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"content": "\u003cp>If you're in desperate need for some good news, look no further.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists in the U.S. and India have found an inexpensive treatment that could possibly save hundreds of thousands of newborns each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it turns out, the secret weapon was sitting in Asian kitchens all along: probiotic bacteria that are common in kimchi, pickles and other fermented vegetables.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Probiotics can be much more powerful than drugs.’\u003ccite>Pascal Lavoie, a neonatologist at BC Children’s Hospital in Vancouver, British Columbia\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Feeding babies the microbes dramatically reduces the risk newborns will develop \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/news_events/news/2009/19_01/en/\">sepsis\u003c/a>, scientists \u003ca href=\"http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/nature23480\">report\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sepsis is a top killer of newborns worldwide. Each year more than 600,000 babies die of the blood infections, which can strike very quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"All the sudden the baby stops being active. It stops crying and breastfeeding,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.unmc.edu/publichealth/departments/epidemiology/facultyandstaff/pinaki-panigrahi.html\">Dr. Pinaki Panigrahi\u003c/a>, a pediatrician at the University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Public Health, who led the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"By the time the mother has a chance to bring the baby to the hospital, the baby dies,\" he says. \"In hospitals in India, you see so many babies dying of sepsis, it breaks your heart.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the past 20 years, Panigrahi has been working on a way to prevent sepsis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"BJb3ykz6R6SlQqa8p7vXtkscRpap5MvO\"]Early on he thought probiotic bacteria might be the answer because they work well on another infection that affects preemies, called \u003ca href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001148.htm\">necrotizing enterocolitis\u003c/a>. It damages the intestines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tricky part, Panigrahi says, was figuring out the best strain of bacteria to protect against sepsis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We screened more than 280 strains in preliminary animal and human studies,\" Panigrahi says. \"So it was a very methodical process.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, the one that seemed the most promising was a strain of \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4058509/\">Lactobacillus plantarum\u003c/a> isolated from the diaper of a healthy Indian baby. So Panigrahi and his team decided to move forward with a large-scale study on thousands of babies in rural India.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They were shocked by how well the bacteria worked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Babies who ate the microbes for a week — along with some sugars to feed the microbes — had a dramatic reduction in their risk of death and sepsis. They dropped by 40 percent, from 9 percent to 5.4 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that's not all. The probiotic also warded off several other types of infections, including those in the lungs. Respiratory infections dropped by about 30 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That was a big surprise, because we didn't think gut bacteria were going to work in a distant organ like the lung,\" Panigrahi says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The treatment worked so well that the safety board for trial stopped the study early. \"We were planning to enroll 8,000 babies, but stopped at just over 4,000 infants,\" Panigrahi says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only significant side effect seen in the study was abdominal distension, which occurred in six babies. But there were more cases reported in the placebo group than in the group that got the probiotic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Panigrahi estimates a course of the probiotic costs about $1 per baby. \"It can be manufactured in a very simple setting,\" Panigrahi says, \"which makes it cheap.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now if you think about what's going on here, it almost seems counterintuitive. Remember sepsis is a bacterial infection. So the researcher are preventing a bacterial infection with bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How is that possible? \"Essentially these bacteria have a whole number of health benefits that we have just started to understand in the past couple of years, says \u003ca href=\"https://bcchr.ca/our-research/researchers/results/Details/pascal-lavoie\">Dr. Pascal Lavoie\u003c/a>, a neonatologist at BC Children's Hospital in Vancouver, British Columbia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First off, these beneficial bacteria can push out harmful bacteria in the baby's gut by changing the environment or simply using up resources, Lavoie says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The probiotic bacteria also produces a compound that strengthens the wall of the intestine. \"It acts as a barrier to prevent the bad bacteria from going through the wall into the blood,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, the probiotic bacteria can jump-start a baby's immune system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They can promote maturation of the immune system in a healthier way,\" Lavoie says. \"Probiotics can be much more powerful than drugs.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But like drugs, they need to be fully tested before they become routine in maternity wards around the world, Lavoie says. That means testing the probiotic in more locations and on babies who have the highest risk for sepsis — those born prematurely or underweight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Sepsis is such a important problem around the world,\" Lavoie says. \"This study has huge potential.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Probiotic+Bacteria+Could+Protect+Newborns+From+Deadly+Infection&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"All the sudden the baby stops being active. It stops crying and breastfeeding,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.unmc.edu/publichealth/departments/epidemiology/facultyandstaff/pinaki-panigrahi.html\">Dr. Pinaki Panigrahi\u003c/a>, a pediatrician at the University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Public Health, who led the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"By the time the mother has a chance to bring the baby to the hospital, the baby dies,\" he says. \"In hospitals in India, you see so many babies dying of sepsis, it breaks your heart.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the past 20 years, Panigrahi has been working on a way to prevent sepsis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Early on he thought probiotic bacteria might be the answer because they work well on another infection that affects preemies, called \u003ca href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001148.htm\">necrotizing enterocolitis\u003c/a>. It damages the intestines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tricky part, Panigrahi says, was figuring out the best strain of bacteria to protect against sepsis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We screened more than 280 strains in preliminary animal and human studies,\" Panigrahi says. \"So it was a very methodical process.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, the one that seemed the most promising was a strain of \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4058509/\">Lactobacillus plantarum\u003c/a> isolated from the diaper of a healthy Indian baby. So Panigrahi and his team decided to move forward with a large-scale study on thousands of babies in rural India.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They were shocked by how well the bacteria worked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Babies who ate the microbes for a week — along with some sugars to feed the microbes — had a dramatic reduction in their risk of death and sepsis. They dropped by 40 percent, from 9 percent to 5.4 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that's not all. The probiotic also warded off several other types of infections, including those in the lungs. Respiratory infections dropped by about 30 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That was a big surprise, because we didn't think gut bacteria were going to work in a distant organ like the lung,\" Panigrahi says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The treatment worked so well that the safety board for trial stopped the study early. \"We were planning to enroll 8,000 babies, but stopped at just over 4,000 infants,\" Panigrahi says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only significant side effect seen in the study was abdominal distension, which occurred in six babies. But there were more cases reported in the placebo group than in the group that got the probiotic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Panigrahi estimates a course of the probiotic costs about $1 per baby. \"It can be manufactured in a very simple setting,\" Panigrahi says, \"which makes it cheap.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now if you think about what's going on here, it almost seems counterintuitive. Remember sepsis is a bacterial infection. So the researcher are preventing a bacterial infection with bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How is that possible? \"Essentially these bacteria have a whole number of health benefits that we have just started to understand in the past couple of years, says \u003ca href=\"https://bcchr.ca/our-research/researchers/results/Details/pascal-lavoie\">Dr. Pascal Lavoie\u003c/a>, a neonatologist at BC Children's Hospital in Vancouver, British Columbia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First off, these beneficial bacteria can push out harmful bacteria in the baby's gut by changing the environment or simply using up resources, Lavoie says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The probiotic bacteria also produces a compound that strengthens the wall of the intestine. \"It acts as a barrier to prevent the bad bacteria from going through the wall into the blood,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, the probiotic bacteria can jump-start a baby's immune system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They can promote maturation of the immune system in a healthier way,\" Lavoie says. \"Probiotics can be much more powerful than drugs.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But like drugs, they need to be fully tested before they become routine in maternity wards around the world, Lavoie says. That means testing the probiotic in more locations and on babies who have the highest risk for sepsis — those born prematurely or underweight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Sepsis is such a important problem around the world,\" Lavoie says. \"This study has huge potential.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Probiotic+Bacteria+Could+Protect+Newborns+From+Deadly+Infection&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>If you want to have a role in shaping the near and coming future of biotechnology, the time is now. A science degree is not required, but a sense of urgency is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was the primary takeaway from Jennifer Doudna’s recent public remarks at\u003ca href=\"http://crisprcon.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> CRISPRcon\u003c/a>, a two day event at UC Berkeley, intended to get nonspecialists talking about the promise and potential peril of the fast-moving biotech landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Decisions about gene editing have an impact on all of us,” said Michael Krasney, host of KQED’s “Forum” radio program and the CRISPRcon emcee. “That’s why there are no outsiders in discussing this topic.” (For a primer on how CRISPR gene editing works, check out our story “\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2015/12/30/a-crispr-solution-to-bubble-boy-disease/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CRISPR: What You Need to Know About the Medical Science ‘Breakthrough of the Year\u003c/a>.”)\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“We can no longer say, well there’s a lot of technology development to be done before we have to worry about that application, it’s now a question of ‘We know this can work, are we willing to go there or not?'” \u003ccite>Jennifer Doudna, one of the inventors of CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing technology\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine wants public input, as well. The rationale is, if it affects the public, the public should have a say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s at Stake\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In her new book, “\u003ca href=\"http://www.acrackincreation.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">A Crack in Creation: Gene Editing and the Unthinkable Power to Control Evolution\u003c/a>,” Doudna (who co-authored the book with former student Samuel Sternberg) writes humans are “on the cusp of a new age in genetic engineering and biological mastery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It won’t be long before CRISPR allows us to bend nature to our will.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CRISPR applications could bring us \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/05/170518140335.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">higher tomato yields\u003c/a> or cattle \u003ca href=\"https://geneticliteracyproject.org/2016/05/11/gene-edited-hornless-cow-improve-animal-welfare-regulatory-fate-unclear/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">born without horns\u003c/a> (allowing livestock to avoid the potentially painful procedure of having them removed). Ongoing medical research using CRISPR includes \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/news/first-crispr-clinical-trial-gets-green-light-from-us-panel-1.20137\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">gene editing to target immune response\u003c/a> in cancer patients and to \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/news/crispr-deployed-to-combat-sickle-cell-anaemia-1.20782\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">correct sickle-cell anemia\u003c/a>, a painful blood disorder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the $10 million question at CRISPRcon loomed large:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How do you decide which genes are appropriate for germline editing?” asked a woman in the audience, during a question and answer session with Doudna. Germline editing means that the changes made affect sperm or egg cells, and therefore can be inherited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”HfCYio1aAJwJdg2Ip7LwMBF1sWeN5NFY”]”That’s a question that could be debated and discussed for the entire time of the conference,” said Doudna. But her short answer, referencing a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nationalacademies.org/gene-editing/consensus-study/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">recent report with recommendations\u003c/a> from the National Academies, was, “We look for situations where there would be no other reasonable way to deal with a genetic disease other than gene editing. And when you think about it that way, those situations are rather rare.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (for parents using in vitro fertilization) and genetic counseling can offer routes to avoid serious genetic mutations without gene editing. This latter technique would, however, require parents to decide if they are willing to terminate a pregnancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doudna believes that in most cases genetic counseling and preimplantation genetic diagnosis are sufficient to deal with disorders caused by a single gene. But some couples might not have any other option to conceive a healthy embryo outside of editing their genes. For example, if both parents both have the same disease-causing gene, “That’s an issue where gene editing could be relevant in the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For any parents who want to select for green-eyed, athletic geniuses, their best bet is still a random roll of the dice, not gene-editing, if the National Academies has anything to do with it. “Do not proceed at this time with human genome editing for purposes other than treatment or prevention of disease and disability,” the study recommends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the question of whether embryos should be edited to avoid disease and disability has reached new urgency, says Doudna, with the publication several weeks ago of the first \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/07/27/scientists-in-us-edit-human-embryos-with-crispr-for-first-time-reports-suggest/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">paper\u003c/a> that lays out a good protocol (a written procedure) for targeting a gene linked to disease. It has the potential of being useful in clinical applications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What they showed, importantly,” said Doudna, “was that there was very few off-target effects [unintended changes] and also they could avoid something called ‘mosaicism’. ” That arises when the desired edit occurs in only some of the cells in the developing embryo. Both edited and non-editing cells replicate, resulting in an organism with a genetic patchwork, which may or may not be harmful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We now understand that, when applied in certain ways this technology can be very robust, in viable human embryos. We can no longer say, ‘Well, there’s a lot of technology development to be done before we have to worry about that application.’ It’s now a question of, ‘We know this can work, are we willing to go there or not?’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since CRISPRcon, the paper in question has come in for some \u003ca href=\"https://ipscell.com/2017/08/doubts-raised-on-key-points-of-nature-paper-on-crispr-gene-editing-of-human-embryos/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">recent criticism from scientists\u003c/a> not involved in the research. They call into question the main conclusions of the paper and say more definitive studies are needed. That said, most scientists believe precise editing in embryos will be possible someday, and likely someday soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For members of the public eager to be part of the debate, events like CRISPRcon provide a rare forum with scientists like Doudna who have \u003ca href=\"https://ipscell.com/2015/06/doudnacongress/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">testified before Congress\u003c/a> regarding the science and ethics of gene editing. But for the average person on the street, the most direct route to voicing opinions and concerns may be \u003ca href=\"http://www.nationalacademies.org/gene-editing/consensus-study/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">submitting comments\u003c/a> on the homepage of the National Academies’ Human Gene-Editing Initiative. Of course, there is also the tried and true method of \u003ca href=\"https://callyourrep.co/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">calling your representatives\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you want to have a role in shaping the near and coming future of biotechnology, the time is now. A science degree is not required, but a sense of urgency is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was the primary takeaway from Jennifer Doudna’s recent public remarks at\u003ca href=\"http://crisprcon.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> CRISPRcon\u003c/a>, a two day event at UC Berkeley, intended to get nonspecialists talking about the promise and potential peril of the fast-moving biotech landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Decisions about gene editing have an impact on all of us,” said Michael Krasney, host of KQED’s “Forum” radio program and the CRISPRcon emcee. “That’s why there are no outsiders in discussing this topic.” (For a primer on how CRISPR gene editing works, check out our story “\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2015/12/30/a-crispr-solution-to-bubble-boy-disease/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CRISPR: What You Need to Know About the Medical Science ‘Breakthrough of the Year\u003c/a>.”)\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“We can no longer say, well there’s a lot of technology development to be done before we have to worry about that application, it’s now a question of ‘We know this can work, are we willing to go there or not?'” \u003ccite>Jennifer Doudna, one of the inventors of CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing technology\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine wants public input, as well. The rationale is, if it affects the public, the public should have a say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s at Stake\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In her new book, “\u003ca href=\"http://www.acrackincreation.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">A Crack in Creation: Gene Editing and the Unthinkable Power to Control Evolution\u003c/a>,” Doudna (who co-authored the book with former student Samuel Sternberg) writes humans are “on the cusp of a new age in genetic engineering and biological mastery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It won’t be long before CRISPR allows us to bend nature to our will.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CRISPR applications could bring us \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/05/170518140335.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">higher tomato yields\u003c/a> or cattle \u003ca href=\"https://geneticliteracyproject.org/2016/05/11/gene-edited-hornless-cow-improve-animal-welfare-regulatory-fate-unclear/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">born without horns\u003c/a> (allowing livestock to avoid the potentially painful procedure of having them removed). Ongoing medical research using CRISPR includes \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/news/first-crispr-clinical-trial-gets-green-light-from-us-panel-1.20137\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">gene editing to target immune response\u003c/a> in cancer patients and to \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/news/crispr-deployed-to-combat-sickle-cell-anaemia-1.20782\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">correct sickle-cell anemia\u003c/a>, a painful blood disorder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the $10 million question at CRISPRcon loomed large:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How do you decide which genes are appropriate for germline editing?” asked a woman in the audience, during a question and answer session with Doudna. Germline editing means that the changes made affect sperm or egg cells, and therefore can be inherited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>”That’s a question that could be debated and discussed for the entire time of the conference,” said Doudna. But her short answer, referencing a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nationalacademies.org/gene-editing/consensus-study/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">recent report with recommendations\u003c/a> from the National Academies, was, “We look for situations where there would be no other reasonable way to deal with a genetic disease other than gene editing. And when you think about it that way, those situations are rather rare.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (for parents using in vitro fertilization) and genetic counseling can offer routes to avoid serious genetic mutations without gene editing. This latter technique would, however, require parents to decide if they are willing to terminate a pregnancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doudna believes that in most cases genetic counseling and preimplantation genetic diagnosis are sufficient to deal with disorders caused by a single gene. But some couples might not have any other option to conceive a healthy embryo outside of editing their genes. For example, if both parents both have the same disease-causing gene, “That’s an issue where gene editing could be relevant in the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For any parents who want to select for green-eyed, athletic geniuses, their best bet is still a random roll of the dice, not gene-editing, if the National Academies has anything to do with it. “Do not proceed at this time with human genome editing for purposes other than treatment or prevention of disease and disability,” the study recommends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the question of whether embryos should be edited to avoid disease and disability has reached new urgency, says Doudna, with the publication several weeks ago of the first \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/07/27/scientists-in-us-edit-human-embryos-with-crispr-for-first-time-reports-suggest/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">paper\u003c/a> that lays out a good protocol (a written procedure) for targeting a gene linked to disease. It has the potential of being useful in clinical applications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What they showed, importantly,” said Doudna, “was that there was very few off-target effects [unintended changes] and also they could avoid something called ‘mosaicism’. ” That arises when the desired edit occurs in only some of the cells in the developing embryo. Both edited and non-editing cells replicate, resulting in an organism with a genetic patchwork, which may or may not be harmful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We now understand that, when applied in certain ways this technology can be very robust, in viable human embryos. We can no longer say, ‘Well, there’s a lot of technology development to be done before we have to worry about that application.’ It’s now a question of, ‘We know this can work, are we willing to go there or not?’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since CRISPRcon, the paper in question has come in for some \u003ca href=\"https://ipscell.com/2017/08/doubts-raised-on-key-points-of-nature-paper-on-crispr-gene-editing-of-human-embryos/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">recent criticism from scientists\u003c/a> not involved in the research. They call into question the main conclusions of the paper and say more definitive studies are needed. That said, most scientists believe precise editing in embryos will be possible someday, and likely someday soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For members of the public eager to be part of the debate, events like CRISPRcon provide a rare forum with scientists like Doudna who have \u003ca href=\"https://ipscell.com/2015/06/doudnacongress/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">testified before Congress\u003c/a> regarding the science and ethics of gene editing. But for the average person on the street, the most direct route to voicing opinions and concerns may be \u003ca href=\"http://www.nationalacademies.org/gene-editing/consensus-study/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">submitting comments\u003c/a> on the homepage of the National Academies’ Human Gene-Editing Initiative. Of course, there is also the tried and true method of \u003ca href=\"https://callyourrep.co/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">calling your representatives\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Pioneering Cancer Drug to Cost $475,000 — and Analysts Say It's a Bargain",
"title": "Pioneering Cancer Drug to Cost $475,000 — and Analysts Say It's a Bargain",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Food and Drug Administration on Wednesday approved a futuristic new approach to treating cancer, clearing a Novartis therapy that has produced unprecedented results in patients with a rare and deadly cancer. The price tag: $475,000 for a course of treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That sounds staggering to many patients — but it’s far less than analysts expected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The therapy, called a CAR-T, is made by harvesting patients’ white blood cells and rewiring them to home in on tumors. Novartis’s product is the first CAR-T therapy to come before the FDA, leading a pack of novel treatments that promise to change the standard of care for certain aggressive blood cancers.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'I think this is most exciting thing I’ve seen in my lifetime.’\u003ccite>Tim Cripe, oncologist with Nationwide Children’s Hospital at an FDA meeting on Kymriah in July\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Novartis’s therapy is approved to treat children and young adults with relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia. It will be marketed as Kymriah.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The treatment’s approval has looked a foregone conclusion for months, but its potential price has been the subject of speculation and debate. Novartis picked the $475,000 price tag in an effort to balance patient access to Kymriah while giving the company a return on its investment, said Bruno Strigini, Novartis’s head of oncology, in a conference call Wednesday. The cost is below Wall Street analyst expectations, which reached as high as $750,000 for a dose. And it’s considerably cheaper than the roughly $700,000 price tag that U.K. regulators said would be fair considering Kymriah’s potential benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"QG4PnjDFa7wR6mRKag9nuRtDY12MT3jG\"]Novartis also said it is working with Medicare on a system in which the government would only pay for CAR-T treatment if patients respond within a month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a clinical trial, a single dose of Kymriah left 83 percent of participants cancer-free after three months, \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/07/12/novartis-car-t-fda-approval/\">results oncologists have hailed as a major advance\u003c/a> for patients with few other options. The most frequent side effect was an inflammatory storm called cytokine release syndrome, a reaction to CAR-T that can prove fatal in some patients but is commonly controlled with immunosuppressant drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think this is most exciting thing I’ve seen in my lifetime,” said Dr. Tim Cripe, an oncologist with Nationwide Children’s Hospital, at an FDA meeting on Kymriah in July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike well-understood pills and commonly injected biotech drugs, CAR-T presents a radical new paradigm for doctors, regulators, and payers. Each dose is custom-tailored for an individual patient, requiring a complex process in which human cells must be safely ferried across the country, reliably re-engineered, and soundly returned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That creates logistical issues unseen with previous drugs. To get Kymriah, patients will have to travel to one of just 32 sites around the country. From there, doctors harvest patients’ white blood cells and ship them off to a Novartis facility in New Jersey where they can be edited and mailed back. The entire process takes about 22 days, the company said. And the $450,000 price tag covers only Novartis’s role, not the costs of travel, hospitalization, or any drugs needed to tamp down Kymriah’s side effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it remains unclear just how lucrative a business opportunity Kymriah presents. There are about 3,100 new cases of ALL each year, but roughly 70 percent can be pushed into remission by standard therapy. That could leave just a few hundred patients who might be eligible for Novartis’s therapy, casting doubt on whether the company can get an outsize return on what will be a substantial manufacturing investment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But CAR-T’s potential goes far beyond Wednesday’s approval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Novartis is developing Kymriah for use in lymphoma, and its pipeline includes other CAR-T therapies targeting an array of blood cancers. Kite Pharma, soon to be \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/08/28/gilead-kite-car-t-cancer/\">acquired by Gilead Sciences\u003c/a>, is awaiting FDA approval for a lymphoma therapy and is, like Novartis, developing a bevy of cell therapies it hopes can treat tumors liquid and solid. Juno Therapeutics, which slipped into a third place after its \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/03/01/juno-cancer-treatment/\">lead CAR-T ran into safety problems\u003c/a>, has a similar focus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/08/30/novartis-car-t-cancer-approved/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery. \u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Food and Drug Administration on Wednesday approved a futuristic new approach to treating cancer, clearing a Novartis therapy that has produced unprecedented results in patients with a rare and deadly cancer. The price tag: $475,000 for a course of treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That sounds staggering to many patients — but it’s far less than analysts expected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The therapy, called a CAR-T, is made by harvesting patients’ white blood cells and rewiring them to home in on tumors. Novartis’s product is the first CAR-T therapy to come before the FDA, leading a pack of novel treatments that promise to change the standard of care for certain aggressive blood cancers.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'I think this is most exciting thing I’ve seen in my lifetime.’\u003ccite>Tim Cripe, oncologist with Nationwide Children’s Hospital at an FDA meeting on Kymriah in July\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Novartis’s therapy is approved to treat children and young adults with relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia. It will be marketed as Kymriah.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The treatment’s approval has looked a foregone conclusion for months, but its potential price has been the subject of speculation and debate. Novartis picked the $475,000 price tag in an effort to balance patient access to Kymriah while giving the company a return on its investment, said Bruno Strigini, Novartis’s head of oncology, in a conference call Wednesday. The cost is below Wall Street analyst expectations, which reached as high as $750,000 for a dose. And it’s considerably cheaper than the roughly $700,000 price tag that U.K. regulators said would be fair considering Kymriah’s potential benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Novartis also said it is working with Medicare on a system in which the government would only pay for CAR-T treatment if patients respond within a month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a clinical trial, a single dose of Kymriah left 83 percent of participants cancer-free after three months, \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/07/12/novartis-car-t-fda-approval/\">results oncologists have hailed as a major advance\u003c/a> for patients with few other options. The most frequent side effect was an inflammatory storm called cytokine release syndrome, a reaction to CAR-T that can prove fatal in some patients but is commonly controlled with immunosuppressant drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think this is most exciting thing I’ve seen in my lifetime,” said Dr. Tim Cripe, an oncologist with Nationwide Children’s Hospital, at an FDA meeting on Kymriah in July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike well-understood pills and commonly injected biotech drugs, CAR-T presents a radical new paradigm for doctors, regulators, and payers. Each dose is custom-tailored for an individual patient, requiring a complex process in which human cells must be safely ferried across the country, reliably re-engineered, and soundly returned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That creates logistical issues unseen with previous drugs. To get Kymriah, patients will have to travel to one of just 32 sites around the country. From there, doctors harvest patients’ white blood cells and ship them off to a Novartis facility in New Jersey where they can be edited and mailed back. The entire process takes about 22 days, the company said. And the $450,000 price tag covers only Novartis’s role, not the costs of travel, hospitalization, or any drugs needed to tamp down Kymriah’s side effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it remains unclear just how lucrative a business opportunity Kymriah presents. There are about 3,100 new cases of ALL each year, but roughly 70 percent can be pushed into remission by standard therapy. That could leave just a few hundred patients who might be eligible for Novartis’s therapy, casting doubt on whether the company can get an outsize return on what will be a substantial manufacturing investment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But CAR-T’s potential goes far beyond Wednesday’s approval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Novartis is developing Kymriah for use in lymphoma, and its pipeline includes other CAR-T therapies targeting an array of blood cancers. Kite Pharma, soon to be \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/08/28/gilead-kite-car-t-cancer/\">acquired by Gilead Sciences\u003c/a>, is awaiting FDA approval for a lymphoma therapy and is, like Novartis, developing a bevy of cell therapies it hopes can treat tumors liquid and solid. Juno Therapeutics, which slipped into a third place after its \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/03/01/juno-cancer-treatment/\">lead CAR-T ran into safety problems\u003c/a>, has a similar focus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/08/30/novartis-car-t-cancer-approved/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery. \u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>More American men are waiting to start a family until after the age of 40, according to a\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"https://academic.oup.com/humrep/article-abstract/doi/10.1093/humrep/dex267/4096427/The-age-of-fathers-in-the-USA-is-rising-an?redirectedFrom=fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">study\u003c/a> published Wednesday in \u003cem>Human Reproduction\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The oldest father recorded in the past 44 years was 88. The youngest was 11.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Using the Centers for Disease Control's National Vital Statistics System, the first-ever comprehensive analysis of all reported births from 1975 to 2015 -- all 168,867,480 of them -- showed that mean average paternal age increased three years from 27.4 to 30.9.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, the percentage of fathers over the age of 40 increased from four percent in 1975 to nearly nine percent in 2015. And one percent of all babies are now born to fathers over 50.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oldest father recorded in the past 44 years was 88. The youngest was 11.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Michael Eisenberg, an assistant professor of urology at Stanford University School of Medicine, is senior author of the study. He was inspired to undertake the data analysis after becoming frustrated that all the birth-age demographic analyses track mothers, not fathers. The study took over a year to complete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It can be challenging to characterize paternity trends because slightly over 10 percent of U.S. birth records are missing the father's information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Urologists are kind of gatekeepers for men’s reproductive health. This gives us a glimpse into the basic demographics of paternal populations, and that's important,\" says Eisenberg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Shifting Norm\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Women have been waiting \u003ca href=\"http://time.com/4181151/first-time-moms-average-age/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">longer and longer\u003c/a> to enter motherhood, though fathers and mothers are both stretching out their prefamily years. The average age gap between first-time mothers and fathers is now 2.3 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The gap between the father's age and mother's age has declined, suggesting that maybe there’s a bit more parity now between parents,\" says Eisenberg. \"I think that's a good thing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May, the CDC \u003ca href=\"http://www.slate.com/blogs/xx_factor/2017/05/17/cdc_data_says_women_in_their_thirties_are_having_more_babies_than_women.html\">released data \u003c/a>that marked an important milestone in modern U.S. society: For the first time, more women are entering motherhood in their 30s than their 20s. In 2016, the birth rate among women ages 30 to 34 narrowly surpassed that of women 25 to 29.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Stanford University analysis reported variations by race, education and even geography. While mean paternal age has increased across all races and ethnicities, Asian-Americans were the oldest dads, while African- and Hispanic-Americans were on the younger side of the spectrum. In 1972, the mean age of Japanese-American fathers was 30.7 on average. In 2015, it was just over 36 -- the steepest increase of all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fathers with college degrees are waiting the longest to have kids. Men who live in the Northeast are the oldest overall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Reproductive Risks From Waiting For Fatherhood\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It can be difficult to characterize who an \"older\" father is. Some studies include men over 35, others start the clock at age 40.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a preponderance of studies do agree that the longer a man waits to have children, the higher the risk of his offspring developing \u003ca href=\"http://www.jaacap.org/article/S0890-8567(17)30070-9/fulltext\">autism or schizophrenia\u003c/a>, or being born with a birth defect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Men who are 55 have a higher risk than those who are 35. The incidence is two to three times in men who are over 40 years old -- this seems to be the consensus right now,\" says Dr. Magdalena Janecka, who studies genetic and developmental psychiatry at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, in New York.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are two widely studied, perhaps overlapping, hypotheses for this. One is that as men age, their sperm develop genetic mutations. \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v432/n7013/full/432048a.html?foxtrotcallback=true\">A 2004 study \u003c/a>published in \u003cem>Nature \u003c/em>found that the number of DNA mutations in sperm is three times higher in men aged 36–57 than in men under age 35. (The study is behind a paywall but the results are summarized \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2566050/\">here\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second hypothesis, which Janecka says has stronger grounding in research, is that men who get started as fathers later in life are a self-selecting group who may have their \u003ca href=\"http://www.jaacap.org/article/S0890-8567(17)30070-9/pdf\">own social development challenges\u003c/a>. Those traits then get passed on to their offspring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They themselves may suffer from some autism traits; they may be more withdrawn, for instance,\" says Janecka. \"Those men would be more likely to have a child with autism at any time in life.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both Janecka and Eisenberg point out that the autism risk, though well-documented, is still very small and statistically rare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People do ask me about risk to offspring, being an older father. I tell them the risks are at a population level, not at an individual level,\" says Eisenberg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the numbers, now that he has them, do speak for themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When we’re talking about four million births a year, and one percent of them is to men over 50, that is potentially something you would see,\" he adds.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>More American men are waiting to start a family until after the age of 40, according to a\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"https://academic.oup.com/humrep/article-abstract/doi/10.1093/humrep/dex267/4096427/The-age-of-fathers-in-the-USA-is-rising-an?redirectedFrom=fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">study\u003c/a> published Wednesday in \u003cem>Human Reproduction\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The oldest father recorded in the past 44 years was 88. The youngest was 11.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Using the Centers for Disease Control's National Vital Statistics System, the first-ever comprehensive analysis of all reported births from 1975 to 2015 -- all 168,867,480 of them -- showed that mean average paternal age increased three years from 27.4 to 30.9.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, the percentage of fathers over the age of 40 increased from four percent in 1975 to nearly nine percent in 2015. And one percent of all babies are now born to fathers over 50.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oldest father recorded in the past 44 years was 88. The youngest was 11.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Michael Eisenberg, an assistant professor of urology at Stanford University School of Medicine, is senior author of the study. He was inspired to undertake the data analysis after becoming frustrated that all the birth-age demographic analyses track mothers, not fathers. The study took over a year to complete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It can be challenging to characterize paternity trends because slightly over 10 percent of U.S. birth records are missing the father's information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Urologists are kind of gatekeepers for men’s reproductive health. This gives us a glimpse into the basic demographics of paternal populations, and that's important,\" says Eisenberg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Shifting Norm\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Women have been waiting \u003ca href=\"http://time.com/4181151/first-time-moms-average-age/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">longer and longer\u003c/a> to enter motherhood, though fathers and mothers are both stretching out their prefamily years. The average age gap between first-time mothers and fathers is now 2.3 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The gap between the father's age and mother's age has declined, suggesting that maybe there’s a bit more parity now between parents,\" says Eisenberg. \"I think that's a good thing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May, the CDC \u003ca href=\"http://www.slate.com/blogs/xx_factor/2017/05/17/cdc_data_says_women_in_their_thirties_are_having_more_babies_than_women.html\">released data \u003c/a>that marked an important milestone in modern U.S. society: For the first time, more women are entering motherhood in their 30s than their 20s. In 2016, the birth rate among women ages 30 to 34 narrowly surpassed that of women 25 to 29.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Stanford University analysis reported variations by race, education and even geography. While mean paternal age has increased across all races and ethnicities, Asian-Americans were the oldest dads, while African- and Hispanic-Americans were on the younger side of the spectrum. In 1972, the mean age of Japanese-American fathers was 30.7 on average. In 2015, it was just over 36 -- the steepest increase of all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fathers with college degrees are waiting the longest to have kids. Men who live in the Northeast are the oldest overall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Reproductive Risks From Waiting For Fatherhood\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It can be difficult to characterize who an \"older\" father is. Some studies include men over 35, others start the clock at age 40.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a preponderance of studies do agree that the longer a man waits to have children, the higher the risk of his offspring developing \u003ca href=\"http://www.jaacap.org/article/S0890-8567(17)30070-9/fulltext\">autism or schizophrenia\u003c/a>, or being born with a birth defect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Men who are 55 have a higher risk than those who are 35. The incidence is two to three times in men who are over 40 years old -- this seems to be the consensus right now,\" says Dr. Magdalena Janecka, who studies genetic and developmental psychiatry at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, in New York.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are two widely studied, perhaps overlapping, hypotheses for this. One is that as men age, their sperm develop genetic mutations. \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v432/n7013/full/432048a.html?foxtrotcallback=true\">A 2004 study \u003c/a>published in \u003cem>Nature \u003c/em>found that the number of DNA mutations in sperm is three times higher in men aged 36–57 than in men under age 35. (The study is behind a paywall but the results are summarized \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2566050/\">here\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second hypothesis, which Janecka says has stronger grounding in research, is that men who get started as fathers later in life are a self-selecting group who may have their \u003ca href=\"http://www.jaacap.org/article/S0890-8567(17)30070-9/pdf\">own social development challenges\u003c/a>. Those traits then get passed on to their offspring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They themselves may suffer from some autism traits; they may be more withdrawn, for instance,\" says Janecka. \"Those men would be more likely to have a child with autism at any time in life.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both Janecka and Eisenberg point out that the autism risk, though well-documented, is still very small and statistically rare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People do ask me about risk to offspring, being an older father. I tell them the risks are at a population level, not at an individual level,\" says Eisenberg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the numbers, now that he has them, do speak for themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When we’re talking about four million births a year, and one percent of them is to men over 50, that is potentially something you would see,\" he adds.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Feds Seize Smallpox Vaccine as FDA Targets 'Deceitful' Stem Cell Clinics",
"title": "Feds Seize Smallpox Vaccine as FDA Targets 'Deceitful' Stem Cell Clinics",
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"content": "\u003cp>Federal authorities raided a California stem cell clinic and seized a smallpox vaccine that is reserved only for the military and high-risk populations, as the Food and Drug Administration expressed “serious concerns” about how the clinic obtained access to the vaccine at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">The U.S. Marshals Service seized five vials of the smallpox vaccine, which is not commercially available, the FDA \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm573427.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">announced\u003c/a> Monday. Four of the vials — which each hold 100 vaccine doses — were unused, but a portion of the fifth vial had been used.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'I especially won’t allow cases such as this one to go unchallenged, where we have good medical reasons to believe these purported treatments can actually harm patients and make their conditions worse.'\u003ccite> FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The treatment mixed some of the vaccine with stem cells taken from a patient to create an injectable — and unproven and unregulated — cancer treatment that was targeted directly at the patient’s tumors, the FDA said. The FDA, which learned of the treatment after inspections, said the injection could have caused inflammation and swelling of the heart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The treatment belonged to San Diego-based company StemImmune Inc., and was given at California Stem Cell Treatment Centers in Rancho Mirage and Beverly Hills. U.S. marshals seized the product on Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The FDA will not allow deceitful actors to take advantage of vulnerable patients by purporting to have treatments or cures for serious diseases without any proof that they actually work,” FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb said in a statement. “I especially won’t allow cases such as this one to go unchallenged, where we have good medical reasons to believe these purported treatments can actually harm patients and make their conditions worse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A complaint filed in federal court indicates the vials were shipped from outside California but does not provide more detail on the origin. StemImmune also filed \u003ca href=\"http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-adv.html&r=2&p=1&f=G&l=50&d=PG01&S1=Stemimmune.AANM.&OS=AANM/Stemimmune&RS=AANM/Stemimmune\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a patent application\u003c/a> in February describing “the use of smallpox vaccine to induce an effective anti-tumor immune response.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The type of vaccine that was seized \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/vaccine-basics/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">is made \u003c/a>from a virus similar to smallpox, but it does not contain smallpox virus and cannot give anyone smallpox, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also Monday, the FDA announced it had sent \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/EnforcementActions/WarningLetters/2017/ucm573187.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a warning letter\u003c/a> to a Florida stem cell clinic where a 2015 procedure led three women to go legally blind, according \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/03/15/stem-cell-patients-blind-macular-degeneration/\">to a March study\u003c/a> in the New England Journal of Medicine. The letter to U.S. Stem Cell Clinic said that the company was offering unapproved stem cell treatments and that an agency inspection uncovered violations of manufacturing standards, including potential sterility issues. The company also tried to stop FDA inspectors from talking with employees, the letter says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You should take prompt action to correct these deviations,” says the letter, which was sent Thursday. “Failure to promptly correct these deviations may result in regulatory action without further notice. Such actions include seizure and/or injunction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>StemImmune did not respond immediately to a request for comment. In a statement, U.S. Stem Cell Clinic said it had given the FDA “unrestricted access” since 2014 and that it followed the agency’s rules. But it also suggested that regulations could prevent patients from getting treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The safety and health of our patients are our number one priority and the strict standards that we have in place follow the laws of the [FDA],” it said, adding: “We have helped thousands of patients harness their own healing potential. It would be a mistake to limit these therapies from patients who need them when we are adhering to top industry standards.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The actions announced Monday are the latest salvo in a back-and-forth between regulators and the clinics that claim to be able to treat everything from paralysis to neurodegenerative diseases to erectile dysfunction. The clinics, \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2016/06/30/stem-cell-clinics-proliferate/\">which have proliferated\u003c/a> around the country in recent years, have largely evaded regulation enforcement because they typically take a person’s own stem cells and inject them back into the same person, meaning the cells are considered “minimally manipulated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2016/02/08/fda-crackdown-stem-cell-clinics/\">FDA has tried\u003c/a> at various times to regulate clinics offering unproven stem cell treatments more tightly and close down clinics that put patients at risk, but overall, their efforts have not amounted to much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2016/09/09/stem-cell-fda-hearing/\">FDA has held meetings\u003c/a> about possibly regulating the therapies more like drugs, a move that has been backed by many academic stem cell experts who say that stem cell therapies, while holding great potential, are not ready to be used widely or outside regulated clinical trials. But clinic owners warn that the FDA could stamp out progress in the field and keep desperate patients from getting treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The government should not regulate our bodies. … I will always stand up for patient rights,” Kristin Comella, U.S. Stem Cell’s chief scientific officer, said at an FDA hearing months ago. (The FDA’s warning letter this month was addressed to Comella.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some experts have wondered whether the regulation-averse Trump administration would take further action against stem cell clinics. But in a statement Monday, Gottlieb said the FDA would be bolstering its enforcement as a way of “separating the promise from the unscrupulous hype” and that the agency would roll out a new “comprehensive policy framework” this fall to delineate the rules for stem cell treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a small number of unscrupulous actors who have seized on the clinical promise of regenerative medicine, while exploiting the uncertainty, in order to make deceptive, and sometimes corrupt, assurances to patients based on unproven and, in some cases, dangerously dubious products,” Gottlieb said. “These dishonest actors exploit the sincere reports of the significant clinical potential of properly developed products as a way of deceiving patients and preying on the optimism of patients facing bad illnesses. This put the entire field at risk.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts who study stem cell clinics and the regulatory landscape generally praised the FDA’s moves, but said that it was unclear what the enforcement actions and \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm573443.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Gottlieb’s statement\u003c/a> meant for the field going forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most important thing is that the FDA is now publicly making a commitment to discipline what has become an out-of-control area of fraudulent medicine,” said R. Alta Charo, a bioethicist at the University of Wisconsin Law School.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One part of Gottlieb’s statement that stuck out to Charo, she said, was when he signaled some flexibility in terms of the areas that are subject to FDA regulation, with the commissioner writing that “the FDA must advance an efficient and least burdensome framework” and establish “a regulatory structure that does not become a barrier to beneficial new innovation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s about a tone being set,” Charo said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leigh Turner, a University of Minnesota bioethicist, said that from one standpoint, the FDA’s enforcement actions targeted the low-hanging fruit of the bad actors in the industry. Presumably any administration would want to seize unauthorized smallpox vaccine supplies, and the Florida clinic was the subject of lawsuits and media coverage in addition to the high-profile academic paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The larger question is going to be, what about the stem cell clinics … that are out there marketing therapies and charging people but don’t have a New England Journal of Medicine piece or lawsuits?” Turner asked. “Is it just going to be that after harm occurs that the FDA is going to do something? Or are we going to see a more systemic approach to this marketplace?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The action against the California clinics was solely based on the vaccine, noted Turner, who \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/cell-stem-cell/abstract/S1934-5909(16)30157-6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">has tracked\u003c/a> the growth of clinics around the country. It did not mention all the other diseases and conditions that the clinics have been marketing their unapproved stem cell therapies for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/08/28/smallpox-stem-cell-clinic/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery. \u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Federal authorities raided a California stem cell clinic and seized a smallpox vaccine that is reserved only for the military and high-risk populations, as the Food and Drug Administration expressed “serious concerns” about how the clinic obtained access to the vaccine at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">The U.S. Marshals Service seized five vials of the smallpox vaccine, which is not commercially available, the FDA \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm573427.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">announced\u003c/a> Monday. Four of the vials — which each hold 100 vaccine doses — were unused, but a portion of the fifth vial had been used.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'I especially won’t allow cases such as this one to go unchallenged, where we have good medical reasons to believe these purported treatments can actually harm patients and make their conditions worse.'\u003ccite> FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The treatment mixed some of the vaccine with stem cells taken from a patient to create an injectable — and unproven and unregulated — cancer treatment that was targeted directly at the patient’s tumors, the FDA said. The FDA, which learned of the treatment after inspections, said the injection could have caused inflammation and swelling of the heart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The treatment belonged to San Diego-based company StemImmune Inc., and was given at California Stem Cell Treatment Centers in Rancho Mirage and Beverly Hills. U.S. marshals seized the product on Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The FDA will not allow deceitful actors to take advantage of vulnerable patients by purporting to have treatments or cures for serious diseases without any proof that they actually work,” FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb said in a statement. “I especially won’t allow cases such as this one to go unchallenged, where we have good medical reasons to believe these purported treatments can actually harm patients and make their conditions worse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A complaint filed in federal court indicates the vials were shipped from outside California but does not provide more detail on the origin. StemImmune also filed \u003ca href=\"http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-adv.html&r=2&p=1&f=G&l=50&d=PG01&S1=Stemimmune.AANM.&OS=AANM/Stemimmune&RS=AANM/Stemimmune\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a patent application\u003c/a> in February describing “the use of smallpox vaccine to induce an effective anti-tumor immune response.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The type of vaccine that was seized \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/vaccine-basics/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">is made \u003c/a>from a virus similar to smallpox, but it does not contain smallpox virus and cannot give anyone smallpox, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also Monday, the FDA announced it had sent \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/EnforcementActions/WarningLetters/2017/ucm573187.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a warning letter\u003c/a> to a Florida stem cell clinic where a 2015 procedure led three women to go legally blind, according \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/03/15/stem-cell-patients-blind-macular-degeneration/\">to a March study\u003c/a> in the New England Journal of Medicine. The letter to U.S. Stem Cell Clinic said that the company was offering unapproved stem cell treatments and that an agency inspection uncovered violations of manufacturing standards, including potential sterility issues. The company also tried to stop FDA inspectors from talking with employees, the letter says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You should take prompt action to correct these deviations,” says the letter, which was sent Thursday. “Failure to promptly correct these deviations may result in regulatory action without further notice. Such actions include seizure and/or injunction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>StemImmune did not respond immediately to a request for comment. In a statement, U.S. Stem Cell Clinic said it had given the FDA “unrestricted access” since 2014 and that it followed the agency’s rules. But it also suggested that regulations could prevent patients from getting treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The safety and health of our patients are our number one priority and the strict standards that we have in place follow the laws of the [FDA],” it said, adding: “We have helped thousands of patients harness their own healing potential. It would be a mistake to limit these therapies from patients who need them when we are adhering to top industry standards.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The actions announced Monday are the latest salvo in a back-and-forth between regulators and the clinics that claim to be able to treat everything from paralysis to neurodegenerative diseases to erectile dysfunction. The clinics, \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2016/06/30/stem-cell-clinics-proliferate/\">which have proliferated\u003c/a> around the country in recent years, have largely evaded regulation enforcement because they typically take a person’s own stem cells and inject them back into the same person, meaning the cells are considered “minimally manipulated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2016/02/08/fda-crackdown-stem-cell-clinics/\">FDA has tried\u003c/a> at various times to regulate clinics offering unproven stem cell treatments more tightly and close down clinics that put patients at risk, but overall, their efforts have not amounted to much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2016/09/09/stem-cell-fda-hearing/\">FDA has held meetings\u003c/a> about possibly regulating the therapies more like drugs, a move that has been backed by many academic stem cell experts who say that stem cell therapies, while holding great potential, are not ready to be used widely or outside regulated clinical trials. But clinic owners warn that the FDA could stamp out progress in the field and keep desperate patients from getting treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The government should not regulate our bodies. … I will always stand up for patient rights,” Kristin Comella, U.S. Stem Cell’s chief scientific officer, said at an FDA hearing months ago. (The FDA’s warning letter this month was addressed to Comella.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some experts have wondered whether the regulation-averse Trump administration would take further action against stem cell clinics. But in a statement Monday, Gottlieb said the FDA would be bolstering its enforcement as a way of “separating the promise from the unscrupulous hype” and that the agency would roll out a new “comprehensive policy framework” this fall to delineate the rules for stem cell treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a small number of unscrupulous actors who have seized on the clinical promise of regenerative medicine, while exploiting the uncertainty, in order to make deceptive, and sometimes corrupt, assurances to patients based on unproven and, in some cases, dangerously dubious products,” Gottlieb said. “These dishonest actors exploit the sincere reports of the significant clinical potential of properly developed products as a way of deceiving patients and preying on the optimism of patients facing bad illnesses. This put the entire field at risk.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts who study stem cell clinics and the regulatory landscape generally praised the FDA’s moves, but said that it was unclear what the enforcement actions and \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm573443.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Gottlieb’s statement\u003c/a> meant for the field going forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most important thing is that the FDA is now publicly making a commitment to discipline what has become an out-of-control area of fraudulent medicine,” said R. Alta Charo, a bioethicist at the University of Wisconsin Law School.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One part of Gottlieb’s statement that stuck out to Charo, she said, was when he signaled some flexibility in terms of the areas that are subject to FDA regulation, with the commissioner writing that “the FDA must advance an efficient and least burdensome framework” and establish “a regulatory structure that does not become a barrier to beneficial new innovation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s about a tone being set,” Charo said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leigh Turner, a University of Minnesota bioethicist, said that from one standpoint, the FDA’s enforcement actions targeted the low-hanging fruit of the bad actors in the industry. Presumably any administration would want to seize unauthorized smallpox vaccine supplies, and the Florida clinic was the subject of lawsuits and media coverage in addition to the high-profile academic paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The larger question is going to be, what about the stem cell clinics … that are out there marketing therapies and charging people but don’t have a New England Journal of Medicine piece or lawsuits?” Turner asked. “Is it just going to be that after harm occurs that the FDA is going to do something? Or are we going to see a more systemic approach to this marketplace?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The action against the California clinics was solely based on the vaccine, noted Turner, who \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/cell-stem-cell/abstract/S1934-5909(16)30157-6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">has tracked\u003c/a> the growth of clinics around the country. It did not mention all the other diseases and conditions that the clinics have been marketing their unapproved stem cell therapies for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>In the first clip, the boy appears to drag his feet as he walks, while his knees — particularly the left one — stay bent throughout his steps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the second clip, his knees remain bowed inward. But his legs -- now clad in a robotic exoskeleton — swing more as they move, and his feet lift off the ground and his knees bend and flex in time with his step.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The boy is one of seven children with cerebral palsy who were outfitted with \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2016/08/11/paraplegics-exoskeleton-brain-training/\">exoskeletons\u003c/a> in hopes that the robotic devices could improve their crouched posture, making it easier for them to take simple steps. Those steps will otherwise become more difficult over time; 50 percent of people with cerebral palsy stop walking when they reach adulthood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"http://stm.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/scitranslmed.aam9145\">a study\u003c/a> published Wednesday in the journal Science Translational Medicine, researchers reported that the exoskeletons helped most participants straighten their legs as they walked, alleviating the permanent knee bend that causes the crouching disorder known as “crouch gait.” The researchers also found that while the exoskeletons provided support when it was needed, participants were still in control of their own steps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PPULKI2FRXA\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study was an initial attempt to show that exoskeleton technology should be explored further as a tool to help children with cerebral palsy maintain mobility, said Thomas Bulea, a biomedical engineer at the National Institutes of Health and one of the paper’s authors. Now, researchers want to determine whether long-term use of the exoskeleton, including outside of a research setting, could ease crouch gait even when the exoskeleton isn’t being worn. The hope is that such extensive training could enable people with cerebral palsy to walk on their own for much longer.“We want to transfer the walking patterns we see with the exoskeleton to walking without the exoskeleton,” Bulea said. “If we can correct or treat this crouch gait at a young age, then throughout their life, we may be able to increase their mobility.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cerebral palsy is a neurological condition that leads to problems with movement and coordination. With crouch gait, children can often walk on their own, adapting to taking steps in a crouched position. It’s often treated with therapy, surgery, or injections that relax the knee flexors. But still, as people get older and get bigger, it becomes harder to walk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new research is a long way from showing that exoskeletons would be an effective clinical solution, and many outstanding questions remain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the study, researchers only recruited children who were still able to walk well independently. They want to investigate whether an exoskeleton could help children who have already lost more mobility, as well as with children with other conditions that lead to mobility problems, such as spina bifida or muscular dystrophy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It may be useful for some of those kids, but more severe kids may not benefit,” said Dr. Bruce Dobkin, the director of the UCLA Neurological Rehabilitation and Research Program, who was not involved with the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, there is the concern that exoskeletons may not help preserve mobility as children age. That has also been the case with some surgeries and medications, Dobkin said. In those cases, the interventions may not be worth the effort or cost, in part because children have an “amazing ability to compensate” and walk with gait problems while they are still ambulatory, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'If we can correct or treat this crouch gait at a young age, then throughout their life, we may be able to increase their mobility.'\u003ccite>Thomas Bulea, NIH\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Still, those are concerns that a longer and larger study could help answer. In this study, six of the seven participants saw improvements in their crouch gait and knee extension, gaining an average of about 13 degrees in knee angle as they stepped. The children also saw improvements over the course of their training sessions, which Bulea said suggests that further gains may be possible with additional exoskeleton use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers hope that they can refine the exoskeletons so they can be worn outside the lab. That could provide the amount of training necessary to extend benefits even when the device isn’t being worn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study is one of the first attempts to bring exoskeleton technology to children and adolescents. So far, exoskeleton trials have largely been aimed at restoring movement in adults who were paralyzed after a stroke or spinal injury, including the exoskeleton-wearing man who kicked a soccer ball at the start of the 2014 World Cup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In those cases, patients needed the exoskeleton to restore lost movement. But in the new study, the exoskeletons were being used in an attempt to assist children who remain ambulatory and who could still control their own steps. Importantly, the researchers found that the participants maintained their muscle activity while wearing the device.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That shows us that these participants were working with the exoskeleton rather than offloading the knee extension to the robot,” Bulea said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/08/23/cerebral-palsy-exoskeletons/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery. \u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study was an initial attempt to show that exoskeleton technology should be explored further as a tool to help children with cerebral palsy maintain mobility, said Thomas Bulea, a biomedical engineer at the National Institutes of Health and one of the paper’s authors. Now, researchers want to determine whether long-term use of the exoskeleton, including outside of a research setting, could ease crouch gait even when the exoskeleton isn’t being worn. The hope is that such extensive training could enable people with cerebral palsy to walk on their own for much longer.“We want to transfer the walking patterns we see with the exoskeleton to walking without the exoskeleton,” Bulea said. “If we can correct or treat this crouch gait at a young age, then throughout their life, we may be able to increase their mobility.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cerebral palsy is a neurological condition that leads to problems with movement and coordination. With crouch gait, children can often walk on their own, adapting to taking steps in a crouched position. It’s often treated with therapy, surgery, or injections that relax the knee flexors. But still, as people get older and get bigger, it becomes harder to walk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new research is a long way from showing that exoskeletons would be an effective clinical solution, and many outstanding questions remain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the study, researchers only recruited children who were still able to walk well independently. They want to investigate whether an exoskeleton could help children who have already lost more mobility, as well as with children with other conditions that lead to mobility problems, such as spina bifida or muscular dystrophy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It may be useful for some of those kids, but more severe kids may not benefit,” said Dr. Bruce Dobkin, the director of the UCLA Neurological Rehabilitation and Research Program, who was not involved with the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, there is the concern that exoskeletons may not help preserve mobility as children age. That has also been the case with some surgeries and medications, Dobkin said. In those cases, the interventions may not be worth the effort or cost, in part because children have an “amazing ability to compensate” and walk with gait problems while they are still ambulatory, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'If we can correct or treat this crouch gait at a young age, then throughout their life, we may be able to increase their mobility.'\u003ccite>Thomas Bulea, NIH\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Still, those are concerns that a longer and larger study could help answer. In this study, six of the seven participants saw improvements in their crouch gait and knee extension, gaining an average of about 13 degrees in knee angle as they stepped. The children also saw improvements over the course of their training sessions, which Bulea said suggests that further gains may be possible with additional exoskeleton use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers hope that they can refine the exoskeletons so they can be worn outside the lab. That could provide the amount of training necessary to extend benefits even when the device isn’t being worn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study is one of the first attempts to bring exoskeleton technology to children and adolescents. So far, exoskeleton trials have largely been aimed at restoring movement in adults who were paralyzed after a stroke or spinal injury, including the exoskeleton-wearing man who kicked a soccer ball at the start of the 2014 World Cup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In those cases, patients needed the exoskeleton to restore lost movement. But in the new study, the exoskeletons were being used in an attempt to assist children who remain ambulatory and who could still control their own steps. Importantly, the researchers found that the participants maintained their muscle activity while wearing the device.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That shows us that these participants were working with the exoskeleton rather than offloading the knee extension to the robot,” Bulea said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/08/23/cerebral-palsy-exoskeletons/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery. \u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Immunotherapy -- using a patient’s immune system to recognize and destroy cancer cells -- has been one of the more exciting developments in cancer treatment. Where once there was little hope for some patients, now they can be treated, and with a lot fewer side effects than conventional treatments like chemotherapy and radiation. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Trying to find the genetic culprits that make so many patients resistant to immunotherapy treatment.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/03/17/hype-exceeds-evidence-on-cancer-immunotherapy-commentary/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">not every patient responds\u003c/a> to immunotherapy. 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The researchers used the gene‐editing tool CRISPR‐Cas9 to uncover \u003c/span>554 \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">genes that may, when mutated, cause advanced melanoma tumors to be resistant to the treatment\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. If scientists can find which of these genes are the culprits, drugs could potentially be created to correct them, making the cancers responsive to immunotherapy.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Gene Implicated\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finding these 554 genes was like finding a needle in a haystack. The researchers started out with a cancer cell that responds to immunotherapy. They then disabled, one at a time in the cell, almost all of the known 19,050 human genes, cutting each in different spots. After incapacitating an additional 3,000 parts of the DNA that don't fit the classical definition of a gene, the scientists ended up generating 100,000 different cancer cells, each varying by only a single DNA change. Of these 100,000 cells, 554 showed resistance to immunotherapy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers then showed mutation of one those genes, called APLNR, was most likely responsible for immunotherapy resistance in some cancer patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the scientists disabled APLNR in a cancer cell, the cell became resistant. The scientists then added a working copy of APLNR, and the cell's resistance disappeared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next the researchers searched through databases with the DNA sequences of patients' immunotherapy-resistant tumors. The scientists discovered that some did have mutations in the APLNR gene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doing the experiment in petri dishes is only the first step. Unlike in this process, real-world cancers can’t be made sensitive to immunotherapy by adding back a working gene, because too few cells would adopt it. Instead, a drug would have to be developed. Researchers will also need to experiment with the other 553 genes to see which behave like APLNR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CRISPR-Cas9 -- A Killer App\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This gargantuan effort would have been much more difficult even a few years ago. It's only with the advent of the CRISPR‐Cas9 gene‐editing system that it could be done so efficiently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The big advantage of the enzyme Cas9, the workhorse of the CRISPR‐Cas9 system, is how easily it can be programmed to precisely cut the right spot in the over six feet of DNA each of us has packed into every cell. It's that ease of use that allowed these scientists to program Cas9 to specifically travel to more than 100,000 different spots in the cancer cell’s DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a really exciting use for CRISPR‐Cas9 that a lot of people have not heard of. While most news stories focus on using the system to directly cure a disease or even to make designer babies, this gene- editing tool is revolutionizing the kind of fundamental research that could help us discover new drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To say nothing of what it is teaching us about basic biology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Barry Starr is a scientist in Stanford University's \u003ca href=\"https://med.stanford.edu/genetics.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Department of Genetics\u003c/a>. He runs both the \u003ca href=\"https://med.stanford.edu/genetics/tech.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Stanford at The Tech\u003c/a> program and the \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Understanding Genetics\u003c/a> website with \u003ca href=\"https://www.thetech.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Tech Museum of Innovation\u003c/a> in San Jose, California. He earlier worked as a research scientist in the biotechnology field.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Immunotherapy -- using a patient’s immune system to recognize and destroy cancer cells -- has been one of the more exciting developments in cancer treatment. Where once there was little hope for some patients, now they can be treated, and with a lot fewer side effects than conventional treatments like chemotherapy and radiation. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Trying to find the genetic culprits that make so many patients resistant to immunotherapy treatment.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/03/17/hype-exceeds-evidence-on-cancer-immunotherapy-commentary/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">not every patient responds\u003c/a> to immunotherapy. For example, the drug Keytruda, used to treat advanced melanoma, does not work in around 60 percent of patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a new \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/nature23477.epdf?referrer_access_token=mKoxGWPHyj4t-ukC4sL_U9RgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0Okbs8jg0lEwUt3XKoawrVg16iZejXcB6lspWAJGFczH8lpUo6hOfGtyRCcmSjWq4g33HqoXWUscKhNXztdf2eBKUYufopzHZZqaSaWT7n6CI8U7FW--zdqjX720jFKI3KCxYG6HzNyDxbEWPBSela-j6r8_wLXlDaPHtPIwCNWC_g6yJkizH863SYaFBbHedzKz_aqbEUuzpFHVih_KU0EpIDA7Ek7FvQ62RvtpKXRpCqNSVhV60SGzlJRca9pndg%3D&tracking_referrer=www.the-scientist.com%3Chttps://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/6ROrB0CgO9YuJ?domain=nature.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">study\u003c/a>, published this month in \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Nature\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a group of \u003c/span>scientists from the National Cancer Institute\u003cb> \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">set out to find why immunotherapy fails in so many people. The researchers used the gene‐editing tool CRISPR‐Cas9 to uncover \u003c/span>554 \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">genes that may, when mutated, cause advanced melanoma tumors to be resistant to the treatment\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. If scientists can find which of these genes are the culprits, drugs could potentially be created to correct them, making the cancers responsive to immunotherapy.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Gene Implicated\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finding these 554 genes was like finding a needle in a haystack. The researchers started out with a cancer cell that responds to immunotherapy. They then disabled, one at a time in the cell, almost all of the known 19,050 human genes, cutting each in different spots. After incapacitating an additional 3,000 parts of the DNA that don't fit the classical definition of a gene, the scientists ended up generating 100,000 different cancer cells, each varying by only a single DNA change. Of these 100,000 cells, 554 showed resistance to immunotherapy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers then showed mutation of one those genes, called APLNR, was most likely responsible for immunotherapy resistance in some cancer patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the scientists disabled APLNR in a cancer cell, the cell became resistant. The scientists then added a working copy of APLNR, and the cell's resistance disappeared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next the researchers searched through databases with the DNA sequences of patients' immunotherapy-resistant tumors. The scientists discovered that some did have mutations in the APLNR gene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doing the experiment in petri dishes is only the first step. Unlike in this process, real-world cancers can’t be made sensitive to immunotherapy by adding back a working gene, because too few cells would adopt it. Instead, a drug would have to be developed. Researchers will also need to experiment with the other 553 genes to see which behave like APLNR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CRISPR-Cas9 -- A Killer App\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This gargantuan effort would have been much more difficult even a few years ago. It's only with the advent of the CRISPR‐Cas9 gene‐editing system that it could be done so efficiently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The big advantage of the enzyme Cas9, the workhorse of the CRISPR‐Cas9 system, is how easily it can be programmed to precisely cut the right spot in the over six feet of DNA each of us has packed into every cell. It's that ease of use that allowed these scientists to program Cas9 to specifically travel to more than 100,000 different spots in the cancer cell’s DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a really exciting use for CRISPR‐Cas9 that a lot of people have not heard of. While most news stories focus on using the system to directly cure a disease or even to make designer babies, this gene- editing tool is revolutionizing the kind of fundamental research that could help us discover new drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To say nothing of what it is teaching us about basic biology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Barry Starr is a scientist in Stanford University's \u003ca href=\"https://med.stanford.edu/genetics.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Department of Genetics\u003c/a>. He runs both the \u003ca href=\"https://med.stanford.edu/genetics/tech.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Stanford at The Tech\u003c/a> program and the \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Understanding Genetics\u003c/a> website with \u003ca href=\"https://www.thetech.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Tech Museum of Innovation\u003c/a> in San Jose, California. He earlier worked as a research scientist in the biotechnology field.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The familiar phrase, “The doctor will see you now,” is not what it used to be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's because during most exams, physicians are spending a good chunk of time not looking at the patient, but at the patient's electronic health record on a computer screen.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'We have invested a lot of time to train physicians, so why not have them use their expertise in the most efficient way possible?'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>A 2016 \u003ca href=\"http://annals.org/aim/article/2546704/allocation-physician-time-ambulatory-practice-time-motion-study-4-specialties\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> study\u003c/a> in the \u003cem>Annals of Internal Medicine\u003c/em> found that physicians spent 37 percent of their time on\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>a computer during exams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The situation can be frustrating for patients, who don't think they are getting the doctor's full attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That most fundamental aspect of human communication, which is eye contact, now is being robbed from the medical encounter because of the electronic health record,\" says Dr. Lloyd Minor, dean of Stanford's medical school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While acknowledging the benefits of EHRs, which are meant to improve patient care by providing an easily accessible health history, physicians have also railed against the heavy amount of data entry they require. Physicians spend an estimated one to two hours after work completing EHRs and other \"desktop medicine\" requirements, according to the study in \u003cem>Annals of Internal Medicine.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now Dr. Albert Chan, the chief of digital patient experience for the Sutter Health Network, thinks he has a solution for the burden of EHRs. Chan uses \u003ca href=\"https://www.x.company/glass/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Google Glass\u003c/a>, with its tiny camera mounted on a device worn like eyeglasses, to stream audio and video of the patient to an offsite medical scribe. The scribe sees and hears what the doctor does, writing the notes that go into the electronic health record. This frees up the physician to give the patient her full attention. Doctors can communicate with their note-takers through a headset, asking them to retrieve test results and other data. The scribe responds via text message, which the physician sees in the Glass lens.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'You’re just adding more layers of cost and people to assist in the exam room.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“For patients, it’s better care because the doctors focus on them, and the doctors spend more time with them,\" Chan says. He says that because the doctor’s attention is not divided between the computer and the patient, records of the visit are more accurate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The system is provided by a company called Augmedix, of which Sutter Health is an investor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently about 100 Sutter doctors are using the system. After first deploying it among physicians in internal medicine, Sutter is now expanding it for use by specialists like dermatologists, podiatrists and orthopedists across its Northern California network.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I mean, we have invested a lot of time to train physicians, so why not have them use their expertise in the most efficient way possible?” says Chan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Encounter at Dolores Park\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Augmedix was founded in 2012, by Ian Shakil and Pelu Tran. Shakil, who is the CEO, says he got the idea after a chance encounter at San Francisco's Dolores Park with some Google employees who were working on Glass. \"They had Glass in their backpacks. And they let us try it on,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"TXibesbDeLMGc9JYIC8IybWNpNcdvmaW\"]After the Google crew explained the product was intended for consumers, \"I got into a big argument with the group that this was really meant for doctors.\" (Glass was a notorious bust with the public, but is \u003ca href=\"https://www.wired.com/story/google-glass-2-is-here/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">now hitting its stride as a workplace tool.\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shakil, who knew from media reports and his own encounters with physicians that they were beleaguered with documentation requirements, says he became obsessed with the idea of using Glass as a solution. \"I couldn't sleep; I couldn't stop talking about it. I literally quit my job.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He then reeled in his friend Tran, who dropped out of his fourth year at medical school, and the two formed the company. Shakil says more than 1,000 doctors are currently using Augmedix across the U.S. , with the largest deployment by Sutter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides Sutter, investors include health services company McKesson and Dignity Health network.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sutter's Dr. Chan says the scribes provide a number of benefits, including reminding physicians to address issues they might otherwise miss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you have shoulder pain and chest pain, for instance, well, if I forget to address the shoulder pain during the exam, I can get a subtle hint from the transcriptionist -- ‘Hey, you may want to address the shoulder pain, too.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because doctors use shorthand when entering information in an EHR, Chan says, they often have to go back hours later and fill in the gaps; that isn't necessary when a third party is taking the notes in real-time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>'Oh, I Can See My Kid's Soccer Game'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About two-thirds of Augmedix's note-takers are located overseas, in India, the Dominican Republic and Sri Lanka, says CEO Shakil. But Adeeba Hasan, a full-time scribe for the company, works out of headquarters in San Francisco. Hasan says she's able to take 80 percent of the EHR workload off a doctor's hands. \"My doctors are able to leave and get home about two or three hours early,\" Hasan says. \"They definitely thank for me for little things like, 'Oh, I can see my kids' soccer game.' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She has scribed for 20 doctors, whose predominant perspective, she says, is that while EHRs are important, they don't require a medical degree to complete. She herself is applying to medical school and finds the experience valuable. \"I'm learning all about different medications and illnesses and how you talk to patients,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Doubter\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So is this the future of medicine as we know it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Oh my God, I hope not,” says David Lansky, executive director of the Pacific Business Group on Health, a nonprofit consortium of private companies and public agencies working toward greater health care affordability and quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Augmedix service generally ranges from $1,500 to $3,500 per physician, per month, according to Shakil. Lansky says fixing the dysfunctional health care system requires putting the brakes on runaway costs, and using expensive scribes does just the opposite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re just adding more layers of cost and people to assist in the exam room,” Lansky says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He thinks the solution to the burden of EHRs is to lessen reporting requirements, from quality measures to insurance coding to language intended to fend off lawsuits\u003cb>.\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The real problem is that administrative requirements are uncoordinated and useless,\" Lansky says. \"I mean, no one’s even looking at the quality measures physicians are required to key in.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The two paths we want to pursue are to reduce reporting and improve EHR function. If everything’s in front of you, you can use your face time [with the patient] to really \u003cem>do\u003c/em> face time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What About the Creepiness Factor?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Might some patients, especially women, not take too kindly to having something as intimate as a medical exam observed by someone they don't know and can't see?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"To be honest\u003cstrong>, \u003c/strong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">when we first founded the business, we had no idea if this issue was going to be a show-stopper or not a big deal,\" says Shakil. \"We’ve since grown and we’ve learned that it’ s not actually a big deal.\" \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says only 2 percent of patients have opted out so far, a rate that remains steady across all demographics, including sex.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shakil says the audio-video stream is encrypted, so hacking is not an issue. \"We've penetration-tested it, and it's Fort Knox, basically.\" The scribes sit in what he calls an \"ultra-secure environment,\" with nothing in their pockets, video monitoring, and computers that can only run the company's application.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The doctor can also temporarily switch off the Glass feed by swiping or verbal command if there's something occurring the patient doesn't want transmitted. The light on the device changes color to indicate its no longer active, which the patient can see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interestingly enough, there is one small sub-group of patients who are opting out at a slightly greater rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a little bit higher around the Google campus than anywhere in the country,\" Shakil says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Make of that what you will.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The familiar phrase, “The doctor will see you now,” is not what it used to be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's because during most exams, physicians are spending a good chunk of time not looking at the patient, but at the patient's electronic health record on a computer screen.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'We have invested a lot of time to train physicians, so why not have them use their expertise in the most efficient way possible?'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>A 2016 \u003ca href=\"http://annals.org/aim/article/2546704/allocation-physician-time-ambulatory-practice-time-motion-study-4-specialties\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> study\u003c/a> in the \u003cem>Annals of Internal Medicine\u003c/em> found that physicians spent 37 percent of their time on\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>a computer during exams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The situation can be frustrating for patients, who don't think they are getting the doctor's full attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That most fundamental aspect of human communication, which is eye contact, now is being robbed from the medical encounter because of the electronic health record,\" says Dr. Lloyd Minor, dean of Stanford's medical school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While acknowledging the benefits of EHRs, which are meant to improve patient care by providing an easily accessible health history, physicians have also railed against the heavy amount of data entry they require. Physicians spend an estimated one to two hours after work completing EHRs and other \"desktop medicine\" requirements, according to the study in \u003cem>Annals of Internal Medicine.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now Dr. Albert Chan, the chief of digital patient experience for the Sutter Health Network, thinks he has a solution for the burden of EHRs. Chan uses \u003ca href=\"https://www.x.company/glass/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Google Glass\u003c/a>, with its tiny camera mounted on a device worn like eyeglasses, to stream audio and video of the patient to an offsite medical scribe. The scribe sees and hears what the doctor does, writing the notes that go into the electronic health record. This frees up the physician to give the patient her full attention. Doctors can communicate with their note-takers through a headset, asking them to retrieve test results and other data. The scribe responds via text message, which the physician sees in the Glass lens.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'You’re just adding more layers of cost and people to assist in the exam room.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“For patients, it’s better care because the doctors focus on them, and the doctors spend more time with them,\" Chan says. He says that because the doctor’s attention is not divided between the computer and the patient, records of the visit are more accurate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The system is provided by a company called Augmedix, of which Sutter Health is an investor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently about 100 Sutter doctors are using the system. After first deploying it among physicians in internal medicine, Sutter is now expanding it for use by specialists like dermatologists, podiatrists and orthopedists across its Northern California network.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I mean, we have invested a lot of time to train physicians, so why not have them use their expertise in the most efficient way possible?” says Chan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Encounter at Dolores Park\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Augmedix was founded in 2012, by Ian Shakil and Pelu Tran. Shakil, who is the CEO, says he got the idea after a chance encounter at San Francisco's Dolores Park with some Google employees who were working on Glass. \"They had Glass in their backpacks. And they let us try it on,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>After the Google crew explained the product was intended for consumers, \"I got into a big argument with the group that this was really meant for doctors.\" (Glass was a notorious bust with the public, but is \u003ca href=\"https://www.wired.com/story/google-glass-2-is-here/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">now hitting its stride as a workplace tool.\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shakil, who knew from media reports and his own encounters with physicians that they were beleaguered with documentation requirements, says he became obsessed with the idea of using Glass as a solution. \"I couldn't sleep; I couldn't stop talking about it. I literally quit my job.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He then reeled in his friend Tran, who dropped out of his fourth year at medical school, and the two formed the company. Shakil says more than 1,000 doctors are currently using Augmedix across the U.S. , with the largest deployment by Sutter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides Sutter, investors include health services company McKesson and Dignity Health network.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sutter's Dr. Chan says the scribes provide a number of benefits, including reminding physicians to address issues they might otherwise miss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you have shoulder pain and chest pain, for instance, well, if I forget to address the shoulder pain during the exam, I can get a subtle hint from the transcriptionist -- ‘Hey, you may want to address the shoulder pain, too.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because doctors use shorthand when entering information in an EHR, Chan says, they often have to go back hours later and fill in the gaps; that isn't necessary when a third party is taking the notes in real-time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>'Oh, I Can See My Kid's Soccer Game'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About two-thirds of Augmedix's note-takers are located overseas, in India, the Dominican Republic and Sri Lanka, says CEO Shakil. But Adeeba Hasan, a full-time scribe for the company, works out of headquarters in San Francisco. Hasan says she's able to take 80 percent of the EHR workload off a doctor's hands. \"My doctors are able to leave and get home about two or three hours early,\" Hasan says. \"They definitely thank for me for little things like, 'Oh, I can see my kids' soccer game.' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She has scribed for 20 doctors, whose predominant perspective, she says, is that while EHRs are important, they don't require a medical degree to complete. She herself is applying to medical school and finds the experience valuable. \"I'm learning all about different medications and illnesses and how you talk to patients,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Doubter\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So is this the future of medicine as we know it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Oh my God, I hope not,” says David Lansky, executive director of the Pacific Business Group on Health, a nonprofit consortium of private companies and public agencies working toward greater health care affordability and quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Augmedix service generally ranges from $1,500 to $3,500 per physician, per month, according to Shakil. Lansky says fixing the dysfunctional health care system requires putting the brakes on runaway costs, and using expensive scribes does just the opposite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re just adding more layers of cost and people to assist in the exam room,” Lansky says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He thinks the solution to the burden of EHRs is to lessen reporting requirements, from quality measures to insurance coding to language intended to fend off lawsuits\u003cb>.\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The real problem is that administrative requirements are uncoordinated and useless,\" Lansky says. \"I mean, no one’s even looking at the quality measures physicians are required to key in.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The two paths we want to pursue are to reduce reporting and improve EHR function. If everything’s in front of you, you can use your face time [with the patient] to really \u003cem>do\u003c/em> face time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What About the Creepiness Factor?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Might some patients, especially women, not take too kindly to having something as intimate as a medical exam observed by someone they don't know and can't see?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"To be honest\u003cstrong>, \u003c/strong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">when we first founded the business, we had no idea if this issue was going to be a show-stopper or not a big deal,\" says Shakil. \"We’ve since grown and we’ve learned that it’ s not actually a big deal.\" \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says only 2 percent of patients have opted out so far, a rate that remains steady across all demographics, including sex.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shakil says the audio-video stream is encrypted, so hacking is not an issue. \"We've penetration-tested it, and it's Fort Knox, basically.\" The scribes sit in what he calls an \"ultra-secure environment,\" with nothing in their pockets, video monitoring, and computers that can only run the company's application.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The doctor can also temporarily switch off the Glass feed by swiping or verbal command if there's something occurring the patient doesn't want transmitted. The light on the device changes color to indicate its no longer active, which the patient can see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interestingly enough, there is one small sub-group of patients who are opting out at a slightly greater rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a little bit higher around the Google campus than anywhere in the country,\" Shakil says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZJJnrybwcqo\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC San Diego researchers have designed a \"smart glove\" that can turn sign language into text that can be wirelessly transmitted to mobile devices, all for less than $100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The glove is outfitted with sensors that stretch over the user's knuckles, detecting the different gestures that represent letters of the American Sign Language alphabet. A small computer on the back of the glove is then able to take that information and transmit it via Bluetooth to a smartphone or laptop, where it is displayed as text.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We actually used just a sporting glove, like a golf glove,\" said UC San Diego nano-engineering Ph.D. student Timothy O'Connor, the lead author on a\u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0179766\"> paper\u003c/a> published last month describing the glove.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>O'Connor said using cheap materials was important for demonstrating the real-world usefulness of this technology. For the stretch sensors, O'Connor said, \"The material we're using is printable, which makes it even more low-cost.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sign language turned out to be \"very handy for advancing our system,\" O'Connor said. But he said he and his colleagues in \u003ca href=\"http://darrenlipomi.com/\">Darren Lipomi's lab\u003c/a> at UC San Diego see the glove's ability to translate ASL as just one of many potential applications that would rely on finely tuned tracking of subtle hand motions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're looking into applications in virtual reality, and applications in other types of medical fields — maybe the human control of medical robots,\" said O'Connor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another possibility raised in the researchers' paper is the creation of a smart glove capable of remotely controlling the hand of a bomb-defusing robot.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IS5Yankf1GY&feature=youtu.be\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea was a simple one: Create a summer camp where \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2016/06/09/day-camp-for-transgender-youth-allows-kids-to-be-themselves/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">transgender kids can go to feel safe\u003c/a>, welcome and empowered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://rainbowdaycamp.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Bay Area Rainbow Day Camp\u003c/a> has now wrapped up its third summer. The camp was the brainchild of Sandra Collins, who got the idea after her daughter, Scarlett, had a run-in at her previous camp. Scarlett's friend, in anger, had revealed to other kids that Scarlett had been born a biological boy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, Rainbow Camp, run out of a school in El Cerrito, is a place \"where gender-diverse youth can come together, have fun, and feel a sense of gender-identity pride and resilience, and feel safe and belonging in a community,\" Collins says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To be in this space where there are lots and lots of [transgender] kids is actually really unique,” says Sara Kaplan, whose son, James, attended the camp this summer. \"Because most of the time they’re in experiences where they’re the only child who is transgender.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>James says being surrounded by other transgender kids has definitely been a positive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very amazing to be with people that are also transgender,” James says. “The camp has helped me in life experience and being less shy about who I am.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watch the video, above.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">It was a strange moment of triumph against racism: The gun-slinging white supremacist Craig Cobb, dressed up for \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p-XDKiO-i4Q\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">daytime TV\u003c/a> in a dark suit and red tie, hearing that his DNA testing revealed his ancestry to be only “86 percent European, and … 14 percent Sub-Saharan African.” The studio audience whooped and laughed and cheered. And Cobb — who was, in 2013, \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/11/19/craig-cobb-arrested_n_4299828.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">charged\u003c/a> with terrorizing people while trying to create an all-white enclave in North Dakota — reacted like a sore loser in the schoolyard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">“Wait a minute, wait a minute, hold on, just wait a minute,” he said, trying to put on an all-knowing smile. “This is called statistical noise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pLoel5EKT34&t=97s&ab_channel=TheYoungTurks\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">Then, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2015/03/10/craig-cobb-continues-fighting-prove-he%E2%80%99s-actually-white\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Southern Poverty Law Center\u003c/a>, he took to the white nationalist website Stormfront to dispute those results. That’s not uncommon: With the rise of spit-in-a-cup genetic testing, there’s a trend of white nationalists using these services to prove their racial identity, and then using online forums to discuss the results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">But like Cobb, many are disappointed to find out that their ancestry is not as “white” as they’d hoped. In a new study, sociologists Aaron Panofsky and Joan Donovan examined years’ worth of posts on Stormfront to see how members dealt with the news.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">It’s striking, they say, that white nationalists would post these results online at all. After all, as Panofsky put it, “they will basically say if you want to be a member of Stormfront you have to be 100 percent white European, not Jewish.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But instead of rejecting members who get contrary results, Donovan said, the conversations are “overwhelmingly” focused on helping the person to rethink the validity of the genetic test. And some of those critiques — while emerging from deep-seated racism — are close to scientists’ own qualms about commercial genetic ancestry testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Panofsky and Donovan presented their findings at a sociology conference in Montreal on Monday. The timing of the talk — some 48 hours after the violent white nationalist rally in Charlottesville, Va. — was coincidental. But the analysis provides a useful, if frightening, window into how these extremist groups think about their genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Reckoning with results\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Stormfront was launched in the mid-1990s by \u003ca href=\"http://www.businessinsider.com/trump-helping-white-supremacist-website-2015-12\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Don Black\u003c/a>, a former grand wizard of the Ku Klux Klan. His skills in computer programming were directly related to his criminal activities: He learned them while in prison for trying to invade the Caribbean island nation of Dominica in 1981, and then worked as a web developer after he got out. That means this website dates back to the early years of the internet, forming a kind of deep archive of online hate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find relevant comments in the 12 million posts written by over 300,000 members, the authors enlisted a team at the University of California, Los Angeles, to search for terms like “DNA test,” “haplotype,” “23andMe,” and “National Geographic.” Then the researchers combed through the posts they found, not to mention many others as background. Donovan, who has moved from UCLA to the \u003ca href=\"https://datasociety.net/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Data & Society Research Institute\u003c/a>, estimated that she spent some four hours a day reading Stormfront in 2016. The team winnowed their results down to 70 discussion threads in which 153 users posted their genetic ancestry test results, with over 3,000 individual posts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About a third of the people posting their results were pleased with what they found. “Pretty damn pure blood,” said a user with the username Sloth. But the majority didn’t find themselves in that situation. Instead, the community often helped them reject the test, or argue with its results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some rejected the tests entirely, saying that an individual’s knowledge about his or her own genealogy is better than whatever a genetic test can reveal. “They will talk about the mirror test,” said Panofsky, who is a sociologist of science at UCLA’s Institute for Society and Genetics. “They will say things like, ‘If you see a Jew in the mirror looking back at you, that’s a problem; if you don’t, you’re fine.'” Others, he said, responded to unwanted genetic results by saying that those kinds of tests don’t matter if you are truly committed to being a white nationalist. Yet others tried to discredit the genetic tests as a Jewish conspiracy “that is trying to confuse true white Americans about their ancestry,” Panofsky said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some took a more scientific angle in their critiques, calling into doubt the method by which these companies determine ancestry — specifically how companies pick those people whose genetic material will be considered the reference for a particular geographical group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that criticism, though motivated by very different ideas, is one that some researchers have made as well, even as other scientists have used similar data to better understand how populations move and change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a mainstream critical literature on genetic ancestry tests — geneticists and anthropologists and sociologists who have said precisely those things: that these tests give an illusion of certainty, but once you know how the sausage is made, you should be much more cautious about these results,” said Panofsky.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A community’s genetic rules\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Companies like Ancestry.com and 23andMe are meticulous in how they analyze your genetic material. As points of comparison, they use both preexisting datasets as well as some reference populations that they have recruited themselves. The protocol includes genetic material from thousands of individuals, and looks at thousands of genetic variations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When a 23andMe research participant tells us that they have four grandparents all born in the same country — and the country isn’t a colonial nation like the U.S., Canada, or Australia — that person becomes a candidate for inclusion in the reference data,” explained Jhulianna Cintron, a product specialist at 23andMe. Then, she went on, the company excludes close relatives, as that could distort the data, and removes outliers whose genetic data don’t seem to match with what they wrote on their survey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But specialists both inside and outside these companies recognize that the geopolitical boundaries we use now are pretty new, and so consumers may be using imprecise categories when thinking about their own genetic ancestry within the sweeping history of human migration. And users’ ancestry results can change depending on the dataset to which their genetic material is being compared — a fact which some Stormfront users said they took advantage of, uploading their data to various sites to get a more “white” result.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>J. Scott Roberts, an associate professor at the University of Michigan, who has studied consumer use of genetic tests and was not involved with the study, said the companies tend to be reliable at identifying genetic variants. Interpreting them in terms of health risk or ancestry, though, is another story. “The science is often murky in those areas and gives ambiguous information,” he said. “They try to give specific percentages from this region, or x percent disease risk, and my sense is that that is an artificially precise estimate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the study authors, what was most interesting was to watch this online community negotiating its own boundaries, rethinking who counts as “white.” That involved plenty of contradictions. They saw people excluded for their genetic test results, often in very nasty (and unquotable) ways, but that tended to happen for newer members of the anonymous online community, Panofsky said, and not so much for longtime, trusted members. Others were told that they could remain part of white nationalist groups, in spite of the ancestry they revealed, as long as they didn’t “mate,” or only had children with certain ethnic groups. Still others used these test results to put forth a twisted notion of diversity, one “that allows them to say, ‘No, we’re really diverse and we don’t need non-white people to have a diverse society,'” said Panofsky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a far cry from the message of reconciliation that genetic ancestry testing companies hope to promote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sweetheart, you have a little black in you,” the talk show host Trisha Goddard told Craig Cobb on that day in 2013. But that didn’t stop him from redoing the test with a different company, trying to alter or parse the data until it matched his racist worldview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/08/16/white-nationalists-genetic-ancestry-test/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery. \u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">It was a strange moment of triumph against racism: The gun-slinging white supremacist Craig Cobb, dressed up for \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p-XDKiO-i4Q\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">daytime TV\u003c/a> in a dark suit and red tie, hearing that his DNA testing revealed his ancestry to be only “86 percent European, and … 14 percent Sub-Saharan African.” The studio audience whooped and laughed and cheered. And Cobb — who was, in 2013, \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/11/19/craig-cobb-arrested_n_4299828.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">charged\u003c/a> with terrorizing people while trying to create an all-white enclave in North Dakota — reacted like a sore loser in the schoolyard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">“Wait a minute, wait a minute, hold on, just wait a minute,” he said, trying to put on an all-knowing smile. “This is called statistical noise.”\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/pLoel5EKT34'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/pLoel5EKT34'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">Then, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2015/03/10/craig-cobb-continues-fighting-prove-he%E2%80%99s-actually-white\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Southern Poverty Law Center\u003c/a>, he took to the white nationalist website Stormfront to dispute those results. That’s not uncommon: With the rise of spit-in-a-cup genetic testing, there’s a trend of white nationalists using these services to prove their racial identity, and then using online forums to discuss the results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">But like Cobb, many are disappointed to find out that their ancestry is not as “white” as they’d hoped. In a new study, sociologists Aaron Panofsky and Joan Donovan examined years’ worth of posts on Stormfront to see how members dealt with the news.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">It’s striking, they say, that white nationalists would post these results online at all. After all, as Panofsky put it, “they will basically say if you want to be a member of Stormfront you have to be 100 percent white European, not Jewish.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But instead of rejecting members who get contrary results, Donovan said, the conversations are “overwhelmingly” focused on helping the person to rethink the validity of the genetic test. And some of those critiques — while emerging from deep-seated racism — are close to scientists’ own qualms about commercial genetic ancestry testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Panofsky and Donovan presented their findings at a sociology conference in Montreal on Monday. The timing of the talk — some 48 hours after the violent white nationalist rally in Charlottesville, Va. — was coincidental. But the analysis provides a useful, if frightening, window into how these extremist groups think about their genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Reckoning with results\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Stormfront was launched in the mid-1990s by \u003ca href=\"http://www.businessinsider.com/trump-helping-white-supremacist-website-2015-12\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Don Black\u003c/a>, a former grand wizard of the Ku Klux Klan. His skills in computer programming were directly related to his criminal activities: He learned them while in prison for trying to invade the Caribbean island nation of Dominica in 1981, and then worked as a web developer after he got out. That means this website dates back to the early years of the internet, forming a kind of deep archive of online hate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find relevant comments in the 12 million posts written by over 300,000 members, the authors enlisted a team at the University of California, Los Angeles, to search for terms like “DNA test,” “haplotype,” “23andMe,” and “National Geographic.” Then the researchers combed through the posts they found, not to mention many others as background. Donovan, who has moved from UCLA to the \u003ca href=\"https://datasociety.net/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Data & Society Research Institute\u003c/a>, estimated that she spent some four hours a day reading Stormfront in 2016. The team winnowed their results down to 70 discussion threads in which 153 users posted their genetic ancestry test results, with over 3,000 individual posts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About a third of the people posting their results were pleased with what they found. “Pretty damn pure blood,” said a user with the username Sloth. But the majority didn’t find themselves in that situation. Instead, the community often helped them reject the test, or argue with its results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some rejected the tests entirely, saying that an individual’s knowledge about his or her own genealogy is better than whatever a genetic test can reveal. “They will talk about the mirror test,” said Panofsky, who is a sociologist of science at UCLA’s Institute for Society and Genetics. “They will say things like, ‘If you see a Jew in the mirror looking back at you, that’s a problem; if you don’t, you’re fine.'” Others, he said, responded to unwanted genetic results by saying that those kinds of tests don’t matter if you are truly committed to being a white nationalist. Yet others tried to discredit the genetic tests as a Jewish conspiracy “that is trying to confuse true white Americans about their ancestry,” Panofsky said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some took a more scientific angle in their critiques, calling into doubt the method by which these companies determine ancestry — specifically how companies pick those people whose genetic material will be considered the reference for a particular geographical group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that criticism, though motivated by very different ideas, is one that some researchers have made as well, even as other scientists have used similar data to better understand how populations move and change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a mainstream critical literature on genetic ancestry tests — geneticists and anthropologists and sociologists who have said precisely those things: that these tests give an illusion of certainty, but once you know how the sausage is made, you should be much more cautious about these results,” said Panofsky.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A community’s genetic rules\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Companies like Ancestry.com and 23andMe are meticulous in how they analyze your genetic material. As points of comparison, they use both preexisting datasets as well as some reference populations that they have recruited themselves. The protocol includes genetic material from thousands of individuals, and looks at thousands of genetic variations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When a 23andMe research participant tells us that they have four grandparents all born in the same country — and the country isn’t a colonial nation like the U.S., Canada, or Australia — that person becomes a candidate for inclusion in the reference data,” explained Jhulianna Cintron, a product specialist at 23andMe. Then, she went on, the company excludes close relatives, as that could distort the data, and removes outliers whose genetic data don’t seem to match with what they wrote on their survey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But specialists both inside and outside these companies recognize that the geopolitical boundaries we use now are pretty new, and so consumers may be using imprecise categories when thinking about their own genetic ancestry within the sweeping history of human migration. And users’ ancestry results can change depending on the dataset to which their genetic material is being compared — a fact which some Stormfront users said they took advantage of, uploading their data to various sites to get a more “white” result.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>J. Scott Roberts, an associate professor at the University of Michigan, who has studied consumer use of genetic tests and was not involved with the study, said the companies tend to be reliable at identifying genetic variants. Interpreting them in terms of health risk or ancestry, though, is another story. “The science is often murky in those areas and gives ambiguous information,” he said. “They try to give specific percentages from this region, or x percent disease risk, and my sense is that that is an artificially precise estimate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the study authors, what was most interesting was to watch this online community negotiating its own boundaries, rethinking who counts as “white.” That involved plenty of contradictions. They saw people excluded for their genetic test results, often in very nasty (and unquotable) ways, but that tended to happen for newer members of the anonymous online community, Panofsky said, and not so much for longtime, trusted members. Others were told that they could remain part of white nationalist groups, in spite of the ancestry they revealed, as long as they didn’t “mate,” or only had children with certain ethnic groups. Still others used these test results to put forth a twisted notion of diversity, one “that allows them to say, ‘No, we’re really diverse and we don’t need non-white people to have a diverse society,'” said Panofsky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a far cry from the message of reconciliation that genetic ancestry testing companies hope to promote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sweetheart, you have a little black in you,” the talk show host Trisha Goddard told Craig Cobb on that day in 2013. But that didn’t stop him from redoing the test with a different company, trying to alter or parse the data until it matched his racist worldview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
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"order": 1
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"order": 9
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"order": 15
},
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"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
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},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
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"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
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"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
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},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/money/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
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