test Jonas Salk’s polio vaccine, have been used to research AIDS, cancer, toxic substances, gene mapping, stem cells and much more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Yet the absence of any consent whatsoever caused immense distress to the Lacks family, once they learned of the appropriation of Henrietta's cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“The family has been through a lot with HeLa: they didn’t learn of the cells until 20 years after Lacks’s death, when scientists began using her children in research without their knowledge,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/24/opinion/sunday/the-immortal-life-of-henrietta-lacks-the-sequel.html\" target=\"_blank\">wrote Rebecca Skloot\u003c/a>, author of \"The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks,\" in the New York Times.\u003ci> \"\u003c/i>Later their medical records were released to the press and published without consent.\" (Skloot makes an appearance in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ej0b7GHGYjs\" target=\"_blank\">rap ballad\u003c/a> about the HeLa cells and the Lacks family, written and performed by Oakland 7th and 8th graders on YouTube this month.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">[contextly_sidebar id=\"QHgtAgdTB2KPycAd1HHOyHGUjvFlbxS7\"]Adding insult to injury, researchers in 2013 published the HeLa genome without family consent. (This was not illegal but, in the views of modern medical ethics, extremely dicey.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Panelist \u003ca href=\"https://law.stanford.edu/directory/henry-t-greely/\" target=\"_blank\">Hank Greely, \u003c/a>a bioethicist at Stanford University, advised the gathered researchers, “You do not want to be in the position where someone says, ‘I didn't know you were going to do that. I would never agree to that.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“Not so much for the legal reasons, though those can be significant,\" he said. \"More because of the political fallout that can come to you and your institution. It could also do damage to the whole stem cell enterprise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003ca href=\"https://daley.med.harvard.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">George Daley\u003c/a>, of the Children’s Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School, pointed the audience toward recently revised guidelines from the International Society for Stem Cell Research, which offers \u003ca href=\"http://www.isscr.org/home/publications/guide-clintrans/sample-consent-documents\" target=\"_blank\">templates for informed consent forms\u003c/a>. These include language like this:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cem>Donating your _____ cells for this research project is completely voluntary. You have the right to agree or to refuse to provide your _____ cells for this project. The quality of your current or future medical care and your relationship with [name(s) of institution(s)] will NOT change in any way whether you agree or refuse to provide any cells for this research project.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cstrong>The Issue of Money\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Is it ethical to charge patients to participate in a study? No, was the consensus.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“What happens if someone has a drug based on their genes or cells?” the moderator asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“That doesn't happen very often,” said Greely. “Most of the time discoveries are the results of work with tens of thousands or more people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">But, he conceded, every once in a while a patient comes along with unusual cells or genes that can be the basis for a drug. In that case, he said, a researcher must first and foremost follow whatever they said they’d do in the consent forms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“But even if you didn't promise them anything in the consent process,” he said, “if someone is making lots of money,\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>I think frankly it’s a good idea to try to return something.”\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_262548\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/iPScells2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-262548\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/iPScells2.jpg\" alt=\"These induced pluripotent stem cells were derived from a woman's skin. Blue shows nuclei. Green shows a protein found in iPS cells but not in skin cells. The red dots show the inactivated X chromosome in each cell. \" width=\"1024\" height=\"765\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/iPScells2.jpg 1024w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/iPScells2-400x299.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/iPScells2-800x598.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/iPScells2-768x574.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/iPScells2-960x717.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These induced pluripotent stem cells were derived from a woman's skin. Blue shows nuclei. Green shows a protein found in iPS cells but not in skin cells. The red dots show the inactivated X chromosome in each cell. \u003ccite>(Kathrin Plath lab/UCLA via CIRM, NIH)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">He added that this probably doesn't mean offering royalties, which could foster overblown hopes for study participants. Greely likened it to hyping lottery tickets with very bad odds. Instead, he recommends thinking about a person's community, perhaps donating to causes dear to them. Even simple recognition, he says, is important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“I was involved in the\u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/deal-done-over-hela-cell-line-1.13511\" target=\"_blank\"> HeLa resolution\u003c/a> a few years ago,” he said,\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>“and the Lacks descendants are really quite proud and pleased that their mother, grandmother and great grandmother is being remembered ... and that they are consulted on various things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Continuing on the topic of money, the moderator asked what panelists thought about the ethics of paying tissue donors?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">On this, the panel seemed united, “As long as it’s a reasonable reimbursement for the pain and suffering, I think it’s hard to make a case against it,” offered \u003ca href=\"https://www.mskcc.org/research-areas/labs/members/lorenz-studer\" target=\"_blank\">Lorenz Studer\u003c/a>, of the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. If the amount offered is so high that it becomes an “undue inducement,” said Greely, then it’s a problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“Many patients are willing to pay for a treatment that’s unproven. What do you think about the ethics of patients paying to be in a trial?” asked the moderator, acknowledging that many people with serious diseases are desperate to be involved in the latest research and that clinical research is extraordinarily expensive to fund.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">No, was the general consensus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">That means people in a control group would be paying for a placebo, Greely noted, and someone desperate to be in a trial might not be making a level-headed decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“The simple fact that they’re willing to pay corrupts the informed consent process,\" he said. \"And there is a social justice aspect -- if someone can pay for a trial that’s not an equal distribution of good.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Someone from the audience chimed in with a question that once would have been relegated to the realm of science fiction: “What are the ethics of designing organs?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">“Think about this with a heart,” said \u003ca href=\"http://profiles.ucsf.edu/deepak.srivastava\" target=\"_blank\">Deepak Srivastava\u003c/a> of the Gladstone Institutes and University of California, San Francisco. “It’s just a pump. I think going forward that we should remove the constraints of the design. What we have may or may not be the best thing in evolution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">But, said Greely, “Many people would be viscerally upset about the idea of changing ourselves, changing our species.\" So scientists should temper their desire to move quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">“If there is one thing I've learned from being around biology for 25 years, it’s that biology is not the same as design,\" Greely said. \"Biology is really complicated! Engineers who design something expect it to work. But if you put something [designed] into an organism, the chances that something odd will happen are extremely high. You have to be extremely careful to avoid making things worse.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"p1\">This year marks an anniversary that in all probability flew under your radar: The iPSC is 10-years-old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Great! you say. What's that, some sort of mobile fantasy sports league?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Nooo. Would you guess \u003cem>induced pluripotent stem cells? \u003c/em>They're the product of a revolution in stem cell research that helped stem the controversy that was roiling the entire field.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'You do not want to be in the position where someone says, ‘I didn't know you were going to do that. I would never agree to that.’'\u003ccite>Hank Greely, Stanford University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Prior to the development of iPSCs, stem cells were derived primarily from eggs fertilized in clinics \u003ci>in vitro\u003c/i> that were donated for research purposes. To some, such as President George W. Bush, this was tantamount to abortion. In 2001 he \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2744932/\" target=\"_blank\">banned federal funding\u003c/a> for research on newly created human embryonic stem cell lines. (President Barack Obama \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/10/us/politics/10stem.html?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\">lifted that ban\u003c/a> in 2009.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">But iPSCs are normal cells, such as skin or blood cells, which have been tinkered with and reprogrammed to revert to an embryonic-like state. They are then capable of reproducing as stem cells or developing into \u003ci>other\u003c/i> types of human cells (pluripotent), such as liver, heart, pancreatic or nerve cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">So the ability to derive a stem cell without using human embryonic tissue changed the debate about stem cell research ethics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cstrong>Plenty of Issues\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">But there are still plenty of hot-button topics in the field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">At a recent gathering in Berkeley to celebrate “\u003ca href=\"http://www.cell-symposia-ipscs.com/conference-program/\" target=\"_blank\">10 Years of iPSCs\u003c/a>,” a panel of researchers and leaders kicked off the ethics discussion with comments on how to make sure researchers get proper permissions from human subjects who sign up for clinical trials. Some members of the public might be surprised what a controversial topic “informed consent” can be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“Everyone wants to avoid a HeLa situation,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.lumc.nl/org/anatomie-embriologie/medewerkers/902201040032533?setlanguage=English&setcountry=en\" target=\"_blank\">Christine Mummery,\u003c/a> of the Leiden University Medical Centr\u003ca href=\"https://www.lumc.nl/org/anatomie-embriologie/medewerkers/902201040032533?setlanguage=English&setcountry=en\" target=\"_blank\">e\u003c/a> in the Netherlands, referring to the oldest and most commonly used cell line in research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_262544\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/HeLa_cells_1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-262544\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/HeLa_cells_1.jpg\" alt=\"Cultured HeLa cells.\" width=\"2400\" height=\"1999\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/HeLa_cells_1.jpg 2400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/HeLa_cells_1-400x333.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/HeLa_cells_1-720x600.jpg 720w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/HeLa_cells_1-768x640.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/HeLa_cells_1-1180x983.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/HeLa_cells_1-1920x1599.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/HeLa_cells_1-960x800.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2400px) 100vw, 2400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cultured HeLa cells. \u003ccite>(National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>HeLa cells were taken, without permission, from Henrietta Lacks, a patient who died of cervical cancer in 1951\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong> For reasons no one knows, her cells were the first that could grow “immortally” in a lab, without dying after a few days. Her cells helped test Jonas Salk’s polio vaccine, have been used to research AIDS, cancer, toxic substances, gene mapping, stem cells and much more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Yet the absence of any consent whatsoever caused immense distress to the Lacks family, once they learned of the appropriation of Henrietta's cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“The family has been through a lot with HeLa: they didn’t learn of the cells until 20 years after Lacks’s death, when scientists began using her children in research without their knowledge,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/24/opinion/sunday/the-immortal-life-of-henrietta-lacks-the-sequel.html\" target=\"_blank\">wrote Rebecca Skloot\u003c/a>, author of \"The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks,\" in the New York Times.\u003ci> \"\u003c/i>Later their medical records were released to the press and published without consent.\" (Skloot makes an appearance in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ej0b7GHGYjs\" target=\"_blank\">rap ballad\u003c/a> about the HeLa cells and the Lacks family, written and performed by Oakland 7th and 8th graders on YouTube this month.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Adding insult to injury, researchers in 2013 published the HeLa genome without family consent. (This was not illegal but, in the views of modern medical ethics, extremely dicey.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Panelist \u003ca href=\"https://law.stanford.edu/directory/henry-t-greely/\" target=\"_blank\">Hank Greely, \u003c/a>a bioethicist at Stanford University, advised the gathered researchers, “You do not want to be in the position where someone says, ‘I didn't know you were going to do that. I would never agree to that.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“Not so much for the legal reasons, though those can be significant,\" he said. \"More because of the political fallout that can come to you and your institution. It could also do damage to the whole stem cell enterprise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003ca href=\"https://daley.med.harvard.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">George Daley\u003c/a>, of the Children’s Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School, pointed the audience toward recently revised guidelines from the International Society for Stem Cell Research, which offers \u003ca href=\"http://www.isscr.org/home/publications/guide-clintrans/sample-consent-documents\" target=\"_blank\">templates for informed consent forms\u003c/a>. These include language like this:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cem>Donating your _____ cells for this research project is completely voluntary. You have the right to agree or to refuse to provide your _____ cells for this project. The quality of your current or future medical care and your relationship with [name(s) of institution(s)] will NOT change in any way whether you agree or refuse to provide any cells for this research project.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cstrong>The Issue of Money\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Is it ethical to charge patients to participate in a study? No, was the consensus.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“What happens if someone has a drug based on their genes or cells?” the moderator asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“That doesn't happen very often,” said Greely. “Most of the time discoveries are the results of work with tens of thousands or more people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">But, he conceded, every once in a while a patient comes along with unusual cells or genes that can be the basis for a drug. In that case, he said, a researcher must first and foremost follow whatever they said they’d do in the consent forms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“But even if you didn't promise them anything in the consent process,” he said, “if someone is making lots of money,\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>I think frankly it’s a good idea to try to return something.”\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_262548\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/iPScells2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-262548\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/iPScells2.jpg\" alt=\"These induced pluripotent stem cells were derived from a woman's skin. Blue shows nuclei. Green shows a protein found in iPS cells but not in skin cells. The red dots show the inactivated X chromosome in each cell. \" width=\"1024\" height=\"765\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/iPScells2.jpg 1024w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/iPScells2-400x299.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/iPScells2-800x598.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/iPScells2-768x574.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/iPScells2-960x717.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These induced pluripotent stem cells were derived from a woman's skin. Blue shows nuclei. Green shows a protein found in iPS cells but not in skin cells. The red dots show the inactivated X chromosome in each cell. \u003ccite>(Kathrin Plath lab/UCLA via CIRM, NIH)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">He added that this probably doesn't mean offering royalties, which could foster overblown hopes for study participants. Greely likened it to hyping lottery tickets with very bad odds. Instead, he recommends thinking about a person's community, perhaps donating to causes dear to them. Even simple recognition, he says, is important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“I was involved in the\u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/deal-done-over-hela-cell-line-1.13511\" target=\"_blank\"> HeLa resolution\u003c/a> a few years ago,” he said,\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>“and the Lacks descendants are really quite proud and pleased that their mother, grandmother and great grandmother is being remembered ... and that they are consulted on various things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Continuing on the topic of money, the moderator asked what panelists thought about the ethics of paying tissue donors?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">On this, the panel seemed united, “As long as it’s a reasonable reimbursement for the pain and suffering, I think it’s hard to make a case against it,” offered \u003ca href=\"https://www.mskcc.org/research-areas/labs/members/lorenz-studer\" target=\"_blank\">Lorenz Studer\u003c/a>, of the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. If the amount offered is so high that it becomes an “undue inducement,” said Greely, then it’s a problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“Many patients are willing to pay for a treatment that’s unproven. What do you think about the ethics of patients paying to be in a trial?” asked the moderator, acknowledging that many people with serious diseases are desperate to be involved in the latest research and that clinical research is extraordinarily expensive to fund.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">No, was the general consensus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">That means people in a control group would be paying for a placebo, Greely noted, and someone desperate to be in a trial might not be making a level-headed decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“The simple fact that they’re willing to pay corrupts the informed consent process,\" he said. \"And there is a social justice aspect -- if someone can pay for a trial that’s not an equal distribution of good.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Someone from the audience chimed in with a question that once would have been relegated to the realm of science fiction: “What are the ethics of designing organs?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">“Think about this with a heart,” said \u003ca href=\"http://profiles.ucsf.edu/deepak.srivastava\" target=\"_blank\">Deepak Srivastava\u003c/a> of the Gladstone Institutes and University of California, San Francisco. “It’s just a pump. I think going forward that we should remove the constraints of the design. What we have may or may not be the best thing in evolution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">But, said Greely, “Many people would be viscerally upset about the idea of changing ourselves, changing our species.\" So scientists should temper their desire to move quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">“If there is one thing I've learned from being around biology for 25 years, it’s that biology is not the same as design,\" Greely said. \"Biology is really complicated! Engineers who design something expect it to work. But if you put something [designed] into an organism, the chances that something odd will happen are extremely high. You have to be extremely careful to avoid making things worse.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"masters-of-scale": {
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},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"onourwatch": {
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"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"on-the-media": {
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"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
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"pbs-newshour": {
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
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},
"perspectives": {
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"order": 14
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"planet-money": {
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
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"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 5
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/e0c2d153-ad36-4c8d-901d-f1da6a724824/political-breakdown",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
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