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"disqusTitle": "Farmworkers Want Pesticide Banned in California After EPA Refuses",
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"content": "\u003cp>Environmentalists and farmworkers are pushing California regulators to ban the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-05/documents/session-2-chlorpyrifos-human-health-risk-assessment-approach.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">most commonly\u003c/a> used conventional insecticide in the country. The Environmental Protection Agency under President Obama proposed \u003ca href=\"https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2015-11-06/pdf/2015-28083.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">banning\u003c/a> chlorpyrifos in 2015 because studies suggest it threatens human health, but the Trump administration \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-administrator-pruitt-denies-petition-ban-widely-used-pesticide-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reversed\u003c/a> that decision this spring. Now activists are pushing for a statewide ban.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Clorpyrifos: What Is it? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dow Chemical registered chlorpyrifos in 1965. Around 6 million pounds are used nationally every year, and about a million pounds are used annually in California. Farmers use it to kill pests like ants, moths, larvae and worms on about 60 crops, including oranges, alfalfa and almonds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chlorpyrifos is part of a class of chemicals called organophosphates, which can poison the nervous systems of insects and mammals. \u003ca href=\"https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/emergencypreparedness/guides/nerve.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sarin gas, \u003c/a>the nerve agent used in chemical warfare, is also an organophosphate, though chlorpyrifos is much less toxic.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'They know it impacts children's brains — the question is about what levels.'\u003ccite>Paul Towers, Pesticide Action Network\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>At high doses, nerve agents like chlorpyrifos cause symptoms like headaches, nausea, dizziness and disorientation. If larger doses are ingested, it can lead to vomiting, stomachaches, diarrhea and even death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA banned chlorpyrifos for the majority of home and garden uses in 2000 due to toxic effects on the nervous system. The agency has also restricted its use on a few commercial crops like apples and tomatoes. A few years ago the U.K. banned the chemical on nearly all crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Trump EPA Revokes Ban\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In March, the new chief of the EPA, Scott Pruitt, rejected the proposed ban, which had been recommended by EPA scientists. In a \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-administrator-pruitt-denies-petition-ban-widely-used-pesticide-0\">press release\u003c/a> Pruitt said, \"By reversing the previous administration’s steps to ban one of the most widely used pesticides in the world, we are returning to using sound science in decision-making — rather than predetermined results.\" He said the EPA would not make any final decisions on chlorpyrifos until 2022, pending the agency's further scientific review.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt's actions outraged environmentalists and many scientists who have studied the chemical for decades. Activists were further angered this spring when the widely used pesticide Vulcan (whose active ingredient is chlorpyrifos) drifted from a field in Kern County over to a group of farmworkers picking cabbage. Five of them sought medical treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_435787\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-435787 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/10/chlorpyrifos-pics-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/10/chlorpyrifos-pics-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/10/chlorpyrifos-pics-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/10/chlorpyrifos-pics-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/10/chlorpyrifos-pics-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/10/chlorpyrifos-pics-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/10/chlorpyrifos-pics-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/10/chlorpyrifos-pics-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/10/chlorpyrifos-pics-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/10/chlorpyrifos-pics-520x347.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/10/chlorpyrifos-pics.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Protesters near the state Capitol in Sacramento calling for a ban on chlorpyrifos in September 2017. \u003ccite>(Joan Cusick)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California Tightens Restrictions, But No Ban\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Department of Pesticide Regulation is in the midst of reviewing the science on chlorpyrifos to analyze whether a statewide ban is justified. California already had stricter rules related to its application than most states. For example, farmers must have a permit to apply the chemical; they must post a warning after they spray a field; and the state requires buffer zones between sprayed fields and human dwellings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week CDPR implemented even stricter rules while it completes its lengthy scientific review. The interim guidelines require greater distances between fields sprayed with chlorpyrifos and \"sensitive areas\" like homes. The distances are now up to 500 feet, about three times longer than previous requirements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our scientists have figured out a way that we can use this pesticide with protections and restrictions in place safely in California,\" said CDPR spokeswoman Charlotte Fadipe. \"And we are saying we want more scientific eyes on this to see if those restrictions are robust enough or whether we need to do more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the enhanced mitigation does not satisfy activists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We are calling on DPR to hit the pause button on continued use of this chemical based on what they know, \" said Paul Towers of Pesticide Action Network. \"They know it impacts children's brains -- the question is about what levels. So while we determine that through two different lengthy scientific bodies we should suspend the use of chlorpyrifos in California.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When EPA scientists proposed banning chlorpyrifos in November 2015, their recommendation was based on the \u003ca href=\"http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001395/139578e.pdf\">precautionary \u003c/a>principle: better to err on the side of caution rather than putting anyone at risk. Towers is calling on state regulators to take the same stance to protect agricultural communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_435850\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-435850 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/10/JCP_2026-X2-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/10/JCP_2026-X2-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/10/JCP_2026-X2-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/10/JCP_2026-X2-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/10/JCP_2026-X2-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/10/JCP_2026-X2-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/10/JCP_2026-X2-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/10/JCP_2026-X2-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/10/JCP_2026-X2-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/10/JCP_2026-X2-520x347.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/10/JCP_2026-X2.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California farmworker protests use of chlorpyrifos at the state capitol in July 2017. \u003ccite>(Joan Cusick)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Does the Science Justify a Ban?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The majority of research available has looked at how exposure to chlorpyrifos influences the developing fetus rather than workers in the field. Research shows that prenatal exposure can lead to preterm births, abnormal reflexes in newborns, pervasive attention problems, motor control deficiencies and lower IQ. Scientists have also noted that some young children who have been exposed to the chemical have conditions related to compromised lung function, like asthma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brenda Eskenazi is an epidemiologist and neuropsychologist at UC Berkeley who has studied organophosphates for many years. She says the EPA under the Obama administration made a sound scientific decision when the agency recommended a ban. “A weight of evidence strongly suggests that chlorpyrifos has sufficient evidence in animals — limited evidence in humans — to restrict or even ban it’s use.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eskenazi also says chlorpyrifos is not the worst organophosphate used in agriculture; there are other chemicals that may be more toxic to human health. But environmentalists are targeting chlorpyrifos because it is one of the most widely studied chemicals in the world, even though there is still little research on whether residue in produce could impact consumer health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dow Agrosciences says it remains confident that authorized uses of its product offer wide margins of protection for human health and safety. In a statement the company said, \"Overall, more than 4,000 studies and reports have examined chlorpyrifos in terms of health, safety and the environment. No pest-control product has been or continues to be more thoroughly evaluated.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Towers draws a different conclusion from the abundance of research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If we can't act on this pesticide,\" he say, \"what pesticide can we act on?\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Environmentalists and farmworkers are pushing California regulators to ban the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-05/documents/session-2-chlorpyrifos-human-health-risk-assessment-approach.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">most commonly\u003c/a> used conventional insecticide in the country. The Environmental Protection Agency under President Obama proposed \u003ca href=\"https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2015-11-06/pdf/2015-28083.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">banning\u003c/a> chlorpyrifos in 2015 because studies suggest it threatens human health, but the Trump administration \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-administrator-pruitt-denies-petition-ban-widely-used-pesticide-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reversed\u003c/a> that decision this spring. Now activists are pushing for a statewide ban.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Clorpyrifos: What Is it? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dow Chemical registered chlorpyrifos in 1965. Around 6 million pounds are used nationally every year, and about a million pounds are used annually in California. Farmers use it to kill pests like ants, moths, larvae and worms on about 60 crops, including oranges, alfalfa and almonds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chlorpyrifos is part of a class of chemicals called organophosphates, which can poison the nervous systems of insects and mammals. \u003ca href=\"https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/emergencypreparedness/guides/nerve.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sarin gas, \u003c/a>the nerve agent used in chemical warfare, is also an organophosphate, though chlorpyrifos is much less toxic.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'They know it impacts children's brains — the question is about what levels.'\u003ccite>Paul Towers, Pesticide Action Network\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>At high doses, nerve agents like chlorpyrifos cause symptoms like headaches, nausea, dizziness and disorientation. If larger doses are ingested, it can lead to vomiting, stomachaches, diarrhea and even death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA banned chlorpyrifos for the majority of home and garden uses in 2000 due to toxic effects on the nervous system. The agency has also restricted its use on a few commercial crops like apples and tomatoes. A few years ago the U.K. banned the chemical on nearly all crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Trump EPA Revokes Ban\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In March, the new chief of the EPA, Scott Pruitt, rejected the proposed ban, which had been recommended by EPA scientists. In a \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-administrator-pruitt-denies-petition-ban-widely-used-pesticide-0\">press release\u003c/a> Pruitt said, \"By reversing the previous administration’s steps to ban one of the most widely used pesticides in the world, we are returning to using sound science in decision-making — rather than predetermined results.\" He said the EPA would not make any final decisions on chlorpyrifos until 2022, pending the agency's further scientific review.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt's actions outraged environmentalists and many scientists who have studied the chemical for decades. Activists were further angered this spring when the widely used pesticide Vulcan (whose active ingredient is chlorpyrifos) drifted from a field in Kern County over to a group of farmworkers picking cabbage. Five of them sought medical treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_435787\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-435787 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/10/chlorpyrifos-pics-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/10/chlorpyrifos-pics-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/10/chlorpyrifos-pics-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/10/chlorpyrifos-pics-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/10/chlorpyrifos-pics-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/10/chlorpyrifos-pics-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/10/chlorpyrifos-pics-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/10/chlorpyrifos-pics-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/10/chlorpyrifos-pics-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/10/chlorpyrifos-pics-520x347.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/10/chlorpyrifos-pics.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Protesters near the state Capitol in Sacramento calling for a ban on chlorpyrifos in September 2017. \u003ccite>(Joan Cusick)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California Tightens Restrictions, But No Ban\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Department of Pesticide Regulation is in the midst of reviewing the science on chlorpyrifos to analyze whether a statewide ban is justified. California already had stricter rules related to its application than most states. For example, farmers must have a permit to apply the chemical; they must post a warning after they spray a field; and the state requires buffer zones between sprayed fields and human dwellings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week CDPR implemented even stricter rules while it completes its lengthy scientific review. The interim guidelines require greater distances between fields sprayed with chlorpyrifos and \"sensitive areas\" like homes. The distances are now up to 500 feet, about three times longer than previous requirements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our scientists have figured out a way that we can use this pesticide with protections and restrictions in place safely in California,\" said CDPR spokeswoman Charlotte Fadipe. \"And we are saying we want more scientific eyes on this to see if those restrictions are robust enough or whether we need to do more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the enhanced mitigation does not satisfy activists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We are calling on DPR to hit the pause button on continued use of this chemical based on what they know, \" said Paul Towers of Pesticide Action Network. \"They know it impacts children's brains -- the question is about what levels. So while we determine that through two different lengthy scientific bodies we should suspend the use of chlorpyrifos in California.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When EPA scientists proposed banning chlorpyrifos in November 2015, their recommendation was based on the \u003ca href=\"http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001395/139578e.pdf\">precautionary \u003c/a>principle: better to err on the side of caution rather than putting anyone at risk. Towers is calling on state regulators to take the same stance to protect agricultural communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_435850\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-435850 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/10/JCP_2026-X2-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/10/JCP_2026-X2-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/10/JCP_2026-X2-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/10/JCP_2026-X2-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/10/JCP_2026-X2-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/10/JCP_2026-X2-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/10/JCP_2026-X2-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/10/JCP_2026-X2-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/10/JCP_2026-X2-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/10/JCP_2026-X2-520x347.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/10/JCP_2026-X2.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California farmworker protests use of chlorpyrifos at the state capitol in July 2017. \u003ccite>(Joan Cusick)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Does the Science Justify a Ban?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The majority of research available has looked at how exposure to chlorpyrifos influences the developing fetus rather than workers in the field. Research shows that prenatal exposure can lead to preterm births, abnormal reflexes in newborns, pervasive attention problems, motor control deficiencies and lower IQ. Scientists have also noted that some young children who have been exposed to the chemical have conditions related to compromised lung function, like asthma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brenda Eskenazi is an epidemiologist and neuropsychologist at UC Berkeley who has studied organophosphates for many years. She says the EPA under the Obama administration made a sound scientific decision when the agency recommended a ban. “A weight of evidence strongly suggests that chlorpyrifos has sufficient evidence in animals — limited evidence in humans — to restrict or even ban it’s use.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eskenazi also says chlorpyrifos is not the worst organophosphate used in agriculture; there are other chemicals that may be more toxic to human health. But environmentalists are targeting chlorpyrifos because it is one of the most widely studied chemicals in the world, even though there is still little research on whether residue in produce could impact consumer health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dow Agrosciences says it remains confident that authorized uses of its product offer wide margins of protection for human health and safety. In a statement the company said, \"Overall, more than 4,000 studies and reports have examined chlorpyrifos in terms of health, safety and the environment. No pest-control product has been or continues to be more thoroughly evaluated.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Towers draws a different conclusion from the abundance of research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If we can't act on this pesticide,\" he say, \"what pesticide can we act on?\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Isolation is Big Health Risk for Seniors. But There's Community Online",
"title": "Isolation is Big Health Risk for Seniors. But There's Community Online",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cem>Originally published June 26, 2017\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Orazgul Tachmuradova, age 71, emigrated to the United States alone, about a decade ago. Learning to get around San Francisco wasn't easy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“My eyes are not good, my hearing’s not good, my English is not good,” is how she puts it. Having grown up in a rural area, surrounded by family, she was “slowly dying of disconnection.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'The iPad is like a genie -- Hello, Siri? Tell me this one!' \u003ccite>Orazgul Tachmuradova, 71\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“This world does not belong to me; I do not belong to this world,” she recalls feeling.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">But recently, things have been looking up, thanks to a new high-tech relationship.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The iPad is like a \u003cem>genie\u003c/em>,” she says. She mimes pressing a button: “Hello, Siri? Tell me this one!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Tachmuradova and Siri started conversing during a year-long pilot project, now coming to an end, at San Francisco’s \u003cspan class=\"s2\">\u003ca href=\"http://curryseniorcenter.org\">Curry Senior Center\u003c/a>. Seventeen s\u003c/span>eniors were given iPads, FitBits and digital scales to monitor their health, and to reduce isolation by teaching them how to socialize, learn and enjoy themselves online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\"> “When I started this program, I was reborn,” says Tachmuradova. “I am becoming alive! More and more now, we are busy. I don’t feel I am alone. I live alone without \u003ci>being\u003c/i> alone.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">All of the program’s seniors live alone, and most are very low-income.\u003cb> \u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“Some people felt isolated, technologically-wise, because they didn't know what other people were doing on the internet,” says Angela Di Martino, who teaches the weekly class on how to use the devices. “Now I think they feel a lot more comfortable because they have that knowledge.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'I live alone without \u003ci>being\u003c/i> alone.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Di Martino devoted early lessons to finding trustworthy medical information on the web, emailing your doctor and checking lab results online. Her students have also been introduced to an array of social tech tools; some of the group’s favorite are FaceTime and Skype for video chatting and Messenger for sharing photos. Many in the group use their iPads to tune in the radio or podcasts, and one has \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/user/MJofSanFran\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">her own YouTube channel\u003c/span>\u003c/a>.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The last few classes have been devoted to iPad photography, so today everyone is editing their best shots. In one corner, Marilyn Chan and Shirley Smith keep leaning over to see what’s happening on each other’s screens. Chan is polishing up a selfie of the two of them making the most of Ben & Jerry’s Free Cone Day. Across the room, Linda Rospendowski, 68, is contemplating a photo of herself in a hot pink dress. But she has a problem: The photographer has chopped off the top of her head, and she's wondering if you can digitally repair hair. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“The bouffant—it has to be there,” she says.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>America: Getting Old\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">As baby boomers head into their 60s and 70s, advocacy groups are now exploring the benefits of this kind of tech education for seniors. Prime candidates are elderly people who live in rural areas, are estranged or live far from family, or have health or mobility problems that make it difficult to get around.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_414753\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 386px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-414753 \" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/SENIORS1_Platoni-1-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"386\" height=\"257\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/SENIORS1_Platoni-1-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/SENIORS1_Platoni-1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/SENIORS1_Platoni-1-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/SENIORS1_Platoni-1-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/SENIORS1_Platoni-1-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/SENIORS1_Platoni-1-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/SENIORS1_Platoni-1-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/SENIORS1_Platoni-1-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/SENIORS1_Platoni-1-520x347.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/SENIORS1_Platoni-1.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 386px) 100vw, 386px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Linda Rospendowski, 68, and Orazgul Tachmuradova, 71, work on editing their photos. \u003ccite>(Kara Platoni/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Lisa Marsh Ryerson, president of the AARP Foundation, a charitable affiliate of the advocacy group for seniors, points out that 10,000 Americans turn 65 every day. But despite their numbers, baby boomers don’t always feel like they’re aging together. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“As many as 40 percent of adults who are 65 or older say that they experience significant loneliness,” says Ryerson.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Loneliness isn’t quite the same thing as being alone, but both can influence health. “Loneliness is something that is subjective. It’s our own perception of our experiences,” says Ryerson. It is also one measure of distress. Isolation, on the other hand, is an objective metric, “based on the size of someone’s social network, the frequency of contact with their social network and their access to services.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">[contextly_sidebar id=\"pJzqgRcGnSSnAs2omLf83MRF0ZoTRCKk\"]Isolation can cause health problems even for a person who feels perfectly satisfied with a small or distant network. (Imagine not knowing anyone nearby who can check on you when you’re ill.) Ryerson says isolation is often triggered by loss of hearing or mobility, a move to a new community or a partner’s death, and it’s especially common among those who are low-income or identify as a member of a marginalized group.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">To address the problem, the AARP Foundation recently launched \u003ca href=\"https://connect2affect.org/\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Connect2Affect\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, a resource portal for older adults and caregivers that encourages online engagement, and includes a \u003ca href=\"https://connect2affect.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/A-Profile-of-Social-Connectedness.pdf\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">study of social connectedness among people over age 62\u003c/span>\u003c/a>. The \u003ca href=\"https://aarptek.aarp.org/\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">AARP Academy\u003c/span>\u003c/a> also offers free online tutorials for using smartphones, tablets or social media, and for conducting job searches on the internet. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Meanwhile, the National Council on Aging completed its own \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncoa.org/healthy-aging/aging-mastery-program/\">\u003cspan class=\"s3\">two-year tablet program\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, similar to Curry’s. The result? “The more time [participants] were spending on the tablets, the stronger their social interactions, their emotional support, self-esteem,” says \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s4\">Susan Stiles, senior director of product development and strategy for the group. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p5\">\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Getting Seniors Connected\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Yet enticing people online isn’t always easy. According to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewinternet.org/2017/05/17/technology-use-among-seniors/\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">study \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">released in May by the Pew Research Center\u003c/span>, while mobile device use is climbing among seniors, still only about a third own a tablet, 42 percent own smartphones, and just over half have broadband at home. Only about a third use social media.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“There were some fears going into the project,” says Stiles of the NCOA program. “People did not necessarily think that a tablet computer had any relevancy for their lives. They had privacy concerns and were afraid of potentially being exposed to scams.” (Ditto the Curry class, where people asked pointed questions about putting credit card information on their iPad and worried about being unfairly charged when ordering photo prints online.)\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">For the NCOA program, the trick was helping users find their personal killer app. For a former taxi driver now in his 90s, it was Google Maps. Stiles recalls a colleague asking the man to name some streets on his old route. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“She zoomed in on these streets and his eyes just lit up, \" Stiles says. \"And then he wanted to go everywhere in New York City.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">For a former B-movie actress, the most alluring app was YouTube, where she found her old film clips.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Tablets seem to be a nice middle ground for those who are skeptical of full-sized computers. You can use voice commands instead of struggling with a mouse or keyboard; they fit neatly into a small living space like a senior apartment; and you can use them while sitting in your favorite comfy chair. “It doesn't feel like this weighty technology object,” says Stiles. “It really feels like a book.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cstrong>Designing for Seniors\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Pittsburgh-based Breezie, which sells tech solutions for seniors and \u003ca href=\"https://www.breezie.com/breezie-in-action/breezie-brings-online-benefits-to-seniors-in-florida/\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">partnered with the NCOA on its program\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, is trying to make Android-based devices even easier for new users by offering a service that simplifies a tablet’s interface. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“If you went right now to a Best Buy and if you bought a tablet to give to a senior, there are 43 different settings you would want to change before you make it senior-friendly,”\u003cb> \u003c/b>says CEO and founder Jeh Kazimi. He means things that Breezie can pre-adjust, like brightness and volume, consolidating logins, and making the screen more forgiving if you accidentally put your thumb on it. The company is also trying to develop a way to cancel out hand tremor for people with Parkinson's disease, because uneven pressure can make the tablet think a user is swiping when they mean to click.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_415056\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/SENIORS15_Platoni.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-415056\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/SENIORS15_Platoni-1020x804.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"504\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/SENIORS15_Platoni-1020x804.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/SENIORS15_Platoni-160x126.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/SENIORS15_Platoni-800x631.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/SENIORS15_Platoni-768x605.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/SENIORS15_Platoni-1180x930.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/SENIORS15_Platoni-960x757.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/SENIORS15_Platoni-240x189.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/SENIORS15_Platoni-375x296.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/SENIORS15_Platoni-520x410.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/SENIORS15_Platoni.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kaycee Springer, 65, polishes up her photo of the sun setting over San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Kara Platoni/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Caregivers or Breezie staff can also curate each person’s desktop, like providing ready-made YouTube playlists for fans of jazz music or Muhammad Ali’s boxing matches. For an avid gardener, Kazimi says, they might install a few outdoorsy apps “that don’t show you ads every two minutes or ask you to upgrade every three minutes.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">But tablets aren’t a foolproof platform. Kazimi has seen seniors who need stickers to label the camera, volume and charging socket, because the devices can suddenly flip screen orientation, leaving confused people holding them upside down and wondering where the buttons are. Di Martino encountered some unexpected hurdles, too, “like a couple of the men in the class didn't know how to type.” She helped get people comfortable with the touchscreen by offering styluses, which are more accurate pointing tools than fingers. And she encouraged her students to feel OK about making mistakes. “Sometimes I tell them, ‘I don’t know what that button does. Let’s hit it,’” she says.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Dip in Loneliness\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The seniors in the Curry program report different feelings about living alone—for example, Kaycee Springer enjoys it and is content using video chat to keep in touch with her daughters long-distance. But she does feel a bit socially crimped in the Tenderloin, where it doesn't always seem safe to walk around, especially at night. And she knows some of her elderly neighbors are extremely withdrawn. “There are people in my building, they just lay around and do absolutely nothing,” she says.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Di Martino has put together some preliminary stats from surveying participants at the program’s 6-month point. Almost all of the seniors said they used their iPad daily. As with the NCOA program, she noted a slight dip in reported loneliness. But the leaders of both projects say it’s hard to know if that stems from people making friends in class or becoming more social online. The AARP’s Ryerson says you might as well encourage both, so that technological and real-world connections reinforce each other. For example, she says, “FitBits are about taking steps. So let’s walk together.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">At the Curry Center, one other result is very clear: Now that the class is ending, nobody wants to give up their iPads. \"We just started!” exclaims Tachmuradova.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Springer still finds her tablet hard to put down: “I will put it on my bed—and then I will go, ‘\u003ci>It’s calling me\u003c/i>.’”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Di Martino says not to worry—they’re looking into a second phase that will allow everyone to keep their tablets, perhaps in exchange for peer mentoring the next round of students. Now that she’s taught them every iPad trick she knows, their new challenge will be teaching each other. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "As baby boomers head into their golden years, senior advocates and organizations look for ways to use social technology tools to keep them connected to the world, and avoiding isolation and loneliness. ",
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"description": "As baby boomers head into their golden years, senior advocates and organizations look for ways to use social technology tools to keep them connected to the world, and avoiding isolation and loneliness. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cem>Originally published June 26, 2017\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Orazgul Tachmuradova, age 71, emigrated to the United States alone, about a decade ago. Learning to get around San Francisco wasn't easy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“My eyes are not good, my hearing’s not good, my English is not good,” is how she puts it. Having grown up in a rural area, surrounded by family, she was “slowly dying of disconnection.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'The iPad is like a genie -- Hello, Siri? Tell me this one!' \u003ccite>Orazgul Tachmuradova, 71\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“This world does not belong to me; I do not belong to this world,” she recalls feeling.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">But recently, things have been looking up, thanks to a new high-tech relationship.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The iPad is like a \u003cem>genie\u003c/em>,” she says. She mimes pressing a button: “Hello, Siri? Tell me this one!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Tachmuradova and Siri started conversing during a year-long pilot project, now coming to an end, at San Francisco’s \u003cspan class=\"s2\">\u003ca href=\"http://curryseniorcenter.org\">Curry Senior Center\u003c/a>. Seventeen s\u003c/span>eniors were given iPads, FitBits and digital scales to monitor their health, and to reduce isolation by teaching them how to socialize, learn and enjoy themselves online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\"> “When I started this program, I was reborn,” says Tachmuradova. “I am becoming alive! More and more now, we are busy. I don’t feel I am alone. I live alone without \u003ci>being\u003c/i> alone.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">All of the program’s seniors live alone, and most are very low-income.\u003cb> \u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“Some people felt isolated, technologically-wise, because they didn't know what other people were doing on the internet,” says Angela Di Martino, who teaches the weekly class on how to use the devices. “Now I think they feel a lot more comfortable because they have that knowledge.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'I live alone without \u003ci>being\u003c/i> alone.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Di Martino devoted early lessons to finding trustworthy medical information on the web, emailing your doctor and checking lab results online. Her students have also been introduced to an array of social tech tools; some of the group’s favorite are FaceTime and Skype for video chatting and Messenger for sharing photos. Many in the group use their iPads to tune in the radio or podcasts, and one has \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/user/MJofSanFran\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">her own YouTube channel\u003c/span>\u003c/a>.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The last few classes have been devoted to iPad photography, so today everyone is editing their best shots. In one corner, Marilyn Chan and Shirley Smith keep leaning over to see what’s happening on each other’s screens. Chan is polishing up a selfie of the two of them making the most of Ben & Jerry’s Free Cone Day. Across the room, Linda Rospendowski, 68, is contemplating a photo of herself in a hot pink dress. But she has a problem: The photographer has chopped off the top of her head, and she's wondering if you can digitally repair hair. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“The bouffant—it has to be there,” she says.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>America: Getting Old\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">As baby boomers head into their 60s and 70s, advocacy groups are now exploring the benefits of this kind of tech education for seniors. Prime candidates are elderly people who live in rural areas, are estranged or live far from family, or have health or mobility problems that make it difficult to get around.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_414753\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 386px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-414753 \" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/SENIORS1_Platoni-1-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"386\" height=\"257\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/SENIORS1_Platoni-1-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/SENIORS1_Platoni-1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/SENIORS1_Platoni-1-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/SENIORS1_Platoni-1-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/SENIORS1_Platoni-1-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/SENIORS1_Platoni-1-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/SENIORS1_Platoni-1-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/SENIORS1_Platoni-1-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/SENIORS1_Platoni-1-520x347.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/SENIORS1_Platoni-1.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 386px) 100vw, 386px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Linda Rospendowski, 68, and Orazgul Tachmuradova, 71, work on editing their photos. \u003ccite>(Kara Platoni/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Lisa Marsh Ryerson, president of the AARP Foundation, a charitable affiliate of the advocacy group for seniors, points out that 10,000 Americans turn 65 every day. But despite their numbers, baby boomers don’t always feel like they’re aging together. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“As many as 40 percent of adults who are 65 or older say that they experience significant loneliness,” says Ryerson.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Loneliness isn’t quite the same thing as being alone, but both can influence health. “Loneliness is something that is subjective. It’s our own perception of our experiences,” says Ryerson. It is also one measure of distress. Isolation, on the other hand, is an objective metric, “based on the size of someone’s social network, the frequency of contact with their social network and their access to services.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Isolation can cause health problems even for a person who feels perfectly satisfied with a small or distant network. (Imagine not knowing anyone nearby who can check on you when you’re ill.) Ryerson says isolation is often triggered by loss of hearing or mobility, a move to a new community or a partner’s death, and it’s especially common among those who are low-income or identify as a member of a marginalized group.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">To address the problem, the AARP Foundation recently launched \u003ca href=\"https://connect2affect.org/\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Connect2Affect\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, a resource portal for older adults and caregivers that encourages online engagement, and includes a \u003ca href=\"https://connect2affect.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/A-Profile-of-Social-Connectedness.pdf\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">study of social connectedness among people over age 62\u003c/span>\u003c/a>. The \u003ca href=\"https://aarptek.aarp.org/\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">AARP Academy\u003c/span>\u003c/a> also offers free online tutorials for using smartphones, tablets or social media, and for conducting job searches on the internet. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Meanwhile, the National Council on Aging completed its own \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncoa.org/healthy-aging/aging-mastery-program/\">\u003cspan class=\"s3\">two-year tablet program\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, similar to Curry’s. The result? “The more time [participants] were spending on the tablets, the stronger their social interactions, their emotional support, self-esteem,” says \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s4\">Susan Stiles, senior director of product development and strategy for the group. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p5\">\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Getting Seniors Connected\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Yet enticing people online isn’t always easy. According to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewinternet.org/2017/05/17/technology-use-among-seniors/\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">study \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">released in May by the Pew Research Center\u003c/span>, while mobile device use is climbing among seniors, still only about a third own a tablet, 42 percent own smartphones, and just over half have broadband at home. Only about a third use social media.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“There were some fears going into the project,” says Stiles of the NCOA program. “People did not necessarily think that a tablet computer had any relevancy for their lives. They had privacy concerns and were afraid of potentially being exposed to scams.” (Ditto the Curry class, where people asked pointed questions about putting credit card information on their iPad and worried about being unfairly charged when ordering photo prints online.)\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">For the NCOA program, the trick was helping users find their personal killer app. For a former taxi driver now in his 90s, it was Google Maps. Stiles recalls a colleague asking the man to name some streets on his old route. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“She zoomed in on these streets and his eyes just lit up, \" Stiles says. \"And then he wanted to go everywhere in New York City.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">For a former B-movie actress, the most alluring app was YouTube, where she found her old film clips.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Tablets seem to be a nice middle ground for those who are skeptical of full-sized computers. You can use voice commands instead of struggling with a mouse or keyboard; they fit neatly into a small living space like a senior apartment; and you can use them while sitting in your favorite comfy chair. “It doesn't feel like this weighty technology object,” says Stiles. “It really feels like a book.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cstrong>Designing for Seniors\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Pittsburgh-based Breezie, which sells tech solutions for seniors and \u003ca href=\"https://www.breezie.com/breezie-in-action/breezie-brings-online-benefits-to-seniors-in-florida/\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">partnered with the NCOA on its program\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, is trying to make Android-based devices even easier for new users by offering a service that simplifies a tablet’s interface. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“If you went right now to a Best Buy and if you bought a tablet to give to a senior, there are 43 different settings you would want to change before you make it senior-friendly,”\u003cb> \u003c/b>says CEO and founder Jeh Kazimi. He means things that Breezie can pre-adjust, like brightness and volume, consolidating logins, and making the screen more forgiving if you accidentally put your thumb on it. The company is also trying to develop a way to cancel out hand tremor for people with Parkinson's disease, because uneven pressure can make the tablet think a user is swiping when they mean to click.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_415056\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/SENIORS15_Platoni.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-415056\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/SENIORS15_Platoni-1020x804.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"504\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/SENIORS15_Platoni-1020x804.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/SENIORS15_Platoni-160x126.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/SENIORS15_Platoni-800x631.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/SENIORS15_Platoni-768x605.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/SENIORS15_Platoni-1180x930.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/SENIORS15_Platoni-960x757.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/SENIORS15_Platoni-240x189.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/SENIORS15_Platoni-375x296.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/SENIORS15_Platoni-520x410.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/SENIORS15_Platoni.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kaycee Springer, 65, polishes up her photo of the sun setting over San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Kara Platoni/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Caregivers or Breezie staff can also curate each person’s desktop, like providing ready-made YouTube playlists for fans of jazz music or Muhammad Ali’s boxing matches. For an avid gardener, Kazimi says, they might install a few outdoorsy apps “that don’t show you ads every two minutes or ask you to upgrade every three minutes.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">But tablets aren’t a foolproof platform. Kazimi has seen seniors who need stickers to label the camera, volume and charging socket, because the devices can suddenly flip screen orientation, leaving confused people holding them upside down and wondering where the buttons are. Di Martino encountered some unexpected hurdles, too, “like a couple of the men in the class didn't know how to type.” She helped get people comfortable with the touchscreen by offering styluses, which are more accurate pointing tools than fingers. And she encouraged her students to feel OK about making mistakes. “Sometimes I tell them, ‘I don’t know what that button does. Let’s hit it,’” she says.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Dip in Loneliness\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The seniors in the Curry program report different feelings about living alone—for example, Kaycee Springer enjoys it and is content using video chat to keep in touch with her daughters long-distance. But she does feel a bit socially crimped in the Tenderloin, where it doesn't always seem safe to walk around, especially at night. And she knows some of her elderly neighbors are extremely withdrawn. “There are people in my building, they just lay around and do absolutely nothing,” she says.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Di Martino has put together some preliminary stats from surveying participants at the program’s 6-month point. Almost all of the seniors said they used their iPad daily. As with the NCOA program, she noted a slight dip in reported loneliness. But the leaders of both projects say it’s hard to know if that stems from people making friends in class or becoming more social online. The AARP’s Ryerson says you might as well encourage both, so that technological and real-world connections reinforce each other. For example, she says, “FitBits are about taking steps. So let’s walk together.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">At the Curry Center, one other result is very clear: Now that the class is ending, nobody wants to give up their iPads. \"We just started!” exclaims Tachmuradova.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Springer still finds her tablet hard to put down: “I will put it on my bed—and then I will go, ‘\u003ci>It’s calling me\u003c/i>.’”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Di Martino says not to worry—they’re looking into a second phase that will allow everyone to keep their tablets, perhaps in exchange for peer mentoring the next round of students. Now that she’s taught them every iPad trick she knows, their new challenge will be teaching each other. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Spinal Patients Continue Remarkable Recovery After Stem Cell Injections, Company Says",
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"content": "\u003cp>Patients with spinal injuries have continued to heal long after they’ve received an initial injection of stem cells, \u003ca href=\"http://asteriasbiotherapeutics.com/inv_news_releases_text.php?releaseid=2303887&date=October+02%2C+2017&title=Asterias+Announces+Two+Significant+Developments+for+Spinal+Cord+Injury+Program%3Chttp://asteriasbiotherapeutics.com/inv_news_releases_text.php?releaseid=2303887&date=October+02%2C+2017&title=Asterias+Announces+Two+Significant+Developments+for+Spinal+Cord+Injury+Program%3E\">according to data\u003c/a> released Oct. 2 by the biotech company conducting a clinical trial on the treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'The rate of recovery at 12 months is more than double the rates of recovery seen at 12 months in both matched historical controls (29%) and published data in a similar patient population (26%).'\u003ccite>Asterias Biotherapeutics\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>One year after six patients with severe spinal injuries were dosed with 10 million stem cells, four in the group have recovered at least two full motor levels of movement on at least one side of their bodies. That degree of improvement, based on the International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3232636/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">scale\u003c/a>, is about twice the rate of recovery patients historically see, according to the company, Asterias Biotherapeutics of Fremont, California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The rate of recovery at 12 months is more than double the rates of recovery seen at 12 months in both matched historical controls (29%) and published data in a similar patient population (26%),\" the company wrote in a press release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Edward Wirth III, chief medical officer at Asterias, all six patients in the second cohort of the study progressed at least one motor level on one side; three patients improved two levels on one side; and one patient advanced three motor levels on one side. In addition, Wirth said, almost all the patients showed improvement on both sides of their bodies, and two of them jumped two motor levels on both sides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regaining two motor levels in spinocervical patients is significant. That could make the difference between full paralysis from the neck down, a condition that would require a ventilator to breathe, versus regaining some arm, hand and finger movement, allowing patients to take care of many of life’s daily tasks unassisted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We reported \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/09/23/stem-cells-may-have-restored-use-of-hands-and-arms-in-paralyzed-man/\">last year\u003c/a> on the striking initial results of this experimental phase 2 clinical trial, called \u003ca href=\"http://www.scistar-study.com/\">SCiStar.\u003c/a> The updated information suggests patients in this second cohort of the study not only received strong early benefit from the large single dose of stem cells, but that they have continued to improve over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Charles Liu, an investigator on the study and director of the USC Neurorestoration Center, has a patient in the second cohort of the trial, 21-year-old Kris Boesen of Fresno, whose substantial progress we first \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/03/23/strong-stem-cell-therapy-results-for-paralyzed-patients-company-says/\">reported\u003c/a> in September 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Liu says most spinal-injury patients, once they’ve gone through initial recovery, tend to remain at the same level of movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They can get a little bit better, but there’s definitely a point of plateau,\" Liu says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the new data from the trial shows continued progress. At the \u003ca href=\"http://www.globenewswire.com/NewsRoom/AttachmentNg/5f3b3123-31c5-48ec-be59-dd0b842a21ca\">six-month mark\u003c/a>, for instance, only two of the patients attained two-motor-level-improvement. After 12 months, two more had attained the milestone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Usually what you see is a plateau and that’s not what we’re seeing here. They continued to improve,” Liu says. “It was a durable effect. And that’s incredibly exciting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The six people in the second cohort obviously represent a small sample size, and some patients do spontaneously recover from spinal injuries. But Liu believes now that the replication of Boesen's progress has occurred in multiple patients, it’s more difficult to write them off as outliers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are five cohorts of patients in the study. The first received 2 million stem cells, the second 10 million, and the third is still in the process of receiving 20 million. The patients who received 2 million stem cells showed some benefit from the treatment, but not nearly as much as the 10-million-cell cohort.\u003cb> \u003c/b>The fourth and fifth cohorts target a different level of spinal injury, using dosages of 10 million and 20 million cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enrollment is completed for the first four rounds of the trial; the fifth cohort's enrollment has begun and is expected to be completed by the end of this year, Asterias officials said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco Chronicle also \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/health/article/Super-exciting-results-in-stem-cell-therapy-12245199.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wrote about the trial\u003c/a> this week, in a front-page article. Reporter Erin Allday spoke with Christopher Block, a 31-year-old patient in the SCiStar trial who had virtually no movement in his arms after he injured his spinal cord in a biking accident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“About a month after my stem cells, I was able to begin feeding myself,” Block told the Chronicle. He can now raise himself out of his wheelchair and change his shirt, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday, Asterias announced that the FDA had granted its request for designation of its stem cell treatment as a regenerative medicine advanced therapy, or \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/CellularGeneTherapyProducts/ucm537670.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">RMAT\u003c/a>. One of the conditions of that designation is that preliminary clinical evidence indicates the treatment has \"potential to address unmet medical needs\" related to a \"serious or life-threatening disease or condition.\" The designation, which was created under the 21st Century Cures Act last year, was designed to accelerate review and approval by the FDA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SCiStar is partially funded by the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine, or CIRM, the publicly funded stem cell agency created by a state initiative in 2004.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Patients with spinal injuries have continued to heal long after they’ve received an initial injection of stem cells, \u003ca href=\"http://asteriasbiotherapeutics.com/inv_news_releases_text.php?releaseid=2303887&date=October+02%2C+2017&title=Asterias+Announces+Two+Significant+Developments+for+Spinal+Cord+Injury+Program%3Chttp://asteriasbiotherapeutics.com/inv_news_releases_text.php?releaseid=2303887&date=October+02%2C+2017&title=Asterias+Announces+Two+Significant+Developments+for+Spinal+Cord+Injury+Program%3E\">according to data\u003c/a> released Oct. 2 by the biotech company conducting a clinical trial on the treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'The rate of recovery at 12 months is more than double the rates of recovery seen at 12 months in both matched historical controls (29%) and published data in a similar patient population (26%).'\u003ccite>Asterias Biotherapeutics\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>One year after six patients with severe spinal injuries were dosed with 10 million stem cells, four in the group have recovered at least two full motor levels of movement on at least one side of their bodies. That degree of improvement, based on the International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3232636/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">scale\u003c/a>, is about twice the rate of recovery patients historically see, according to the company, Asterias Biotherapeutics of Fremont, California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The rate of recovery at 12 months is more than double the rates of recovery seen at 12 months in both matched historical controls (29%) and published data in a similar patient population (26%),\" the company wrote in a press release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Edward Wirth III, chief medical officer at Asterias, all six patients in the second cohort of the study progressed at least one motor level on one side; three patients improved two levels on one side; and one patient advanced three motor levels on one side. In addition, Wirth said, almost all the patients showed improvement on both sides of their bodies, and two of them jumped two motor levels on both sides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regaining two motor levels in spinocervical patients is significant. That could make the difference between full paralysis from the neck down, a condition that would require a ventilator to breathe, versus regaining some arm, hand and finger movement, allowing patients to take care of many of life’s daily tasks unassisted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We reported \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/09/23/stem-cells-may-have-restored-use-of-hands-and-arms-in-paralyzed-man/\">last year\u003c/a> on the striking initial results of this experimental phase 2 clinical trial, called \u003ca href=\"http://www.scistar-study.com/\">SCiStar.\u003c/a> The updated information suggests patients in this second cohort of the study not only received strong early benefit from the large single dose of stem cells, but that they have continued to improve over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Charles Liu, an investigator on the study and director of the USC Neurorestoration Center, has a patient in the second cohort of the trial, 21-year-old Kris Boesen of Fresno, whose substantial progress we first \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/03/23/strong-stem-cell-therapy-results-for-paralyzed-patients-company-says/\">reported\u003c/a> in September 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Liu says most spinal-injury patients, once they’ve gone through initial recovery, tend to remain at the same level of movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They can get a little bit better, but there’s definitely a point of plateau,\" Liu says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the new data from the trial shows continued progress. At the \u003ca href=\"http://www.globenewswire.com/NewsRoom/AttachmentNg/5f3b3123-31c5-48ec-be59-dd0b842a21ca\">six-month mark\u003c/a>, for instance, only two of the patients attained two-motor-level-improvement. After 12 months, two more had attained the milestone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Usually what you see is a plateau and that’s not what we’re seeing here. They continued to improve,” Liu says. “It was a durable effect. And that’s incredibly exciting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The six people in the second cohort obviously represent a small sample size, and some patients do spontaneously recover from spinal injuries. But Liu believes now that the replication of Boesen's progress has occurred in multiple patients, it’s more difficult to write them off as outliers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are five cohorts of patients in the study. The first received 2 million stem cells, the second 10 million, and the third is still in the process of receiving 20 million. The patients who received 2 million stem cells showed some benefit from the treatment, but not nearly as much as the 10-million-cell cohort.\u003cb> \u003c/b>The fourth and fifth cohorts target a different level of spinal injury, using dosages of 10 million and 20 million cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enrollment is completed for the first four rounds of the trial; the fifth cohort's enrollment has begun and is expected to be completed by the end of this year, Asterias officials said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco Chronicle also \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/health/article/Super-exciting-results-in-stem-cell-therapy-12245199.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wrote about the trial\u003c/a> this week, in a front-page article. Reporter Erin Allday spoke with Christopher Block, a 31-year-old patient in the SCiStar trial who had virtually no movement in his arms after he injured his spinal cord in a biking accident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“About a month after my stem cells, I was able to begin feeding myself,” Block told the Chronicle. He can now raise himself out of his wheelchair and change his shirt, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday, Asterias announced that the FDA had granted its request for designation of its stem cell treatment as a regenerative medicine advanced therapy, or \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/CellularGeneTherapyProducts/ucm537670.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">RMAT\u003c/a>. One of the conditions of that designation is that preliminary clinical evidence indicates the treatment has \"potential to address unmet medical needs\" related to a \"serious or life-threatening disease or condition.\" The designation, which was created under the 21st Century Cures Act last year, was designed to accelerate review and approval by the FDA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SCiStar is partially funded by the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine, or CIRM, the publicly funded stem cell agency created by a state initiative in 2004.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Research that helped discover the clocks running in every cell in our bodies earned three scientists a Nobel Prize in medicine on Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">We humans are time-keeping machines.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"With exquisite precision, our inner clock adapts our physiology to the dramatically different phases of the day,\" the Nobel Prize committee \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/10/02/554993385/nobel-prize-in-medicine-is-awarded-to-3-americans-for-work-on-circadian-rhythm\">wrote\u003c/a> of the work of Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash and Michael W. Young. \"The clock regulates critical functions such as behavior, hormone levels, sleep, body temperature and metabolism.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We humans are time-keeping machines. And it seems we need regular sleeping and eating schedules to keep all of our clocks in sync.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies show that if we mess with the body's natural sleep-wake cycle — say, by working an overnight shift, taking a trans-Aatlantic flight or staying up all night with a new baby or puppy — we pay the price.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our blood pressure goes up, hunger hormones get thrown off and blood sugar control goes south.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"7S0R6t5jB019yBlneO6IBb620pV8FH0F\"]We can all recover from an occasional all-nighter, an episode of \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2012/05/15/152690836/jetlagged-by-your-social-calendar-better-check-your-waistline\">jet lag\u003c/a> or short-term disruptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But over time, if living against the clock becomes a way of life, this may set the stage for weight gain and metabolic diseases such as Type 2 diabetes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What happens is that you get a total de-synchronization of the clocks within us,\" explains \u003ca href=\"http://www.neurobiology.northwestern.edu/people/core-faculty/fred-turek.html\">Fred Turek\u003c/a>, a circadian scientist at Northwestern University. \"Which may be underlying the chronic diseases we face in our society today.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So consider what happens, for instance, if we eat late or in the middle of the night. The master clock — which is set by the light-dark cycle — is cuing all other clocks in the body that it's night. Time to rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The clock in the brain is sending signals saying: Do not eat, do not eat!\" says Turek.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when we override this signal and eat anyway, the clock in the pancreas, for instance, has to start releasing insulin to deal with the meal. And, research suggests, this late-night munching may start to reset the clock in the organ. The result? Competing time cues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The pancreas is listening to signals related to food intake. But that's out of sync with what the brain is telling it to do,\" says Turek. \"So if we're sending signals to those organs at the wrong time of day — such as eating at the wrong time of day — [we're] upsetting the balance.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there's accumulating evidence that we may be more sensitive to these timing cues than scientists ever imagined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider, for instance, the results of a weight-loss study that we \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/01/30/170591028/to-maximize-weight-loss-eat-early-in-the-day-not-late\">reported\u003c/a> on, which was \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/articles/ijo2012229.epdf?referrer_access_token=dfwcZDpYAoJZu6Z-jfDWKNRgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0OoXMYxeUF5K1SF8LoOyYhWHpTWbYAprLsgGQpZUO-8dRgCsqvc69Y6ybR2icWqKNZrh_6mGhPVx5UkksCfOoxHL20408_DDob5XOcvWupyp7UK9qL-EM1cBouacqb4ctvAQEttrbhdfb73szArvXfotICQ2OLQHwSxoMZuG_s0AKrTt1X14w0q94UPGaCHOdB-HeTw-VJC8ISkWpFd62jb&tracking_referrer=www.npr.org\">published\u003c/a> in 2013 in the \u003cem>International Journal of Obesity\u003c/em>. Researchers found that the timing of meals can influence how much weight people lose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The finding that we had was that people who ate their main meal earlier in the day were much more successful at losing weight,\" says study author \u003ca href=\"https://sleep.med.harvard.edu/people/faculty/242/frank+a+j+l+scheer+phd\">Frank Scheer\u003c/a>, a Harvard neuroscientist who directs the \u003ca href=\"https://sleep.med.harvard.edu/research/labs/54/Medical+Chronobiology+Program+MCP+Research+on+Circadian+Rhythms+in+Health+and+Di\">Medical Chronobiology Program\u003c/a> at Brigham and Women's Hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, early eaters lost 25 percent more weight than later eaters — \"a surprisingly large difference,\" Scheer says. Another\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23512957\"> study\u003c/a> found that eating a big breakfast was more conducive to weight loss, compared with a big dinner — adding to the evidence that the timing of meals is important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond weight management, there's evidence that the clocks in our bodies — and the timing of our sleeping, eating and activities — play multiple roles in helping us maintain good health. And different systems in the body are programmed to do different tasks at different times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, doctors have long known that the time of day you take a drug can influence its potency. \"If you take a drug at one time of day, it might be much more toxic than another time of day,\" Turek says. Part of this effect could be that the liver is better at detoxifying at certain times of day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turek says his hope is that, down the road, circadian science will be integrated into the practice of medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We'd like to be in a position where we'd be able to monitor hundreds of different rhythms in your body and see if they're out of sync — and then try to normalize them,\" Turek says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether — or how quickly — this may happen is hard to say. But what's clear is that the study of the biology of time is exploding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we're doing now in medicine is what Einstein did for physics,\" says Turek. \"He brought time to physics. We're bringing time to biology.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The irony, of course, is that this insight comes at a time when the demands of our 24/7 society mean more and more of us are overriding our internal clocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A previous \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/03/10/389596946/circadian-surprise-how-our-body-clocks-help-shape-our-waistlines\">\u003cem>version\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> of this story was published in 2015. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+Messing+With+Our+Body+Clocks+Can+Raise+Alarms+With+Health&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Research that helped discover the clocks running in every cell in our bodies earned three scientists a Nobel Prize in medicine on Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">We humans are time-keeping machines.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"With exquisite precision, our inner clock adapts our physiology to the dramatically different phases of the day,\" the Nobel Prize committee \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/10/02/554993385/nobel-prize-in-medicine-is-awarded-to-3-americans-for-work-on-circadian-rhythm\">wrote\u003c/a> of the work of Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash and Michael W. Young. \"The clock regulates critical functions such as behavior, hormone levels, sleep, body temperature and metabolism.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We humans are time-keeping machines. And it seems we need regular sleeping and eating schedules to keep all of our clocks in sync.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies show that if we mess with the body's natural sleep-wake cycle — say, by working an overnight shift, taking a trans-Aatlantic flight or staying up all night with a new baby or puppy — we pay the price.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our blood pressure goes up, hunger hormones get thrown off and blood sugar control goes south.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>We can all recover from an occasional all-nighter, an episode of \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2012/05/15/152690836/jetlagged-by-your-social-calendar-better-check-your-waistline\">jet lag\u003c/a> or short-term disruptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But over time, if living against the clock becomes a way of life, this may set the stage for weight gain and metabolic diseases such as Type 2 diabetes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What happens is that you get a total de-synchronization of the clocks within us,\" explains \u003ca href=\"http://www.neurobiology.northwestern.edu/people/core-faculty/fred-turek.html\">Fred Turek\u003c/a>, a circadian scientist at Northwestern University. \"Which may be underlying the chronic diseases we face in our society today.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So consider what happens, for instance, if we eat late or in the middle of the night. The master clock — which is set by the light-dark cycle — is cuing all other clocks in the body that it's night. Time to rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The clock in the brain is sending signals saying: Do not eat, do not eat!\" says Turek.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when we override this signal and eat anyway, the clock in the pancreas, for instance, has to start releasing insulin to deal with the meal. And, research suggests, this late-night munching may start to reset the clock in the organ. The result? Competing time cues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The pancreas is listening to signals related to food intake. But that's out of sync with what the brain is telling it to do,\" says Turek. \"So if we're sending signals to those organs at the wrong time of day — such as eating at the wrong time of day — [we're] upsetting the balance.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there's accumulating evidence that we may be more sensitive to these timing cues than scientists ever imagined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider, for instance, the results of a weight-loss study that we \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/01/30/170591028/to-maximize-weight-loss-eat-early-in-the-day-not-late\">reported\u003c/a> on, which was \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/articles/ijo2012229.epdf?referrer_access_token=dfwcZDpYAoJZu6Z-jfDWKNRgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0OoXMYxeUF5K1SF8LoOyYhWHpTWbYAprLsgGQpZUO-8dRgCsqvc69Y6ybR2icWqKNZrh_6mGhPVx5UkksCfOoxHL20408_DDob5XOcvWupyp7UK9qL-EM1cBouacqb4ctvAQEttrbhdfb73szArvXfotICQ2OLQHwSxoMZuG_s0AKrTt1X14w0q94UPGaCHOdB-HeTw-VJC8ISkWpFd62jb&tracking_referrer=www.npr.org\">published\u003c/a> in 2013 in the \u003cem>International Journal of Obesity\u003c/em>. Researchers found that the timing of meals can influence how much weight people lose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The finding that we had was that people who ate their main meal earlier in the day were much more successful at losing weight,\" says study author \u003ca href=\"https://sleep.med.harvard.edu/people/faculty/242/frank+a+j+l+scheer+phd\">Frank Scheer\u003c/a>, a Harvard neuroscientist who directs the \u003ca href=\"https://sleep.med.harvard.edu/research/labs/54/Medical+Chronobiology+Program+MCP+Research+on+Circadian+Rhythms+in+Health+and+Di\">Medical Chronobiology Program\u003c/a> at Brigham and Women's Hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, early eaters lost 25 percent more weight than later eaters — \"a surprisingly large difference,\" Scheer says. Another\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23512957\"> study\u003c/a> found that eating a big breakfast was more conducive to weight loss, compared with a big dinner — adding to the evidence that the timing of meals is important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond weight management, there's evidence that the clocks in our bodies — and the timing of our sleeping, eating and activities — play multiple roles in helping us maintain good health. And different systems in the body are programmed to do different tasks at different times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, doctors have long known that the time of day you take a drug can influence its potency. \"If you take a drug at one time of day, it might be much more toxic than another time of day,\" Turek says. Part of this effect could be that the liver is better at detoxifying at certain times of day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turek says his hope is that, down the road, circadian science will be integrated into the practice of medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We'd like to be in a position where we'd be able to monitor hundreds of different rhythms in your body and see if they're out of sync — and then try to normalize them,\" Turek says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether — or how quickly — this may happen is hard to say. But what's clear is that the study of the biology of time is exploding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we're doing now in medicine is what Einstein did for physics,\" says Turek. \"He brought time to physics. We're bringing time to biology.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The irony, of course, is that this insight comes at a time when the demands of our 24/7 society mean more and more of us are overriding our internal clocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A previous \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/03/10/389596946/circadian-surprise-how-our-body-clocks-help-shape-our-waistlines\">\u003cem>version\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> of this story was published in 2015. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+Messing+With+Our+Body+Clocks+Can+Raise+Alarms+With+Health&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Most Americans Want Drug Prices Controlled. Why Won't Congress Act?",
"title": "Most Americans Want Drug Prices Controlled. Why Won't Congress Act?",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>Of all the promises President Donald Trump made for the early part of his term, controlling stinging drug prices might have seemed the easiest to achieve.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'There is a very aggressive lobby that is finding any and all means to thwart any reform to a system that has produced very lucrative profits.'\u003ccite>Ameet Sarpatwari, Harvard Medical School\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>An angry public overwhelmingly wants change in an easily vilified industry. Big pharma’s recent publicity nightmare included thousand-percent price increases and a \u003ca href=\"https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2017/08/martin-shkreli-verdict\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">smirking CEO who said\u003c/a>, “I liken myself to the robber barons.” Even powerful members of Congress from both parties have said that drug prices are too high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But any momentum to address prescription drug costs — a problem that \u003ca href=\"http://www.kff.org/slideshow/public-opinion-on-prescription-drugs-and-their-prices/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a large number of Americans\u003c/a> now believe government should solve — has been lost amid rancorous debates over replacing Obamacare and stalled by roadblocks erected via lobbying and industry cash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a very aggressive lobby that is finding any and all means to thwart any reform to a system that has produced very lucrative profits,” said Ameet Sarpatwari, an epidemiologist and lawyer at Harvard Medical School who follows drug legislation. “Everything that’s coming out is being hit and hit hard — even stuff that’s commonsensical.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"RiRCaAhGLSSzIv8VTS6OBlnq3jBDwE0j\"]Those in Congress concerned with health policy have spent much of the year advancing proposals to overhaul the Affordable Care Act, none of which would affect pharmaceutical pricing. The latest Republican proposal, by Senators Lindsey Graham of South Carolina and Bill Cassidy of Louisiana, is no different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, more than two dozen bills aimed at curbing drug costs have been introduced in this or the previous Congress, according to the Drug Pricing Lab, a Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center program \u003ca href=\"https://drugpricinglab.org/tools/dpl-policy-tracker/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">that has catalogued ideas for reducing prices.\u003c/a> Many have bipartisan support.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proposals include importation from other developed countries, where regulations keep prices down; allowing government to negotiate the price of Medicare-covered drugs; speeding approval of cheaper generics; requiring notification before raising drug prices; and restricting consumer drug ads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other ideas that haven’t made it to legislation include banning patents for pills that simply copy or repackage existing medicines; and adjusting prices according to a drug’s effectiveness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s clearly no single solution out there that will solve this rapidly rising spending,” said Dr. Peter Bach, who leads the lab. But, he added, “there’s not a lot of fundamental disagreement about the direction this needs to move.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump drew new attention to the issue last month by tweeting that Merck’s chief executive, Kenneth Frazier, “will have more time to LOWER RIPOFF DRUG PRICES!” after Frazier quit the president’s manufacturing council to protest his remarks about white supremacists in Charlottesville, Va.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those comments matched Trump’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.politico.com/story/2017/01/trump-press-conference-drug-industry-233475\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">characterization earlier this year of drug companies\u003c/a>as “getting away with murder.” That same January day, a dozen Republican senators, including Ted Cruz of Texas, John McCain of Arizona and Mike Lee of Utah, voted for the old liberal idea of letting Americans buy less-expensive drugs from Canada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"urt72cNaNX4YKl7iNuU8fZ3qlRARZvTT\"]The measure was attached to a budget resolution and \u003ca href=\"http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2017/jan/18/other-98/viral-image-about-democratic-senators-and-big-phar/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wouldn’t, by itself,\u003c/a> have allowed importation. It failed 52 to 46 after 13 Democrats voted against it, with some citing safety concerns about foreign-sourced medicine — an idea promoted by American drugmakers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, the vote prompted speculation that a pharma price deal might be within reach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sen. Lee is one of the Republicans who favor importation as a way to increase competition. “When we’re talking about garden-variety, generic drugs that can be easily imported from another country that has regulatory procedures that make them safe?” he said in an interview. “I don’t see why not.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to the new threats, the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America, already one of Washington’s biggest-spending trade groups, \u003ca href=\"http://www.politico.com/story/2016/10/phrma-lobby-pricing-battle-230277\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">increased member dues by half\u003c/a> last year to prepare for battle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pharmaceutical and health products industries \u003ca href=\"https://www.opensecrets.org/lobby/indus.php?id=H&year=2017\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">spent $145 million\u003c/a> on lobbying for the first half of 2017, according to data from the Center for Responsive Politics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drug manufacturers gave $4.5 million to congressional campaigns in that period, including six-figure donations to House Speaker Paul Ryan; Rep. Greg Walden, head of the House Energy and Commerce Committee; and Sen. Orrin Hatch, head of the Senate Finance Committee, according to a Kaiser Health News analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PhRMA’s “Go Boldly” campaign, showing heroic researchers seeking cures, has spent $28 million so far this year on six ads shown on about 4,600 national TV channels, according to iSpot.tv, an ad tracker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The industry hired former FBI director Louis Freeh \u003ca href=\"https://storage.googleapis.com/m1738/20170605_Report%20on%20Counterfeit%20Drugs.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">to study\u003c/a> the impact of importation. He concluded that it would “leave the safety of the U.S. prescription drug supply vulnerable to criminals seeking to harm patients.” Import proponents argue the Food and Drug Administration could easily ensure safety by licensing and inspecting Canadian suppliers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drugmakers say that high prices reflect heavy investment in innovation and drug development. They reject the notion that the industry wields too much influence in Washington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are important issues with significant ramifications,” Holly Campbell, a PhRMA spokeswoman, said. “So we will continue to be engaged with the administration to advance solutions that improve the marketplace and make it more responsive to the needs of patients.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The top 10 publicly traded U.S. drug companies made $67.8 billion last year, after taxes, regulatory filings show.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Efforts to restrain prices have made little progress in the executive branch, either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The White House has long been expected to issue an executive order on drug costs. But \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/20/health/draft-order-on-drug-prices-proposes-easing-regulations.html?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">leaked documents\u003c/a> show that deliberations have focused on things the industry wants, such as \u003ca href=\"https://khn.org/news/exclusive-white-house-task-force-echoes-pharma-proposals/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">extending overseas patents\u003c/a> and changing a drug-discount program for hospitals, and not so much on lowering prices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gerard Anderson, a health policy professor at Johns Hopkins University, said Trump’s draft order “did not talk at all about branded drugs or about specialty drugs,” including for rheumatoid arthritis and cancer, that have seen especially steep price increases. “If that represents the administration’s thinking, then my guess is there is not much effort.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump’s ongoing feud with congressional Republicans, especially Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, means “you’re not going to get any strong direction or leadership out of the White House” on drug prices, said Vishnu Lekraj, who follows pharma stocks for Morningstar, an investment research firm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump isn’t the only one in his administration criticizing drug companies. Scott Gottlieb, the FDA commissioner, has accused the industry of \u003ca href=\"https://blogs.fda.gov/fdavoice/index.php/2017/06/fda-working-to-lift-barriers-to-generic-drug-competition/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“gaming” the system\u003c/a> to delay the appearance of cheap generics after patents expire. He has pledged to speed applications for generics when there is little competition as part of a \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/newsevents/newsroom/pressannouncements/ucm564725.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“drug competition action plan”\u003c/a>while opposing stronger measures like allowing importation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But promoting generics is “reasonably small potatoes” compared with the money that could be saved by putting direct pressure on brand-drug prices, Anderson said. Gottlieb has served on the boards of \u003ca href=\"https://www.opensecrets.org/news/2017/04/fda-nominee-gottlieb/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">several pharmaceutical companies\u003c/a> and reaped large consulting and speaking fees from the industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet even small potatoes might be a long shot — despite widespread agreement that change is needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is sort of remarkable to see just how far the system can bend before meaningful reform is taken,” said Sarpatwari of Harvard. “If there ever was a time to strike while it’s hot, it’s now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Elizabeth Lucas and Sydney Lupkin contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KHN’s coverage of prescription drug development, costs and pricing is supported in part by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.arnoldfoundation.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Laura and John Arnold Foundation\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Of all the promises President Donald Trump made for the early part of his term, controlling stinging drug prices might have seemed the easiest to achieve.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'There is a very aggressive lobby that is finding any and all means to thwart any reform to a system that has produced very lucrative profits.'\u003ccite>Ameet Sarpatwari, Harvard Medical School\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>An angry public overwhelmingly wants change in an easily vilified industry. Big pharma’s recent publicity nightmare included thousand-percent price increases and a \u003ca href=\"https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2017/08/martin-shkreli-verdict\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">smirking CEO who said\u003c/a>, “I liken myself to the robber barons.” Even powerful members of Congress from both parties have said that drug prices are too high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But any momentum to address prescription drug costs — a problem that \u003ca href=\"http://www.kff.org/slideshow/public-opinion-on-prescription-drugs-and-their-prices/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a large number of Americans\u003c/a> now believe government should solve — has been lost amid rancorous debates over replacing Obamacare and stalled by roadblocks erected via lobbying and industry cash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a very aggressive lobby that is finding any and all means to thwart any reform to a system that has produced very lucrative profits,” said Ameet Sarpatwari, an epidemiologist and lawyer at Harvard Medical School who follows drug legislation. “Everything that’s coming out is being hit and hit hard — even stuff that’s commonsensical.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Those in Congress concerned with health policy have spent much of the year advancing proposals to overhaul the Affordable Care Act, none of which would affect pharmaceutical pricing. The latest Republican proposal, by Senators Lindsey Graham of South Carolina and Bill Cassidy of Louisiana, is no different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, more than two dozen bills aimed at curbing drug costs have been introduced in this or the previous Congress, according to the Drug Pricing Lab, a Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center program \u003ca href=\"https://drugpricinglab.org/tools/dpl-policy-tracker/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">that has catalogued ideas for reducing prices.\u003c/a> Many have bipartisan support.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proposals include importation from other developed countries, where regulations keep prices down; allowing government to negotiate the price of Medicare-covered drugs; speeding approval of cheaper generics; requiring notification before raising drug prices; and restricting consumer drug ads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other ideas that haven’t made it to legislation include banning patents for pills that simply copy or repackage existing medicines; and adjusting prices according to a drug’s effectiveness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s clearly no single solution out there that will solve this rapidly rising spending,” said Dr. Peter Bach, who leads the lab. But, he added, “there’s not a lot of fundamental disagreement about the direction this needs to move.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump drew new attention to the issue last month by tweeting that Merck’s chief executive, Kenneth Frazier, “will have more time to LOWER RIPOFF DRUG PRICES!” after Frazier quit the president’s manufacturing council to protest his remarks about white supremacists in Charlottesville, Va.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those comments matched Trump’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.politico.com/story/2017/01/trump-press-conference-drug-industry-233475\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">characterization earlier this year of drug companies\u003c/a>as “getting away with murder.” That same January day, a dozen Republican senators, including Ted Cruz of Texas, John McCain of Arizona and Mike Lee of Utah, voted for the old liberal idea of letting Americans buy less-expensive drugs from Canada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The measure was attached to a budget resolution and \u003ca href=\"http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2017/jan/18/other-98/viral-image-about-democratic-senators-and-big-phar/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wouldn’t, by itself,\u003c/a> have allowed importation. It failed 52 to 46 after 13 Democrats voted against it, with some citing safety concerns about foreign-sourced medicine — an idea promoted by American drugmakers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, the vote prompted speculation that a pharma price deal might be within reach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sen. Lee is one of the Republicans who favor importation as a way to increase competition. “When we’re talking about garden-variety, generic drugs that can be easily imported from another country that has regulatory procedures that make them safe?” he said in an interview. “I don’t see why not.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to the new threats, the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America, already one of Washington’s biggest-spending trade groups, \u003ca href=\"http://www.politico.com/story/2016/10/phrma-lobby-pricing-battle-230277\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">increased member dues by half\u003c/a> last year to prepare for battle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pharmaceutical and health products industries \u003ca href=\"https://www.opensecrets.org/lobby/indus.php?id=H&year=2017\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">spent $145 million\u003c/a> on lobbying for the first half of 2017, according to data from the Center for Responsive Politics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drug manufacturers gave $4.5 million to congressional campaigns in that period, including six-figure donations to House Speaker Paul Ryan; Rep. Greg Walden, head of the House Energy and Commerce Committee; and Sen. Orrin Hatch, head of the Senate Finance Committee, according to a Kaiser Health News analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PhRMA’s “Go Boldly” campaign, showing heroic researchers seeking cures, has spent $28 million so far this year on six ads shown on about 4,600 national TV channels, according to iSpot.tv, an ad tracker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The industry hired former FBI director Louis Freeh \u003ca href=\"https://storage.googleapis.com/m1738/20170605_Report%20on%20Counterfeit%20Drugs.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">to study\u003c/a> the impact of importation. He concluded that it would “leave the safety of the U.S. prescription drug supply vulnerable to criminals seeking to harm patients.” Import proponents argue the Food and Drug Administration could easily ensure safety by licensing and inspecting Canadian suppliers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drugmakers say that high prices reflect heavy investment in innovation and drug development. They reject the notion that the industry wields too much influence in Washington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are important issues with significant ramifications,” Holly Campbell, a PhRMA spokeswoman, said. “So we will continue to be engaged with the administration to advance solutions that improve the marketplace and make it more responsive to the needs of patients.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The top 10 publicly traded U.S. drug companies made $67.8 billion last year, after taxes, regulatory filings show.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Efforts to restrain prices have made little progress in the executive branch, either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The White House has long been expected to issue an executive order on drug costs. But \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/20/health/draft-order-on-drug-prices-proposes-easing-regulations.html?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">leaked documents\u003c/a> show that deliberations have focused on things the industry wants, such as \u003ca href=\"https://khn.org/news/exclusive-white-house-task-force-echoes-pharma-proposals/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">extending overseas patents\u003c/a> and changing a drug-discount program for hospitals, and not so much on lowering prices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gerard Anderson, a health policy professor at Johns Hopkins University, said Trump’s draft order “did not talk at all about branded drugs or about specialty drugs,” including for rheumatoid arthritis and cancer, that have seen especially steep price increases. “If that represents the administration’s thinking, then my guess is there is not much effort.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump’s ongoing feud with congressional Republicans, especially Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, means “you’re not going to get any strong direction or leadership out of the White House” on drug prices, said Vishnu Lekraj, who follows pharma stocks for Morningstar, an investment research firm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump isn’t the only one in his administration criticizing drug companies. Scott Gottlieb, the FDA commissioner, has accused the industry of \u003ca href=\"https://blogs.fda.gov/fdavoice/index.php/2017/06/fda-working-to-lift-barriers-to-generic-drug-competition/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“gaming” the system\u003c/a> to delay the appearance of cheap generics after patents expire. He has pledged to speed applications for generics when there is little competition as part of a \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/newsevents/newsroom/pressannouncements/ucm564725.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“drug competition action plan”\u003c/a>while opposing stronger measures like allowing importation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But promoting generics is “reasonably small potatoes” compared with the money that could be saved by putting direct pressure on brand-drug prices, Anderson said. Gottlieb has served on the boards of \u003ca href=\"https://www.opensecrets.org/news/2017/04/fda-nominee-gottlieb/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">several pharmaceutical companies\u003c/a> and reaped large consulting and speaking fees from the industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet even small potatoes might be a long shot — despite widespread agreement that change is needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is sort of remarkable to see just how far the system can bend before meaningful reform is taken,” said Sarpatwari of Harvard. “If there ever was a time to strike while it’s hot, it’s now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Elizabeth Lucas and Sydney Lupkin contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KHN’s coverage of prescription drug development, costs and pricing is supported in part by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.arnoldfoundation.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Laura and John Arnold Foundation\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Pregnant Women Should Still Get The Flu Vaccine, Doctors Advise",
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"content": "\u003cp>Flu symptoms can be more severe when you're pregnant, landing women in the hospital, threatening their lives and even leading to preterm birth or miscarriage. The virus is a risk to the woman and the baby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, it's particularly important that \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26012384\">people who are pregnant get the flu vaccine\u003c/a>. And it's also important that the effects of those vaccines be studied in pregnant women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But research doesn't always turn up the information you're expecting, which is what happened last week when a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/articles/28917295/\">study\u003c/a> was published that found an association between the flu vaccine and early-term miscarriage in some women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We knew this would be controversial when it was published. This was an unexpected safety signal. This is not what we were looking for,\" says one of the study's co-authors, epidemiologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.marshfieldresearch.org/profiles/4082\">Dr. Edward Belongia\u003c/a>. He directs the center for clinical epidemiology and population health at the Marshfield Clinic in Wisconsin, and is a member of the CDC's advisory committee on immunization practices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I believe,\" Belongia says, \"the best approach with the public is to be very clear and open and transparent about 'Here's what we know; here are the limitations; here's why we still recommend the flu vaccine during pregnancy.' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"coCoO9PxYa1pgets8MuBrISD9dCWdBwL\"]The research followed up on a previous study, also led by Belongia and his team, that found the opposite result — no link between miscarriage and the flu vaccine. That study looked at women who were pregnant in 2005, 2006 and 2007 — before the 2009 H1N1 flu pandemic, which led to a new vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The CDC was very interested to make sure that we were still seeing the same safety profile for this new vaccine, and so asked us to do another study,\" explains lead author \u003ca href=\"http://www.marshfieldresearch.org/profiles/2327\">James Donahue\u003c/a>, a senior epidemiologist at the Marshfield Clinic. The new results look at women who were pregnant in 2010, 2011 and 2012, and find an association between the flu vaccine and miscarriage in the first trimester of pregnancy. The study does not establish a causal relationship between the two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miscarriage is \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22511535\">very common during the first trimester\u003c/a>, although the exact rate is difficult to pin down because some women who miscarry very early may not ever know they are pregnant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Belongia says that, despite the preliminary nature of the findings, his team had a scientific obligation to publish them. \"The scientific literature is littered with things that were found unexpectedly and were later found to be not important — or even not true — so we're very cognizant of that,\" he says. \"But this is a safety signal we can't explain away, and it clearly merits further investigation.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists agrees. After the new study was published, the organization released a \u003ca href=\"https://www.acog.org/About-ACOG/News-Room/Statements/2017/It-is-Safe-to-Receive-Flu-Shot-During-Pregnancy\">statement \u003c/a>reminding women and physicians that the flu vaccine is an \"essential element of prenatal care,\" noting that when administered during pregnancy, it protects both women and newborn babies. That protection is particularly important for newborns, since the flu vaccine is not approved for infants younger than six months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These results are something we need to pay attention to and follow up on, but the overwhelming data supports the importance of vaccination,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.acog.org/About-ACOG/News-Room/News-Releases/2015/ACOG-Elects-New-VP\">Dr. Christopher Zahn\u003c/a>, ACOG's vice president of practice activities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pregnant women who are worried or confused about vaccination can get information at \u003ca href=\"http://www.immunizationforwomen.org/\">ACOG's website\u003c/a>, and should talk to their doctors, Zahn and the study authors agree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's perfectly appropriate for any pregnant woman who hears about this and is concerned about this to talk to their obstetrician about the best timing for a vaccination based on her own circumstance,\" says Belongia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Pregnant+Women+Should+Still+Get+The+Flu+Vaccine%2C+Doctors+Advise&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Flu symptoms can be more severe when you're pregnant, landing women in the hospital, threatening their lives and even leading to preterm birth or miscarriage. The virus is a risk to the woman and the baby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, it's particularly important that \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26012384\">people who are pregnant get the flu vaccine\u003c/a>. And it's also important that the effects of those vaccines be studied in pregnant women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But research doesn't always turn up the information you're expecting, which is what happened last week when a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/articles/28917295/\">study\u003c/a> was published that found an association between the flu vaccine and early-term miscarriage in some women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We knew this would be controversial when it was published. This was an unexpected safety signal. This is not what we were looking for,\" says one of the study's co-authors, epidemiologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.marshfieldresearch.org/profiles/4082\">Dr. Edward Belongia\u003c/a>. He directs the center for clinical epidemiology and population health at the Marshfield Clinic in Wisconsin, and is a member of the CDC's advisory committee on immunization practices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I believe,\" Belongia says, \"the best approach with the public is to be very clear and open and transparent about 'Here's what we know; here are the limitations; here's why we still recommend the flu vaccine during pregnancy.' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The research followed up on a previous study, also led by Belongia and his team, that found the opposite result — no link between miscarriage and the flu vaccine. That study looked at women who were pregnant in 2005, 2006 and 2007 — before the 2009 H1N1 flu pandemic, which led to a new vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The CDC was very interested to make sure that we were still seeing the same safety profile for this new vaccine, and so asked us to do another study,\" explains lead author \u003ca href=\"http://www.marshfieldresearch.org/profiles/2327\">James Donahue\u003c/a>, a senior epidemiologist at the Marshfield Clinic. The new results look at women who were pregnant in 2010, 2011 and 2012, and find an association between the flu vaccine and miscarriage in the first trimester of pregnancy. The study does not establish a causal relationship between the two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miscarriage is \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22511535\">very common during the first trimester\u003c/a>, although the exact rate is difficult to pin down because some women who miscarry very early may not ever know they are pregnant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Belongia says that, despite the preliminary nature of the findings, his team had a scientific obligation to publish them. \"The scientific literature is littered with things that were found unexpectedly and were later found to be not important — or even not true — so we're very cognizant of that,\" he says. \"But this is a safety signal we can't explain away, and it clearly merits further investigation.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists agrees. After the new study was published, the organization released a \u003ca href=\"https://www.acog.org/About-ACOG/News-Room/Statements/2017/It-is-Safe-to-Receive-Flu-Shot-During-Pregnancy\">statement \u003c/a>reminding women and physicians that the flu vaccine is an \"essential element of prenatal care,\" noting that when administered during pregnancy, it protects both women and newborn babies. That protection is particularly important for newborns, since the flu vaccine is not approved for infants younger than six months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These results are something we need to pay attention to and follow up on, but the overwhelming data supports the importance of vaccination,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.acog.org/About-ACOG/News-Room/News-Releases/2015/ACOG-Elects-New-VP\">Dr. Christopher Zahn\u003c/a>, ACOG's vice president of practice activities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pregnant women who are worried or confused about vaccination can get information at \u003ca href=\"http://www.immunizationforwomen.org/\">ACOG's website\u003c/a>, and should talk to their doctors, Zahn and the study authors agree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's perfectly appropriate for any pregnant woman who hears about this and is concerned about this to talk to their obstetrician about the best timing for a vaccination based on her own circumstance,\" says Belongia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Pregnant+Women+Should+Still+Get+The+Flu+Vaccine%2C+Doctors+Advise&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Consciousness Partially Restored in Man Who Spent 15 Years in Vegetative State",
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"content": "\u003cp>Doctors generally accept that the damage from a traumatic brain injury is irreparable after a person spends 12 months in a vegetative state. New research has just turned this idea on its head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neuropsychologists in France have restored a minimal level of consciousness in a man with profound brain injuries who has been in a vegetative state for more than a decade. Their findings, published Monday in \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(17)30964-8\">Current Biology\u003c/a>\u003c/em>, unlock a potential path for bringing consciousness back to thousands of patients previously thought beyond help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"ePN8Q9PA9kG0iY4rrOzIswD8cwyPvAox\"]“We choose a patient who was in a vegetative state [for] 15 years, showing no sign of change since his car accident,” neuroscientist and study co-author Dr. Angela Sirigu said in an email. Little else is publicly known about the 35-year-old man, as the researchers have chosen not to share his identity and his family has declined to speak on his behalf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brain activity returned to the patient due to the researchers’ use of a technique called vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), which they had hoped could rehabilitate his consciousness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vagus nerve connects “most of the key organs — heart and lungs included — to the brain stem,” Samuel K. Moore wrote in \u003ca href=\"https://spectrum.ieee.org/biomedical/devices/the-vagus-nerve-a-back-door-for-brain-hacking\">IEEE Spectrum\u003c/a>. “It’s like a back door built into the human physiology, allowing you to hack the body’s systems.” Since the 1990s, stimulating the vagus nerve with an electrical current from a pacemaker-like device has been explored, with mixed results, as a treatment for neurological issues such as epilepsy, migraines and depression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sirigu and her colleagues tried VNS on the vegetative patient for six months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_435639\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-435639\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/vagus-nerve.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"524\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/vagus-nerve.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/vagus-nerve-160x210.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/vagus-nerve-240x314.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/vagus-nerve-375x491.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The vagus nerve connects the heart, lungs, and other organs to the brainstem. \u003ccite>(Photo via Wikimedia)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After the first month of the procedure, an electroencephalogram (EEG) brain scan “revealed a significant increase in theta band (4–7 Hz) power,” which is the brain wave associated with daydreaming and ideation. The brain activity does not represent full consciousness; more like the trance you fall into when you are \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/what-is-the-function-of-t-1997-12-22/\">driving on a particularly straight stretch of highway\u003c/a>, but it is a marked improvement from an unresponsive vegetative state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet visitors noticed the change in the patient. “After VNS, the patient could respond to simple orders that were impossible before,” Sirigu said, “to follow an object with his gaze, to turn the head [to] the other side of the bed on verbal request.” The patient even managed to stay awake and show more attentiveness when read to by his mother.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers plan to pursue the VNS approach in other patients whose traumatic brain injuries were thought beyond remedy, and the team is hopeful. “Changes even in severe clinical patients are possible when the right intervention is appropriate and powerful,” Sirigu said. “After this case report we should consider testing larger populations of patients.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A version of this story appeared on \u003ca href=\"https://www.mobprod.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Miles O’Brien Productions.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Doctors generally accept that the damage from a traumatic brain injury is irreparable after a person spends 12 months in a vegetative state. New research has just turned this idea on its head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neuropsychologists in France have restored a minimal level of consciousness in a man with profound brain injuries who has been in a vegetative state for more than a decade. Their findings, published Monday in \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(17)30964-8\">Current Biology\u003c/a>\u003c/em>, unlock a potential path for bringing consciousness back to thousands of patients previously thought beyond help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>“We choose a patient who was in a vegetative state [for] 15 years, showing no sign of change since his car accident,” neuroscientist and study co-author Dr. Angela Sirigu said in an email. Little else is publicly known about the 35-year-old man, as the researchers have chosen not to share his identity and his family has declined to speak on his behalf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brain activity returned to the patient due to the researchers’ use of a technique called vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), which they had hoped could rehabilitate his consciousness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vagus nerve connects “most of the key organs — heart and lungs included — to the brain stem,” Samuel K. Moore wrote in \u003ca href=\"https://spectrum.ieee.org/biomedical/devices/the-vagus-nerve-a-back-door-for-brain-hacking\">IEEE Spectrum\u003c/a>. “It’s like a back door built into the human physiology, allowing you to hack the body’s systems.” Since the 1990s, stimulating the vagus nerve with an electrical current from a pacemaker-like device has been explored, with mixed results, as a treatment for neurological issues such as epilepsy, migraines and depression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sirigu and her colleagues tried VNS on the vegetative patient for six months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_435639\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-435639\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/vagus-nerve.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"524\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/vagus-nerve.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/vagus-nerve-160x210.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/vagus-nerve-240x314.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/vagus-nerve-375x491.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The vagus nerve connects the heart, lungs, and other organs to the brainstem. \u003ccite>(Photo via Wikimedia)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After the first month of the procedure, an electroencephalogram (EEG) brain scan “revealed a significant increase in theta band (4–7 Hz) power,” which is the brain wave associated with daydreaming and ideation. The brain activity does not represent full consciousness; more like the trance you fall into when you are \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/what-is-the-function-of-t-1997-12-22/\">driving on a particularly straight stretch of highway\u003c/a>, but it is a marked improvement from an unresponsive vegetative state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet visitors noticed the change in the patient. “After VNS, the patient could respond to simple orders that were impossible before,” Sirigu said, “to follow an object with his gaze, to turn the head [to] the other side of the bed on verbal request.” The patient even managed to stay awake and show more attentiveness when read to by his mother.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers plan to pursue the VNS approach in other patients whose traumatic brain injuries were thought beyond remedy, and the team is hopeful. “Changes even in severe clinical patients are possible when the right intervention is appropriate and powerful,” Sirigu said. “After this case report we should consider testing larger populations of patients.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A version of this story appeared on \u003ca href=\"https://www.mobprod.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Miles O’Brien Productions.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Research Dampens Hopes of HIV Cure, Shows Progress on Remission Without Drugs",
"title": "Research Dampens Hopes of HIV Cure, Shows Progress on Remission Without Drugs",
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"content": "\u003cp>In 2016, hopes ran high that an HIV cure may be just around the corner. An experimental approach known as “shock and kill” seemed \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/12/17/new-hiv-studies-offer-fresh-hope-for-a-cure/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">promising\u003c/a>. That treatment takes aim at dormant, undetected traces of the virus lingering within immune cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent months, however, those hopes have dampened.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'We are starting to see that control in an [antiretroviral-drug-free] system is attainable. I think that’s a more realistic goal to pursue, one that can benefit millions of people now living with this disease. For now, a cure is still proving elusive.'\u003ccite>Anthony Fauci, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>While shock and kill can effectively flush HIV from its hiding places in tissue reservoirs, some virus particles may still remain, new research shows. Now researchers are investigating why, in the hopes that the answer will point, if not to a cure, than at least to therapies that will ensure the long-term health of patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In March, scientists from the lab of veteran HIV-hunter Dr. Robert Siliciano published \u003ca href=\"http://jem.rupress.org/content/214/4/959\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">research \u003c/a>showing that dormant T cells harboring HIV particles will spread through cell division. The discovery was a surprise, because researchers long assumed such cells were inactive. By using a new DNA mapping technique, the Siliciano team found identical HIV fragments, called proviruses, in daughter T-cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We knew before that the [HIV]reservoir is very long-lived,” said Siliciano\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>in a \u003ca href=\"https://hub.jhu.edu/2017/05/31/hiv-aids-cure-latent-reservoirs/\">press release\u003c/a>. “Now it is clear that these cells aren't just sitting there but are dividing and replenishing themselves.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The standard tests that measure HIV replication, called viral load tests, aren’t sensitive enough to detect such stealth viral spread. Siliciano cautioned that even though the HIV pool may be tiny — a dormant virus particle here or there — it could, at least theoretically, retrigger an active HIV infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This sobering news has caused leading scientists to reconsider the challenge of eradicating every last trace of HIV in the body, the definition of a full cure. That task now seems much more daunting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a recent review of research on an AIDS cure, Dr. Anthony Fauci, head of the National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, was characteristically blunt in assessing the challenges ahead. At this year's International AIDS Conference, held this July in Paris, he told an audience that a cure, though still a worthy goal, was “difficult to impossible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While antiretroviral, or ART, medication has significantly\u003ca href=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/health-39872530\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> prolonged the lives\u003c/a> of those infected with HIV, the treatment is still out of reach to many globally. In addition, the drugs have side effects, and long-term health impacts for those in treatment are still unclear. A cure would also eliminate any fear of passing on the virus or seeing HIV bounce back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new developments do not mean that shock and kill is dead. However, the strategy may need to be combined with different approaches and weapons to eradicate the silent HIV pool. Already, new therapies, called \"lock and block,\" are being tried to prevent any viral escape from the reservoir to reduce risk of reinfection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New Target in Sight: Long-Term Remission Without Drugs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, Fauci was more excited by promising studies pointing to long-term remission without drugs as a viable treatment plan. A growing body of data shows that some people who initially take ART drugs and later go off them can remain healthy for months and even years. When these patients are tested for HIV infection, their viral load -- a measure of active infection -- is below detectable levels. This has led to the rise of new buzzwords in AIDS circles: “ART-free remission.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'We knew before that the [HIV] reservoir is very long-lived. Now it is clear that these cells aren't just sitting there but are dividing and replenishing themselves.'\u003ccite>Robert Siliciano, Johns Hopkins University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"We are starting to see that control in an ART-free system is attainable,” said Fauci. “I think that’s a more realistic goal to pursue, one that can benefit millions of people now living with this disease. For now, a cure is still proving elusive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this year’s International AIDS Conference, most media coverage focused on cases in which antiretroviral treatment has been interrupted with good results. One attention-grabbing study featured a South African child who appeared \u003ca href=\"http://programme.ias2017.org/Abstract/Abstract/5836\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">HIV-free\u003c/a> eight-and-a-half years after stopping medication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such long-term remission is not unheard of. Earlier studies have reported on a French teenager whose HIV viral load levels remain undetectable after 11 years. Other work has followed a subset of patients whose infection levels are similarly undetectable after more than four years. These cases were observed in studies; it's unknown how much they reflect what's happening in terms of larger populations. Shock and kill studies have found a wide range of viral rebound times in patients who go off ART.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his AIDS conference roundup of cure research, Fauci noted that in studies where patients discontinue treatment, the average time for HIV to rebound has already more than doubled. Up until 2000, the virus reappeared within 7 to 14 days of a patient going off medication. Since that time through 2015, the average was 28 days. That’s due in part to better drugs, Fauci said. The increases may also be driven by patients receiving treatment soon after exposure to HIV, which may help maintain stronger immune systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every lab has a few patients who have a great deal of variability to time they rebound,” Fauci said. \"It may be two weeks in some people, or three months, or many months. What we are seeing is, tucked away in there, that people treated with good drugs could stop therapy and go for an extended time” without HIV coming back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To Fauci, this pattern of increasing remission times, as we move through the third decade of AIDS, is an important finding. It may not be as sexy or definitive as attaining a cure, but remission without drugs would represent a welcome sea change for the 36.7 million people living with HIV, including the \u003ca href=\"http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/pressreleaseandstatementarchive/2016/november/20161121_PR_get-on-the-fast-track\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">18 million\u003c/a> on daily ART pills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fauci's also excited about a monkey antibody, alpha4beta7, which has a close human equivalent: the FDA-approved drug vedolizumab that is used to treat Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Fauci's team saw \"sustained remission\" in macaques which had been given the monkey antibody and which had been infected with a simian sister virus to HIV.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fauci's lab is now completing a short study of vedolizumab plus ART in 17 patients and expects results by the end of October.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>'The Devil You Know'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many HIV/AIDS advocacy groups remain focused on cure research, and are grappling with the newly discovered impediments to shock and kill. All the same, remission without drugs is still a hot topic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think a lot of people would like a remission,” said Jessica Salzwedel, who works in community literacy at the AIDS Vaccine Advocacy Coalition in New York.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s also seen a lot of excitement about long-acting injectable therapies, in which ART drugs are administered in a shot that can last four or eight weeks, instead of the regimen of daily pills patients now take.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Salzwedel feels people on ART may prefer the certainty of knowing HIV is being controlled rather than the question mark of going off ART during a research trial and waiting to see if the virus bounces back. For now, “It’s the devil you know versus the devil you don’t. Some people would rather live with a pill and know they are virally controlled.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have to explore all avenues,\" summed up Fauci. \"But I think remission is a very viable way to go.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Anne-christine d'Adesky is a longtime chronicler of HIV research. Her 90s-era AIDS memoir, \"The Pox Lover,\" was published in June.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Last year hopes ran high an HIV cure may be near, but recent research has presented new stumbling blocks. Meanwhile, a positive trend: Relapse times have lengthened for those who stop taking medication.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In 2016, hopes ran high that an HIV cure may be just around the corner. An experimental approach known as “shock and kill” seemed \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/12/17/new-hiv-studies-offer-fresh-hope-for-a-cure/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">promising\u003c/a>. That treatment takes aim at dormant, undetected traces of the virus lingering within immune cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent months, however, those hopes have dampened.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'We are starting to see that control in an [antiretroviral-drug-free] system is attainable. I think that’s a more realistic goal to pursue, one that can benefit millions of people now living with this disease. For now, a cure is still proving elusive.'\u003ccite>Anthony Fauci, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>While shock and kill can effectively flush HIV from its hiding places in tissue reservoirs, some virus particles may still remain, new research shows. Now researchers are investigating why, in the hopes that the answer will point, if not to a cure, than at least to therapies that will ensure the long-term health of patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In March, scientists from the lab of veteran HIV-hunter Dr. Robert Siliciano published \u003ca href=\"http://jem.rupress.org/content/214/4/959\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">research \u003c/a>showing that dormant T cells harboring HIV particles will spread through cell division. The discovery was a surprise, because researchers long assumed such cells were inactive. By using a new DNA mapping technique, the Siliciano team found identical HIV fragments, called proviruses, in daughter T-cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We knew before that the [HIV]reservoir is very long-lived,” said Siliciano\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>in a \u003ca href=\"https://hub.jhu.edu/2017/05/31/hiv-aids-cure-latent-reservoirs/\">press release\u003c/a>. “Now it is clear that these cells aren't just sitting there but are dividing and replenishing themselves.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The standard tests that measure HIV replication, called viral load tests, aren’t sensitive enough to detect such stealth viral spread. Siliciano cautioned that even though the HIV pool may be tiny — a dormant virus particle here or there — it could, at least theoretically, retrigger an active HIV infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This sobering news has caused leading scientists to reconsider the challenge of eradicating every last trace of HIV in the body, the definition of a full cure. That task now seems much more daunting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a recent review of research on an AIDS cure, Dr. Anthony Fauci, head of the National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, was characteristically blunt in assessing the challenges ahead. At this year's International AIDS Conference, held this July in Paris, he told an audience that a cure, though still a worthy goal, was “difficult to impossible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While antiretroviral, or ART, medication has significantly\u003ca href=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/health-39872530\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> prolonged the lives\u003c/a> of those infected with HIV, the treatment is still out of reach to many globally. In addition, the drugs have side effects, and long-term health impacts for those in treatment are still unclear. A cure would also eliminate any fear of passing on the virus or seeing HIV bounce back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new developments do not mean that shock and kill is dead. However, the strategy may need to be combined with different approaches and weapons to eradicate the silent HIV pool. Already, new therapies, called \"lock and block,\" are being tried to prevent any viral escape from the reservoir to reduce risk of reinfection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New Target in Sight: Long-Term Remission Without Drugs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, Fauci was more excited by promising studies pointing to long-term remission without drugs as a viable treatment plan. A growing body of data shows that some people who initially take ART drugs and later go off them can remain healthy for months and even years. When these patients are tested for HIV infection, their viral load -- a measure of active infection -- is below detectable levels. This has led to the rise of new buzzwords in AIDS circles: “ART-free remission.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'We knew before that the [HIV] reservoir is very long-lived. Now it is clear that these cells aren't just sitting there but are dividing and replenishing themselves.'\u003ccite>Robert Siliciano, Johns Hopkins University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"We are starting to see that control in an ART-free system is attainable,” said Fauci. “I think that’s a more realistic goal to pursue, one that can benefit millions of people now living with this disease. For now, a cure is still proving elusive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this year’s International AIDS Conference, most media coverage focused on cases in which antiretroviral treatment has been interrupted with good results. One attention-grabbing study featured a South African child who appeared \u003ca href=\"http://programme.ias2017.org/Abstract/Abstract/5836\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">HIV-free\u003c/a> eight-and-a-half years after stopping medication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such long-term remission is not unheard of. Earlier studies have reported on a French teenager whose HIV viral load levels remain undetectable after 11 years. Other work has followed a subset of patients whose infection levels are similarly undetectable after more than four years. These cases were observed in studies; it's unknown how much they reflect what's happening in terms of larger populations. Shock and kill studies have found a wide range of viral rebound times in patients who go off ART.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his AIDS conference roundup of cure research, Fauci noted that in studies where patients discontinue treatment, the average time for HIV to rebound has already more than doubled. Up until 2000, the virus reappeared within 7 to 14 days of a patient going off medication. Since that time through 2015, the average was 28 days. That’s due in part to better drugs, Fauci said. The increases may also be driven by patients receiving treatment soon after exposure to HIV, which may help maintain stronger immune systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every lab has a few patients who have a great deal of variability to time they rebound,” Fauci said. \"It may be two weeks in some people, or three months, or many months. What we are seeing is, tucked away in there, that people treated with good drugs could stop therapy and go for an extended time” without HIV coming back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To Fauci, this pattern of increasing remission times, as we move through the third decade of AIDS, is an important finding. It may not be as sexy or definitive as attaining a cure, but remission without drugs would represent a welcome sea change for the 36.7 million people living with HIV, including the \u003ca href=\"http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/pressreleaseandstatementarchive/2016/november/20161121_PR_get-on-the-fast-track\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">18 million\u003c/a> on daily ART pills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fauci's also excited about a monkey antibody, alpha4beta7, which has a close human equivalent: the FDA-approved drug vedolizumab that is used to treat Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Fauci's team saw \"sustained remission\" in macaques which had been given the monkey antibody and which had been infected with a simian sister virus to HIV.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fauci's lab is now completing a short study of vedolizumab plus ART in 17 patients and expects results by the end of October.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>'The Devil You Know'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many HIV/AIDS advocacy groups remain focused on cure research, and are grappling with the newly discovered impediments to shock and kill. All the same, remission without drugs is still a hot topic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think a lot of people would like a remission,” said Jessica Salzwedel, who works in community literacy at the AIDS Vaccine Advocacy Coalition in New York.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s also seen a lot of excitement about long-acting injectable therapies, in which ART drugs are administered in a shot that can last four or eight weeks, instead of the regimen of daily pills patients now take.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Salzwedel feels people on ART may prefer the certainty of knowing HIV is being controlled rather than the question mark of going off ART during a research trial and waiting to see if the virus bounces back. For now, “It’s the devil you know versus the devil you don’t. Some people would rather live with a pill and know they are virally controlled.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have to explore all avenues,\" summed up Fauci. \"But I think remission is a very viable way to go.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>When it comes to microbes in sexual organs, the vagina and its fluids seem to garner most of the attention. Heck, there is even a \u003ca href=\"http://vmc.vcu.edu/about\">consortium\u003c/a> dedicated specifically to studying which critters live and thrive in its confines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Really, who can blame scientists? The vagina's microbiome — or all the bacteria and viruses that inhabit it — can influence all sorts of health aspects, including the risk of miscarriage and HIV infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now, the gentlemen are getting some attention on this front. And it's not bacteria we're talking about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Semen can be a hotbed for viruses, scientists \u003ca href=\"https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/23/11/17-1049_article#r1\">report\u003c/a> in the November issue of \u003cem>Emerging Infectious Diseases\u003c/em>. At least 27 viruses can live in the fluid, including Ebola, Marburg, chikungunya and Lassa fever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors at the University of Oxford compiled \u003ca href=\"https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/23/11/17-1049-techapp1.pdf\">a full list\u003c/a> after analyzing more than 3,800 studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of these viruses appear temporarily in semen after a person catches an infection. Others stick around for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some viruses — like HIV, hepatitis C and several herpes viruses — are already known to spread through sexual contact. But for others, doctors don't have a clue about the possibility of infecting a partner via sex.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The virus's presence in the semen doesn't necessarily equate to sexual transmission,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.upmchealthsecurity.org/our-staff/profiles/adalja/\">Dr. Amesh Adalja\u003c/a>, an infectious disease doctor at Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security, who wasn't involved with the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The next step would be to see how viable the virus is in the semen,\" he says. Then, if sexual transmission does occur, the question is: How important is that route of transmission?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">In one Ebola patient, the virus was still detectable in his semen more than 1 1/2 years after he had recovered.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Take, for example, the mumps. This virus spreads easily just through a cough, sneeze or a kiss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People are usually going to be kissing when they're engaging in sexual contact,\" Adalja says. \"So when there are multiple modes of transmission, it might be hard to tease out which is most important for spreading the virus.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in some cases, a hidden sexual route — or one that is quickly dismissed — could be disastrous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, the vast majority of people catch Zika from a mosquito bite. But the discovery that Zika can also spread through semen has been critical for preventing horrific birth defects by encouraging couples to use condoms or abstain during the epidemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when the virus lingers in semen for long periods of time, sexual transmission can reignite an outbreak, Adalja says — just as it did with Ebola in West Africa a few years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the course of the outbreak, doctors began to realize that Ebola could linger in semen much longer than they previously thought. In one patient, the virus was still detectable in his semen more than 1 1/2 years after he had recovered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"After the outbreak was thought to be over, sexual transmission caused multiple flare-ups,\" Adalja says. \"And to really end the outbreak, public health officials had to stop that route of transmission as well.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"VW5VfeT1aaQcpFyQftVtM6Zr8fGX6mY4\"]Adalja says he is not surprised that viruses can linger in the semen for so long because \"the testicles have privilege,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Privilege?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Seriously, that's the scientific name,\" Adalja says. \"Male genitals have immune privilege.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That means the immune system doesn't police the testicles as well as other organs,\" he adds. \"So the testes kind of serve as this sanctuary site where viruses can kind of steer clear of the immune system.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Does the vagina have this privilege?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Oh no, it's actually very immune-activated,\" Adalja says, \"because the vaginal secretions are very different physiologically from the semen.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So male privilege really does start early in life — very, very early.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+Many+Viruses+Can+Live+In+Semen%3F+More+Than+You+Might+Think+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When it comes to microbes in sexual organs, the vagina and its fluids seem to garner most of the attention. Heck, there is even a \u003ca href=\"http://vmc.vcu.edu/about\">consortium\u003c/a> dedicated specifically to studying which critters live and thrive in its confines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Really, who can blame scientists? The vagina's microbiome — or all the bacteria and viruses that inhabit it — can influence all sorts of health aspects, including the risk of miscarriage and HIV infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now, the gentlemen are getting some attention on this front. And it's not bacteria we're talking about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Semen can be a hotbed for viruses, scientists \u003ca href=\"https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/23/11/17-1049_article#r1\">report\u003c/a> in the November issue of \u003cem>Emerging Infectious Diseases\u003c/em>. At least 27 viruses can live in the fluid, including Ebola, Marburg, chikungunya and Lassa fever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors at the University of Oxford compiled \u003ca href=\"https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/23/11/17-1049-techapp1.pdf\">a full list\u003c/a> after analyzing more than 3,800 studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of these viruses appear temporarily in semen after a person catches an infection. Others stick around for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some viruses — like HIV, hepatitis C and several herpes viruses — are already known to spread through sexual contact. But for others, doctors don't have a clue about the possibility of infecting a partner via sex.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The virus's presence in the semen doesn't necessarily equate to sexual transmission,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.upmchealthsecurity.org/our-staff/profiles/adalja/\">Dr. Amesh Adalja\u003c/a>, an infectious disease doctor at Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security, who wasn't involved with the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The next step would be to see how viable the virus is in the semen,\" he says. Then, if sexual transmission does occur, the question is: How important is that route of transmission?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">In one Ebola patient, the virus was still detectable in his semen more than 1 1/2 years after he had recovered.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Take, for example, the mumps. This virus spreads easily just through a cough, sneeze or a kiss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People are usually going to be kissing when they're engaging in sexual contact,\" Adalja says. \"So when there are multiple modes of transmission, it might be hard to tease out which is most important for spreading the virus.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in some cases, a hidden sexual route — or one that is quickly dismissed — could be disastrous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, the vast majority of people catch Zika from a mosquito bite. But the discovery that Zika can also spread through semen has been critical for preventing horrific birth defects by encouraging couples to use condoms or abstain during the epidemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when the virus lingers in semen for long periods of time, sexual transmission can reignite an outbreak, Adalja says — just as it did with Ebola in West Africa a few years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the course of the outbreak, doctors began to realize that Ebola could linger in semen much longer than they previously thought. In one patient, the virus was still detectable in his semen more than 1 1/2 years after he had recovered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"After the outbreak was thought to be over, sexual transmission caused multiple flare-ups,\" Adalja says. \"And to really end the outbreak, public health officials had to stop that route of transmission as well.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Adalja says he is not surprised that viruses can linger in the semen for so long because \"the testicles have privilege,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Privilege?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Seriously, that's the scientific name,\" Adalja says. \"Male genitals have immune privilege.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That means the immune system doesn't police the testicles as well as other organs,\" he adds. \"So the testes kind of serve as this sanctuary site where viruses can kind of steer clear of the immune system.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Does the vagina have this privilege?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Oh no, it's actually very immune-activated,\" Adalja says, \"because the vaginal secretions are very different physiologically from the semen.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So male privilege really does start early in life — very, very early.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+Many+Viruses+Can+Live+In+Semen%3F+More+Than+You+Might+Think+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "You've Heard About Precision Medicine. Now Get Ready for Precision Drug Ads",
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"content": "\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Drug makers have long steered clear of targeted ads, for fear of violating patient privacy law. That’s changing now.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The drug industry spends billions each year to promote its medicines to the masses, blanketing \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/08/29/tv-shows-drug-advertising/\">popular TV shows\u003c/a> and magazines with ads. Now, digital companies are increasingly trying to pry away a share of that money for ads that target specific patients, rather than broad demographics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Targeted ads are nothing new in retail; anyone who uses the internet has had the eerie feeling that the ads popping up on page after page appear to be aimed directly at them. But drug makers have long steered clear of many such tools, for fear of violating patient privacy law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s changing now. Facebook and the music streaming service Pandora are aggressively vying for pharma dollars by promising to help drug makers identify and reach the users most likely to have certain diseases or conditions — without violating the privacy law known as HIPAA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other companies looking to get in on the action are rushing to strike deals giving them access to vast troves of anonymized medical records. The databases strip out names — but can tell them, for instance, how many times women in a certain age bracket fill prescriptions for Drug X, or go to the doctor with complaints about Condition Y, or use their supermarket loyalty card to buy over-the-counter meds touted as a quick fix for Complaint Z.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"2Wegz0n5Tdi5RqBqCSz5CQGpP2SO8KCr\"]Combine that with the personal information that consumers enter when they set up accounts with social media sites, and you have a powerful tool for predicting which individuals may be most likely to be interested in certain medications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And marketers say they can use those analytics to send ads only to the most receptive patients as they browse online, scroll through Twitter, stream music — or even as they watch TV, thanks to a service that will deliver an ad to the airwaves only in a specifically targeted “micro-neighborhood” as small as a few residential blocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a matter of economics: Good targeting saves money. Good targeting improves the effectiveness of the spend. And … the ads don’t go to folks that don’t need them,” said John Kamp, executive director of the Coalition for Healthcare Communication, a trade group for pharmaceutical marketing companies and medical publishers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>STAT requested interviews with more than a dozen of the largest drug makers about the ad targeting tools they’re using. None agreed to talk about how they’re promoting specific products. Merck, Pfizer, and Eli Lilly did, however, share some information about how they reach out to patients to fill clinical trials or promote financial assistance programs — revealing some of the work they’re doing to target patients more precisely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pfizer, for instance, this summer took the first steps toward using geographic targeting for digital ads promoting RxPathways, its service that connects low-income patients with free prescriptions and help with copays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gary Pelletier, who runs the program for Pfizer, said his team compiled a list of the 16 states with the highest rates of uninsured patients and identified the ZIP codes in those states where the most patients have used Pfizer’s finance assistance program in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pelletier’s team then targeted everyone on certain social media sites in those ZIP codes with a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rzZSn4YgHeE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">video ad\u003c/a>, featuring a couple navigating a labyrinth rising up out of the street. The off-screen narrator urged patients to “get the help you need to get the prescriptions you need.” They also blasted a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bMAueAuI7EA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Spanish language version\u003c/a> of the ad to people in those ZIP codes with a Spanish language setting on their social media account.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In another first, Pelletier’s team in the past few weeks promoted \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/pfizer/status/906252557789655041\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">tweets\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/Pfizer/photos/a.390855402242.168464.314499212242/10155627232737243/?type=3&theater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Facebook posts\u003c/a> publicizing Pfizer’s financial assistance hotline and website to people in parts of Texas and Florida ravaged by the recent hurricanes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rzZSn4YgHeE\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Following mom through her day\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSpending on drug ads on TV, in print, and other traditional channels last year reached \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/03/08/drug-ads-spending-single-drug/\">an estimated $5.7 billion\u003c/a>. And that’s not even counting the growing category of digital ads, which one research firm \u003ca href=\"https://www.emarketer.com/Article/Health-Pharma-Marketers-Split-Digital-Spend-Between-Search-Display/1014123\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">estimated at $1.9 billion\u003c/a> last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pandora is going hard after those pharma dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pandora now has more than 16 million individual monthly listeners over age 55 — and its fastest growing segments of new users are people in that bracket. Not surprisingly, over the past two years, the company has seen a rapid rise in interest from drug advertisers, according to Lee Ann Longinotti, who runs Pandora’s business with health care advertisers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pandora now counts 20 drug makers among its recent advertisers, including Pfizer, Merck, and Johnson & Johnson. They’ve promoted 40 different prescription and over-the-counter drugs, for conditions ranging from diabetes to erectile dysfunction to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2016/05/04/sleep-drug-blind-advertising/\">circadian rhythm disorder\u003c/a> common in the blind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To target users more precisely, Pandora struck a partnership a year ago with Crossix, a company which \u003ca href=\"http://www.crossix.com/commitment-to-privacy.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">mines anonymized patient data\u003c/a> from electronic health records, insurance claims, and pharmacy transactions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s allowed Pandora to create profiles of the types of people who are most likely to be interested in drugs for a certain condition. Then it helps the pharma company follow those users around as they listen to music on different devices throughout the day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"9wQwYT5PuC75fZS0QytUg2XHdt1VSUxc\"]A mom who is a prime target for a given drug company, for instance, might hear ads for the same product as she listens to the Adele playlist on her computer at work, rocks out to the “Frozen” playlist with her kids in the car, and relaxes to jazz at home in the evening. Other listeners streaming the same general playlists at the same time would hear very different ads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The marketing company 4INFO uses a similar strategy, drawing on \u003ca href=\"https://4info.com/Resources/Press-Releases/4INFO-and-Crossix-Partnership-Enables-Pharma-Brand\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">its own partnership with Crossix\u003c/a> to help drug companies target mobile ads to consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another key player in the new landscape is Facebook, which earlier this month \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnbc.com/2017/09/07/facebook-held-a-breakfast-to-promote-clinical-trials-strategy.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">hosted a breakfast\u003c/a> to pitch drug advertisers on using its tools to recruit patients for clinical trials. Drug marketers, like other advertisers on Facebook, can pay to send ads to users based on their location, likes, and search history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Danielle Salowski, industry manager for Facebook’s health team, said in a written statement that drug makers are showing an “increasing interest” in advertising on Facebook in general. She wouldn’t say how many are making use of precision targeting tools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hitting only certain TVs\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe pitch at Medicx Media Solutions: We can help “pharmaceutical and health brands reach the right audience, every time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Joachim, Medicx’s vice president of sales, said his team has worked with about 18 of the top 20 drug companies on precision marketing campaigns, such as online ads. Medicx also pitches targeted TV ads, though Joachim said so far just a handful of companies in the broad health, pharmaceutical, and wellness space have tried it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one instance, Joachim said, Medicx helped the maker of an eye care medication try to target TV ads to people who had previously been using the product but then stopped for some reason. The team identified micro-neighborhoods across the country where residents were deemed more likely to have used the product, based on Census data, survey results, and the patterns deduced from analyzing huge quantities of anonymized health records. For eight weeks, Medicx helped deliver TV ads for the product to hundreds of thousands of these micro-neighborhoods, distributed across urban, rural, and suburban areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Generalization in geography works more for selling potato chips than health,” Joachim said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not clear that many pharmaceutical companies have yet tried out such granular targeting of TV ads. Several industry experts said they thought the uptake, so far, is probably close to negligible among prescription drug makers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joe Kim, Eli Lilly’s senior adviser on clinical trial innovation, said he wouldn’t use the tactic to recruit patients for a trial, calling it “a little bit overkill.” In general, he said, he’s a bit wary of some of the precision targeting tools being pitched.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I get called a lot from people who say: ‘Hey, I have a great new way to reach patients for research,'” Kim said. “And what I tell them is: ‘Everything works. To what degree is always the question.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/09/26/drug-ads-precision-targeting/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Drug makers have long steered clear of targeted ads, for fear of violating patient privacy law. That’s changing now.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The drug industry spends billions each year to promote its medicines to the masses, blanketing \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/08/29/tv-shows-drug-advertising/\">popular TV shows\u003c/a> and magazines with ads. Now, digital companies are increasingly trying to pry away a share of that money for ads that target specific patients, rather than broad demographics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Targeted ads are nothing new in retail; anyone who uses the internet has had the eerie feeling that the ads popping up on page after page appear to be aimed directly at them. But drug makers have long steered clear of many such tools, for fear of violating patient privacy law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s changing now. Facebook and the music streaming service Pandora are aggressively vying for pharma dollars by promising to help drug makers identify and reach the users most likely to have certain diseases or conditions — without violating the privacy law known as HIPAA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other companies looking to get in on the action are rushing to strike deals giving them access to vast troves of anonymized medical records. The databases strip out names — but can tell them, for instance, how many times women in a certain age bracket fill prescriptions for Drug X, or go to the doctor with complaints about Condition Y, or use their supermarket loyalty card to buy over-the-counter meds touted as a quick fix for Complaint Z.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Combine that with the personal information that consumers enter when they set up accounts with social media sites, and you have a powerful tool for predicting which individuals may be most likely to be interested in certain medications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And marketers say they can use those analytics to send ads only to the most receptive patients as they browse online, scroll through Twitter, stream music — or even as they watch TV, thanks to a service that will deliver an ad to the airwaves only in a specifically targeted “micro-neighborhood” as small as a few residential blocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a matter of economics: Good targeting saves money. Good targeting improves the effectiveness of the spend. And … the ads don’t go to folks that don’t need them,” said John Kamp, executive director of the Coalition for Healthcare Communication, a trade group for pharmaceutical marketing companies and medical publishers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>STAT requested interviews with more than a dozen of the largest drug makers about the ad targeting tools they’re using. None agreed to talk about how they’re promoting specific products. Merck, Pfizer, and Eli Lilly did, however, share some information about how they reach out to patients to fill clinical trials or promote financial assistance programs — revealing some of the work they’re doing to target patients more precisely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pfizer, for instance, this summer took the first steps toward using geographic targeting for digital ads promoting RxPathways, its service that connects low-income patients with free prescriptions and help with copays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gary Pelletier, who runs the program for Pfizer, said his team compiled a list of the 16 states with the highest rates of uninsured patients and identified the ZIP codes in those states where the most patients have used Pfizer’s finance assistance program in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pelletier’s team then targeted everyone on certain social media sites in those ZIP codes with a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rzZSn4YgHeE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">video ad\u003c/a>, featuring a couple navigating a labyrinth rising up out of the street. The off-screen narrator urged patients to “get the help you need to get the prescriptions you need.” They also blasted a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bMAueAuI7EA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Spanish language version\u003c/a> of the ad to people in those ZIP codes with a Spanish language setting on their social media account.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In another first, Pelletier’s team in the past few weeks promoted \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/pfizer/status/906252557789655041\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">tweets\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/Pfizer/photos/a.390855402242.168464.314499212242/10155627232737243/?type=3&theater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Facebook posts\u003c/a> publicizing Pfizer’s financial assistance hotline and website to people in parts of Texas and Florida ravaged by the recent hurricanes.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/rzZSn4YgHeE'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/rzZSn4YgHeE'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Following mom through her day\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSpending on drug ads on TV, in print, and other traditional channels last year reached \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/03/08/drug-ads-spending-single-drug/\">an estimated $5.7 billion\u003c/a>. And that’s not even counting the growing category of digital ads, which one research firm \u003ca href=\"https://www.emarketer.com/Article/Health-Pharma-Marketers-Split-Digital-Spend-Between-Search-Display/1014123\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">estimated at $1.9 billion\u003c/a> last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pandora is going hard after those pharma dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pandora now has more than 16 million individual monthly listeners over age 55 — and its fastest growing segments of new users are people in that bracket. Not surprisingly, over the past two years, the company has seen a rapid rise in interest from drug advertisers, according to Lee Ann Longinotti, who runs Pandora’s business with health care advertisers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pandora now counts 20 drug makers among its recent advertisers, including Pfizer, Merck, and Johnson & Johnson. They’ve promoted 40 different prescription and over-the-counter drugs, for conditions ranging from diabetes to erectile dysfunction to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2016/05/04/sleep-drug-blind-advertising/\">circadian rhythm disorder\u003c/a> common in the blind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To target users more precisely, Pandora struck a partnership a year ago with Crossix, a company which \u003ca href=\"http://www.crossix.com/commitment-to-privacy.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">mines anonymized patient data\u003c/a> from electronic health records, insurance claims, and pharmacy transactions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s allowed Pandora to create profiles of the types of people who are most likely to be interested in drugs for a certain condition. Then it helps the pharma company follow those users around as they listen to music on different devices throughout the day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>A mom who is a prime target for a given drug company, for instance, might hear ads for the same product as she listens to the Adele playlist on her computer at work, rocks out to the “Frozen” playlist with her kids in the car, and relaxes to jazz at home in the evening. Other listeners streaming the same general playlists at the same time would hear very different ads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The marketing company 4INFO uses a similar strategy, drawing on \u003ca href=\"https://4info.com/Resources/Press-Releases/4INFO-and-Crossix-Partnership-Enables-Pharma-Brand\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">its own partnership with Crossix\u003c/a> to help drug companies target mobile ads to consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another key player in the new landscape is Facebook, which earlier this month \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnbc.com/2017/09/07/facebook-held-a-breakfast-to-promote-clinical-trials-strategy.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">hosted a breakfast\u003c/a> to pitch drug advertisers on using its tools to recruit patients for clinical trials. Drug marketers, like other advertisers on Facebook, can pay to send ads to users based on their location, likes, and search history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Danielle Salowski, industry manager for Facebook’s health team, said in a written statement that drug makers are showing an “increasing interest” in advertising on Facebook in general. She wouldn’t say how many are making use of precision targeting tools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hitting only certain TVs\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe pitch at Medicx Media Solutions: We can help “pharmaceutical and health brands reach the right audience, every time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Joachim, Medicx’s vice president of sales, said his team has worked with about 18 of the top 20 drug companies on precision marketing campaigns, such as online ads. Medicx also pitches targeted TV ads, though Joachim said so far just a handful of companies in the broad health, pharmaceutical, and wellness space have tried it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one instance, Joachim said, Medicx helped the maker of an eye care medication try to target TV ads to people who had previously been using the product but then stopped for some reason. The team identified micro-neighborhoods across the country where residents were deemed more likely to have used the product, based on Census data, survey results, and the patterns deduced from analyzing huge quantities of anonymized health records. For eight weeks, Medicx helped deliver TV ads for the product to hundreds of thousands of these micro-neighborhoods, distributed across urban, rural, and suburban areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Generalization in geography works more for selling potato chips than health,” Joachim said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not clear that many pharmaceutical companies have yet tried out such granular targeting of TV ads. Several industry experts said they thought the uptake, so far, is probably close to negligible among prescription drug makers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joe Kim, Eli Lilly’s senior adviser on clinical trial innovation, said he wouldn’t use the tactic to recruit patients for a trial, calling it “a little bit overkill.” In general, he said, he’s a bit wary of some of the precision targeting tools being pitched.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I get called a lot from people who say: ‘Hey, I have a great new way to reach patients for research,'” Kim said. “And what I tell them is: ‘Everything works. To what degree is always the question.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/09/26/drug-ads-precision-targeting/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>When you feel like everyone around you is having more fun and spending more time with friends, it can make you feel bad about yourself — even if it's not true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/profile.aspx?facId=943704\">Ashley Whillans\u003c/a>, an assistant professor at Harvard Business School who studies how our view of the world affects our view of ourselves, this perception can challenge us to become more social and make more friends.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The way people use Facebook and other virtual tools to project only the good stuff, and the fear of missing out that generates, makes others feel lonely and isolated.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>This fear of missing out on parties or events is actually very common. It may be particularly acute among college freshmen because \"entering into university is one of the key transition points in your life in establishing your identity in a new social environment,\" Whillans says. In other words, it's the first taste of navigating social situations as an adult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0146167217727496\">study\u003c/a> published by Whillans and her colleagues on Thursday found that 48 percent of college freshmen in their second semester at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver believed that their friends had made more friends than they had since school began. Thirty-one percent felt the opposite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Since social activities, like eating or studying with others, tend to happen in cafes and libraries where they are easily seen, students might overestimate how much their peers are socializing because they don't see them eating and studying alone,\" says Frances Chen, the study's senior author and an assistant professor in the UBC psychology department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A second, smaller study they published at the same time indicates that feeling left out made the students pretty unhappy. The studies were published in the \u003cem>Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"ityXpO6egemXFA6r9XeN3fcCNvS1Ha1k\"]This was surprising, Whillans says, because many high-achieving people — i.e. the ones most likely going to college — believe they're better equipped than their peers to handle challenges. But when peers appear to be doing better socially, that can contribute to feelings that there's something wrong with us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While this study did not look specifically at the impact of social media, other \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/03/06/518362255/feeling-lonely-too-much-time-on-social-media-may-be-why\">studies \u003c/a>have shown that the way people use Facebook and other virtual tools to project only the good stuff, and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=fomo\">FOMO\u003c/a> that generates, makes others feel lonely and isolated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Social media \"perpetuates the idea that other people are more social than you,\" Whillans says. \"We often fail to communicate when we fail, and that might be bad for us and also for our social network.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the new study, first-year students in the sample of more than 1,000 students reported having 3.63 close friends on average at UBC, but they believed their friends had 4.15 close friends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The smaller, second study found more than half of the nearly 400 students surveyed felt that others had more friends and were spending more time socializing. But it also suggests that for some people, feeling slightly behind on the friend curve was motivating because the students' perceptions of how they were doing socially compared to peers changed several months later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Past \u003ca href=\"https://sfbuild.sfsu.edu/sites/default/files/Yeager%20and%20Dweck%20(2012).pdf\">research\u003c/a> indicates that if people think making more friends is \"something you can change, something you can get better at,\" Whillans says, they will work toward that goal. For those who believed the friendship gap between them and others was already too great, more time on campus may not make much difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greg Walton, a psychologist at Stanford University, studies how to correct the belief that we are alone in our fears of being left out. His \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanford.edu/~gwalton\">work\u003c/a> focuses on helping minority students who are underrepresented in STEM fields to overcome their own fears that they don't belong, and has demonstrated that doing so helps them improve academically and healthwise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says Whillans' study indicates that a broad swath of the population could benefit from things like having older students share stories of how they felt left out socially as freshmen, or encouraging teachers to frame criticism of students' work in a more positive way, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Everybody starts in different places. It's critical [in college] to explore and find new communities and places and new ways to develop. Sometimes that goes faster and sometimes that goes slower.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Future research may look at whether these kinds of social perceptions might predict and prevent expensive challenges like workplace turnover. The biggest losses of productivity happen when people leave in the first year, Whillans says. \"The social environment has a lot to do with that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These feelings of social disconnectedness and feeling bad about it are not exclusive to college freshmen. \"It's a totally normal feeling to feel like you're struggling socially when you move to a new environment or a new job,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The important thing may be to understand that you're not alone in these feelings, and that they can change, Whillans says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=If+You+Think+Everyone+Else+Has+More+Friends%2C+You%27re+Not+Alone&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When you feel like everyone around you is having more fun and spending more time with friends, it can make you feel bad about yourself — even if it's not true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/profile.aspx?facId=943704\">Ashley Whillans\u003c/a>, an assistant professor at Harvard Business School who studies how our view of the world affects our view of ourselves, this perception can challenge us to become more social and make more friends.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The way people use Facebook and other virtual tools to project only the good stuff, and the fear of missing out that generates, makes others feel lonely and isolated.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>This fear of missing out on parties or events is actually very common. It may be particularly acute among college freshmen because \"entering into university is one of the key transition points in your life in establishing your identity in a new social environment,\" Whillans says. In other words, it's the first taste of navigating social situations as an adult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0146167217727496\">study\u003c/a> published by Whillans and her colleagues on Thursday found that 48 percent of college freshmen in their second semester at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver believed that their friends had made more friends than they had since school began. Thirty-one percent felt the opposite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Since social activities, like eating or studying with others, tend to happen in cafes and libraries where they are easily seen, students might overestimate how much their peers are socializing because they don't see them eating and studying alone,\" says Frances Chen, the study's senior author and an assistant professor in the UBC psychology department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A second, smaller study they published at the same time indicates that feeling left out made the students pretty unhappy. The studies were published in the \u003cem>Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>This was surprising, Whillans says, because many high-achieving people — i.e. the ones most likely going to college — believe they're better equipped than their peers to handle challenges. But when peers appear to be doing better socially, that can contribute to feelings that there's something wrong with us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While this study did not look specifically at the impact of social media, other \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/03/06/518362255/feeling-lonely-too-much-time-on-social-media-may-be-why\">studies \u003c/a>have shown that the way people use Facebook and other virtual tools to project only the good stuff, and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=fomo\">FOMO\u003c/a> that generates, makes others feel lonely and isolated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Social media \"perpetuates the idea that other people are more social than you,\" Whillans says. \"We often fail to communicate when we fail, and that might be bad for us and also for our social network.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the new study, first-year students in the sample of more than 1,000 students reported having 3.63 close friends on average at UBC, but they believed their friends had 4.15 close friends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The smaller, second study found more than half of the nearly 400 students surveyed felt that others had more friends and were spending more time socializing. But it also suggests that for some people, feeling slightly behind on the friend curve was motivating because the students' perceptions of how they were doing socially compared to peers changed several months later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Past \u003ca href=\"https://sfbuild.sfsu.edu/sites/default/files/Yeager%20and%20Dweck%20(2012).pdf\">research\u003c/a> indicates that if people think making more friends is \"something you can change, something you can get better at,\" Whillans says, they will work toward that goal. For those who believed the friendship gap between them and others was already too great, more time on campus may not make much difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greg Walton, a psychologist at Stanford University, studies how to correct the belief that we are alone in our fears of being left out. His \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanford.edu/~gwalton\">work\u003c/a> focuses on helping minority students who are underrepresented in STEM fields to overcome their own fears that they don't belong, and has demonstrated that doing so helps them improve academically and healthwise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says Whillans' study indicates that a broad swath of the population could benefit from things like having older students share stories of how they felt left out socially as freshmen, or encouraging teachers to frame criticism of students' work in a more positive way, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Everybody starts in different places. It's critical [in college] to explore and find new communities and places and new ways to develop. Sometimes that goes faster and sometimes that goes slower.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Future research may look at whether these kinds of social perceptions might predict and prevent expensive challenges like workplace turnover. The biggest losses of productivity happen when people leave in the first year, Whillans says. \"The social environment has a lot to do with that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These feelings of social disconnectedness and feeling bad about it are not exclusive to college freshmen. \"It's a totally normal feeling to feel like you're struggling socially when you move to a new environment or a new job,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The important thing may be to understand that you're not alone in these feelings, and that they can change, Whillans says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=If+You+Think+Everyone+Else+Has+More+Friends%2C+You%27re+Not+Alone&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Earlier this year, when Emily Chodos was about 25 weeks into her pregnancy, she woke up one night feeling horrible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My hands were tremoring, my heart racing, \" recalls Chodos, who lives near New Haven, Conn. She couldn't take a deep breath. \"I'd never felt so out of control of my body.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She ended up paging her obstetrician's office at 4 a.m., and one of the midwives in the practice, after listening to her symptoms, said, \"It sounds like you're having a panic attack.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chodos was advised to take an antianxiety medication — Xanax. \"I was afraid to take it, as a pregnant woman,\" Chodos says. But she was miserable, so eventually decided to take the medicine that night.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'It's kind of a tricky balance,\" Yonkers says. \"People have this illness that they didn't ask for and don't want. They're really suffering.'\u003ccite>Kimberly Yonkers, psychiatrist and professor at Yale University.\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Chodos, who is a nurse, knew that there are concerns about drugs like Xanax and other medications its class-- benzodiazepines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies completed decades ago suggested a risk of birth defects from these drugs, but data from more recent studies have shown\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7881198\"> no clear evidence of an increase\u003c/a>. There are remaining questions, researchers say, about whether \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28746341\">prenatal exposure\u003c/a> to the drugs can influence behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I felt very trapped,\" Chodos says. It felt as if there was probably no safe medication — \"that I'd probably just have to suffer and feel awful.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At her doctor's suggestion, Chodos went to see \u003ca href=\"https://publichealth.yale.edu/people/kimberly_yonkers.profile\">Dr. Kimberly Yonkers\u003c/a>, a psychiatrist and professor at Yale University. Yonkers has been studying the effects of benzodiazepines and \u003ca href=\"http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/SSRIs-(selective-serotonin-reuptake-inhibitors)/Pages/Introduction.aspx\">SSRI antidepressants\u003c/a> on the pregnancies of women who have anxiety, depression or panic disorders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yonkers told us she understands why women can feel torn about using these drugs when they're expecting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's kind of a tricky balance,\" Yonkers says. \"People have this illness that they didn't ask for and don't want. They're really suffering.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The medications can help them, but women worry about the potential risk to their baby's health.[contextly_sidebar id=\"RPshNuKSbaNAD09WDBT46ZXAdg4y4ysX\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To understand the risks better, Yonkers and her collaborators studied about 2,600 women during pregnancy and after childbirth. The results of her \u003ca href=\"http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/article-abstract/2652968\">study\u003c/a> do point to some risks associated with the benzodiazepines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, she found an increase in C-section deliveries. Also, the babies of mothers taking these drugs were more likely to need extra oxygen or or other respiratory support after birth. (An additional six in every 100 babies needed that sort of support, the study found, compared to the babies of women who didn't take the drugs.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We also found the duration of pregnancy was shortened by, on average, 3.6 days — so quite modest,\" Yonkers says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Women who took antidepressants such as Zoloft, Paxil, or other SSRIs) also had their pregnancies shortened, but by less than two days, on average. And their babies were also more likely to require oxygen or other minor respiratory support/assistance after delivery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, while these medications are not risk-free, Yonkers says \"it should be reassuring that we're not seeing a huge magnitude of an effect here.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, \u003ca href=\"http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/article-abstract/2652968\">published\u003c/a> this week in the journal \u003cem>JAMA Psychiatry\u003c/em>, also concludes that having a panic or anxiety disorder during pregnancy does not seem to be risky to the developing baby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We found that the maternal illnesses of panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder were not associated with preterm birth or low birth weight or some of the other complications to mother and her offspring,\" Yonkers says. \"So, that's really good news.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bottom line, she says is that the findings suggest that women who need treatment for these disorders don't need to stop taking these medications during pregnancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's still some uncertainty among practitioners and mothers-to-be about the use of anxiety and antidepressants in pregnancy, but some leading OBGYNs point out the benefits of being treated with the drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think that there are women who are in need of medication for mood disorders and/or psychiatric disorders during pregnancy,\" \u003ca href=\"http://www.stonybrook.edu/experts/profile/david-garry\">Dr. David Garry\u003c/a>, a maternal fetal medicine specialist at Stony Brook University tells us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pregnant women should consult with their health care providers, he says, and aim to take the lowest doses possible of the medications that are effective in treating their symptoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Xanax+Or+Zoloft+For+Moms-To-Be%3A+A+New+Study+Assesses+Safety&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Earlier this year, when Emily Chodos was about 25 weeks into her pregnancy, she woke up one night feeling horrible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My hands were tremoring, my heart racing, \" recalls Chodos, who lives near New Haven, Conn. She couldn't take a deep breath. \"I'd never felt so out of control of my body.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She ended up paging her obstetrician's office at 4 a.m., and one of the midwives in the practice, after listening to her symptoms, said, \"It sounds like you're having a panic attack.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chodos was advised to take an antianxiety medication — Xanax. \"I was afraid to take it, as a pregnant woman,\" Chodos says. But she was miserable, so eventually decided to take the medicine that night.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'It's kind of a tricky balance,\" Yonkers says. \"People have this illness that they didn't ask for and don't want. They're really suffering.'\u003ccite>Kimberly Yonkers, psychiatrist and professor at Yale University.\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Chodos, who is a nurse, knew that there are concerns about drugs like Xanax and other medications its class-- benzodiazepines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies completed decades ago suggested a risk of birth defects from these drugs, but data from more recent studies have shown\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7881198\"> no clear evidence of an increase\u003c/a>. There are remaining questions, researchers say, about whether \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28746341\">prenatal exposure\u003c/a> to the drugs can influence behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I felt very trapped,\" Chodos says. It felt as if there was probably no safe medication — \"that I'd probably just have to suffer and feel awful.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At her doctor's suggestion, Chodos went to see \u003ca href=\"https://publichealth.yale.edu/people/kimberly_yonkers.profile\">Dr. Kimberly Yonkers\u003c/a>, a psychiatrist and professor at Yale University. Yonkers has been studying the effects of benzodiazepines and \u003ca href=\"http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/SSRIs-(selective-serotonin-reuptake-inhibitors)/Pages/Introduction.aspx\">SSRI antidepressants\u003c/a> on the pregnancies of women who have anxiety, depression or panic disorders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yonkers told us she understands why women can feel torn about using these drugs when they're expecting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's kind of a tricky balance,\" Yonkers says. \"People have this illness that they didn't ask for and don't want. They're really suffering.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The medications can help them, but women worry about the potential risk to their baby's health.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To understand the risks better, Yonkers and her collaborators studied about 2,600 women during pregnancy and after childbirth. The results of her \u003ca href=\"http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/article-abstract/2652968\">study\u003c/a> do point to some risks associated with the benzodiazepines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, she found an increase in C-section deliveries. Also, the babies of mothers taking these drugs were more likely to need extra oxygen or or other respiratory support after birth. (An additional six in every 100 babies needed that sort of support, the study found, compared to the babies of women who didn't take the drugs.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We also found the duration of pregnancy was shortened by, on average, 3.6 days — so quite modest,\" Yonkers says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Women who took antidepressants such as Zoloft, Paxil, or other SSRIs) also had their pregnancies shortened, but by less than two days, on average. And their babies were also more likely to require oxygen or other minor respiratory support/assistance after delivery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, while these medications are not risk-free, Yonkers says \"it should be reassuring that we're not seeing a huge magnitude of an effect here.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, \u003ca href=\"http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/article-abstract/2652968\">published\u003c/a> this week in the journal \u003cem>JAMA Psychiatry\u003c/em>, also concludes that having a panic or anxiety disorder during pregnancy does not seem to be risky to the developing baby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We found that the maternal illnesses of panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder were not associated with preterm birth or low birth weight or some of the other complications to mother and her offspring,\" Yonkers says. \"So, that's really good news.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bottom line, she says is that the findings suggest that women who need treatment for these disorders don't need to stop taking these medications during pregnancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's still some uncertainty among practitioners and mothers-to-be about the use of anxiety and antidepressants in pregnancy, but some leading OBGYNs point out the benefits of being treated with the drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think that there are women who are in need of medication for mood disorders and/or psychiatric disorders during pregnancy,\" \u003ca href=\"http://www.stonybrook.edu/experts/profile/david-garry\">Dr. David Garry\u003c/a>, a maternal fetal medicine specialist at Stony Brook University tells us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pregnant women should consult with their health care providers, he says, and aim to take the lowest doses possible of the medications that are effective in treating their symptoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Xanax+Or+Zoloft+For+Moms-To-Be%3A+A+New+Study+Assesses+Safety&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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},
"radiolab": {
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"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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"reveal": {
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"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"science-friday": {
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