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"content": "\u003cp>For the first time, scientists have edited the DNA in human embryos to make a fundamental discovery about the earliest days of human development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By modifying a key gene in very early-stage embryos, the researchers demonstrated that a gene plays a crucial role in making sure embryos develop normally, the scientists say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finding might someday lead to new ways for doctors to help \u003ca href=\"Understanding%20early%20human%20embryonic%20development%20is%20of%20great%20importance,%20and%20gene%20editing%20is%20a%20powerful%20tool%20to%20answer%20questions%20that%20will%20ultimately%20improve%20human%20health\">infertile couples\u003c/a> have children, and could aid future efforts to use embryonic \u003ca href=\"https://stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/1.htm\">stem cells\u003c/a> to treat incurable diseases, the researchers say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"DxiouDx6uOtnloxxAdrx1bpm338DaD5e\"]The work also provides the first direct evidence that manipulating DNA in human embryos can yield insights into how a single cell becomes a complex human. That has been the major justification for allowing scientists to change human DNA in ways that could be passed town to future generations, a step that had long been considered off limits because of fears about safety and opening the door to \"designer babies.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This proof of principle lays out a framework for future investigations that could transform our understanding of human biology,\" the researchers write in \u003ca href=\"http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/nature24033\">reporting\u003c/a> their findings in the journal \u003cem>Nature \u003c/em>on Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That statement was seconded by other scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It opens up a new area of research,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://vesta.cumc.columbia.edu/stemcell/facdb/profile/profile.php?id=de2220\">Dietrich Egli\u003c/a>, a Columbia University biologist who studies stem cells and was not involved in the study. \"Understanding early human embryonic development is of great importance, and gene-editing is a powerful tool to answer questions that will ultimately improve human health.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"eUKe54zdnORrdRfzHHEn5FhZ3YPM6Geu\"]But the research is renewing a long, intense debate about whether it's ethical to make changes in the genes in eggs, sperm or very early embryos that would be passed down to succeeding generations. While using gene editing for basic research about human development may be useful, critics worry it could lead to attempts to create genetically modified babies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The concerns are that we would be opening the door to fertility clinics vying to offer gene-editing to make future children taller or stronger or whatever they wanted to market,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.geneticsandsociety.org/user/25\">Marcy Darnovsky\u003c/a>, who heads the Center for Genetics and Society, a genetics watchdog group. \"That could put us into a situation where some children were perceived to be biologically superior to other children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study comes just weeks after \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/08/18/543769759/a-first-look-inside-the-lab-where-scientists-are-editing-dna-in-human-embryos\">another team\u003c/a> of scientists \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/08/02/540975224/scientists-precisely-edit-dna-in-human-embryos-to-fix-a-disease-gene\">reported\u003c/a> the group had for the first time edited the DNA in human embryos to correct a genetic defect that causes a heart disorder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new research was led by \u003ca href=\"https://www.crick.ac.uk/kathy-niakan\">Kathy Niakan, \u003c/a>a developmental biologist at the Francis Crick Institute in London. Niakan's team used a powerful gene-editing technique known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/tags/419142387/crispr\">CRISPR\u003c/a> to disable a gene that produces a protein known as OCT4. The procedure was performed in 41 embryos donated by women undergoing treatment for infertility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the study, more than 80 percent of the embryos with the disabled gene failed to develop into a blastocyst, a ball of 200 cells that is the stage when embryos are usually implanted into the womb during in vitro fertilization (\u003ca href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007279.htm\">IVF\u003c/a>). Many cases of infertility occur because embryos fail to reach this stage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That tells us that OCT4 is really important for the development of a human blastocyst,\" Niakan told reporters during a briefing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"By understanding the key genes that are involved in the development of the blastocyst, this can really inform our understanding of this important, critical window of human development,\" Niakan says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The experiments also show that the gene is involved in forming the cells that eventually become the placenta, the organ that nourishes a developing embryo in the womb, the researchers reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, OCT4 helps embryonic stem cells specialize into various tissues, which could help scientists figure out how to turn stem cells into replacement cells, tissues and perhaps entire organs to treat diseases, Niakan says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an unexpected finding, the researchers discovered the gene functions differently in human embryos than in mouse embryos. That shows the need for experiments on human embryos and not just animal embryos, the scientists say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is opening up the possibility of using a really powerful, precise genetics tool to understand gene function,\" Niakan says. \"We would have never gained this insight had we not really studied the function of this gene in human embryos.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jennifer Doudna, a biologist at the University of California, Berkeley, who led efforts to develop CRISPR, agrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"One of the most fundamental aspects of becoming human is, how do egg and sperm cells combine to form embryos that develop into a person?\" \u003ca href=\"http://rna.berkeley.edu/\">Doudna \u003c/a>says. \"So understanding the genetic basis for that is, in my view, one of the fundamental aspects of developmental biology — or all of biology in a way.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2015, Chinese scientists sparked an \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=401655818\">uproar\u003c/a> when they reported attempts to use CRISPR to edit human embryos. And in 2016, the British government approved editing of human embryos for research purposes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the British government's \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/02/01/465180953/british-scientists-gain-approval-to-edit-dna-in-human-embryos\">approval\u003c/a>, Niakan began her experiments. Scientists in Sweden have begun \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/about-npr/494863809/npr-exclusive-report-stockholm-lab-first-to-try-to-edit-dna-of-healthy-human-emb\">similar research\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In February, the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Medicine \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/02/14/514580162/scientific-panel-says-editing-heritable-human-genes-could-be-ok-in-the-future\">concluded \u003c/a>that editing DNA in humans could be permissible in certain circumstances. That has critics like Darnovsky worried.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In a world already plagued by distressing levels of inequality, that seems like a very bad idea,\" Darnovsky says. \"We don't want to add ideas that some people are biologically better and some people are biologically inferior to others. That is an idea that has led to horrific abuses throughout history.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Niakan defends the work, saying she is only interested in making fundamental discoveries about basic human biology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As with any technology, as with any tool, it can be used for a variety of different purposes,\" Niakan says. \"We're choosing to use it to uncover critical roles of genes in development that can increase our knowledge about how human embryos develop.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Editing+Embryo+DNA+Yields+Clues+About+Early+Human+Development&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>For the first time, scientists have edited the DNA in human embryos to make a fundamental discovery about the earliest days of human development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By modifying a key gene in very early-stage embryos, the researchers demonstrated that a gene plays a crucial role in making sure embryos develop normally, the scientists say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finding might someday lead to new ways for doctors to help \u003ca href=\"Understanding%20early%20human%20embryonic%20development%20is%20of%20great%20importance,%20and%20gene%20editing%20is%20a%20powerful%20tool%20to%20answer%20questions%20that%20will%20ultimately%20improve%20human%20health\">infertile couples\u003c/a> have children, and could aid future efforts to use embryonic \u003ca href=\"https://stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/1.htm\">stem cells\u003c/a> to treat incurable diseases, the researchers say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The work also provides the first direct evidence that manipulating DNA in human embryos can yield insights into how a single cell becomes a complex human. That has been the major justification for allowing scientists to change human DNA in ways that could be passed town to future generations, a step that had long been considered off limits because of fears about safety and opening the door to \"designer babies.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This proof of principle lays out a framework for future investigations that could transform our understanding of human biology,\" the researchers write in \u003ca href=\"http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/nature24033\">reporting\u003c/a> their findings in the journal \u003cem>Nature \u003c/em>on Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That statement was seconded by other scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It opens up a new area of research,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://vesta.cumc.columbia.edu/stemcell/facdb/profile/profile.php?id=de2220\">Dietrich Egli\u003c/a>, a Columbia University biologist who studies stem cells and was not involved in the study. \"Understanding early human embryonic development is of great importance, and gene-editing is a powerful tool to answer questions that will ultimately improve human health.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>But the research is renewing a long, intense debate about whether it's ethical to make changes in the genes in eggs, sperm or very early embryos that would be passed down to succeeding generations. While using gene editing for basic research about human development may be useful, critics worry it could lead to attempts to create genetically modified babies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The concerns are that we would be opening the door to fertility clinics vying to offer gene-editing to make future children taller or stronger or whatever they wanted to market,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.geneticsandsociety.org/user/25\">Marcy Darnovsky\u003c/a>, who heads the Center for Genetics and Society, a genetics watchdog group. \"That could put us into a situation where some children were perceived to be biologically superior to other children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study comes just weeks after \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/08/18/543769759/a-first-look-inside-the-lab-where-scientists-are-editing-dna-in-human-embryos\">another team\u003c/a> of scientists \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/08/02/540975224/scientists-precisely-edit-dna-in-human-embryos-to-fix-a-disease-gene\">reported\u003c/a> the group had for the first time edited the DNA in human embryos to correct a genetic defect that causes a heart disorder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new research was led by \u003ca href=\"https://www.crick.ac.uk/kathy-niakan\">Kathy Niakan, \u003c/a>a developmental biologist at the Francis Crick Institute in London. Niakan's team used a powerful gene-editing technique known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/tags/419142387/crispr\">CRISPR\u003c/a> to disable a gene that produces a protein known as OCT4. The procedure was performed in 41 embryos donated by women undergoing treatment for infertility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the study, more than 80 percent of the embryos with the disabled gene failed to develop into a blastocyst, a ball of 200 cells that is the stage when embryos are usually implanted into the womb during in vitro fertilization (\u003ca href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007279.htm\">IVF\u003c/a>). Many cases of infertility occur because embryos fail to reach this stage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That tells us that OCT4 is really important for the development of a human blastocyst,\" Niakan told reporters during a briefing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"By understanding the key genes that are involved in the development of the blastocyst, this can really inform our understanding of this important, critical window of human development,\" Niakan says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The experiments also show that the gene is involved in forming the cells that eventually become the placenta, the organ that nourishes a developing embryo in the womb, the researchers reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, OCT4 helps embryonic stem cells specialize into various tissues, which could help scientists figure out how to turn stem cells into replacement cells, tissues and perhaps entire organs to treat diseases, Niakan says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an unexpected finding, the researchers discovered the gene functions differently in human embryos than in mouse embryos. That shows the need for experiments on human embryos and not just animal embryos, the scientists say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is opening up the possibility of using a really powerful, precise genetics tool to understand gene function,\" Niakan says. \"We would have never gained this insight had we not really studied the function of this gene in human embryos.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jennifer Doudna, a biologist at the University of California, Berkeley, who led efforts to develop CRISPR, agrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"One of the most fundamental aspects of becoming human is, how do egg and sperm cells combine to form embryos that develop into a person?\" \u003ca href=\"http://rna.berkeley.edu/\">Doudna \u003c/a>says. \"So understanding the genetic basis for that is, in my view, one of the fundamental aspects of developmental biology — or all of biology in a way.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2015, Chinese scientists sparked an \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=401655818\">uproar\u003c/a> when they reported attempts to use CRISPR to edit human embryos. And in 2016, the British government approved editing of human embryos for research purposes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the British government's \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/02/01/465180953/british-scientists-gain-approval-to-edit-dna-in-human-embryos\">approval\u003c/a>, Niakan began her experiments. Scientists in Sweden have begun \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/about-npr/494863809/npr-exclusive-report-stockholm-lab-first-to-try-to-edit-dna-of-healthy-human-emb\">similar research\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In February, the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Medicine \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/02/14/514580162/scientific-panel-says-editing-heritable-human-genes-could-be-ok-in-the-future\">concluded \u003c/a>that editing DNA in humans could be permissible in certain circumstances. That has critics like Darnovsky worried.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In a world already plagued by distressing levels of inequality, that seems like a very bad idea,\" Darnovsky says. \"We don't want to add ideas that some people are biologically better and some people are biologically inferior to others. That is an idea that has led to horrific abuses throughout history.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Niakan defends the work, saying she is only interested in making fundamental discoveries about basic human biology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As with any technology, as with any tool, it can be used for a variety of different purposes,\" Niakan says. \"We're choosing to use it to uncover critical roles of genes in development that can increase our knowledge about how human embryos develop.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Editing+Embryo+DNA+Yields+Clues+About+Early+Human+Development&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>Update, October 16, 2017:\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Gov. Jerry Brown last night signed into law the \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB967\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">bill\u003c/a> that legalizes a method of disposing of human remains commonly called 'water cremation.' \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The method doesn't actually use water, but uses a chemical that speeds up decomposition of bodies and leaves behind only sterile water, bones, and medical implants or devices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The new law establishes procedures for licensing and regulating mortuaries or other companies that aim to adopt the method, to be overseen by the Cemetery and Funeral Bureau within the state Department of Consumer Affairs. \u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters say water cremation offers a green alternative to traditional cremation or burial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original Story, July 24, 2017:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You may not equate death with climate change, but disposing of human remains leaves a fairly hefty \u003ca href=\"https://www3.epa.gov/carbon-footprint-calculator/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">carbon footprint\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Supporters of a California bill allowing dead bodies to be dissolved in a hot chemical bath are hoping to overcome the 'ick factor.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Cremation is really what people hold up as the environmentally friendly option,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.caitlindoughty.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Caitlin Doughty\u003c/a>, a mortician in Los Angeles. “It’s better than the whole rigmarole of formaldehyde and chemicals and big caskets that go into the more traditional funeral industry, but it still releases mercury into the air, and it uses a whole ton of natural gas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus, Doughty says, cemeteries monopolize land, an increasingly precious resource as the population grows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hence the growing popularity of a green alternative, known as water cremation, bio-cremation or flameless cremation. Basically, the body is dissolved in a hot chemical bath, leaving a sterile solution that can be flushed down the drain. The carbon footprint of this process is just a quarter of traditional fire cremation because it uses so much less energy; and only a sixth of a burial because it doesn't require the materials for concrete headstones, mahogany caskets or the chemicals used in embalming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State lawmakers are considering a \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB967\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">bill\u003c/a> that would legalize water cremation. In the last decade, two previous efforts have failed, although the process has been approved in 14 other states, including neighboring Nevada. This year, a third attempt is gaining momentum in California, progressing further in the Legislature than the previous bills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Not an Acid Bath\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s only one place in California where bodies are currently dissolved — legally, at least. That would be a chilly lab at UCLA, where cadavers that have outlived their usefulness at the medical school end up. The room smells a little like shellfish, which I think might be the smell of melted flesh. But the guy in charge, Dean Fisher, laughs at that notion.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'This just leaves us questioning. Why did part of grandma go to the waste treatment plant?'\u003ccite>Ned Dolejsi, Catholic Church spokesman\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Fisher, the head of the university's \u003ca href=\"https://www.uclahealth.org/donatedbody/default.cfm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Donated Body Program,\u003c/a> explains that I'm sniffing potassium hydroxide\u003cb>,\u003c/b> a base, and the chemical of choice for liquefying bodies, because it catalyzes the hydrogen in water to more rapidly attack the chemical bonds between molecules in the body. (The process is technically called\u003cem> alkaline hydrolysis.)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So, it's not an acid at all,\" said Fisher. \"Some people say this is an acid bath, and they're wrong.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Potassium hydroxide is found in the Earth's crust — and in many household cleaning products. It's the same chemical that breaks down or composts organic matter in dirt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So, like, if you were to bury a body in soil, all we're doing is we're speeding that up,\" says Fisher. \"We're adding heat to that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_428986\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-428986 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Fisher-machine-800x599.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"599\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Fisher-machine-800x599.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Fisher-machine-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Fisher-machine-768x575.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Fisher-machine-1020x764.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Fisher-machine-1180x883.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Fisher-machine-960x719.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Fisher-machine-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Fisher-machine-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Fisher-machine-520x389.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Fisher-machine.jpg 1893w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UCLA's Dean Fisher opens an alkaline hydrolysis machine that can dissolve bodies. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Whirlpool for the Dead\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That heat is applied inside a shiny stainless-steel chamber, about the size of a large van. The front of the machine has a circular hatch, modeled after a submarine door. The hatch leads to a dark tunnel where cadavers are heated to 302 degrees and then bathed in 270 gallons of liquid for three to four hours. That's about twice as long as the time required for a fire cremation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cost varies widely in the U.S., depending on location, but typically, funeral homes charge $150-$500 more for a water cremation than for one done with flames.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's usually left at the end of the process is a tray scattered with clean white bones, and maybe some items of medical hardware. Fisher shows me an example when he opens the door, revealing the remains of a dissolved male body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a pacemaker in there,\" says Fisher. \"There’s a couple of prosthetics. It looks like he’s had a hip replacement, and it looks like he’s had a knee replacement, also.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the metal in these parts can be recycled, and everything left over is sterile. Nothing organic survives during a water cremation. No bacteria — not even a strand of DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bones will be pulverized into a white powder that can be placed in an urn, just like the ashes in a traditional cremation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_429008\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-429008\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/IMG_33511-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/IMG_33511-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/IMG_33511-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/IMG_33511-768x576.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/IMG_33511-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/IMG_33511-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/IMG_33511-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/IMG_33511-960x720.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/IMG_33511-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/IMG_33511-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/IMG_33511-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The pulverized bones from a water cremation ready to be placed inside an urn. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>From a cupboard nearby, Fisher holds up a tooth with a mercury filling. The silver molar demonstrates part of why water is more eco-friendly than flame. When you burn a body, the toxic mercury in dental fillings vaporizes and escapes into the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ick Factor\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But water cremation proved a tough sell the last two times legalization was tried in California. There's an inherent ick factor: You’re reducing loved ones to a chemical broth that swirls down the drain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This just leaves us questioning,\" said Ned Dolejsi, the executive director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cacatholic.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">California Catholic Conference\u003c/a>. \"Why did part of grandma go to the waste treatment plant?”\u003cb> \u003c/b>He says water cremation isn't inherently wrong, but it also doesn’t treat life — or death — with dignity and respect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposed bill sailed through the Assembly in June. Now it's before the Senate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the bill is made law, water cremation will be available in California starting in 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This post has been edited.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>Update, October 16, 2017:\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Gov. Jerry Brown last night signed into law the \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB967\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">bill\u003c/a> that legalizes a method of disposing of human remains commonly called 'water cremation.' \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The method doesn't actually use water, but uses a chemical that speeds up decomposition of bodies and leaves behind only sterile water, bones, and medical implants or devices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The new law establishes procedures for licensing and regulating mortuaries or other companies that aim to adopt the method, to be overseen by the Cemetery and Funeral Bureau within the state Department of Consumer Affairs. \u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters say water cremation offers a green alternative to traditional cremation or burial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original Story, July 24, 2017:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You may not equate death with climate change, but disposing of human remains leaves a fairly hefty \u003ca href=\"https://www3.epa.gov/carbon-footprint-calculator/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">carbon footprint\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Supporters of a California bill allowing dead bodies to be dissolved in a hot chemical bath are hoping to overcome the 'ick factor.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Cremation is really what people hold up as the environmentally friendly option,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.caitlindoughty.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Caitlin Doughty\u003c/a>, a mortician in Los Angeles. “It’s better than the whole rigmarole of formaldehyde and chemicals and big caskets that go into the more traditional funeral industry, but it still releases mercury into the air, and it uses a whole ton of natural gas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus, Doughty says, cemeteries monopolize land, an increasingly precious resource as the population grows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hence the growing popularity of a green alternative, known as water cremation, bio-cremation or flameless cremation. Basically, the body is dissolved in a hot chemical bath, leaving a sterile solution that can be flushed down the drain. The carbon footprint of this process is just a quarter of traditional fire cremation because it uses so much less energy; and only a sixth of a burial because it doesn't require the materials for concrete headstones, mahogany caskets or the chemicals used in embalming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State lawmakers are considering a \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB967\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">bill\u003c/a> that would legalize water cremation. In the last decade, two previous efforts have failed, although the process has been approved in 14 other states, including neighboring Nevada. This year, a third attempt is gaining momentum in California, progressing further in the Legislature than the previous bills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Not an Acid Bath\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s only one place in California where bodies are currently dissolved — legally, at least. That would be a chilly lab at UCLA, where cadavers that have outlived their usefulness at the medical school end up. The room smells a little like shellfish, which I think might be the smell of melted flesh. But the guy in charge, Dean Fisher, laughs at that notion.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'This just leaves us questioning. Why did part of grandma go to the waste treatment plant?'\u003ccite>Ned Dolejsi, Catholic Church spokesman\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Fisher, the head of the university's \u003ca href=\"https://www.uclahealth.org/donatedbody/default.cfm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Donated Body Program,\u003c/a> explains that I'm sniffing potassium hydroxide\u003cb>,\u003c/b> a base, and the chemical of choice for liquefying bodies, because it catalyzes the hydrogen in water to more rapidly attack the chemical bonds between molecules in the body. (The process is technically called\u003cem> alkaline hydrolysis.)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So, it's not an acid at all,\" said Fisher. \"Some people say this is an acid bath, and they're wrong.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Potassium hydroxide is found in the Earth's crust — and in many household cleaning products. It's the same chemical that breaks down or composts organic matter in dirt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So, like, if you were to bury a body in soil, all we're doing is we're speeding that up,\" says Fisher. \"We're adding heat to that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_428986\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-428986 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Fisher-machine-800x599.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"599\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Fisher-machine-800x599.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Fisher-machine-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Fisher-machine-768x575.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Fisher-machine-1020x764.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Fisher-machine-1180x883.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Fisher-machine-960x719.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Fisher-machine-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Fisher-machine-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Fisher-machine-520x389.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Fisher-machine.jpg 1893w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UCLA's Dean Fisher opens an alkaline hydrolysis machine that can dissolve bodies. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Whirlpool for the Dead\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That heat is applied inside a shiny stainless-steel chamber, about the size of a large van. The front of the machine has a circular hatch, modeled after a submarine door. The hatch leads to a dark tunnel where cadavers are heated to 302 degrees and then bathed in 270 gallons of liquid for three to four hours. That's about twice as long as the time required for a fire cremation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cost varies widely in the U.S., depending on location, but typically, funeral homes charge $150-$500 more for a water cremation than for one done with flames.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's usually left at the end of the process is a tray scattered with clean white bones, and maybe some items of medical hardware. Fisher shows me an example when he opens the door, revealing the remains of a dissolved male body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a pacemaker in there,\" says Fisher. \"There’s a couple of prosthetics. It looks like he’s had a hip replacement, and it looks like he’s had a knee replacement, also.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the metal in these parts can be recycled, and everything left over is sterile. Nothing organic survives during a water cremation. No bacteria — not even a strand of DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bones will be pulverized into a white powder that can be placed in an urn, just like the ashes in a traditional cremation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_429008\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-429008\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/IMG_33511-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/IMG_33511-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/IMG_33511-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/IMG_33511-768x576.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/IMG_33511-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/IMG_33511-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/IMG_33511-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/IMG_33511-960x720.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/IMG_33511-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/IMG_33511-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/IMG_33511-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The pulverized bones from a water cremation ready to be placed inside an urn. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>From a cupboard nearby, Fisher holds up a tooth with a mercury filling. The silver molar demonstrates part of why water is more eco-friendly than flame. When you burn a body, the toxic mercury in dental fillings vaporizes and escapes into the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ick Factor\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But water cremation proved a tough sell the last two times legalization was tried in California. There's an inherent ick factor: You’re reducing loved ones to a chemical broth that swirls down the drain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This just leaves us questioning,\" said Ned Dolejsi, the executive director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cacatholic.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">California Catholic Conference\u003c/a>. \"Why did part of grandma go to the waste treatment plant?”\u003cb> \u003c/b>He says water cremation isn't inherently wrong, but it also doesn’t treat life — or death — with dignity and respect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposed bill sailed through the Assembly in June. Now it's before the Senate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the bill is made law, water cremation will be available in California starting in 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This post has been edited.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Youth Tackle Football Linked to Emotional Issues in Adulthood",
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"content": "\u003cp>Youth football participation in the U.S. has dropped in recent years as parents have grown \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2016/06/20/concussions-kids-sports/\">more concerned about concussions\u003c/a>. A new study could accelerate that trend.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'When do we ask ourselves, \"Does it make sense for my kid to be hitting his head several hundred times per season?\"'\u003ccite>Robert Stern, director of clinical research at Boston University’s Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Center\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The research, by noted brain trauma scientists, found that those who play youth tackle football before age 12 are more likely to suffer from depression, apathy, and other behavioral issues later in life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study has “tons of limitations,” said Robert Stern, one of the authors, and the data are not strong enough to suggest that football was the cause of behavioral abnormalities. But Stern said the findings provide further reason to question whether younger children should be playing tackle football — beyond research that has linked repetitive head blows and concussions to brain damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When do we ask ourselves, ‘Does it make sense for my kid to be hitting his head several hundred times per season?’” Stern said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, which appears in the current issue of Nature’s Translational Psychiatry, included 214 men; about half started playing football before age 12 and the rest at 12 or older. Forty-three of them played through high school and 103 played through college. The remainder played professionally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"2MWLXnEbxrTqWTEjAVT2yiy4WU0T77rM\"]The men were, on average, 51 years old at the time of the study. Those who started playing when younger demonstrated a twofold increase in risk for apathy and behavioral regulation and a threefold increase in risk for depression, compared with those who started playing later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Significantly, men who went on to play in college or the pros were no more likely to have these problems than those who stopped playing after youth football.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stern, the director of clinical research at \u003ca href=\"https://www.bu.edu/cte/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Boston University’s CTE Center\u003c/a>, said study participants were interviewed by phone and completed online questionnaires, a methodology that is not as reliable as face-to-face neuropsychological examinations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More important, the participants chose to take part in the study, rather than being chosen at random, so they may have had neurological deficits that spurred their involvement in the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other researchers pointed out this flaw as well, but said the study nonetheless warrants further investigation, if not stricter limits on youth participation in America’s most popular sport.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tom Talavage, a professor of biomechanics at Purdue University who studies neurotrauma, said: “I’m not the least bit surprised by this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Intuitively, it’s pretty consistent with our impression of the old former football player — that he’s a little more volatile, a little more impulsive, maybe a little more moody.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings are also consistent, he said, with his own recent research on middle-school football players that shows that even though younger children hit each other with less force than older ones, “because they’re smaller they’re getting essentially the same ‘experience,’ quote-unquote, as the high-school population.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cform id=\"mc4wp-form-1\" method=\"post\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003c/form>\n\u003cp>The researchers chose 12 as the age cutoff because, they said, the brain experiences a key period of development between 10 and 12. They also tracked changes in behavior for those who began playing at earlier and later ages, but said age 12 was associated with the most striking findings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/10/161024095801.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">study\u003c/a> published last year by researchers at Wake Forest School of Medicine involved MRI scans of middle-school football players’ brains; it showed changes related to non-concussive head impacts after a single season. (The research, which relied on a relatively small sample, did not examine a possible relationship between the brain changes and cognitive function.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joel Stitzel, one of the leaders of that research, said the new study is “important and informative,” and “helps motivate the need for more longitudinal study.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stitzel also noted that retrospective research like Stern’s fails to account for more recent rule changes in youth football, including limits on full-contact practices and more aggressive coaching on proper tackling techniques.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pop Warner Little Scholars, which oversees what it describes as the nation’s oldest and most popular youth football, did not immediately return calls requesting comment, and Dr. Julian Bailes, the youth league’s medical director, was unavailable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both Pop Warner and USA Football, another youth organization, have implemented or tested significant rules changes in recent seasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dara Dickstein, who researches neurodegenerative disease at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, acknowledged the “game has changed a lot” over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, she said, “it doesn’t really surprise me that the younger your age of first exposure is to football, the more impairment or cognitive deficits will show later in life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite safety concerns, proponents of youth football have pointed out the sport’s benefits, noting that, beyond the physical exercise, it instills a sense of teamwork, discipline, and camaraderie among players.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stern has heard the arguments before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The solution to this is not to have kids in a bubble, and have them not exercise,” he said. “Comaraderie, teamwork, confidence building, exercise — those things are really important. But playing tackle football is not the only way to get that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study was funded by the National Institutes of Health. Some of the 21 co-authors disclosed possible conflicts of interest, including research funding and their work with the National Collegiate Athletic Association, National Football League, and NFL Players’ Association. Stern, for instance, is a member of the Mackey-White Committee of the NFL Players Association and is a paid consultant to pharmaceutical companies. Dr. Ann McKee has received funding from the NFL and is a member of the Mackey-White Committee. Dr. Robert Cantu is a paid consultant to the NFL’s Head Neck and Spine Committee and is a paid member of the Medical Science Committee for the NCAA Student-Athlete Concussion Injury Litigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/09/19/youth-football-concussions-safety/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">story \u003c/a>was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Youth football participation in the U.S. has dropped in recent years as parents have grown \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2016/06/20/concussions-kids-sports/\">more concerned about concussions\u003c/a>. A new study could accelerate that trend.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'When do we ask ourselves, \"Does it make sense for my kid to be hitting his head several hundred times per season?\"'\u003ccite>Robert Stern, director of clinical research at Boston University’s Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Center\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The research, by noted brain trauma scientists, found that those who play youth tackle football before age 12 are more likely to suffer from depression, apathy, and other behavioral issues later in life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study has “tons of limitations,” said Robert Stern, one of the authors, and the data are not strong enough to suggest that football was the cause of behavioral abnormalities. But Stern said the findings provide further reason to question whether younger children should be playing tackle football — beyond research that has linked repetitive head blows and concussions to brain damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When do we ask ourselves, ‘Does it make sense for my kid to be hitting his head several hundred times per season?’” Stern said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, which appears in the current issue of Nature’s Translational Psychiatry, included 214 men; about half started playing football before age 12 and the rest at 12 or older. Forty-three of them played through high school and 103 played through college. The remainder played professionally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The men were, on average, 51 years old at the time of the study. Those who started playing when younger demonstrated a twofold increase in risk for apathy and behavioral regulation and a threefold increase in risk for depression, compared with those who started playing later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Significantly, men who went on to play in college or the pros were no more likely to have these problems than those who stopped playing after youth football.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stern, the director of clinical research at \u003ca href=\"https://www.bu.edu/cte/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Boston University’s CTE Center\u003c/a>, said study participants were interviewed by phone and completed online questionnaires, a methodology that is not as reliable as face-to-face neuropsychological examinations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More important, the participants chose to take part in the study, rather than being chosen at random, so they may have had neurological deficits that spurred their involvement in the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other researchers pointed out this flaw as well, but said the study nonetheless warrants further investigation, if not stricter limits on youth participation in America’s most popular sport.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tom Talavage, a professor of biomechanics at Purdue University who studies neurotrauma, said: “I’m not the least bit surprised by this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Intuitively, it’s pretty consistent with our impression of the old former football player — that he’s a little more volatile, a little more impulsive, maybe a little more moody.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings are also consistent, he said, with his own recent research on middle-school football players that shows that even though younger children hit each other with less force than older ones, “because they’re smaller they’re getting essentially the same ‘experience,’ quote-unquote, as the high-school population.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cform id=\"mc4wp-form-1\" method=\"post\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003c/form>\n\u003cp>The researchers chose 12 as the age cutoff because, they said, the brain experiences a key period of development between 10 and 12. They also tracked changes in behavior for those who began playing at earlier and later ages, but said age 12 was associated with the most striking findings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/10/161024095801.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">study\u003c/a> published last year by researchers at Wake Forest School of Medicine involved MRI scans of middle-school football players’ brains; it showed changes related to non-concussive head impacts after a single season. (The research, which relied on a relatively small sample, did not examine a possible relationship between the brain changes and cognitive function.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joel Stitzel, one of the leaders of that research, said the new study is “important and informative,” and “helps motivate the need for more longitudinal study.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stitzel also noted that retrospective research like Stern’s fails to account for more recent rule changes in youth football, including limits on full-contact practices and more aggressive coaching on proper tackling techniques.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pop Warner Little Scholars, which oversees what it describes as the nation’s oldest and most popular youth football, did not immediately return calls requesting comment, and Dr. Julian Bailes, the youth league’s medical director, was unavailable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both Pop Warner and USA Football, another youth organization, have implemented or tested significant rules changes in recent seasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dara Dickstein, who researches neurodegenerative disease at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, acknowledged the “game has changed a lot” over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, she said, “it doesn’t really surprise me that the younger your age of first exposure is to football, the more impairment or cognitive deficits will show later in life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite safety concerns, proponents of youth football have pointed out the sport’s benefits, noting that, beyond the physical exercise, it instills a sense of teamwork, discipline, and camaraderie among players.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stern has heard the arguments before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The solution to this is not to have kids in a bubble, and have them not exercise,” he said. “Comaraderie, teamwork, confidence building, exercise — those things are really important. But playing tackle football is not the only way to get that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study was funded by the National Institutes of Health. Some of the 21 co-authors disclosed possible conflicts of interest, including research funding and their work with the National Collegiate Athletic Association, National Football League, and NFL Players’ Association. Stern, for instance, is a member of the Mackey-White Committee of the NFL Players Association and is a paid consultant to pharmaceutical companies. Dr. Ann McKee has received funding from the NFL and is a member of the Mackey-White Committee. Dr. Robert Cantu is a paid consultant to the NFL’s Head Neck and Spine Committee and is a paid member of the Medical Science Committee for the NCAA Student-Athlete Concussion Injury Litigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/09/19/youth-football-concussions-safety/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">story \u003c/a>was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Ariana Marciano is adding to her collection of about 75 tattoos at Body Electric, a tattoo and piercing studio on trendy Melrose Avenue in Hollywood. \"I think they're so cool and I think they're visually really nice to look at,\" she says. There's a ram's head, an elk, a green-and-peach praying mantis, a love bug and a moth. Today she's getting a ladybug.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.aap.org/en-us/about-the-aap/aap-press-room/Pages/AAP-Ann%22\">Recommendations on tattoos from American Academy of Pediatrics\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"I love bugs,\" Marciano, 23, says. \"I think they're kind of overlooked.\" In about 20 minutes, a small ladybug with dots on its back and a bit of rusty orange takes its place on her elbow.Marciano is part of a trend; 38 percent of millennials have at least one tattoo, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2010/02/24/millennials-confident-connected-open-to-change/\">according\u003c/a> to the Pew Research Center, and 23 percent have a piercing somewhere other than an earlobe. That compares to just 6 percent of boomers with tattoos, and 1 percent with other piercings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nation's pediatricians, who want teenagers and young adults to be aware of potential health issues with tattoos and piercings, released their first-ever recommendations on health and safety on Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report finds that most people who have a tattoo (86 percent) have never regretted getting one, and 30 percent says it makes them feel sexier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But despite the popularity of body art, \"Most of my medical colleagues don't know regulations in the states, complication rates or later impact on young people when looking for a job,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.seattlechildrens.org/medical-staff/cora-collette-breuner/\">Dr. Cora Breuner\u003c/a>. She's a member of the division of adolescent medicine at Seattle Children's Hospital who chaired the AAP Committee on Adolescence that wrote the recommendations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Breuner says she wants doctors and other health care professionals to be able to appropriately guide patients and their parents when a tattoo or body piercing is being considered. That includes being aware of regulations in their state. The federal government does not regulate the industry and rules \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/tattooing-and-body-piercing.aspx\">vary from state to state\u003c/a>. In some states, minors as young as 14 can get tattoos if they have parental permission. And when it comes to sanitary conditions, there is wide variation in state regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The AAP recommends that pediatricians talk with adolescent patients about the importance of hygienic practices in piercing and tattoo parlors, including making sure practitioners use new disposable gloves; needles from a sealed, sterile container; and fresh unused ink poured into a new disposable container with each client. This means infection control \"just like in a doctor's office,\" says Breuner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Body Electric, owner Brian Keith Thompson says, \"I want to leave the studio today the same way I came in — disease-free.\" He sets employees to work every morning cleaning floors and equipment. \"I'm a former Marine, so I am the commanding general inspecting it,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His state, California, sets standards for sterilization, sanitation and safety for both tattooing and body piercing. Practitioners have to register with the state health department and are required to submit proof of hepatitis vaccination as well as take a yearly course in bloodborne diseases and infection control. While infection is rare, concern about infectious diseases such as HIV, hepatitis and skin infections caused by \u003cem>Staphylococcus aureus\u003c/em> (staph) bacteria remain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People on medications that inhibit the immune system and can affect the healing process, such as steroids or Accutane, should avoid both tattoos and piercings, the pediatricians say. And everyone should be up to date on immunizations, especially tetanus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the procedure, the doctors say patients should watch for signs of infection, such as redness that spreads beyond the tattoo or piercing, increasing pain, or fever. If this happens, Breuner says, \"go to the doctor.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And doctors and patients should understand that healing times differ depending on the piercing. For example, an ear piercing may take just a few weeks to heal, but a piercing in the tongue can take up to six weeks, and a belly button piercing up to nine months, Breuner says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there's the key point that tattoos are permanent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though he owns a tattoo parlor, Thompson says he often counsels teenage clients against tattoos that are easily visible on the hands, neck and fingers. \"I'll tell them no, you're 19, you should wait,\" he says, adding that many professions are still conservative when it comes to tattoos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Definitely stay away from the face,\" says Thompson. \"We call that the job stopper; if you don't want to get employed, tattoo your face.\" And understand that tattoo removal by laser is painful, difficult, expensive and only partially effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Teen+Wants+A+Tattoo%3F+Pediatricians+Say+Here%27s+How+To+Do+It+Safely&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Ariana Marciano is adding to her collection of about 75 tattoos at Body Electric, a tattoo and piercing studio on trendy Melrose Avenue in Hollywood. \"I think they're so cool and I think they're visually really nice to look at,\" she says. There's a ram's head, an elk, a green-and-peach praying mantis, a love bug and a moth. Today she's getting a ladybug.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.aap.org/en-us/about-the-aap/aap-press-room/Pages/AAP-Ann%22\">Recommendations on tattoos from American Academy of Pediatrics\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"I love bugs,\" Marciano, 23, says. \"I think they're kind of overlooked.\" In about 20 minutes, a small ladybug with dots on its back and a bit of rusty orange takes its place on her elbow.Marciano is part of a trend; 38 percent of millennials have at least one tattoo, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2010/02/24/millennials-confident-connected-open-to-change/\">according\u003c/a> to the Pew Research Center, and 23 percent have a piercing somewhere other than an earlobe. That compares to just 6 percent of boomers with tattoos, and 1 percent with other piercings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nation's pediatricians, who want teenagers and young adults to be aware of potential health issues with tattoos and piercings, released their first-ever recommendations on health and safety on Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report finds that most people who have a tattoo (86 percent) have never regretted getting one, and 30 percent says it makes them feel sexier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But despite the popularity of body art, \"Most of my medical colleagues don't know regulations in the states, complication rates or later impact on young people when looking for a job,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.seattlechildrens.org/medical-staff/cora-collette-breuner/\">Dr. Cora Breuner\u003c/a>. She's a member of the division of adolescent medicine at Seattle Children's Hospital who chaired the AAP Committee on Adolescence that wrote the recommendations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Breuner says she wants doctors and other health care professionals to be able to appropriately guide patients and their parents when a tattoo or body piercing is being considered. That includes being aware of regulations in their state. The federal government does not regulate the industry and rules \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/tattooing-and-body-piercing.aspx\">vary from state to state\u003c/a>. In some states, minors as young as 14 can get tattoos if they have parental permission. And when it comes to sanitary conditions, there is wide variation in state regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The AAP recommends that pediatricians talk with adolescent patients about the importance of hygienic practices in piercing and tattoo parlors, including making sure practitioners use new disposable gloves; needles from a sealed, sterile container; and fresh unused ink poured into a new disposable container with each client. This means infection control \"just like in a doctor's office,\" says Breuner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Body Electric, owner Brian Keith Thompson says, \"I want to leave the studio today the same way I came in — disease-free.\" He sets employees to work every morning cleaning floors and equipment. \"I'm a former Marine, so I am the commanding general inspecting it,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His state, California, sets standards for sterilization, sanitation and safety for both tattooing and body piercing. Practitioners have to register with the state health department and are required to submit proof of hepatitis vaccination as well as take a yearly course in bloodborne diseases and infection control. While infection is rare, concern about infectious diseases such as HIV, hepatitis and skin infections caused by \u003cem>Staphylococcus aureus\u003c/em> (staph) bacteria remain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People on medications that inhibit the immune system and can affect the healing process, such as steroids or Accutane, should avoid both tattoos and piercings, the pediatricians say. And everyone should be up to date on immunizations, especially tetanus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the procedure, the doctors say patients should watch for signs of infection, such as redness that spreads beyond the tattoo or piercing, increasing pain, or fever. If this happens, Breuner says, \"go to the doctor.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And doctors and patients should understand that healing times differ depending on the piercing. For example, an ear piercing may take just a few weeks to heal, but a piercing in the tongue can take up to six weeks, and a belly button piercing up to nine months, Breuner says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there's the key point that tattoos are permanent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though he owns a tattoo parlor, Thompson says he often counsels teenage clients against tattoos that are easily visible on the hands, neck and fingers. \"I'll tell them no, you're 19, you should wait,\" he says, adding that many professions are still conservative when it comes to tattoos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Definitely stay away from the face,\" says Thompson. \"We call that the job stopper; if you don't want to get employed, tattoo your face.\" And understand that tattoo removal by laser is painful, difficult, expensive and only partially effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Teen+Wants+A+Tattoo%3F+Pediatricians+Say+Here%27s+How+To+Do+It+Safely&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Study Claiming AI Can Detect Sexual Orientation Cleared for Publication",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update, Sept. 19:\u003c/strong> The American Psychological Association says that a controversial research paper that applied computer facial recognition to successfully guess people’s sexual orientation has passed a review of documentation submitted by the researchers. The paper is set to be published in the association’s peer-reviewed \u003cem>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokesperson for the association said it completed the review last week. The association undertook the review to substantiate an institutional review board's vetting of the study, which ensured that the study met ethical guidelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Given the sensitive nature of photo-images used in the current study, we are currently taking this additional step with this as yet unpublished manuscript,\" a spokesperson for the APA wrote to KQED last week, before the review was completed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research, by Michal Kosinski and Yilun Wang of Stanford University, claims that a computer algorithm bested humans in distinguishing between a gay person and a straight person when analyzing images from public profiles on a dating website. (Here is a \u003ca href=\"https://osf.io/zn79k/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">preprint\u003c/a> of the study; it's not necessarily the final version of the paper.)Researchers claim AI can be taught to predict sexual orientation from analyzing photographs. LGBTQ advocates are outraged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research had led to a firestorm of criticism from LGBTQ advocates and academics since it was \u003ca href=\"https://www.economist.com/news/science-and-technology/21728614-machines-read-faces-are-coming-advances-ai-are-used-spot-signs?fsrc=scn/tw/te/bl/ed/advancesinaiareusedtospotsignsofsexuality\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">first reported\u003c/a> Sept. 9 by The Economist. Two gay rights groups, Human Rights Campaign and GLAAD, \u003ca href=\"https://www.glaad.org/blog/glaad-and-hrc-call-stanford-university-responsible-media-debunk-dangerous-flawed-report\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">called the research,\u003c/a> in a joint press release, \"junk science.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Analyzing Faces\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using basic facial-recognition technology, the researchers weeded through 130,741 public photos of men and women posted on a U.S. dating website, selecting for images that showed a single face large and clear enough to analyze. This left a pool of 35,326 pictures of 14,776 individuals. Gay and straight people, male and female, were represented evenly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Software called VGG-Face analyzed the faces and looked for correlations between a person's face (nose length, jaw width, etc.) and their self-declared sexual identity on the website. Using a resulting model made up of these distinguishing characteristics, the program, when shown one photo of a gay man and one of a straight man, was able to identify their sexual orientation 81 percent of the time. For women, the success rate was 71 percent. (Accuracy increased when the model was shown more than one image of a person.) Human guessers correctly identified straight faces and gay faces just 61 percent of the time for men and 54 percent for women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers say in the paper that these results \"provide strong support\" for the prenatal hormone theory of gay and lesbian sexual orientation. The theory holds that under or overexposure to prenatal androgens are a key determinant of sexual orientation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an \u003ca href=\"https://docs.google.com/document/d/11oGZ1Ke3wK9E3BtOFfGfUQuuaSMR8AO2WfWH3aVke6U/preview#\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">authors' note\u003c/a> (last updated Sept. 13), the researchers discuss the study's limitations at some length, including the narrow demographic characteristics of the individuals analyzed -- white people who self-reported to be gay or straight. They also expressed concerns about the implications of the study:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">We were really disturbed by these results and spent much time considering whether they should be made public at all. We did not want to enable the very risks that we are warning against. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Recent press reports,\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> however, suggest that governments and corporations are already using tools aimed at revealing intimate traits from faces. Facial images of billions of people are stockpiled in digital and traditional archives, including dating platforms, photo-sharing websites, and government databases. Profile pictures on Facebook, LinkedIn, and Google Plus are public by default. CCTV cameras and smartphones can be used to take pictures of others’ faces without their permission.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Critics of the research expressed concerns that it will lead to the very invasion of privacy the authors seek to warn against. HRC/GLAAD also criticized the limited demographic pool used by the researchers, the \"superficial\" nature of the characteristics analyzed in the model, and the way media have represented the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://docs.google.com/document/d/1UuEcSNFMduIaf0cOWdWbOV3NORLoKWdz3big4xuk7Z4/edit#\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">authors responded\u003c/a> angrily, calling the HRC/GLAAD press release premature and misleading. \"\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">They do a great disservice to the LGBTQ community by dismissing our results outright without properly assessing the science behind it, and hurt the mission of the great organizations that they represent,\" they wrote. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers also stressed, in their authors' note, that they did not invent the tools used. Rather, they applied internet-available software to internet-available data, with the goal of demonstrating the privacy risks inherent in artificially intelligent technologies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We studied existing technologies,\" wrote Kosinski and Wang, already widely used by companies and governments, to see whether they present a risk to the privacy of LGBTQ individuals.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They added, \"We were terrified to find that they do.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such tools present a special threat, said the authors, to the privacy and safety of gay men and women living under repressive regimes where homosexuality is illegal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But other LGBT academics and writers did not accept this line of reasoning. Oberlin sociology professor Greggor Mattson wrote a \u003ca href=\"https://greggormattson.com/2017/09/09/artificial-intelligence-discovers-gayface/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">takedown,\u003c/a> published on his website, describing the study as \"much less insightful than the researchers claim.\" The authors' discussion of their ethical concerns suffered from \"stunning tone-deafness,\" Mattson wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least one LGBT blogger, though, came to the researchers' defense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alex Bollinger, writing at LGBTQ Nation, wrote a \u003ca href=\"https://www.lgbtqnation.com/2017/09/hrc-glaad-release-silly-statement-gay-face-study/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">post \u003c/a>titled \"HRC and GLAAD release a silly statement about the ‘gay face’ study.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"We should take a stance of curiosity instead of judgment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is just one study that looked at one sample and said a few things. There will be more studies later on that will say other things. Let’s see how that all unfolds before deciding what the correct answer is.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This post was edited Oct. 9 to specify the nature of the American Psychological Association's review of the study.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update, Sept. 19:\u003c/strong> The American Psychological Association says that a controversial research paper that applied computer facial recognition to successfully guess people’s sexual orientation has passed a review of documentation submitted by the researchers. The paper is set to be published in the association’s peer-reviewed \u003cem>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokesperson for the association said it completed the review last week. The association undertook the review to substantiate an institutional review board's vetting of the study, which ensured that the study met ethical guidelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Given the sensitive nature of photo-images used in the current study, we are currently taking this additional step with this as yet unpublished manuscript,\" a spokesperson for the APA wrote to KQED last week, before the review was completed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research, by Michal Kosinski and Yilun Wang of Stanford University, claims that a computer algorithm bested humans in distinguishing between a gay person and a straight person when analyzing images from public profiles on a dating website. (Here is a \u003ca href=\"https://osf.io/zn79k/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">preprint\u003c/a> of the study; it's not necessarily the final version of the paper.)Researchers claim AI can be taught to predict sexual orientation from analyzing photographs. LGBTQ advocates are outraged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research had led to a firestorm of criticism from LGBTQ advocates and academics since it was \u003ca href=\"https://www.economist.com/news/science-and-technology/21728614-machines-read-faces-are-coming-advances-ai-are-used-spot-signs?fsrc=scn/tw/te/bl/ed/advancesinaiareusedtospotsignsofsexuality\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">first reported\u003c/a> Sept. 9 by The Economist. Two gay rights groups, Human Rights Campaign and GLAAD, \u003ca href=\"https://www.glaad.org/blog/glaad-and-hrc-call-stanford-university-responsible-media-debunk-dangerous-flawed-report\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">called the research,\u003c/a> in a joint press release, \"junk science.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Analyzing Faces\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using basic facial-recognition technology, the researchers weeded through 130,741 public photos of men and women posted on a U.S. dating website, selecting for images that showed a single face large and clear enough to analyze. This left a pool of 35,326 pictures of 14,776 individuals. Gay and straight people, male and female, were represented evenly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Software called VGG-Face analyzed the faces and looked for correlations between a person's face (nose length, jaw width, etc.) and their self-declared sexual identity on the website. Using a resulting model made up of these distinguishing characteristics, the program, when shown one photo of a gay man and one of a straight man, was able to identify their sexual orientation 81 percent of the time. For women, the success rate was 71 percent. (Accuracy increased when the model was shown more than one image of a person.) Human guessers correctly identified straight faces and gay faces just 61 percent of the time for men and 54 percent for women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers say in the paper that these results \"provide strong support\" for the prenatal hormone theory of gay and lesbian sexual orientation. The theory holds that under or overexposure to prenatal androgens are a key determinant of sexual orientation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an \u003ca href=\"https://docs.google.com/document/d/11oGZ1Ke3wK9E3BtOFfGfUQuuaSMR8AO2WfWH3aVke6U/preview#\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">authors' note\u003c/a> (last updated Sept. 13), the researchers discuss the study's limitations at some length, including the narrow demographic characteristics of the individuals analyzed -- white people who self-reported to be gay or straight. They also expressed concerns about the implications of the study:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">We were really disturbed by these results and spent much time considering whether they should be made public at all. We did not want to enable the very risks that we are warning against. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Recent press reports,\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> however, suggest that governments and corporations are already using tools aimed at revealing intimate traits from faces. Facial images of billions of people are stockpiled in digital and traditional archives, including dating platforms, photo-sharing websites, and government databases. Profile pictures on Facebook, LinkedIn, and Google Plus are public by default. CCTV cameras and smartphones can be used to take pictures of others’ faces without their permission.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Critics of the research expressed concerns that it will lead to the very invasion of privacy the authors seek to warn against. HRC/GLAAD also criticized the limited demographic pool used by the researchers, the \"superficial\" nature of the characteristics analyzed in the model, and the way media have represented the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://docs.google.com/document/d/1UuEcSNFMduIaf0cOWdWbOV3NORLoKWdz3big4xuk7Z4/edit#\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">authors responded\u003c/a> angrily, calling the HRC/GLAAD press release premature and misleading. \"\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">They do a great disservice to the LGBTQ community by dismissing our results outright without properly assessing the science behind it, and hurt the mission of the great organizations that they represent,\" they wrote. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers also stressed, in their authors' note, that they did not invent the tools used. Rather, they applied internet-available software to internet-available data, with the goal of demonstrating the privacy risks inherent in artificially intelligent technologies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We studied existing technologies,\" wrote Kosinski and Wang, already widely used by companies and governments, to see whether they present a risk to the privacy of LGBTQ individuals.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They added, \"We were terrified to find that they do.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such tools present a special threat, said the authors, to the privacy and safety of gay men and women living under repressive regimes where homosexuality is illegal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But other LGBT academics and writers did not accept this line of reasoning. Oberlin sociology professor Greggor Mattson wrote a \u003ca href=\"https://greggormattson.com/2017/09/09/artificial-intelligence-discovers-gayface/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">takedown,\u003c/a> published on his website, describing the study as \"much less insightful than the researchers claim.\" The authors' discussion of their ethical concerns suffered from \"stunning tone-deafness,\" Mattson wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least one LGBT blogger, though, came to the researchers' defense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alex Bollinger, writing at LGBTQ Nation, wrote a \u003ca href=\"https://www.lgbtqnation.com/2017/09/hrc-glaad-release-silly-statement-gay-face-study/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">post \u003c/a>titled \"HRC and GLAAD release a silly statement about the ‘gay face’ study.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"We should take a stance of curiosity instead of judgment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is just one study that looked at one sample and said a few things. There will be more studies later on that will say other things. Let’s see how that all unfolds before deciding what the correct answer is.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This post was edited Oct. 9 to specify the nature of the American Psychological Association's review of the study.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Analysis Claims Prostate Cancer Screenings Significantly Reduce Deaths. Not Everyone Agrees",
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"content": "\u003cp>An analysis of two influential studies of prostate cancer screening concludes that the much-debated test “significantly” reduces deaths from the disease, suggesting that current recommendations against routine PSA screening might be steering men away from a lifesaving procedure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://annals.org/errors/404.aspx?aspxerrorpath=/aim/article/doi/10.7326/M16-2586\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">analysis\u003c/a>, published Monday in Annals of Internal Medicine, drew wildly different reactions, as is often the case with research on PSA screenings. Some experts in cancer screening and statistics said its novel approach was “on shaky ground” and used a “completely unverifiable” methodology that they had “never seen before,” but others praised its “intriguing and innovative approach.” There was one area of agreement, however: “I imagine it’s going to generate some buzz,” said biostatistician Ted Karrison of the University of Chicago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the new analysis is correct, one of the influential PSA studies, called PLCO, reduced deaths from prostate cancer by 27 percent to 32 percent, not the zero percent that PLCO researchers themselves \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cncr.30474/abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">found\u003c/a>. For a man in the U.S., the risk of dying of prostate cancer is about 2.5 percent. A mortality reduction of 30 percent would lower the death rate to 1.75 percent, said epidemiologist Ruth Etzioni of Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, the study’s senior author.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If a screening test reduces cancer mortality by 20 percent, it’s considered a successful test,” Etzioni said. “I think the [prostate-cancer] mortality reduction we calculate is a significant benefit. This is a screening test that saves lives.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">How experts view PSA\u003cbr>\nscreenings is shifting.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Those gains come at some cost to health, though: For every life saved, she estimated, five men will be told they have cancer when in fact their abnormal cells would never grow, spread, or harm them. In \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3549521-Prostate-screening-understanding-risks-and.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">other estimates\u003c/a>, such “overdiagnoses” outnumber lives saved by 50-to-1.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new study lands amid another shift in how experts view PSA screening, which measures blood levels of a molecule sometimes associated with prostate cancer. In 2012 the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, physicians who advise the federal government, recommended against routine PSA tests because of their many risks and tiny benefits. Among other drawbacks, the tests lead to overdiagnosis (meaning a biopsy finds malignant cells but they are so innocuous they would never harm, let alone kill, the man) as well as incontinence and impotence from treatment (including of harmless cancers).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In April, however, the task force \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/04/11/prostate-cancer-screening/\">proposed\u003c/a> instead that men aged 55 to 69 discuss PSA’s pros and cons with their doctor and then decide what to do, factoring in that if 1,000 men get regular PSA screening for a decade it will save about \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3549521-Prostate-screening-understanding-risks-and.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">one life\u003c/a>. (Older and younger men are still advised not to have routine screening.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"sbxojTBwe8X1g15wTplDtKSQyEDwt7Rl\"]The rationale for the re-analysis led by Etzioni is that the PLCO study was a bit of a mess. It assigned half of its nearly 77,000 participants, men ages 55 to 74, to have yearly PSA tests and the other half to not do so. But 46 percent of the men in the no-PSA group had yearly PSAs anyway. As a result, when researchers counted deaths in each group, it wasn’t a clean comparison: Rather than comparing screened to unscreened men, they were comparing assigned-to-screening men to not-assigned-to-screening men.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finding that assigned-to-screening men were no more likely to avoid death from prostate cancer might therefore have been because their screening behavior wasn’t different enough from the “unscreened” (but in fact partly screened) men’s, not because PSA screening doesn’t save lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an effort to untangle that possibility, Etzioni and 21 co-authors from 10 countries created multiple mathematical models. They all rely on estimates of “lead time,” or how much sooner a cancer is detected because of PSA instead of because symptoms are detected. The models incorporated the records of all the PLCO men and ignored which group they’d been assigned to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bottom line: Screened men’s cancers were detected earlier than unscreened men’s, and more frequent screening advanced detection more. That moved some prostate cancers from too-advanced-to-treat to treatable, reducing prostate cancer mortality by 27 percent to 32 percent over 11 years, Etzioni and her colleagues conclude.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers not involved in the study weren’t convinced. “The concern is that men in the no-screening group but who chose to get screened anyway might differ in important ways from men who stayed with no-screening,” Karrison said. They might be more health conscious or conscientious, or have other traits associated with longevity. If so, then those traits, not screening, might be responsible for their lower risk of dying from prostate cancer. Two prominent experts in cancer prevention and statistics agreed, but said they did not want to be publicly identified as criticizing the new analysis because some of its authors are colleagues of theirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Kenneth Lin of Georgetown University Medical Center, a former staffer at the USPSTF, said crediting PSA tests with reducing prostate cancer mortality by around 30 percent was probably an overstatement, especially since mathematical models are only models. An earlier \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK82308/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">one\u003c/a> for the PLCO study concluded that more men died in its screening group than in the don’t-get-screened group. “Models are models,” Lin said. “No matter how sophisticated, they shouldn’t trump data from real people who participated in the randomized trials” — which in PLCO found zero lives saved from PSA screening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A researcher associated with the Preventive Services Task Force, but who was not permitted to speak to reporters while the group is finalizing its PSA recommendation, said the panel would incorporate the new paper in its analysis. “But honestly,” he said, “I don’t know that this adds a great deal to our understanding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/09/04/prostate-cancer-analysis/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">story \u003c/a>was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>An analysis of two influential studies of prostate cancer screening concludes that the much-debated test “significantly” reduces deaths from the disease, suggesting that current recommendations against routine PSA screening might be steering men away from a lifesaving procedure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://annals.org/errors/404.aspx?aspxerrorpath=/aim/article/doi/10.7326/M16-2586\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">analysis\u003c/a>, published Monday in Annals of Internal Medicine, drew wildly different reactions, as is often the case with research on PSA screenings. Some experts in cancer screening and statistics said its novel approach was “on shaky ground” and used a “completely unverifiable” methodology that they had “never seen before,” but others praised its “intriguing and innovative approach.” There was one area of agreement, however: “I imagine it’s going to generate some buzz,” said biostatistician Ted Karrison of the University of Chicago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the new analysis is correct, one of the influential PSA studies, called PLCO, reduced deaths from prostate cancer by 27 percent to 32 percent, not the zero percent that PLCO researchers themselves \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cncr.30474/abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">found\u003c/a>. For a man in the U.S., the risk of dying of prostate cancer is about 2.5 percent. A mortality reduction of 30 percent would lower the death rate to 1.75 percent, said epidemiologist Ruth Etzioni of Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, the study’s senior author.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If a screening test reduces cancer mortality by 20 percent, it’s considered a successful test,” Etzioni said. “I think the [prostate-cancer] mortality reduction we calculate is a significant benefit. This is a screening test that saves lives.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">How experts view PSA\u003cbr>\nscreenings is shifting.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Those gains come at some cost to health, though: For every life saved, she estimated, five men will be told they have cancer when in fact their abnormal cells would never grow, spread, or harm them. In \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3549521-Prostate-screening-understanding-risks-and.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">other estimates\u003c/a>, such “overdiagnoses” outnumber lives saved by 50-to-1.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new study lands amid another shift in how experts view PSA screening, which measures blood levels of a molecule sometimes associated with prostate cancer. In 2012 the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, physicians who advise the federal government, recommended against routine PSA tests because of their many risks and tiny benefits. Among other drawbacks, the tests lead to overdiagnosis (meaning a biopsy finds malignant cells but they are so innocuous they would never harm, let alone kill, the man) as well as incontinence and impotence from treatment (including of harmless cancers).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In April, however, the task force \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/04/11/prostate-cancer-screening/\">proposed\u003c/a> instead that men aged 55 to 69 discuss PSA’s pros and cons with their doctor and then decide what to do, factoring in that if 1,000 men get regular PSA screening for a decade it will save about \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3549521-Prostate-screening-understanding-risks-and.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">one life\u003c/a>. (Older and younger men are still advised not to have routine screening.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The rationale for the re-analysis led by Etzioni is that the PLCO study was a bit of a mess. It assigned half of its nearly 77,000 participants, men ages 55 to 74, to have yearly PSA tests and the other half to not do so. But 46 percent of the men in the no-PSA group had yearly PSAs anyway. As a result, when researchers counted deaths in each group, it wasn’t a clean comparison: Rather than comparing screened to unscreened men, they were comparing assigned-to-screening men to not-assigned-to-screening men.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finding that assigned-to-screening men were no more likely to avoid death from prostate cancer might therefore have been because their screening behavior wasn’t different enough from the “unscreened” (but in fact partly screened) men’s, not because PSA screening doesn’t save lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an effort to untangle that possibility, Etzioni and 21 co-authors from 10 countries created multiple mathematical models. They all rely on estimates of “lead time,” or how much sooner a cancer is detected because of PSA instead of because symptoms are detected. The models incorporated the records of all the PLCO men and ignored which group they’d been assigned to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bottom line: Screened men’s cancers were detected earlier than unscreened men’s, and more frequent screening advanced detection more. That moved some prostate cancers from too-advanced-to-treat to treatable, reducing prostate cancer mortality by 27 percent to 32 percent over 11 years, Etzioni and her colleagues conclude.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers not involved in the study weren’t convinced. “The concern is that men in the no-screening group but who chose to get screened anyway might differ in important ways from men who stayed with no-screening,” Karrison said. They might be more health conscious or conscientious, or have other traits associated with longevity. If so, then those traits, not screening, might be responsible for their lower risk of dying from prostate cancer. Two prominent experts in cancer prevention and statistics agreed, but said they did not want to be publicly identified as criticizing the new analysis because some of its authors are colleagues of theirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Kenneth Lin of Georgetown University Medical Center, a former staffer at the USPSTF, said crediting PSA tests with reducing prostate cancer mortality by around 30 percent was probably an overstatement, especially since mathematical models are only models. An earlier \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK82308/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">one\u003c/a> for the PLCO study concluded that more men died in its screening group than in the don’t-get-screened group. “Models are models,” Lin said. “No matter how sophisticated, they shouldn’t trump data from real people who participated in the randomized trials” — which in PLCO found zero lives saved from PSA screening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A researcher associated with the Preventive Services Task Force, but who was not permitted to speak to reporters while the group is finalizing its PSA recommendation, said the panel would incorporate the new paper in its analysis. “But honestly,” he said, “I don’t know that this adds a great deal to our understanding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/09/04/prostate-cancer-analysis/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">story \u003c/a>was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Intravenous Hydrogen Peroxide: Unproven Treatment Offered by Naturopaths",
"title": "Intravenous Hydrogen Peroxide: Unproven Treatment Offered by Naturopaths",
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"content": "\u003cp>Many a parent has applied hydrogen peroxide to a child's cut or scrape to prevent infections. But a number of Southern California naturopathic doctors are using the mild antiseptic in an unconventional way: They intravenously infuse a saline solution with 3 percent hydrogen peroxide straight into a patient's bloodstream.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'When you have something that has never been shown to be of value and has the potential to do a lot of harm, it shouldn’t be used.'\u003ccite>Dr. Paul Offit, University of Pennsylvania medical school\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Montrose osteopath Dr. Yoshi Rahm says this treatment, called IV hydrogen peroxide, does the same thing inside your body as it does on the outside. It's \"killing things,\" such as \"the infection that you currently have, or those unhealthy cancer cells you currently have,\" he says.There's no proof this treatment works. On top of that, IV hydrogen peroxide can be expensive and potentially dangerous. Yet it's not hard to find naturopaths in Southern California who offer it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some naturopaths promote it online. In this YouTube video, a doctor in Georgia says there are \"30 to 50 maladies\" that IV hydrogen peroxide can help fight, including colds, flus and bacterial and viral infections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you have one compound that someone's telling you can treat a wide variety of unrelated conditions, that's a red flag,\" says Dr. David Gorski, a professor at Wayne State University's medical school and editor of the website Science-Based Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Unproven and Untracked\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_435349\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/hydrogperoxdoc.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-435349\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/hydrogperoxdoc-1020x851.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/hydrogperoxdoc-1020x851.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/hydrogperoxdoc-160x133.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/hydrogperoxdoc-800x667.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/hydrogperoxdoc-768x641.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/hydrogperoxdoc-960x801.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/hydrogperoxdoc-240x200.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/hydrogperoxdoc-375x313.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/hydrogperoxdoc-520x434.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/hydrogperoxdoc.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Yoshi Rahm estimates he's provided about 100 IV hydrogen peroxide treatments over the past four years. He acknowledges there's no scientific proof that it works. \u003ccite>(Rebecca Plevin/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>IV hydrogen peroxide has never been studied in a clinical trial, and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration hasn't approved any IV drugs that contain hydrogen peroxide as an active ingredient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you have something that has never been shown to be of value and has the potential to do a lot of harm, it shouldn't be used,\" says Dr. Paul Offit, a professor at the University of Pennsylvania medical school and author of a book about alternative medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention doesn't track adverse events from IV hydrogen peroxide. But according to news reports, one woman died in South Carolina in 2004 after a doctor administered it as a treatment for multiple sclerosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coroner concluded the hydrogen peroxide produced bubbles in the woman's blood, which led to multiple organ failure and cardiac arrest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>IV hydrogen peroxide has a lot of risk and no proven benefits, Offit says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you're going to do placebo medicine, which is what I think this is, then use a placebo, because hydrogen peroxide can kill you,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's also expensive: In Southern California, treatments often cost more than a $100 per session.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No 'Solid Medical Evidence'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Naturopathic Doctors Association says it doesn't track how many people have gotten IV hydrogen peroxide or how many providers offer it, but the group referred KPCC to a naturopath in Grass Valley who says she's trained thousands on how to administer the treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Rahm estimates he's provided about 100 treatments of IV hydrogen peroxide over the past four years. He says he's mainly used it on sinus infections and on cancer, as long as patients are also getting standard treatments like chemotherapy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rahm acknowledges there's no scientific proof that it works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Honestly, I would say no, there's not like solid medical evidence behind it,\" Rahm says. \"Those studies haven't been done.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He defends the treatment by pointing to one patient's story as proof that it works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mercedes Curran, a 28-year-old from Beverly Glen Canyon, has MS, an unpredictable, degenerative disease of the central nervous system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At one point, she couldn't control the right side of her body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It felt like the right side of my body had 30 extra pounds on all of it,\" Curran recalls. \"Essentially, it would feel like that part of my body was dead.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her neurologist recommended five rounds of steroids and physical therapy. Alongside that treatment, Rahm recommended 10 IV hydrogen peroxide sessions over two weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curran says she was skeptical, but willing to try it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I wouldn't say I was desperate, but at the same time, of course I wanted to walk without having to drag my leg and I love to travel and all those other things,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Offit says he has \"enormous sympathy\" for Curran's situation. He says she, like many others, turned to alternative medicine after coming up against the limits of Western medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, \"there's just no reason to put people at this kind of risk,\" he says. \"I think these are very vulnerable people and it's just disheartening to see that there are clinicians who are willing to step into the breach and take advantage of these patients.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curran estimates she’s spent about $2,000 altogether on her treatments. Each time, she would relax in a lounge chair in Rahm's office, as a saline solution with 3 percent hydrogen peroxide was infused into her bloodstream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I felt better after the first session,\" Curran recalls. \"I just felt like I had more energy and my body wasn't as heavy. It could've been even after two or three sessions was the first time I could flex my foot.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Anecdotes Not Scientific Evidence\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts say it's impossible to know why Curran started feeling better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MS symptoms sometimes improve on their own. It could've been the steroids Curran's neurologist prescribed, which can take a few weeks to kick in. Or it could've been the placebo effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"With one single case, we should be very careful and definitely not jump to the conclusions, especially when it comes to intravenous administration of a substance that can be toxic,\" says Dr. Regina Berkovich, a neurologist who specializes in MS at USC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If naturopathic doctors like Rahm think IV hydrogen peroxide can help treat MS and other conditions, they should prove it, says Dr. Robert Califf, who served as FDA commissioner until January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If the treatment works, he would be doing the world a favor to show it using good scientific principles,\" he says, while predicting that it wouldn't be proven to work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Even in the mainstream drug industry, over 90 percent of drugs that get into human clinical trials end up not being safe and effective,\" says Califf.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Naturopaths in Southern California are treating patients intravenously with the antiseptic hydrogen peroxide. But this treatment can be expensive and possibly dangerous, and there's no evidence that it actually works.",
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"description": "Naturopaths in Southern California are treating patients intravenously with the antiseptic hydrogen peroxide. But this treatment can be expensive and possibly dangerous, and there's no evidence that it actually works.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Many a parent has applied hydrogen peroxide to a child's cut or scrape to prevent infections. But a number of Southern California naturopathic doctors are using the mild antiseptic in an unconventional way: They intravenously infuse a saline solution with 3 percent hydrogen peroxide straight into a patient's bloodstream.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'When you have something that has never been shown to be of value and has the potential to do a lot of harm, it shouldn’t be used.'\u003ccite>Dr. Paul Offit, University of Pennsylvania medical school\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Montrose osteopath Dr. Yoshi Rahm says this treatment, called IV hydrogen peroxide, does the same thing inside your body as it does on the outside. It's \"killing things,\" such as \"the infection that you currently have, or those unhealthy cancer cells you currently have,\" he says.There's no proof this treatment works. On top of that, IV hydrogen peroxide can be expensive and potentially dangerous. Yet it's not hard to find naturopaths in Southern California who offer it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some naturopaths promote it online. In this YouTube video, a doctor in Georgia says there are \"30 to 50 maladies\" that IV hydrogen peroxide can help fight, including colds, flus and bacterial and viral infections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you have one compound that someone's telling you can treat a wide variety of unrelated conditions, that's a red flag,\" says Dr. David Gorski, a professor at Wayne State University's medical school and editor of the website Science-Based Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Unproven and Untracked\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_435349\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/hydrogperoxdoc.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-435349\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/hydrogperoxdoc-1020x851.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/hydrogperoxdoc-1020x851.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/hydrogperoxdoc-160x133.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/hydrogperoxdoc-800x667.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/hydrogperoxdoc-768x641.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/hydrogperoxdoc-960x801.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/hydrogperoxdoc-240x200.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/hydrogperoxdoc-375x313.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/hydrogperoxdoc-520x434.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/hydrogperoxdoc.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Yoshi Rahm estimates he's provided about 100 IV hydrogen peroxide treatments over the past four years. He acknowledges there's no scientific proof that it works. \u003ccite>(Rebecca Plevin/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>IV hydrogen peroxide has never been studied in a clinical trial, and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration hasn't approved any IV drugs that contain hydrogen peroxide as an active ingredient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you have something that has never been shown to be of value and has the potential to do a lot of harm, it shouldn't be used,\" says Dr. Paul Offit, a professor at the University of Pennsylvania medical school and author of a book about alternative medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention doesn't track adverse events from IV hydrogen peroxide. But according to news reports, one woman died in South Carolina in 2004 after a doctor administered it as a treatment for multiple sclerosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coroner concluded the hydrogen peroxide produced bubbles in the woman's blood, which led to multiple organ failure and cardiac arrest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>IV hydrogen peroxide has a lot of risk and no proven benefits, Offit says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you're going to do placebo medicine, which is what I think this is, then use a placebo, because hydrogen peroxide can kill you,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's also expensive: In Southern California, treatments often cost more than a $100 per session.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No 'Solid Medical Evidence'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Naturopathic Doctors Association says it doesn't track how many people have gotten IV hydrogen peroxide or how many providers offer it, but the group referred KPCC to a naturopath in Grass Valley who says she's trained thousands on how to administer the treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Rahm estimates he's provided about 100 treatments of IV hydrogen peroxide over the past four years. He says he's mainly used it on sinus infections and on cancer, as long as patients are also getting standard treatments like chemotherapy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rahm acknowledges there's no scientific proof that it works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Honestly, I would say no, there's not like solid medical evidence behind it,\" Rahm says. \"Those studies haven't been done.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He defends the treatment by pointing to one patient's story as proof that it works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mercedes Curran, a 28-year-old from Beverly Glen Canyon, has MS, an unpredictable, degenerative disease of the central nervous system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At one point, she couldn't control the right side of her body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It felt like the right side of my body had 30 extra pounds on all of it,\" Curran recalls. \"Essentially, it would feel like that part of my body was dead.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her neurologist recommended five rounds of steroids and physical therapy. Alongside that treatment, Rahm recommended 10 IV hydrogen peroxide sessions over two weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curran says she was skeptical, but willing to try it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I wouldn't say I was desperate, but at the same time, of course I wanted to walk without having to drag my leg and I love to travel and all those other things,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Offit says he has \"enormous sympathy\" for Curran's situation. He says she, like many others, turned to alternative medicine after coming up against the limits of Western medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, \"there's just no reason to put people at this kind of risk,\" he says. \"I think these are very vulnerable people and it's just disheartening to see that there are clinicians who are willing to step into the breach and take advantage of these patients.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curran estimates she’s spent about $2,000 altogether on her treatments. Each time, she would relax in a lounge chair in Rahm's office, as a saline solution with 3 percent hydrogen peroxide was infused into her bloodstream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I felt better after the first session,\" Curran recalls. \"I just felt like I had more energy and my body wasn't as heavy. It could've been even after two or three sessions was the first time I could flex my foot.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Anecdotes Not Scientific Evidence\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts say it's impossible to know why Curran started feeling better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MS symptoms sometimes improve on their own. It could've been the steroids Curran's neurologist prescribed, which can take a few weeks to kick in. Or it could've been the placebo effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"With one single case, we should be very careful and definitely not jump to the conclusions, especially when it comes to intravenous administration of a substance that can be toxic,\" says Dr. Regina Berkovich, a neurologist who specializes in MS at USC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If naturopathic doctors like Rahm think IV hydrogen peroxide can help treat MS and other conditions, they should prove it, says Dr. Robert Califf, who served as FDA commissioner until January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If the treatment works, he would be doing the world a favor to show it using good scientific principles,\" he says, while predicting that it wouldn't be proven to work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Scanning The Future, Radiologists See Their Jobs At Risk",
"title": "Scanning The Future, Radiologists See Their Jobs At Risk",
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"content": "\u003cp>In health care, you could say radiologists have typically had a pretty sweet deal. They make, on average, around \u003ca href=\"https://blog.doximity.com/articles/the-first-annual-doximity-physician-compensation-report\">$400,000 a year\u003c/a> — nearly double what a family doctor makes — and often have less grueling hours. But if you talk with radiologists in training at the University of California, San Francisco, it quickly becomes clear that the once-certain golden path is no longer so secure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The biggest concern is that we could be replaced by machines,\" says Phelps Kelley, a fourth-year radiology fellow. He's sitting inside a dimly lit reading room, looking at digital images from the CT scan of a patient's chest, trying to figure out why the patient is short of breath.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"7vgm3s41JKj4ZsMONu2lh5y7kBqxTICU\"]Because MRI and CT scans are now routine procedures and all the data can be stored digitally, the number of images radiologists have to assess has \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2765780/\">risen dramatically\u003c/a>. These days, a radiologist at UCSF will go through anywhere from 20 to 100 scans a day, and each scan can have thousands of images to review.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Radiology has become commoditized over the years,\" Kelley says. \"People don't want interaction with a radiologist, they just want a piece of paper that says what the CT shows.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"\u003cstrong>Computers are awfully good at seeing patterns\"\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That basic analysis is something he predicts computers will be able to do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Bob Wachter, an internist at UCSF and author of \u003cem>The Digital Doctor\u003c/em>, says radiology is particularly amenable to takeover by artificial intelligence like machine learning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Radiology, at its core, is now a human being, based on learning and his or her own experience, looking at a collection of digital dots and a digital pattern and saying 'That pattern looks like cancer or looks like tuberculosis or looks like pneumonia,' \" he says. \"Computers are awfully good at seeing patterns.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">There is plenty of angst among radiologists today.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Just think about how Facebook software can identify your face in a group photo, or Google's can recognize a stop sign. Big tech companies are betting the same machine learning process — training a computer by feeding it thousands of images — could make it possible for an algorithm to diagnose heart disease or strokes faster and cheaper than a human can.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UCSF radiologist Dr. Marc Kohli says there is plenty of angst among radiologists today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You can't walk through any of our meetings without hearing people talk about machine learning,\" Kohli says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both Kohli and his colleague Dr. John Mongan are researching ways to use artificial intelligence in radiology. As part of a UCSF \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2016/11/404956/ucsf-ge-healthcare-launch-deep-learning-partnership-advance-care-globally\">collaboration with GE\u003c/a>, Mongan is helping teach machines to distinguish between normal and abnormal chest X-rays so doctors can prioritize patients with life-threatening conditions. He says the people most fearful about AI understand the least about it. From his office just north of Silicon Valley, he compares the climate to that of the dot-com bubble.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People were sure about the way things were going to go,\" Mongan says. \"Webvan had billions of dollars and was going to put all the groceries out of business. There's still a Safeway half a mile from my house. But at the same time, it wasn't all hype.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"\u003cstrong>You need them working together\"\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reality is this: Dozens of companies, including IBM, Google and GE, are racing to develop formulas that could one day make diagnoses from medical images. It's not an easy task: to write the complex problem-solving formulas, developers need access to a tremendous amount of health data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.vrad.com/\">Health care companies like vRad\u003c/a>, which has radiologists analyzing 7 million scans a year, provide data to partners that develop medical algorithms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data has been used to \"create algorithms to detect the risk of acute strokes and hemorrhages\" and help off-site radiologists prioritize their work, says Dr. Benjamin Strong, chief medical officer at vRad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.zebra-med.com/\">Zebra Medical Vision\u003c/a>, an Israeli company, provides algorithms to hospitals across the U.S. that help radiologists predict disease. Chief Medical Officer Eldad Elnekave says computers can detect diseases from images better than humans because they can multitask — say, look for appendicitis while also checking for low bone density.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The radiologist can't make 30 diagnoses for every study. But the evidence is there, the information is in the pixels,\" Elnekave says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, UCSF's Mongan isn't worried about losing his job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When we're talking about the machines doing things radiologists can't do, we're not talking about a machine where you can just drop an MRI in it and walk away and the answer gets spit out better than a radiologist,\" he says. \"A CT does things better than a radiologist. But that CT scanner by itself doesn't do much good. You need them working together.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_435300\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-435300\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/john_mongan-8ccf101ed85390d31991946b2b4b74dcd51e5960-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/john_mongan-8ccf101ed85390d31991946b2b4b74dcd51e5960-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/john_mongan-8ccf101ed85390d31991946b2b4b74dcd51e5960-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/john_mongan-8ccf101ed85390d31991946b2b4b74dcd51e5960-768x576.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/john_mongan-8ccf101ed85390d31991946b2b4b74dcd51e5960-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/john_mongan-8ccf101ed85390d31991946b2b4b74dcd51e5960-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/john_mongan-8ccf101ed85390d31991946b2b4b74dcd51e5960-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/john_mongan-8ccf101ed85390d31991946b2b4b74dcd51e5960-960x720.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/john_mongan-8ccf101ed85390d31991946b2b4b74dcd51e5960-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/john_mongan-8ccf101ed85390d31991946b2b4b74dcd51e5960-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/john_mongan-8ccf101ed85390d31991946b2b4b74dcd51e5960-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Radiologist John Mongan is researching ways to use artificial intelligence in radiology. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Mark Kohli)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the short term, Mongan is excited that algorithms could help him prioritize patients and make sure he doesn't miss something. Long term, he says radiologists will spend less time looking at images and more time selecting algorithms and interpreting results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kohli says in addition to embracing artificial intelligence, radiologists need to make themselves more visible by coming out of those dimly lit reading rooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're largely hidden from the patients,\" Kohli says. \"We're nearly completely invisible, with the exception of my name shows up on a bill, which is a problem.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wachter believes increasing collaboration between radiologists and doctors is also critical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"At UCSF, we're having conversations about [radiologists] coming out of their room and working with us. The more they can become real consultants, I think that will help,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kelley, the radiology fellow, says young radiologists who don't shy away from AI will have a far more certain future. His analogy? Uber and the taxi business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If the taxi industry had invested in ride-hailing apps maybe they wouldn't be going out of business and Uber wouldn't be taking them over,\" Kelley says. \"So if we can actually own [AI], then we can maybe benefit from it and not be wiped out by it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least for now, Kelley offers what a computer can't — a diagnosis with a face-to-face explanation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 KERA. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.kera.org/\">KERA\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Scanning+The+Future%2C+Radiologists+See+Their+Jobs+At+Risk&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "In a new series called 'Is My Job Safe?' NPR looks at the future of jobs at a time of rapid gains in artificial intelligence and robotics. We start with a high-paying job in medicine: radiologists.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In health care, you could say radiologists have typically had a pretty sweet deal. They make, on average, around \u003ca href=\"https://blog.doximity.com/articles/the-first-annual-doximity-physician-compensation-report\">$400,000 a year\u003c/a> — nearly double what a family doctor makes — and often have less grueling hours. But if you talk with radiologists in training at the University of California, San Francisco, it quickly becomes clear that the once-certain golden path is no longer so secure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The biggest concern is that we could be replaced by machines,\" says Phelps Kelley, a fourth-year radiology fellow. He's sitting inside a dimly lit reading room, looking at digital images from the CT scan of a patient's chest, trying to figure out why the patient is short of breath.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Because MRI and CT scans are now routine procedures and all the data can be stored digitally, the number of images radiologists have to assess has \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2765780/\">risen dramatically\u003c/a>. These days, a radiologist at UCSF will go through anywhere from 20 to 100 scans a day, and each scan can have thousands of images to review.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Radiology has become commoditized over the years,\" Kelley says. \"People don't want interaction with a radiologist, they just want a piece of paper that says what the CT shows.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"\u003cstrong>Computers are awfully good at seeing patterns\"\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That basic analysis is something he predicts computers will be able to do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Bob Wachter, an internist at UCSF and author of \u003cem>The Digital Doctor\u003c/em>, says radiology is particularly amenable to takeover by artificial intelligence like machine learning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Radiology, at its core, is now a human being, based on learning and his or her own experience, looking at a collection of digital dots and a digital pattern and saying 'That pattern looks like cancer or looks like tuberculosis or looks like pneumonia,' \" he says. \"Computers are awfully good at seeing patterns.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">There is plenty of angst among radiologists today.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Just think about how Facebook software can identify your face in a group photo, or Google's can recognize a stop sign. Big tech companies are betting the same machine learning process — training a computer by feeding it thousands of images — could make it possible for an algorithm to diagnose heart disease or strokes faster and cheaper than a human can.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UCSF radiologist Dr. Marc Kohli says there is plenty of angst among radiologists today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You can't walk through any of our meetings without hearing people talk about machine learning,\" Kohli says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both Kohli and his colleague Dr. John Mongan are researching ways to use artificial intelligence in radiology. As part of a UCSF \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2016/11/404956/ucsf-ge-healthcare-launch-deep-learning-partnership-advance-care-globally\">collaboration with GE\u003c/a>, Mongan is helping teach machines to distinguish between normal and abnormal chest X-rays so doctors can prioritize patients with life-threatening conditions. He says the people most fearful about AI understand the least about it. From his office just north of Silicon Valley, he compares the climate to that of the dot-com bubble.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People were sure about the way things were going to go,\" Mongan says. \"Webvan had billions of dollars and was going to put all the groceries out of business. There's still a Safeway half a mile from my house. But at the same time, it wasn't all hype.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"\u003cstrong>You need them working together\"\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reality is this: Dozens of companies, including IBM, Google and GE, are racing to develop formulas that could one day make diagnoses from medical images. It's not an easy task: to write the complex problem-solving formulas, developers need access to a tremendous amount of health data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.vrad.com/\">Health care companies like vRad\u003c/a>, which has radiologists analyzing 7 million scans a year, provide data to partners that develop medical algorithms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data has been used to \"create algorithms to detect the risk of acute strokes and hemorrhages\" and help off-site radiologists prioritize their work, says Dr. Benjamin Strong, chief medical officer at vRad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.zebra-med.com/\">Zebra Medical Vision\u003c/a>, an Israeli company, provides algorithms to hospitals across the U.S. that help radiologists predict disease. Chief Medical Officer Eldad Elnekave says computers can detect diseases from images better than humans because they can multitask — say, look for appendicitis while also checking for low bone density.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The radiologist can't make 30 diagnoses for every study. But the evidence is there, the information is in the pixels,\" Elnekave says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, UCSF's Mongan isn't worried about losing his job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When we're talking about the machines doing things radiologists can't do, we're not talking about a machine where you can just drop an MRI in it and walk away and the answer gets spit out better than a radiologist,\" he says. \"A CT does things better than a radiologist. But that CT scanner by itself doesn't do much good. You need them working together.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_435300\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-435300\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/john_mongan-8ccf101ed85390d31991946b2b4b74dcd51e5960-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/john_mongan-8ccf101ed85390d31991946b2b4b74dcd51e5960-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/john_mongan-8ccf101ed85390d31991946b2b4b74dcd51e5960-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/john_mongan-8ccf101ed85390d31991946b2b4b74dcd51e5960-768x576.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/john_mongan-8ccf101ed85390d31991946b2b4b74dcd51e5960-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/john_mongan-8ccf101ed85390d31991946b2b4b74dcd51e5960-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/john_mongan-8ccf101ed85390d31991946b2b4b74dcd51e5960-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/john_mongan-8ccf101ed85390d31991946b2b4b74dcd51e5960-960x720.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/john_mongan-8ccf101ed85390d31991946b2b4b74dcd51e5960-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/john_mongan-8ccf101ed85390d31991946b2b4b74dcd51e5960-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/john_mongan-8ccf101ed85390d31991946b2b4b74dcd51e5960-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Radiologist John Mongan is researching ways to use artificial intelligence in radiology. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Mark Kohli)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the short term, Mongan is excited that algorithms could help him prioritize patients and make sure he doesn't miss something. Long term, he says radiologists will spend less time looking at images and more time selecting algorithms and interpreting results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kohli says in addition to embracing artificial intelligence, radiologists need to make themselves more visible by coming out of those dimly lit reading rooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're largely hidden from the patients,\" Kohli says. \"We're nearly completely invisible, with the exception of my name shows up on a bill, which is a problem.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wachter believes increasing collaboration between radiologists and doctors is also critical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"At UCSF, we're having conversations about [radiologists] coming out of their room and working with us. The more they can become real consultants, I think that will help,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kelley, the radiology fellow, says young radiologists who don't shy away from AI will have a far more certain future. His analogy? Uber and the taxi business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If the taxi industry had invested in ride-hailing apps maybe they wouldn't be going out of business and Uber wouldn't be taking them over,\" Kelley says. \"So if we can actually own [AI], then we can maybe benefit from it and not be wiped out by it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least for now, Kelley offers what a computer can't — a diagnosis with a face-to-face explanation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 KERA. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.kera.org/\">KERA\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Scanning+The+Future%2C+Radiologists+See+Their+Jobs+At+Risk&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Get Off The Couch Baby Boomers, Or You May Not Be Able To Later",
"title": "Get Off The Couch Baby Boomers, Or You May Not Be Able To Later",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>Count the number of hours you sit each day. Be honest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you commute an hour in the morning and hour after work — that's two hours, and if you sit at an eight-hour-a-day desk job that's 10,\" says epidemiologist \u003ca href=\"https://publichealthonline.gwu.edu/academics/faculty/profile/loretta-dipietro/\">Loretta DiPietro\u003c/a> of the Milken Institute School of Public Health at George Washington University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Then you come home at, say, 6 p.m., eat dinner and crash into your recliner for another three to four hours,\" says DiPietro. \"That's 13 to 14 hours of sitting.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Sitting and watching TV for long periods, especially in the evening, has got to be one of the most dangerous things that older people can do.'\u003ccite>Loretta DiPietro, Milken Institute School of Public Health\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Being immobile like that for many hours each day does more than \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2011/04/25/135575490/sitting-all-day-worse-for-you-than-you-might-think\">raise the risk of a host of diseases\u003c/a>. DiPietro and her colleagues have good evidence that, as the years wear on, it actually reduces the ability of older people to get around on foot at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"https://academic.oup.com/biomedgerontology/article/4056501/The-Joint-Associations-of-Sedentary-Time-and\">study\u003c/a> of sitting and walking ability that surveyed people ages 50 to 71 across 8 to 10 years, those who tended to sit the most and move the least had more than three times the risk of difficulty walking by the end of the study, when compared to their more active counterparts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some ended up unable to walk at all. The study appears in the current issue of \u003cem>The Journals of Gerontology: Medical Sciences\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prolonged sitting and TV watching were particularly harmful, DiPietro found, especially when combined with low levels of total physical activity. Young bodies may rebound from prolonged sitting with an hour at the gym, she says. But that seems less true in late middle age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Sitting and watching TV for long periods, especially in the evening,\" she says, \"has got to be one of the most dangerous things that older people can do.\" And the period studied — the mid-1990s to 2005, or so — was even before the advent of rampant online streaming of shows, she notes. The problem today is likely even worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Before binge watching, at least when a show ended you got up and walked around,\" DiPietro says. \"It's now possible to watch several hours without moving.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though being sedentary at work is also a risk, office employees tend to at least get up now and then, walk down the hall to the printer or restroom, and go to lunch, she says. Or at least workers used to do that. Increasingly, she says, many of us of all ages are engineering much of that \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2011/04/25/135575490/sitting-all-day-worse-for-you-than-you-might-think\">light activity\u003c/a> out of our lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We now use the Internet to go shopping, order groceries, send messages, and even gossip,\" DiPietro says. \"We used to walk down the hall and gossip; now we send it via email or text.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To measure the effect of prolonged sitting on mobility, DiPietro and colleagues took data from the large NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study of men and women ages 50 to 71. The participants were all healthy when the study started in 1995 and 1996.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers recorded how much those in the study watched TV, exercised or did gardening, housework or other physical activity at the beginning of the investigation. They included \"light\" physical activity like \"puttering around, walking to get the mail, or walking to the car\" says DiPietro.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"JplsgjbFNSHSR0iTZQ6WE14V3wQoqauF\"]The results: Those who watched five or more hours of TV per day had a 65 percent greater risk of reporting a mobility disability at the study's end, compared with those who watched less than two hours per day. DiPietro says this association was independent of their level of total physical activity and other factors known to affect the ability to easily move around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She offers an antidote: Get up at least every 30 minutes when staring at a screen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And if you insist on staying seated during that 15 second interval between episodes,\" DiPietro says, \"at least stand up, march in place, jump around, kick legs — do anything to move about for at least one to two minutes.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The result of that would be \"phenomenal,\" to mobility, she says, and be at least a start toward heart health, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nationaljewish.org/doctors-departments/providers/print/print-controller?printpath=/Doctors-Departments/Providers/Physicians/Andrew-M-Freeman&size=large\">Dr. Andrew Freeman\u003c/a>, who directs cardiovascular prevention and wellness at National Jewish Health in Denver, and represents the \u003ca href=\"https://www.acc.org/#sort=%40fcommonsortdate86069%20descending\">American College of Cardiology\u003c/a>, says people should do even more higher intensity exercise regularly — at least to the point of being \"breathless.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that doesn't necessarily mean jogging around the neighborhood, he says. It can be as simple as walking at a slow pace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an older population, Freeman says if you're going to be sedentary, you should try to be \"as active\" as you can when not sedentary. That may sound like common sense, he says, but the findings of the DiPietro study underscore the importance. Just five minutes a day of brisk movement, he says, is beneficial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Denver businesswoman Liz King, that translates to a 20-minute daily walk during the week, and longer on the weekends. King says she's joined walking groups — including the national program \u003ca href=\"https://www.nationaljewish.org/treatment-programs/directory/cardiology/walk-with-doc\">Walk With A Doc\u003c/a> — as a way to build more activity into her day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>King is 61 years old and very busy starting a vegan food company in Denver — but does it, pretty much, sitting down, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you have your own business, you have a little more flexibility,\" she says. \"But I'll tell you one thing that's constant — that's eight hours, at least, of looking at the screen and sitting in the chair.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, for her, being glued to the computer — and the chair — doesn't necessarily stop when the work day ends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"2HaGoHwIzRO6oc9LT4do01EduUx8KarZ\"]\"The inbox that may be overflowing,\" she says. Or she's doing homework for an online course. She'll check in with a chat session or with other family and friends online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there's about an hour or more of watching television, King says. It all adds up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So she makes sure to get out and walk at least a little bit, every day. She varies the pace, she admits, and laughs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If I'm walking solo I'm probably walking at a more leisurely pace,\" she says, \"because I tend to take a picture of the occasional wildflower, or the clouds that are in a wonderful formation.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But on a speedier walk with a group, she keeps up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's all a big win for King's health, Freeman says, because she's away from the screen and moving. Exercise, he says, is nature's best medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Get+Off+The+Couch+Baby+Boomers%2C+Or+You+May+Not+Be+Able+To+Later&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "If you sit too much during middle age — at work and at home — your ability to exercise or even walk in late decades is at risk, a study hints. And, of course, your risk of heart disease climbs, too.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Count the number of hours you sit each day. Be honest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you commute an hour in the morning and hour after work — that's two hours, and if you sit at an eight-hour-a-day desk job that's 10,\" says epidemiologist \u003ca href=\"https://publichealthonline.gwu.edu/academics/faculty/profile/loretta-dipietro/\">Loretta DiPietro\u003c/a> of the Milken Institute School of Public Health at George Washington University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Then you come home at, say, 6 p.m., eat dinner and crash into your recliner for another three to four hours,\" says DiPietro. \"That's 13 to 14 hours of sitting.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Sitting and watching TV for long periods, especially in the evening, has got to be one of the most dangerous things that older people can do.'\u003ccite>Loretta DiPietro, Milken Institute School of Public Health\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Being immobile like that for many hours each day does more than \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2011/04/25/135575490/sitting-all-day-worse-for-you-than-you-might-think\">raise the risk of a host of diseases\u003c/a>. DiPietro and her colleagues have good evidence that, as the years wear on, it actually reduces the ability of older people to get around on foot at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"https://academic.oup.com/biomedgerontology/article/4056501/The-Joint-Associations-of-Sedentary-Time-and\">study\u003c/a> of sitting and walking ability that surveyed people ages 50 to 71 across 8 to 10 years, those who tended to sit the most and move the least had more than three times the risk of difficulty walking by the end of the study, when compared to their more active counterparts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some ended up unable to walk at all. The study appears in the current issue of \u003cem>The Journals of Gerontology: Medical Sciences\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prolonged sitting and TV watching were particularly harmful, DiPietro found, especially when combined with low levels of total physical activity. Young bodies may rebound from prolonged sitting with an hour at the gym, she says. But that seems less true in late middle age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Sitting and watching TV for long periods, especially in the evening,\" she says, \"has got to be one of the most dangerous things that older people can do.\" And the period studied — the mid-1990s to 2005, or so — was even before the advent of rampant online streaming of shows, she notes. The problem today is likely even worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Before binge watching, at least when a show ended you got up and walked around,\" DiPietro says. \"It's now possible to watch several hours without moving.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though being sedentary at work is also a risk, office employees tend to at least get up now and then, walk down the hall to the printer or restroom, and go to lunch, she says. Or at least workers used to do that. Increasingly, she says, many of us of all ages are engineering much of that \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2011/04/25/135575490/sitting-all-day-worse-for-you-than-you-might-think\">light activity\u003c/a> out of our lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We now use the Internet to go shopping, order groceries, send messages, and even gossip,\" DiPietro says. \"We used to walk down the hall and gossip; now we send it via email or text.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To measure the effect of prolonged sitting on mobility, DiPietro and colleagues took data from the large NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study of men and women ages 50 to 71. The participants were all healthy when the study started in 1995 and 1996.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers recorded how much those in the study watched TV, exercised or did gardening, housework or other physical activity at the beginning of the investigation. They included \"light\" physical activity like \"puttering around, walking to get the mail, or walking to the car\" says DiPietro.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The results: Those who watched five or more hours of TV per day had a 65 percent greater risk of reporting a mobility disability at the study's end, compared with those who watched less than two hours per day. DiPietro says this association was independent of their level of total physical activity and other factors known to affect the ability to easily move around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She offers an antidote: Get up at least every 30 minutes when staring at a screen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And if you insist on staying seated during that 15 second interval between episodes,\" DiPietro says, \"at least stand up, march in place, jump around, kick legs — do anything to move about for at least one to two minutes.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The result of that would be \"phenomenal,\" to mobility, she says, and be at least a start toward heart health, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nationaljewish.org/doctors-departments/providers/print/print-controller?printpath=/Doctors-Departments/Providers/Physicians/Andrew-M-Freeman&size=large\">Dr. Andrew Freeman\u003c/a>, who directs cardiovascular prevention and wellness at National Jewish Health in Denver, and represents the \u003ca href=\"https://www.acc.org/#sort=%40fcommonsortdate86069%20descending\">American College of Cardiology\u003c/a>, says people should do even more higher intensity exercise regularly — at least to the point of being \"breathless.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that doesn't necessarily mean jogging around the neighborhood, he says. It can be as simple as walking at a slow pace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an older population, Freeman says if you're going to be sedentary, you should try to be \"as active\" as you can when not sedentary. That may sound like common sense, he says, but the findings of the DiPietro study underscore the importance. Just five minutes a day of brisk movement, he says, is beneficial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Denver businesswoman Liz King, that translates to a 20-minute daily walk during the week, and longer on the weekends. King says she's joined walking groups — including the national program \u003ca href=\"https://www.nationaljewish.org/treatment-programs/directory/cardiology/walk-with-doc\">Walk With A Doc\u003c/a> — as a way to build more activity into her day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>King is 61 years old and very busy starting a vegan food company in Denver — but does it, pretty much, sitting down, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you have your own business, you have a little more flexibility,\" she says. \"But I'll tell you one thing that's constant — that's eight hours, at least, of looking at the screen and sitting in the chair.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, for her, being glued to the computer — and the chair — doesn't necessarily stop when the work day ends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\"The inbox that may be overflowing,\" she says. Or she's doing homework for an online course. She'll check in with a chat session or with other family and friends online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there's about an hour or more of watching television, King says. It all adds up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So she makes sure to get out and walk at least a little bit, every day. She varies the pace, she admits, and laughs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If I'm walking solo I'm probably walking at a more leisurely pace,\" she says, \"because I tend to take a picture of the occasional wildflower, or the clouds that are in a wonderful formation.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But on a speedier walk with a group, she keeps up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's all a big win for King's health, Freeman says, because she's away from the screen and moving. Exercise, he says, is nature's best medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Get+Off+The+Couch+Baby+Boomers%2C+Or+You+May+Not+Be+Able+To+Later&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Pets Deserve Evidence-Based Medicine, Too, Says The SkeptVet",
"title": "Pets Deserve Evidence-Based Medicine, Too, Says The SkeptVet",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>Hunting for good medical advice for your ailing kitty or pup? You'll find no shortage of ardent testimonials and ads for sketchy or unproven treatments on the Web.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silicon Valley veterinarian Brennen McKenzie worries that some of the same pseudoscience that is \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/07/17/537711453/seeking-online-medical-advice-googles-top-results-arent-always-on-target\">rampant in human medicine\u003c/a> is leading pet owners astray.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McKenzie's blog, \u003ca href=\"http://skeptvet.com/Blog/\">The SkeptVet\u003c/a>, aims to bring a calm voice of evidence-based skepticism in analyzing medical options for dogs and cats. McKenzie works at the Adobe Animal Hospital in Los Altos, Calif., and is a past president of the \u003ca href=\"https://ebvma.org/\">Evidence-Based Veterinary Medicine Association\u003c/a>. Once a researcher who studied monkey behavior, he earned his veterinary medicine degree from the University of Pennsylvania in 2001.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The SkeptVet is a labor of love; McKenzie gets no outside funding for it. I recently spoke with him about blogging, pseudoscience and his 19-year-old pet corn snake. The interview has been edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why does the world need skeptical veterinarians?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pet owners need to know the pros and cons of health care options for their pets to make good decisions. \"Skeptic\" doesn't mean someone who automatically rejects new or unfamiliar ideas. It's someone who refrains from judging a claim until they have examined the evidence dispassionately — someone who gives preference to scientific evidence over personal experience, anecdote, tradition or history.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'I think the biggest misconception is that there is a simple, across-the-board, right answer to if and when you should neuter your pet. That's not the case, because biology is too complex for that.'\u003ccite>Brennen McKenzie, Veterinarian and author of The SkeptVet blog\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>That's particularly critical on the Internet, where information about alternative therapies is most often marketing information. Or it's provided by people who obviously believe in these therapies and don't necessarily want to disclose their limitations. Pet owners who have a negative experience with a therapy rarely bother to tell anybody else about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>In your writings, you speak out a lot against veterinary pseudoscience. What are some examples?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pseudoscience takes the form both of recommending things that are not helpful and discouraging the use of things that are. There are certain therapies that we know are not helpful because there's been adequate research and study showing that. A classic example is \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/12/02/504004506/time-for-homeopathic-remedies-to-prove-that-they-work\">homeopathic remedies\u003c/a>, which true believers will argue can cure cancer, autoimmune disease or almost any illness, in both pets and in people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://nccih.nih.gov/health/homeopathy\">Homeopathy\u003c/a> makes the claim that administering a substance that triggers disease symptoms can have curative powers, if it's diluted in water or alcohol to the point where none of it actually remains. The substance can be nearly anything — from a plant or animal to moonlight or a piece of the Berlin Wall. Homeopathy has never been shown to be useful in good-quality scientific studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These homeopathic products are available over the counter in most pharmacies despite being useless, because they are generally considered harmless (except, of course, when used as a substitute for effective medical treatment). Any direct harm of homeopathic remedies typically comes from improper production, which leads to biologically significant levels of the original material or to contaminants. That is uncommon, although of course it does occur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the flip side is pseudoscience that undermines what we know about science-based medicine. Take anti-vaccine activism: Some people claim that \u003ca href=\"http://skeptvet.com/Blog/2014/11/rabies-vaccines-aggression-in-dogs-pure-pseudoscientific-fear-mongering/\">veterinary vaccines\u003c/a> should be avoided because their risks are greater than their benefits and they cause all sorts of horrible diseases. But there's no evidence that vaccines actually do that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What about widely used conventional treatments in veterinary medicine? Are there any that you think aren't warranted?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"Dg10cOLAGl70eg0BwDQjnHscBwgbn3wB\"]Sure. I mean, the beauty and frustration of science is that it progresses over time and that things that we believe at one point may not turn out to be true later. Or that as we refine our knowledge, we have to give up things that we believe in. There are definitely practices like that in conventional, science-based medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One example is annual boosters of core veterinary vaccines for animals. Science has shown for quite a while that yearly boosters for certain specific diseases, such as distemper and parvovirus, are unproductive. It's not clear that it's harmful, but it's certainly not needed. I think that conventional veterinarians have been slow to give that up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You've blogged about how there are a lot of misconceptions about the pros and cons of \u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://skeptvet.com/Blog/2013/04/benefits-and-risks-of-neutering-an-evidence-based-approach/\">\u003cstrong>neutering a pet\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>. Where do people go wrong there?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think the biggest misconception is that there is a simple, across-the-board, right answer to if and when you should neuter your pet. That's not the case, because biology is too complex for that. Broad rules such as \"every dog should be neutered at six months,\" or \"no pet should be neutered at all\" — none of those are justifiable because the answer is, frustratingly, \"It depends.\" It depends on the breed, on the age, on the particular balance of risks and benefits that you're talking about. The reality is that you should have a lengthy, nuanced discussion with your veterinarian about that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lots of pet owners will swear that their animals benefited from an alternative therapy, whether it's turmeric or \u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/07/04/535060331/some-marijuana-derived-treatments-aim-to-soothe-skittish-pets\">\u003cstrong>cannabis-based extracts\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>. What's the trouble with relying on these anecdotes?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's totally understandable why those kinds of experiences are compelling. But things that look to us like simple, straightforward relationships may not be. You know, the classic example is, every time I wash my car, it rains. We know that that is not a reasonable cause-and-effect relationship, because we understand how the weather works. But there were times in history when people believed that your personal actions could influence the weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Medicine is incredibly complex, and it is very difficult to identify a true response to a treatment simply by watching to see what happens, based only on our personal observations. Because there are so many factors involved in what happens next. And that's the reason why we have research studies that make an effort to control for sources of error. We know that science works better, because our own individual judgment and \u003ca href=\"http://skeptvet.com/Blog/2015/02/dont-believe-your-eyes-or-your-brain/\">observations are not reliable\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What feedback do you get from readers?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With any controversial topic, I get a ton of \u003ca href=\"http://skeptvet.com/Blog/2015/05/skeptvet-gets-hate-mail-update-2015/\">hate mail\u003c/a>. A regular stream of \"How dare you — this worked for me and you're just awful\" or \"You're a tool of the pharmaceutical industry.\" But I also get a lot of people who write, \"Oh, thank God, finally, somebody is willing to ask questions or be critical of these things,\" because it's often so unpopular to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do you have pets?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have two dogs: Max, a 10-year-old Boston terrier, and Brodie, a 4-year-old mutt from the shelter. And I have a 19-year-old corn snake named Tess. My wife, who is both afraid of snakes and a wonderfully supportive person, bought me a snake when I was in vet school because I wanted to learn more about exotic pets. I don't think she realized that corn snakes can live well into their 20s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Have you ever tried a therapy for your pets that didn't have much scientific evidence behind it?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I previously had some dogs who were older and had arthritis, around when I first started practicing veterinary medicine. I put one of them on glucosamine because more experienced colleagues said it was helpful. I hadn't yet started looking at evidence-based medicine. I did not perceive any change in my dog, and overall, the scientific evidence of meaningful benefit from glucosamine is very weak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But being a skeptic doesn't mean that I'm saying people should never use these kinds of things. There are definitely circumstances where trying something for which there is very little evidence is totally appropriate. I'm simply saying that pet owners need to be fully informed about the uncertainty and risks and benefits involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Pets+Deserve+Evidence-Based+Medicine%2C+Too%2C+Says+The+SkeptVet&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Hunting for good medical advice for your ailing kitty or pup? You'll find no shortage of ardent testimonials and ads for sketchy or unproven treatments on the Web.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silicon Valley veterinarian Brennen McKenzie worries that some of the same pseudoscience that is \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/07/17/537711453/seeking-online-medical-advice-googles-top-results-arent-always-on-target\">rampant in human medicine\u003c/a> is leading pet owners astray.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McKenzie's blog, \u003ca href=\"http://skeptvet.com/Blog/\">The SkeptVet\u003c/a>, aims to bring a calm voice of evidence-based skepticism in analyzing medical options for dogs and cats. McKenzie works at the Adobe Animal Hospital in Los Altos, Calif., and is a past president of the \u003ca href=\"https://ebvma.org/\">Evidence-Based Veterinary Medicine Association\u003c/a>. Once a researcher who studied monkey behavior, he earned his veterinary medicine degree from the University of Pennsylvania in 2001.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The SkeptVet is a labor of love; McKenzie gets no outside funding for it. I recently spoke with him about blogging, pseudoscience and his 19-year-old pet corn snake. The interview has been edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why does the world need skeptical veterinarians?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pet owners need to know the pros and cons of health care options for their pets to make good decisions. \"Skeptic\" doesn't mean someone who automatically rejects new or unfamiliar ideas. It's someone who refrains from judging a claim until they have examined the evidence dispassionately — someone who gives preference to scientific evidence over personal experience, anecdote, tradition or history.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'I think the biggest misconception is that there is a simple, across-the-board, right answer to if and when you should neuter your pet. That's not the case, because biology is too complex for that.'\u003ccite>Brennen McKenzie, Veterinarian and author of The SkeptVet blog\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>That's particularly critical on the Internet, where information about alternative therapies is most often marketing information. Or it's provided by people who obviously believe in these therapies and don't necessarily want to disclose their limitations. Pet owners who have a negative experience with a therapy rarely bother to tell anybody else about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>In your writings, you speak out a lot against veterinary pseudoscience. What are some examples?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pseudoscience takes the form both of recommending things that are not helpful and discouraging the use of things that are. There are certain therapies that we know are not helpful because there's been adequate research and study showing that. A classic example is \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/12/02/504004506/time-for-homeopathic-remedies-to-prove-that-they-work\">homeopathic remedies\u003c/a>, which true believers will argue can cure cancer, autoimmune disease or almost any illness, in both pets and in people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://nccih.nih.gov/health/homeopathy\">Homeopathy\u003c/a> makes the claim that administering a substance that triggers disease symptoms can have curative powers, if it's diluted in water or alcohol to the point where none of it actually remains. The substance can be nearly anything — from a plant or animal to moonlight or a piece of the Berlin Wall. Homeopathy has never been shown to be useful in good-quality scientific studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These homeopathic products are available over the counter in most pharmacies despite being useless, because they are generally considered harmless (except, of course, when used as a substitute for effective medical treatment). Any direct harm of homeopathic remedies typically comes from improper production, which leads to biologically significant levels of the original material or to contaminants. That is uncommon, although of course it does occur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the flip side is pseudoscience that undermines what we know about science-based medicine. Take anti-vaccine activism: Some people claim that \u003ca href=\"http://skeptvet.com/Blog/2014/11/rabies-vaccines-aggression-in-dogs-pure-pseudoscientific-fear-mongering/\">veterinary vaccines\u003c/a> should be avoided because their risks are greater than their benefits and they cause all sorts of horrible diseases. But there's no evidence that vaccines actually do that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What about widely used conventional treatments in veterinary medicine? Are there any that you think aren't warranted?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Sure. I mean, the beauty and frustration of science is that it progresses over time and that things that we believe at one point may not turn out to be true later. Or that as we refine our knowledge, we have to give up things that we believe in. There are definitely practices like that in conventional, science-based medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One example is annual boosters of core veterinary vaccines for animals. Science has shown for quite a while that yearly boosters for certain specific diseases, such as distemper and parvovirus, are unproductive. It's not clear that it's harmful, but it's certainly not needed. I think that conventional veterinarians have been slow to give that up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You've blogged about how there are a lot of misconceptions about the pros and cons of \u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://skeptvet.com/Blog/2013/04/benefits-and-risks-of-neutering-an-evidence-based-approach/\">\u003cstrong>neutering a pet\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>. Where do people go wrong there?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think the biggest misconception is that there is a simple, across-the-board, right answer to if and when you should neuter your pet. That's not the case, because biology is too complex for that. Broad rules such as \"every dog should be neutered at six months,\" or \"no pet should be neutered at all\" — none of those are justifiable because the answer is, frustratingly, \"It depends.\" It depends on the breed, on the age, on the particular balance of risks and benefits that you're talking about. The reality is that you should have a lengthy, nuanced discussion with your veterinarian about that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lots of pet owners will swear that their animals benefited from an alternative therapy, whether it's turmeric or \u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/07/04/535060331/some-marijuana-derived-treatments-aim-to-soothe-skittish-pets\">\u003cstrong>cannabis-based extracts\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>. What's the trouble with relying on these anecdotes?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's totally understandable why those kinds of experiences are compelling. But things that look to us like simple, straightforward relationships may not be. You know, the classic example is, every time I wash my car, it rains. We know that that is not a reasonable cause-and-effect relationship, because we understand how the weather works. But there were times in history when people believed that your personal actions could influence the weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Medicine is incredibly complex, and it is very difficult to identify a true response to a treatment simply by watching to see what happens, based only on our personal observations. Because there are so many factors involved in what happens next. And that's the reason why we have research studies that make an effort to control for sources of error. We know that science works better, because our own individual judgment and \u003ca href=\"http://skeptvet.com/Blog/2015/02/dont-believe-your-eyes-or-your-brain/\">observations are not reliable\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What feedback do you get from readers?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With any controversial topic, I get a ton of \u003ca href=\"http://skeptvet.com/Blog/2015/05/skeptvet-gets-hate-mail-update-2015/\">hate mail\u003c/a>. A regular stream of \"How dare you — this worked for me and you're just awful\" or \"You're a tool of the pharmaceutical industry.\" But I also get a lot of people who write, \"Oh, thank God, finally, somebody is willing to ask questions or be critical of these things,\" because it's often so unpopular to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do you have pets?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have two dogs: Max, a 10-year-old Boston terrier, and Brodie, a 4-year-old mutt from the shelter. And I have a 19-year-old corn snake named Tess. My wife, who is both afraid of snakes and a wonderfully supportive person, bought me a snake when I was in vet school because I wanted to learn more about exotic pets. I don't think she realized that corn snakes can live well into their 20s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Have you ever tried a therapy for your pets that didn't have much scientific evidence behind it?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I previously had some dogs who were older and had arthritis, around when I first started practicing veterinary medicine. I put one of them on glucosamine because more experienced colleagues said it was helpful. I hadn't yet started looking at evidence-based medicine. I did not perceive any change in my dog, and overall, the scientific evidence of meaningful benefit from glucosamine is very weak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But being a skeptic doesn't mean that I'm saying people should never use these kinds of things. There are definitely circumstances where trying something for which there is very little evidence is totally appropriate. I'm simply saying that pet owners need to be fully informed about the uncertainty and risks and benefits involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Pets+Deserve+Evidence-Based+Medicine%2C+Too%2C+Says+The+SkeptVet&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">If you are paying even just a little attention to science news, you’ve heard of CRISPR‐Cas9. This is the gene-editing tool often described by the adjective “cutting-edge,” and with good reason. The technique makes it simple to precisely change a piece of \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask417\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">DNA \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">in one or a few cells in living things, including us. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">What makes CRISPR‐Cas9 truly revolutionary is how much easier it is to program different destinations in someone’s DNA, so that the gene editing can take place at that spot.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>CRISPR is already transforming biological research and medicine. For example, it was recently used to \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/04/03/gene-therapy-may-finally-be-coming-of-age/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">successfully treat\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> sickle cell anemia in a French teenager.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But CRISPR’s power does not lie in its ability to edit a human cell. Scientists have used other technologies, like\u003c/span> \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_activator-like_effector_nuclease\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">TALEN\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_finger_nuclease\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">zinc finger nuclease\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, that can do the same thing. And these older techniques are being used for successful medical treatments, too. For example, the company Sangamo has an\u003c/span> \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v528/n7580_supp/full/528S8a.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">HIV treatment\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> pretty far along in clinical trials that uses zinc finger technology. In London, scientists have successfully \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newscientist.com/article/2119252-gene-editing-has-saved-the-lives-of-two-children-with-leukaemia/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">treated a baby with leukemia\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> using immune cells edited with TALEN technology.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">What makes CRISPR‐Cas9 truly revolutionary is how much\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">easier it is to program different destinations in someone’s DNA, so that the gene editing can take place at that spot.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">To aim a TALEN or a zinc finger at specific locations in your DNA, you have to redesign them\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> each time. I\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">n essence, you have to create \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">a separate TALEN or zinc finger for each part of the DNA you target.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not the case for Cas9, the enzyme that acts as a molecular scissors and makes the incision in the targeted area of the DNA. No matter which specific part of the DNA you send it to, you always use the same Cas9.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">What gets Cas9 to the right place in the DNA is what's appropriately called guide RNA. A closely related molecule to DNA, RNA is important for a variety of processes related to translating the information of genes into actions in a cell. These simple RNA molecules are easy to make and deploy as guides. You can use a computer program like this \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://benchling.com/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">one\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to customize RNA. Then you order it from \u003c/span>one of a number of different a companies \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">and insert it, along with Cas9, into a cell.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This also means it is easy to simultaneously hit multiple spots in the DNA -- you do that by adding more guide RNAs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Guide RNAs work on the same principle that Watson and Crick, discoverers of the chemical structure of DNA, found in 1953 with the help of X-ray crystallographic photos\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">from the work of Rosalind Franklin -- base pairing.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>The Power of Base Pairing\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Watson and Crick could not have figured out DNA structure without determining that its\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">four nucleotide bases -- those famous As, Gs, Cs and Ts -- line up in the “stairs” of the spiral staircase that forms its shape.\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Watson and Crick found that A always pairs with T, and G always attaches to C.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This doesn’t only apply to DNA. RNA uses the same base-pairing principle, with one exception: It has a U instead of a T.\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">So for RNA, A always pairs with U, and G with C.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The guide RNA gets Cas9 to the right place by relying on these pairing rules. Let’s say you want to target this sequence of DNA:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>GGCCTT\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You send an RNA with complementary base pairs that will bond with it:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CCGGAA\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">You then add this guide RNA to the Cas9 “scissors,” sending it to the exact spot you want to snip. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This is all you have to do if you just want to disable a gene. To fix a gene, you usually need to add, along with Cas9 and the guide RNA, a copy of the “fixed DNA” that the cell can use as a template for repairing that gene.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A guide RNA has a few other requirements\u003c/span>\u003cb>, \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">but the key is to match it with the DNA.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The example above is a bit misleading, because If we were really to go after just six bases, we’d shred the DNA into hundreds of thousands of pieces. On average there are something like 700,000 bits of DNA with this exact sequence scattered \u003c/span>across the human genome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This is why scientists target much larger, and thus more specific DNA sequences, along the lines of 20 bases -- \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is much easier to find stretches of bases this long that are unique.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So remember, the next time you read about CRISPR-Cas9, don't forget about that all-important guide RNA. That's the thing that gets the gene-editing tool to where it's going.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dr. Barry Starr is a scientist in the\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://med.stanford.edu/genetics.html\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Department of Genetics\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> at Stanford University. He runs the\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://med.stanford.edu/genetics/tech.html\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Stanford at The Tech\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> program and the\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Understanding Genetics\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> website with\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.thetech.org/\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Tech Museum of Innovation\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in San Jose, California. \u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">If you are paying even just a little attention to science news, you’ve heard of CRISPR‐Cas9. This is the gene-editing tool often described by the adjective “cutting-edge,” and with good reason. The technique makes it simple to precisely change a piece of \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask417\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">DNA \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">in one or a few cells in living things, including us. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">What makes CRISPR‐Cas9 truly revolutionary is how much easier it is to program different destinations in someone’s DNA, so that the gene editing can take place at that spot.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>CRISPR is already transforming biological research and medicine. For example, it was recently used to \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/04/03/gene-therapy-may-finally-be-coming-of-age/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">successfully treat\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> sickle cell anemia in a French teenager.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But CRISPR’s power does not lie in its ability to edit a human cell. Scientists have used other technologies, like\u003c/span> \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_activator-like_effector_nuclease\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">TALEN\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_finger_nuclease\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">zinc finger nuclease\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, that can do the same thing. And these older techniques are being used for successful medical treatments, too. For example, the company Sangamo has an\u003c/span> \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v528/n7580_supp/full/528S8a.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">HIV treatment\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> pretty far along in clinical trials that uses zinc finger technology. In London, scientists have successfully \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newscientist.com/article/2119252-gene-editing-has-saved-the-lives-of-two-children-with-leukaemia/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">treated a baby with leukemia\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> using immune cells edited with TALEN technology.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">What makes CRISPR‐Cas9 truly revolutionary is how much\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">easier it is to program different destinations in someone’s DNA, so that the gene editing can take place at that spot.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">To aim a TALEN or a zinc finger at specific locations in your DNA, you have to redesign them\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> each time. I\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">n essence, you have to create \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">a separate TALEN or zinc finger for each part of the DNA you target.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not the case for Cas9, the enzyme that acts as a molecular scissors and makes the incision in the targeted area of the DNA. No matter which specific part of the DNA you send it to, you always use the same Cas9.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">What gets Cas9 to the right place in the DNA is what's appropriately called guide RNA. A closely related molecule to DNA, RNA is important for a variety of processes related to translating the information of genes into actions in a cell. These simple RNA molecules are easy to make and deploy as guides. You can use a computer program like this \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://benchling.com/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">one\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to customize RNA. Then you order it from \u003c/span>one of a number of different a companies \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">and insert it, along with Cas9, into a cell.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This also means it is easy to simultaneously hit multiple spots in the DNA -- you do that by adding more guide RNAs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Guide RNAs work on the same principle that Watson and Crick, discoverers of the chemical structure of DNA, found in 1953 with the help of X-ray crystallographic photos\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">from the work of Rosalind Franklin -- base pairing.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>The Power of Base Pairing\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Watson and Crick could not have figured out DNA structure without determining that its\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">four nucleotide bases -- those famous As, Gs, Cs and Ts -- line up in the “stairs” of the spiral staircase that forms its shape.\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Watson and Crick found that A always pairs with T, and G always attaches to C.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This doesn’t only apply to DNA. RNA uses the same base-pairing principle, with one exception: It has a U instead of a T.\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">So for RNA, A always pairs with U, and G with C.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The guide RNA gets Cas9 to the right place by relying on these pairing rules. Let’s say you want to target this sequence of DNA:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>GGCCTT\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You send an RNA with complementary base pairs that will bond with it:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CCGGAA\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">You then add this guide RNA to the Cas9 “scissors,” sending it to the exact spot you want to snip. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This is all you have to do if you just want to disable a gene. To fix a gene, you usually need to add, along with Cas9 and the guide RNA, a copy of the “fixed DNA” that the cell can use as a template for repairing that gene.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A guide RNA has a few other requirements\u003c/span>\u003cb>, \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">but the key is to match it with the DNA.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The example above is a bit misleading, because If we were really to go after just six bases, we’d shred the DNA into hundreds of thousands of pieces. On average there are something like 700,000 bits of DNA with this exact sequence scattered \u003c/span>across the human genome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This is why scientists target much larger, and thus more specific DNA sequences, along the lines of 20 bases -- \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is much easier to find stretches of bases this long that are unique.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So remember, the next time you read about CRISPR-Cas9, don't forget about that all-important guide RNA. That's the thing that gets the gene-editing tool to where it's going.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dr. Barry Starr is a scientist in the\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://med.stanford.edu/genetics.html\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Department of Genetics\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> at Stanford University. He runs the\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://med.stanford.edu/genetics/tech.html\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Stanford at The Tech\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> program and the\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Understanding Genetics\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> website with\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.thetech.org/\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Tech Museum of Innovation\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in San Jose, California. \u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "The Never-Ending Debate Over Finishing Your Antibiotics",
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"content": "\u003cp>One of the most well-known concepts in medicine, to both doctors and patients, is that you must absolutely finish a course of antibiotics. The thinking goes that if you don’t eradicate every last bacterium causing your illness, the survivors can develop resistance and wreak further havoc.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This concern was voiced by the venerated Alexander Fleming himself — discoverer of penicillin, the first true antibiotic — which is part of why the idea is so enduring. Toward the end of his 1945 Nobel Prize acceptance speech, Fleming warned that “there is the danger that the ignorant man may easily underdose himself and by exposing his microbes to nonlethal quantities of the drug make them resistant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Overdosing antibiotics is a bigger threat than underdosing.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>This proclamation is only half true. If humanity truly wants to slow the spread of antibiotic resistance, we need to also look at the overprescription of antibiotics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, a group of British health professionals penned a compelling analysis in The BMJ, advocating for shorter antibiotics courses — even going so far as to say that maybe patients should stop taking antibiotics once they feel better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because Fleming only described one version of resistance: Where bad bugs get worse by surviving an “underdosing” of antibiotics. Researchers call that “target selection.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s a flip side: Overusing antibiotics can cause usually nice bugs, with which we coexist, to gain resistance. The germs jump at the opportunity to take over ecological niches, like the gut of a patient on antibiotics. This form of resistance is called “collateral selection.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The BMJ analysis, led by infectious disease specialist Martin Llewelyn, proposes that “most of the bacterial species now posing the greatest problems do not develop resistance through target selection” and that “collateral selection is the predominant driver of the important forms of antibiotic resistance affecting patients today.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_435130\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-435130\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/08/infographic-800x800.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/08/infographic-800x800.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/08/infographic-160x160.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/08/infographic-768x768.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/08/infographic-960x960.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/08/infographic-240x240.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/08/infographic-375x375.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/08/infographic-520x520.png 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/08/infographic-32x32.png 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/08/infographic-50x50.png 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/08/infographic-64x64.png 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/08/infographic-96x96.png 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/08/infographic-128x128.png 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/08/infographic-150x150.png 150w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/08/infographic.png 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The different mechanisms by which bacteria acquire antibiotic resistance. \u003ccite>(Fedor Kossakovski)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In other words, overdosing antibiotics is a bigger threat than underdosing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet many health practitioners and patients are so worried about breeding superbugs through underdosing that antibiotics courses are often unnecessarily long. The researchers’ analysis showed that shorter courses of several quinolone-class antibiotics are just as effective as the longer courses that are currently prescribed. But the team conceded that more research on the topic is needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No such data exist for β-lactams, which are the main antibiotic class used,” Llewelyn and colleagues wrote. “Current international guidelines recommend 10-14 days’ treatment with β-lactams, based purely on absence of data for shorter courses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many health professionals are so worried about underdosing that most antibiotics prescriptions for adults are not calibrated to account for differences in patients. For example, “under current practices, a 200-pound, 6-foot-2-inch man diagnosed with pneumonia would receive the same dose of antibiotics as a 124-pound, 5-foot woman with the same condition, despite their dramatically different body sizes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though antibiotic resistance is a growing problem due to overuse of the drugs at home, the issue is already grave in hospitals where the concentration of antibiotics and at-risk people is high. That’s why hospital staffs around the world are on the front lines of developing more appropriate protocols for using antibiotics through a collective effort called “antimicrobial stewardship.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During our recent reporting for the PBS NewsHour series “Stopping Superbugs,” science correspondent Miles O’Brien met some antimicrobial stewards at Tufts Medical Center in Boston.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F42NPOnMIwQ\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>As the list of antibiotic resistant bacteria grows, so have the extraordinary efforts to prevent the spread of infection. Science correspondent Miles O’Brien and economics correspondent Paul Solman team up for a report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re facing a crisis,” said Dr. Shira Doron, physician director of the antimicrobial stewardship program at Tufts. “What we need to be doing is treating until the person feels better and then stopping.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This approach is not without its risks, Doron acknowledged: “Some of those people may have a recurrence of infection. But the number of antibiotic days that you’re saving the general population if you take that approach is so large and the impact is so large that it needs to be sort of the next phase of medicine.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But carefully managing antibiotics courses is a tough ask for already overworked doctors. A multitude of factors pressure doctors to overprescribe antibiotics, added Dr. Helen Boucher, one of Doran’s colleagues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that especially in America, patients come in with an agenda,” Boucher said. “They expect an antibiotic. It takes longer to not give an antibiotic. We have shorter and shorter times per interaction with patients. When I started, it was 30 to 60 minutes, now it’s 15 to 30 minutes. It’s harder to have that conversation to explain that we’re going to do this test, see how you do, and then decide about an antibiotic and I’ll call you tomorrow. That’s a lot of work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Helen Boucher said patients should ask doctors for shorter courses of antibiotics. Patients should take to heart the lessons learned by antimicrobial stewards in hospitals and do their own part in preventing the overuse of antibiotics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve learned for a very few infections, ear infections in two year olds, you need to treat for the whole course. But for many others, we’re learning that shorter is fine,” Boucher said. “So, I think if you’re a patient at a doctor you should ask, ‘Do I need to take it all or not?’ And oftentimes, the answer will be ‘No.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This column originally appeared on Miles O’Brien Productions.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>One of the most well-known concepts in medicine, to both doctors and patients, is that you must absolutely finish a course of antibiotics. The thinking goes that if you don’t eradicate every last bacterium causing your illness, the survivors can develop resistance and wreak further havoc.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This concern was voiced by the venerated Alexander Fleming himself — discoverer of penicillin, the first true antibiotic — which is part of why the idea is so enduring. Toward the end of his 1945 Nobel Prize acceptance speech, Fleming warned that “there is the danger that the ignorant man may easily underdose himself and by exposing his microbes to nonlethal quantities of the drug make them resistant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Overdosing antibiotics is a bigger threat than underdosing.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>This proclamation is only half true. If humanity truly wants to slow the spread of antibiotic resistance, we need to also look at the overprescription of antibiotics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, a group of British health professionals penned a compelling analysis in The BMJ, advocating for shorter antibiotics courses — even going so far as to say that maybe patients should stop taking antibiotics once they feel better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because Fleming only described one version of resistance: Where bad bugs get worse by surviving an “underdosing” of antibiotics. Researchers call that “target selection.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s a flip side: Overusing antibiotics can cause usually nice bugs, with which we coexist, to gain resistance. The germs jump at the opportunity to take over ecological niches, like the gut of a patient on antibiotics. This form of resistance is called “collateral selection.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The BMJ analysis, led by infectious disease specialist Martin Llewelyn, proposes that “most of the bacterial species now posing the greatest problems do not develop resistance through target selection” and that “collateral selection is the predominant driver of the important forms of antibiotic resistance affecting patients today.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_435130\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-435130\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/08/infographic-800x800.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/08/infographic-800x800.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/08/infographic-160x160.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/08/infographic-768x768.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/08/infographic-960x960.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/08/infographic-240x240.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/08/infographic-375x375.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/08/infographic-520x520.png 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/08/infographic-32x32.png 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/08/infographic-50x50.png 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/08/infographic-64x64.png 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/08/infographic-96x96.png 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/08/infographic-128x128.png 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/08/infographic-150x150.png 150w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/08/infographic.png 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The different mechanisms by which bacteria acquire antibiotic resistance. \u003ccite>(Fedor Kossakovski)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In other words, overdosing antibiotics is a bigger threat than underdosing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet many health practitioners and patients are so worried about breeding superbugs through underdosing that antibiotics courses are often unnecessarily long. The researchers’ analysis showed that shorter courses of several quinolone-class antibiotics are just as effective as the longer courses that are currently prescribed. But the team conceded that more research on the topic is needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No such data exist for β-lactams, which are the main antibiotic class used,” Llewelyn and colleagues wrote. “Current international guidelines recommend 10-14 days’ treatment with β-lactams, based purely on absence of data for shorter courses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many health professionals are so worried about underdosing that most antibiotics prescriptions for adults are not calibrated to account for differences in patients. For example, “under current practices, a 200-pound, 6-foot-2-inch man diagnosed with pneumonia would receive the same dose of antibiotics as a 124-pound, 5-foot woman with the same condition, despite their dramatically different body sizes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though antibiotic resistance is a growing problem due to overuse of the drugs at home, the issue is already grave in hospitals where the concentration of antibiotics and at-risk people is high. That’s why hospital staffs around the world are on the front lines of developing more appropriate protocols for using antibiotics through a collective effort called “antimicrobial stewardship.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During our recent reporting for the PBS NewsHour series “Stopping Superbugs,” science correspondent Miles O’Brien met some antimicrobial stewards at Tufts Medical Center in Boston.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/F42NPOnMIwQ'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/F42NPOnMIwQ'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>As the list of antibiotic resistant bacteria grows, so have the extraordinary efforts to prevent the spread of infection. Science correspondent Miles O’Brien and economics correspondent Paul Solman team up for a report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re facing a crisis,” said Dr. Shira Doron, physician director of the antimicrobial stewardship program at Tufts. “What we need to be doing is treating until the person feels better and then stopping.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This approach is not without its risks, Doron acknowledged: “Some of those people may have a recurrence of infection. But the number of antibiotic days that you’re saving the general population if you take that approach is so large and the impact is so large that it needs to be sort of the next phase of medicine.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But carefully managing antibiotics courses is a tough ask for already overworked doctors. A multitude of factors pressure doctors to overprescribe antibiotics, added Dr. Helen Boucher, one of Doran’s colleagues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that especially in America, patients come in with an agenda,” Boucher said. “They expect an antibiotic. It takes longer to not give an antibiotic. We have shorter and shorter times per interaction with patients. When I started, it was 30 to 60 minutes, now it’s 15 to 30 minutes. It’s harder to have that conversation to explain that we’re going to do this test, see how you do, and then decide about an antibiotic and I’ll call you tomorrow. That’s a lot of work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Helen Boucher said patients should ask doctors for shorter courses of antibiotics. Patients should take to heart the lessons learned by antimicrobial stewards in hospitals and do their own part in preventing the overuse of antibiotics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve learned for a very few infections, ear infections in two year olds, you need to treat for the whole course. But for many others, we’re learning that shorter is fine,” Boucher said. “So, I think if you’re a patient at a doctor you should ask, ‘Do I need to take it all or not?’ And oftentimes, the answer will be ‘No.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This column originally appeared on Miles O’Brien Productions.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"radiolab": {
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"reveal": {
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},
"rightnowish": {
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"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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},
"science-friday": {
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"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
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"snap-judgment": {
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"title": "Snap Judgment",
"tagline": "Real stories with killer beats",
"info": "The Snap Judgment radio show and podcast mixes real stories with killer beats to produce cinematic, dramatic radio. Snap's musical brand of storytelling dares listeners to see the world through the eyes of another. This is storytelling... with a BEAT!! Snap first aired on public radio stations nationwide in July 2010. Today, Snap Judgment airs on over 450 public radio stations and is brought to the airwaves by KQED & PRX.",
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},
"soldout": {
"id": "soldout",
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