window.__IS_SSR__=true
window.__INITIAL_STATE__={
"attachmentsReducer": {
"audio_0": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "audio_0",
"imgSizes": {
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background0.jpg"
}
}
},
"audio_1": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "audio_1",
"imgSizes": {
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background1.jpg"
}
}
},
"audio_2": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "audio_2",
"imgSizes": {
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background2.jpg"
}
}
},
"audio_3": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "audio_3",
"imgSizes": {
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background3.jpg"
}
}
},
"audio_4": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "audio_4",
"imgSizes": {
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background4.jpg"
}
}
},
"placeholder": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "placeholder",
"imgSizes": {
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-160x107.jpg",
"width": 160,
"height": 107,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-800x533.jpg",
"width": 800,
"height": 533,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-768x512.jpg",
"width": 768,
"height": 512,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"large": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1020x680.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"height": 680,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"1536x1536": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1536x1024.jpg",
"width": 1536,
"height": 1024,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"fd-lrg": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1536x1024.jpg",
"width": 1536,
"height": 1024,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1020x680.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"height": 680,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-800x533.jpg",
"width": 800,
"height": 533,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"height": 372,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"height": 576,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-160x107.jpg",
"width": 160,
"height": 107,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"height": 372,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"small": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"height": 372,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1020x680.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"height": 680,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1920x1280.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"height": 1280,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-1333x1333-1-160x160.jpg",
"width": 32,
"height": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-1333x1333-1-160x160.jpg",
"width": 50,
"height": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-1333x1333-1-160x160.jpg",
"width": 64,
"height": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-1333x1333-1-160x160.jpg",
"width": 96,
"height": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-1333x1333-1-160x160.jpg",
"width": 128,
"height": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-1333x1333-1-160x160.jpg",
"width": 160,
"height": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1.jpg",
"width": 2000,
"height": 1333
}
}
},
"futureofyou_443189": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "futureofyou_443189",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "443189",
"found": true
},
"parent": 443188,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/gettyimages-521783196-1-b8354d41ee98f28095e08f9df9d876e0c84fd905-520x390.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 390
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/gettyimages-521783196-1-b8354d41ee98f28095e08f9df9d876e0c84fd905-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/gettyimages-521783196-1-b8354d41ee98f28095e08f9df9d876e0c84fd905-160x120.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 120
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/gettyimages-521783196-1-b8354d41ee98f28095e08f9df9d876e0c84fd905-960x720.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 720
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/gettyimages-521783196-1-b8354d41ee98f28095e08f9df9d876e0c84fd905-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/gettyimages-521783196-1-b8354d41ee98f28095e08f9df9d876e0c84fd905-375x281.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 281
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/gettyimages-521783196-1-b8354d41ee98f28095e08f9df9d876e0c84fd905.jpg",
"width": 2551,
"height": 1913
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/gettyimages-521783196-1-b8354d41ee98f28095e08f9df9d876e0c84fd905-1020x765.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 765
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/gettyimages-521783196-1-b8354d41ee98f28095e08f9df9d876e0c84fd905-1180x885.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 885
},
"complete_open_graph": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/gettyimages-521783196-1-b8354d41ee98f28095e08f9df9d876e0c84fd905-1200x900.jpg",
"width": 1200,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 900
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/gettyimages-521783196-1-b8354d41ee98f28095e08f9df9d876e0c84fd905-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/gettyimages-521783196-1-b8354d41ee98f28095e08f9df9d876e0c84fd905-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/gettyimages-521783196-1-b8354d41ee98f28095e08f9df9d876e0c84fd905-800x600.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 600
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/gettyimages-521783196-1-b8354d41ee98f28095e08f9df9d876e0c84fd905-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/gettyimages-521783196-1-b8354d41ee98f28095e08f9df9d876e0c84fd905-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-lrg": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/gettyimages-521783196-1-b8354d41ee98f28095e08f9df9d876e0c84fd905-1920x1440.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1440
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/gettyimages-521783196-1-b8354d41ee98f28095e08f9df9d876e0c84fd905-1180x885.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 885
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/gettyimages-521783196-1-b8354d41ee98f28095e08f9df9d876e0c84fd905-1920x1440.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1440
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/gettyimages-521783196-1-b8354d41ee98f28095e08f9df9d876e0c84fd905-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/gettyimages-521783196-1-b8354d41ee98f28095e08f9df9d876e0c84fd905-768x576.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/gettyimages-521783196-1-b8354d41ee98f28095e08f9df9d876e0c84fd905-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/gettyimages-521783196-1-b8354d41ee98f28095e08f9df9d876e0c84fd905-240x180.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 180
}
},
"publishDate": 1530775649,
"modified": 1530775649,
"caption": null,
"description": "An increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide would lead to a decrease in the nutritional content of many foods, such as rice, seen here growing in Malaysia.",
"title": "An increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide would lead to a decrease in the nutritional content of many foods, such as rice, seen here growing in Malaysia.",
"credit": null,
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"futureofyou_443168": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "futureofyou_443168",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "443168",
"found": true
},
"parent": 443165,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/AdobeStock_116508157-2048x1152-520x293.jpeg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 293
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/AdobeStock_116508157-2048x1152-1038x576.jpeg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/AdobeStock_116508157-2048x1152-160x90.jpeg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 90
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/AdobeStock_116508157-2048x1152-960x540.jpeg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 540
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/AdobeStock_116508157-2048x1152-672x372.jpeg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/AdobeStock_116508157-2048x1152-375x211.jpeg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 211
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/AdobeStock_116508157-2048x1152.jpeg",
"width": 2048,
"height": 1152
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/AdobeStock_116508157-2048x1152-1020x574.jpeg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 574
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/AdobeStock_116508157-2048x1152-1180x664.jpeg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 664
},
"complete_open_graph": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/AdobeStock_116508157-2048x1152-1200x675.jpeg",
"width": 1200,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 675
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/AdobeStock_116508157-2048x1152-50x50.jpeg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/AdobeStock_116508157-2048x1152-96x96.jpeg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/AdobeStock_116508157-2048x1152-800x450.jpeg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 450
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/AdobeStock_116508157-2048x1152-64x64.jpeg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/AdobeStock_116508157-2048x1152-32x32.jpeg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-lrg": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/AdobeStock_116508157-2048x1152-1920x1080.jpeg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1080
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/AdobeStock_116508157-2048x1152-1180x664.jpeg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 664
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/AdobeStock_116508157-2048x1152-1920x1080.jpeg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1080
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/AdobeStock_116508157-2048x1152-150x150.jpeg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/AdobeStock_116508157-2048x1152-768x432.jpeg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 432
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/AdobeStock_116508157-2048x1152-128x128.jpeg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/AdobeStock_116508157-2048x1152-240x135.jpeg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 135
}
},
"publishDate": 1530606800,
"modified": 1530606819,
"caption": null,
"description": null,
"title": null,
"credit": null,
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"futureofyou_443092": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "futureofyou_443092",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "443092",
"found": true
},
"parent": 443087,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/GettyImages-758299279-1200x800-520x347.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 347
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/GettyImages-758299279-1200x800-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/GettyImages-758299279-1200x800-160x107.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 107
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/GettyImages-758299279-1200x800-960x640.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 640
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/GettyImages-758299279-1200x800-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/GettyImages-758299279-1200x800-375x250.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 250
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/GettyImages-758299279-1200x800.jpg",
"width": 1200,
"height": 800
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/GettyImages-758299279-1200x800-1020x680.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 680
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/GettyImages-758299279-1200x800-1180x787.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 787
},
"complete_open_graph": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/GettyImages-758299279-1200x800-1200x800.jpg",
"width": 1200,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 800
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/GettyImages-758299279-1200x800-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/GettyImages-758299279-1200x800-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/GettyImages-758299279-1200x800-800x533.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 533
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/GettyImages-758299279-1200x800-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/GettyImages-758299279-1200x800-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/GettyImages-758299279-1200x800-1180x787.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 787
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/GettyImages-758299279-1200x800-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/GettyImages-758299279-1200x800-768x512.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 512
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/GettyImages-758299279-1200x800-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/GettyImages-758299279-1200x800-240x160.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 160
}
},
"publishDate": 1530227400,
"modified": 1530228104,
"caption": "The FDA is increasingly green-lighting expensive drugs despite dangerous or little-known side effects and inconclusive evidence that they curb or cure disease.",
"description": null,
"title": null,
"credit": "Zero Creatives/Getty Images",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"futureofyou_443082": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "futureofyou_443082",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "443082",
"found": true
},
"parent": 443072,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/Nuro-10-520x274.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 274
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/Nuro-10-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/Nuro-10-160x84.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 84
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/Nuro-10-960x506.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 506
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/Nuro-10-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/Nuro-10-375x198.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 198
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/Nuro-10.jpg",
"width": 8192,
"height": 4320
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/Nuro-10-1020x538.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 538
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/Nuro-10-1180x622.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 622
},
"complete_open_graph": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/Nuro-10-1200x633.jpg",
"width": 1200,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 633
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/Nuro-10-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/Nuro-10-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/Nuro-10-800x422.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 422
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/Nuro-10-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/Nuro-10-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-lrg": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/Nuro-10-1920x1013.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1013
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/Nuro-10-1180x622.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 622
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/Nuro-10-1920x1013.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1013
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/Nuro-10-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/Nuro-10-768x405.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 405
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/Nuro-10-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/Nuro-10-240x127.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 127
}
},
"publishDate": 1530226242,
"modified": 1530226258,
"caption": null,
"description": null,
"title": "A024_C017_061299",
"credit": "The Kroger Co.",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"futureofyou_443067": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "futureofyou_443067",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "443067",
"found": true
},
"parent": 443063,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/iStock-684089256-520x333.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 333
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/iStock-684089256-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/iStock-684089256-160x103.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 103
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/iStock-684089256-960x616.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 616
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/iStock-684089256-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/iStock-684089256-375x240.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 240
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/iStock-684089256.jpg",
"width": 5639,
"height": 3616
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/iStock-684089256-1020x654.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 654
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/iStock-684089256-1180x757.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 757
},
"complete_open_graph": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/iStock-684089256-1200x769.jpg",
"width": 1200,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 769
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/iStock-684089256-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/iStock-684089256-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/iStock-684089256-800x513.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 513
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/iStock-684089256-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/iStock-684089256-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-lrg": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/iStock-684089256-1920x1231.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1231
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/iStock-684089256-1180x757.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 757
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/iStock-684089256-1920x1231.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1231
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/iStock-684089256-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/iStock-684089256-768x492.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 492
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/iStock-684089256-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/iStock-684089256-240x154.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 154
}
},
"publishDate": 1530222394,
"modified": 1530222438,
"caption": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Portrait of loving senior couple celebrating birthday together, mature woman closing eyes of smiling old man presenting him birthday cake with candles as surprise",
"credit": "iStock",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"futureofyou_443051": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "futureofyou_443051",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "443051",
"found": true
},
"parent": 443048,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/GettyImages-982191288-520x346.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 346
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/GettyImages-982191288-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/GettyImages-982191288-160x107.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 107
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/GettyImages-982191288-960x639.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 639
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/GettyImages-982191288-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/GettyImages-982191288-375x250.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 250
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/GettyImages-982191288.jpg",
"width": 4887,
"height": 3253
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/GettyImages-982191288-1020x679.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 679
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/GettyImages-982191288-1180x785.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 785
},
"complete_open_graph": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/GettyImages-982191288-1200x799.jpg",
"width": 1200,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 799
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/GettyImages-982191288-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/GettyImages-982191288-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/GettyImages-982191288-800x533.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 533
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/GettyImages-982191288-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/GettyImages-982191288-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-lrg": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/GettyImages-982191288-1920x1278.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1278
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/GettyImages-982191288-1180x785.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 785
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/GettyImages-982191288-1920x1278.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1278
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/GettyImages-982191288-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/GettyImages-982191288-768x511.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 511
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/GettyImages-982191288-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/GettyImages-982191288-240x160.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 160
}
},
"publishDate": 1530130508,
"modified": 1530546292,
"caption": null,
"description": null,
"title": "US-CANNABIS-SENIORS-DRUGS",
"credit": "Josh Edelson/AFP/Getty Images",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"futureofyou_443041": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "futureofyou_443041",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "443041",
"found": true
},
"parent": 443040,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/gettyimages-529793228_custom-15ca0c2d04d53dd0994b19146390814e2cd5dab6-520x346.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 346
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/gettyimages-529793228_custom-15ca0c2d04d53dd0994b19146390814e2cd5dab6-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/gettyimages-529793228_custom-15ca0c2d04d53dd0994b19146390814e2cd5dab6-160x106.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 106
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/gettyimages-529793228_custom-15ca0c2d04d53dd0994b19146390814e2cd5dab6-960x639.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 639
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/gettyimages-529793228_custom-15ca0c2d04d53dd0994b19146390814e2cd5dab6-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/gettyimages-529793228_custom-15ca0c2d04d53dd0994b19146390814e2cd5dab6-375x250.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 250
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/gettyimages-529793228_custom-15ca0c2d04d53dd0994b19146390814e2cd5dab6.jpg",
"width": 5200,
"height": 3460
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/gettyimages-529793228_custom-15ca0c2d04d53dd0994b19146390814e2cd5dab6-1020x679.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 679
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/gettyimages-529793228_custom-15ca0c2d04d53dd0994b19146390814e2cd5dab6-1180x785.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 785
},
"complete_open_graph": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/gettyimages-529793228_custom-15ca0c2d04d53dd0994b19146390814e2cd5dab6-1200x798.jpg",
"width": 1200,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 798
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/gettyimages-529793228_custom-15ca0c2d04d53dd0994b19146390814e2cd5dab6-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/gettyimages-529793228_custom-15ca0c2d04d53dd0994b19146390814e2cd5dab6-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/gettyimages-529793228_custom-15ca0c2d04d53dd0994b19146390814e2cd5dab6-800x532.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 532
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/gettyimages-529793228_custom-15ca0c2d04d53dd0994b19146390814e2cd5dab6-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/gettyimages-529793228_custom-15ca0c2d04d53dd0994b19146390814e2cd5dab6-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-lrg": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/gettyimages-529793228_custom-15ca0c2d04d53dd0994b19146390814e2cd5dab6-1920x1278.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1278
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/gettyimages-529793228_custom-15ca0c2d04d53dd0994b19146390814e2cd5dab6-1180x785.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 785
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/gettyimages-529793228_custom-15ca0c2d04d53dd0994b19146390814e2cd5dab6-1920x1278.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1278
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/gettyimages-529793228_custom-15ca0c2d04d53dd0994b19146390814e2cd5dab6-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/gettyimages-529793228_custom-15ca0c2d04d53dd0994b19146390814e2cd5dab6-768x511.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 511
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/gettyimages-529793228_custom-15ca0c2d04d53dd0994b19146390814e2cd5dab6-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/gettyimages-529793228_custom-15ca0c2d04d53dd0994b19146390814e2cd5dab6-240x160.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 160
}
},
"publishDate": 1530044269,
"modified": 1530044269,
"caption": null,
"description": "A drug made from a derivative of marijuana has been approved for patients with certain forms of epilepsy.",
"title": "A drug made from a derivative of marijuana has been approved for patients with certain forms of epilepsy.",
"credit": null,
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"futureofyou_443023": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "futureofyou_443023",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "443023",
"found": true
},
"parent": 443021,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/180607_STAT_Dr.AliceFlaherty_002-1600x900-520x293.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 293
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/180607_STAT_Dr.AliceFlaherty_002-1600x900-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/180607_STAT_Dr.AliceFlaherty_002-1600x900-160x90.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 90
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/180607_STAT_Dr.AliceFlaherty_002-1600x900-960x540.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 540
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/180607_STAT_Dr.AliceFlaherty_002-1600x900-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/180607_STAT_Dr.AliceFlaherty_002-1600x900-375x211.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 211
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/180607_STAT_Dr.AliceFlaherty_002-1600x900.jpg",
"width": 1600,
"height": 900
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/180607_STAT_Dr.AliceFlaherty_002-1600x900-1020x574.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 574
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/180607_STAT_Dr.AliceFlaherty_002-1600x900-1180x664.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 664
},
"complete_open_graph": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/180607_STAT_Dr.AliceFlaherty_002-1600x900-1200x675.jpg",
"width": 1200,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 675
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/180607_STAT_Dr.AliceFlaherty_002-1600x900-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/180607_STAT_Dr.AliceFlaherty_002-1600x900-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/180607_STAT_Dr.AliceFlaherty_002-1600x900-800x450.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 450
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/180607_STAT_Dr.AliceFlaherty_002-1600x900-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/180607_STAT_Dr.AliceFlaherty_002-1600x900-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/180607_STAT_Dr.AliceFlaherty_002-1600x900-1180x664.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 664
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/180607_STAT_Dr.AliceFlaherty_002-1600x900-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/180607_STAT_Dr.AliceFlaherty_002-1600x900-768x432.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 432
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/180607_STAT_Dr.AliceFlaherty_002-1600x900-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/180607_STAT_Dr.AliceFlaherty_002-1600x900-240x135.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 135
}
},
"publishDate": 1529897055,
"modified": 1529897071,
"caption": "Dr. Alice Flaherty poses for a portrait in her office at MGH on Jun. 7, 2018. ",
"description": null,
"title": "180607_STAT_Dr.AliceFlaherty_002-1600x900",
"credit": "Ruby Wallau/STAT",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"futureofyou_443016": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "futureofyou_443016",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "443016",
"found": true
},
"parent": 443015,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/gettyimages-628879332-e8ecac1025764044bec09a206aad846b129c6aa9-520x390.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 390
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/gettyimages-628879332-e8ecac1025764044bec09a206aad846b129c6aa9-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/gettyimages-628879332-e8ecac1025764044bec09a206aad846b129c6aa9-160x120.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 120
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/gettyimages-628879332-e8ecac1025764044bec09a206aad846b129c6aa9-960x720.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 720
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/gettyimages-628879332-e8ecac1025764044bec09a206aad846b129c6aa9-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/gettyimages-628879332-e8ecac1025764044bec09a206aad846b129c6aa9-375x281.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 281
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/gettyimages-628879332-e8ecac1025764044bec09a206aad846b129c6aa9.jpg",
"width": 4970,
"height": 3725
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/gettyimages-628879332-e8ecac1025764044bec09a206aad846b129c6aa9-1020x764.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 764
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/gettyimages-628879332-e8ecac1025764044bec09a206aad846b129c6aa9-1180x884.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 884
},
"complete_open_graph": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/gettyimages-628879332-e8ecac1025764044bec09a206aad846b129c6aa9-1200x899.jpg",
"width": 1200,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 899
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/gettyimages-628879332-e8ecac1025764044bec09a206aad846b129c6aa9-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/gettyimages-628879332-e8ecac1025764044bec09a206aad846b129c6aa9-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/gettyimages-628879332-e8ecac1025764044bec09a206aad846b129c6aa9-800x600.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 600
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/gettyimages-628879332-e8ecac1025764044bec09a206aad846b129c6aa9-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/gettyimages-628879332-e8ecac1025764044bec09a206aad846b129c6aa9-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-lrg": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/gettyimages-628879332-e8ecac1025764044bec09a206aad846b129c6aa9-1920x1439.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1439
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/gettyimages-628879332-e8ecac1025764044bec09a206aad846b129c6aa9-1180x884.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 884
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/gettyimages-628879332-e8ecac1025764044bec09a206aad846b129c6aa9-1920x1439.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1439
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/gettyimages-628879332-e8ecac1025764044bec09a206aad846b129c6aa9-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/gettyimages-628879332-e8ecac1025764044bec09a206aad846b129c6aa9-768x576.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/gettyimages-628879332-e8ecac1025764044bec09a206aad846b129c6aa9-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/gettyimages-628879332-e8ecac1025764044bec09a206aad846b129c6aa9-240x180.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 180
}
},
"publishDate": 1529894243,
"modified": 1529894243,
"caption": null,
"description": "Dr. Vinay Prasad is 35 and an assistant professor of medicine at Oregon Health and Science University in Portland, where he researches health policy, the high cost of drugs and evidence-based medicine. He has more than 21,000 followers on Twitter.",
"title": "Dr. Vinay Prasad is 35 and an assistant professor of medicine at Oregon Health and Science University in Portland, where he researches health policy, the high cost of drugs and evidence-based medicine. He has more than 21,000 followers on Twitter.",
"credit": null,
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"futureofyou_442970": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "futureofyou_442970",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "442970",
"found": true
},
"parent": 442968,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/phage-1600x900-520x293.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 293
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/phage-1600x900-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/phage-1600x900-160x90.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 90
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/phage-1600x900-960x540.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 540
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/phage-1600x900-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/phage-1600x900-375x211.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 211
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/phage-1600x900.jpg",
"width": 1600,
"height": 900
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/phage-1600x900-1020x574.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 574
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/phage-1600x900-1180x664.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 664
},
"complete_open_graph": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/phage-1600x900-1200x675.jpg",
"width": 1200,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 675
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/phage-1600x900-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/phage-1600x900-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/phage-1600x900-800x450.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 450
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/phage-1600x900-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/phage-1600x900-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/phage-1600x900-1180x664.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 664
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/phage-1600x900-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/phage-1600x900-768x432.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 432
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/phage-1600x900-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/phage-1600x900-240x135.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 135
}
},
"publishDate": 1529616852,
"modified": 1529616911,
"caption": "Bacteriophage are viruses that infect bacteria.\nDavid Gregory & Debbie Marshall/ Wellcome Collection ",
"description": null,
"title": "phage-1600x900",
"credit": "David Gregory & Debbie Marshall/ Wellcome Collection ",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
}
},
"audioPlayerReducer": {
"postId": "stream_live",
"isPaused": true,
"isPlaying": false,
"pfsActive": false,
"pledgeModalIsOpen": true,
"playerDrawerIsOpen": false,
"liveAudioPlayStartedAt": 0,
"liveAudioPlayContext": ""
},
"authorsReducer": {
"byline_futureofyou_443188": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_futureofyou_443188",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_futureofyou_443188",
"name": "Paul Chisholm, NPR",
"isLoading": false
},
"byline_futureofyou_443180": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_futureofyou_443180",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_futureofyou_443180",
"name": "The Associated Press",
"isLoading": false
},
"byline_futureofyou_443165": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_futureofyou_443165",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_futureofyou_443165",
"name": "Sharon Begley\u003cbr />STAT",
"isLoading": false
},
"byline_futureofyou_443087": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_futureofyou_443087",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_futureofyou_443087",
"name": "Caroline Chen\u003cbr />PBS Health NewsHour",
"isLoading": false
},
"byline_futureofyou_443072": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_futureofyou_443072",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_futureofyou_443072",
"name": "The Associated Press",
"isLoading": false
},
"byline_futureofyou_443063": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_futureofyou_443063",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_futureofyou_443063",
"name": "Meghana Keshavan\u003cbr />STAT",
"isLoading": false
},
"byline_futureofyou_443058": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_futureofyou_443058",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_futureofyou_443058",
"name": "Lindsey Tanner\u003cbr />The Associated Press",
"isLoading": false
},
"byline_futureofyou_443048": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_futureofyou_443048",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_futureofyou_443048",
"name": "Brian Melley\u003cbr />The Associated Press",
"isLoading": false
},
"byline_futureofyou_443040": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_futureofyou_443040",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_futureofyou_443040",
"name": "Allison Aubrey, NPR",
"isLoading": false
},
"byline_futureofyou_443021": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_futureofyou_443021",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_futureofyou_443021",
"name": "Eric Boodman\u003cbr />STAT",
"isLoading": false
},
"byline_futureofyou_443015": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_futureofyou_443015",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_futureofyou_443015",
"name": "Richard Harris, NPR",
"isLoading": false
},
"byline_futureofyou_442968": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_futureofyou_442968",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_futureofyou_442968",
"name": "Eric Boodman\u003cbr />STAT",
"isLoading": false
}
},
"pagesReducer": {
"futureofyou_category_future-of-you": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1",
"score": 12.79774
},
"featImg": null,
"name": "KQED Future Of You",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "KQED Future Of You Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1,
"slug": "future-of-you",
"isLoading": false,
"title": "KQED Future Of You",
"pageMeta": {
"site": "futureofyou",
"WpPageTemplate": "page-topic-editorial",
"currentPage": 10
},
"blocks": [
{
"blockName": "kqed/post-list",
"attrs": {
"layout": "cardArticle2",
"query": "posts/futureofyou?category=future-of-you",
"seeMore": false,
"paginated": true,
"page": 10
}
},
{
"blockName": "kqed/ad"
}
]
}
},
"pfsSessionReducer": {},
"postsReducer": {
"stream_live": {
"type": "live",
"id": "stream_live",
"audioUrl": "https://hls.kqed.org/hls/kqed_app/playlist.m3u8",
"title": "Live Stream",
"excerpt": "Live Stream information currently unavailable.",
"link": "/radio",
"featImg": "",
"label": {
"name": "KQED Live",
"link": "/"
}
},
"stream_kqedNewscast": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "stream_kqedNewscast",
"audioUrl": "https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1",
"title": "KQED Newscast",
"featImg": "",
"label": {
"name": "88.5 FM",
"link": "/"
}
},
"futureofyou_443188": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "futureofyou_443188",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "443188",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1530824437000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1530824437,
"format": "standard",
"disqusTitle": "How More Carbon Dioxide In The Air Could Lead To More Human Disease",
"title": "How More Carbon Dioxide In The Air Could Lead To More Human Disease",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>The rising level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere means that crops are becoming less nutritious, and that change could lead to higher rates of malnutrition that predispose people to various diseases.[contextly_sidebar id=\"18DdwLKMm3290tNryCRK774LRYsmWfgG\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That conclusion comes from an \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1002586\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">analysis published Tuesday\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>PLOS Medicine\u003c/em>, which also examined how the risk could be alleviated. In the end, cutting emissions, and not public health initiatives, may be the best response, according to the paper's authors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research has already shown that crops like wheat and rice \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2018/06/19/616098095/as-carbon-dioxide-levels-rise-major-crops-are-losing-nutrients\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">produce lower levels\u003c/a> of essential nutrients when exposed to higher levels of carbon dioxide, thanks to \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/nature13179\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">experiments that artificially increased\u003c/a> CO\u003csub>2 \u003c/sub>concentrations in agricultural fields. While plants grew bigger, they also had lower concentrations of minerals like iron and zinc.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fewer nutrients in crops means fewer nutrients in food. People who don't get enough of the right nutrients are more likely to get sick. For instance, kids who don't get enough zinc are more likely to contract diseases like malaria, pneumonia and diarrhea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A multidisciplinary research team from Stanford put the puzzle pieces together and saw a potentially disturbing chain of events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We expect nutrient deficiencies to really increase dramatically from higher carbon dioxide in the atmosphere,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.stanford.edu/sanjay-basu\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Sanjay Basu\u003c/a>, assistant professor of medicine at Stanford University School of Medicine and one of the study's authors. \"In the long run, I think it's likely to cause some chronic problems we haven't prepared for.[contextly_sidebar id=\"gbrVwU339i9MY8FcRt5VLY49cSGDWBoP\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But how many more people would get sick, and what could be done to keep that from happening?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To answer this question, the researchers took the data we already know about carbon dioxide and crop nutrients and extended it to future CO\u003csub>2 \u003c/sub>concentrations. Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations are expected to rise from 400 parts per million to 550 ppm by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assuming people keep eating the same things, the researchers were able to predict how many more people would become nutrient-deficient as a result of their less nutritious diets. From there, the researchers then inferred changes in disease rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results suggest that rising CO\u003csub>2 \u003c/sub>will cost the world roughly 125 million \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/metrics_daly/en/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">disability-adjusted life years \u003c/a> – which are roughly equivalent to a year of healthy life – because of higher rates of disease between now and 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That number can be hard to wrap your head around, but \u003ca href=\"http://environment.harvard.edu/about/faculty/samuel-myers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Samuel Myers\u003c/a>, senior research scientist at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, says that it's in line with previous estimates of \"somewhere between 100-200 million people being pushed into risk of deficiency.\" Myers has authored several papers on the effect of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> on crop nutrition but wasn't involved in this study.[contextly_sidebar id=\"ee6yiCbpEDk7gwPD6za9z5kFstu6Rpw1\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the people affected would be in areas prone to malnutrition in Southeast Asia and Africa. Developed regions, such as Europe and North America, are unlikely to be heavily affected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next, the researchers simulated what would happen if countries took steps to mitigate the threat, such as reducing CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> emissions in line with the Paris Agreement on climate, or passing out zinc pills to affected populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers found that roughly half of the added disease burden could be avoided if CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> levels were cut to levels stipulated by the Paris Agreement—480 ppm. But public health initiatives, like iron distribution or malaria mitigation, would only reduce the problem by a 20 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Some of the climate change mitigation policies might be even more effective than public health measures to help avert this problem,\" states Basu.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mathematical biologist \u003ca href=\"https://www.bryanhealthcollege.edu/bcohs/faculty-staff-directory/general-education-faculty/meet-irakli/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Irakli Loladze\u003c/a>, an associate professor at the Bryan College of Health Sciences in Lincoln, Neb., says that this is the study's most important finding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The novel part is their estimate for the effects of various interventions,\" Loladze explains. \"What's interesting is that interventions such as zinc or iron supplementation actually have little effect.\"[contextly_sidebar id=\"MNakSRCGNFeTp3zbsPB3MtlGmpM34QQu\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although it's tempting to believe that nutrient deficiencies are easily solved, Loladze points out it's often difficult. \"Many will often say, 'Hey, let's just do supplementation. Everybody will take a pill.' Which of course is very naive thinking,\" Loladze says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He cites iodine as an example. Iodine deficiency has been effectively treated in many places by adding iodine to food staples like salt. Still, hundreds of millions of people remain iodine deficient because their governments lack the money to implement such large-scale health programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other warn against taking the authors' estimates of disease burden too literally. Predictive models are only as good as the numbers they use, and some of the estimates plugged into the model are murkier than others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We don't have highly accurate information about what everyone in the world is eating,\" says Harvard's Myers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Myers also highlights the difficulty of linking diet to nutrient deficiency, since the absorption of many nutrients – especially iron – is influenced by a variety of factors such as personal health and whether food contains iron-binding compounds that inhibit absorption. Still, Myers emphasizes that the numbers used in the study are the best we've got.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few things could happen to keep the predictions from coming true. Carbon dioxide emissions could be cut, and global diets could shift. Diets have \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014067361360776X\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">changed dramatically \u003c/a>in places like China, where more people are eating meat, a better source of iron than most plant-based foods. Additionally, Myers notes that some crop varieties appear resistant to the CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>-associated decrease in nutrition, and those varieties could provide the foundation for agricultural production in an increasingly CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>-rich atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The burden of addressing nutrient deficiency is not likely to fall on the people most responsible for the change. In the end, the study highlights how the habits of affluent countries trickle down to affect the world's poor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's the wealthy people in the world who are emitting lots of carbon dioxide,\" Myers says. \"Wealthy consumption patterns are putting the poorest, most vulnerable people in harm's way.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+More+Carbon+Dioxide+In+The+Air+Could+Lead+To+More+Human+Disease&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
"disqusIdentifier": "443188 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=443188",
"disqusUrl": "https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/07/05/how-more-carbon-dioxide-in-the-air-could-lead-to-more-human-disease/",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 1023,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 27
},
"modified": 1530776011,
"excerpt": "Nutrients in crops fall as carbon dioxide rises. People who don't get enough of the right nutrients are more likely to get sick. Researchers have now estimated the effects.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "Nutrients in crops fall as carbon dioxide rises. People who don't get enough of the right nutrients are more likely to get sick. Researchers have now estimated the effects.",
"title": "How More Carbon Dioxide In The Air Could Lead To More Human Disease | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "How More Carbon Dioxide In The Air Could Lead To More Human Disease",
"datePublished": "2018-07-05T14:00:37-07:00",
"dateModified": "2018-07-05T00:33:31-07:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "how-more-carbon-dioxide-in-the-air-could-lead-to-more-human-disease",
"status": "publish",
"nprApiLink": "http://api.npr.org/query?id=625653735&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004",
"nprByline": "Paul Chisholm, NPR",
"nprStoryDate": "Tue, 03 Jul 2018 14:34:00 -0400",
"nprLastModifiedDate": "Tue, 03 Jul 2018 16:02:02 -0400",
"nprHtmlLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/07/03/625653735/how-more-carbon-dioxide-in-the-air-could-lead-to-more-human-disease?ft=nprml&f=625653735",
"nprImageAgency": "Getty Images",
"nprImageCredit": "Nik Wheeler",
"source": "Health",
"nprStoryId": "625653735",
"nprRetrievedStory": "1",
"nprPubDate": "Tue, 03 Jul 2018 16:02:00 -0400",
"path": "/futureofyou/443188/how-more-carbon-dioxide-in-the-air-could-lead-to-more-human-disease",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The rising level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere means that crops are becoming less nutritious, and that change could lead to higher rates of malnutrition that predispose people to various diseases.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That conclusion comes from an \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1002586\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">analysis published Tuesday\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>PLOS Medicine\u003c/em>, which also examined how the risk could be alleviated. In the end, cutting emissions, and not public health initiatives, may be the best response, according to the paper's authors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research has already shown that crops like wheat and rice \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2018/06/19/616098095/as-carbon-dioxide-levels-rise-major-crops-are-losing-nutrients\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">produce lower levels\u003c/a> of essential nutrients when exposed to higher levels of carbon dioxide, thanks to \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/nature13179\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">experiments that artificially increased\u003c/a> CO\u003csub>2 \u003c/sub>concentrations in agricultural fields. While plants grew bigger, they also had lower concentrations of minerals like iron and zinc.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fewer nutrients in crops means fewer nutrients in food. People who don't get enough of the right nutrients are more likely to get sick. For instance, kids who don't get enough zinc are more likely to contract diseases like malaria, pneumonia and diarrhea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A multidisciplinary research team from Stanford put the puzzle pieces together and saw a potentially disturbing chain of events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We expect nutrient deficiencies to really increase dramatically from higher carbon dioxide in the atmosphere,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.stanford.edu/sanjay-basu\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Sanjay Basu\u003c/a>, assistant professor of medicine at Stanford University School of Medicine and one of the study's authors. \"In the long run, I think it's likely to cause some chronic problems we haven't prepared for.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But how many more people would get sick, and what could be done to keep that from happening?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To answer this question, the researchers took the data we already know about carbon dioxide and crop nutrients and extended it to future CO\u003csub>2 \u003c/sub>concentrations. Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations are expected to rise from 400 parts per million to 550 ppm by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assuming people keep eating the same things, the researchers were able to predict how many more people would become nutrient-deficient as a result of their less nutritious diets. From there, the researchers then inferred changes in disease rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results suggest that rising CO\u003csub>2 \u003c/sub>will cost the world roughly 125 million \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/metrics_daly/en/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">disability-adjusted life years \u003c/a> – which are roughly equivalent to a year of healthy life – because of higher rates of disease between now and 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That number can be hard to wrap your head around, but \u003ca href=\"http://environment.harvard.edu/about/faculty/samuel-myers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Samuel Myers\u003c/a>, senior research scientist at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, says that it's in line with previous estimates of \"somewhere between 100-200 million people being pushed into risk of deficiency.\" Myers has authored several papers on the effect of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> on crop nutrition but wasn't involved in this study.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the people affected would be in areas prone to malnutrition in Southeast Asia and Africa. Developed regions, such as Europe and North America, are unlikely to be heavily affected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next, the researchers simulated what would happen if countries took steps to mitigate the threat, such as reducing CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> emissions in line with the Paris Agreement on climate, or passing out zinc pills to affected populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers found that roughly half of the added disease burden could be avoided if CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> levels were cut to levels stipulated by the Paris Agreement—480 ppm. But public health initiatives, like iron distribution or malaria mitigation, would only reduce the problem by a 20 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Some of the climate change mitigation policies might be even more effective than public health measures to help avert this problem,\" states Basu.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mathematical biologist \u003ca href=\"https://www.bryanhealthcollege.edu/bcohs/faculty-staff-directory/general-education-faculty/meet-irakli/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Irakli Loladze\u003c/a>, an associate professor at the Bryan College of Health Sciences in Lincoln, Neb., says that this is the study's most important finding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The novel part is their estimate for the effects of various interventions,\" Loladze explains. \"What's interesting is that interventions such as zinc or iron supplementation actually have little effect.\"\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although it's tempting to believe that nutrient deficiencies are easily solved, Loladze points out it's often difficult. \"Many will often say, 'Hey, let's just do supplementation. Everybody will take a pill.' Which of course is very naive thinking,\" Loladze says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He cites iodine as an example. Iodine deficiency has been effectively treated in many places by adding iodine to food staples like salt. Still, hundreds of millions of people remain iodine deficient because their governments lack the money to implement such large-scale health programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other warn against taking the authors' estimates of disease burden too literally. Predictive models are only as good as the numbers they use, and some of the estimates plugged into the model are murkier than others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We don't have highly accurate information about what everyone in the world is eating,\" says Harvard's Myers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Myers also highlights the difficulty of linking diet to nutrient deficiency, since the absorption of many nutrients – especially iron – is influenced by a variety of factors such as personal health and whether food contains iron-binding compounds that inhibit absorption. Still, Myers emphasizes that the numbers used in the study are the best we've got.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few things could happen to keep the predictions from coming true. Carbon dioxide emissions could be cut, and global diets could shift. Diets have \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014067361360776X\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">changed dramatically \u003c/a>in places like China, where more people are eating meat, a better source of iron than most plant-based foods. Additionally, Myers notes that some crop varieties appear resistant to the CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>-associated decrease in nutrition, and those varieties could provide the foundation for agricultural production in an increasingly CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>-rich atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The burden of addressing nutrient deficiency is not likely to fall on the people most responsible for the change. In the end, the study highlights how the habits of affluent countries trickle down to affect the world's poor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "floatright"
},
"numeric": [
"floatright"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's the wealthy people in the world who are emitting lots of carbon dioxide,\" Myers says. \"Wealthy consumption patterns are putting the poorest, most vulnerable people in harm's way.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+More+Carbon+Dioxide+In+The+Air+Could+Lead+To+More+Human+Disease&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/futureofyou/443188/how-more-carbon-dioxide-in-the-air-could-lead-to-more-human-disease",
"authors": [
"byline_futureofyou_443188"
],
"categories": [
"futureofyou_1",
"futureofyou_73"
],
"tags": [
"futureofyou_1572",
"futureofyou_141",
"futureofyou_1329",
"futureofyou_1573",
"futureofyou_61"
],
"featImg": "futureofyou_443189",
"label": "source_futureofyou_443188"
},
"futureofyou_443180": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "futureofyou_443180",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "443180",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1530806447000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1530806447,
"format": "standard",
"disqusTitle": "Mother: Caring for Girl Amid Brain-Death Debate ‘Worth It’",
"title": "Mother: Caring for Girl Amid Brain-Death Debate ‘Worth It’",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>The mother of a girl at the center of a medical and religious debate over brain death said she does not regret moving from California to New Jersey so her daughter could receive care after being declared dead.[contextly_sidebar id=\"23Ay0lmvAahQPeVvigzIETSKtEkm43UJ\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nailah Winkfield told reporters Tuesday that she gave up everything for daughter Jahi McMath.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everything that I did, from selling my house, to quitting my job, to moving across the country and taking all that time away from my family, it was all worth it,” Winkfield said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She has said doctors declared Jahi dead on June 22 from excessive bleeding and liver failure after an operation to treat an intestinal issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jahi had been declared dead in December 2013 at age 13 after suffering irreversible brain damage during surgery in California to remove her tonsils. A coroner signed a death certificate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winkfield refused to accept the conclusion and took Jahi to New Jersey, which accommodates religions that don’t recognize brain death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winkfield said Tuesday that her daughter grew and went through puberty — evidence she was not dead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s no way in the world that I would be holding onto a corpse for 4½ years,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She also described her final moments with Jahi. Winkfield said she gave her daughter permission to “go” if she was tired, telling her not to worry about her mom.[contextly_sidebar id=\"aYsDGYXXZXPDLEprrXkMdRXaPOQCyavj\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I said, ‘You have my permission. You can go,’” she said. “I said, ‘My husband will see about me, your siblings will see about me. Don’t worry.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said Jahi died hours later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to be hard without her,” she said. “She was a sweet girl.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jahi will be buried Friday in Hayward, California, the San Francisco Chronicle \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Family-of-Jahi-McMath-gets-approval-to-bury-their-13047928.php\">reported\u003c/a> .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conservative religious groups rallied behind Winkfield and helped raise money for Jahi’s continued care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winkfield and her lawyers have been trying to rescind the California death certificate as part of a medical malpractice lawsuit against the hospital where Jahi had her tonsillectomy.\u003c/p>\n\n",
"disqusIdentifier": "443180 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=443180",
"disqusUrl": "https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/07/05/mother-caring-for-girl-amid-brain-death-debate-worth-it/",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 363,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 17
},
"modified": 1530775087,
"excerpt": "The mother of a girl at the center of a medical and religious debate over brain death says she does not regret selling her home so her daughter could receive care after being declared dead. ",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "The mother of a girl at the center of a medical and religious debate over brain death says she does not regret selling her home so her daughter could receive care after being declared dead. ",
"title": "Mother: Caring for Girl Amid Brain-Death Debate ‘Worth It’ | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Mother: Caring for Girl Amid Brain-Death Debate ‘Worth It’",
"datePublished": "2018-07-05T09:00:47-07:00",
"dateModified": "2018-07-05T00:18:07-07:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "mother-caring-for-girl-amid-brain-death-debate-worth-it",
"status": "publish",
"nprByline": "The Associated Press",
"source": "Health",
"path": "/futureofyou/443180/mother-caring-for-girl-amid-brain-death-debate-worth-it",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The mother of a girl at the center of a medical and religious debate over brain death said she does not regret moving from California to New Jersey so her daughter could receive care after being declared dead.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nailah Winkfield told reporters Tuesday that she gave up everything for daughter Jahi McMath.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everything that I did, from selling my house, to quitting my job, to moving across the country and taking all that time away from my family, it was all worth it,” Winkfield said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She has said doctors declared Jahi dead on June 22 from excessive bleeding and liver failure after an operation to treat an intestinal issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jahi had been declared dead in December 2013 at age 13 after suffering irreversible brain damage during surgery in California to remove her tonsils. A coroner signed a death certificate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winkfield refused to accept the conclusion and took Jahi to New Jersey, which accommodates religions that don’t recognize brain death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winkfield said Tuesday that her daughter grew and went through puberty — evidence she was not dead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s no way in the world that I would be holding onto a corpse for 4½ years,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She also described her final moments with Jahi. Winkfield said she gave her daughter permission to “go” if she was tired, telling her not to worry about her mom.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I said, ‘You have my permission. You can go,’” she said. “I said, ‘My husband will see about me, your siblings will see about me. Don’t worry.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said Jahi died hours later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to be hard without her,” she said. “She was a sweet girl.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jahi will be buried Friday in Hayward, California, the San Francisco Chronicle \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Family-of-Jahi-McMath-gets-approval-to-bury-their-13047928.php\">reported\u003c/a> .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conservative religious groups rallied behind Winkfield and helped raise money for Jahi’s continued care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winkfield and her lawyers have been trying to rescind the California death certificate as part of a medical malpractice lawsuit against the hospital where Jahi had her tonsillectomy.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/futureofyou/443180/mother-caring-for-girl-amid-brain-death-debate-worth-it",
"authors": [
"byline_futureofyou_443180"
],
"categories": [
"futureofyou_1062",
"futureofyou_1",
"futureofyou_73"
],
"tags": [
"futureofyou_56",
"futureofyou_491",
"futureofyou_1327",
"futureofyou_61",
"futureofyou_177"
],
"label": "source_futureofyou_443180"
},
"futureofyou_443165": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "futureofyou_443165",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "443165",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1530644426000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1530644426,
"format": "standard",
"disqusTitle": "Can Zapping People’s Brains Reduce Violence? Controversial Study Sees Potential",
"title": "Can Zapping People’s Brains Reduce Violence? Controversial Study Sees Potential",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>The study participants read short accounts of violent behavior: In one, a man smashed a beer bottle over someone’s head; in another, an assailant raped an acquaintance.[contextly_sidebar id=\"gKdycmp0KoVJxcxC1F1K6WdKxrJ9rXZI\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They were then asked: \u003cem>Would you do that?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The day before, half of them had had the frontmost region of their brains, responsible for such high-level functions as impulse control and moral judgments, electrically stimulated; the other half had not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The people whose prefrontal cortex was stimulated reported roughly half the likelihood of committing a violent act like the ones they watched, scientists at the University of Pennsylvania reported on Monday; they said they found such physical and sexual violence more morally wrong, compared with the control group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers hailed their results as evidence that “increasing activity in the prefrontal cortex can reduce intentions to commit aggression and enhance perceptions of moral judgment,” as they wrote in the Journal of Neuroscience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other experts said the results were far less than advertised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re a long way from ‘Clockwork Orange,’” said Dr. Paul Appelbaum, director of the Division of Law, Ethics, and Psychiatry at Columbia University’s Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the study, the Penn researchers randomly assigned 81 healthy adults (the average ago was 20) to receive “transcranial direct-current stimulation” of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, behind the top of the forehead, for 20 minutes via two scalp electrodes, or to get a low current for 30 seconds and then nothing, also via electrodes. Participants couldn’t tell if they were receiving the stimulation or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers aimed at the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex because dozens of small neuro-imaging studies have \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2784035/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a> that in people deemed antisocial or aggressive or both, this region is typically smaller and less active than in other people. Such studies can’t tell whether an impaired prefrontal cortex causes aggression or vice versa, so the Penn study, a registered \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02427672\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">clinical trial\u003c/a>, tried to figure that out.[contextly_sidebar id=\"dnHIsBbKjxIupKuLmg7VYu4mKCZSmb4l\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next day, participants read one vignette about the beer-bottle assault and one about the rape, and rated how likely they were (from “no chance” to “definitely”) to act as the assaulter did. The brain-stimulated group reported a 47 percent lower likelihood that they would commit the non-sexual physical assault (1.15 vs. 2.19 on a scale of 0 to 10) and a 70 percent lower likelihood of committing the sexual assault (0.26 vs. 0.86) compared with the control group. The brain-stimulated group also rated the assaults as more morally wrong than the control group did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But while the brain stimulation decreased people’s self-reported likelihood of committing assault, their actions indicated otherwise. In the only assessment of actual behavior, the participants got to stick pins into a computer image of a doll representing a close friend, a common lab test of violent tendencies. Those whose prefrontal cortex was stimulated stuck in slightly more pins than the control group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What people say they will do with regard to violence and what they actually do may be two different things,” said Appelbaum. “Whether actual violence would be reduced [by brain stimulation] is unknown,” but “the data suggest no impact” on actual aggressive behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Olivia Choy, the paper’s lead author and now a psychologist at Nanyang Technological University in Singapore, emphasized that the participants got only one 20-minute stimulation session. “It might be that repeated sessions over a longer time period could produce changes in behavior, but changes in behavior start with changing intent,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to find benign biological interventions [for criminal violence] that society will accept,” Penn psychologist Adrian Raine, who has studied the brain basis of violence and psychopathy for decades, said in a statement. “Transcranial direct-current stimulation is minimal risk. This isn’t a frontal lobotomy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robin Mackenzie, a scholar of medical law and ethics at England’s University of Kent, called the study “promising and suggestive,” saying it “advances the field of biological interventions on antisocial and aggressive behavior.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she, too, noted several concerns. One is that the brain-stimulated group had 24 women and 15 men, compared with 21 and 21 in the control group. That raises the question of whether the zapped group’s lower likelihood of endorsing rape and beer-bottle attacks might be driven by gender differences, especially on what constitutes rape, Mackenzie said: “Asking female participants to identify with a rapist to assess how likely they would be to rape a woman is inherently different from asking male participants to do so….It is at the very least possible that the gender distribution could have skewed the results.”[contextly_sidebar id=\"APQk5r3dfTy6mLZEMSYpZsZfNmt4Z4Oq\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, the study participants had no history of psychiatric or neurologic disease or injury, all of which are associated with violent tendencies. But the brain mechanisms causing that violence in these groups may differ from the mechanisms in normal people. Results on healthy, non-violent college students therefore might not apply to people with such brain abnormalities. “How far tDCS could affect [such people] is an open question,” Mackenzie said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even if stimulation of the prefrontal cortex makes people express a heightened sense that violence is wrong, when they are asked their views the next day, it remains to be seen whether any such effect would last, or if people would have to be zapped frequently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regardless of its shortcomings, the study worries some experts. If governments adopt brain zapping for violent offenders, would it be voluntary or, just as some states and countries mandate chemical castration for some male sex offenders, mandatory? And would governments be tempted to extend its use beyond violence, such as “to induce passivity in politically unruly groups?,” Appelbaum asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Neurotechnologies which affect identity, ways of being, and thought processes are particularly tempting for authorities seeking to secure control and cut costs,” Mackenzie said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/07/02/brain-electric-stimulation-violence/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
"disqusIdentifier": "443165 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=443165",
"disqusUrl": "https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/07/03/can-zapping-peoples-brains-reduce-violence-controversial-study-sees-potential/",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 1057,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 23
},
"modified": 1530609082,
"excerpt": "Study subjects whose prefrontal cortex were stimulated reported roughly half the likelihood of committing a violent act like the ones scientists made them watch.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "Study subjects whose prefrontal cortex were stimulated reported roughly half the likelihood of committing a violent act like the ones scientists made them watch.",
"title": "Can Zapping People’s Brains Reduce Violence? Controversial Study Sees Potential | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Can Zapping People’s Brains Reduce Violence? Controversial Study Sees Potential",
"datePublished": "2018-07-03T12:00:26-07:00",
"dateModified": "2018-07-03T02:11:22-07:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "can-zapping-peoples-brains-reduce-violence-controversial-study-sees-potential",
"status": "publish",
"nprByline": "Sharon Begley\u003cbr />STAT",
"source": "Health",
"path": "/futureofyou/443165/can-zapping-peoples-brains-reduce-violence-controversial-study-sees-potential",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The study participants read short accounts of violent behavior: In one, a man smashed a beer bottle over someone’s head; in another, an assailant raped an acquaintance.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They were then asked: \u003cem>Would you do that?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The day before, half of them had had the frontmost region of their brains, responsible for such high-level functions as impulse control and moral judgments, electrically stimulated; the other half had not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The people whose prefrontal cortex was stimulated reported roughly half the likelihood of committing a violent act like the ones they watched, scientists at the University of Pennsylvania reported on Monday; they said they found such physical and sexual violence more morally wrong, compared with the control group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers hailed their results as evidence that “increasing activity in the prefrontal cortex can reduce intentions to commit aggression and enhance perceptions of moral judgment,” as they wrote in the Journal of Neuroscience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other experts said the results were far less than advertised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re a long way from ‘Clockwork Orange,’” said Dr. Paul Appelbaum, director of the Division of Law, Ethics, and Psychiatry at Columbia University’s Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the study, the Penn researchers randomly assigned 81 healthy adults (the average ago was 20) to receive “transcranial direct-current stimulation” of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, behind the top of the forehead, for 20 minutes via two scalp electrodes, or to get a low current for 30 seconds and then nothing, also via electrodes. Participants couldn’t tell if they were receiving the stimulation or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers aimed at the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex because dozens of small neuro-imaging studies have \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2784035/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a> that in people deemed antisocial or aggressive or both, this region is typically smaller and less active than in other people. Such studies can’t tell whether an impaired prefrontal cortex causes aggression or vice versa, so the Penn study, a registered \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02427672\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">clinical trial\u003c/a>, tried to figure that out.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next day, participants read one vignette about the beer-bottle assault and one about the rape, and rated how likely they were (from “no chance” to “definitely”) to act as the assaulter did. The brain-stimulated group reported a 47 percent lower likelihood that they would commit the non-sexual physical assault (1.15 vs. 2.19 on a scale of 0 to 10) and a 70 percent lower likelihood of committing the sexual assault (0.26 vs. 0.86) compared with the control group. The brain-stimulated group also rated the assaults as more morally wrong than the control group did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But while the brain stimulation decreased people’s self-reported likelihood of committing assault, their actions indicated otherwise. In the only assessment of actual behavior, the participants got to stick pins into a computer image of a doll representing a close friend, a common lab test of violent tendencies. Those whose prefrontal cortex was stimulated stuck in slightly more pins than the control group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What people say they will do with regard to violence and what they actually do may be two different things,” said Appelbaum. “Whether actual violence would be reduced [by brain stimulation] is unknown,” but “the data suggest no impact” on actual aggressive behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Olivia Choy, the paper’s lead author and now a psychologist at Nanyang Technological University in Singapore, emphasized that the participants got only one 20-minute stimulation session. “It might be that repeated sessions over a longer time period could produce changes in behavior, but changes in behavior start with changing intent,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to find benign biological interventions [for criminal violence] that society will accept,” Penn psychologist Adrian Raine, who has studied the brain basis of violence and psychopathy for decades, said in a statement. “Transcranial direct-current stimulation is minimal risk. This isn’t a frontal lobotomy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robin Mackenzie, a scholar of medical law and ethics at England’s University of Kent, called the study “promising and suggestive,” saying it “advances the field of biological interventions on antisocial and aggressive behavior.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she, too, noted several concerns. One is that the brain-stimulated group had 24 women and 15 men, compared with 21 and 21 in the control group. That raises the question of whether the zapped group’s lower likelihood of endorsing rape and beer-bottle attacks might be driven by gender differences, especially on what constitutes rape, Mackenzie said: “Asking female participants to identify with a rapist to assess how likely they would be to rape a woman is inherently different from asking male participants to do so….It is at the very least possible that the gender distribution could have skewed the results.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, the study participants had no history of psychiatric or neurologic disease or injury, all of which are associated with violent tendencies. But the brain mechanisms causing that violence in these groups may differ from the mechanisms in normal people. Results on healthy, non-violent college students therefore might not apply to people with such brain abnormalities. “How far tDCS could affect [such people] is an open question,” Mackenzie said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even if stimulation of the prefrontal cortex makes people express a heightened sense that violence is wrong, when they are asked their views the next day, it remains to be seen whether any such effect would last, or if people would have to be zapped frequently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regardless of its shortcomings, the study worries some experts. If governments adopt brain zapping for violent offenders, would it be voluntary or, just as some states and countries mandate chemical castration for some male sex offenders, mandatory? And would governments be tempted to extend its use beyond violence, such as “to induce passivity in politically unruly groups?,” Appelbaum asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Neurotechnologies which affect identity, ways of being, and thought processes are particularly tempting for authorities seeking to secure control and cut costs,” Mackenzie said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/07/02/brain-electric-stimulation-violence/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/futureofyou/443165/can-zapping-peoples-brains-reduce-violence-controversial-study-sees-potential",
"authors": [
"byline_futureofyou_443165"
],
"categories": [
"futureofyou_1060",
"futureofyou_1",
"futureofyou_73",
"futureofyou_1061"
],
"tags": [
"futureofyou_56",
"futureofyou_1056",
"futureofyou_204",
"futureofyou_1224",
"futureofyou_35",
"futureofyou_1571"
],
"collections": [
"futureofyou_1093",
"futureofyou_1096"
],
"featImg": "futureofyou_443168",
"label": "source_futureofyou_443165"
},
"futureofyou_443087": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "futureofyou_443087",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "443087",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1530298819000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {
"site": "futureofyou"
},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1530298819,
"format": "standard",
"disqusTitle": "FDA Increasingly Approves Drugs Without Conclusive Proof They Work",
"title": "FDA Increasingly Approves Drugs Without Conclusive Proof They Work",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>Nuplazid, a drug for hallucinations and delusions associated with Parkinson’s disease, failed two clinical trials. In a third trial, under a revised standard for measuring its effect, it showed minimal benefit. Overall, more patients died or had serious side effects on Nuplazid than after receiving no treatment.[contextly_sidebar id=\"I0beglYHdhsEje3gNPJt4J4XCF1sQdTv\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patients on Uloric, a gout drug, suffered more heart attacks, strokes and heart failure in two out of three trials than did their counterparts on standard or no medication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved both of these drugs — with a deadly aftermath. Uloric’s manufacturer reported last November that patients on the drug were 34 percent more likely to die from heart disease than people taking an alternative gout medication. And since the FDA fast-tracked approval of Nuplazid and it went on the market in 2016 at a price of $24,000 a year, there have been 6,800 reports of adverse events for patients on the drug, including 887 deaths as of this past March 31.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA is increasingly green-lighting expensive drugs despite dangerous or little-known side effects and inconclusive evidence that they curb or cure disease. Once widely assailed for moving slowly, today the FDA reviews and approves drugs faster than any other regulatory agency in the world. Between 2011 and 2015, the FDA reviewed new drug applications more than 60 days faster on average than did the European Medicines Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Europe has also rejected drugs for which the FDA accelerated approval, such as Folotyn, which treats a rare form of blood cancer. European authorities cited “insufficient” evidence of health gains from Folotyn, which shrinks some tumors but hasn’t been shown to extend lives. It costs more than $92,000 for a seven-week course of treatment, according to research firm SSR Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As patients (or their insurers) shell out tens or hundreds of thousands of dollars for unproven drugs, manufacturers reap a windfall. For them, expedited approval can mean not only sped-up sales but also — if the drug is intended to treat a rare disease or serve a neglected population — FDA incentives worth hundreds of millions of dollars.[contextly_sidebar id=\"FFIqfrTMSEntnDpoXYd7bN7KqEJ1nitR\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Instead of a regulator and a regulated industry, we now have a partnership,” said Dr. Michael Carome, director of the health research group for the nonprofit advocacy organization Public Citizen, and a former U.S. Department of Health and Human Services official. “That relationship has tilted the agency away from a public health perspective to an industry friendly perspective.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the FDA over the past three decades has implemented at least four major routes to faster approvals — the current commissioner, Dr. Scott Gottlieb, is easing even more drugs’ path to market. The FDA okayed 46 “novel” drugs — whose chemical structure hadn’t been previously approved — in 2017, the most in at least 15 years. At the same time, it’s rejecting fewer medications. In 2017, the FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research denied 19.7 percent of all applications for new drugs, biologics, and efficacy supplements, down from a 2010 peak of 59.2 percent, according to agency data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Trump has encouraged Gottlieb to give patients faster access to drugs. “You’re bringing that down, right?” Trump asked the commissioner at a May 30 event, referring to the time it takes to bring drugs to market. “You have a lot of good things in the wings that, frankly, if you moved them up, a lot of people would have a great shot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Faster reviews mean that the FDA often approves drugs despite limited information. It channels more and more experimental treatments, including Nuplazid, into expedited reviews that require only one clinical trial to show a benefit to patients, instead of the traditional two.[contextly_sidebar id=\"ZTM84RK3CYJh6Na9E7BPqLUQy2or8H6L\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA also increasingly allows drugmakers to claim success in trials based on proxy measurements — such as shrunken tumors — instead of clinical outcomes like survival rates or cures, which take more time to evaluate. In return for accelerated approval, drug companies commit to researching how well their drugs work after going on the market. But these post-marketing studies can take 10 years or longer to complete, leaving patients and doctors with lingering questions about safety and benefit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Clearly, accelerated approval has greater uncertainty,” Dr. Janet Woodcock, head of the FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, said in an interview. When only a single trial is used for approval, “in some cases, there may be more uncertainty about safety findings or with the magnitude of effectiveness.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She attributed the increased use of expedited pathways to more drugmakers developing treatments for rare diseases, “where there’s unmet need, and where the patient population and providers are eager to accept more uncertainty.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA’s growing emphasis on speed has come at the urging of both patient advocacy groups and industry, which began in 1992 to contribute to the salaries of the agency’s drug reviewers in exchange for time limits on reviews. In 2017, pharma paid 75 percent — or $905 million — of the agency’s scientific review budgets for branded and generic drugs, compared to 27 percent in 1993.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The virginity was lost in ’92,” said Dr. Jerry Avorn, a professor at Harvard Medical School. “Once you have that paying relationship, it creates a dynamic that’s not a healthy one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Industry also sways the FDA through a less direct financial route. Many of the physicians, caregivers, and other witnesses before FDA advisory panels that evaluate drugs receive consulting fees, expense payments, or other remuneration from pharma companies.[contextly_sidebar id=\"S8mJLWGaKpQSu3DtDH1rrcDPrwOzoTS8\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You know who never shows up at the [advisory committee]? The people who died in the trial,” lamented one former FDA staffer, who asked not to be named because he still works in the field. “Nobody is talking for them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drug industry’s lobbying group, Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America, continues to push for ever-faster approvals. In a policy memo on its website, PhRMA warns of “needless delays in drug review and approval that lead to longer development times, missed opportunities, higher drug development costs and delays in treatments reaching patients.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency has internalized decades of criticism that painted it as an obstacle to innovation, said Daniel Carpenter, a professor of government at Harvard and author of a 2010 book on pharmaceutical regulation at the FDA. “They now have a built-in fear of over-regulation that’s set in over the last 20 years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be sure, nobody wants the FDA to drag out drug reviews unnecessarily, and even critics acknowledge that there’s no easy way for the agency to strike the perfect balance between sufficient speed and ample information, particularly when patients have no other treatments available, or are terminally ill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s reasonable to move drugs faster particularly in the case where you’re dealing with an extremely promising new product which treats a serious or life-threatening disease,” said Dr. Aaron Kesselheim, an associate professor at Harvard Medical School. “The key, though, when you do that is that you’ve got to make sure you closely follow the drug in a thoughtful way and unfortunately, too often we don’t do that in the U.S.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gregg Gonsalves used to be a member of ACT UP, the HIV advocacy group that tried to take over the FDA’s headquarters in Rockville, Maryland, in 1988, accusing the agency of holding back cures. While he didn’t storm the FDA building, Gonsalves participated in other protests that led the FDA to accelerate approvals. Now an assistant professor of epidemiology at Yale School of Public Health, he said he fears HIV activists “opened a Pandora’s box” that the industry and anti-regulation think tanks pounced on.[contextly_sidebar id=\"R9wQnCosBUWoIwvNjU9Zy4X5WuCDFCFK\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were desperate. We naively had the idea that there were hundreds of drugs behind a velvet curtain at the FDA being held back from us,” he said. “Thirty years of our rash thinking has led us to a place where we know less and less about the drugs that we pay more and more for.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After thalidomide, taken by pregnant women to prevent nausea, caused thousands of babies in the early 1960s to be born with stunted limbs, Congress entrusted the FDA with ensuring that drugs going on the market were both safe and effective, based on “substantial evidence” from multiple trials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assembling this evidence has traditionally required three stages of clinical trials; the first in a small cohort of healthy volunteers to determine a safe dosage; the second to assess the drug’s efficacy and side effects; and then, if results are positive, two larger trials to confirm the benefit and monitor for safety issues. An FDA team of in-house reviewers is then assigned to analyze the results and decide whether the agency should approve the drug. If reviewers want more input, the agency can convene an advisory committee of outside experts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the FDA’s responsibilities expanded in the 1970s, review times began to lag, reaching more than 35 months on average in 1979. The AIDS crisis followed soon thereafter, prompting complaints from Gonsalves and other activists. Their protests spurred the Prescription Drug User Fee Act in 1992, which established industry fees to fund FDA staff salaries. In return, the FDA promised to review drugs within 12 months for normal applications, and 6 months for priority cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The more that the FDA relied on industry fees to pay for drug reviews, the more it showed an inclination towards approval, former employees say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You don’t survive as a senior official at the FDA unless you’re pro-industry,” said Dr. Thomas Marciniak. A former FDA medical team leader, and a longtime outspoken critic of how drug companies handle clinical trials, Marciniak retired in 2014. “The FDA has to pay attention to what Congress tells them to do, and the industry will lobby to get somebody else in there if they don’t like you.”[contextly_sidebar id=\"dgSZ871uEDbYYOEEvrR5Xv4uxAUqhxlV\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Staffers know “you don’t get promoted unless you’re pro-industry,” he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This tilt is reflected in what senior officials choose to highlight. The agency’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research gives internal awards to review teams each year, according to Marciniak and the former FDA employee who requested anonymity. Both said they had never seen an award granted to a team that rejected a drug application. The FDA did not respond to ProPublica’s request for a list of award winners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Higher-ups would also send congratulatory emails to medical review teams when a drug was approved. “Nobody gets congratulated for turning a drug down, but you get seriously questioned,” said the former staffer, adding that the agency’s attitude is, “Keep Congress off your back and make your life easier.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Peter Lurie, a former associate commissioner who left the FDA in 2017, recalled that John Jenkins, director of the agency’s Office of New Drugs from 2002 to 2017, gave an annual speech to employees, summing up the year’s accomplishments. Jenkins would talk “about how many approvals were done and how fast they were, but there was nothing in there saying, we kept five bad drugs off the market,” said Lurie, now president of the nonprofit Center for Science in the Public Interest in Washington, D.C. Jenkins declined to comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I personally have no interest in pressuring people to approve things that shouldn’t be approved — the actual person who would be accountable would be me,” Woodcock said. She added that the FDA’s “accountability to the public far outweighs pressure we might feel otherwise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Congress has authorized one initiative after another to expedite drug approvals. In 1988, it created “fast track” regulations. In 1992, the user fee law formalized “accelerated approval” and “priority review.” When the law was reauthorized in 1997, the goal for review times was lowered from a year to 10 months. In 2012, Congress added the designation, “breakthrough therapy,” enabling the FDA to waive normal procedures for drugs that showed substantial improvement over available treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those multiple pathways were initially designed to be the exception to the rule, and now the exceptions are swallowing the rule,” Kesselheim said.[contextly_sidebar id=\"zsxQGpxGhmvdW8cnzun9Ct2eKEO9vFH0\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sixty-eight percent of novel drugs approved by the FDA between 2014 and 2016 qualified for one or more of these accelerated pathways, Kesselheim and his colleagues have found. Once described by Rachel Sherman, now FDA principal deputy commissioner, as a program for “knock your socks off, home run” treatments, the “breakthrough therapy” label was doled out to 28 percent of drugs approved from 2014 to 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nuplazid was one of them. It was created in 2001 by a chemist at Acadia Pharmaceuticals, a small biotech firm in San Diego. Eight years later, in the first of two Phase 3 trials, it failed to prove its benefit over a placebo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company, which had no approved drugs and hence no revenue stream, halted the second trial, but wasn’t ready to give up. Acadia executives told investors that the trials failed because the placebo patients had a larger-than-expected improvement. They asked the FDA for permission to revise the scale used to measure benefit, arguing that the original scale, which was traditionally used for schizophrenia assessments, wasn’t appropriate for patients with Parkinson’s-related psychosis. The agency agreed to this new scale, which had never been used in a study for drug approval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since there were no treatments approved for Parkinson’s-related psychosis, the FDA also granted Acadia’s request for the breakthrough therapy designation, and agreed that Nuplazid needed only one positive Phase 3 trial, instead of two, for approval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, Acadia finally got the positive trial results it had hoped for. In a study of 199 patients, Nuplazid showed a small but statistically significant advantage over a placebo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FDA medical reviewer Dr. Paul Andreason was skeptical. Analyzing all of Nuplazid’s trial results, he found that you would need to treat 91 patients for seven to receive the full benefit. Five of the 91 would suffer “serious adverse events,” including one death. He recommended against approval, citing “an unacceptably increased, drug-related, safety risk of mortality and serious morbidity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA convened an advisory committee to help it decide. Fifteen members of the public testified at its hearing. Three were physicians who were paid consultants for Acadia. Four worked with Parkinson’s advocacy organizations funded by Acadia. The company paid for the travel of three other witnesses who were relatives of Parkinson’s patients, and made videos shown to the committee of two other caregivers. Two speakers, the daughter and grand-daughter of a woman who suffered from Parkinson’s, said they had no financial relationship with Acadia. However, the granddaughter is now a paid “brand ambassador” for Nuplazid. All begged the FDA to approve Nuplazid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Acadia or its consultants interacted with some of the potential speakers to facilitate logistics and reimburse for travel, as is common practice,” Acadia spokeswoman Elena Ridloff said in an email. “…All speakers presented their own experience in their own words.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only speaker who urged the FDA to reject the drug was a scientist at the National Center for Health Research who has never had any financial relationship with Acadia.[contextly_sidebar id=\"DR3hRHIkLqTsE05g1WbqpKsjNC5W6LaT\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The witnesses’ pleas affected the panel members, who voted 12-2 to recommend accelerated approval. “If there were a safe and effective alternative on the market, I would not have voted yes,” said Almut Winterstein, a professor of pharmaceutical outcomes and policy at the University of Florida. “But I think that, in particular, the public hearing today was very compelling. There clearly is a need.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Mitchell Mathis, director of the FDA’s division of psychiatry products, sided with the advisory panel, overruling Andreason. “Even this small mean improvement in a disabling condition without an approved treatment is meaningful,” Mathis wrote, adding that its safety profile was no worse than other antipsychotics on the market. Like other antipsychotics, Nuplazid carries a warning on the label of increased deaths in elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis. Since Nuplazid’s approval in 2016, Acadia has raised its price twice, and it now costs more than $33,000 a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Nuplazid began to reach patients, reports of adverse events poured in. While it’s impossible to ascertain whether the treatment was responsible for them, the sheer numbers, including the 887 deaths, are “mind boggling,” said Diana Zuckerman, president of the National Center for Health Research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In more than 400 instances, Nuplazid was associated with worsening hallucinations — one of the very symptoms it was supposed to treat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s what happened to Terrence Miller, a former Hewlett Packard and Sun Microsystems employee who was diagnosed with Parkinson’s in the early 1990s. About five years ago, Miller began to experience mild hallucinations, such as seeing cats and dogs in his home in Menlo Park, California. At the time, he realized that the animals weren’t real, and the visions didn’t bother him, so he didn’t take any medication for them. But two years later, after surgery for a hip injury, the hallucinations worsened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He was convinced that he hadn’t had the surgery yet and people were going to harvest his organs,” recalled his wife, Denise Sullivan. “He’d see spaceships outside the window and they had to call security to help restrain him.”[contextly_sidebar id=\"LLoqp5Fg0kudhnqSZo0Jap6EBtR6QW2r\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016, Dr. Salima Brillman prescribed Nuplazid. Miller tried Nuplazid twice, for a few months each time. His hallucinations became darker. “I’d say, ‘Who are you talking to?’ and he said, ‘They’re telling me to do bad stuff,’” Sullivan said. Afraid “he might hurt me because of what his evil ‘friends’ were telling him,” Sullivan, who was paying more than $1,000 a month for the drug out of her own pocket, then stopped the treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What Sullivan and Miller didn’t know is that Brillman earned $14,497 in consulting fees from Acadia in 2016, ranking as the company’s seventh highest paid doctor, government records show. The top five prescribers of Nuplazid in Medicare, the government’s health program for the elderly, all received payments from Acadia. Dr. David Kreitzman of Commack, New York, prescribed the most: $123,294 worth of Nuplazid for 18 patients in 2016, according to data company CareSet. He was paid $14,203 in consulting fees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brillman and Kreitzman didn’t respond to multiple requests for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miller’s new doctor switched him onto Seroquel, an old drug long used off-label for Parkinson’s-related psychosis. With it, he’s sleeping better and the hallucinations, while remaining, have become more benign again, Sullivan said. Patients like Miller, whose hallucinations worsen, may not have been on Nuplazid for long enough, said Ridloff, the Acadia spokeswoman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 887 reported deaths of Nuplazid patients may be an undercount. A nurse in Kansas, who specializes in dementia care, said a resident in one of the facilities she worked at had no history of cardiac issues, yet died from congestive heart failure within a month of starting on Nuplazid. The nurse requested anonymity because she continues to work in nursing care facilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We questioned the ordering physician whether this should be reported to the FDA in relation to Nuplazid and he said, ‘Oh no, the drug rep said this couldn’t have happened because of Nuplazid,’ and it was never reported,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Acadia’s Ridloff said such behavior by a sales representative would be “absolutely not consistent with our protocols, policies and procedures.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said that deaths are to be expected among patients who are elderly and in an advanced stage of Parkinson’s, and that Nuplazid does not increase the risk of mortality.[contextly_sidebar id=\"MyTYaWWl1OoE1pUXlK7qbVXej4W4szak\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Acadia’s top priority has been, and continues to be, patient safety,” she said. “We carefully monitor and analyze safety reports from clinical studies and post-marketing reporting to ensure the ongoing safety of Nuplazid. Based on the totality of available information, Acadia is confident in Nuplazid’s efficacy and safety profile.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a CNN report in April about adverse events related to Nuplazid prompted lawmakers to question the FDA, Gottlieb said he would “take another look at the drug.” Agency spokeswoman Sandy Walsh confirmed that that an evaluation is ongoing, and the FDA “may issue additional communications as appropriate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nuplazid isn’t the only drug approved by an FDA senior official against the advice of lower-level staffers. In 2016, internal reviewers and an advisory committee called for rejecting a drug for a rare muscular disease called Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Only 12 patients participated in the single trial that compared the drug, Exondys 51, with a placebo. Trial results showed that Exondys 51 produced a small amount of dystrophin, a protein Duchenne patients lack. But the company didn’t show that the protein increase translated into clinical benefits, like helping patients walk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Woodcock approved the drug. Internal FDA documents later revealed that she was concerned about the solvency of the drugmaker, Sarepta Therapeutics in Cambridge, Massachusetts. A memo by the FDA’s acting chief scientist recounted Woodcock saying that Sarepta “needed to be capitalized” and might go under if Exondys 51 were rejected. Exondys 51 went on the market with a price tag of $300,000 a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t look at a company and say they’ll have a lower standard because they’re poor, but we’re trying to recognize that, small or large, companies will never work on developing a drug if they won’t make a profit,” said Woodcock. “Our job is to work with the field, and with the firms to try and find a path forward,” especially on rare diseases where a large trial is impractical, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month, the European Medicines Agency’s advisory committee recommended rejection of Exondys 51’s application, saying “further data were needed to show … lasting benefits relevant to the patient.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sarepta is asking the committee to reconsider, the company said in a June press release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The debate over Exondys 51 centered on the value of a so-called surrogate endpoint, a biological or chemical measure that serves as a proxy for whether the drug actually treats or cures the disease. Surrogate measures speed drug development because they’re easier and quicker to measure than patient outcomes.[contextly_sidebar id=\"JRe9I78ybKvaRbWBX3D5keHmlLewItth\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some surrogate measures are well-established. Lowering cholesterol has been proven repeatedly to help reduce heart attacks and strokes. But others aren’t, like how much dystrophin needs to be produced to help Duchenne patients, raising concerns that drugs may be approved despite uncertain benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The jury is still out on two other drugs, Folotyn and Sirturo, which received expedited approval based on surrogate measurements. There’s no proof that Folotyn helps patients with a rare cancer — peripheral T-cell lymphoma — live longer, while Sirturo, an antibiotic for multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis, has potentially fatal side-effects. Yet since both drugs were aimed at small or under-served populations, the FDA rewarded their manufacturers with valuable perquisites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a clinical trial, Folotyn reduced tumors in 29 of 107 patients, but the shrinkage lasted longer than 14 weeks in only 13 people. Since everyone in the study got Folotyn, it wasn’t apparent whether the drug would help patients do better than a placebo or another drug. Meanwhile, 44 percent of participants in the trial suffered serious side effects, including sores in mucous membranes, including in the mouth, lips and digestive tract, and low levels of blood cells that help with clotting. One patient died after being hospitalized with sores and low white blood-cell counts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While tumor shrinkage is a commonly used surrogate measurement in cancer trials, it often has a low correlation with longer life expectancy, according to a 2015 study. “I would say to a patient, this drug may be more likely to shrink a tumor either partially or even completely, but that may in fact be a pyrrhic victory if it doesn’t help you live better or longer,” said Mikkael Sekeres, director of the leukemia program at the Cleveland Clinic Cancer Center, who voted against approving Folotyn at the FDA’s advisory panel discussion in 2009. He was out-voted 10 to four. Three years later, the European Medicines Agency rejected the drug.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because peripheral T-cell lymphoma only affects about 9,000 Americans each year, the FDA designated Folotyn as an “orphan” drug, giving its manufacturer, Allos Therapeutics, tax incentives and at least two extra years of patent exclusivity. Nevada-based Spectrum Pharmaceuticals acquired Allos in 2012. At more than $92,000 per course of treatment, Folotyn is Spectrum’s top-selling product, earning $43 million in 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Eric Jacobsen, clinical director of the adult lymphoma program at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute in Boston, has become disillusioned with Folotyn since he helped Allos run the original trial. “Enthusiasm for the drug has waned,” he said. “It’s been on the market for a long time, and there’s no additional data suggesting benefit.” He now prescribes other options first, particularly because of the mouth sores Folotyn can cause, which make it painful to eat or drink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA approved Sirturo in 2012 without requiring Johnson & Johnson, the manufacturer, to demonstrate that patients on the drug were cured of tuberculosis. Instead, Johnson & Johnson only had to show that the treatment, when added to a traditional drug regimen, killed bacteria in the sputum faster than did the regimen alone. Sirturo was successful by that measure, but 10 patients who took it died, five times as many as the two in the group on placebo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dean Follmann, a biostatistics expert at the National Institutes of Health, voted as an FDA advisory committee member to approve Sirturo but wrestled with how to read the sputum data in light of the higher death rate: “The drug could be so toxic that it kills bacteria faster, but it also kills people faster.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The imbalance in deaths during the trial “was a safety signal” that led the FDA to require “its most serious warning in product labeling,” known as a boxed warning, said agency spokeswoman Walsh. The packaging, she added, specified that Sirturo “should only be used for patients for whom an effective TB regimen cannot otherwise be provided. Thus, current labeling provides for a safe and effective use.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under a 2007 provision in the user-fee law, aimed at spurring treatments for developing nations, Sirturo’s approval qualified Johnson & Johnson for a voucher given to manufacturers who successfully get a tropical disease drug to market. The voucher can be used in the future, for any drug, to claim priority review – within six months instead of the usual 10. Time is money in the drug industry, and beating your competitor to market can be worth hundreds of millions of dollars. Vouchers may also be sold to other drugmakers, and have garnered up to $350 million. Sarepta received a voucher under a similar program for pediatric rare diseases when the FDA approved Exondys 51.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In South Africa, where Sirturo is mainly used, the drug is seen as a helpful option for highly drug-resistant patients. A study at one South African hospital by Dr. Keertan Dheda found that 45 out of 68 patients who took Sirturo were cured, as against 27 out of 204 before the drug was available. That doesn’t rule out the possibility that Sirturo may be killing a small subset of patients, said Dheda, but the risk is “very minor compared to the disease itself.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adrian Thomas, Johnson & Johnson’s vice president of global public health, said in an interview that observational results since the drug went on the market make him “much more confident that there is no more unexplained imbalance in mortality” and that the “benefit/risk in drug-resistant tuberculosis is incredibly reasonable when you don’t have other treatment choices.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the World Health Organization said in a 2016 report that the “quality of evidence remains very low” regarding Sirturo. “There is still some residual uncertainty for mortality,” the group said, and “specific harms” to the respiratory system “continue to be observed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the FDA expedites drug approvals, it’s content to wait a decade or more for the post-marketing studies that manufacturers agree to do. Definitive answers about Sirturo are likely to be lacking until 2022, when Johnson & Johnson is expected to finish its study, a full decade after the drug was approved. Studies of Nuplazid and Folotyn aren’t expected until 2021. Spectrum has missed two FDA deadlines for post-marketing studies on Folotyn. Spectrum spokeswoman Ashley Winters declined comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Post-marketing studies often take far longer to complete than pre-approval trials, in part because it’s harder to recruit patients to risk being given a placebo when the drug is readily available on the market. Plus, since the drug is already on the market, the manufacturer no longer has a financial incentive to study its impact— and stands to lose money if the results are negative. Of post-marketing studies agreed to by manufacturers in 2009 and 2010, 20 percent had not started five years later, and another 25 percent were still ongoing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, despite taking so long, most post-marketing studies of drugs approved on the basis of surrogate measures rely on proxy criteria again rather than examining clinical effects on patients’ health or lifespans. In fact, Folotyn’s post-marketing trials will measure what’s known as “progression-free survival,” or the time it takes before tumors start growing again, but not whether patients live longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proving that a drug extends survival is especially hard in cancer trials because patients don’t want to stay in a trial if their disease gets worse, or may want to add another experimental treatment. “In cancer, we’re probably not going to get a clean answer,” Woodcock said. Instead, the best evidence that cancer drugs are effective would be an increase in national survival rates over time, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By law, the FDA has the authority to issue fines or even pull a drug off the market if a drugmaker doesn’t meet its post-marketing requirements. Yet the agency has never fined a company for missing a deadline, according to Woodcock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We would consider fines if we thought companies were simply dragging their feet, but we would have the burden to show they really weren’t trying, and it’d be an administrative thing that companies could contest,” said Woodcock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even when post-marketing studies belatedly confirm that drugs are dangerous, the agency doesn’t always pull them off the market. Consider Uloric, the gout treatment. Even though it consistently lowered uric acid blood levels, the FDA rejected it in 2005 and again in 2006, because trials linked it to cardiovascular problems. But a third study by the manufacturer, Takeda Pharmaceutical of Osaka, Japan, didn’t raise the same alarms. So the agency decided in 2009 to let the drug on the market, while asking Takeda for a post-marketing study of 6,000 patients to clarify the drug’s cardiovascular effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Takeda took more than eight years to complete the study. It found that patients on Uloric had a 22 percent higher risk of death from any cause and a 34 percent higher risk of heart-related deaths than patients taking allopurinol, a generic alternative. The FDA issued a public alert in November 2017, sharing the results of the trial, but left Uloric on the market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public Citizen has warned patients to stop taking Uloric. “There is no justification for using it,” said Carome. “If the results of the most recent study had been available prior to FDA approval, the FDA likely would have rejected the drug.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FDA spokeswoman Walsh said it is “conducting a comprehensive evaluation of this safety issue and will update the public when we have new information.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Takeda is working with the FDA to “conduct a comprehensive review,” spokeswoman Kara Hoeger said in an email. The company wants to ensure that “physicians have comprehensive and accurate information to make educated treatment decisions.” Thomas Moore, senior scientist of drug safety and policy at the Institute for Safe Medication Practices, warned that future post-marketing findings on Nuplazid could be similarly bleak. Uloric “is the story of [Nuplazid] but a few years down the pike,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, FDA Commissioner Gottlieb is forging ahead with more shortcuts. In May, he announced plans to approve gene therapies for hemophilia based on whether they increased the level of clotting proteins, without waiting for evidence of reduced bleeding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two years ago, a prescient Dr. Ellis Unger, FDA’s Director of the Office of Drug Evaluation, had warned against precisely this initiative. After Woodcock approved Exondys 51 in 2016, Unger wrote, “A gene therapy designed to produce a missing clotting factor could receive accelerated approval on the basis of a tiny yet inconsequential change in levels of the factor…The precedent set here could lead to the approval of drugs for rare diseases without substantial evidence of effectiveness.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gottlieb seems less worried than Unger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For some of these products, there’s going to be some uncertainty, even at the time of approval,” Gottlieb said when announcing the plan. “These products are initially being aimed at devastating diseases, many of which are fatal and lack available therapy. In these settings, we’ve traditionally been willing to accept more uncertainty to facilitate timely access to promising therapies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His decision pleased investors. That day, while biotechnology stocks overall fell, shares of hemophilia gene therapy manufacturers rose.\u003c/p>\n\n",
"disqusIdentifier": "443087 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=443087",
"disqusUrl": "https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/06/29/fda-increasingly-approves-drugs-without-conclusive-proof-they-work/",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 5939,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 97
},
"modified": 1530228108,
"excerpt": " As pharma companies underwrite three-fourths of the FDA’s budget for scientific reviews, the agency is increasingly fast-tracking expensive drugs with significant side effects and unproven health benefits. ",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": " As pharma companies underwrite three-fourths of the FDA’s budget for scientific reviews, the agency is increasingly fast-tracking expensive drugs with significant side effects and unproven health benefits. ",
"title": "FDA Increasingly Approves Drugs Without Conclusive Proof They Work | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "FDA Increasingly Approves Drugs Without Conclusive Proof They Work",
"datePublished": "2018-06-29T12:00:19-07:00",
"dateModified": "2018-06-28T16:21:48-07:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "fda-increasingly-approves-drugs-without-conclusive-proof-they-work",
"status": "publish",
"nprByline": "Caroline Chen\u003cbr />PBS Health NewsHour",
"path": "/futureofyou/443087/fda-increasingly-approves-drugs-without-conclusive-proof-they-work",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Nuplazid, a drug for hallucinations and delusions associated with Parkinson’s disease, failed two clinical trials. In a third trial, under a revised standard for measuring its effect, it showed minimal benefit. Overall, more patients died or had serious side effects on Nuplazid than after receiving no treatment.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patients on Uloric, a gout drug, suffered more heart attacks, strokes and heart failure in two out of three trials than did their counterparts on standard or no medication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved both of these drugs — with a deadly aftermath. Uloric’s manufacturer reported last November that patients on the drug were 34 percent more likely to die from heart disease than people taking an alternative gout medication. And since the FDA fast-tracked approval of Nuplazid and it went on the market in 2016 at a price of $24,000 a year, there have been 6,800 reports of adverse events for patients on the drug, including 887 deaths as of this past March 31.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA is increasingly green-lighting expensive drugs despite dangerous or little-known side effects and inconclusive evidence that they curb or cure disease. Once widely assailed for moving slowly, today the FDA reviews and approves drugs faster than any other regulatory agency in the world. Between 2011 and 2015, the FDA reviewed new drug applications more than 60 days faster on average than did the European Medicines Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Europe has also rejected drugs for which the FDA accelerated approval, such as Folotyn, which treats a rare form of blood cancer. European authorities cited “insufficient” evidence of health gains from Folotyn, which shrinks some tumors but hasn’t been shown to extend lives. It costs more than $92,000 for a seven-week course of treatment, according to research firm SSR Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As patients (or their insurers) shell out tens or hundreds of thousands of dollars for unproven drugs, manufacturers reap a windfall. For them, expedited approval can mean not only sped-up sales but also — if the drug is intended to treat a rare disease or serve a neglected population — FDA incentives worth hundreds of millions of dollars.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Instead of a regulator and a regulated industry, we now have a partnership,” said Dr. Michael Carome, director of the health research group for the nonprofit advocacy organization Public Citizen, and a former U.S. Department of Health and Human Services official. “That relationship has tilted the agency away from a public health perspective to an industry friendly perspective.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the FDA over the past three decades has implemented at least four major routes to faster approvals — the current commissioner, Dr. Scott Gottlieb, is easing even more drugs’ path to market. The FDA okayed 46 “novel” drugs — whose chemical structure hadn’t been previously approved — in 2017, the most in at least 15 years. At the same time, it’s rejecting fewer medications. In 2017, the FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research denied 19.7 percent of all applications for new drugs, biologics, and efficacy supplements, down from a 2010 peak of 59.2 percent, according to agency data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Trump has encouraged Gottlieb to give patients faster access to drugs. “You’re bringing that down, right?” Trump asked the commissioner at a May 30 event, referring to the time it takes to bring drugs to market. “You have a lot of good things in the wings that, frankly, if you moved them up, a lot of people would have a great shot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Faster reviews mean that the FDA often approves drugs despite limited information. It channels more and more experimental treatments, including Nuplazid, into expedited reviews that require only one clinical trial to show a benefit to patients, instead of the traditional two.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA also increasingly allows drugmakers to claim success in trials based on proxy measurements — such as shrunken tumors — instead of clinical outcomes like survival rates or cures, which take more time to evaluate. In return for accelerated approval, drug companies commit to researching how well their drugs work after going on the market. But these post-marketing studies can take 10 years or longer to complete, leaving patients and doctors with lingering questions about safety and benefit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Clearly, accelerated approval has greater uncertainty,” Dr. Janet Woodcock, head of the FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, said in an interview. When only a single trial is used for approval, “in some cases, there may be more uncertainty about safety findings or with the magnitude of effectiveness.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She attributed the increased use of expedited pathways to more drugmakers developing treatments for rare diseases, “where there’s unmet need, and where the patient population and providers are eager to accept more uncertainty.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA’s growing emphasis on speed has come at the urging of both patient advocacy groups and industry, which began in 1992 to contribute to the salaries of the agency’s drug reviewers in exchange for time limits on reviews. In 2017, pharma paid 75 percent — or $905 million — of the agency’s scientific review budgets for branded and generic drugs, compared to 27 percent in 1993.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The virginity was lost in ’92,” said Dr. Jerry Avorn, a professor at Harvard Medical School. “Once you have that paying relationship, it creates a dynamic that’s not a healthy one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Industry also sways the FDA through a less direct financial route. Many of the physicians, caregivers, and other witnesses before FDA advisory panels that evaluate drugs receive consulting fees, expense payments, or other remuneration from pharma companies.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You know who never shows up at the [advisory committee]? The people who died in the trial,” lamented one former FDA staffer, who asked not to be named because he still works in the field. “Nobody is talking for them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drug industry’s lobbying group, Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America, continues to push for ever-faster approvals. In a policy memo on its website, PhRMA warns of “needless delays in drug review and approval that lead to longer development times, missed opportunities, higher drug development costs and delays in treatments reaching patients.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency has internalized decades of criticism that painted it as an obstacle to innovation, said Daniel Carpenter, a professor of government at Harvard and author of a 2010 book on pharmaceutical regulation at the FDA. “They now have a built-in fear of over-regulation that’s set in over the last 20 years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be sure, nobody wants the FDA to drag out drug reviews unnecessarily, and even critics acknowledge that there’s no easy way for the agency to strike the perfect balance between sufficient speed and ample information, particularly when patients have no other treatments available, or are terminally ill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s reasonable to move drugs faster particularly in the case where you’re dealing with an extremely promising new product which treats a serious or life-threatening disease,” said Dr. Aaron Kesselheim, an associate professor at Harvard Medical School. “The key, though, when you do that is that you’ve got to make sure you closely follow the drug in a thoughtful way and unfortunately, too often we don’t do that in the U.S.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gregg Gonsalves used to be a member of ACT UP, the HIV advocacy group that tried to take over the FDA’s headquarters in Rockville, Maryland, in 1988, accusing the agency of holding back cures. While he didn’t storm the FDA building, Gonsalves participated in other protests that led the FDA to accelerate approvals. Now an assistant professor of epidemiology at Yale School of Public Health, he said he fears HIV activists “opened a Pandora’s box” that the industry and anti-regulation think tanks pounced on.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were desperate. We naively had the idea that there were hundreds of drugs behind a velvet curtain at the FDA being held back from us,” he said. “Thirty years of our rash thinking has led us to a place where we know less and less about the drugs that we pay more and more for.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After thalidomide, taken by pregnant women to prevent nausea, caused thousands of babies in the early 1960s to be born with stunted limbs, Congress entrusted the FDA with ensuring that drugs going on the market were both safe and effective, based on “substantial evidence” from multiple trials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assembling this evidence has traditionally required three stages of clinical trials; the first in a small cohort of healthy volunteers to determine a safe dosage; the second to assess the drug’s efficacy and side effects; and then, if results are positive, two larger trials to confirm the benefit and monitor for safety issues. An FDA team of in-house reviewers is then assigned to analyze the results and decide whether the agency should approve the drug. If reviewers want more input, the agency can convene an advisory committee of outside experts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the FDA’s responsibilities expanded in the 1970s, review times began to lag, reaching more than 35 months on average in 1979. The AIDS crisis followed soon thereafter, prompting complaints from Gonsalves and other activists. Their protests spurred the Prescription Drug User Fee Act in 1992, which established industry fees to fund FDA staff salaries. In return, the FDA promised to review drugs within 12 months for normal applications, and 6 months for priority cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The more that the FDA relied on industry fees to pay for drug reviews, the more it showed an inclination towards approval, former employees say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You don’t survive as a senior official at the FDA unless you’re pro-industry,” said Dr. Thomas Marciniak. A former FDA medical team leader, and a longtime outspoken critic of how drug companies handle clinical trials, Marciniak retired in 2014. “The FDA has to pay attention to what Congress tells them to do, and the industry will lobby to get somebody else in there if they don’t like you.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Staffers know “you don’t get promoted unless you’re pro-industry,” he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This tilt is reflected in what senior officials choose to highlight. The agency’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research gives internal awards to review teams each year, according to Marciniak and the former FDA employee who requested anonymity. Both said they had never seen an award granted to a team that rejected a drug application. The FDA did not respond to ProPublica’s request for a list of award winners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Higher-ups would also send congratulatory emails to medical review teams when a drug was approved. “Nobody gets congratulated for turning a drug down, but you get seriously questioned,” said the former staffer, adding that the agency’s attitude is, “Keep Congress off your back and make your life easier.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Peter Lurie, a former associate commissioner who left the FDA in 2017, recalled that John Jenkins, director of the agency’s Office of New Drugs from 2002 to 2017, gave an annual speech to employees, summing up the year’s accomplishments. Jenkins would talk “about how many approvals were done and how fast they were, but there was nothing in there saying, we kept five bad drugs off the market,” said Lurie, now president of the nonprofit Center for Science in the Public Interest in Washington, D.C. Jenkins declined to comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I personally have no interest in pressuring people to approve things that shouldn’t be approved — the actual person who would be accountable would be me,” Woodcock said. She added that the FDA’s “accountability to the public far outweighs pressure we might feel otherwise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Congress has authorized one initiative after another to expedite drug approvals. In 1988, it created “fast track” regulations. In 1992, the user fee law formalized “accelerated approval” and “priority review.” When the law was reauthorized in 1997, the goal for review times was lowered from a year to 10 months. In 2012, Congress added the designation, “breakthrough therapy,” enabling the FDA to waive normal procedures for drugs that showed substantial improvement over available treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those multiple pathways were initially designed to be the exception to the rule, and now the exceptions are swallowing the rule,” Kesselheim said.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sixty-eight percent of novel drugs approved by the FDA between 2014 and 2016 qualified for one or more of these accelerated pathways, Kesselheim and his colleagues have found. Once described by Rachel Sherman, now FDA principal deputy commissioner, as a program for “knock your socks off, home run” treatments, the “breakthrough therapy” label was doled out to 28 percent of drugs approved from 2014 to 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nuplazid was one of them. It was created in 2001 by a chemist at Acadia Pharmaceuticals, a small biotech firm in San Diego. Eight years later, in the first of two Phase 3 trials, it failed to prove its benefit over a placebo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company, which had no approved drugs and hence no revenue stream, halted the second trial, but wasn’t ready to give up. Acadia executives told investors that the trials failed because the placebo patients had a larger-than-expected improvement. They asked the FDA for permission to revise the scale used to measure benefit, arguing that the original scale, which was traditionally used for schizophrenia assessments, wasn’t appropriate for patients with Parkinson’s-related psychosis. The agency agreed to this new scale, which had never been used in a study for drug approval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since there were no treatments approved for Parkinson’s-related psychosis, the FDA also granted Acadia’s request for the breakthrough therapy designation, and agreed that Nuplazid needed only one positive Phase 3 trial, instead of two, for approval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, Acadia finally got the positive trial results it had hoped for. In a study of 199 patients, Nuplazid showed a small but statistically significant advantage over a placebo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FDA medical reviewer Dr. Paul Andreason was skeptical. Analyzing all of Nuplazid’s trial results, he found that you would need to treat 91 patients for seven to receive the full benefit. Five of the 91 would suffer “serious adverse events,” including one death. He recommended against approval, citing “an unacceptably increased, drug-related, safety risk of mortality and serious morbidity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA convened an advisory committee to help it decide. Fifteen members of the public testified at its hearing. Three were physicians who were paid consultants for Acadia. Four worked with Parkinson’s advocacy organizations funded by Acadia. The company paid for the travel of three other witnesses who were relatives of Parkinson’s patients, and made videos shown to the committee of two other caregivers. Two speakers, the daughter and grand-daughter of a woman who suffered from Parkinson’s, said they had no financial relationship with Acadia. However, the granddaughter is now a paid “brand ambassador” for Nuplazid. All begged the FDA to approve Nuplazid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Acadia or its consultants interacted with some of the potential speakers to facilitate logistics and reimburse for travel, as is common practice,” Acadia spokeswoman Elena Ridloff said in an email. “…All speakers presented their own experience in their own words.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only speaker who urged the FDA to reject the drug was a scientist at the National Center for Health Research who has never had any financial relationship with Acadia.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The witnesses’ pleas affected the panel members, who voted 12-2 to recommend accelerated approval. “If there were a safe and effective alternative on the market, I would not have voted yes,” said Almut Winterstein, a professor of pharmaceutical outcomes and policy at the University of Florida. “But I think that, in particular, the public hearing today was very compelling. There clearly is a need.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Mitchell Mathis, director of the FDA’s division of psychiatry products, sided with the advisory panel, overruling Andreason. “Even this small mean improvement in a disabling condition without an approved treatment is meaningful,” Mathis wrote, adding that its safety profile was no worse than other antipsychotics on the market. Like other antipsychotics, Nuplazid carries a warning on the label of increased deaths in elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis. Since Nuplazid’s approval in 2016, Acadia has raised its price twice, and it now costs more than $33,000 a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Nuplazid began to reach patients, reports of adverse events poured in. While it’s impossible to ascertain whether the treatment was responsible for them, the sheer numbers, including the 887 deaths, are “mind boggling,” said Diana Zuckerman, president of the National Center for Health Research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In more than 400 instances, Nuplazid was associated with worsening hallucinations — one of the very symptoms it was supposed to treat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s what happened to Terrence Miller, a former Hewlett Packard and Sun Microsystems employee who was diagnosed with Parkinson’s in the early 1990s. About five years ago, Miller began to experience mild hallucinations, such as seeing cats and dogs in his home in Menlo Park, California. At the time, he realized that the animals weren’t real, and the visions didn’t bother him, so he didn’t take any medication for them. But two years later, after surgery for a hip injury, the hallucinations worsened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He was convinced that he hadn’t had the surgery yet and people were going to harvest his organs,” recalled his wife, Denise Sullivan. “He’d see spaceships outside the window and they had to call security to help restrain him.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016, Dr. Salima Brillman prescribed Nuplazid. Miller tried Nuplazid twice, for a few months each time. His hallucinations became darker. “I’d say, ‘Who are you talking to?’ and he said, ‘They’re telling me to do bad stuff,’” Sullivan said. Afraid “he might hurt me because of what his evil ‘friends’ were telling him,” Sullivan, who was paying more than $1,000 a month for the drug out of her own pocket, then stopped the treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What Sullivan and Miller didn’t know is that Brillman earned $14,497 in consulting fees from Acadia in 2016, ranking as the company’s seventh highest paid doctor, government records show. The top five prescribers of Nuplazid in Medicare, the government’s health program for the elderly, all received payments from Acadia. Dr. David Kreitzman of Commack, New York, prescribed the most: $123,294 worth of Nuplazid for 18 patients in 2016, according to data company CareSet. He was paid $14,203 in consulting fees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brillman and Kreitzman didn’t respond to multiple requests for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miller’s new doctor switched him onto Seroquel, an old drug long used off-label for Parkinson’s-related psychosis. With it, he’s sleeping better and the hallucinations, while remaining, have become more benign again, Sullivan said. Patients like Miller, whose hallucinations worsen, may not have been on Nuplazid for long enough, said Ridloff, the Acadia spokeswoman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 887 reported deaths of Nuplazid patients may be an undercount. A nurse in Kansas, who specializes in dementia care, said a resident in one of the facilities she worked at had no history of cardiac issues, yet died from congestive heart failure within a month of starting on Nuplazid. The nurse requested anonymity because she continues to work in nursing care facilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We questioned the ordering physician whether this should be reported to the FDA in relation to Nuplazid and he said, ‘Oh no, the drug rep said this couldn’t have happened because of Nuplazid,’ and it was never reported,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Acadia’s Ridloff said such behavior by a sales representative would be “absolutely not consistent with our protocols, policies and procedures.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said that deaths are to be expected among patients who are elderly and in an advanced stage of Parkinson’s, and that Nuplazid does not increase the risk of mortality.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Acadia’s top priority has been, and continues to be, patient safety,” she said. “We carefully monitor and analyze safety reports from clinical studies and post-marketing reporting to ensure the ongoing safety of Nuplazid. Based on the totality of available information, Acadia is confident in Nuplazid’s efficacy and safety profile.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a CNN report in April about adverse events related to Nuplazid prompted lawmakers to question the FDA, Gottlieb said he would “take another look at the drug.” Agency spokeswoman Sandy Walsh confirmed that that an evaluation is ongoing, and the FDA “may issue additional communications as appropriate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nuplazid isn’t the only drug approved by an FDA senior official against the advice of lower-level staffers. In 2016, internal reviewers and an advisory committee called for rejecting a drug for a rare muscular disease called Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Only 12 patients participated in the single trial that compared the drug, Exondys 51, with a placebo. Trial results showed that Exondys 51 produced a small amount of dystrophin, a protein Duchenne patients lack. But the company didn’t show that the protein increase translated into clinical benefits, like helping patients walk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Woodcock approved the drug. Internal FDA documents later revealed that she was concerned about the solvency of the drugmaker, Sarepta Therapeutics in Cambridge, Massachusetts. A memo by the FDA’s acting chief scientist recounted Woodcock saying that Sarepta “needed to be capitalized” and might go under if Exondys 51 were rejected. Exondys 51 went on the market with a price tag of $300,000 a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t look at a company and say they’ll have a lower standard because they’re poor, but we’re trying to recognize that, small or large, companies will never work on developing a drug if they won’t make a profit,” said Woodcock. “Our job is to work with the field, and with the firms to try and find a path forward,” especially on rare diseases where a large trial is impractical, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month, the European Medicines Agency’s advisory committee recommended rejection of Exondys 51’s application, saying “further data were needed to show … lasting benefits relevant to the patient.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sarepta is asking the committee to reconsider, the company said in a June press release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The debate over Exondys 51 centered on the value of a so-called surrogate endpoint, a biological or chemical measure that serves as a proxy for whether the drug actually treats or cures the disease. Surrogate measures speed drug development because they’re easier and quicker to measure than patient outcomes.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some surrogate measures are well-established. Lowering cholesterol has been proven repeatedly to help reduce heart attacks and strokes. But others aren’t, like how much dystrophin needs to be produced to help Duchenne patients, raising concerns that drugs may be approved despite uncertain benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The jury is still out on two other drugs, Folotyn and Sirturo, which received expedited approval based on surrogate measurements. There’s no proof that Folotyn helps patients with a rare cancer — peripheral T-cell lymphoma — live longer, while Sirturo, an antibiotic for multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis, has potentially fatal side-effects. Yet since both drugs were aimed at small or under-served populations, the FDA rewarded their manufacturers with valuable perquisites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a clinical trial, Folotyn reduced tumors in 29 of 107 patients, but the shrinkage lasted longer than 14 weeks in only 13 people. Since everyone in the study got Folotyn, it wasn’t apparent whether the drug would help patients do better than a placebo or another drug. Meanwhile, 44 percent of participants in the trial suffered serious side effects, including sores in mucous membranes, including in the mouth, lips and digestive tract, and low levels of blood cells that help with clotting. One patient died after being hospitalized with sores and low white blood-cell counts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While tumor shrinkage is a commonly used surrogate measurement in cancer trials, it often has a low correlation with longer life expectancy, according to a 2015 study. “I would say to a patient, this drug may be more likely to shrink a tumor either partially or even completely, but that may in fact be a pyrrhic victory if it doesn’t help you live better or longer,” said Mikkael Sekeres, director of the leukemia program at the Cleveland Clinic Cancer Center, who voted against approving Folotyn at the FDA’s advisory panel discussion in 2009. He was out-voted 10 to four. Three years later, the European Medicines Agency rejected the drug.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because peripheral T-cell lymphoma only affects about 9,000 Americans each year, the FDA designated Folotyn as an “orphan” drug, giving its manufacturer, Allos Therapeutics, tax incentives and at least two extra years of patent exclusivity. Nevada-based Spectrum Pharmaceuticals acquired Allos in 2012. At more than $92,000 per course of treatment, Folotyn is Spectrum’s top-selling product, earning $43 million in 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Eric Jacobsen, clinical director of the adult lymphoma program at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute in Boston, has become disillusioned with Folotyn since he helped Allos run the original trial. “Enthusiasm for the drug has waned,” he said. “It’s been on the market for a long time, and there’s no additional data suggesting benefit.” He now prescribes other options first, particularly because of the mouth sores Folotyn can cause, which make it painful to eat or drink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA approved Sirturo in 2012 without requiring Johnson & Johnson, the manufacturer, to demonstrate that patients on the drug were cured of tuberculosis. Instead, Johnson & Johnson only had to show that the treatment, when added to a traditional drug regimen, killed bacteria in the sputum faster than did the regimen alone. Sirturo was successful by that measure, but 10 patients who took it died, five times as many as the two in the group on placebo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dean Follmann, a biostatistics expert at the National Institutes of Health, voted as an FDA advisory committee member to approve Sirturo but wrestled with how to read the sputum data in light of the higher death rate: “The drug could be so toxic that it kills bacteria faster, but it also kills people faster.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The imbalance in deaths during the trial “was a safety signal” that led the FDA to require “its most serious warning in product labeling,” known as a boxed warning, said agency spokeswoman Walsh. The packaging, she added, specified that Sirturo “should only be used for patients for whom an effective TB regimen cannot otherwise be provided. Thus, current labeling provides for a safe and effective use.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under a 2007 provision in the user-fee law, aimed at spurring treatments for developing nations, Sirturo’s approval qualified Johnson & Johnson for a voucher given to manufacturers who successfully get a tropical disease drug to market. The voucher can be used in the future, for any drug, to claim priority review – within six months instead of the usual 10. Time is money in the drug industry, and beating your competitor to market can be worth hundreds of millions of dollars. Vouchers may also be sold to other drugmakers, and have garnered up to $350 million. Sarepta received a voucher under a similar program for pediatric rare diseases when the FDA approved Exondys 51.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In South Africa, where Sirturo is mainly used, the drug is seen as a helpful option for highly drug-resistant patients. A study at one South African hospital by Dr. Keertan Dheda found that 45 out of 68 patients who took Sirturo were cured, as against 27 out of 204 before the drug was available. That doesn’t rule out the possibility that Sirturo may be killing a small subset of patients, said Dheda, but the risk is “very minor compared to the disease itself.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adrian Thomas, Johnson & Johnson’s vice president of global public health, said in an interview that observational results since the drug went on the market make him “much more confident that there is no more unexplained imbalance in mortality” and that the “benefit/risk in drug-resistant tuberculosis is incredibly reasonable when you don’t have other treatment choices.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the World Health Organization said in a 2016 report that the “quality of evidence remains very low” regarding Sirturo. “There is still some residual uncertainty for mortality,” the group said, and “specific harms” to the respiratory system “continue to be observed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the FDA expedites drug approvals, it’s content to wait a decade or more for the post-marketing studies that manufacturers agree to do. Definitive answers about Sirturo are likely to be lacking until 2022, when Johnson & Johnson is expected to finish its study, a full decade after the drug was approved. Studies of Nuplazid and Folotyn aren’t expected until 2021. Spectrum has missed two FDA deadlines for post-marketing studies on Folotyn. Spectrum spokeswoman Ashley Winters declined comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Post-marketing studies often take far longer to complete than pre-approval trials, in part because it’s harder to recruit patients to risk being given a placebo when the drug is readily available on the market. Plus, since the drug is already on the market, the manufacturer no longer has a financial incentive to study its impact— and stands to lose money if the results are negative. Of post-marketing studies agreed to by manufacturers in 2009 and 2010, 20 percent had not started five years later, and another 25 percent were still ongoing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, despite taking so long, most post-marketing studies of drugs approved on the basis of surrogate measures rely on proxy criteria again rather than examining clinical effects on patients’ health or lifespans. In fact, Folotyn’s post-marketing trials will measure what’s known as “progression-free survival,” or the time it takes before tumors start growing again, but not whether patients live longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proving that a drug extends survival is especially hard in cancer trials because patients don’t want to stay in a trial if their disease gets worse, or may want to add another experimental treatment. “In cancer, we’re probably not going to get a clean answer,” Woodcock said. Instead, the best evidence that cancer drugs are effective would be an increase in national survival rates over time, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By law, the FDA has the authority to issue fines or even pull a drug off the market if a drugmaker doesn’t meet its post-marketing requirements. Yet the agency has never fined a company for missing a deadline, according to Woodcock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We would consider fines if we thought companies were simply dragging their feet, but we would have the burden to show they really weren’t trying, and it’d be an administrative thing that companies could contest,” said Woodcock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even when post-marketing studies belatedly confirm that drugs are dangerous, the agency doesn’t always pull them off the market. Consider Uloric, the gout treatment. Even though it consistently lowered uric acid blood levels, the FDA rejected it in 2005 and again in 2006, because trials linked it to cardiovascular problems. But a third study by the manufacturer, Takeda Pharmaceutical of Osaka, Japan, didn’t raise the same alarms. So the agency decided in 2009 to let the drug on the market, while asking Takeda for a post-marketing study of 6,000 patients to clarify the drug’s cardiovascular effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Takeda took more than eight years to complete the study. It found that patients on Uloric had a 22 percent higher risk of death from any cause and a 34 percent higher risk of heart-related deaths than patients taking allopurinol, a generic alternative. The FDA issued a public alert in November 2017, sharing the results of the trial, but left Uloric on the market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public Citizen has warned patients to stop taking Uloric. “There is no justification for using it,” said Carome. “If the results of the most recent study had been available prior to FDA approval, the FDA likely would have rejected the drug.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FDA spokeswoman Walsh said it is “conducting a comprehensive evaluation of this safety issue and will update the public when we have new information.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Takeda is working with the FDA to “conduct a comprehensive review,” spokeswoman Kara Hoeger said in an email. The company wants to ensure that “physicians have comprehensive and accurate information to make educated treatment decisions.” Thomas Moore, senior scientist of drug safety and policy at the Institute for Safe Medication Practices, warned that future post-marketing findings on Nuplazid could be similarly bleak. Uloric “is the story of [Nuplazid] but a few years down the pike,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, FDA Commissioner Gottlieb is forging ahead with more shortcuts. In May, he announced plans to approve gene therapies for hemophilia based on whether they increased the level of clotting proteins, without waiting for evidence of reduced bleeding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two years ago, a prescient Dr. Ellis Unger, FDA’s Director of the Office of Drug Evaluation, had warned against precisely this initiative. After Woodcock approved Exondys 51 in 2016, Unger wrote, “A gene therapy designed to produce a missing clotting factor could receive accelerated approval on the basis of a tiny yet inconsequential change in levels of the factor…The precedent set here could lead to the approval of drugs for rare diseases without substantial evidence of effectiveness.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gottlieb seems less worried than Unger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For some of these products, there’s going to be some uncertainty, even at the time of approval,” Gottlieb said when announcing the plan. “These products are initially being aimed at devastating diseases, many of which are fatal and lack available therapy. In these settings, we’ve traditionally been willing to accept more uncertainty to facilitate timely access to promising therapies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "floatright"
},
"numeric": [
"floatright"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His decision pleased investors. That day, while biotechnology stocks overall fell, shares of hemophilia gene therapy manufacturers rose.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/futureofyou/443087/fda-increasingly-approves-drugs-without-conclusive-proof-they-work",
"authors": [
"byline_futureofyou_443087"
],
"categories": [
"futureofyou_1"
],
"featImg": "futureofyou_443092",
"label": "futureofyou"
},
"futureofyou_443072": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "futureofyou_443072",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "443072",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1530226401000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1530226401,
"format": "standard",
"disqusTitle": "Kroger to Test Grocery Deliveries with Driverless Cars",
"title": "Kroger to Test Grocery Deliveries with Driverless Cars",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>Kroger Co. is about to test whether it can steer supermarket customers away from crowded grocery aisles with a fleet of diminutive driverless cars designed to lower delivery costs.[contextly_sidebar id=\"k2aBFhvWkHOLNkSHCpVI0cl8NC7xrWxy\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The test program announced Thursday could make Kroger the first U.S. grocer to make deliveries with robotic cars that won’t have a human riding along to take control in case something goes wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cincinnati-based Kroger is teaming up with Nuro, a Silicon Valley startup founded two years ago by two engineers who worked on self-driving cars at Google. That Google project is now known as Waymo, which plans to introduce a ride-hailing service that is supposed to begin picking up passengers in fully autonomous cars by the end of this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like Waymo, Kroger is only saying its self-driving delivery service will start by the end of this year.[contextly_sidebar id=\"ZChtrSmPIuzef1JA7tjwAWqDui7h39iP\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The location of the delivery service hasn’t been determined yet either, although it most likely will involve Fry’s supermarkets in California or Arizona, said Nuro co-founder Dave Ferguson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Customers will be able to order groceries from a mobile app, much like people summon an Uber or Lyft ride. After the order is placed, a driverless vehicle will deliver the groceries at a curb, requiring the customers to be present to fetch the items. The vehicles will probably be opened with a numeric code.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kroger currently offers grocery delivery in vehicles driven by people at about 1,200 of its 2,800 stores, covering about 20 different markets in the U.S. If the Nuro tests go well, Kroger say it’s likely to expand its use of driverless cars, potentially allowing its supermarkets to reduce its delivery fees and reassign workers who had been driving cars to other jobs focused on improving customer service.\u003c/p>\n\n",
"disqusIdentifier": "443072 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=443072",
"disqusUrl": "https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/06/28/kroger-to-test-grocery-deliveries-with-driverless-cars/",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 313,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 9
},
"modified": 1530249400,
"excerpt": "Kroger is teaming up with Nuro, a Silicon Valley startup founded two years ago by two engineers who worked on self-driving cars at Google. ",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "Kroger is teaming up with Nuro, a Silicon Valley startup founded two years ago by two engineers who worked on self-driving cars at Google. ",
"title": "Kroger to Test Grocery Deliveries with Driverless Cars | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Kroger to Test Grocery Deliveries with Driverless Cars",
"datePublished": "2018-06-28T15:53:21-07:00",
"dateModified": "2018-06-28T22:16:40-07:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "kroger-to-test-grocery-deliveries-with-driverless-cars",
"status": "publish",
"nprByline": "The Associated Press",
"source": "Technology",
"path": "/futureofyou/443072/kroger-to-test-grocery-deliveries-with-driverless-cars",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Kroger Co. is about to test whether it can steer supermarket customers away from crowded grocery aisles with a fleet of diminutive driverless cars designed to lower delivery costs.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The test program announced Thursday could make Kroger the first U.S. grocer to make deliveries with robotic cars that won’t have a human riding along to take control in case something goes wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cincinnati-based Kroger is teaming up with Nuro, a Silicon Valley startup founded two years ago by two engineers who worked on self-driving cars at Google. That Google project is now known as Waymo, which plans to introduce a ride-hailing service that is supposed to begin picking up passengers in fully autonomous cars by the end of this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like Waymo, Kroger is only saying its self-driving delivery service will start by the end of this year.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The location of the delivery service hasn’t been determined yet either, although it most likely will involve Fry’s supermarkets in California or Arizona, said Nuro co-founder Dave Ferguson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Customers will be able to order groceries from a mobile app, much like people summon an Uber or Lyft ride. After the order is placed, a driverless vehicle will deliver the groceries at a curb, requiring the customers to be present to fetch the items. The vehicles will probably be opened with a numeric code.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kroger currently offers grocery delivery in vehicles driven by people at about 1,200 of its 2,800 stores, covering about 20 different markets in the U.S. If the Nuro tests go well, Kroger say it’s likely to expand its use of driverless cars, potentially allowing its supermarkets to reduce its delivery fees and reassign workers who had been driving cars to other jobs focused on improving customer service.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/futureofyou/443072/kroger-to-test-grocery-deliveries-with-driverless-cars",
"authors": [
"byline_futureofyou_443072"
],
"categories": [
"futureofyou_1"
],
"tags": [
"futureofyou_1567",
"futureofyou_426",
"futureofyou_1566",
"futureofyou_35"
],
"featImg": "futureofyou_443082",
"label": "source_futureofyou_443072"
},
"futureofyou_443063": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "futureofyou_443063",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "443063",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1530222945000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {
"site": "futureofyou",
"term": 1094
},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1530222945,
"format": "standard",
"disqusTitle": "The Age Plateau: Study Suggests, At Certain Age, Risk of Death No Longer Increases",
"title": "The Age Plateau: Study Suggests, At Certain Age, Risk of Death No Longer Increases",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>Humans are living longer than ever before. But does our species have a fixed shelf life, or could we prolong our lives indefinitely?[contextly_sidebar id=\"SE82E4G0jfBm3Ty2BPZtQeC1Q2URGkhF\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new study in \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.aat3119\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science\u003c/a> suggests that we haven’t yet hit our limit on longevity — findings that come amid a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/news/human-age-limit-claim-sparks-debate-1.20750\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">heated debate\u003c/a> on the question and that will almost surely be disputed by scientists who caution against putting too much hope in new advances in technology and medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Demographers looked at data from nearly 4,000 Italians above the age of 105 and noticed that, with each passing year, they were no more likely to die than they had been before reaching that age. In other words, after a certain age, the risk for death plateaus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re seeing death rates, among extreme ages, go down a little bit,” said Ken Wachter, a professor of demography and statistics at University of California, Berkeley, who helped lead the study. “That means we’re not coming up against a limit to lifespan.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2016 study examined global demographic data, and concluded that humans have an upper limit of 115 years — with an occasional outlier surpassing expectations. That paper, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/news/human-age-limit-claim-sparks-debate-1.20750\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published in Nature\u003c/a>, was rebutted in subsequent papers — with this latest paper serving, potentially, as another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s what the Science paper found: A person’s risk of dying gets statistically higher with each passing year — until they hit 80. The idea is that those who were less fit, in a Darwinian sense, die out before they hit extreme old age. The survivors, who have proven their mettle as hardy stock, wind up less likely to die with each passing year. After 80, the death rates actually begin to decelerate — and after 105, the death rates plateau, according to the Science study.[contextly_sidebar id=\"YLSkNwloHkug4PGaOdi82m9E00o7xkuz\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those who have survived to extreme old age — say, 110 years — aren’t any more likely to die than a person who is a few years younger. Rather, the idea is that the most genetically robust people survive into old age — and could potentially continue to live for an indefinite amount of time, if technology advances permit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper’s methodology is “well-done,” but sheds little new light on the concept of mortality plateaus, said Tom Kirkwood, associate dean for aging at the Newcastle University Institute for Aging. Furthermore, it observes trends of aging but does nothing to explain why some people live for such long stretches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This kind of demographic study cannot identify the reasons for an apparent plateau, which are rooted in biology and which so far remain elusive,” Kirkwood said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One scientific faction puts a hard stop on the human lifespan at 115 years. The 2016 paper in Nature found that the maximum reported age of death increased until the mid-1990s, then plateaued. That suggested that despite all the advances in technology since, the upper limit of age could not surpass 115. To increase the limit, scientists would have to develop interventions that would tackle aging on too many different fronts — and that’s just not possible with the current technology we have, said Jan Vijg, chair of genetics at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine and an author of the Nature paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vijg thinks that a mortality plateau observed in the latest research doesn’t disprove his paper.[contextly_sidebar id=\"q3Z6RZoUG6JjLbtDvzjWH1Vt9KhybMkM\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re very lucky as a human, have good genes, and are lucky to avoid diseases, you probably do have a higher chance to live just a little longer than others — that’s selection,” Vijg said. “But this is far from saying ‘since mortality no longer increases, that means that humans can continue to live longer and longer.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These people are still very close to death.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a strong business incentive behind the idea that there’s no limit on human longevity. Case in point: Just this week, AbbVie and Google parent company Alphabet said they’d pour an \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/06/26/google-calico-abbvie-aging/\">additional $1 billion\u003c/a> to fund Alphabet spinout Calico, which is working covertly on aging science. But not everyone accepts the premise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m not a believer that there is going to be some silver bullet, some magic drug or substance or intervention that will have a major impact on aging overall,” Wachter said. “The hope is that as we understand the interaction between genes and our behaviors, along with environments, toxins, and medicines, we’ll be able to better tune the life course for widespread improvements in lifespan.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humans have gradually been extending their lifespans over millennia — with the biggest leaps being made in the past century or so. But our genes, by and large, often date back to caveman times, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What that shows is that the way our bodies are put together, and our genetic heritage, is very permissive,” Wachter said. “We strongly believe that the patterns we’re seeing — which include this leveling out at extreme ages — partly reflect the processes of evolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/06/28/human-longevity-limits-aging/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
"disqusIdentifier": "443063 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=443063",
"disqusUrl": "https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/06/28/the-age-plateau-study-suggests-at-certain-age-risk-of-death-no-longer-increases/",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 907,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 20
},
"modified": 1530222945,
"excerpt": "A new study suggests that we haven’t yet hit our limit on longevity, findings that come amid a heated debate on the question.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "A new study suggests that we haven’t yet hit our limit on longevity, findings that come amid a heated debate on the question.",
"title": "The Age Plateau: Study Suggests, At Certain Age, Risk of Death No Longer Increases | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "The Age Plateau: Study Suggests, At Certain Age, Risk of Death No Longer Increases",
"datePublished": "2018-06-28T14:55:45-07:00",
"dateModified": "2018-06-28T14:55:45-07:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "the-age-plateau-study-suggests-at-certain-age-risk-of-death-no-longer-increases",
"status": "publish",
"nprByline": "Meghana Keshavan\u003cbr />STAT",
"path": "/futureofyou/443063/the-age-plateau-study-suggests-at-certain-age-risk-of-death-no-longer-increases",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Humans are living longer than ever before. But does our species have a fixed shelf life, or could we prolong our lives indefinitely?\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new study in \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.aat3119\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science\u003c/a> suggests that we haven’t yet hit our limit on longevity — findings that come amid a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/news/human-age-limit-claim-sparks-debate-1.20750\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">heated debate\u003c/a> on the question and that will almost surely be disputed by scientists who caution against putting too much hope in new advances in technology and medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Demographers looked at data from nearly 4,000 Italians above the age of 105 and noticed that, with each passing year, they were no more likely to die than they had been before reaching that age. In other words, after a certain age, the risk for death plateaus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re seeing death rates, among extreme ages, go down a little bit,” said Ken Wachter, a professor of demography and statistics at University of California, Berkeley, who helped lead the study. “That means we’re not coming up against a limit to lifespan.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2016 study examined global demographic data, and concluded that humans have an upper limit of 115 years — with an occasional outlier surpassing expectations. That paper, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/news/human-age-limit-claim-sparks-debate-1.20750\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published in Nature\u003c/a>, was rebutted in subsequent papers — with this latest paper serving, potentially, as another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s what the Science paper found: A person’s risk of dying gets statistically higher with each passing year — until they hit 80. The idea is that those who were less fit, in a Darwinian sense, die out before they hit extreme old age. The survivors, who have proven their mettle as hardy stock, wind up less likely to die with each passing year. After 80, the death rates actually begin to decelerate — and after 105, the death rates plateau, according to the Science study.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those who have survived to extreme old age — say, 110 years — aren’t any more likely to die than a person who is a few years younger. Rather, the idea is that the most genetically robust people survive into old age — and could potentially continue to live for an indefinite amount of time, if technology advances permit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper’s methodology is “well-done,” but sheds little new light on the concept of mortality plateaus, said Tom Kirkwood, associate dean for aging at the Newcastle University Institute for Aging. Furthermore, it observes trends of aging but does nothing to explain why some people live for such long stretches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This kind of demographic study cannot identify the reasons for an apparent plateau, which are rooted in biology and which so far remain elusive,” Kirkwood said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One scientific faction puts a hard stop on the human lifespan at 115 years. The 2016 paper in Nature found that the maximum reported age of death increased until the mid-1990s, then plateaued. That suggested that despite all the advances in technology since, the upper limit of age could not surpass 115. To increase the limit, scientists would have to develop interventions that would tackle aging on too many different fronts — and that’s just not possible with the current technology we have, said Jan Vijg, chair of genetics at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine and an author of the Nature paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vijg thinks that a mortality plateau observed in the latest research doesn’t disprove his paper.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re very lucky as a human, have good genes, and are lucky to avoid diseases, you probably do have a higher chance to live just a little longer than others — that’s selection,” Vijg said. “But this is far from saying ‘since mortality no longer increases, that means that humans can continue to live longer and longer.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These people are still very close to death.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a strong business incentive behind the idea that there’s no limit on human longevity. Case in point: Just this week, AbbVie and Google parent company Alphabet said they’d pour an \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/06/26/google-calico-abbvie-aging/\">additional $1 billion\u003c/a> to fund Alphabet spinout Calico, which is working covertly on aging science. But not everyone accepts the premise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m not a believer that there is going to be some silver bullet, some magic drug or substance or intervention that will have a major impact on aging overall,” Wachter said. “The hope is that as we understand the interaction between genes and our behaviors, along with environments, toxins, and medicines, we’ll be able to better tune the life course for widespread improvements in lifespan.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humans have gradually been extending their lifespans over millennia — with the biggest leaps being made in the past century or so. But our genes, by and large, often date back to caveman times, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What that shows is that the way our bodies are put together, and our genetic heritage, is very permissive,” Wachter said. “We strongly believe that the patterns we’re seeing — which include this leveling out at extreme ages — partly reflect the processes of evolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/06/28/human-longevity-limits-aging/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/futureofyou/443063/the-age-plateau-study-suggests-at-certain-age-risk-of-death-no-longer-increases",
"authors": [
"byline_futureofyou_443063"
],
"categories": [
"futureofyou_1",
"futureofyou_73",
"futureofyou_1064"
],
"tags": [
"futureofyou_1564",
"futureofyou_532",
"futureofyou_141",
"futureofyou_1565",
"futureofyou_61"
],
"collections": [
"futureofyou_1094"
],
"featImg": "futureofyou_443067",
"label": "futureofyou_1094"
},
"futureofyou_443058": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "futureofyou_443058",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "443058",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1530205524000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1530205524,
"format": "standard",
"disqusTitle": "How Family Separation May Affect Kids’ Brains",
"title": "How Family Separation May Affect Kids’ Brains",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>Doctors have long known that separating families and other traumatic events can damage children’s well-being. More recent research has shed some light on how that may happen: Severe early adversity may cause brain changes and “toxic stress,” resulting in lasting psychological and physical health problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A “zero-tolerance” immigration policy announced this spring by the Trump Administration has separated 2,300 children from the adults they were traveling with and sent them to shelters and foster homes across the country, according to the government. The administration has 30 days to reunite families, but it remains unclear whether it can meet that deadline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s what evidence shows this kind of separation can do and how some experts think immigrant children may be at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Stress Response\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stress is a normal response to challenging or threatening circumstances that cause the brain to trigger the body’s “fight or flight” mode. Stress hormones and chemicals are released that increase heart rate, blood pressure, alertness and energy levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levels typically return to normal when the threat passes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the threat is ongoing — a result of things like war, famine, poverty, natural disasters, family discord or neighborhood violence — the stress system may remain on high alert, sometimes triggering anxiety, behavior problems, stomach aches, sleep problems and other mental and physical symptoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts believe that contact with a loving, nurturing parent or caregiver can help children weather stress and reduce chances for lasting ill effects. A recent U.S. study of toddlers from families living in poverty is an example. Youngsters who had a strong parent relationship had lower stress-hormone levels when they arrived at a clinic to get vaccinations than those without that parent buffer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What's Toxic Stress? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists increasingly believe that persistent stress, particularly when there’s no nurturing parent to help kids cope, can cause stress hormones and internal inflammatory markers to smolder at elevated levels, raising risks for later heart disease, diabetes and other health problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The science is not settled, but some studies also have shown that persistent stress may alter brain structure in regions affecting emotions and regulating behavior. Imaging studies have found these regions are smaller than usual in severely traumatized children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harvard University neuroscientist Charles Nelson says children younger than 3, with rapidly developing brains, are most at risk for the toxic effects of ongoing stress. In his imaging studies, school-aged Romanian orphans sent to live with foster families had brains with less gray matter than orphans sent to nurturing foster homes before age 2.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What About Migrant Children \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Central American children arriving with their families at the southern U.S. border have already endured the trauma of leaving their homes, some after violence or other threats, and faced the additional trauma of an arduous journey north, Nelson said Wednesday. “That may increase their susceptibility to the hazards of separation at the border,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nelson said the images he’s seen of U.S. detention centers housing children remind him of his research with Romanian children. In a recent research newsletter, Nelson wrote, “The lessons we learned then taught us that housing children in institution-like settings, with rotating shifts of caregivers and unfavorable ratios of caregivers to children, may cause severe and permanent damage to their minds and bodies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is what science has taught us about separation,” he said Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Doctors Say \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2017, a year before the separation policy was announced, the American Academy of Pediatrics advised against holding migrant children in detention centers and said they should receive health care and treatment to “support their well-being.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.aap.org/en-us/about-the-aap/aap-press-room/Pages/AAPStatementOpposingBorderSecurityandImmigrationReformAct.aspx\">academy\u003c/a> and several mental health \u003ca href=\"http://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2018/06/family-separation-policy.aspx\">groups\u003c/a> recently denounced the separation policy and cautiously supported last week’s executive order to overturn it. Tuesday’s order from a federal judge mandating that thousands of families be reunited within 30 days is an important step, the academy said in a joint statement with UNICEF USA, but it won’t undo the trauma separated children have already faced, said Academy President Dr. Colleen Kraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if they are eventually reunited, these families will need “trauma-informed” care to help them cope, Kraft said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In their statement Wednesday, the academy and UNICEF USA said their organizations “stand ready to assist in reunifying families and supporting their needs. Pediatricians across the country are prepared to provide care for immigrant children as they enter our communities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kraft attempted to enter a children’s shelter in McAllen, Texas on Wednesday to see what attempts were being made to reunite children and parents but said authorities turned her away. During an April visit to the same shelter, Kraft saw children who were “eerily quiet” and one who was crying inconsolably while attendants watched.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Staff in the room were not allowed to pick her up and hold her,” Kraft said. It’s that kind of absence of nurturing contact that experts think worsens the effects of traumatic stress.\u003c/p>\n\n",
"disqusIdentifier": "443058 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=443058",
"disqusUrl": "https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/06/28/how-family-separation-may-affect-kids-brains/",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 864,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 25
},
"modified": 1530853575,
"excerpt": "Severe early adversity may cause brain changes and “toxic stress,” resulting in lasting psychological and physical health problems.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "Severe early adversity may cause brain changes and “toxic stress,” resulting in lasting psychological and physical health problems.",
"title": "How Family Separation May Affect Kids’ Brains | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "How Family Separation May Affect Kids’ Brains",
"datePublished": "2018-06-28T10:05:24-07:00",
"dateModified": "2018-07-05T22:06:15-07:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "how-family-separation-may-affect-kids-brains",
"status": "publish",
"nprByline": "Lindsey Tanner\u003cbr />The Associated Press",
"source": "Health",
"path": "/futureofyou/443058/how-family-separation-may-affect-kids-brains",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Doctors have long known that separating families and other traumatic events can damage children’s well-being. More recent research has shed some light on how that may happen: Severe early adversity may cause brain changes and “toxic stress,” resulting in lasting psychological and physical health problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A “zero-tolerance” immigration policy announced this spring by the Trump Administration has separated 2,300 children from the adults they were traveling with and sent them to shelters and foster homes across the country, according to the government. The administration has 30 days to reunite families, but it remains unclear whether it can meet that deadline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s what evidence shows this kind of separation can do and how some experts think immigrant children may be at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Stress Response\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stress is a normal response to challenging or threatening circumstances that cause the brain to trigger the body’s “fight or flight” mode. Stress hormones and chemicals are released that increase heart rate, blood pressure, alertness and energy levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levels typically return to normal when the threat passes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the threat is ongoing — a result of things like war, famine, poverty, natural disasters, family discord or neighborhood violence — the stress system may remain on high alert, sometimes triggering anxiety, behavior problems, stomach aches, sleep problems and other mental and physical symptoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts believe that contact with a loving, nurturing parent or caregiver can help children weather stress and reduce chances for lasting ill effects. A recent U.S. study of toddlers from families living in poverty is an example. Youngsters who had a strong parent relationship had lower stress-hormone levels when they arrived at a clinic to get vaccinations than those without that parent buffer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What's Toxic Stress? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists increasingly believe that persistent stress, particularly when there’s no nurturing parent to help kids cope, can cause stress hormones and internal inflammatory markers to smolder at elevated levels, raising risks for later heart disease, diabetes and other health problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The science is not settled, but some studies also have shown that persistent stress may alter brain structure in regions affecting emotions and regulating behavior. Imaging studies have found these regions are smaller than usual in severely traumatized children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harvard University neuroscientist Charles Nelson says children younger than 3, with rapidly developing brains, are most at risk for the toxic effects of ongoing stress. In his imaging studies, school-aged Romanian orphans sent to live with foster families had brains with less gray matter than orphans sent to nurturing foster homes before age 2.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What About Migrant Children \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Central American children arriving with their families at the southern U.S. border have already endured the trauma of leaving their homes, some after violence or other threats, and faced the additional trauma of an arduous journey north, Nelson said Wednesday. “That may increase their susceptibility to the hazards of separation at the border,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nelson said the images he’s seen of U.S. detention centers housing children remind him of his research with Romanian children. In a recent research newsletter, Nelson wrote, “The lessons we learned then taught us that housing children in institution-like settings, with rotating shifts of caregivers and unfavorable ratios of caregivers to children, may cause severe and permanent damage to their minds and bodies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is what science has taught us about separation,” he said Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Doctors Say \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2017, a year before the separation policy was announced, the American Academy of Pediatrics advised against holding migrant children in detention centers and said they should receive health care and treatment to “support their well-being.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.aap.org/en-us/about-the-aap/aap-press-room/Pages/AAPStatementOpposingBorderSecurityandImmigrationReformAct.aspx\">academy\u003c/a> and several mental health \u003ca href=\"http://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2018/06/family-separation-policy.aspx\">groups\u003c/a> recently denounced the separation policy and cautiously supported last week’s executive order to overturn it. Tuesday’s order from a federal judge mandating that thousands of families be reunited within 30 days is an important step, the academy said in a joint statement with UNICEF USA, but it won’t undo the trauma separated children have already faced, said Academy President Dr. Colleen Kraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if they are eventually reunited, these families will need “trauma-informed” care to help them cope, Kraft said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In their statement Wednesday, the academy and UNICEF USA said their organizations “stand ready to assist in reunifying families and supporting their needs. Pediatricians across the country are prepared to provide care for immigrant children as they enter our communities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kraft attempted to enter a children’s shelter in McAllen, Texas on Wednesday to see what attempts were being made to reunite children and parents but said authorities turned her away. During an April visit to the same shelter, Kraft saw children who were “eerily quiet” and one who was crying inconsolably while attendants watched.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Staff in the room were not allowed to pick her up and hold her,” Kraft said. It’s that kind of absence of nurturing contact that experts think worsens the effects of traumatic stress.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/futureofyou/443058/how-family-separation-may-affect-kids-brains",
"authors": [
"byline_futureofyou_443058"
],
"categories": [
"futureofyou_1",
"futureofyou_73"
],
"tags": [
"futureofyou_56",
"futureofyou_491",
"futureofyou_204",
"futureofyou_1224"
],
"label": "source_futureofyou_443058"
},
"futureofyou_443048": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "futureofyou_443048",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "443048",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1530130578000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1530130578,
"format": "standard",
"disqusTitle": "California Pot Shops Offer Discounts As New Standards Near",
"title": "California Pot Shops Offer Discounts As New Standards Near",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>Bargain basement bud is on the menu in California, but you need to act fast to cash in on the cheap weed.[contextly_sidebar id=\"klE8bvGIu5iQdFjCjnLgbvKiZvSMLEOF\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regulations being phased in six months after the state broadly legalized marijuana require that pot sold after Saturday meet strict quality standards, so retailers unloading untested inventory are offering blowout prices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deep discounts on everything from edibles to joints reflect the last days of the heady first phase of legal recreational pot. They could be followed by empty shelves as many stores scramble to restock with properly tested and packaged products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You can smell it. There’s a certain desperation from stores that bought too much and they have to dump it,” said John Atari, CEO of Source Cannabis Farms, a licensed cultivator in Los Angeles. “There’s going to be a big shortage of clean product come July 1.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Firehaus, a shop along an LA freeway, a fire sale of sorts unfolded this month with a 50 percent off “summer blowout” sale advertised on a popular marijuana app and texted and emailed to regular customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patrons leaving the brick storefront on a recent day were happy to double their value, but were unaware of the reason behind the bargains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A half-dozen of those interviewed said they welcomed testing designed to weed out pesticides and contaminants such as solvents and mold, though they were largely unconcerned about the safety of the cannabis they’ve used for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I smoked pot for 40 years that wasn’t tested, from dealers on the street, and it smelled like anything from gasoline to perfume,” said Catherine Lanzarotta, who stocked up on “Blue Dream.” ″So I’ve never had that concern.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Testing will also examine concentrations and potency of the ingredient that gives users a buzz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The change in rules was part of the state’s decision to allow the industry in its legal infancy to get a running start at the beginning of the year. Shops were given six months to burn through supplies of grass grown and cookies and other products made without strict testing requirements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Any marijuana harvested this year or for sale July 1 must meet quality and safety standards or be destroyed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the legalization of recreational marijuana, testing of pot sold for medical purposes was largely done for marketing. Growers could promote the potency of their product or the fact that it was free of contaminants.[contextly_sidebar id=\"qFwHtuTaonMJke2ut1S76W4JUvNMUiGD\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robert Martin, co-founder and CEO of CW Analytical Laboratories in Oakland, said the voluminous new rules are draconian, with a mandate to test for heavy metals, which he said is unnecessary, and one to keep tested samples 45 days. There are also requirements about what technicians must wear, and lab employees have to pick up test samples directly from suppliers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The new regulations have us twisting,” Martin said. “We feel like we’re trying to do yoga on two mats.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are concerns that the 28 testing facilities licensed by the state will not be enough, though labs said even with a spike in recent months, they have been able to handle capacity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A larger concern is a lag in testing as business owners banked on delayed implementation of the new rules. That could put them in a precarious position as they try to push product through a limited pipeline to restock shops with clean weed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fear is there will be a repeat of what Oregon experienced two years ago as distributors held out for a rules reprieve that never materialized and held up the supply chain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The resulting bottleneck at labs meant testing that should have taken days dragged on for weeks, said Lori Glauser, chief operating officer of EVIO Labs, which has locations in California, Oregon, Colorado, Florida and Massachusetts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glauser said the recent surge in business she’s seen indicates a similar scenario in California that will lead to a temporary shortage of marijuana in dispensaries once they can no longer sell untested product.[contextly_sidebar id=\"xuZZxhZSqmD9988cGK6v3jmvXA963u1P\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some shops prepared for the new regulations by gradually replacing pot they sold with products that pass the tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jamie Garzot said she reopened her Shasta Lake medical marijuana shop to recreational customers Jan. 1 with the same untested inventory as the day before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But by February, she estimated, about 15 percent of inventory at 530 Cannabis had been approved by testing labs. In April, that jumped to about 50 percent, and earlier this month Garzot said she figured about 95 percent of her goods passed muster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everyone in the game knew this was coming,” she said. “My hope is that everybody has been doing their job getting systems dialed in for an uninterrupted supply chain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She was waiting until the final days of the month to see what remained in her stockpiles that could go in a limited blowout sale.\u003c/p>\n\n",
"disqusIdentifier": "443048 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=443048",
"disqusUrl": "https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/06/27/california-pot-shops-offer-discounts-as-new-standards-near/",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 840,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 26
},
"modified": 1530130683,
"excerpt": "California’s new rules require testing of marijuana for pesticides and contaminants such as heavy metals, solvents and mold. Edibles must also be tested to determine concentrations of the mind-altering ingredient THC.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "California’s new rules require testing of marijuana for pesticides and contaminants such as heavy metals, solvents and mold. Edibles must also be tested to determine concentrations of the mind-altering ingredient THC.",
"title": "California Pot Shops Offer Discounts As New Standards Near | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "California Pot Shops Offer Discounts As New Standards Near",
"datePublished": "2018-06-27T13:16:18-07:00",
"dateModified": "2018-06-27T13:18:03-07:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "california-pot-shops-offer-discounts-as-new-standards-near",
"status": "publish",
"nprByline": "Brian Melley\u003cbr />The Associated Press",
"source": "Health",
"path": "/futureofyou/443048/california-pot-shops-offer-discounts-as-new-standards-near",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Bargain basement bud is on the menu in California, but you need to act fast to cash in on the cheap weed.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regulations being phased in six months after the state broadly legalized marijuana require that pot sold after Saturday meet strict quality standards, so retailers unloading untested inventory are offering blowout prices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deep discounts on everything from edibles to joints reflect the last days of the heady first phase of legal recreational pot. They could be followed by empty shelves as many stores scramble to restock with properly tested and packaged products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You can smell it. There’s a certain desperation from stores that bought too much and they have to dump it,” said John Atari, CEO of Source Cannabis Farms, a licensed cultivator in Los Angeles. “There’s going to be a big shortage of clean product come July 1.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Firehaus, a shop along an LA freeway, a fire sale of sorts unfolded this month with a 50 percent off “summer blowout” sale advertised on a popular marijuana app and texted and emailed to regular customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patrons leaving the brick storefront on a recent day were happy to double their value, but were unaware of the reason behind the bargains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A half-dozen of those interviewed said they welcomed testing designed to weed out pesticides and contaminants such as solvents and mold, though they were largely unconcerned about the safety of the cannabis they’ve used for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I smoked pot for 40 years that wasn’t tested, from dealers on the street, and it smelled like anything from gasoline to perfume,” said Catherine Lanzarotta, who stocked up on “Blue Dream.” ″So I’ve never had that concern.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Testing will also examine concentrations and potency of the ingredient that gives users a buzz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The change in rules was part of the state’s decision to allow the industry in its legal infancy to get a running start at the beginning of the year. Shops were given six months to burn through supplies of grass grown and cookies and other products made without strict testing requirements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Any marijuana harvested this year or for sale July 1 must meet quality and safety standards or be destroyed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the legalization of recreational marijuana, testing of pot sold for medical purposes was largely done for marketing. Growers could promote the potency of their product or the fact that it was free of contaminants.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robert Martin, co-founder and CEO of CW Analytical Laboratories in Oakland, said the voluminous new rules are draconian, with a mandate to test for heavy metals, which he said is unnecessary, and one to keep tested samples 45 days. There are also requirements about what technicians must wear, and lab employees have to pick up test samples directly from suppliers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The new regulations have us twisting,” Martin said. “We feel like we’re trying to do yoga on two mats.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are concerns that the 28 testing facilities licensed by the state will not be enough, though labs said even with a spike in recent months, they have been able to handle capacity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A larger concern is a lag in testing as business owners banked on delayed implementation of the new rules. That could put them in a precarious position as they try to push product through a limited pipeline to restock shops with clean weed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fear is there will be a repeat of what Oregon experienced two years ago as distributors held out for a rules reprieve that never materialized and held up the supply chain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The resulting bottleneck at labs meant testing that should have taken days dragged on for weeks, said Lori Glauser, chief operating officer of EVIO Labs, which has locations in California, Oregon, Colorado, Florida and Massachusetts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glauser said the recent surge in business she’s seen indicates a similar scenario in California that will lead to a temporary shortage of marijuana in dispensaries once they can no longer sell untested product.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some shops prepared for the new regulations by gradually replacing pot they sold with products that pass the tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jamie Garzot said she reopened her Shasta Lake medical marijuana shop to recreational customers Jan. 1 with the same untested inventory as the day before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But by February, she estimated, about 15 percent of inventory at 530 Cannabis had been approved by testing labs. In April, that jumped to about 50 percent, and earlier this month Garzot said she figured about 95 percent of her goods passed muster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everyone in the game knew this was coming,” she said. “My hope is that everybody has been doing their job getting systems dialed in for an uninterrupted supply chain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She was waiting until the final days of the month to see what remained in her stockpiles that could go in a limited blowout sale.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/futureofyou/443048/california-pot-shops-offer-discounts-as-new-standards-near",
"authors": [
"byline_futureofyou_443048"
],
"categories": [
"futureofyou_1060",
"futureofyou_1",
"futureofyou_73"
],
"tags": [
"futureofyou_1520",
"futureofyou_1562",
"futureofyou_61",
"futureofyou_807"
],
"collections": [
"futureofyou_1093"
],
"featImg": "futureofyou_443051",
"label": "source_futureofyou_443048"
},
"futureofyou_443040": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "futureofyou_443040",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "443040",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1530045641000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1530045641,
"format": "standard",
"disqusTitle": "FDA Green Lights Marijuana-Based Pharmaceutical Drug",
"title": "FDA Green Lights Marijuana-Based Pharmaceutical Drug",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved a marijuana-derived drug for the treatment of two rare and serious forms of epilepsy, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and Dravet syndrome, that begin in childhood but can persist in adulthood.[contextly_sidebar id=\"RsxfUCgh8UsJJJ0ikrZvWqEfpFs55Jwz\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drug is made from purified cannabidiol, or CBD, a compound found in the cannabis plant. The drug will be marketed under the brand name Epidiolex.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CBD has medicinal effects, but it does not cause the mind-altering high that comes from THC, the primary psychoactive component of marijuana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016, researchers at \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2016/01/401246/cannabis-based-drug-reduces-seizures-children-treatment-resistant-epilepsy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital San Francisco \u003c/a>introduced the first study looking at the effects of Epidiolex on children and young adults who suffer from severe forms of epilepsy. They found that patients had fewer seizures when treated with the purified cannabinoid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA says this is the first drug approved in the U.S. that contains a purified substance derived from marijuana. The agency has previously approved drugs made from synthetic versions of THC and other marijuana constituents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This approval serves as a reminder that advancing sound development programs that properly evaluate active ingredients contained in marijuana can lead to important medical therapies,\" said FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb during a call with reporters about the approval.[contextly_sidebar id=\"RBUAK4wZ7KHOssmYfHT8dDioQ0U69y4E\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several states \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/state-medical-marijuana-laws.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">have legalized CBD oil \u003c/a>specifically for the treatment of intractable epilepsy or seizure disorders. And, as NPR has \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/04/23/604307015/anxiety-relief-without-the-high-new-studies-on-cbd-a-cannabis-extract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a>, CBD supplements are available widely online and in dispensaries in the form of oils or tinctures. CBD oil has gained popularity with consumers as a remedy for a variety of other ailments. However, the legal status of these products is uncertain, as is their quality. They're not regulated the way pharmaceutical drugs are, so the consistency and dose can vary widely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having an FDA-approved, pharmaceutical-grade CBD drug will open up a new treatment option for epilepsy patients by delivering a high-quality, consistent dose of CBD, says \u003ca href=\"https://medschool.vanderbilt.edu/brain-institute/person/robert-carson-md-phd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Robert Carson\u003c/a> a pediatric neurologist at Vanderbilt University who treats patients with epilepsy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our biggest concerns with the artisanal [or supplement] versions of CBD were related to the consistency,\" Carson says. \"We can't guarantee the consistency.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carson says he will likely prescribe Epidiolex going forward. \"I'm always excited about the potential for a new therapy that has been well-studied and has a great potential for benefit,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several researchers are studying the potential of CBD to treat psychiatric conditions. For instance, a \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03248167\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">clinical trial is underway\u003c/a> to test whether CBD can be an effective treatment for people with post-traumatic stress disorder and alcohol use disorder. Another clinical trial will determine whether CBD could help \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01311778\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">prevent relapse\u003c/a> in opioid abusers.[contextly_sidebar id=\"TzTIWOn6t1b75631sBYWcr2CwFcxdgut\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The approval of Epidiolex may help open the door to more CBD research, as it helps to lift one regulatory hurdle. Until now, the Drug Enforcement Administration has classified CBD as a Schedule 1 substance. Like other drugs in this category, which include heroin and LSD, these drugs are considered to have no medical use and a high potential for abuse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now, with the approval of a CBD drug, the DEA will change this, according to Dr. Douglas Throckmorton, deputy director of regulatory programs at the FDA's Center for Drug Evaluation and Research,\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The DEA will need to make a different scheduling decision for CBD...because it now has an accepted medical use,\" he said during a conference call with reporters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said the reclassification is underway now.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=FDA+Green+Lights+Marijuana-Based+Pharmaceutical+Drug+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
"disqusIdentifier": "443040 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=443040",
"disqusUrl": "https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/06/26/fda-green-lights-marijuana-based-pharmaceutical-drug/",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 597,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 17
},
"modified": 1530045809,
"excerpt": "For the first time, the FDA has approved a drug containing CBD, an extract of marijuana. This move could pave the way for more research into medical uses for the marijuana extract.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "For the first time, the FDA has approved a drug containing CBD, an extract of marijuana. This move could pave the way for more research into medical uses for the marijuana extract.",
"title": "FDA Green Lights Marijuana-Based Pharmaceutical Drug | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "FDA Green Lights Marijuana-Based Pharmaceutical Drug",
"datePublished": "2018-06-26T13:40:41-07:00",
"dateModified": "2018-06-26T13:43:29-07:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "fda-green-lights-marijuana-based-pharmaceutical-drug",
"status": "publish",
"nprApiLink": "http://api.npr.org/query?id=623236189&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004",
"nprByline": "Allison Aubrey, NPR",
"nprStoryDate": "Mon, 25 Jun 2018 17:33:01 -0400",
"nprLastModifiedDate": "Mon, 25 Jun 2018 23:07:07 -0400",
"nprHtmlLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/06/25/623236189/fda-green-lights-marijuana-based-pharmaceutical-drug?ft=nprml&f=623236189",
"nprImageAgency": "Getty Images",
"nprImageCredit": "Blaine Harrington III",
"source": "Health",
"nprStoryId": "623236189",
"nprRetrievedStory": "1",
"nprPubDate": "Mon, 25 Jun 2018 23:07:00 -0400",
"path": "/futureofyou/443040/fda-green-lights-marijuana-based-pharmaceutical-drug",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved a marijuana-derived drug for the treatment of two rare and serious forms of epilepsy, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and Dravet syndrome, that begin in childhood but can persist in adulthood.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drug is made from purified cannabidiol, or CBD, a compound found in the cannabis plant. The drug will be marketed under the brand name Epidiolex.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CBD has medicinal effects, but it does not cause the mind-altering high that comes from THC, the primary psychoactive component of marijuana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016, researchers at \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2016/01/401246/cannabis-based-drug-reduces-seizures-children-treatment-resistant-epilepsy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital San Francisco \u003c/a>introduced the first study looking at the effects of Epidiolex on children and young adults who suffer from severe forms of epilepsy. They found that patients had fewer seizures when treated with the purified cannabinoid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA says this is the first drug approved in the U.S. that contains a purified substance derived from marijuana. The agency has previously approved drugs made from synthetic versions of THC and other marijuana constituents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This approval serves as a reminder that advancing sound development programs that properly evaluate active ingredients contained in marijuana can lead to important medical therapies,\" said FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb during a call with reporters about the approval.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several states \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/state-medical-marijuana-laws.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">have legalized CBD oil \u003c/a>specifically for the treatment of intractable epilepsy or seizure disorders. And, as NPR has \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/04/23/604307015/anxiety-relief-without-the-high-new-studies-on-cbd-a-cannabis-extract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a>, CBD supplements are available widely online and in dispensaries in the form of oils or tinctures. CBD oil has gained popularity with consumers as a remedy for a variety of other ailments. However, the legal status of these products is uncertain, as is their quality. They're not regulated the way pharmaceutical drugs are, so the consistency and dose can vary widely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having an FDA-approved, pharmaceutical-grade CBD drug will open up a new treatment option for epilepsy patients by delivering a high-quality, consistent dose of CBD, says \u003ca href=\"https://medschool.vanderbilt.edu/brain-institute/person/robert-carson-md-phd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Robert Carson\u003c/a> a pediatric neurologist at Vanderbilt University who treats patients with epilepsy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our biggest concerns with the artisanal [or supplement] versions of CBD were related to the consistency,\" Carson says. \"We can't guarantee the consistency.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carson says he will likely prescribe Epidiolex going forward. \"I'm always excited about the potential for a new therapy that has been well-studied and has a great potential for benefit,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several researchers are studying the potential of CBD to treat psychiatric conditions. For instance, a \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03248167\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">clinical trial is underway\u003c/a> to test whether CBD can be an effective treatment for people with post-traumatic stress disorder and alcohol use disorder. Another clinical trial will determine whether CBD could help \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01311778\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">prevent relapse\u003c/a> in opioid abusers.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The approval of Epidiolex may help open the door to more CBD research, as it helps to lift one regulatory hurdle. Until now, the Drug Enforcement Administration has classified CBD as a Schedule 1 substance. Like other drugs in this category, which include heroin and LSD, these drugs are considered to have no medical use and a high potential for abuse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now, with the approval of a CBD drug, the DEA will change this, according to Dr. Douglas Throckmorton, deputy director of regulatory programs at the FDA's Center for Drug Evaluation and Research,\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The DEA will need to make a different scheduling decision for CBD...because it now has an accepted medical use,\" he said during a conference call with reporters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said the reclassification is underway now.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=FDA+Green+Lights+Marijuana-Based+Pharmaceutical+Drug+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/futureofyou/443040/fda-green-lights-marijuana-based-pharmaceutical-drug",
"authors": [
"byline_futureofyou_443040"
],
"categories": [
"futureofyou_1060",
"futureofyou_1"
],
"tags": [
"futureofyou_1562",
"futureofyou_952",
"futureofyou_1563",
"futureofyou_38",
"futureofyou_1041",
"futureofyou_1056"
],
"collections": [
"futureofyou_1093"
],
"featImg": "futureofyou_443041",
"label": "source_futureofyou_443040"
},
"futureofyou_443021": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "futureofyou_443021",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "443021",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1529967609000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1529967609,
"format": "standard",
"disqusTitle": "It’s Not ‘All In Your Head’: When Other Doctors Give Up on Patients, a Boundary-Breaking Neurologist Treats Them",
"title": "It’s Not ‘All In Your Head’: When Other Doctors Give Up on Patients, a Boundary-Breaking Neurologist Treats Them",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>Even beforehand — before the compulsive writing and the bipolar diagnosis, before the niche medical practice and the best-selling book — Dr. Alice Flaherty stuck out. She had grown up beside a duckweed-filled pond in rural New Jersey, and by the time she was a young adult, she’d become a neuroscientist in a family of engineers, a theorist among doers.[contextly_sidebar id=\"sXNIfkgjQfMG5MJwfPfkWITgj41OQW8E\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she came home during breaks at Harvard, her father would rib her. “He’d say, ‘Yo, you talk big about pure science now, but you’re going to end up an engineer just like the rest of us,’” she recalled. “And when I went to med school, he was like, ‘See? See?’ And it’s totally true. It’s like tinkering. You tinker with the patients. It’s so fun. I love fixing broken machines.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her neurology work at Massachusetts General Hospital involves plenty of gadgetry — she heads up the deep brain stimulation unit, and sometimes uses electroconvulsive therapy to help patients with depression or mania — but these days, that’s not the kind of tinkering that’s at the front of her mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, she has been toying with the boundaries of illness itself. She likes seeing patients other doctors have given up on. Many have faced questions about whether they’re really as sick as they say. For all of them, getting the proper treatment — pills or infusions or electrical currents — depends on a kind of collaboration with Flaherty, a workshop in which motivations are re-examined, stories reshaped, turns of phrase redefined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These poor patients are typically seen as just not wanting to get better, and I got interested in that whole thing, like if you want to get better then you’re sick, if you don’t want to get better, then it’s a vice,” she said. “What was it about us — the caregivers, family members, and doctors — what was it that made us attribute willfulness to people who were obviously miserable?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her schedule is stacked with examples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was the Parkinson’s patient who was able to move when playing with grandchildren but not when asked to take out the trash. “The spouse is like, ‘Bullshit, you’re just not trying,’ and that’s totally true. … They lack dopamine, which is very important for motivation,” Flaherty said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was the medical student who’d become catatonic when faced with an exam, and was accused of wanting, at some level, to jettison his career.[contextly_sidebar id=\"FisPQhjLXG17zQFS91fSEnl0b6zkrL5D\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was the woman who came in with an anxiety-related tremor but insisted that, no, these shakes weren’t psychological. “You have to convince them, yes, you really are sick, I understand that, or they’ll never trust you,” Flaherty said. “And they are really sick, they’re disabled, totally.” Then, with a careful tweaking of language, she was able to prescribe the Valium that the patient had been refusing from other doctors, and the tremor faded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To some, she might sound like a shrink tucked away inside a movement disorder clinic, and that isn’t entirely wrong. Historically, psychiatrists and neurologists often kept to their own floors, as if the feeling-thinking brain and the physical brain were two different organs. Flaherty was merging both long before it became a trend, explained Dr. Jerrold Rosenbaum, Mass. General’s psychiatrist-in-chief.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we had a complicated patient … and we needed a neurologist who understood how we think, Alice would be our go-to consultant. She’s a great bridge,” he said. “She’s more sophisticated with the use of our drugs than many of us are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that doesn’t quite cover Flaherty’s unique role in the biome of Boston medicine. When the novelist William Styron was weighed down by depression, movement issues, and delusions — he thought that his writing hand had gone dead and his head was shrinking to the size of a pin — he sought out Flaherty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She makes a habit of befriending her patients and counseling her friends. She sometimes worries her colleagues might see her as too empathetic, too credulous, too boundary-breaking. Then again, she knows from her own experience with mental illness that the opposite — an excess of formality, stiffness, distrust — can be worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flaherty had heard about Stephanie Zaia before they’d ever met. Clinicians talk, and a case like Zaia’s made them talk more than usual. Her symptoms seemed so strange, and so complicated, that they were picked apart during grand rounds, at medical meetings, and in hospital staff rooms. What struck Flaherty was that her colleagues seemed to suggest that Zaia had invented her own bodily inferno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trouble began when Zaia was a 14-year-old in Medfield, Mass. She was a competitive swimmer, obsessed enough to make her parents drive her to practices at 5:30 a.m. She swam every weekday, spent her weekends at meets, but all of a sudden, at the end of a race in May 2003, her body went limp and she couldn’t get out of the pool.[contextly_sidebar id=\"YgnHkwDfRuaRza68Zle6mgr7qAhNQXhh\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then she began having trouble moving elsewhere, too. Walking became hard. Sometimes she struggled to breathe. She stopped being able to digest, vomiting up almost everything she ate. She began to shed weight that she couldn’t afford to lose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her parents brought her to neurologists and psychiatrists and specialists of the gut, bouncing from practice to practice, from Massachusetts all the way to Maryland. They kept telling Zaia the same thing again and again: “They’d say, ‘Oh, it’s all in your head,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first, Zaia and her parents went along with the idea. They probed her past for possible instances of trauma, but could find nothing besides garden-variety middle-school meanness from other kids, which hadn’t gone on for very long anyway. And the suggestions of depression and anorexia didn’t seem to add up with her mounting difficulty to move. “‘You’re trying not to walk because you hate to swim.’ That’s what they said,” Zaia recalled. “They were just like, ‘It’s a conversion disorder: You’re converting your not wanting to do this into physical symptoms.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No matter what she said, she couldn’t convince them that she wanted nothing more than to be able to swim again. Nor could she convince them, when they claimed her muscle spasms were an embodiment of her jealousy toward her siblings, that she did not feel jealous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her medical file began to take on an authority of its own, as if the hypothesis that her illness was psychological had, through repetition, become a fact. Doctors couldn’t unearth some underlying cause for the muscle tightness, and could find no relation to the mutiny in her gut. But there, in the pages of her record, was an explanation capable of tying these disparate threads together. The symptoms didn’t make sense, they thought, because she was, in some subconscious stratum, making them up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was only after years, in 2006, that Zaia got a diagnosis of primary dystonia — a condition characterized by involuntary muscle contractions — and learned just how common this kind of accusation is. “I’ve met lots of patients who spend five years being misdiagnosed,” said Pamela Sloate, a patient activist and board member of the Dystonia Medical Research Foundation. “They don’t have the skills to diagnose dystonia, so they tell the patient it’s imagined, or that it’s caused by depression.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That can have a profound effect. As Zaia put it, “When somebody tells you that enough times, you start to believe it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Self-blame is something that Flaherty is familiar with. She felt it acutely in 1998, when her twin boys died immediately after birth. They were premature, so tiny their hands could hardly fit around her finger. To bury their ashes, she secretly took a folding shovel into Mount Auburn Cemetery to look for a spot where no one would see her digging. She chose a patch of shrubbery beside a pond grown green with duckweed: It reminded her of the scummy pool back home.[contextly_sidebar id=\"rhuJ5KiqdPloHZe58oqJ8GhRRj1a2q7n\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ten days after their death, her sadness morphed into an overwhelming desire to write. She wrote on everything: paper, napkins, computers, her own skin. She’d written plenty before — waking up early to write a neurology handbook while she was a resident — but now it was uncontrollable, and the style had changed. “Looking at this stuff, I’m like, ‘Oh my, God, this is like teen diary garbage,’” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She bounced between mania and depression, becoming obsessed with the idea that she’d been a bad mother, that it was all her fault. She knew, on the one hand, that she was sick — she’d been newly diagnosed with bipolar disorder, and was taking a pharmacopeia of pills — but also felt that her illness wasn’t real, that she was just fishing for attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most painful part of it was I thought I was making it up,” she said. “I thought I was this total loser that was making up something that had me in the hospital for nine days.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes, she couldn’t physically lift her hand to her mouth to take her meds. She’d rock her arm back and forth, coaxing herself, like a volleyball player preparing to make a serve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She was consumed by the doublethink of depression. She knew her symptoms weren’t fictional, but what if they were all in her head? She knew her obstetrician didn’t hate her, but what if he did? She wanted him to say that something terrible had happened. She wanted him to echo her own distress. She wanted him to cry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flaherty suspected the episode would end her medical career. Her colleagues told her not to tell anyone, but she was manic, and told everyone. She wrote about her illness in her book “The Midnight Disease,” and her story wound up in the glossy pages of magazines. Patients could idly flip through her postpartum mania while waiting for their appointments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The people who are most afraid of mental illness are doctors,” Flaherty said. “It turned out my patients were fine with it. … One guy said, ‘Yeah, that manic depressive thing you have, my internist has that. … Every six months or so, they have to lock him up, because he runs down the middle of the street naked. But I stay with him because he’s a really good doctor when he’s not crazy.’”[contextly_sidebar id=\"AQvxss0iAWMjp5nhtNV4d3hmbJrV2oIX\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even as her mood stabilizers did their job, the impressions she had during illness stayed vivid: her conviction that she’d created her own symptoms, her over-analysis of her obstetrician’s veneer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She knows from experience how imperious doctors can be. … When you’re really in a lot of pain, or not sleeping, or whatever, in an acute phase, you feel like a supplicant,” said journalist and author Pagan Kennedy. The two had met in a local writers’ group, and when Kennedy experienced a mysterious bout of insomnia and acute pain, Flaherty counseled her not to rush into surgery, and checked in with her every day, listening. Kennedy is now making a podcast about Flaherty’s treatment of Styron.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same skills that cement a friendship, Flaherty has found, are useful clinical tools. But bedside manner hasn’t come naturally to her. “I didn’t have any body language,” she said. “I was brought up in this WASP community with 500 guns in the basement. … We communicated by raising our eyebrows one teeny little tiny bit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So she sometimes glances at a mirror hidden in among the drawings and plants of her office, checking her own features, making sure she echoes the patient’s devastation or anger or joy. Above all — whether the symptoms are psychological, physical, or some combination of the two — she wants them to feel heard. By now, after years of practice, she says that most of the emotions behind her gestures are real.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Flaherty finally met her, in the fall of 2012, Zaia had been sick for almost 10 years. She needed a wheelchair, and her muscles were so tight she was not able to sit up. Every so often, she’d get dystonic storms: Her back would arch so she couldn’t breathe, her neck yanked backwards, her arms pinned behind her, her legs pulled as far as they would go. “I would turn into a literal pretzel,” she said.[contextly_sidebar id=\"IBjHyTyOkXKgQvZHUH9PFd3FV0V9LNU5\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The relationship began as pure coincidence. Zaia was an inpatient at Mass. General, home sick from the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, and Flaherty happened to be the neurologist on duty. It wasn’t just the medical crisis that was worrying Zaia’s parents. Her primary neurologist, who had been treating Zaia’s dystonia for years, had put a letter in the medical record that signaled a change of tune.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She was basically saying she had never believed Steph in the first place,” said her mother, Diane. “She basically treated Stephanie for dystonia for … years, and then said she did not have dystonia, and said that she was a wacko.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And so Flaherty agreed to be Zaia’s neurologist. Already, to the family, that was a minor miracle. “No one wanted to touch me,” said Zaia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During those years, Zaia had thought she might end up bed-bound in a nursing home. Now, she’s up every morning at 5:15 to catch the 7:16 train from Dedham into South Station. Her work, at Easter Seals Massachusetts, a nonprofit that provides disability services, is only a block away. She also helps run her own organization, PATH-WAY, which puts together social gatherings accessible to everyone and anyone, no matter their physical ability. To find members, she went to support groups for illnesses she didn’t have. At the end of the day, she catches the 4:43 back to Dedham.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/06/19/alice-flaherty-mass-general-neurologist/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> story\u003c/a> was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/06/19/alice-flaherty-mass-general-neurologist/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
"disqusIdentifier": "443021 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=443021",
"disqusUrl": "https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/06/25/its-not-all-in-your-head-when-other-doctors-give-up-on-patients-a-boundary-breaking-neurologist-treats-them/",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 2530,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 42
},
"modified": 1529898195,
"excerpt": "Dr. Alice Flaherty sometimes worries her colleagues might see her as too empathetic and too boundary-breaking. Then again, she knows from her own experience with mental illness that the opposite can be worse.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "Dr. Alice Flaherty sometimes worries her colleagues might see her as too empathetic and too boundary-breaking. Then again, she knows from her own experience with mental illness that the opposite can be worse.",
"title": "It’s Not ‘All In Your Head’: When Other Doctors Give Up on Patients, a Boundary-Breaking Neurologist Treats Them | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "It’s Not ‘All In Your Head’: When Other Doctors Give Up on Patients, a Boundary-Breaking Neurologist Treats Them",
"datePublished": "2018-06-25T16:00:09-07:00",
"dateModified": "2018-06-24T20:43:15-07:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "its-not-all-in-your-head-when-other-doctors-give-up-on-patients-a-boundary-breaking-neurologist-treats-them",
"status": "publish",
"nprByline": "Eric Boodman\u003cbr />STAT",
"source": "Health",
"path": "/futureofyou/443021/its-not-all-in-your-head-when-other-doctors-give-up-on-patients-a-boundary-breaking-neurologist-treats-them",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Even beforehand — before the compulsive writing and the bipolar diagnosis, before the niche medical practice and the best-selling book — Dr. Alice Flaherty stuck out. She had grown up beside a duckweed-filled pond in rural New Jersey, and by the time she was a young adult, she’d become a neuroscientist in a family of engineers, a theorist among doers.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she came home during breaks at Harvard, her father would rib her. “He’d say, ‘Yo, you talk big about pure science now, but you’re going to end up an engineer just like the rest of us,’” she recalled. “And when I went to med school, he was like, ‘See? See?’ And it’s totally true. It’s like tinkering. You tinker with the patients. It’s so fun. I love fixing broken machines.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her neurology work at Massachusetts General Hospital involves plenty of gadgetry — she heads up the deep brain stimulation unit, and sometimes uses electroconvulsive therapy to help patients with depression or mania — but these days, that’s not the kind of tinkering that’s at the front of her mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, she has been toying with the boundaries of illness itself. She likes seeing patients other doctors have given up on. Many have faced questions about whether they’re really as sick as they say. For all of them, getting the proper treatment — pills or infusions or electrical currents — depends on a kind of collaboration with Flaherty, a workshop in which motivations are re-examined, stories reshaped, turns of phrase redefined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These poor patients are typically seen as just not wanting to get better, and I got interested in that whole thing, like if you want to get better then you’re sick, if you don’t want to get better, then it’s a vice,” she said. “What was it about us — the caregivers, family members, and doctors — what was it that made us attribute willfulness to people who were obviously miserable?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her schedule is stacked with examples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was the Parkinson’s patient who was able to move when playing with grandchildren but not when asked to take out the trash. “The spouse is like, ‘Bullshit, you’re just not trying,’ and that’s totally true. … They lack dopamine, which is very important for motivation,” Flaherty said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was the medical student who’d become catatonic when faced with an exam, and was accused of wanting, at some level, to jettison his career.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was the woman who came in with an anxiety-related tremor but insisted that, no, these shakes weren’t psychological. “You have to convince them, yes, you really are sick, I understand that, or they’ll never trust you,” Flaherty said. “And they are really sick, they’re disabled, totally.” Then, with a careful tweaking of language, she was able to prescribe the Valium that the patient had been refusing from other doctors, and the tremor faded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To some, she might sound like a shrink tucked away inside a movement disorder clinic, and that isn’t entirely wrong. Historically, psychiatrists and neurologists often kept to their own floors, as if the feeling-thinking brain and the physical brain were two different organs. Flaherty was merging both long before it became a trend, explained Dr. Jerrold Rosenbaum, Mass. General’s psychiatrist-in-chief.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we had a complicated patient … and we needed a neurologist who understood how we think, Alice would be our go-to consultant. She’s a great bridge,” he said. “She’s more sophisticated with the use of our drugs than many of us are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that doesn’t quite cover Flaherty’s unique role in the biome of Boston medicine. When the novelist William Styron was weighed down by depression, movement issues, and delusions — he thought that his writing hand had gone dead and his head was shrinking to the size of a pin — he sought out Flaherty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She makes a habit of befriending her patients and counseling her friends. She sometimes worries her colleagues might see her as too empathetic, too credulous, too boundary-breaking. Then again, she knows from her own experience with mental illness that the opposite — an excess of formality, stiffness, distrust — can be worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flaherty had heard about Stephanie Zaia before they’d ever met. Clinicians talk, and a case like Zaia’s made them talk more than usual. Her symptoms seemed so strange, and so complicated, that they were picked apart during grand rounds, at medical meetings, and in hospital staff rooms. What struck Flaherty was that her colleagues seemed to suggest that Zaia had invented her own bodily inferno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trouble began when Zaia was a 14-year-old in Medfield, Mass. She was a competitive swimmer, obsessed enough to make her parents drive her to practices at 5:30 a.m. She swam every weekday, spent her weekends at meets, but all of a sudden, at the end of a race in May 2003, her body went limp and she couldn’t get out of the pool.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then she began having trouble moving elsewhere, too. Walking became hard. Sometimes she struggled to breathe. She stopped being able to digest, vomiting up almost everything she ate. She began to shed weight that she couldn’t afford to lose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her parents brought her to neurologists and psychiatrists and specialists of the gut, bouncing from practice to practice, from Massachusetts all the way to Maryland. They kept telling Zaia the same thing again and again: “They’d say, ‘Oh, it’s all in your head,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first, Zaia and her parents went along with the idea. They probed her past for possible instances of trauma, but could find nothing besides garden-variety middle-school meanness from other kids, which hadn’t gone on for very long anyway. And the suggestions of depression and anorexia didn’t seem to add up with her mounting difficulty to move. “‘You’re trying not to walk because you hate to swim.’ That’s what they said,” Zaia recalled. “They were just like, ‘It’s a conversion disorder: You’re converting your not wanting to do this into physical symptoms.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No matter what she said, she couldn’t convince them that she wanted nothing more than to be able to swim again. Nor could she convince them, when they claimed her muscle spasms were an embodiment of her jealousy toward her siblings, that she did not feel jealous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her medical file began to take on an authority of its own, as if the hypothesis that her illness was psychological had, through repetition, become a fact. Doctors couldn’t unearth some underlying cause for the muscle tightness, and could find no relation to the mutiny in her gut. But there, in the pages of her record, was an explanation capable of tying these disparate threads together. The symptoms didn’t make sense, they thought, because she was, in some subconscious stratum, making them up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was only after years, in 2006, that Zaia got a diagnosis of primary dystonia — a condition characterized by involuntary muscle contractions — and learned just how common this kind of accusation is. “I’ve met lots of patients who spend five years being misdiagnosed,” said Pamela Sloate, a patient activist and board member of the Dystonia Medical Research Foundation. “They don’t have the skills to diagnose dystonia, so they tell the patient it’s imagined, or that it’s caused by depression.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That can have a profound effect. As Zaia put it, “When somebody tells you that enough times, you start to believe it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Self-blame is something that Flaherty is familiar with. She felt it acutely in 1998, when her twin boys died immediately after birth. They were premature, so tiny their hands could hardly fit around her finger. To bury their ashes, she secretly took a folding shovel into Mount Auburn Cemetery to look for a spot where no one would see her digging. She chose a patch of shrubbery beside a pond grown green with duckweed: It reminded her of the scummy pool back home.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ten days after their death, her sadness morphed into an overwhelming desire to write. She wrote on everything: paper, napkins, computers, her own skin. She’d written plenty before — waking up early to write a neurology handbook while she was a resident — but now it was uncontrollable, and the style had changed. “Looking at this stuff, I’m like, ‘Oh my, God, this is like teen diary garbage,’” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She bounced between mania and depression, becoming obsessed with the idea that she’d been a bad mother, that it was all her fault. She knew, on the one hand, that she was sick — she’d been newly diagnosed with bipolar disorder, and was taking a pharmacopeia of pills — but also felt that her illness wasn’t real, that she was just fishing for attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most painful part of it was I thought I was making it up,” she said. “I thought I was this total loser that was making up something that had me in the hospital for nine days.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes, she couldn’t physically lift her hand to her mouth to take her meds. She’d rock her arm back and forth, coaxing herself, like a volleyball player preparing to make a serve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She was consumed by the doublethink of depression. She knew her symptoms weren’t fictional, but what if they were all in her head? She knew her obstetrician didn’t hate her, but what if he did? She wanted him to say that something terrible had happened. She wanted him to echo her own distress. She wanted him to cry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flaherty suspected the episode would end her medical career. Her colleagues told her not to tell anyone, but she was manic, and told everyone. She wrote about her illness in her book “The Midnight Disease,” and her story wound up in the glossy pages of magazines. Patients could idly flip through her postpartum mania while waiting for their appointments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The people who are most afraid of mental illness are doctors,” Flaherty said. “It turned out my patients were fine with it. … One guy said, ‘Yeah, that manic depressive thing you have, my internist has that. … Every six months or so, they have to lock him up, because he runs down the middle of the street naked. But I stay with him because he’s a really good doctor when he’s not crazy.’”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even as her mood stabilizers did their job, the impressions she had during illness stayed vivid: her conviction that she’d created her own symptoms, her over-analysis of her obstetrician’s veneer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She knows from experience how imperious doctors can be. … When you’re really in a lot of pain, or not sleeping, or whatever, in an acute phase, you feel like a supplicant,” said journalist and author Pagan Kennedy. The two had met in a local writers’ group, and when Kennedy experienced a mysterious bout of insomnia and acute pain, Flaherty counseled her not to rush into surgery, and checked in with her every day, listening. Kennedy is now making a podcast about Flaherty’s treatment of Styron.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same skills that cement a friendship, Flaherty has found, are useful clinical tools. But bedside manner hasn’t come naturally to her. “I didn’t have any body language,” she said. “I was brought up in this WASP community with 500 guns in the basement. … We communicated by raising our eyebrows one teeny little tiny bit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So she sometimes glances at a mirror hidden in among the drawings and plants of her office, checking her own features, making sure she echoes the patient’s devastation or anger or joy. Above all — whether the symptoms are psychological, physical, or some combination of the two — she wants them to feel heard. By now, after years of practice, she says that most of the emotions behind her gestures are real.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Flaherty finally met her, in the fall of 2012, Zaia had been sick for almost 10 years. She needed a wheelchair, and her muscles were so tight she was not able to sit up. Every so often, she’d get dystonic storms: Her back would arch so she couldn’t breathe, her neck yanked backwards, her arms pinned behind her, her legs pulled as far as they would go. “I would turn into a literal pretzel,” she said.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The relationship began as pure coincidence. Zaia was an inpatient at Mass. General, home sick from the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, and Flaherty happened to be the neurologist on duty. It wasn’t just the medical crisis that was worrying Zaia’s parents. Her primary neurologist, who had been treating Zaia’s dystonia for years, had put a letter in the medical record that signaled a change of tune.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She was basically saying she had never believed Steph in the first place,” said her mother, Diane. “She basically treated Stephanie for dystonia for … years, and then said she did not have dystonia, and said that she was a wacko.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And so Flaherty agreed to be Zaia’s neurologist. Already, to the family, that was a minor miracle. “No one wanted to touch me,” said Zaia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During those years, Zaia had thought she might end up bed-bound in a nursing home. Now, she’s up every morning at 5:15 to catch the 7:16 train from Dedham into South Station. Her work, at Easter Seals Massachusetts, a nonprofit that provides disability services, is only a block away. She also helps run her own organization, PATH-WAY, which puts together social gatherings accessible to everyone and anyone, no matter their physical ability. To find members, she went to support groups for illnesses she didn’t have. At the end of the day, she catches the 4:43 back to Dedham.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "floatright"
},
"numeric": [
"floatright"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/06/19/alice-flaherty-mass-general-neurologist/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> story\u003c/a> was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/06/19/alice-flaherty-mass-general-neurologist/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/futureofyou/443021/its-not-all-in-your-head-when-other-doctors-give-up-on-patients-a-boundary-breaking-neurologist-treats-them",
"authors": [
"byline_futureofyou_443021"
],
"categories": [
"futureofyou_1"
],
"tags": [
"futureofyou_1561",
"futureofyou_56",
"futureofyou_173",
"futureofyou_204",
"futureofyou_59",
"futureofyou_1560"
],
"featImg": "futureofyou_443023",
"label": "source_futureofyou_443021"
},
"futureofyou_443015": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "futureofyou_443015",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "443015",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1529953233000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {
"site": "futureofyou",
"term": 1097
},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1529953233,
"format": "standard",
"disqusTitle": "Tweeting Oncologist Draws Ire And Admiration For Calling Out Hype",
"title": "Tweeting Oncologist Draws Ire And Admiration For Calling Out Hype",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>New advances in medicine also tend to come with a hefty dose of hype. Yes, some new cancer drugs in the hot field of \u003ca href=\"https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/precisionmedicine/definition\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">precision medicine\u003c/a>, which takes into account variables for individual patients, have worked remarkably well for some patients. But while many patients clamor for them, they aren't currently effective for the vast majority of cancers.[contextly_sidebar id=\"qJjTcMLEVnnz6nmsz9HyyAbHaAtlwa0j\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This stubborn fact has become a sticking point for an equally stubborn cancer doctor. At just 35 years old, \u003ca href=\"http://www.vinayakkprasad.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Vinay Prasad\u003c/a> has made a name for himself by calling out the hype surrounding precision medicine and confronting other examples of hype in his field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prasad is a hematologist-oncologist and an assistant professor of medicine at Oregon Health and Science University in Portland. Some have called him a professional troublemaker, a gadfly or a provocateur as he tweets to his 20,000-plus followers. He has sent nearly 30,000 tweets out to the Twitterverse, putting him within hailing distance of President Trump, at least in terms of output.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He is also a prolific author of scientific papers, \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Ending-Medical-Reversal-Improving-Outcomes/dp/1421417723\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">as well as a book\u003c/a>, that call out uncomfortable facts about the science of cancer and the business and regulation of medical treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Giant cancer conventions are ripe targets for Prasad's sometimes prickly observations. We caught up with him in early June at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/06/05/617104810/doctors-scrutinize-overtreatment-as-cancer-death-rates-decline\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Society of Clinical Oncology meeting\u003c/a>, which drew about 40,000 attendees to Chicago's sprawling McCormick Place convention center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prasad's main event at the conference was to be a debate/discussion about whether precision cancer treatment is \"ready for prime time.\" But that debate really started as soon as Prasad stepped into the convention center.[contextly_sidebar id=\"eXHk9LJ63jzmXFh4iRHsnqgQFsERUauR\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another young cancer researcher — who feared having a public spat with Prasad and asked not to be identified — ran into Prasad while he was walking over to view the scientific posters. After thanking Prasad for raising some important issues, she chided him for his tone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think both sides are too emotional,\" she told him, \"and I think the truth is something in the middle.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He aggressively defended his position, often not letting her finish her sentences. Genetic tests now commonly given to cancer patients only identify clear treatments about 8 percent of the time, he argued, citing \u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/fullarticle/2678901\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">one of his research papers\u003c/a> — and only 5 percent show even a temporary response to the treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cancer drugs that modify the immune system, such as checkpoint inhibitors, aren't, strictly speaking, precision medicine, since they don't depend on the results of the genome tests. But they also only work well in a minority of patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, Prasad points out, most successful cancer treatment still involves much less expensive conventional chemotherapy, radiation and surgery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He is not arguing that precision medications are all useless, as his critics sometimes seem to imply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I use those drugs,\" he says. \"There are some good drugs. No one said there are no good drugs.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem, in his eyes, is that the field has gotten so enthusiastic about these drugs that doctors aren't waiting for actual science to distinguish between the conditions for which they are useful and for which they are, instead, a very expensive, wasted effort.[contextly_sidebar id=\"kaAhMLBgUooXKJyU79C6nwxwlorkR0R3\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A lot of people want to push it to the treatment side,\" he says. \"They want to get Medicare to pay for it,\" even before the drug is approved for that specific purpose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prasad says drug companies are happy not to shoulder the costs of research when doctors will prescribe their medicine anyway. \"And that's the root of what bothers me about this.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, the high costs of these unproven — and often failed — treatments fall to people who buy health insurance and who pay taxes. It is, in essence, a massive uncontrolled experiment, and nobody is collecting the data most of the time to find out what might be useful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Often, doctors run genetic tests on tumors to see if they carry a mutation that will respond to a targeted drug. More than 90 percent of the time, there is no match.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But doctors are increasingly giving these targeted drugs anyway to patients who have the mutation in a type of tumor that has not been shown to respond to the drug. While that sounds rational, it often doesn't work in patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One study to explore these nonapproved uses is the National Cancer Institute's Molecular Analysis for Therapy Choice trial. At the ASCO meeting, scientists reported on early results from about 150 patients who were matched to drugs based on their tumor's genetic fingerprint, rather than the type of tumor. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ShaalanBeg/status/1002891737063481344/photo/1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The results were disappointing\u003c/a>. The tumors responded poorly or not at all to the targeted drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prasad says that when he was in medical school, he assumed he would just learn how to treat cancer and spend his career doing that. But then he discovered how much of medical practice was based on traditions rather than on actual science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those traditions, sometimes called \"eminence-based medicine,\" have slowly been giving way to \"evidence-based medicine.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Even the most respected, charismatic and thoughtful experts often are incorrect,\" he says. That realization drew Prasad to consider a career beyond just treating patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I found it harder just to observe things that troubled me and not study them,\" he says. \"And at some point, I made the conscious decision that if it troubles me enough, I want to look at it and study it. Maybe somebody else will carry the torch and actually fix that problem someday.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prasad got on this path after he graduated from the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine. (He also has a master's degree in public health from the Johns Hopkins University.) He really launched his research career while a fellow at the National Institutes of Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His prolific research output is supported in part by funding from Texas billionaires \u003ca href=\"https://www.wired.com/2017/01/john-arnold-waging-war-on-bad-science/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Laura and John Arnold\u003c/a>. Their foundation has a soft spot for supporting scientists who are calling out shortcomings in scientific research and suggesting ways to improve it.[contextly_sidebar id=\"rjuDJW5XLRAljfFEw7wLAbdChQrd8eYS\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prasad's skeptical approach was on display at the ASCO meeting. As the crowd was gathering, he fired off a tweet encouraging the attendees to play \"ASCO Bingo.\" He had filled a five-by-five grid with words such as \"unprecedented,\" \"breakthrough,\" \"game changer\" and \"transformative\" and invited his colleagues to listen for these words during the scientific presentations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As thousands of doctors filed into a massive meeting room to hear the plenary talk, random tweets about the meeting flashed up on the screens, including Prasad's ASCO Bingo card. \"I guess it has almost 100 retweets now,\" he said as the tweet flashed by.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He actually \u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/fullarticle/2464965\">published a scientific paper\u003c/a> in 2016 about the overuse of superlatives in presentations and news coverage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What really got me,\" he says, \"was [that for] 14 percent of the drugs, the superlative was used based only on mouse or laboratory results, and they'd never given it to a human being!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, it was time for Prasad's presentation at the meeting — an informal debate of the value of precision medicine in cancer treatment. His opponent, Jeremy Warner, had suggested the discussion, which was limited to an audience of 55 to allow a more intimate conversation than is typical at the vast conference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So the first thing I have to say is, I'm the underdog,\" said Warner, a cancer doctor and researcher at Vanderbilt University. For starters, he admitted that Prasad has 40 times more Twitter followers, many of them avid supporters.[contextly_sidebar id=\"GqxqGRIpmfzYIwm7c6DOwB7bmKuXaKY0\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The back-and-forth turned out to be surprisingly friendly, with many points of agreement. Warner agreed that in an ideal world there would be a lot more scientific studies to figure out which drugs work in which circumstances. \"But just saying that somebody should be on a clinical trial — I mean it sounds easy, but it's actually not easy at all.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Richard Schilsky, \u003ca href=\"https://www.asco.org/people/richard-l-schilsky-md-fasco-facp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ASCO's chief medical officer\u003c/a>, moderated the conversation and came away in considerable agreement with Prasad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I enjoy his remarks very much,\" he says afterward. \"I mean, he's a bit of a gadfly. He's a bit of a provocateur. But frankly, he's taking a very hard and objective look at a very complex area and ... he's saying what's behind the curtain. 'Let's celebrate what really works, let's look hard at what doesn't, and let's try to develop the evidence that we need to make important decisions for patients.' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think it's unfortunate that I'm thought of as a professional troublemaker,\" Prasad says. \"We really try to find those instances where the evidence and the narrative are divergent and try to ask what we can do to bring those two closer together.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prasad says he can't tell at this point whether he is building a strong reputation for himself or potentially damaging his career.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I don't want to be the person to be doing all this work,\" he says. \"I wish there were senior people doing this work.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But by and large, they aren't.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It bothers him, he says, when his colleagues think he is simply being cynical or contrary. The ultimate point is to call out the problems in this critical field so everyone does science better, he says. And, in the end, the rewards of that will flow to the patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You can contact Richard Harris at \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"mailto:rharris@npr.org\">\u003cem>rharris@npr.org\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Tweeting+Oncologist+Draws+Ire+And+Admiration+For+Calling+Out+Hype&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
"disqusIdentifier": "443015 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=443015",
"disqusUrl": "https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/06/25/tweeting-oncologist-draws-ire-and-admiration-for-calling-out-hype/",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 1617,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 43
},
"modified": 1529894750,
"excerpt": "A young cancer doctor uses social media to skewer what he sees as overblown claims for \"precision medicine.\" That doesn't make him hugely popular at cancer research meetings.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "A young cancer doctor uses social media to skewer what he sees as overblown claims for "precision medicine." That doesn't make him hugely popular at cancer research meetings.",
"title": "Tweeting Oncologist Draws Ire And Admiration For Calling Out Hype | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Tweeting Oncologist Draws Ire And Admiration For Calling Out Hype",
"datePublished": "2018-06-25T12:00:33-07:00",
"dateModified": "2018-06-24T19:45:50-07:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "tweeting-oncologist-draws-ire-and-admiration-for-calling-out-hype",
"status": "publish",
"nprApiLink": "http://api.npr.org/query?id=621068147&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004",
"nprByline": "Richard Harris, NPR",
"nprStoryDate": "Sun, 24 Jun 2018 06:00:21 -0400",
"nprLastModifiedDate": "Sun, 24 Jun 2018 19:05:59 -0400",
"nprHtmlLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/06/24/621068147/tweeting-oncologist-draws-ire-and-admiration-for-calling-out-hype?ft=nprml&f=621068147",
"nprAudio": "https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/wesun/2018/06/20180624_wesun_tweeting_oncologist_draws_ire_and_admiration_for_calling_out_hype.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=422&p=10&story=621068147&ft=nprml&f=621068147",
"nprImageAgency": "The Washington Post via Getty Images",
"nprImageCredit": "Marvin Joseph",
"nprAudioM3u": "http://api.npr.org/m3u/1622959144-d508de.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=422&p=10&story=621068147&ft=nprml&f=621068147",
"nprStoryId": "621068147",
"nprRetrievedStory": "1",
"nprPubDate": "Sun, 24 Jun 2018 19:05:00 -0400",
"path": "/futureofyou/443015/tweeting-oncologist-draws-ire-and-admiration-for-calling-out-hype",
"audioUrl": "https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/wesun/2018/06/20180624_wesun_tweeting_oncologist_draws_ire_and_admiration_for_calling_out_hype.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=422&p=10&story=621068147&ft=nprml&f=621068147",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>New advances in medicine also tend to come with a hefty dose of hype. Yes, some new cancer drugs in the hot field of \u003ca href=\"https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/precisionmedicine/definition\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">precision medicine\u003c/a>, which takes into account variables for individual patients, have worked remarkably well for some patients. But while many patients clamor for them, they aren't currently effective for the vast majority of cancers.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This stubborn fact has become a sticking point for an equally stubborn cancer doctor. At just 35 years old, \u003ca href=\"http://www.vinayakkprasad.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Vinay Prasad\u003c/a> has made a name for himself by calling out the hype surrounding precision medicine and confronting other examples of hype in his field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prasad is a hematologist-oncologist and an assistant professor of medicine at Oregon Health and Science University in Portland. Some have called him a professional troublemaker, a gadfly or a provocateur as he tweets to his 20,000-plus followers. He has sent nearly 30,000 tweets out to the Twitterverse, putting him within hailing distance of President Trump, at least in terms of output.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He is also a prolific author of scientific papers, \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Ending-Medical-Reversal-Improving-Outcomes/dp/1421417723\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">as well as a book\u003c/a>, that call out uncomfortable facts about the science of cancer and the business and regulation of medical treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Giant cancer conventions are ripe targets for Prasad's sometimes prickly observations. We caught up with him in early June at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/06/05/617104810/doctors-scrutinize-overtreatment-as-cancer-death-rates-decline\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Society of Clinical Oncology meeting\u003c/a>, which drew about 40,000 attendees to Chicago's sprawling McCormick Place convention center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prasad's main event at the conference was to be a debate/discussion about whether precision cancer treatment is \"ready for prime time.\" But that debate really started as soon as Prasad stepped into the convention center.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another young cancer researcher — who feared having a public spat with Prasad and asked not to be identified — ran into Prasad while he was walking over to view the scientific posters. After thanking Prasad for raising some important issues, she chided him for his tone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think both sides are too emotional,\" she told him, \"and I think the truth is something in the middle.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He aggressively defended his position, often not letting her finish her sentences. Genetic tests now commonly given to cancer patients only identify clear treatments about 8 percent of the time, he argued, citing \u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/fullarticle/2678901\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">one of his research papers\u003c/a> — and only 5 percent show even a temporary response to the treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cancer drugs that modify the immune system, such as checkpoint inhibitors, aren't, strictly speaking, precision medicine, since they don't depend on the results of the genome tests. But they also only work well in a minority of patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, Prasad points out, most successful cancer treatment still involves much less expensive conventional chemotherapy, radiation and surgery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He is not arguing that precision medications are all useless, as his critics sometimes seem to imply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I use those drugs,\" he says. \"There are some good drugs. No one said there are no good drugs.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem, in his eyes, is that the field has gotten so enthusiastic about these drugs that doctors aren't waiting for actual science to distinguish between the conditions for which they are useful and for which they are, instead, a very expensive, wasted effort.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A lot of people want to push it to the treatment side,\" he says. \"They want to get Medicare to pay for it,\" even before the drug is approved for that specific purpose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prasad says drug companies are happy not to shoulder the costs of research when doctors will prescribe their medicine anyway. \"And that's the root of what bothers me about this.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, the high costs of these unproven — and often failed — treatments fall to people who buy health insurance and who pay taxes. It is, in essence, a massive uncontrolled experiment, and nobody is collecting the data most of the time to find out what might be useful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Often, doctors run genetic tests on tumors to see if they carry a mutation that will respond to a targeted drug. More than 90 percent of the time, there is no match.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But doctors are increasingly giving these targeted drugs anyway to patients who have the mutation in a type of tumor that has not been shown to respond to the drug. While that sounds rational, it often doesn't work in patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One study to explore these nonapproved uses is the National Cancer Institute's Molecular Analysis for Therapy Choice trial. At the ASCO meeting, scientists reported on early results from about 150 patients who were matched to drugs based on their tumor's genetic fingerprint, rather than the type of tumor. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ShaalanBeg/status/1002891737063481344/photo/1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The results were disappointing\u003c/a>. The tumors responded poorly or not at all to the targeted drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prasad says that when he was in medical school, he assumed he would just learn how to treat cancer and spend his career doing that. But then he discovered how much of medical practice was based on traditions rather than on actual science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those traditions, sometimes called \"eminence-based medicine,\" have slowly been giving way to \"evidence-based medicine.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Even the most respected, charismatic and thoughtful experts often are incorrect,\" he says. That realization drew Prasad to consider a career beyond just treating patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I found it harder just to observe things that troubled me and not study them,\" he says. \"And at some point, I made the conscious decision that if it troubles me enough, I want to look at it and study it. Maybe somebody else will carry the torch and actually fix that problem someday.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prasad got on this path after he graduated from the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine. (He also has a master's degree in public health from the Johns Hopkins University.) He really launched his research career while a fellow at the National Institutes of Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His prolific research output is supported in part by funding from Texas billionaires \u003ca href=\"https://www.wired.com/2017/01/john-arnold-waging-war-on-bad-science/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Laura and John Arnold\u003c/a>. Their foundation has a soft spot for supporting scientists who are calling out shortcomings in scientific research and suggesting ways to improve it.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prasad's skeptical approach was on display at the ASCO meeting. As the crowd was gathering, he fired off a tweet encouraging the attendees to play \"ASCO Bingo.\" He had filled a five-by-five grid with words such as \"unprecedented,\" \"breakthrough,\" \"game changer\" and \"transformative\" and invited his colleagues to listen for these words during the scientific presentations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As thousands of doctors filed into a massive meeting room to hear the plenary talk, random tweets about the meeting flashed up on the screens, including Prasad's ASCO Bingo card. \"I guess it has almost 100 retweets now,\" he said as the tweet flashed by.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He actually \u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/fullarticle/2464965\">published a scientific paper\u003c/a> in 2016 about the overuse of superlatives in presentations and news coverage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What really got me,\" he says, \"was [that for] 14 percent of the drugs, the superlative was used based only on mouse or laboratory results, and they'd never given it to a human being!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, it was time for Prasad's presentation at the meeting — an informal debate of the value of precision medicine in cancer treatment. His opponent, Jeremy Warner, had suggested the discussion, which was limited to an audience of 55 to allow a more intimate conversation than is typical at the vast conference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So the first thing I have to say is, I'm the underdog,\" said Warner, a cancer doctor and researcher at Vanderbilt University. For starters, he admitted that Prasad has 40 times more Twitter followers, many of them avid supporters.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The back-and-forth turned out to be surprisingly friendly, with many points of agreement. Warner agreed that in an ideal world there would be a lot more scientific studies to figure out which drugs work in which circumstances. \"But just saying that somebody should be on a clinical trial — I mean it sounds easy, but it's actually not easy at all.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Richard Schilsky, \u003ca href=\"https://www.asco.org/people/richard-l-schilsky-md-fasco-facp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ASCO's chief medical officer\u003c/a>, moderated the conversation and came away in considerable agreement with Prasad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I enjoy his remarks very much,\" he says afterward. \"I mean, he's a bit of a gadfly. He's a bit of a provocateur. But frankly, he's taking a very hard and objective look at a very complex area and ... he's saying what's behind the curtain. 'Let's celebrate what really works, let's look hard at what doesn't, and let's try to develop the evidence that we need to make important decisions for patients.' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think it's unfortunate that I'm thought of as a professional troublemaker,\" Prasad says. \"We really try to find those instances where the evidence and the narrative are divergent and try to ask what we can do to bring those two closer together.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prasad says he can't tell at this point whether he is building a strong reputation for himself or potentially damaging his career.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I don't want to be the person to be doing all this work,\" he says. \"I wish there were senior people doing this work.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But by and large, they aren't.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It bothers him, he says, when his colleagues think he is simply being cynical or contrary. The ultimate point is to call out the problems in this critical field so everyone does science better, he says. And, in the end, the rewards of that will flow to the patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "floatright"
},
"numeric": [
"floatright"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You can contact Richard Harris at \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"mailto:rharris@npr.org\">\u003cem>rharris@npr.org\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Tweeting+Oncologist+Draws+Ire+And+Admiration+For+Calling+Out+Hype&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/futureofyou/443015/tweeting-oncologist-draws-ire-and-admiration-for-calling-out-hype",
"authors": [
"byline_futureofyou_443015"
],
"categories": [
"futureofyou_1060",
"futureofyou_1"
],
"tags": [
"futureofyou_103",
"futureofyou_190",
"futureofyou_952",
"futureofyou_931",
"futureofyou_198"
],
"collections": [
"futureofyou_1097"
],
"featImg": "futureofyou_443016",
"label": "futureofyou_1097"
},
"futureofyou_442968": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "futureofyou_442968",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "442968",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1529694049000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1529694049,
"format": "standard",
"disqusTitle": "First Phage Center In The U.S. Signals Growing Acceptance",
"title": "First Phage Center In The U.S. Signals Growing Acceptance",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>When her husband was dying of a drug-resistant infection, Steffanie Strathdee had a last-ditch idea. They could try treating him with a virus that would kill the bacteria colonizing his insides. The method, called \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/11/28/phage-therapy-mallory-smith/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">phage therapy\u003c/a>, was popular in former Soviet republics, but had mostly been abandoned in the U.S. Researchers had to \u003ca href=\"https://www.motherjones.com/environment/2018/05/the-best-viral-news-youll-ever-read-antibiotic-resistance-phage-therapy-bacteriophage-virus/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hunt\u003c/a> for the right virus in Texas pigsties and sewage treatment plants.[contextly_sidebar id=\"arHYIuUonCY76BgMGAom8CdlRJtFsuZL\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was 2016. Phage therapy is still very much experimental — but it’s come a long way since then. New companies have popped up, hoping to get approval to sell these viruses as drugs. A \u003ca href=\"https://phage.directory/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">phage directory\u003c/a> has come together, lab by lab, helping doctors figure out who has which virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the U.S. is getting its first \u003ca href=\"https://medschool.ucsd.edu/som/medicine/divisions/infectious-diseases/research/center-innovative-phage-applications-and-therapeutics/Pages/default.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">phage therapy center\u003c/a>, at the University of California, San Diego. Its mission is to run clinical trials, but also to streamline the mad dash to secure the right phage before a patient dies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some ways, the Center for Innovative Phage Applications and Therapeutics simply gives a name — and $1.2 million — to an institute that already exists. After word got out that Strathdee and her husband’s doctors had managed to save his life with a bacteriophage — literally, a bacteria-eater — her inbox filled with pleas for a repeat performance. They came from all over: the U.S., the U.K., Australia, India, China, Albania. In almost every case, there was someone dying because of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Viruses that had specifically evolved to kill those microbes might be able to help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes, Strathdee and her network couldn’t act fast enough, and the patient died. But occasionally, it worked out. “I’ve had a second job as a phage-wrangler,” said Strathdee, who is the associate dean of global health sciences at UCSD, and who has been named a co-director of the new center. “When we started to treat patients, each one was like reinventing the wheel all over again: The phone calls at the 11th hour, the paperwork.”[contextly_sidebar id=\"HWlHiwtZ3b4aS5iux0NZv3CbgJWJOIOp\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting phage therapy to a patient can be a bit a puzzle. These viruses are picky about the microbes they feast on, so you often need to take a swab of the patient’s bacteria, nurture it in a dish, and then test which phages are able to kill it off. You need to make sure that the phages in question will explode a bacterial cell, rather than settling comfortably in its nucleus like lice on a kindergartener’s scalp. And then you need to purify it before delivery, so there aren’t any bacterial leftovers that might poison the person instead of saving them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also plenty of bureaucracy, because phages have not been approved by the Food and Drug Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s often a crazy rush to find the right phage with emails and calls and tweets, then getting emergency experimental approval — and that was largely what happened for the five other patients who’ve been treated with phages at UCSD since Strathdee’s husband was revived.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We wanted to make it so it isn’t such a scramble,” said Dr. Robert “Chip” Schooley, an infectious disease \u003ca href=\"https://www.tuftsmedicalcenter.org/PhysicianDirectory/Helen-Boucher.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">specialist\u003c/a> at UCSD, who administered the phage to Strathdee’s husband, and who is also co-director of the new center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The announcement is also symbolic of a wider shift. With the rise of antibiotics in the 1930s and ’40s, phages went out of fashion in the U.S. But the person who had named them, a Canadian microbiologist named Felix d’Herelle, moved to Tbilisi, in the republic of Georgia, continuing his research at an institute that attracted the admiration of Joseph Stalin himself. Even after d’Herelle’s death, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.eliava-institute.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Eliava Institute\u003c/a> kept the flame of phage therapy alive.[contextly_sidebar id=\"HGcjrnDFzg80OPCbEp1ow35PtAMePTXI\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That hardly helped the viruses’ reputation in America during the Cold War. “It was commie science; there was a taint to it,” explained Dr. William Summers, a phage biologist, historian, and professor emeritus at Yale University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though phages continued to be an important part of lab science, the researchers who used them thought they were good for just that: research. The idea of using them for therapy was almost a joke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, as antibiotic resistance grew into a worldwide crisis — one that \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/threat-report-2013/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">kills\u003c/a> some 23,000 Americans a year — that joke started sounding more and more appealing. The funding of a center to administer and collect data on phage therapy is a reversal, of sorts: An admission that this long-disparaged idea is worth a million-dollar second glance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Trust me, at the Eliava, we have tried to convince people that phages are a safe and good alternative to antibiotics for many years,” said Mzia Kutateladze, the director of the Eliava Institute. “Finally the people agreed to use it, and we are very happy, of course.” She estimated that Eliava’s phage therapy center gets around 15 to 20 Americans every year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There really is, thankfully, some momentum building … around these non-traditional therapies,” said Dr. Helen Boucher, an infectious disease specialist at Tufts Medical Center in Boston, who is not involved with the UCSD project. “I would think of this more in a high-risk, high-reward category. This is largely uncharted territory. … At the end of the day, if you have a product that can work against antibiotic-resistant organisms that isn’t antibiotics, that would be huge.”[contextly_sidebar id=\"oZXWClXhDyGosKyti4BoRnGzhEfmXr3I\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The news that her brainchild had been funded took Strathdee by surprise in late May. She was at a ceremony for UCSD professors with endowed chairs, at which all of them received medals. “The chancellor’s literally putting the medal around my neck, and he said, ‘Hey, I just sent you some money today,’” she recalled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new center will collaborate with companies such as \u003ca href=\"http://www.ampliphibio.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AmpliPhi Biosciences\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.aphage.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Adaptive Phage Therapeutics\u003c/a> to treat future patients. Some of them will have cystic fibrosis, which causes mucus in the lungs to be overly sticky, often allowing drug-resistant microbes to proliferate. Others might have long-term infections that are preventing them from getting organ transplants. Yet others will have implanted devices, which sometimes provide the nooks and crannies where bacteria can grow into a slimy film.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The sad thing is that there is going to be no shortage of patients,” said Strathdee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/06/21/first-phage-therapy-center-in-us/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"ctx-subscribe-container ctx-personalization-container ctx_default_placement ctx-clearfix\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"ctx-social-container ctx_default_placement ctx-clearfix\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"ctx-module-container ctx_default_placement ctx-clearfix\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"ctx-module ctx-nodefs ctx-content-block2 ctx-module-default\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"ctx-sections-container ctx-nomar\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"ctx-section ctx-clearfix ctx-section-previous\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"ctx-links-header\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\n",
"disqusIdentifier": "442968 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=442968",
"disqusUrl": "https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/06/22/first-phage-therapy-center-in-the-u-s-signals-growing-acceptance/",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 1151,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 21
},
"modified": 1529618130,
"excerpt": "UC San Diego is launching the country's first phage therapy center. The controversial treatment, once abandoned in the U.S., relies on viruses to treat deadly antibiotic-resistant bacteria.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "UC San Diego is launching the country's first phage therapy center. The controversial treatment, once abandoned in the U.S., relies on viruses to treat deadly antibiotic-resistant bacteria.",
"title": "First Phage Center In The U.S. Signals Growing Acceptance | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "First Phage Center In The U.S. Signals Growing Acceptance",
"datePublished": "2018-06-22T12:00:49-07:00",
"dateModified": "2018-06-21T14:55:30-07:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "first-phage-therapy-center-in-the-u-s-signals-growing-acceptance",
"status": "publish",
"nprByline": "Eric Boodman\u003cbr />STAT",
"source": "Hope/Hype",
"path": "/futureofyou/442968/first-phage-therapy-center-in-the-u-s-signals-growing-acceptance",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When her husband was dying of a drug-resistant infection, Steffanie Strathdee had a last-ditch idea. They could try treating him with a virus that would kill the bacteria colonizing his insides. The method, called \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/11/28/phage-therapy-mallory-smith/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">phage therapy\u003c/a>, was popular in former Soviet republics, but had mostly been abandoned in the U.S. Researchers had to \u003ca href=\"https://www.motherjones.com/environment/2018/05/the-best-viral-news-youll-ever-read-antibiotic-resistance-phage-therapy-bacteriophage-virus/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hunt\u003c/a> for the right virus in Texas pigsties and sewage treatment plants.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was 2016. Phage therapy is still very much experimental — but it’s come a long way since then. New companies have popped up, hoping to get approval to sell these viruses as drugs. A \u003ca href=\"https://phage.directory/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">phage directory\u003c/a> has come together, lab by lab, helping doctors figure out who has which virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the U.S. is getting its first \u003ca href=\"https://medschool.ucsd.edu/som/medicine/divisions/infectious-diseases/research/center-innovative-phage-applications-and-therapeutics/Pages/default.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">phage therapy center\u003c/a>, at the University of California, San Diego. Its mission is to run clinical trials, but also to streamline the mad dash to secure the right phage before a patient dies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some ways, the Center for Innovative Phage Applications and Therapeutics simply gives a name — and $1.2 million — to an institute that already exists. After word got out that Strathdee and her husband’s doctors had managed to save his life with a bacteriophage — literally, a bacteria-eater — her inbox filled with pleas for a repeat performance. They came from all over: the U.S., the U.K., Australia, India, China, Albania. In almost every case, there was someone dying because of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Viruses that had specifically evolved to kill those microbes might be able to help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes, Strathdee and her network couldn’t act fast enough, and the patient died. But occasionally, it worked out. “I’ve had a second job as a phage-wrangler,” said Strathdee, who is the associate dean of global health sciences at UCSD, and who has been named a co-director of the new center. “When we started to treat patients, each one was like reinventing the wheel all over again: The phone calls at the 11th hour, the paperwork.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting phage therapy to a patient can be a bit a puzzle. These viruses are picky about the microbes they feast on, so you often need to take a swab of the patient’s bacteria, nurture it in a dish, and then test which phages are able to kill it off. You need to make sure that the phages in question will explode a bacterial cell, rather than settling comfortably in its nucleus like lice on a kindergartener’s scalp. And then you need to purify it before delivery, so there aren’t any bacterial leftovers that might poison the person instead of saving them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also plenty of bureaucracy, because phages have not been approved by the Food and Drug Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s often a crazy rush to find the right phage with emails and calls and tweets, then getting emergency experimental approval — and that was largely what happened for the five other patients who’ve been treated with phages at UCSD since Strathdee’s husband was revived.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We wanted to make it so it isn’t such a scramble,” said Dr. Robert “Chip” Schooley, an infectious disease \u003ca href=\"https://www.tuftsmedicalcenter.org/PhysicianDirectory/Helen-Boucher.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">specialist\u003c/a> at UCSD, who administered the phage to Strathdee’s husband, and who is also co-director of the new center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The announcement is also symbolic of a wider shift. With the rise of antibiotics in the 1930s and ’40s, phages went out of fashion in the U.S. But the person who had named them, a Canadian microbiologist named Felix d’Herelle, moved to Tbilisi, in the republic of Georgia, continuing his research at an institute that attracted the admiration of Joseph Stalin himself. Even after d’Herelle’s death, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.eliava-institute.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Eliava Institute\u003c/a> kept the flame of phage therapy alive.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That hardly helped the viruses’ reputation in America during the Cold War. “It was commie science; there was a taint to it,” explained Dr. William Summers, a phage biologist, historian, and professor emeritus at Yale University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though phages continued to be an important part of lab science, the researchers who used them thought they were good for just that: research. The idea of using them for therapy was almost a joke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, as antibiotic resistance grew into a worldwide crisis — one that \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/threat-report-2013/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">kills\u003c/a> some 23,000 Americans a year — that joke started sounding more and more appealing. The funding of a center to administer and collect data on phage therapy is a reversal, of sorts: An admission that this long-disparaged idea is worth a million-dollar second glance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Trust me, at the Eliava, we have tried to convince people that phages are a safe and good alternative to antibiotics for many years,” said Mzia Kutateladze, the director of the Eliava Institute. “Finally the people agreed to use it, and we are very happy, of course.” She estimated that Eliava’s phage therapy center gets around 15 to 20 Americans every year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There really is, thankfully, some momentum building … around these non-traditional therapies,” said Dr. Helen Boucher, an infectious disease specialist at Tufts Medical Center in Boston, who is not involved with the UCSD project. “I would think of this more in a high-risk, high-reward category. This is largely uncharted territory. … At the end of the day, if you have a product that can work against antibiotic-resistant organisms that isn’t antibiotics, that would be huge.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The news that her brainchild had been funded took Strathdee by surprise in late May. She was at a ceremony for UCSD professors with endowed chairs, at which all of them received medals. “The chancellor’s literally putting the medal around my neck, and he said, ‘Hey, I just sent you some money today,’” she recalled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new center will collaborate with companies such as \u003ca href=\"http://www.ampliphibio.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AmpliPhi Biosciences\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.aphage.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Adaptive Phage Therapeutics\u003c/a> to treat future patients. Some of them will have cystic fibrosis, which causes mucus in the lungs to be overly sticky, often allowing drug-resistant microbes to proliferate. Others might have long-term infections that are preventing them from getting organ transplants. Yet others will have implanted devices, which sometimes provide the nooks and crannies where bacteria can grow into a slimy film.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The sad thing is that there is going to be no shortage of patients,” said Strathdee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "floatright"
},
"numeric": [
"floatright"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/06/21/first-phage-therapy-center-in-us/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"ctx-subscribe-container ctx-personalization-container ctx_default_placement ctx-clearfix\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"ctx-social-container ctx_default_placement ctx-clearfix\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"ctx-module-container ctx_default_placement ctx-clearfix\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"ctx-module ctx-nodefs ctx-content-block2 ctx-module-default\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"ctx-sections-container ctx-nomar\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"ctx-section ctx-clearfix ctx-section-previous\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"ctx-links-header\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/futureofyou/442968/first-phage-therapy-center-in-the-u-s-signals-growing-acceptance",
"authors": [
"byline_futureofyou_442968"
],
"categories": [
"futureofyou_1060",
"futureofyou_1062",
"futureofyou_1",
"futureofyou_73"
],
"tags": [
"futureofyou_1231",
"futureofyou_141",
"futureofyou_952",
"futureofyou_61",
"futureofyou_1056",
"futureofyou_1557",
"futureofyou_652"
],
"collections": [
"futureofyou_1093",
"futureofyou_1097"
],
"featImg": "futureofyou_442970",
"label": "source_futureofyou_442968"
}
},
"podcastsReducer": {
"isFetching": false,
"fetchFailed": false,
"hasFetched": false,
"podcasts": {}
},
"radioProgramsReducer": {
"isFetching": false,
"fetchFailed": false,
"hasFetched": false,
"radioPrograms": {}
},
"radioSearchSegmentsReducer": {},
"programsReducer": {
"all-things-considered": {
"id": "all-things-considered",
"title": "All Things Considered",
"info": "Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/all-things-considered"
},
"american-suburb-podcast": {
"id": "american-suburb-podcast",
"title": "American Suburb: The Podcast",
"tagline": "The flip side of gentrification, told through one town",
"info": "Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/news/series/american-suburb-podcast",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 19
},
"link": "/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"
}
},
"baycurious": {
"id": "baycurious",
"title": "Bay Curious",
"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Bay Curious",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/news/series/baycurious",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 3
},
"link": "/podcasts/baycurious",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/9a90d476-aa04-455d-9a4c-0871ed6216d4/bay-curious",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"
}
},
"bbc-world-service": {
"id": "bbc-world-service",
"title": "BBC World Service",
"info": "The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "BBC World Service"
},
"link": "/radio/program/bbc-world-service",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/",
"rss": "https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"
}
},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The California Report",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-the-california-report/id79681292",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/26099305-72af-4542-9dde-ac1807fe36d5/kqed-s-the-california-report",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432285393/the-california-report",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-the-california-report-podcast-8838",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/tcram/feed/podcast"
}
},
"californiareportmagazine": {
"id": "californiareportmagazine",
"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Magazine-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The California Report Magazine",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 10
},
"link": "/californiareportmagazine",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-california-report-magazine/id1314750545",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/564733126/the-california-report-magazine",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/the-california-report-magazine",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/tcrmag/feed/podcast"
}
},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.cityarts.net/",
"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
"subscribe": {
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/City-Arts-and-Lectures-p692/",
"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
"title": "Close All Tabs",
"tagline": "Your irreverent guide to the trends redefining our world",
"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/CAT_2_Tile-scaled.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Close All Tabs",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 1
},
"link": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/close-all-tabs/id214663465",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC6993880386",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/92d9d4ac-67a3-4eed-b10a-fb45d45b1ef2/close-all-tabs",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/6LAJFHnGK1pYXYzv6SIol6?si=deb0cae19813417c"
}
},
"code-switch-life-kit": {
"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
"airtime": "SUN 9pm-10pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"
}
},
"commonwealth-club": {
"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"
}
},
"forum": {
"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/forum",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
"link": "/forum",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"
}
},
"freakonomics-radio": {
"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
}
},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 7pm-8pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Fresh-Air-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Fresh-Air-p17/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
}
},
"here-and-now": {
"id": "here-and-now",
"title": "Here & Now",
"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
"airtime": "MON-THU 11am-12pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Here-And-Now-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://www.wbur.org/hereandnow",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/here-and-now",
"subsdcribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=426698661",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Here--Now-p211/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
}
},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/hiddenbrain.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/hidden-brain/id1028908750?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Science-Podcasts/Hidden-Brain-p787503/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510308/podcast.xml"
}
},
"how-i-built-this": {
"id": "how-i-built-this",
"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Arts--Culture-Podcasts/How-I-Built-This-p910896/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"
}
},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
"imageAlt": "KQED Hyphenación",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/hyphenaci%C3%B3n/id1191591838",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
"youtube": "https://www.youtube.com/c/kqedarts",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/6c3dd23c-93fb-4aab-97ba-1725fa6315f1/hyphenaci%C3%B3n",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC2275451163"
}
},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/790253322/the-political-mind-of-jerry-brown",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/jerrybrown/feed/podcast/",
"tuneIn": "http://tun.in/pjGcK",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/the-political-mind-of-jerry-brown",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/54C1dmuyFyKMFttY6X2j6r?si=K8SgRCoISNK6ZbjpXrX5-w",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/44420f75-3b0e-4301-ab3b-16da6b09e543/the-political-mind-of-jerry-brown"
}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/xtTd",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Latino-USA-p621/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=201853034&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/APM-Marketplace-p88/",
"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"
}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/onourwatch",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/0OLWoyizopu6tY1XiuX70x",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-Our-Watch-p1436229/",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id73801135",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"
}
},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/money/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/M4f5",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Business--Economics-Podcasts/Planet-Money-p164680/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"
}
},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Political Breakdown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 5
},
"link": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/political-breakdown/id1327641087",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/e0c2d153-ad36-4c8d-901d-f1da6a724824/political-breakdown",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/572155894/political-breakdown",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/political-breakdown",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/07RVyIjIdk2WDuVehvBMoN",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/political-breakdown/feed/podcast"
}
},
"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
}
},
"pri-the-world": {
"id": "pri-the-world",
"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pri.org/programs/the-world",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "PRI"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pri-the-world",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pris-the-world-latest-edition/id278196007?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/News--Politics-Podcasts/PRIs-The-World-p24/",
"rss": "http://feeds.feedburner.com/pri/theworld"
}
},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
"airtime": "SUN 12am-1am, SAT 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/radiolab1400.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/radiolab/",
"meta": {
"site": "science",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/radiolab",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/radiolab/id152249110?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/RadioLab-p68032/",
"rss": "https://feeds.wnyc.org/radiolab"
}
},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
"airtime": "SAT 4pm-5pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/reveal300px.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/reveal",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/reveal/id886009669",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Reveal-p679597/",
"rss": "http://feeds.revealradio.org/revealpodcast"
}
},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Rightnowish-Podcast-Tile-500x500-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Rightnowish with Pendarvis Harshaw",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/rightnowish",
"meta": {
"site": "arts",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 16
},
"link": "/podcasts/rightnowish",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/721590300/rightnowish",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/programs/rightnowish/feed/podcast",
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/rightnowish/id1482187648",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/rightnowish",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMxMjU5MTY3NDc4",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/7kEJuafTzTVan7B78ttz1I"
}
},
"science-friday": {
"id": "science-friday",
"title": "Science Friday",
"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
"airtime": "FRI 11am-1pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Science-Friday-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/science-friday",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/science-friday",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=73329284&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Science-Friday-p394/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/science-friday"
}
},
"snap-judgment": {
"id": "snap-judgment",
"title": "Snap Judgment",
"tagline": "Real stories with killer beats",
"info": "The Snap Judgment radio show and podcast mixes real stories with killer beats to produce cinematic, dramatic radio. Snap's musical brand of storytelling dares listeners to see the world through the eyes of another. This is storytelling... with a BEAT!! Snap first aired on public radio stations nationwide in July 2010. Today, Snap Judgment airs on over 450 public radio stations and is brought to the airwaves by KQED & PRX.",
"airtime": "SAT 1pm-2pm, 9pm-10pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Snap-Judgment-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Snap Judgment",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://snapjudgment.org",
"meta": {
"site": "arts",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 4
},
"link": "https://snapjudgment.org",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/snap-judgment/id283657561",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/449018144/snap-judgment",
"stitcher": "https://www.pandora.com/podcast/snap-judgment/PC:241?source=stitcher-sunset",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/3Cct7ZWmxHNAtLgBTqjC5v",
"rss": "https://snap.feed.snapjudgment.org/"
}
},
"soldout": {
"id": "soldout",
"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
"info": "Sold Out: Rethinking Housing in America",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Sold-Out-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Sold Out: Rethinking Housing in America",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/soldout",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 13
},
"link": "/podcasts/soldout",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/911586047/s-o-l-d-o-u-t-a-new-future-for-housing",
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/introducing-sold-out-rethinking-housing-in-america/id1531354937",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/soldout",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/38dTBSk2ISFoPiyYNoKn1X",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/sold-out-rethinking-housing-in-america",
"tunein": "https://tunein.com/radio/SOLD-OUT-Rethinking-Housing-in-America-p1365871/"
}
},
"spooked": {
"id": "spooked",
"title": "Spooked",
"tagline": "True-life supernatural stories",
"info": "",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Spooked-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Spooked",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://spookedpodcast.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 7
},
"link": "https://spookedpodcast.org/",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/spooked/id1279361017",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/549547848/snap-judgment-presents-spooked",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/76571Rfl3m7PLJQZKQIGCT",
"rss": "https://feeds.simplecast.com/TBotaapn"
}
},
"tech-nation": {
"id": "tech-nation",
"title": "Tech Nation Radio Podcast",
"info": "Tech Nation is a weekly public radio program, hosted by Dr. Moira Gunn. Founded in 1993, it has grown from a simple interview show to a multi-faceted production, featuring conversations with noted technology and science leaders, and a weekly science and technology-related commentary.",
"airtime": "FRI 10pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Tech-Nation-Radio-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://technation.podomatic.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "science",
"source": "Tech Nation Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/tech-nation",
"subscribe": {
"rss": "https://technation.podomatic.com/rss2.xml"
}
},
"ted-radio-hour": {
"id": "ted-radio-hour",
"title": "TED Radio Hour",
"info": "The TED Radio Hour is a journey through fascinating ideas, astonishing inventions, fresh approaches to old problems, and new ways to think and create.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm, SAT 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/tedRadioHour.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/ted-radio-hour/?showDate=2018-06-22",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/ted-radio-hour",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/8vsS",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=523121474&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/TED-Radio-Hour-p418021/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510298/podcast.xml"
}
},
"thebay": {
"id": "thebay",
"title": "The Bay",
"tagline": "Local news to keep you rooted",
"info": "Host Devin Katayama walks you through the biggest story of the day with reporters and newsmakers.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Bay-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Bay",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/thebay",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 2
},
"link": "/podcasts/thebay",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-bay/id1350043452",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/d800ea4c-7a2c-42f2-b861-edaf78a5db0b/the-bay",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/586725995/the-bay",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/the-bay",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/4BIKBKIujizLHlIlBNaAqQ",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC8259786327"
}
},
"thelatest": {
"id": "thelatest",
"title": "The Latest",
"tagline": "Trusted local news in real time",
"info": "",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/The-Latest-2025-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Latest",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/thelatest",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 6
},
"link": "/thelatest",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-latest-from-kqed/id1197721799",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/1257949365/the-latest-from-k-q-e-d",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/5KIIXMgM9GTi5AepwOYvIZ?si=bd3053fec7244dba",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9137121918"
}
},
"theleap": {
"id": "theleap",
"title": "The Leap",
"tagline": "What if you closed your eyes, and jumped?",
"info": "Stories about people making dramatic, risky changes, told by award-winning public radio reporter Judy Campbell.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Leap-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Leap",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/theleap",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 17
},
"link": "/podcasts/theleap",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-leap/id1046668171",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/447248267/the-leap",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/the-leap",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/3sSlVHHzU0ytLwuGs1SD1U",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/programs/the-leap/feed/podcast"
}
},
"the-moth-radio-hour": {
"id": "the-moth-radio-hour",
"title": "The Moth Radio Hour",
"info": "Since its launch in 1997, The Moth has presented thousands of true stories, told live and without notes, to standing-room-only crowds worldwide. Moth storytellers stand alone, under a spotlight, with only a microphone and a roomful of strangers. The storyteller and the audience embark on a high-wire act of shared experience which is both terrifying and exhilarating. Since 2008, The Moth podcast has featured many of our favorite stories told live on Moth stages around the country. For information on all of our programs and live events, visit themoth.org.",
"airtime": "SAT 8pm-9pm and SUN 11am-12pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/theMoth.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://themoth.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "arts",
"source": "prx"
},
"link": "/radio/program/the-moth-radio-hour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/the-moth-podcast/id275699983?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/The-Moth-p273888/",
"rss": "http://feeds.themoth.org/themothpodcast"
}
},
"the-new-yorker-radio-hour": {
"id": "the-new-yorker-radio-hour",
"title": "The New Yorker Radio Hour",
"info": "The New Yorker Radio Hour is a weekly program presented by the magazine's editor, David Remnick, and produced by WNYC Studios and The New Yorker. Each episode features a diverse mix of interviews, profiles, storytelling, and an occasional burst of humor inspired by the magazine, and shaped by its writers, artists, and editors. This isn't a radio version of a magazine, but something all its own, reflecting the rich possibilities of audio storytelling and conversation. Theme music for the show was composed and performed by Merrill Garbus of tUnE-YArDs.",
"airtime": "SAT 10am-11am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-New-Yorker-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/tnyradiohour",
"meta": {
"site": "arts",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/the-new-yorker-radio-hour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1050430296",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/New-Yorker-Radio-Hour-p803804/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/newyorkerradiohour"
}
},
"the-sam-sanders-show": {
"id": "the-sam-sanders-show",
"title": "The Sam Sanders Show",
"info": "One of public radio's most dynamic voices, Sam Sanders helped launch The NPR Politics Podcast and hosted NPR's hit show It's Been A Minute. Now, the award-winning host returns with something brand new, The Sam Sanders Show. Every week, Sam Sanders and friends dig into the culture that shapes our lives: what's driving the biggest trends, how artists really think, and even the memes you can't stop scrolling past. Sam is beloved for his way of unpacking the world and bringing you up close to fresh currents and engaging conversations. The Sam Sanders Show is smart, funny and always a good time.",
"airtime": "FRI 12-1pm AND SAT 11am-12pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/The-Sam-Sanders-Show-Podcast-Tile-400x400-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.kcrw.com/shows/the-sam-sanders-show/latest",
"meta": {
"site": "arts",
"source": "KCRW"
},
"link": "https://www.kcrw.com/shows/the-sam-sanders-show/latest",
"subscribe": {
"rss": "https://feed.cdnstream1.com/zjb/feed/download/ac/28/59/ac28594c-e1d0-4231-8728-61865cdc80e8.xml"
}
},
"the-splendid-table": {
"id": "the-splendid-table",
"title": "The Splendid Table",
"info": "\u003cem>The Splendid Table\u003c/em> hosts our nation's conversations about cooking, sustainability and food culture.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Splendid-Table-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.splendidtable.org/",
"airtime": "SUN 10-11 pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/the-splendid-table"
},
"this-american-life": {
"id": "this-american-life",
"title": "This American Life",
"info": "This American Life is a weekly public radio show, heard by 2.2 million people on more than 500 stations. Another 2.5 million people download the weekly podcast. It is hosted by Ira Glass, produced in collaboration with Chicago Public Media, delivered to stations by PRX The Public Radio Exchange, and has won all of the major broadcasting awards.",
"airtime": "SAT 12pm-1pm, 7pm-8pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/thisAmericanLife.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.thisamericanlife.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "wbez"
},
"link": "/radio/program/this-american-life",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=201671138&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"rss": "https://www.thisamericanlife.org/podcast/rss.xml"
}
},
"tinydeskradio": {
"id": "tinydeskradio",
"title": "Tiny Desk Radio",
"info": "We're bringing the best of Tiny Desk to the airwaves, only on public radio.",
"airtime": "SUN 8pm and SAT 9pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/300x300-For-Member-Station-Logo-Tiny-Desk-Radio-@2x.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/g-s1-52030/tiny-desk-radio",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/tinydeskradio",
"subscribe": {
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/g-s1-52030/rss.xml"
}
},
"wait-wait-dont-tell-me": {
"id": "wait-wait-dont-tell-me",
"title": "Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me!",
"info": "Peter Sagal and Bill Kurtis host the weekly NPR News quiz show alongside some of the best and brightest news and entertainment personalities.",
"airtime": "SUN 10am-11am, SAT 11am-12pm, SAT 6pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Wait-Wait-Podcast-Tile-300x300-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/wait-wait-dont-tell-me/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/wait-wait-dont-tell-me",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/Xogv",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=121493804&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Wait-Wait-Dont-Tell-Me-p46/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/344098539/podcast.xml"
}
},
"weekend-edition-saturday": {
"id": "weekend-edition-saturday",
"title": "Weekend Edition Saturday",
"info": "Weekend Edition Saturday wraps up the week's news and offers a mix of analysis and features on a wide range of topics, including arts, sports, entertainment, and human interest stories. The two-hour program is hosted by NPR's Peabody Award-winning Scott Simon.",
"airtime": "SAT 5am-10am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Weekend-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/weekend-edition-saturday/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/weekend-edition-saturday"
},
"weekend-edition-sunday": {
"id": "weekend-edition-sunday",
"title": "Weekend Edition Sunday",
"info": "Weekend Edition Sunday features interviews with newsmakers, artists, scientists, politicians, musicians, writers, theologians and historians. The program has covered news events from Nelson Mandela's 1990 release from a South African prison to the capture of Saddam Hussein.",
"airtime": "SUN 5am-10am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Weekend-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/weekend-edition-sunday/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/weekend-edition-sunday"
}
},
"racesReducer": {},
"racesGenElectionReducer": {},
"racesGenElection2026Reducer": {},
"racesGenElection2026PresidentialReducer": {},
"radioSchedulesReducer": {},
"listsReducer": {
"posts/futureofyou?category=future-of-you": {
"isFetching": false,
"latestQuery": {
"from": 108,
"size": 12
},
"vitalsOnly": false,
"totalRequested": 12,
"isLoading": false,
"isLoadingMore": true,
"total": {
"value": 809,
"relation": "eq"
},
"items": [
"futureofyou_443188",
"futureofyou_443180",
"futureofyou_443165",
"futureofyou_443087",
"futureofyou_443072",
"futureofyou_443063",
"futureofyou_443058",
"futureofyou_443048",
"futureofyou_443040",
"futureofyou_443021",
"futureofyou_443015",
"futureofyou_442968"
],
"complete": true
}
},
"recallGuideReducer": {
"intros": {},
"policy": {},
"candidates": {}
},
"savedArticleReducer": {
"articles": [],
"status": {}
},
"newslettersReducer": {
"isFetching": false,
"fetchFailed": false,
"hasFetched": false,
"newsletters": {},
"isSubscribing": false,
"isUnsubscribing": false,
"subscribedNewsletters": {}
},
"termsReducer": {
"about": {
"name": "About",
"type": "terms",
"id": "about",
"slug": "about",
"link": "/about",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"arts": {
"name": "Arts & Culture",
"grouping": [
"arts",
"pop",
"trulyca"
],
"description": "KQED Arts provides daily in-depth coverage of the Bay Area's music, art, film, performing arts, literature and arts news, as well as cultural commentary and criticism.",
"type": "terms",
"id": "arts",
"slug": "arts",
"link": "/arts",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"artschool": {
"name": "Art School",
"parent": "arts",
"type": "terms",
"id": "artschool",
"slug": "artschool",
"link": "/artschool",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"bayareabites": {
"name": "KQED food",
"grouping": [
"food",
"bayareabites",
"checkplease"
],
"parent": "food",
"type": "terms",
"id": "bayareabites",
"slug": "bayareabites",
"link": "/food",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"bayareahiphop": {
"name": "Bay Area Hiphop",
"type": "terms",
"id": "bayareahiphop",
"slug": "bayareahiphop",
"link": "/bayareahiphop",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"campaign21": {
"name": "Campaign 21",
"type": "terms",
"id": "campaign21",
"slug": "campaign21",
"link": "/campaign21",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"careers": {
"name": "Careers",
"type": "terms",
"id": "careers",
"slug": "careers",
"link": "/careers",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"checkplease": {
"name": "KQED food",
"grouping": [
"food",
"bayareabites",
"checkplease"
],
"parent": "food",
"type": "terms",
"id": "checkplease",
"slug": "checkplease",
"link": "/food",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"education": {
"name": "Education",
"grouping": [
"education"
],
"type": "terms",
"id": "education",
"slug": "education",
"link": "/education",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"elections": {
"name": "Elections",
"type": "terms",
"id": "elections",
"slug": "elections",
"link": "/elections",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"events": {
"name": "Events",
"type": "terms",
"id": "events",
"slug": "events",
"link": "/events",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"event": {
"name": "Event",
"alias": "events",
"type": "terms",
"id": "event",
"slug": "event",
"link": "/event",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"filmschoolshorts": {
"name": "Film School Shorts",
"type": "terms",
"id": "filmschoolshorts",
"slug": "filmschoolshorts",
"link": "/filmschoolshorts",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"food": {
"name": "KQED food",
"grouping": [
"food",
"bayareabites",
"checkplease"
],
"type": "terms",
"id": "food",
"slug": "food",
"link": "/food",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"forum": {
"name": "Forum",
"relatedContentQuery": "posts/forum?",
"parent": "news",
"type": "terms",
"id": "forum",
"slug": "forum",
"link": "/forum",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"futureofyou": {
"name": "Future of You",
"grouping": [
"science",
"futureofyou"
],
"parent": "science",
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou",
"slug": "futureofyou",
"link": "/futureofyou",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"jpepinheart": {
"name": "KQED food",
"relatedContentQuery": "posts/food,bayareabites,checkplease",
"parent": "food",
"type": "terms",
"id": "jpepinheart",
"slug": "jpepinheart",
"link": "/food",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"liveblog": {
"name": "Live Blog",
"type": "terms",
"id": "liveblog",
"slug": "liveblog",
"link": "/liveblog",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"livetv": {
"name": "Live TV",
"parent": "tv",
"type": "terms",
"id": "livetv",
"slug": "livetv",
"link": "/livetv",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"lowdown": {
"name": "The Lowdown",
"relatedContentQuery": "posts/lowdown?",
"parent": "news",
"type": "terms",
"id": "lowdown",
"slug": "lowdown",
"link": "/lowdown",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"mindshift": {
"name": "Mindshift",
"parent": "news",
"description": "MindShift explores the future of education by highlighting the innovative – and sometimes counterintuitive – ways educators and parents are helping all children succeed.",
"type": "terms",
"id": "mindshift",
"slug": "mindshift",
"link": "/mindshift",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"news": {
"name": "News",
"grouping": [
"news",
"forum"
],
"type": "terms",
"id": "news",
"slug": "news",
"link": "/news",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"newsletters": {
"name": "newsletters",
"type": "terms",
"id": "newsletters",
"slug": "newsletters",
"link": "/newsletters",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"perspectives": {
"name": "Perspectives",
"parent": "radio",
"type": "terms",
"id": "perspectives",
"slug": "perspectives",
"link": "/perspectives",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"podcasts": {
"name": "Podcasts",
"type": "terms",
"id": "podcasts",
"slug": "podcasts",
"link": "/podcasts",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"pop": {
"name": "Pop",
"parent": "arts",
"type": "terms",
"id": "pop",
"slug": "pop",
"link": "/pop",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"pressroom": {
"name": "Pressroom",
"type": "terms",
"id": "pressroom",
"slug": "pressroom",
"link": "/pressroom",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"quest": {
"name": "Quest",
"parent": "science",
"type": "terms",
"id": "quest",
"slug": "quest",
"link": "/quest",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"radio": {
"name": "Radio",
"grouping": [
"forum",
"perspectives"
],
"description": "Listen to KQED Public Radio – home of Forum and The California Report – on 88.5 FM in San Francisco, 89.3 FM in Sacramento, 88.3 FM in Santa Rosa and 88.1 FM in Martinez.",
"type": "terms",
"id": "radio",
"slug": "radio",
"link": "/radio",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"root": {
"name": "KQED",
"image": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png",
"imageWidth": 1200,
"imageHeight": 630,
"headData": {
"title": "KQED | News, Radio, Podcasts, TV | Public Media for Northern California",
"description": "KQED provides public radio, television, and independent reporting on issues that matter to the Bay Area. We’re the NPR and PBS member station for Northern California."
},
"type": "terms",
"id": "root",
"slug": "root",
"link": "/root",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"science": {
"name": "Science",
"grouping": [
"science",
"futureofyou"
],
"description": "KQED Science brings you award-winning science and environment coverage from the Bay Area and beyond.",
"type": "terms",
"id": "science",
"slug": "science",
"link": "/science",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"stateofhealth": {
"name": "State of Health",
"parent": "science",
"type": "terms",
"id": "stateofhealth",
"slug": "stateofhealth",
"link": "/stateofhealth",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"support": {
"name": "Support",
"type": "terms",
"id": "support",
"slug": "support",
"link": "/support",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"thedolist": {
"name": "The Do List",
"parent": "arts",
"type": "terms",
"id": "thedolist",
"slug": "thedolist",
"link": "/thedolist",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"trulyca": {
"name": "Truly CA",
"grouping": [
"arts",
"pop",
"trulyca"
],
"parent": "arts",
"type": "terms",
"id": "trulyca",
"slug": "trulyca",
"link": "/trulyca",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"tv": {
"name": "TV",
"type": "terms",
"id": "tv",
"slug": "tv",
"link": "/tv",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"voterguide": {
"name": "Voter Guide",
"parent": "elections",
"alias": "elections",
"type": "terms",
"id": "voterguide",
"slug": "voterguide",
"link": "/voterguide",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"guiaelectoral": {
"name": "Guia Electoral",
"parent": "elections",
"alias": "elections",
"type": "terms",
"id": "guiaelectoral",
"slug": "guiaelectoral",
"link": "/guiaelectoral",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"futureofyou_category_future-of-you": {
"isLoading": true
},
"futureofyou_1": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "KQED Future Of You",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "KQED Future Of You Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1,
"slug": "future-of-you",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/category/future-of-you"
},
"source_futureofyou_443188": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_futureofyou_443188",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Health",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_futureofyou_443180": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_futureofyou_443180",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Health",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_futureofyou_443165": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_futureofyou_443165",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Health",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_futureofyou_443072": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_futureofyou_443072",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Technology",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_futureofyou_443058": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_futureofyou_443058",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Health",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_futureofyou_443048": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_futureofyou_443048",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Health",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_futureofyou_443040": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_futureofyou_443040",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Health",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_futureofyou_443021": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_futureofyou_443021",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Health",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_futureofyou_442968": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_futureofyou_442968",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Hope/Hype",
"isLoading": false
},
"futureofyou_73": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_73",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "73",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "KQED News",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "KQED News Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 73,
"slug": "kqed-news",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/category/kqed-news"
},
"futureofyou_1572": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1572",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1572",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "carbon dioxide",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "carbon dioxide Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1572,
"slug": "carbon-dioxide",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/carbon-dioxide"
},
"futureofyou_141": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_141",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "141",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "disease",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "disease Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 141,
"slug": "disease",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/disease"
},
"futureofyou_1329": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1329",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1329",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "environmental",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "environmental Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1329,
"slug": "environmental",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/environmental"
},
"futureofyou_1573": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1573",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1573",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "greenhouse gases",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "greenhouse gases Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1573,
"slug": "greenhouse-gases",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/greenhouse-gases"
},
"futureofyou_61": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_61",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "61",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Health",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Health Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 61,
"slug": "health",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/health"
},
"futureofyou_1062": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1062",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1062",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Hope/Hype",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Hope/Hype Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1062,
"slug": "hopehype",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/category/hopehype"
},
"futureofyou_56": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_56",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "56",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "brain",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "brain Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 56,
"slug": "brain",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/brain"
},
"futureofyou_491": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_491",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "491",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "children",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "children Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 491,
"slug": "children",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/children"
},
"futureofyou_1327": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1327",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1327",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "death",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "death Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1327,
"slug": "death",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/death"
},
"futureofyou_177": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_177",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "177",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "hospitals",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "hospitals Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 177,
"slug": "hospitals",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/hospitals"
},
"futureofyou_1060": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1060",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1060",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "DIY Health",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "DIY Health Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1060,
"slug": "diy-health",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/category/diy-health"
},
"futureofyou_1061": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1061",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1061",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Your Brain on Tech",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Your Brain on Tech Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1061,
"slug": "your-brain-on-tech",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/category/your-brain-on-tech"
},
"futureofyou_1056": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1056",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1056",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "medical treatment",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "medical treatment Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1056,
"slug": "medical-treatment",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/medical-treatment"
},
"futureofyou_204": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_204",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "204",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "mental health",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "mental health Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 204,
"slug": "mental-health",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/mental-health"
},
"futureofyou_1224": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1224",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1224",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "psychology",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "psychology Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1224,
"slug": "psychology",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/psychology"
},
"futureofyou_35": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_35",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "35",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "technology",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "technology Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 35,
"slug": "technology",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/technology"
},
"futureofyou_1571": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1571",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1571",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "violence",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "violence Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1571,
"slug": "violence",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/violence"
},
"futureofyou_1093": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1093",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1093",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "DIY Health",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "collection",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "DIY Health Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1093,
"slug": "diy-health",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/collection/diy-health"
},
"futureofyou_1096": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1096",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1096",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Your Brain on Tech",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "collection",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Your Brain on Tech Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1096,
"slug": "your-brain-on-tech",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/collection/your-brain-on-tech"
},
"futureofyou_1567": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1567",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1567",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "driverless cars",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "driverless cars Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1567,
"slug": "driverless-cars",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/driverless-cars"
},
"futureofyou_426": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_426",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "426",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "food",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "food Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 426,
"slug": "food",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/food"
},
"futureofyou_1566": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1566",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1566",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "shopping",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "shopping Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1566,
"slug": "shopping",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/shopping"
},
"futureofyou_1064": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1064",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1064",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Your Genes",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Your Genes Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1064,
"slug": "your-genes",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/category/your-genes"
},
"futureofyou_1564": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1564",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1564",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "age",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "age Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1564,
"slug": "age",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/age"
},
"futureofyou_532": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_532",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "532",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Aging",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Aging Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 532,
"slug": "aging",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/aging"
},
"futureofyou_1565": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1565",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1565",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "dying",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "dying Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1565,
"slug": "dying",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/dying"
},
"futureofyou_1094": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1094",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1094",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Your Genes",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "collection",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Your Genes Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1094,
"slug": "your-genes",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/collection/your-genes"
},
"futureofyou_1520": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1520",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1520",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "anxiety",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "anxiety Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1520,
"slug": "anxiety",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/anxiety"
},
"futureofyou_1562": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1562",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1562",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "cannabis",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "cannabis Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1562,
"slug": "cannabis",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/cannabis"
},
"futureofyou_807": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_807",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "807",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "medical marijuana",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "medical marijuana Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 807,
"slug": "medical-marijuana",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/medical-marijuana"
},
"futureofyou_952": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_952",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "952",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "drugs",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "drugs Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 952,
"slug": "drugs",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/drugs"
},
"futureofyou_1563": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1563",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1563",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "epilepsy",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "epilepsy Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1563,
"slug": "epilepsy",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/epilepsy"
},
"futureofyou_38": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_38",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "38",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "FDA",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "FDA Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 38,
"slug": "fda",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/fda"
},
"futureofyou_1041": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1041",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1041",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Marijuana",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Marijuana Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1041,
"slug": "marijuana",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/marijuana"
},
"futureofyou_1561": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1561",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1561",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "bipolar",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "bipolar Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1561,
"slug": "bipolar",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/bipolar"
},
"futureofyou_173": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_173",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "173",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "medicine",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "medicine Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 173,
"slug": "medicine",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/medicine"
},
"futureofyou_59": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_59",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "59",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "neuroscience",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "neuroscience Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 59,
"slug": "neuroscience",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/neuroscience"
},
"futureofyou_1560": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1560",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1560",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "scientist",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "scientist Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1560,
"slug": "scientist",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/scientist"
},
"futureofyou_103": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_103",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "103",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "cancer",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "cancer Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 103,
"slug": "cancer",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/cancer"
},
"futureofyou_190": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_190",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "190",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "doctors",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "doctors Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 190,
"slug": "doctors",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/doctors"
},
"futureofyou_931": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_931",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "931",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "pharmaceuticals",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "pharmaceuticals Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 931,
"slug": "pharmaceuticals",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/pharmaceuticals"
},
"futureofyou_198": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_198",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "198",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "treatment",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "treatment Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 198,
"slug": "treatment",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/treatment"
},
"futureofyou_1097": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1097",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1097",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Hope/Hype",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "collection",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Hope/Hype Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1097,
"slug": "hopehype",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/collection/hopehype"
},
"futureofyou_1231": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1231",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1231",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "bacteria",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "bacteria Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1231,
"slug": "bacteria",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/bacteria"
},
"futureofyou_1557": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1557",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1557",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "phage",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "phage Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1557,
"slug": "phage",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/phage"
},
"futureofyou_652": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_652",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "652",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "virus",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "virus Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 652,
"slug": "virus",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/virus"
}
},
"userPermissionsReducer": {
"wpLoggedIn": false
},
"eventsReducer": {},
"fssReducer": {},
"tvDailyScheduleReducer": {},
"tvWeeklyScheduleReducer": {},
"tvPrimetimeScheduleReducer": {},
"tvMonthlyScheduleReducer": {},
"userAccountReducer": {
"user": {
"email": null,
"emailStatus": "EMAIL_UNVALIDATED",
"loggedStatus": "LOGGED_OUT",
"loggingChecked": false,
"articles": [],
"firstName": null,
"lastName": null,
"phoneNumber": null,
"fetchingMembership": false,
"membershipError": false,
"memberships": [
{
"id": null,
"startDate": null,
"firstName": null,
"lastName": null,
"familyNumber": null,
"memberNumber": null,
"memberSince": null,
"expirationDate": null,
"pfsEligible": false,
"isSustaining": false,
"membershipLevel": "Prospect",
"membershipStatus": "Non Member",
"lastGiftDate": null,
"renewalDate": null,
"lastDonationAmount": null
}
]
},
"authModal": {
"isOpen": false,
"view": "LANDING_VIEW"
},
"error": null
},
"youthMediaReducer": {},
"checkPleaseReducer": {
"filterData": {
"region": {
"key": "Restaurant Region",
"filters": [
"Any Region"
]
},
"cuisine": {
"key": "Restaurant Cuisine",
"filters": [
"Any Cuisine"
]
}
},
"restaurantDataById": {},
"restaurantIdsSorted": [],
"error": null
},
"userAgentReducer": {
"userAgent": "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)",
"isBot": true
},
"requestOutcomesReducer": {
"notFound": []
},
"navPromosReducer": {
"isFetching": false,
"fetchFailed": false,
"hasFetched": true,
"promos": {
"news": {
"name": "2026 Voter Guide",
"link": "/voterguide",
"imageURL": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/Nav-News-Nov2026ElectionCoverage@2x-7bd4aad4.png",
"description": "Get informed in minutes with our Voter Guide for California’s November 3 election."
},
"podcasts-radio": {},
"video-tv": {},
"events": {},
"support": {}
}
}
}