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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Updated 11:02 a.m. ET\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a major win for privacy rights, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled Friday that police must obtain a search warrant in order to get access to cellphone location information.[contextly_sidebar id=”EQC4MEPf5TXXa6t5uevcH3tYBoVeB4VU”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chief Justice John Roberts wrote the 5-to-4 decision, joining the court’s four liberals. The majority declared that the Fourth Amendment guarantees an expectation of privacy and that allowing police to obtain moment-by-moment tracking of an individual’s cellphone location is a kind of surveillance that the framers of the Constitution did not want to occur without a search warrant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chief justice said that this sort of tracking information is akin to wearing an electronic ankle-bracelet monitoring device and that the citizens of the country are protected from that kind of monitoring unless police can show a judge that there is probable cause of a crime that justifies it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He stressed, however, that this is a narrowly focused opinion that leaves intact other precedents when it comes to dealing with financial information, banking and office records.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roberts noted that the decision also allows for warrantless cell-tower location information searches in emergencies and for national-security purposes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The four dissenters were led by Justice Anthony Kennedy, who was joined by the court’s three most conservative members, justices Clarence Thomas, Samuel Alito and Neil Gorsuch. In a rare move, they each filed separate dissents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Background\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The case arose out of a series of armed robberies in 2010 and 2011 — robberies, ironically, aimed at stealing hundreds of new cellphones and selling them for tens of thousands of dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When police apprehended some members of the ring, the smaller fish implicated the leader of the ring, Timothy Carpenter. Police got a court order to get access to 127 days of cellphone tracking records for Carpenter and other members of the gang.[contextly_sidebar id=”zYniDfJm9xPDzfhQYrPVWJPU7aax5DXH”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lo and behold, Carpenter’s general location information matched the robbery locations, and that information was used to help convict him. Carpenter appealed his conviction to the Supreme Court, contending that the Constitution required that police first obtain a warrant before getting this location information from a service provider.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obtaining a warrant would have required the police to show a judge that they had probable cause to believe the phone records contained evidence of a crime. What the police did instead was obtain a court order under the federal Stored Communications Act, which is easier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New Technology Clashes With Old Doctrine\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was seven years ago, and several smartphone generations ago, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The information used at Carpenter’s trial was not exactly precise. It did not record where he was when he texted or where he was when his phone was not in use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when he made or received calls, the cellphone towers nearby recorded his general location with an accuracy range of about a half mile to 2 miles. And those calls matched up rather nicely with the vicinity of the robberies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2017/11/29/567348000/justices-may-impose-new-limits-on-government-access-to-cellphone-data\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">oral arguments in Novembe\u003c/a>r, the justices seemed torn about whether to break with the so-called third party doctrine. Adopted decades ago, that doctrine says that there is no reasonable expectation of privacy when an individual shares information with a third party — for example, the phone company, which knows what telephone numbers the individual calls and receives. Therefore, police do not have to get a search warrant to gain access to those numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in recent years, the justices have expressed discomfort with that rule of law as applied to the modern digital age, when cellphones carried in a person’s pocket can track locations day and night, and when email and text addresses tell a huge amount about an individual’s contacts and lifestyle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=In+Major+Privacy+Win%2C+Supreme+Court+Rules+Police+Need+Warrant+To+Track+Your+Cellphone&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The Supreme Court ruled police do need a search warrant to obtain cellphone location information routinely collected by wireless providers.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Updated 11:02 a.m. ET\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a major win for privacy rights, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled Friday that police must obtain a search warrant in order to get access to cellphone location information.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chief Justice John Roberts wrote the 5-to-4 decision, joining the court’s four liberals. The majority declared that the Fourth Amendment guarantees an expectation of privacy and that allowing police to obtain moment-by-moment tracking of an individual’s cellphone location is a kind of surveillance that the framers of the Constitution did not want to occur without a search warrant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chief justice said that this sort of tracking information is akin to wearing an electronic ankle-bracelet monitoring device and that the citizens of the country are protected from that kind of monitoring unless police can show a judge that there is probable cause of a crime that justifies it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He stressed, however, that this is a narrowly focused opinion that leaves intact other precedents when it comes to dealing with financial information, banking and office records.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roberts noted that the decision also allows for warrantless cell-tower location information searches in emergencies and for national-security purposes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The four dissenters were led by Justice Anthony Kennedy, who was joined by the court’s three most conservative members, justices Clarence Thomas, Samuel Alito and Neil Gorsuch. In a rare move, they each filed separate dissents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Background\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The case arose out of a series of armed robberies in 2010 and 2011 — robberies, ironically, aimed at stealing hundreds of new cellphones and selling them for tens of thousands of dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When police apprehended some members of the ring, the smaller fish implicated the leader of the ring, Timothy Carpenter. Police got a court order to get access to 127 days of cellphone tracking records for Carpenter and other members of the gang.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lo and behold, Carpenter’s general location information matched the robbery locations, and that information was used to help convict him. Carpenter appealed his conviction to the Supreme Court, contending that the Constitution required that police first obtain a warrant before getting this location information from a service provider.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obtaining a warrant would have required the police to show a judge that they had probable cause to believe the phone records contained evidence of a crime. What the police did instead was obtain a court order under the federal Stored Communications Act, which is easier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New Technology Clashes With Old Doctrine\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was seven years ago, and several smartphone generations ago, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The information used at Carpenter’s trial was not exactly precise. It did not record where he was when he texted or where he was when his phone was not in use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when he made or received calls, the cellphone towers nearby recorded his general location with an accuracy range of about a half mile to 2 miles. And those calls matched up rather nicely with the vicinity of the robberies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2017/11/29/567348000/justices-may-impose-new-limits-on-government-access-to-cellphone-data\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">oral arguments in Novembe\u003c/a>r, the justices seemed torn about whether to break with the so-called third party doctrine. Adopted decades ago, that doctrine says that there is no reasonable expectation of privacy when an individual shares information with a third party — for example, the phone company, which knows what telephone numbers the individual calls and receives. Therefore, police do not have to get a search warrant to gain access to those numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in recent years, the justices have expressed discomfort with that rule of law as applied to the modern digital age, when cellphones carried in a person’s pocket can track locations day and night, and when email and text addresses tell a huge amount about an individual’s contacts and lifestyle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=In+Major+Privacy+Win%2C+Supreme+Court+Rules+Police+Need+Warrant+To+Track+Your+Cellphone&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "New Study Gives Broader Look Into How Police Killings Affect Black Americans’ Mental Health",
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"content": "\u003cp>Police killings of unarmed black Americans negatively affect the mental health of black adults in the states where the fatal incidents occur, according to a study published Thursday.[contextly_sidebar id=\"HWVVQGkT9ckb8JnbpHcF61RIkOexhW2n\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report, published today in British journal The Lancet, focused on the mental well-being of black adults who are not directly involved in acts of police violence, adding to a body of research that suggests the killings are “a public health issue,” said Dr. Atheendar S. Venkataramani, one of the study’s lead authors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are already studies that explore the adverse effects of police killings on the mental health of black Americans, including those that examine how police violence \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/the-fallout-of-police-violence-is-killing-black-women-like-erica-garner\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">slowly kills black women\u003c/a> “through trauma pain and loss” in the years after an encounter with an officer. And activists have long voiced \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/black-pain-gone-viral-racism-graphic-videos-can-create-ptsd-like-trauma\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">concerns over black trauma\u003c/a> following the shooting deaths of Tamir Rice, Rekia Boyd and Freddie Gray, and from grisly images and live Facebook videos of fatal encounters that are widely shared on social media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg class=\"auxiliary extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://d3i6fh83elv35t.cloudfront.net/static/2018/06/GettyImages-470484184-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Donald Lightfoot holds a sign in support of Rekia Boyd while joining other protesters in Chicago. Photo taken April 2015. Photo by Nuccio DiNuzzo/Chicago Tribune/TNS via Getty Images\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Donald Lightfoot holds a sign in support of Rekia Boyd while joining other protesters in Chicago. Photo taken April 2015. (Nuccio DiNuzzo/Chicago Tribune/TNS via Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The Lancet study, however, aims for something broader: a better sense of how police violence is felt on a population level. Researchers used self-reported responses from a national mental health survey and data from a police shooting database to compare the effects on mental health of black adults months before and after a police killing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What they found was a “substantial” impact of police killings on the mental well-being of black Americans in the states where the police violence happened, said Venkataramani, assistant professor of health policy at the University of Pennsylvania.[contextly_sidebar id=\"CukSratZqNZGRgp1O60xWYfk0A7Nq0ij\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study shows “that having a reminder of structural racism and its pervasiveness is something that gets under the skin to influence the mental health of black Americans,” Venkataramani said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The doctor added that the team’s findings add to the growing body of evidence that policymakers should act accordingly to mitigate these harmful effects when police shootings occur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What the Study Found\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Venkataramani worked along with several other researchers to analyze the hundreds of thousands of self-reported responses from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/brfss/about/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System\u003c/a>, a national survey conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention every year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The BRFSS is a telephone survey that randomly selects more than 400,000 U.S. adults each year to ask them a set of brief questions their health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers in the Lancet study looked at responses from black Americans about their mental health in states where a police killing of an unarmed black American had occurred up to three months before the survey. Those responses were then compared with the shootings collected by the national \u003ca href=\"https://mappingpoliceviolence.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mapping Police Violence database\u003c/a>. Here’s what they found:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Between 2013 and 2015, nearly 39 percent of more than 100,000 black adults were exposed to at least one police killing of an unarmed black American in the three-month period before the telephone survey. When adjusted to make the survey nationally representative of the country, the number jumps to 49 percent.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>When asked how many days in the last 30 days their mental health was “not good,” there was an increase in the number of black Americans reporting it was “not good.” The largest effects on mental well-being also occurred in those first two months.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The study estimates that police killings could mean 1.7 additional poor mental health days per person per year. All together, that accounts for 55 million additional poor mental health days per year for black adults in the general U.S. population.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>White Americans And Other Key Findings\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For white Americans, no negative health effects were found among the more than 950,000 adults who responded to the BRFSS survey. Researchers wanted to get a sense of whether white Americans were substantially affected by these incidents, but they did not find any impacts for that group, Venkataramani said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team also found that the police killings of \u003ci>armed\u003c/i> black Americans had little effect on the mental health of black or white adults.[contextly_sidebar id=\"dkMYu9RaRLIyJvZCgk6D0dT7MXDcZNLE\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Venkataramani said police killings of unarmed black Americans has a “very specific interpretation” in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fact that the victim was unarmed evokes a lack of justice, a sense of unfairness,” and the study’s results underlines the U.S. history of structural racism and state-sanctioned violence against black people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it wasn’t so surprising to us as it was so striking,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s Next\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since this is a population-based study, there are some limitations to the data the researchers gathered. How exactly each person who responded to the survey was exposed to a police killing in their state — a news report, word of mouth, etc. — is not known.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The degree to which these killings hurt a person’s mental health was not specifically covered by the CDC survey questions. And the study also covers a short window of time after the shootings; more localized studies have looked into the long-term mental health effects of racism on a given group of people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg class=\"auxiliary extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://d3i6fh83elv35t.cloudfront.net/static/2018/06/RTX11MZP-1024x683.jpg\" alt='A man holds up a cardboard cut out of Trayvon Martin at a rally in reaction to the acquittal of George Zimmerman in New York July 14, 2013. Thousands of protesters chanting \"No justice, no peace\" gathered in New York City on Sunday to protest the acquittal of George Zimmerman in the shooting death of unarmed black teenager Trayvon Martin, which prompted rallies across the country. REUTERS/Eric Thayer (UNITED STATES - Tags: CRIME LAW CIVIL UNREST POLITICS TPX IMAGES OF THE DAY) - GM1E97F0R5Y01' width=\"1024\" height=\"683\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A man holds up a cardboard cut out of Trayvon Martin at a 2013 rally in reaction to the acquittal of George Zimmerman in New York. Photo by Eric Thayer/Reuters\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The study also doesn’t account for the amplification by news and social media of a specific incident. For instance, the data gleaned for this study may have given a look into the negative effects the 2015 death of Freddie Gray had on the state of Maryland, but isn’t able to account for the influence the 25-year-old’s death had on black adults elsewhere in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study also doesn’t measure the impact of police violence against Latinos and Native Americans, something Venkataramani said he hopes other studies look into.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re looking at one sliver of what might be an indication of structural racism, but we don’t know the totality of what structural racism influences help,” he said, adding that the team’s research may even underreport the effects racism has on the mental health of black Americans.[contextly_sidebar id=\"sjEURy1wKmqETe9ZuzIEgFuiEP6DBQtK\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Christen Smith, whose \u003ca href=\"https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/traa.12061\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">work\u003c/a> has looked into the effects of policy violence on black people in Brazil and the U.S., said informal conversations among black Americans ever since the 2012 death of Trayvon Martin have indicated that police killings affect the black community writ large.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Whenever we see a study that confirms some of the suspicions and kind of colloquial information that we have from the black American community, then that’s something that tells us that we’re on a path toward healing and really trying to address this issue,” said Smith, associate professor of African and African diaspora studies and anthropology at the University of Texas at Austin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith, who said she was “excited” by the study’s work, thinks it’s worth noting that the research was done at the height of news coverage of several high-profile police killings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that the trickle-down effect from the national outcry around police violence and the black community is really just now getting to point where people are starting to be able to get the funding and set up the research in order to do this work,” Smith said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now is the time to see similar studies start bubbling to the surface, she said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Police killings of unarmed black Americans negatively affect the mental health of black adults in the states where the fatal incidents occur, according to a study published Thursday.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report, published today in British journal The Lancet, focused on the mental well-being of black adults who are not directly involved in acts of police violence, adding to a body of research that suggests the killings are “a public health issue,” said Dr. Atheendar S. Venkataramani, one of the study’s lead authors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are already studies that explore the adverse effects of police killings on the mental health of black Americans, including those that examine how police violence \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/the-fallout-of-police-violence-is-killing-black-women-like-erica-garner\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">slowly kills black women\u003c/a> “through trauma pain and loss” in the years after an encounter with an officer. And activists have long voiced \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/black-pain-gone-viral-racism-graphic-videos-can-create-ptsd-like-trauma\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">concerns over black trauma\u003c/a> following the shooting deaths of Tamir Rice, Rekia Boyd and Freddie Gray, and from grisly images and live Facebook videos of fatal encounters that are widely shared on social media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg class=\"auxiliary extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://d3i6fh83elv35t.cloudfront.net/static/2018/06/GettyImages-470484184-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Donald Lightfoot holds a sign in support of Rekia Boyd while joining other protesters in Chicago. Photo taken April 2015. Photo by Nuccio DiNuzzo/Chicago Tribune/TNS via Getty Images\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Donald Lightfoot holds a sign in support of Rekia Boyd while joining other protesters in Chicago. Photo taken April 2015. (Nuccio DiNuzzo/Chicago Tribune/TNS via Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The Lancet study, however, aims for something broader: a better sense of how police violence is felt on a population level. Researchers used self-reported responses from a national mental health survey and data from a police shooting database to compare the effects on mental health of black adults months before and after a police killing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What they found was a “substantial” impact of police killings on the mental well-being of black Americans in the states where the police violence happened, said Venkataramani, assistant professor of health policy at the University of Pennsylvania.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study shows “that having a reminder of structural racism and its pervasiveness is something that gets under the skin to influence the mental health of black Americans,” Venkataramani said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The doctor added that the team’s findings add to the growing body of evidence that policymakers should act accordingly to mitigate these harmful effects when police shootings occur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What the Study Found\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Venkataramani worked along with several other researchers to analyze the hundreds of thousands of self-reported responses from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/brfss/about/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System\u003c/a>, a national survey conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention every year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The BRFSS is a telephone survey that randomly selects more than 400,000 U.S. adults each year to ask them a set of brief questions their health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers in the Lancet study looked at responses from black Americans about their mental health in states where a police killing of an unarmed black American had occurred up to three months before the survey. Those responses were then compared with the shootings collected by the national \u003ca href=\"https://mappingpoliceviolence.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mapping Police Violence database\u003c/a>. Here’s what they found:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Between 2013 and 2015, nearly 39 percent of more than 100,000 black adults were exposed to at least one police killing of an unarmed black American in the three-month period before the telephone survey. When adjusted to make the survey nationally representative of the country, the number jumps to 49 percent.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>When asked how many days in the last 30 days their mental health was “not good,” there was an increase in the number of black Americans reporting it was “not good.” The largest effects on mental well-being also occurred in those first two months.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The study estimates that police killings could mean 1.7 additional poor mental health days per person per year. All together, that accounts for 55 million additional poor mental health days per year for black adults in the general U.S. population.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>White Americans And Other Key Findings\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For white Americans, no negative health effects were found among the more than 950,000 adults who responded to the BRFSS survey. Researchers wanted to get a sense of whether white Americans were substantially affected by these incidents, but they did not find any impacts for that group, Venkataramani said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team also found that the police killings of \u003ci>armed\u003c/i> black Americans had little effect on the mental health of black or white adults.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Venkataramani said police killings of unarmed black Americans has a “very specific interpretation” in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fact that the victim was unarmed evokes a lack of justice, a sense of unfairness,” and the study’s results underlines the U.S. history of structural racism and state-sanctioned violence against black people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it wasn’t so surprising to us as it was so striking,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s Next\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since this is a population-based study, there are some limitations to the data the researchers gathered. How exactly each person who responded to the survey was exposed to a police killing in their state — a news report, word of mouth, etc. — is not known.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The degree to which these killings hurt a person’s mental health was not specifically covered by the CDC survey questions. And the study also covers a short window of time after the shootings; more localized studies have looked into the long-term mental health effects of racism on a given group of people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg class=\"auxiliary extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://d3i6fh83elv35t.cloudfront.net/static/2018/06/RTX11MZP-1024x683.jpg\" alt='A man holds up a cardboard cut out of Trayvon Martin at a rally in reaction to the acquittal of George Zimmerman in New York July 14, 2013. Thousands of protesters chanting \"No justice, no peace\" gathered in New York City on Sunday to protest the acquittal of George Zimmerman in the shooting death of unarmed black teenager Trayvon Martin, which prompted rallies across the country. REUTERS/Eric Thayer (UNITED STATES - Tags: CRIME LAW CIVIL UNREST POLITICS TPX IMAGES OF THE DAY) - GM1E97F0R5Y01' width=\"1024\" height=\"683\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A man holds up a cardboard cut out of Trayvon Martin at a 2013 rally in reaction to the acquittal of George Zimmerman in New York. Photo by Eric Thayer/Reuters\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The study also doesn’t account for the amplification by news and social media of a specific incident. For instance, the data gleaned for this study may have given a look into the negative effects the 2015 death of Freddie Gray had on the state of Maryland, but isn’t able to account for the influence the 25-year-old’s death had on black adults elsewhere in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study also doesn’t measure the impact of police violence against Latinos and Native Americans, something Venkataramani said he hopes other studies look into.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re looking at one sliver of what might be an indication of structural racism, but we don’t know the totality of what structural racism influences help,” he said, adding that the team’s research may even underreport the effects racism has on the mental health of black Americans.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Christen Smith, whose \u003ca href=\"https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/traa.12061\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">work\u003c/a> has looked into the effects of policy violence on black people in Brazil and the U.S., said informal conversations among black Americans ever since the 2012 death of Trayvon Martin have indicated that police killings affect the black community writ large.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Whenever we see a study that confirms some of the suspicions and kind of colloquial information that we have from the black American community, then that’s something that tells us that we’re on a path toward healing and really trying to address this issue,” said Smith, associate professor of African and African diaspora studies and anthropology at the University of Texas at Austin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith, who said she was “excited” by the study’s work, thinks it’s worth noting that the research was done at the height of news coverage of several high-profile police killings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that the trickle-down effect from the national outcry around police violence and the black community is really just now getting to point where people are starting to be able to get the funding and set up the research in order to do this work,” Smith said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Anti-Aging Researcher Faces Loss of His Inspiration: His 96-Year-Old Dad",
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"content": "\u003cp>Leonid Peshkin calmly strokes his father’s thin, white hair. He gently exercises the old man’s arms to activate his muscles and get the blood flowing. He speaks, voice raised to reach him through the fog of age, poor hearing, and illness. “Papa,” he asks in their native Russian, “are you in pain?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost imperceptibly, Miron Peshkin, age 96 and silenced by a minor heart attack, delirium, antibiotic-resistant infections, and six months of medical care, shifts his head to indicate “no.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The younger Peshkin, 48, studies the biology of aging at Harvard Medical School in Boston. A broad-shouldered man with a twinkle always lurking in his brown eyes, Peshkin has been obsessed with aging since childhood because he worried that his father — then as old as other kids’ grandparents — would soon pass away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How funny it is,” Peshkin said, “that I had to be super worried he was going to die when I was 10. And here I am almost 50, and he’s still around.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, as Miron lies virtually motionless in a nursing home, Peshkin fights his own battles with aging a few miles away, in a fifth-floor lab just off the Harvard Medical School quad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lab’s main attraction is a mammoth, glass-fronted incubator stocked with tiny crustaceans called water fleas. Peshkin is raising them to try to understand their natural lifespan. Once he knows how unusual it is for these bugs to survive past the 40 days they typically live at room temperature, he will begin dosing them with drugs to see if he can extend that trajectory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"clear\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/0613_STAT_LeonidPeshkin003.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://www.statnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/0613_STAT_LeonidPeshkin003-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Peshkin prepares to feed water fleas in his lab at Harvard Medical School. He studies their life cycle to better understand aging in humans. (Ruby Wallau/STAT)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Peshkin and his parents also contribute to research in a less conventional way. All three have donated their genetic code and cells to science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those cells have been altered to reproduce indefinitely. Their usefulness to research will far outlast Miron’s life, and probably his mother’s and Peshkin’s too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that’s not what Peshkin’s aiming for, he said, quoting Woody Allen’s famous line about wanting to achieve immortality — not through his work — but by not dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why Peshkin continues to fight for his father’s life, despite the increasing futility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, he understands that his father is old and unlikely to recover. But no, he isn’t ready to stop aggressive medical care, Peshkin has told the chaplain at the Catholic hospital that treated his father, and at the Jewish nursing home where Miron now lies in a world mostly his own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peshkin highlights the irony: Persecuted for decades in Russia for being Jewish, Miron has no real faith — except in science. And yet these people of faith want to decide his fate. Plus, Peshkin has come, over the six months of his father’s illness, to doubt the medical care that keeps him alive. Too many times doctors told him his father was gone; only to have him bounce back and become himself once again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So every day Peshkin drives to the nursing home to stroke his father’s head, stretch his arms, talk to him, and check in with caregivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Peshkin continues to struggle with the question that has haunted him since childhood: Why must his father die?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just didn’t make sense the whole idea that you have to get old, your parents, your loved ones have to get old and die,” Peshkin said. “It just made absolutely no sense to me and it still doesn’t.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"clear\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 993px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Leonid_Composite.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://www.statnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Leonid_Composite.jpg\" alt=\"Leon Peshkin 04\" width=\"993\" height=\"509\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cstrong>(Left) Aaron Peshkin with young Miron Peshkin in 1924. (Right) Miron Peshkin and Leonid Peshkin in 1973. Courtesy Leon Peshkin.\u003c/strong>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Lifelong Interest in Longevity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anti-aging research is one of today’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/05/22/laura-deming-profile-longevity-fund/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hottest fields\u003c/a>. Billionaires donate fortunes to advance work aimed at slowing the hands of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the genesis of Peshkin’s interest in longevity goes back 43 years, to the streets of Moscow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walking in the park with his babysitter, they crossed paths with a fancy funeral — big crowd, brass band, bright red open casket. Peshkin doesn’t remember who died, but he does remember the questions it left him with: What is death? Why do we have to die? Why put someone in a box who looks so alive?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His parents had always answered his questions before. But this time, their explanations were inadequate and awkward. Their inability to satisfy his curiosity made as big an impression on him as the funeral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His father was a scientist, first in the aviation industry and then — when he was kicked out for being Jewish — in the oil and gas business, studying how liquified gas moves through sand. Working for the state, Miron didn’t earn much, so he translated technical documents from German and English into Russian for extra cash. Peshkin’s mother, Klavdia Logvinskaya, worked herself up from lab technician to engineer, researching additives that influence the properties of metal alloys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They were always demanding of their son. They told Peshkin he had to be 10 times better than everyone else to overcome the discrimination he would face as a Jew.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing up, almost all the adults Peshkin knew were the Ph.D.-level scientists who were his parents’ friends. “It was clear that science is the only thing worth doing in life,” he said. As a young boy, a family friend showed him how to memorize a string of 50 facts after just a few minutes of study. “It gave me this idea of power over nature,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At age 10, after watching some television hospital dramas, Peshkin remembers taking a cord from an old desk lamp and having it at the ready to shock his father’s heart, in case he went into cardiac arrest. “It’s very good he never had a heart attack, because I would have finished him,” Peshkin said dryly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peshkin came to the United States in 1995 to attend Brown University, where he trained in statistical machine learning, a type of artificial intelligence, before switching to systems biology. His parents joined him in Boston a decade ago as political refugees, fleeing anti-Semitism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His mother, sitting in his office recently after a nearby doctor’s appointment, reminds him in Russian that he also promised to build an engine to replace their failing hearts, so they would never die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He still holds onto that dream of keeping them alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I guess I’m not a very religious man. I don’t think there is some kind of rational design or purpose,” he said. “Even if there is, I’m not ready to accept [it].”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Searching for Clues to Reverse Aging\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the most exciting, perhaps fanciful, biomedical research involves slowing the aging process. Research in animals is especially tantalizing. Deprive a worm of calories and it will live longer. A number of drugs extend life in animals and are being studied to see if they can reduce the risk of age-related diseases in people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many anti-aging scientists themselves pop supplements or gratefully accept diagnoses of pre-diabetes so they can start taking drugs that have shown promise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peshkin’s own research focuses on the water flea, Latin name Daphnia, an insect barely visible to the naked eye. Known primarily as food for aquarium fish, these mostly transparent crustaceans eat algae and protozoa and survive for about 40 days when kept at room temperature. (They live longer in warmer environments.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s that “on average” that troubles Peshkin. No one knows the full range of a Daphnia’s lifespan. So, if a Daphnia lives for 60 days while given a particular drug, is that a potential silver bullet or simply the water flea equivalent of human outlier, akin to his father living to 96? Or if they continue having offspring and resist turning opaque — the water flea version of going gray — does that mean that he’s extended their “healthspan,” which is the true goal of all anti-aging research?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peshkin said water fleas make a good research species because of their relatively short lifespans, and because unlike flies or worms, they can be precisely dosed with medication. It’s hard to tell how much an individual fly is consuming; worms are very efficient at excreting nutrients they don’t need. Water fleas, on the other hand, have to absorb the medication Peshkin gives them, because they’re swimming in it, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They can reproduce asexually, unless under stress, so all of his Daphnia are identical genetic clones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He mentioned one cool trick with Daphnia that many middle school sciences classes try: Add caffeine to their water and you can watch their heartbeats speed up. (When Peshkin’s wife was pregnant seven yeas ago, he was worried about her addiction to coffee. He pumped tadpoles full of caffeine during their entire developmental process — and saw no issues in their offspring. His wife remains addicted.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, before Peshkin’s research funding didn’t come through and his water fleas died, he got encouraging early results from the fleas when he tried them on a drug called Wortmannin, shown to extend the life of fruit flies. He froze one Daphnia every day so he could later examine the genes that were turned on and off during development, and as the animal aged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, he’s starting to build up his colony again in collaboration with Marc Kirschner, the founding director of Harvard’s systems biology department. “Our target is getting a steady supply of old animals. It’s trickier than it sounds,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He compares his scientific process to the child’s game Twenty Questions. “I use drugs as questions,” he said, interrogating them to see if they can extend the life of water fleas, and therefore, potentially, humans. “I want to find the minimal number of questions that allow you to get an answer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"clear\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/0613_STAT_LeonidPeshkin001.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://www.statnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/0613_STAT_LeonidPeshkin001-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Leon Peshkin 01\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Peshkin in his office at Harvard Medical School. His genome will become the reference for labs all over the world. (Ruby Wallau/STAT)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Henrietta Lacks 2.0\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The human cells used most often in research labs around the world came originally from a Maryland woman named \u003ca href=\"http://www.lacksfamily.net/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Henrietta Lacks\u003c/a>, who died of cervical cancer in 1951. The doctors who treated her did not get her permission before shipping descendants of her cells all over the world. The ethics of that were questionable back then and are certainly unacceptable today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So when Harvard geneticist George Church set out to amass human genome, health and trait data for research, he made informed consent a huge part of the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miron was the 15th person to sign up for the Personal Genome Project, which now counts hundreds of participants; Peshkin and his mother soon followed. The three don’t share the privacy concerns some people have about making their genetic information public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I didn’t invent my genome,” Peshkin said. “This idea that it’s mine in the sense of property is sort of foreign to me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His mother said she can’t imagine ways that publishing her genome might hurt her. “This is for science and scientists,” Logvinskaya said in Russian, while Peshkin translated. “Those are not villains. Those are not random people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years after volunteering their information, Personal Genome Project organizers approached the family with a request: Would they participate in a federally funded effort to develop a standard for genetic sequencing?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other fields set standards. A cylinder of platinum-iridium alloy, for instance, sits in a basement vault in the U.K., providing the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npl.co.uk/reference/faqs/where-and-how-is-the-uks-national-standard-kilogram-stored-(faq-mass-and-density)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reference weight\u003c/a> used around the world for a kilogram.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when scientists sequence a genome, they have no way of knowing the accuracy of that sequence or whether it’s good enough, because they have no high-quality benchmark to compare it to. It’s that benchmark that the Genome in a Bottle project is working to create, said Justin Zook, a scientist at the National Institute of Standards and Technology and co-leader of the initiative. In addition to the Peshkin family, they’ve now sequenced one pilot genome and one man of Han Chinese descent. They plan to add that man’s parents soon, and eventually others that reflect more ethnic and racial diversity, Zook said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>Peshkin said he briefly contemplated one far-out concern with the project: If his was the reference genome, could his own body become valuable to a scientist who wanted to, say, test an Alzheimer’s drug on the real person it was designed to treat?\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>“If my brain is the best brain for the experiment because they’ve been working with cells derived from me, maybe there’s suddenly a price on my head,” Peshkin said. “It’s more like a great plot for a movie, and I dismissed it because I thought it’s a very, very unlikely scenario to worry about.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So he agreed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data associated with the Genome in a Bottle samples were downloaded to about 15,000 computers worldwide in 2017, Zook said, suggesting that there’s a strong appetite for the information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weirdly, Peshkin won’t be able to study his own samples; it wouldn’t be safe. Like Henrietta Lacks’ original cells, the ones he donated have been modified to reproduce indefinitely, which is essential for their scientific usefulness. But that makes them extremely dangerous to Peshkin himself — and only him. If he comes into contact with his own modified cells, his body won’t recognize them as foreign. “They will keep multiplying and growing on me and eventually will kill me,” he said matter-of-factly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"clear\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/0613_STAT_LeonidPeshkin010.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://www.statnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/0613_STAT_LeonidPeshkin010-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Leon Peshkin 05\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Peshkin exercises his father’s arm to activate his muscles and get the blood flowing. (Ruby Wallau/STAT)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Privacy vs. Science\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Personal Genome Project is now considering what tissue to collect from Miron when his heart or another organ finally gives out, said Michael F. Chou, a lecturer in genetics and director of human subjects research for the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miron’s gene sequence and tissue will be publicly available and connected with his health records; \u003ca href=\"https://www.broadinstitute.org/blog/gtex-useful-expression-cancer-research\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">other\u003c/a> gene expression data from tissue has been anonymized. Without that personal data, researchers can’t know if their pancreatic tissue sample came from a diabetic who died of a heart attack in his 50s, for instance, or from someone like Miron, who has lived nearly two decades longer than the average American male.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may sound morbid to contemplate such ideas. But though Peshkin still sees death as pointless and illogical, it would be even more meaningless in his view to bury an intact body in the ground where it can do no good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the best we can do is leave our body to science, even though a lot of science is also a waste,” Peshkin said. “I think that science is the best thing we have.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There isn’t much more time left to make these kinds of decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last two weeks Miron has slipped further away. Peshkin is sure his father, whose 97th birthday is July 9, can still hear him. But Miron is not as responsive as he was, his eyes are less alert, his stare more vacant. Peshkin would have given up already if his father hadn’t bounced back twice before, though he concedes that chances are now slim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His father’s palliative care team has scheduled a meeting for Wednesday afternoon. Peshkin expects they will pressure him to dial back on Miron’s aggressive medical care, potentially hastening his demise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He wonders aloud when he will be ready to accept what he still doesn’t think should be inevitable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think I will try to fend it off for a little longer,” Peshkin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Correction: An earlier version of this story misclassified Daphnia on first reference and Peshkin’s field of research.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/06/20/anti-aging-researcher-father-death/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Leonid Peshkin calmly strokes his father’s thin, white hair. He gently exercises the old man’s arms to activate his muscles and get the blood flowing. He speaks, voice raised to reach him through the fog of age, poor hearing, and illness. “Papa,” he asks in their native Russian, “are you in pain?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost imperceptibly, Miron Peshkin, age 96 and silenced by a minor heart attack, delirium, antibiotic-resistant infections, and six months of medical care, shifts his head to indicate “no.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The younger Peshkin, 48, studies the biology of aging at Harvard Medical School in Boston. A broad-shouldered man with a twinkle always lurking in his brown eyes, Peshkin has been obsessed with aging since childhood because he worried that his father — then as old as other kids’ grandparents — would soon pass away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How funny it is,” Peshkin said, “that I had to be super worried he was going to die when I was 10. And here I am almost 50, and he’s still around.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, as Miron lies virtually motionless in a nursing home, Peshkin fights his own battles with aging a few miles away, in a fifth-floor lab just off the Harvard Medical School quad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lab’s main attraction is a mammoth, glass-fronted incubator stocked with tiny crustaceans called water fleas. Peshkin is raising them to try to understand their natural lifespan. Once he knows how unusual it is for these bugs to survive past the 40 days they typically live at room temperature, he will begin dosing them with drugs to see if he can extend that trajectory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"clear\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/0613_STAT_LeonidPeshkin003.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://www.statnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/0613_STAT_LeonidPeshkin003-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Peshkin prepares to feed water fleas in his lab at Harvard Medical School. He studies their life cycle to better understand aging in humans. (Ruby Wallau/STAT)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Peshkin and his parents also contribute to research in a less conventional way. All three have donated their genetic code and cells to science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those cells have been altered to reproduce indefinitely. Their usefulness to research will far outlast Miron’s life, and probably his mother’s and Peshkin’s too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that’s not what Peshkin’s aiming for, he said, quoting Woody Allen’s famous line about wanting to achieve immortality — not through his work — but by not dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why Peshkin continues to fight for his father’s life, despite the increasing futility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, he understands that his father is old and unlikely to recover. But no, he isn’t ready to stop aggressive medical care, Peshkin has told the chaplain at the Catholic hospital that treated his father, and at the Jewish nursing home where Miron now lies in a world mostly his own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peshkin highlights the irony: Persecuted for decades in Russia for being Jewish, Miron has no real faith — except in science. And yet these people of faith want to decide his fate. Plus, Peshkin has come, over the six months of his father’s illness, to doubt the medical care that keeps him alive. Too many times doctors told him his father was gone; only to have him bounce back and become himself once again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So every day Peshkin drives to the nursing home to stroke his father’s head, stretch his arms, talk to him, and check in with caregivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Peshkin continues to struggle with the question that has haunted him since childhood: Why must his father die?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just didn’t make sense the whole idea that you have to get old, your parents, your loved ones have to get old and die,” Peshkin said. “It just made absolutely no sense to me and it still doesn’t.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"clear\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 993px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Leonid_Composite.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://www.statnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Leonid_Composite.jpg\" alt=\"Leon Peshkin 04\" width=\"993\" height=\"509\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cstrong>(Left) Aaron Peshkin with young Miron Peshkin in 1924. (Right) Miron Peshkin and Leonid Peshkin in 1973. Courtesy Leon Peshkin.\u003c/strong>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Lifelong Interest in Longevity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anti-aging research is one of today’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/05/22/laura-deming-profile-longevity-fund/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hottest fields\u003c/a>. Billionaires donate fortunes to advance work aimed at slowing the hands of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the genesis of Peshkin’s interest in longevity goes back 43 years, to the streets of Moscow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walking in the park with his babysitter, they crossed paths with a fancy funeral — big crowd, brass band, bright red open casket. Peshkin doesn’t remember who died, but he does remember the questions it left him with: What is death? Why do we have to die? Why put someone in a box who looks so alive?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His parents had always answered his questions before. But this time, their explanations were inadequate and awkward. Their inability to satisfy his curiosity made as big an impression on him as the funeral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His father was a scientist, first in the aviation industry and then — when he was kicked out for being Jewish — in the oil and gas business, studying how liquified gas moves through sand. Working for the state, Miron didn’t earn much, so he translated technical documents from German and English into Russian for extra cash. Peshkin’s mother, Klavdia Logvinskaya, worked herself up from lab technician to engineer, researching additives that influence the properties of metal alloys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They were always demanding of their son. They told Peshkin he had to be 10 times better than everyone else to overcome the discrimination he would face as a Jew.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing up, almost all the adults Peshkin knew were the Ph.D.-level scientists who were his parents’ friends. “It was clear that science is the only thing worth doing in life,” he said. As a young boy, a family friend showed him how to memorize a string of 50 facts after just a few minutes of study. “It gave me this idea of power over nature,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At age 10, after watching some television hospital dramas, Peshkin remembers taking a cord from an old desk lamp and having it at the ready to shock his father’s heart, in case he went into cardiac arrest. “It’s very good he never had a heart attack, because I would have finished him,” Peshkin said dryly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peshkin came to the United States in 1995 to attend Brown University, where he trained in statistical machine learning, a type of artificial intelligence, before switching to systems biology. His parents joined him in Boston a decade ago as political refugees, fleeing anti-Semitism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His mother, sitting in his office recently after a nearby doctor’s appointment, reminds him in Russian that he also promised to build an engine to replace their failing hearts, so they would never die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He still holds onto that dream of keeping them alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I guess I’m not a very religious man. I don’t think there is some kind of rational design or purpose,” he said. “Even if there is, I’m not ready to accept [it].”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Searching for Clues to Reverse Aging\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the most exciting, perhaps fanciful, biomedical research involves slowing the aging process. Research in animals is especially tantalizing. Deprive a worm of calories and it will live longer. A number of drugs extend life in animals and are being studied to see if they can reduce the risk of age-related diseases in people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many anti-aging scientists themselves pop supplements or gratefully accept diagnoses of pre-diabetes so they can start taking drugs that have shown promise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peshkin’s own research focuses on the water flea, Latin name Daphnia, an insect barely visible to the naked eye. Known primarily as food for aquarium fish, these mostly transparent crustaceans eat algae and protozoa and survive for about 40 days when kept at room temperature. (They live longer in warmer environments.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s that “on average” that troubles Peshkin. No one knows the full range of a Daphnia’s lifespan. So, if a Daphnia lives for 60 days while given a particular drug, is that a potential silver bullet or simply the water flea equivalent of human outlier, akin to his father living to 96? Or if they continue having offspring and resist turning opaque — the water flea version of going gray — does that mean that he’s extended their “healthspan,” which is the true goal of all anti-aging research?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peshkin said water fleas make a good research species because of their relatively short lifespans, and because unlike flies or worms, they can be precisely dosed with medication. It’s hard to tell how much an individual fly is consuming; worms are very efficient at excreting nutrients they don’t need. Water fleas, on the other hand, have to absorb the medication Peshkin gives them, because they’re swimming in it, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They can reproduce asexually, unless under stress, so all of his Daphnia are identical genetic clones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He mentioned one cool trick with Daphnia that many middle school sciences classes try: Add caffeine to their water and you can watch their heartbeats speed up. (When Peshkin’s wife was pregnant seven yeas ago, he was worried about her addiction to coffee. He pumped tadpoles full of caffeine during their entire developmental process — and saw no issues in their offspring. His wife remains addicted.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, before Peshkin’s research funding didn’t come through and his water fleas died, he got encouraging early results from the fleas when he tried them on a drug called Wortmannin, shown to extend the life of fruit flies. He froze one Daphnia every day so he could later examine the genes that were turned on and off during development, and as the animal aged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, he’s starting to build up his colony again in collaboration with Marc Kirschner, the founding director of Harvard’s systems biology department. “Our target is getting a steady supply of old animals. It’s trickier than it sounds,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He compares his scientific process to the child’s game Twenty Questions. “I use drugs as questions,” he said, interrogating them to see if they can extend the life of water fleas, and therefore, potentially, humans. “I want to find the minimal number of questions that allow you to get an answer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"clear\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/0613_STAT_LeonidPeshkin001.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://www.statnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/0613_STAT_LeonidPeshkin001-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Leon Peshkin 01\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Peshkin in his office at Harvard Medical School. His genome will become the reference for labs all over the world. (Ruby Wallau/STAT)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Henrietta Lacks 2.0\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The human cells used most often in research labs around the world came originally from a Maryland woman named \u003ca href=\"http://www.lacksfamily.net/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Henrietta Lacks\u003c/a>, who died of cervical cancer in 1951. The doctors who treated her did not get her permission before shipping descendants of her cells all over the world. The ethics of that were questionable back then and are certainly unacceptable today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So when Harvard geneticist George Church set out to amass human genome, health and trait data for research, he made informed consent a huge part of the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miron was the 15th person to sign up for the Personal Genome Project, which now counts hundreds of participants; Peshkin and his mother soon followed. The three don’t share the privacy concerns some people have about making their genetic information public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I didn’t invent my genome,” Peshkin said. “This idea that it’s mine in the sense of property is sort of foreign to me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His mother said she can’t imagine ways that publishing her genome might hurt her. “This is for science and scientists,” Logvinskaya said in Russian, while Peshkin translated. “Those are not villains. Those are not random people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years after volunteering their information, Personal Genome Project organizers approached the family with a request: Would they participate in a federally funded effort to develop a standard for genetic sequencing?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other fields set standards. A cylinder of platinum-iridium alloy, for instance, sits in a basement vault in the U.K., providing the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npl.co.uk/reference/faqs/where-and-how-is-the-uks-national-standard-kilogram-stored-(faq-mass-and-density)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reference weight\u003c/a> used around the world for a kilogram.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when scientists sequence a genome, they have no way of knowing the accuracy of that sequence or whether it’s good enough, because they have no high-quality benchmark to compare it to. It’s that benchmark that the Genome in a Bottle project is working to create, said Justin Zook, a scientist at the National Institute of Standards and Technology and co-leader of the initiative. In addition to the Peshkin family, they’ve now sequenced one pilot genome and one man of Han Chinese descent. They plan to add that man’s parents soon, and eventually others that reflect more ethnic and racial diversity, Zook said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>Peshkin said he briefly contemplated one far-out concern with the project: If his was the reference genome, could his own body become valuable to a scientist who wanted to, say, test an Alzheimer’s drug on the real person it was designed to treat?\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>“If my brain is the best brain for the experiment because they’ve been working with cells derived from me, maybe there’s suddenly a price on my head,” Peshkin said. “It’s more like a great plot for a movie, and I dismissed it because I thought it’s a very, very unlikely scenario to worry about.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So he agreed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data associated with the Genome in a Bottle samples were downloaded to about 15,000 computers worldwide in 2017, Zook said, suggesting that there’s a strong appetite for the information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weirdly, Peshkin won’t be able to study his own samples; it wouldn’t be safe. Like Henrietta Lacks’ original cells, the ones he donated have been modified to reproduce indefinitely, which is essential for their scientific usefulness. But that makes them extremely dangerous to Peshkin himself — and only him. If he comes into contact with his own modified cells, his body won’t recognize them as foreign. “They will keep multiplying and growing on me and eventually will kill me,” he said matter-of-factly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"clear\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/0613_STAT_LeonidPeshkin010.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://www.statnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/0613_STAT_LeonidPeshkin010-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Leon Peshkin 05\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Peshkin exercises his father’s arm to activate his muscles and get the blood flowing. (Ruby Wallau/STAT)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Privacy vs. Science\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Personal Genome Project is now considering what tissue to collect from Miron when his heart or another organ finally gives out, said Michael F. Chou, a lecturer in genetics and director of human subjects research for the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miron’s gene sequence and tissue will be publicly available and connected with his health records; \u003ca href=\"https://www.broadinstitute.org/blog/gtex-useful-expression-cancer-research\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">other\u003c/a> gene expression data from tissue has been anonymized. Without that personal data, researchers can’t know if their pancreatic tissue sample came from a diabetic who died of a heart attack in his 50s, for instance, or from someone like Miron, who has lived nearly two decades longer than the average American male.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may sound morbid to contemplate such ideas. But though Peshkin still sees death as pointless and illogical, it would be even more meaningless in his view to bury an intact body in the ground where it can do no good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the best we can do is leave our body to science, even though a lot of science is also a waste,” Peshkin said. “I think that science is the best thing we have.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There isn’t much more time left to make these kinds of decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last two weeks Miron has slipped further away. Peshkin is sure his father, whose 97th birthday is July 9, can still hear him. But Miron is not as responsive as he was, his eyes are less alert, his stare more vacant. Peshkin would have given up already if his father hadn’t bounced back twice before, though he concedes that chances are now slim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His father’s palliative care team has scheduled a meeting for Wednesday afternoon. Peshkin expects they will pressure him to dial back on Miron’s aggressive medical care, potentially hastening his demise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He wonders aloud when he will be ready to accept what he still doesn’t think should be inevitable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think I will try to fend it off for a little longer,” Peshkin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Correction: An earlier version of this story misclassified Daphnia on first reference and Peshkin’s field of research.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/06/20/anti-aging-researcher-father-death/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Separating Kids From Their Parents Can Lead To Long-Term Health Problems",
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"content": "\u003cp>Rachel Osborn knows kids who slept in the immigrant detention centers in Texas that have dominated recent headlines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have kids who will say that was the worst part of their journey,\" Osborn says. \"They were traveling for weeks and the hardest part was being in this freezing cold room where, you know, they were fed a cold sandwich and had a thin blanket to shiver under.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they had no parent or caregiver to comfort them and make them feel safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Osborn is a therapist at \u003ca href=\"https://www.maryscenter.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mary's Center\u003c/a> in Washington, D.C., who works in schools with children who immigrated from Latin America to the U.S. without their parents. The kids she works with weren't forcefully taken from their parents by U.S. immigration agents, but the trauma, Osborn says, is similar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thousands of kids were taken from their parents by immigration officials and placed in detention facilities under the Trump administration policy that was in place from April until \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/06/20/621798823/speaker-ryan-plans-immigration-votes-amid-doubts-that-bills-can-pass\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">it was changed Wednesday\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers suggest these children, and others who have spent time in those detention facilities, may have increased long-term health care needs. That's because the stress of being separated from a parent can also cause lasting \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/acestudy/journal.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">physical harm \u003c/a>to children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These harms can include reduced immune system functioning in the short term, and increased risk of heart disease, diabetes or other chronic health problems in the long term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kids, like everyone, have a physical response to stress. The heart rate speeds up and the body releases hormones like cortisol. But when they don't have a parent or adult that they trust to comfort them, a prolonged stress response can become toxic and cause physical damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The most powerful stress buffer known to humans is the presence and availability of the parents for young children,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://cnbd.umn.edu/bio/cnbd-faculty-staff/megan-gunnar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Megan Gunnar\u003c/a>, a professor at the Center for Neurobehavioral Development at the University of Minnesota Medical School.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's impossible to know which of the detained kids may see damage to their health or how severe that damage may be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the conditions are there, according to Nithya Nathan-Pineau, who works for the detained children's program at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.caircoalition.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Capital Area Immigrants Rights Coalition,\u003c/a> in Washington, D.C. Her organization advocates for the rights of immigrants and has direct contact with some children who were separated from their parents under the Trump administration policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We talk to these kids directly. What we're seeing is that they are extraordinarily traumatized,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She describes a meeting with a 10-year-old child in a government detention center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Essentially during the first intake [the child] couldn't really report anything to us because the child was so distraught they just cried through the whole intake,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she went back later, she found out what was going on. \"We learned that at this point they had been in the area for over four weeks and the child has not been able to speak with their parent,\" she says. \"They don't know where their parent is.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without a parent's comfort, a child's stress response can go into overdrive, explains \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2017/08/25/545092982/nadine-burke-harris-how-does-trauma-affect-a-childs-dna\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Nadine Burke Harris\u003c/a>, CEO of the Center for Youth Wellness in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The center includes a clinic that treats kids who have gone through trauma, and it also conducts research on the effects of trauma on children and ways to counter them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burke Harris says when children are comforted by their parents, they produce more of the hormone oxytocin, which helps relieve the stress response.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People call it the cuddle hormone,\" she says. \"It helps to shut off the stress response when it's activated. But it also helps to protect our organs from damage when the stress response is activated.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that leads to many different health problems, she says, including \"changes in brain development, changes in the hormonal systems, immune system, cardiovascular system, and even the way our DNA is read and transcribed.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gunnar says her research suggests removing children from their parents' care can make them more vulnerable to infections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says evidence first showed up in monkeys that were taken away from their mothers for as little as two weeks. Years later, those monkeys showed a weaker immune system than the ones who stayed with their mothers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gunnar says she is now seeing a similar response in teenagers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you were an old person it would be called immune senescence,\" Gunnar says. \"Your immune system getting beyond the point where it can function.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Essentially, she says, the body's immune system wears out early.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gunnar says she's not sure whether these signs mean there is long-term harm in humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We don't know if we see them in teenagers, whether it means that their cells are not going to be able to fight as long,\" she says. \"But we do know if we see this in the aged, that is a sign that the immune system is coming to a point where it's not going to be able to fight things off.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Separating+Kids+From+Their+Parents+Can+Lead+To+Long-Term+Health+Problems&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Though the federal government is changing its policy of separating immigrant children and parents, some children who were detained may suffer ongoing health consequences from the trauma.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Rachel Osborn knows kids who slept in the immigrant detention centers in Texas that have dominated recent headlines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have kids who will say that was the worst part of their journey,\" Osborn says. \"They were traveling for weeks and the hardest part was being in this freezing cold room where, you know, they were fed a cold sandwich and had a thin blanket to shiver under.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they had no parent or caregiver to comfort them and make them feel safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Osborn is a therapist at \u003ca href=\"https://www.maryscenter.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mary's Center\u003c/a> in Washington, D.C., who works in schools with children who immigrated from Latin America to the U.S. without their parents. The kids she works with weren't forcefully taken from their parents by U.S. immigration agents, but the trauma, Osborn says, is similar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thousands of kids were taken from their parents by immigration officials and placed in detention facilities under the Trump administration policy that was in place from April until \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/06/20/621798823/speaker-ryan-plans-immigration-votes-amid-doubts-that-bills-can-pass\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">it was changed Wednesday\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers suggest these children, and others who have spent time in those detention facilities, may have increased long-term health care needs. That's because the stress of being separated from a parent can also cause lasting \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/acestudy/journal.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">physical harm \u003c/a>to children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These harms can include reduced immune system functioning in the short term, and increased risk of heart disease, diabetes or other chronic health problems in the long term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kids, like everyone, have a physical response to stress. The heart rate speeds up and the body releases hormones like cortisol. But when they don't have a parent or adult that they trust to comfort them, a prolonged stress response can become toxic and cause physical damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The most powerful stress buffer known to humans is the presence and availability of the parents for young children,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://cnbd.umn.edu/bio/cnbd-faculty-staff/megan-gunnar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Megan Gunnar\u003c/a>, a professor at the Center for Neurobehavioral Development at the University of Minnesota Medical School.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's impossible to know which of the detained kids may see damage to their health or how severe that damage may be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the conditions are there, according to Nithya Nathan-Pineau, who works for the detained children's program at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.caircoalition.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Capital Area Immigrants Rights Coalition,\u003c/a> in Washington, D.C. Her organization advocates for the rights of immigrants and has direct contact with some children who were separated from their parents under the Trump administration policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We talk to these kids directly. What we're seeing is that they are extraordinarily traumatized,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She describes a meeting with a 10-year-old child in a government detention center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Essentially during the first intake [the child] couldn't really report anything to us because the child was so distraught they just cried through the whole intake,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she went back later, she found out what was going on. \"We learned that at this point they had been in the area for over four weeks and the child has not been able to speak with their parent,\" she says. \"They don't know where their parent is.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without a parent's comfort, a child's stress response can go into overdrive, explains \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2017/08/25/545092982/nadine-burke-harris-how-does-trauma-affect-a-childs-dna\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Nadine Burke Harris\u003c/a>, CEO of the Center for Youth Wellness in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The center includes a clinic that treats kids who have gone through trauma, and it also conducts research on the effects of trauma on children and ways to counter them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burke Harris says when children are comforted by their parents, they produce more of the hormone oxytocin, which helps relieve the stress response.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People call it the cuddle hormone,\" she says. \"It helps to shut off the stress response when it's activated. But it also helps to protect our organs from damage when the stress response is activated.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that leads to many different health problems, she says, including \"changes in brain development, changes in the hormonal systems, immune system, cardiovascular system, and even the way our DNA is read and transcribed.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gunnar says her research suggests removing children from their parents' care can make them more vulnerable to infections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says evidence first showed up in monkeys that were taken away from their mothers for as little as two weeks. Years later, those monkeys showed a weaker immune system than the ones who stayed with their mothers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gunnar says she is now seeing a similar response in teenagers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you were an old person it would be called immune senescence,\" Gunnar says. \"Your immune system getting beyond the point where it can function.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Essentially, she says, the body's immune system wears out early.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gunnar says she's not sure whether these signs mean there is long-term harm in humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We don't know if we see them in teenagers, whether it means that their cells are not going to be able to fight as long,\" she says. \"But we do know if we see this in the aged, that is a sign that the immune system is coming to a point where it's not going to be able to fight things off.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Separating+Kids+From+Their+Parents+Can+Lead+To+Long-Term+Health+Problems&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Researchers Find Herpes Viruses In Alzheimer's Brains",
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"content": "\u003cp>Two common herpes viruses appear to play a role in Alzheimer's disease.[contextly_sidebar id=\"xGMrgC5mfby5S92heGXjVDaxhvly8p6M\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The viruses, best known for causing a distinctive skin rash in young children, are abundant in brain tissue from people with Alzheimer's, a team of scientists \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/neuron/fulltext/S0896-6273(18)30421-5\">reports\u003c/a> Thursday in \u003cem>Neuron.\u003c/em> The team also found evidence that the viruses can interact with brain cells in ways that could accelerate the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our hypothesis is that they put gas on the flame,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.mountsinai.org/profiles/joel-dudley\">Joel Dudley\u003c/a>, an author of the study and an associate professor of genetics and genomic sciences at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai in New York City.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finding adds credence to a decades-old idea that an infection can cause Alzheimer's disease. It also suggests that it may be possible to prevent or \u003ca href=\"https://www.nia.nih.gov/alzheimers/clinical-trials/valacyclovir-mild-alzheimers-disease\">slow Alzheimer's using antiviral drugs\u003c/a>, or drugs that modulate how immune cells in the brain respond to an infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the study doesn't prove that herpes viruses are involved in Alzheimer's, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.nia.nih.gov/about/staff/hodes-richard\">Dr. Richard Hodes\u003c/a>, director of the National Institute on Aging, which helped fund the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The data are very provocative, but fall short of showing a direct causal role,\" he says. \"And if viral infections are playing a part, they are not the sole actor.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, the study offers strong evidence that viral infections can influence the course of Alzheimer's, Hodes says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like a lot of scientific discoveries, this one was an accident. \"Viruses were the last thing we were looking for,\" Dudley says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and a team of researchers were using genetic data to look for differences between healthy brain tissue and brain tissue from people who died with Alzheimer's.[contextly_sidebar id=\"8UKShQkLN6fHi6cnpzNKDWdZydXn4g8E\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal was to identify new targets for drugs. Instead, the team kept finding hints that that brain tissue from Alzheimer's patients contained higher levels of viruses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When we started analyzing the differences, it just sort of came screaming out at us from the data,\" Dudley says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team found that levels of two human herpes viruses, HHV-6 and HHV-7, were up to twice as high in brain tissue from people with Alzheimer's. They confirmed the finding by analyzing data from a consortium of brain banks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These herpes viruses are extremely common, and can cause a skin rash called \u003ca href=\"http://kidshealth.org/en/parents/roseola.html\">roseola\u003c/a> in young children. But the viruses also can get into the brain, where they may remain inactive for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the researchers knew the viruses were associated with Alzheimer's they started trying to figure out how a virus could affect the course of a brain disease. That meant identifying interactions between the virus genes and other genes in brain cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We mapped out the social network, if you will, of which genes the viruses are friends with and who they're talking to inside the brain,\" Dudley says. In essence, he says, they wanted to know: \"If the viruses are tweeting, who's tweeting back?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And what they found was that the herpes virus genes were interacting with genes known to increase a person's risk for Alzheimer's.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They also found that these Alzheimer's risk genes seem to make a person's brain more vulnerable to infection with the two herpes viruses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But just having herpes virus present in the brain isn't enough to cause Alzheimer's, Dudley says. Something needs to activate the viruses, which causes them to begin replicating.[contextly_sidebar id=\"gGYh4qorVVvYdrsEtJY48IAc6q49hNUX\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not clear what causes the activation, Dudley says, though he suspects some sort of change in the internal functions of brain cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the viruses do become active, they appear to influence things like the accumulation of the plaques and tangles in the brain associated with Alzheimer's. \"They are sort of throwing a wrench in the works,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The herpes viruses also seem to trigger an immune response in certain brain cells, Hodes says. These cells are part of an ancient immune system that has \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/02/18/580475245/scientists-explore-ties-between-alzheimers-and-brains-ancient-immune-system\">previously been implicated\u003c/a> in Alzheimer's.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most previous efforts to prevent or treat Alzheimer's have involved trying to reduce the plaques and tangles associated with the disease. Those efforts have failed to improve brain function even when they accomplished their immediate goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those \"distressing and disappointing failures\" suggest it's time for some new approaches, Hodes says. And the new study suggests at least two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One is to give antiviral drugs to people with high levels of herpes virus in their brains. The Institute on Aging is already funding a study to test this approach in people in the early stages of Alzheimer's, Hodes says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another approach is to prevent the brain's immune cells from reacting to the virus in ways that accelerate Alzheimer's, Hodes says. That's tricky, he says, because simply disabling the brain's immune cells could be harmful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, Hodes is optimistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The more we learn about the disease process and the more targets we can address,\" he says, \"the greater the probability we are going to slow or prevent the progression of Alzheimer's disease.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Researchers+Find+Herpes+Viruses+In+Brains+Marked+By+Alzheimer%27s+Disease&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Two common herpes viruses appear to play a role in Alzheimer's disease.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The viruses, best known for causing a distinctive skin rash in young children, are abundant in brain tissue from people with Alzheimer's, a team of scientists \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/neuron/fulltext/S0896-6273(18)30421-5\">reports\u003c/a> Thursday in \u003cem>Neuron.\u003c/em> The team also found evidence that the viruses can interact with brain cells in ways that could accelerate the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our hypothesis is that they put gas on the flame,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.mountsinai.org/profiles/joel-dudley\">Joel Dudley\u003c/a>, an author of the study and an associate professor of genetics and genomic sciences at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai in New York City.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finding adds credence to a decades-old idea that an infection can cause Alzheimer's disease. It also suggests that it may be possible to prevent or \u003ca href=\"https://www.nia.nih.gov/alzheimers/clinical-trials/valacyclovir-mild-alzheimers-disease\">slow Alzheimer's using antiviral drugs\u003c/a>, or drugs that modulate how immune cells in the brain respond to an infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the study doesn't prove that herpes viruses are involved in Alzheimer's, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.nia.nih.gov/about/staff/hodes-richard\">Dr. Richard Hodes\u003c/a>, director of the National Institute on Aging, which helped fund the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The data are very provocative, but fall short of showing a direct causal role,\" he says. \"And if viral infections are playing a part, they are not the sole actor.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, the study offers strong evidence that viral infections can influence the course of Alzheimer's, Hodes says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like a lot of scientific discoveries, this one was an accident. \"Viruses were the last thing we were looking for,\" Dudley says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and a team of researchers were using genetic data to look for differences between healthy brain tissue and brain tissue from people who died with Alzheimer's.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal was to identify new targets for drugs. Instead, the team kept finding hints that that brain tissue from Alzheimer's patients contained higher levels of viruses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When we started analyzing the differences, it just sort of came screaming out at us from the data,\" Dudley says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team found that levels of two human herpes viruses, HHV-6 and HHV-7, were up to twice as high in brain tissue from people with Alzheimer's. They confirmed the finding by analyzing data from a consortium of brain banks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These herpes viruses are extremely common, and can cause a skin rash called \u003ca href=\"http://kidshealth.org/en/parents/roseola.html\">roseola\u003c/a> in young children. But the viruses also can get into the brain, where they may remain inactive for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the researchers knew the viruses were associated with Alzheimer's they started trying to figure out how a virus could affect the course of a brain disease. That meant identifying interactions between the virus genes and other genes in brain cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We mapped out the social network, if you will, of which genes the viruses are friends with and who they're talking to inside the brain,\" Dudley says. In essence, he says, they wanted to know: \"If the viruses are tweeting, who's tweeting back?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And what they found was that the herpes virus genes were interacting with genes known to increase a person's risk for Alzheimer's.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They also found that these Alzheimer's risk genes seem to make a person's brain more vulnerable to infection with the two herpes viruses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But just having herpes virus present in the brain isn't enough to cause Alzheimer's, Dudley says. Something needs to activate the viruses, which causes them to begin replicating.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not clear what causes the activation, Dudley says, though he suspects some sort of change in the internal functions of brain cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the viruses do become active, they appear to influence things like the accumulation of the plaques and tangles in the brain associated with Alzheimer's. \"They are sort of throwing a wrench in the works,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The herpes viruses also seem to trigger an immune response in certain brain cells, Hodes says. These cells are part of an ancient immune system that has \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/02/18/580475245/scientists-explore-ties-between-alzheimers-and-brains-ancient-immune-system\">previously been implicated\u003c/a> in Alzheimer's.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most previous efforts to prevent or treat Alzheimer's have involved trying to reduce the plaques and tangles associated with the disease. Those efforts have failed to improve brain function even when they accomplished their immediate goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those \"distressing and disappointing failures\" suggest it's time for some new approaches, Hodes says. And the new study suggests at least two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One is to give antiviral drugs to people with high levels of herpes virus in their brains. The Institute on Aging is already funding a study to test this approach in people in the early stages of Alzheimer's, Hodes says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another approach is to prevent the brain's immune cells from reacting to the virus in ways that accelerate Alzheimer's, Hodes says. That's tricky, he says, because simply disabling the brain's immune cells could be harmful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, Hodes is optimistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The more we learn about the disease process and the more targets we can address,\" he says, \"the greater the probability we are going to slow or prevent the progression of Alzheimer's disease.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Researchers+Find+Herpes+Viruses+In+Brains+Marked+By+Alzheimer%27s+Disease&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Report For Defense Department Ranks Top Threats From 'Synthetic Biology'",
"title": "Report For Defense Department Ranks Top Threats From 'Synthetic Biology'",
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"content": "\u003cp>New genetic tools are making it easier and cheaper to engineer viruses and bacteria, and a report commissioned by the Department of Defense has now ranked the top threats posed by the rapidly advancing field of \"synthetic biology.\"[contextly_sidebar id=\"gb9g2YDw6S8Tv2v2EUI0TWtfXV5po4Qp\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the biggest concerns is the ability to recreate known viruses from scratch in the lab. That means a lab could make a deadly virus that is normally kept under lock and key, such as \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/csr/disease/smallpox/en/\">smallpox\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Right now, recreating pretty much any virus can be done relatively easily. It requires a certain amount of expertise and resources and knowledge,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://medicine.umich.edu/dept/microbiology-immunology/michael-j-imperiale-phd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Michael Imperiale\u003c/a>, a microbiologist at the University of Michigan who chaired the committee convened by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nationalacademies.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine\u003c/a> to assess the state of synthetic biology and offer advice to defense officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As an example of what's possible, Imperiale pointed to the recent and controversial creation of \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/02/17/585385308/did-pox-virus-research-put-potential-profits-ahead-of-public-safety\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">horsepox,\u003c/a> a cousin of smallpox, in a Canadian laboratory. \"These things can now be done,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another top danger listed in the report, which was released Tuesday, is making existing bacteria or viruses more dangerous. That could happen, by, say, giving them antibiotic resistance or altering them so that they produce toxins or evade vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And one scenario pondered by the experts is the creation of microbes that would produce harmful biochemicals in humans while living on the skin or in the gut. This possibility, the report notes, \"is of high concern because its novelty challenges potential mitigation options.\" Public health officials might not even recognize that they were witnessing a biological attack if the dangerous material was delivered to victims in such an unusual way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All in all, the committee examined about a dozen different synthetic biology technologies that could be potentially misused. For each, they considered how likely it was to be usable as a weapon, how much expertise or resources would be needed, and how well governments would be able to recognize and manage an attack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are certain capabilities that may not be possible now, but in those cases we tried to identify what the bottlenecks or barriers might be that, if overcome, would enable those to be more possible,\" Imperiale says.[contextly_sidebar id=\"hU2ywe0bo5FhMcFg3CwThXSqo89g4izl\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the least concerning possibilities, because of the knowledge and technical barriers, was inventing a brand new pathogen by taking a \"mix and match\" approach to combining genetic parts from multiple organisms, according to the report. It notes that making even simple changes to viruses can produce \"drastic deficiencies\" in key viral properties, \"making any such effort especially difficult,\" and that \"the difficulty increases as the distance from natural pathogens increases.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that was exactly the scenario that recently unfolded in a table-top exercise conducted last month by the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security. During the event, experts in pandemic response and national security grappled with a fictional virus called \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/about-the-center/pressroom/press_releases/2018-05-15_clade-x-policy-recommendations.html\">Clade X\u003c/a>\" that was created by a terrorist group that inserted genetic elements of deadly \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/05/29/615079779/why-it-s-difficult-for-viruses-to-turn-in-to-deadly-pandemics\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nipah\u003c/a> virus into a normally-mild \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/parainfluenza/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">human parainfluenza virus\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The terrorist group in this scenario wanted to depopulate the Earth, and deliberately released the contagious virus at multiple spots around the globe. The resulting pandemic killed 150 million people within a year as officials struggled to contain the social and economic chaos until a vaccine could be made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What people don't think about very often is the potential for an engineered organism to become an epidemic or even a pandemic. One of the goals of this exercise was to show that an engineered organism could be the cause of something that we are not really preparing for,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/our-staff/profiles/inglesby/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Tom Inglesby\u003c/a>, director of the Johns Hopkins center. \"What we wanted to show in the exercise was that there are different ways of getting to a pandemic. And we need to be prepared for all of them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of the public health response to an engineered outbreak would be the same as to a natural outbreak, the exercise showed. That means a possible line of defense is beefing up public health infrastructure such as disease surveillance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, as the new report notes, the same synthetic biology tools that could be used to harm could also be used to fight this threat, by allowing the rapid creation of better medicines, vaccines, and diagnostics.[contextly_sidebar id=\"9JS7pw28z71O9Hau5X1qfcsxIFZNY5TF\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://silver.med.harvard.edu/\">Pamela Silver\u003c/a>, a synthetic biologist at Harvard who was not on the committee but reviewed its report, said that the assessment is \"timely, given that there's a lot of attention being paid to genetic engineering because of \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/12/28/460705645/gene-editing-tool-hailed-as-a-breakthrough-and-it-really-is-one\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CRISPR\u003c/a>,\" the new tool that has made it much easier to edit genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She does worry, though, that because this report ranked potential threats, \"somebody might say 'oh, here are the three things we have to worry about the most,' and then ignore the others.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this assessment was made based on today's technology, she says, but it's clear that biology changes rapidly and is full of surprises. \"So what's the next CRISPR? What's the next big thing?\" Silver asks. \"We need to anticipate, as well. Biology is a rapidly moving field and we need to stay on top of that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says she just recently was looking at a preprint of a scientific paper about engineering bacteria, \"and I noticed that it was from high school students. That's just amazing to me.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Report+For+Defense+Department+Ranks+Top+Threats+From+%27Synthetic+Biology%27+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>New genetic tools are making it easier and cheaper to engineer viruses and bacteria, and a report commissioned by the Department of Defense has now ranked the top threats posed by the rapidly advancing field of \"synthetic biology.\"\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the biggest concerns is the ability to recreate known viruses from scratch in the lab. That means a lab could make a deadly virus that is normally kept under lock and key, such as \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/csr/disease/smallpox/en/\">smallpox\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Right now, recreating pretty much any virus can be done relatively easily. It requires a certain amount of expertise and resources and knowledge,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://medicine.umich.edu/dept/microbiology-immunology/michael-j-imperiale-phd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Michael Imperiale\u003c/a>, a microbiologist at the University of Michigan who chaired the committee convened by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nationalacademies.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine\u003c/a> to assess the state of synthetic biology and offer advice to defense officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As an example of what's possible, Imperiale pointed to the recent and controversial creation of \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/02/17/585385308/did-pox-virus-research-put-potential-profits-ahead-of-public-safety\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">horsepox,\u003c/a> a cousin of smallpox, in a Canadian laboratory. \"These things can now be done,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another top danger listed in the report, which was released Tuesday, is making existing bacteria or viruses more dangerous. That could happen, by, say, giving them antibiotic resistance or altering them so that they produce toxins or evade vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And one scenario pondered by the experts is the creation of microbes that would produce harmful biochemicals in humans while living on the skin or in the gut. This possibility, the report notes, \"is of high concern because its novelty challenges potential mitigation options.\" Public health officials might not even recognize that they were witnessing a biological attack if the dangerous material was delivered to victims in such an unusual way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All in all, the committee examined about a dozen different synthetic biology technologies that could be potentially misused. For each, they considered how likely it was to be usable as a weapon, how much expertise or resources would be needed, and how well governments would be able to recognize and manage an attack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are certain capabilities that may not be possible now, but in those cases we tried to identify what the bottlenecks or barriers might be that, if overcome, would enable those to be more possible,\" Imperiale says.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the least concerning possibilities, because of the knowledge and technical barriers, was inventing a brand new pathogen by taking a \"mix and match\" approach to combining genetic parts from multiple organisms, according to the report. It notes that making even simple changes to viruses can produce \"drastic deficiencies\" in key viral properties, \"making any such effort especially difficult,\" and that \"the difficulty increases as the distance from natural pathogens increases.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that was exactly the scenario that recently unfolded in a table-top exercise conducted last month by the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security. During the event, experts in pandemic response and national security grappled with a fictional virus called \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/about-the-center/pressroom/press_releases/2018-05-15_clade-x-policy-recommendations.html\">Clade X\u003c/a>\" that was created by a terrorist group that inserted genetic elements of deadly \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/05/29/615079779/why-it-s-difficult-for-viruses-to-turn-in-to-deadly-pandemics\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nipah\u003c/a> virus into a normally-mild \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/parainfluenza/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">human parainfluenza virus\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The terrorist group in this scenario wanted to depopulate the Earth, and deliberately released the contagious virus at multiple spots around the globe. The resulting pandemic killed 150 million people within a year as officials struggled to contain the social and economic chaos until a vaccine could be made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What people don't think about very often is the potential for an engineered organism to become an epidemic or even a pandemic. One of the goals of this exercise was to show that an engineered organism could be the cause of something that we are not really preparing for,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/our-staff/profiles/inglesby/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Tom Inglesby\u003c/a>, director of the Johns Hopkins center. \"What we wanted to show in the exercise was that there are different ways of getting to a pandemic. And we need to be prepared for all of them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of the public health response to an engineered outbreak would be the same as to a natural outbreak, the exercise showed. That means a possible line of defense is beefing up public health infrastructure such as disease surveillance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, as the new report notes, the same synthetic biology tools that could be used to harm could also be used to fight this threat, by allowing the rapid creation of better medicines, vaccines, and diagnostics.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://silver.med.harvard.edu/\">Pamela Silver\u003c/a>, a synthetic biologist at Harvard who was not on the committee but reviewed its report, said that the assessment is \"timely, given that there's a lot of attention being paid to genetic engineering because of \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/12/28/460705645/gene-editing-tool-hailed-as-a-breakthrough-and-it-really-is-one\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CRISPR\u003c/a>,\" the new tool that has made it much easier to edit genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She does worry, though, that because this report ranked potential threats, \"somebody might say 'oh, here are the three things we have to worry about the most,' and then ignore the others.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this assessment was made based on today's technology, she says, but it's clear that biology changes rapidly and is full of surprises. \"So what's the next CRISPR? What's the next big thing?\" Silver asks. \"We need to anticipate, as well. Biology is a rapidly moving field and we need to stay on top of that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says she just recently was looking at a preprint of a scientific paper about engineering bacteria, \"and I noticed that it was from high school students. That's just amazing to me.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Report+For+Defense+Department+Ranks+Top+Threats+From+%27Synthetic+Biology%27+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>Some parents see it coming. Natalie was not that kind of parent.[contextly_sidebar id=\"uOHnnzKYOmBeTGoKuvAQzedxhPZkeU99\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even after the director and a teacher at her older son's day care sat her down one afternoon in 2011 to detail the 3-year-old's difficulty socializing and his tendency to chatter endlessly about topics his peers showed no interest in, she still didn't get the message.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her son, the two educators eventually spelled out, might be on the autism spectrum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was in tears at the end,\" she says. \"When I got home, I was just devastated.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Natalie broke the news to her wife, Stephanie, whose mind fast-forwarded to a distressing future. Would her son — a squat, cheerful boy who, despite his affectionate nature, didn't have any playmates — ever be able to make friends?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a doctor eventually confirmed he had an autism spectrum disorder, the diagnosis came with a suggestion: Perhaps the boy would benefit from Prozac when he turned 7.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That was when both of us fell apart in that meeting,\" Natalie says. For both parents, medication wasn't an option.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Prozac is a very powerful drug for adults. Why would you give it to a 7-year-old?\" Stephanie wondered after the doctor's visit. \"I welled up with all of this emotion. And I said I will not let that happen.\"[contextly_sidebar id=\"4sXIngF1woiIEbdfxhHX6lYzTUKP5vdD\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(To protect their privacy, we are only using Natalie's and Stephanie's first names. We are not naming their children.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fear of psychotropic drugs led the family to pursue alternative treatments for autism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To start, they dropped gluten.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then one day, as Natalie roamed the aisles of a gluten-free expo in a Chicago suburb not far from where the family lives, she came across a booth for a Brain Balance Achievement Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Natalie says the program claimed to help with disorders ranging from dyslexia to ADHD and autism. Best of all, it didn't involve prescription drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We were very excited,\" Stephanie says. \"Maybe we found a solution that wasn't going to be about medicine. I was very, very hopeful.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"\u003cstrong>It will completely, absolutely, 100 percent change your life\"\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Natalie had stumbled upon one of 113 Brain Balance franchises across the country. Seventeen more are in the works. In the dozen years since its inception, Brain Balance says, it has helped roughly 25,000 children. The company says it is currently taking in over $50 million in annual revenue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although Brain Balance isn't the only purveyor of alternative approaches for developmental disorders in the U.S., the scale of the enterprise sets it apart. The company's approach is still relatively new and not widely known, meaning many experts in the field of childhood development have not vetted its effectiveness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brain Balance says its nonmedical and drug-free program helps children who struggle with ADHD, autism spectrum disorders and learning and processing disorders. The company says it addresses a child's challenges with a combination of physical exercises, nutritional guidance and academic training.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An NPR investigation of Brain Balance reveals a company whose promises have resonated with parents averse to medication. But Brain Balance also appears to have overstated the scientific evidence in its messaging to families, who can easily spend over $10,000 in six months, a common length of enrollment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brain Balance's metrics for consumer satisfaction are impressive. Customers rate the program, on average, an 8.5 on a 10-point scale in surveys, according to the company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ratings square with comments in online forums and in interviews NPR conducted with 18 parents who enrolled their children. Across the country, about three dozen centers are run by parents who began as happy customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.brainbalancecenters.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Brain Balance's website\u003c/a> is where caretakers encounter the company's strongest pitch: dozens upon dozens of \u003ca href=\"https://www.brainbalancecenters.com/our-stories/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">parent testimonials\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the company's \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OAaow0Kk0g8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">television commercials\u003c/a> begins with a montage of formerly frustrated mothers. But, they all agree, Brain Balance put an end to their kids' challenges. One woman insists \"it will completely, absolutely, 100 percent change your life.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Autism \"can become a thing of the past\"\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The man who created Brain Balance, Robert Melillo, is often introduced as \"Dr. Melillo\" in media appearances. He has a doctorate and an active license in chiropractic. He is also acknowledged as an expert in the field of \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3tQtAs3d05E\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">functional neurology\u003c/a>, chiropractic's \u003ca href=\"https://chiromt.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12998-017-0151-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">controversial alternative\u003c/a> to mainstream neurology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Melillo's \u003ca href=\"http://drrobertmelillo.com/about/\">biography\u003c/a> states he has master's degrees in neuroscience and clinical rehabilitation neuropsychology, though it does not say from where. A \u003ca href=\"http://members.fclb.org/staff_online/staff/uploads/individual/0_34022299_Melillo%20CV.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">curriculum vitae for Melillo\u003c/a> that NPR found on a website for chiropractic licensing boards says the master's in neuroscience came from the Carrick Institute for Graduate Studies, a chiropractic academy in Florida that isn't accredited by any of the agencies recognized by the Department of Education. His second master's degree is from a now-defunct program at Touro College, a private educational organization based in New York.[contextly_sidebar id=\"qHKhvNx0WtImHmg2ZAaY7Wq5YHOgE9Ba\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Melillo says it was during an intense period of research in the 1990s, while his own son struggled with attention issues, that he conceived of a single disorder to explain everything from autism to ADHD to dyslexia. He called it functional disconnection syndrome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As he writes in his book, \u003cem>Disconnected Kids,\u003c/em> the syndrome occurs when \"areas in the brain, especially the two hemispheres of the brain, are not electrically balanced, or synchronized.\" The particulars of this imbalance are not clearly defined in the book, but numerous metaphors — some involving concert orchestras with bad timing or tuning — paint a picture of a child's brain unable to communicate with itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Melillo, a weak right hemisphere (the emotional half) can lead to autism and ADHD; a weak left hemisphere (the logical half) often causes learning disorders like dyslexia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And he argues in the book that for people who follow his program, \"ADHD, dyslexia, and even autism, among others, can become a thing of the past.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He even appears to see his program as the answer to societal problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In February, one day after the mass shooting at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Fla., Melillo used his public Facebook page to envision a world where Brain Balance had reached the shooter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I can't help but wonder if Brain Balance and Brain Integration could have prevented this tragedy,\" Melillo \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/DrRobertMelillo/photos/a.262064050637436.1073741828.262055963971578/902197553290746/?type=3&theater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wrote in the post\u003c/a> alongside a news report in which the shooter's relatives said the teenager had been diagnosed with autism and took medication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have to make the whole world more aware of Brain Imbalances and how they can be helped especially in kids,\" he added. \"This is my mission now.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What happens at Brain Balance\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stephanie and Natalie say they watched their older son from the other side of a two-way mirror as a Brain Balance staff member ran him through a series of tests during his baseline assessment. Later, they received his results: eight pages of ratings in unfamiliar categories.[contextly_sidebar id=\"AjksKQkvNBCw7ARjvhMRqANHG340k0k4\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I have two master's [degrees] and a Ph.D., and I needed them explained to me,\" Natalie says. Their son had a weak right hemisphere. Additionally, his \"frontal lobe acquisition\" was lacking. His primitive reflexes were also in bad shape, according to the assessment, portions of which were shared with NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The center recommended six months of one-hour sessions three times a week, a common course of intervention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brain Balance's approach breaks down into three broad categories: academic, nutrition and sensory-motor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.brainbalancecenters.com/our-program/integrated-approach/academic/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">academic exercises\u003c/a> focus on the same areas targeted by many after-school tutoring programs. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.brainbalancecenters.com/our-program/integrated-approach/nutrition/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nutritional component\u003c/a> recommends decreasing a child's intake of gluten, dairy and refined sugar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The third, and most complex, prong of Brain Balance's intervention is its \u003ca href=\"https://www.brainbalancecenters.com/our-program/integrated-approach/sensory-motor/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sensory-motor training\u003c/a>, a diverse set of physical exercises. Parents and former employees describe activities like walking across balance beams, syncing actions with a computerized metronome and being spun in swivel chairs.[contextly_sidebar id=\"X9IS4CBjwH4LHwMmOzWNlEgWq0OztSoK\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consistent with Melillo's theory, Brain Balance focuses much of its sensory-motor training on one-half of the child's body to send strengthening signals up and across to the supposedly weak, opposite hemisphere of the brain. (Much of the human brain indeed \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23931149\">maps to the opposite\u003c/a> half of the human body.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, with a \"right brain weak\" child like Stephanie and Natalie's son, Brain Balance may have him wear a vibrating armband on his left biceps or eyeglasses that allow light only onto the left visual field. Or they may simply have him stand on his left leg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It has not been uncommon for parents to enroll their children for at least six months, costing roughly $12,000. The company recently said its average enrollment is now about four months. Assessments and optional nutritional supplements and blood tests can add hundreds of dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program isn't covered by insurance. Brain Balance offers payment plans to parents who can't cover the cost immediately. As of publication, close to 200 families have solicited money from relatives and friends with \u003ca href=\"https://www.gofundme.com/mvc.php?route=category&term=%22brain%20balance%22\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">GoFundMe.com\u003c/a> campaigns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Natalie and Stephanie were quoted $5,000 for their first three months, with the option to re-up for more after.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you're talking about your child's self-esteem and knowing it's the most important thing, what are you going to do?\" Stephanie says. \"Maybe work a few more years and take a little bit out of your retirement so that maybe — if you nip this thing in the bud — he's able to have a better life going forward?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They dipped into their retirement savings and enrolled both their sons at a total cost of more than $15,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"\u003cstrong>Cutting edge\" science\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In numerous media appearances, Melillo hasn't been shy about publicizing the strength of his program's scientific evidence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This isn't smoke and mirrors. This is real stuff. ... [Parents] are going to get real answers,\" Melillo \u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/uaMbTtcFhvU?t=5m16s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told a radio host in 2010\u003c/a>. \"We've shown in our centers that we can correct these problems completely. We've proved that in research,\" he \u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/7XJ8ouQgmtA?t=1m56s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">said on TV in 2014\u003c/a>. \"We use really cutting-edge brain science to address the issue,\" he \u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/KhmgeWUrkwo?t=49s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">said in 2016\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet a dozen experts in autism spectrum disorder, ADHD, dyslexia and childhood psychiatry interviewed by NPR all identified flaws in Brain Balance's approach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They said the company's idea of imbalanced hemispheres was too simplistic and built upon the popular, discredited myth of the logical left brain and the intuitive right brain.[contextly_sidebar id=\"cWTrlOd6AlGxpGOvjVNIxgehcBIwY6uh\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It doesn't make sense,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.kennedykrieger.org/professional-training/training-disciplines/special-education-fellowship/leadership/mark-mahone-phd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mark Mahone\u003c/a>, a pediatric neuropsychologist at the Kennedy Krieger Institute in Baltimore. \"In virtually every activity that one does ... both hemispheres of the brain are very, very active. ... It's not as simple as just being a left- or a right-hemisphere problem. Nothing is that simple.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the three-pronged Brain Balance regimen, experts NPR spoke with said there is no solid evidence suggesting gluten, dairy or sugar consumption affects ADHD, autism or dyslexia. And although physical exercise may have modest impacts on inattention and tutoring can help in school, these interventions can be found elsewhere for much less money. No expert suggested either as a front-line remedy for ADHD or autism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors and researchers NPR interviewed also questioned the diagnostic metrics Brain Balance uses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, the company tests children for the primitive reflexes that drive infants to instinctively suckle or grab a finger. Natalie and Stephanie were told their son's lingering primitive reflexes were connected to his behavioral issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But multiple pediatricians said it is exceptionally rare for children older than 4 to retain any primitive reflexes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Typically by 1 year of age these primitive reflexes have disappeared,\" says Dr. Andrew Adesman, a developmental pediatrician at Cohen Children's Medical Center of New York. \"The major exception is children who have cerebral palsy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Melillo disagreed with the experts' opinions. \"I think they're completely wrong,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Pediatricians rarely look at primitive reflexes after infancy, but if they did, they will find that, in many cases, they are still there,\" he wrote in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Melillo also pushed back against the medical consensus that autism, ADHD and dyslexia aren't caused by hemispheric differences and that gluten doesn't affect such disorders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I can show you a lot of papers that actually say that there is a relationship between food sensitivities, gluten sensitivity and different types of issues and conditions,\" he says. \"So again, it depends on the expert.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"\u003cstrong>Evidence based\"?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are two published studies of Brain Balance, which the company has said show that 81 percent of children with ADHD no longer displayed symptoms after three months in the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have two studies now,\" Melillo said \u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/AVp295htBVI?t=4m52s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">on local TV\u003c/a> in 2013. \"So that means that we qualify as what we call 'evidence based' at this point.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brain Balance \u003ca href=\"https://blog.brainbalancecenters.com/2013/07/control-study-shows-brain-balance-eliminates-adhd-symptoms\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">touted one of the studies on its blog\u003c/a> with the headline, \"Control Study Shows Brain Balance Eliminates ADHD Symptoms.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The studies, however, have serious scientific shortcomings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Melillo, someone with a clear financial interest in the outcome, co-authored \u003ca href=\"http://www.carolinabraincenter.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/The_effect_of_hemisphere_specific_remediation_strategies_on_the_academic_performance_outcome_of_children_with_ADD_ADHD_.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the first one\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also had parents rate their own children's improvement in ADHD symptoms but \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4420809-2010-BB-Study.html#document/p5/a415343\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">didn't compare\u003c/a> them with other kids who weren't in Brain Balance.[contextly_sidebar id=\"40It7ERz2X1PbU5Xz4PrJhqRCedRiEbu\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without a control group, a study cannot definitively determine whether an intervention — a pill or procedure or program — is the reason for improvement or whether any change is simply the placebo effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.feingold.org/Research/PDFstudies/Leisman2013.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">second study\u003c/a> did feature a control group of children with ADHD who didn't do Brain Balance. But it compared them with the same children from the first study published years earlier instead of randomly assigning children into simultaneous treatment and control groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My issue with these data is that there's no legitimate comparison for the treatment group, so we really don't know if [Brain Balance] helps,\" says Dr. Paul Wang, deputy director for clinical research at the Simons Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The experts NPR consulted took issue with other aspects of the studies as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The kids in the treatment and control groups \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4420810-2013-BB-Study.html#document/p3/a415322\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">differed in important ways\u003c/a>, the experts said, rendering comparisons between them less meaningful. The two groups weren't drawn from the same centers; all of the treatment group was medicated while only 60 percent of the controls were; and at baseline the controls scored more severe on an ADHD rating scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiously, even though the \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4420810-2013-BB-Study.html#document/p5/a429871\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">second\u003c/a> study reused the treatment group data from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4420809-2010-BB-Study.html#document/p6/a415327\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">first\u003c/a> study published years earlier, it reported different improvements on those same kids' test scores. The lead author on both studies, Gerry Leisman, a professor of neuro and rehabilitation sciences at the University of Haifa in Israel, explained one of the test score differences as a \"reviewer correction\" but did not provide explanations for any of the six remaining discrepancies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. James McGough, a professor of clinical psychiatry at UCLA's David Geffen Medical School, wasn't convinced by Brain Balance's published research. \"It means absolutely nothing. ... What we have here, in my view, is a marketing piece.\"[contextly_sidebar id=\"ul2FBC3owyMkUEM8UijiLxV0mmmsmz4s\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least one state remains similarly unconvinced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2015, Wisconsin's Department of Health Services determined Brain Balance had \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/tiac/brain-balance-january-2015.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">insufficient evidence\u003c/a>\" to show it was a \"proven and effective treatment for individuals with autism spectrum disorder and/or other developmental disabilities,\" as the \u003cem>Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://archive.jsonline.com/business/company-pushes-brain-balancing-program-for-learning-disabilities-evidence-lacking-b99551698z1-324854621.html\">reported\u003c/a>. The state assigned Brain Balance to the second-lowest ranking on its five-tier system. The only lower ranking is for \"potentially harmful\" treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Brain Balance defends its approach\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked by NPR why Brain Balance hadn't been tested more thoroughly before its nationwide expansion began a decade ago, Melillo says the company was \"faced with a dilemma.\" While he did feel an obligation to validate his approach, he says he knew Brain Balance worked and didn't want to deprive his clients of its benefits while waiting for clinical trials. \"All these 25,000 families that we've helped, are they left suffering for years on end?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What was done to date was commensurate to the resources that we had,\" says Aleem Choudhry, the chairman of Brain Balance and a managing member at Crane Street Capital, which invested in the franchise in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company says ADHD was the only disorder to be studied thus far because — contrary to the opinion of all the experts contacted by NPR — it is neurologically equivalent to others like autism, dyslexia and OCD. If Brain Balance improves ADHD symptoms, Melillo says, \"then we believe that we're going to get the same results in the other types of issues, because they're really the same problem.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Melillo also says the company's proprietary records from about 80,000 before-and-after client assessments qualify as corroboration. Melillo disputed the idea that his company's own data may require third-party review. \"Data is data,\" he says. \"There's no bias in the way we collect this.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new study of a \u003ca href=\"https://drteicher.wordpress.com/2015/11/20/non-pharmacological-treatment-for-adhd/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">computerized version of Brain Balance\u003c/a> is underway at a Harvard-affiliated hospital and features a concurrent control group of children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Melillo says that questions about the research behind Brain Balance ultimately miss a larger, more important point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Families are out there struggling and suffering, and they don't really give a crap about the data or the research, to be quite honest,\" he says. \"When they go through it and they see the difference in their child ... that's what matters to them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Choudhry, the company's chairman, later clarified that \"we very much do care about the data.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No easy answer\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With both their boys enrolled in Brain Balance, the routine for Stephanie and Natalie's family was frantic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three times a week, Stephanie would ferry their sons against traffic to and from their sessions. Family dinners became more rushed. Soccer and swimming were abandoned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lost time is often a hidden cost of any form of treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mothers began observing changes in their older son. They say his previously weak sense of smell suddenly blossomed, first for brownies and then other foods. And he became less obsessed with characters he had repetitively sketched in his notebooks and imbued with rich inner lives. (His parents are torn as to whether this was a positive development.) He also advanced in certain Brain Balance measures, including his primitive reflexes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not that the needle didn't move on some of those dimensions,\" says Natalie. \"But if you step back at the 10,000- or 100,000-foot view and say, 'Is this kid different in a way that his life is going to be better or altered?' the answer is 'No.' OK, so now he can smell brownies that he couldn't smell before but is his life different?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says she and her wife began to feel discouraged, thinking about the \"aura around this program that says your child's going to be different and better-adjusted.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eric Rossen of the National Association of School Psychologists isn't surprised by Brain Balance's popularity as an option beyond what schools and insurance will cover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says many parents are frustrated by mainstream medicine's limits when it comes to complex disorders like autism. And schools are sometimes too strapped for resources to provide students with learning disorders all the help their parents may want.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Most parents will say they would die for their children,\" Rossen says. \"So to say, 'I want to provide some therapy and pay a few thousand dollars' is quite short of dying for them and it's totally reasonable.\"[contextly_sidebar id=\"trKt9lVGGL2hYvUb63mGVzd7zTqN7BTZ\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he says \"the problem is they are easy prey for certain providers that can make promises that cannot necessarily be kept or are not necessarily backed by scientific data.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For parents looking to find evidence-based third-party interventions, experts suggest the \u003ca href=\"https://ies.ed.gov/ncee/wwc/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">What Works Clearinghouse\u003c/a>, which is backed by the Department of Education, or the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's \u003ca href=\"https://www.samhsa.gov/nrepp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">own resource\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brain Balance's protocol doesn't appear to pose any physical or developmental harms to children. Instead, the program's costs may come in other ways: siphoning away time and money, and prolonging the hope in some parents that their child may one day shed his or her disorder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Susan Hyman, a professor of pediatrics at the University of Rochester who has studied autism treatments for decades, says many alternative providers do this by offering an unrealistically simple solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you were to come to a traditional provider who said, 'You know I'm going to have you work really, really, really hard. ... I might have some drugs. Drugs have side effects. And 90 percent of the time, as an adult, he is still going to have autism,' that's a far less attractive message than 'I can help you.' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Beyond Brain Balance\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the end of their older son's second three-month session at Brain Balance, Stephanie and Natalie had completely soured on it. They stopped believing that vibrating armbands and spinning in swivel chairs would translate to social success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They decided to not continue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later, in second grade, their older son began to work with a social worker at school who taught him how to have socially acceptable conversation with his peers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Stephanie and Natalie did something else — the unthinkable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They put their son on a medication called Strattera. Calibrating the proper dosage with tolerable side effects was a drawn-out process, but eventually they reached an equilibrium. Their older son ended up with a new diagnosis that has some overlap with autism but is more consistent with ADHD, which the medication treats.[contextly_sidebar id=\"Mk0Q9RIDdUaNoWDya3YvMRUEK35nUdWD\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, he seems to be navigating the world more successfully than before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a Saturday last August, their older son — who once plaintively asked his parents, \"Why aren't I invited to birthday parties?\" — had just wrapped up a party to celebrate turning 10 years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Natalie and Stephanie had pizzas delivered and rented a truck lined with pleather sofas on one side and video game systems along the other. The children sat in pairs and used their greasy fingers to dispatch their avatars against each other in virtual battle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They were yelling my son's name and saying 'Come play with me! Come play with me!' \" recalls Natalie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The birthday boy says he invited almost all of his friends, from school and camp, and all but one showed up, which was more than he could have ever imagined before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Because,\" he says before pausing. \"I haven't had friends for a bit. Until I got my medicine. I got some treatment. I got help. Now, I have tons of friends.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The reporter, Chris Benderev, can be contacted at cbenderev@npr.org.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=%27Cutting+Edge%27+Program+For+Children+With+Autism+And+ADHD+Rests+On+Razor-Thin+Evidence&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "With 113 locations in the U.S., Brain Balance says its drug-free approach has helped tens of thousands of children. But experts say there's insufficient proof of its effectiveness.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Some parents see it coming. Natalie was not that kind of parent.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even after the director and a teacher at her older son's day care sat her down one afternoon in 2011 to detail the 3-year-old's difficulty socializing and his tendency to chatter endlessly about topics his peers showed no interest in, she still didn't get the message.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her son, the two educators eventually spelled out, might be on the autism spectrum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was in tears at the end,\" she says. \"When I got home, I was just devastated.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Natalie broke the news to her wife, Stephanie, whose mind fast-forwarded to a distressing future. Would her son — a squat, cheerful boy who, despite his affectionate nature, didn't have any playmates — ever be able to make friends?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a doctor eventually confirmed he had an autism spectrum disorder, the diagnosis came with a suggestion: Perhaps the boy would benefit from Prozac when he turned 7.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That was when both of us fell apart in that meeting,\" Natalie says. For both parents, medication wasn't an option.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Prozac is a very powerful drug for adults. Why would you give it to a 7-year-old?\" Stephanie wondered after the doctor's visit. \"I welled up with all of this emotion. And I said I will not let that happen.\"\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(To protect their privacy, we are only using Natalie's and Stephanie's first names. We are not naming their children.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fear of psychotropic drugs led the family to pursue alternative treatments for autism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To start, they dropped gluten.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then one day, as Natalie roamed the aisles of a gluten-free expo in a Chicago suburb not far from where the family lives, she came across a booth for a Brain Balance Achievement Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Natalie says the program claimed to help with disorders ranging from dyslexia to ADHD and autism. Best of all, it didn't involve prescription drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We were very excited,\" Stephanie says. \"Maybe we found a solution that wasn't going to be about medicine. I was very, very hopeful.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"\u003cstrong>It will completely, absolutely, 100 percent change your life\"\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Natalie had stumbled upon one of 113 Brain Balance franchises across the country. Seventeen more are in the works. In the dozen years since its inception, Brain Balance says, it has helped roughly 25,000 children. The company says it is currently taking in over $50 million in annual revenue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although Brain Balance isn't the only purveyor of alternative approaches for developmental disorders in the U.S., the scale of the enterprise sets it apart. The company's approach is still relatively new and not widely known, meaning many experts in the field of childhood development have not vetted its effectiveness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brain Balance says its nonmedical and drug-free program helps children who struggle with ADHD, autism spectrum disorders and learning and processing disorders. The company says it addresses a child's challenges with a combination of physical exercises, nutritional guidance and academic training.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An NPR investigation of Brain Balance reveals a company whose promises have resonated with parents averse to medication. But Brain Balance also appears to have overstated the scientific evidence in its messaging to families, who can easily spend over $10,000 in six months, a common length of enrollment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brain Balance's metrics for consumer satisfaction are impressive. Customers rate the program, on average, an 8.5 on a 10-point scale in surveys, according to the company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ratings square with comments in online forums and in interviews NPR conducted with 18 parents who enrolled their children. Across the country, about three dozen centers are run by parents who began as happy customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.brainbalancecenters.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Brain Balance's website\u003c/a> is where caretakers encounter the company's strongest pitch: dozens upon dozens of \u003ca href=\"https://www.brainbalancecenters.com/our-stories/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">parent testimonials\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the company's \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OAaow0Kk0g8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">television commercials\u003c/a> begins with a montage of formerly frustrated mothers. But, they all agree, Brain Balance put an end to their kids' challenges. One woman insists \"it will completely, absolutely, 100 percent change your life.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Autism \"can become a thing of the past\"\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The man who created Brain Balance, Robert Melillo, is often introduced as \"Dr. Melillo\" in media appearances. He has a doctorate and an active license in chiropractic. He is also acknowledged as an expert in the field of \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3tQtAs3d05E\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">functional neurology\u003c/a>, chiropractic's \u003ca href=\"https://chiromt.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12998-017-0151-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">controversial alternative\u003c/a> to mainstream neurology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Melillo's \u003ca href=\"http://drrobertmelillo.com/about/\">biography\u003c/a> states he has master's degrees in neuroscience and clinical rehabilitation neuropsychology, though it does not say from where. A \u003ca href=\"http://members.fclb.org/staff_online/staff/uploads/individual/0_34022299_Melillo%20CV.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">curriculum vitae for Melillo\u003c/a> that NPR found on a website for chiropractic licensing boards says the master's in neuroscience came from the Carrick Institute for Graduate Studies, a chiropractic academy in Florida that isn't accredited by any of the agencies recognized by the Department of Education. His second master's degree is from a now-defunct program at Touro College, a private educational organization based in New York.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Melillo says it was during an intense period of research in the 1990s, while his own son struggled with attention issues, that he conceived of a single disorder to explain everything from autism to ADHD to dyslexia. He called it functional disconnection syndrome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As he writes in his book, \u003cem>Disconnected Kids,\u003c/em> the syndrome occurs when \"areas in the brain, especially the two hemispheres of the brain, are not electrically balanced, or synchronized.\" The particulars of this imbalance are not clearly defined in the book, but numerous metaphors — some involving concert orchestras with bad timing or tuning — paint a picture of a child's brain unable to communicate with itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Melillo, a weak right hemisphere (the emotional half) can lead to autism and ADHD; a weak left hemisphere (the logical half) often causes learning disorders like dyslexia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And he argues in the book that for people who follow his program, \"ADHD, dyslexia, and even autism, among others, can become a thing of the past.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He even appears to see his program as the answer to societal problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In February, one day after the mass shooting at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Fla., Melillo used his public Facebook page to envision a world where Brain Balance had reached the shooter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I can't help but wonder if Brain Balance and Brain Integration could have prevented this tragedy,\" Melillo \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/DrRobertMelillo/photos/a.262064050637436.1073741828.262055963971578/902197553290746/?type=3&theater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wrote in the post\u003c/a> alongside a news report in which the shooter's relatives said the teenager had been diagnosed with autism and took medication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have to make the whole world more aware of Brain Imbalances and how they can be helped especially in kids,\" he added. \"This is my mission now.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What happens at Brain Balance\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stephanie and Natalie say they watched their older son from the other side of a two-way mirror as a Brain Balance staff member ran him through a series of tests during his baseline assessment. Later, they received his results: eight pages of ratings in unfamiliar categories.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I have two master's [degrees] and a Ph.D., and I needed them explained to me,\" Natalie says. Their son had a weak right hemisphere. Additionally, his \"frontal lobe acquisition\" was lacking. His primitive reflexes were also in bad shape, according to the assessment, portions of which were shared with NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The center recommended six months of one-hour sessions three times a week, a common course of intervention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brain Balance's approach breaks down into three broad categories: academic, nutrition and sensory-motor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.brainbalancecenters.com/our-program/integrated-approach/academic/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">academic exercises\u003c/a> focus on the same areas targeted by many after-school tutoring programs. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.brainbalancecenters.com/our-program/integrated-approach/nutrition/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nutritional component\u003c/a> recommends decreasing a child's intake of gluten, dairy and refined sugar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The third, and most complex, prong of Brain Balance's intervention is its \u003ca href=\"https://www.brainbalancecenters.com/our-program/integrated-approach/sensory-motor/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sensory-motor training\u003c/a>, a diverse set of physical exercises. Parents and former employees describe activities like walking across balance beams, syncing actions with a computerized metronome and being spun in swivel chairs.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consistent with Melillo's theory, Brain Balance focuses much of its sensory-motor training on one-half of the child's body to send strengthening signals up and across to the supposedly weak, opposite hemisphere of the brain. (Much of the human brain indeed \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23931149\">maps to the opposite\u003c/a> half of the human body.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, with a \"right brain weak\" child like Stephanie and Natalie's son, Brain Balance may have him wear a vibrating armband on his left biceps or eyeglasses that allow light only onto the left visual field. Or they may simply have him stand on his left leg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It has not been uncommon for parents to enroll their children for at least six months, costing roughly $12,000. The company recently said its average enrollment is now about four months. Assessments and optional nutritional supplements and blood tests can add hundreds of dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program isn't covered by insurance. Brain Balance offers payment plans to parents who can't cover the cost immediately. As of publication, close to 200 families have solicited money from relatives and friends with \u003ca href=\"https://www.gofundme.com/mvc.php?route=category&term=%22brain%20balance%22\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">GoFundMe.com\u003c/a> campaigns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Natalie and Stephanie were quoted $5,000 for their first three months, with the option to re-up for more after.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you're talking about your child's self-esteem and knowing it's the most important thing, what are you going to do?\" Stephanie says. \"Maybe work a few more years and take a little bit out of your retirement so that maybe — if you nip this thing in the bud — he's able to have a better life going forward?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They dipped into their retirement savings and enrolled both their sons at a total cost of more than $15,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"\u003cstrong>Cutting edge\" science\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In numerous media appearances, Melillo hasn't been shy about publicizing the strength of his program's scientific evidence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This isn't smoke and mirrors. This is real stuff. ... [Parents] are going to get real answers,\" Melillo \u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/uaMbTtcFhvU?t=5m16s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told a radio host in 2010\u003c/a>. \"We've shown in our centers that we can correct these problems completely. We've proved that in research,\" he \u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/7XJ8ouQgmtA?t=1m56s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">said on TV in 2014\u003c/a>. \"We use really cutting-edge brain science to address the issue,\" he \u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/KhmgeWUrkwo?t=49s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">said in 2016\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet a dozen experts in autism spectrum disorder, ADHD, dyslexia and childhood psychiatry interviewed by NPR all identified flaws in Brain Balance's approach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They said the company's idea of imbalanced hemispheres was too simplistic and built upon the popular, discredited myth of the logical left brain and the intuitive right brain.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It doesn't make sense,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.kennedykrieger.org/professional-training/training-disciplines/special-education-fellowship/leadership/mark-mahone-phd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mark Mahone\u003c/a>, a pediatric neuropsychologist at the Kennedy Krieger Institute in Baltimore. \"In virtually every activity that one does ... both hemispheres of the brain are very, very active. ... It's not as simple as just being a left- or a right-hemisphere problem. Nothing is that simple.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the three-pronged Brain Balance regimen, experts NPR spoke with said there is no solid evidence suggesting gluten, dairy or sugar consumption affects ADHD, autism or dyslexia. And although physical exercise may have modest impacts on inattention and tutoring can help in school, these interventions can be found elsewhere for much less money. No expert suggested either as a front-line remedy for ADHD or autism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors and researchers NPR interviewed also questioned the diagnostic metrics Brain Balance uses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, the company tests children for the primitive reflexes that drive infants to instinctively suckle or grab a finger. Natalie and Stephanie were told their son's lingering primitive reflexes were connected to his behavioral issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But multiple pediatricians said it is exceptionally rare for children older than 4 to retain any primitive reflexes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Typically by 1 year of age these primitive reflexes have disappeared,\" says Dr. Andrew Adesman, a developmental pediatrician at Cohen Children's Medical Center of New York. \"The major exception is children who have cerebral palsy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Melillo disagreed with the experts' opinions. \"I think they're completely wrong,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Pediatricians rarely look at primitive reflexes after infancy, but if they did, they will find that, in many cases, they are still there,\" he wrote in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Melillo also pushed back against the medical consensus that autism, ADHD and dyslexia aren't caused by hemispheric differences and that gluten doesn't affect such disorders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I can show you a lot of papers that actually say that there is a relationship between food sensitivities, gluten sensitivity and different types of issues and conditions,\" he says. \"So again, it depends on the expert.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"\u003cstrong>Evidence based\"?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are two published studies of Brain Balance, which the company has said show that 81 percent of children with ADHD no longer displayed symptoms after three months in the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have two studies now,\" Melillo said \u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/AVp295htBVI?t=4m52s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">on local TV\u003c/a> in 2013. \"So that means that we qualify as what we call 'evidence based' at this point.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brain Balance \u003ca href=\"https://blog.brainbalancecenters.com/2013/07/control-study-shows-brain-balance-eliminates-adhd-symptoms\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">touted one of the studies on its blog\u003c/a> with the headline, \"Control Study Shows Brain Balance Eliminates ADHD Symptoms.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The studies, however, have serious scientific shortcomings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Melillo, someone with a clear financial interest in the outcome, co-authored \u003ca href=\"http://www.carolinabraincenter.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/The_effect_of_hemisphere_specific_remediation_strategies_on_the_academic_performance_outcome_of_children_with_ADD_ADHD_.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the first one\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also had parents rate their own children's improvement in ADHD symptoms but \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4420809-2010-BB-Study.html#document/p5/a415343\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">didn't compare\u003c/a> them with other kids who weren't in Brain Balance.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without a control group, a study cannot definitively determine whether an intervention — a pill or procedure or program — is the reason for improvement or whether any change is simply the placebo effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.feingold.org/Research/PDFstudies/Leisman2013.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">second study\u003c/a> did feature a control group of children with ADHD who didn't do Brain Balance. But it compared them with the same children from the first study published years earlier instead of randomly assigning children into simultaneous treatment and control groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My issue with these data is that there's no legitimate comparison for the treatment group, so we really don't know if [Brain Balance] helps,\" says Dr. Paul Wang, deputy director for clinical research at the Simons Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The experts NPR consulted took issue with other aspects of the studies as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The kids in the treatment and control groups \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4420810-2013-BB-Study.html#document/p3/a415322\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">differed in important ways\u003c/a>, the experts said, rendering comparisons between them less meaningful. The two groups weren't drawn from the same centers; all of the treatment group was medicated while only 60 percent of the controls were; and at baseline the controls scored more severe on an ADHD rating scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiously, even though the \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4420810-2013-BB-Study.html#document/p5/a429871\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">second\u003c/a> study reused the treatment group data from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4420809-2010-BB-Study.html#document/p6/a415327\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">first\u003c/a> study published years earlier, it reported different improvements on those same kids' test scores. The lead author on both studies, Gerry Leisman, a professor of neuro and rehabilitation sciences at the University of Haifa in Israel, explained one of the test score differences as a \"reviewer correction\" but did not provide explanations for any of the six remaining discrepancies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. James McGough, a professor of clinical psychiatry at UCLA's David Geffen Medical School, wasn't convinced by Brain Balance's published research. \"It means absolutely nothing. ... What we have here, in my view, is a marketing piece.\"\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least one state remains similarly unconvinced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2015, Wisconsin's Department of Health Services determined Brain Balance had \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/tiac/brain-balance-january-2015.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">insufficient evidence\u003c/a>\" to show it was a \"proven and effective treatment for individuals with autism spectrum disorder and/or other developmental disabilities,\" as the \u003cem>Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://archive.jsonline.com/business/company-pushes-brain-balancing-program-for-learning-disabilities-evidence-lacking-b99551698z1-324854621.html\">reported\u003c/a>. The state assigned Brain Balance to the second-lowest ranking on its five-tier system. The only lower ranking is for \"potentially harmful\" treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Brain Balance defends its approach\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked by NPR why Brain Balance hadn't been tested more thoroughly before its nationwide expansion began a decade ago, Melillo says the company was \"faced with a dilemma.\" While he did feel an obligation to validate his approach, he says he knew Brain Balance worked and didn't want to deprive his clients of its benefits while waiting for clinical trials. \"All these 25,000 families that we've helped, are they left suffering for years on end?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What was done to date was commensurate to the resources that we had,\" says Aleem Choudhry, the chairman of Brain Balance and a managing member at Crane Street Capital, which invested in the franchise in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company says ADHD was the only disorder to be studied thus far because — contrary to the opinion of all the experts contacted by NPR — it is neurologically equivalent to others like autism, dyslexia and OCD. If Brain Balance improves ADHD symptoms, Melillo says, \"then we believe that we're going to get the same results in the other types of issues, because they're really the same problem.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Melillo also says the company's proprietary records from about 80,000 before-and-after client assessments qualify as corroboration. Melillo disputed the idea that his company's own data may require third-party review. \"Data is data,\" he says. \"There's no bias in the way we collect this.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new study of a \u003ca href=\"https://drteicher.wordpress.com/2015/11/20/non-pharmacological-treatment-for-adhd/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">computerized version of Brain Balance\u003c/a> is underway at a Harvard-affiliated hospital and features a concurrent control group of children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Melillo says that questions about the research behind Brain Balance ultimately miss a larger, more important point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Families are out there struggling and suffering, and they don't really give a crap about the data or the research, to be quite honest,\" he says. \"When they go through it and they see the difference in their child ... that's what matters to them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Choudhry, the company's chairman, later clarified that \"we very much do care about the data.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No easy answer\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With both their boys enrolled in Brain Balance, the routine for Stephanie and Natalie's family was frantic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three times a week, Stephanie would ferry their sons against traffic to and from their sessions. Family dinners became more rushed. Soccer and swimming were abandoned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lost time is often a hidden cost of any form of treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mothers began observing changes in their older son. They say his previously weak sense of smell suddenly blossomed, first for brownies and then other foods. And he became less obsessed with characters he had repetitively sketched in his notebooks and imbued with rich inner lives. (His parents are torn as to whether this was a positive development.) He also advanced in certain Brain Balance measures, including his primitive reflexes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not that the needle didn't move on some of those dimensions,\" says Natalie. \"But if you step back at the 10,000- or 100,000-foot view and say, 'Is this kid different in a way that his life is going to be better or altered?' the answer is 'No.' OK, so now he can smell brownies that he couldn't smell before but is his life different?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says she and her wife began to feel discouraged, thinking about the \"aura around this program that says your child's going to be different and better-adjusted.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eric Rossen of the National Association of School Psychologists isn't surprised by Brain Balance's popularity as an option beyond what schools and insurance will cover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says many parents are frustrated by mainstream medicine's limits when it comes to complex disorders like autism. And schools are sometimes too strapped for resources to provide students with learning disorders all the help their parents may want.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Most parents will say they would die for their children,\" Rossen says. \"So to say, 'I want to provide some therapy and pay a few thousand dollars' is quite short of dying for them and it's totally reasonable.\"\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he says \"the problem is they are easy prey for certain providers that can make promises that cannot necessarily be kept or are not necessarily backed by scientific data.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For parents looking to find evidence-based third-party interventions, experts suggest the \u003ca href=\"https://ies.ed.gov/ncee/wwc/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">What Works Clearinghouse\u003c/a>, which is backed by the Department of Education, or the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's \u003ca href=\"https://www.samhsa.gov/nrepp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">own resource\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brain Balance's protocol doesn't appear to pose any physical or developmental harms to children. Instead, the program's costs may come in other ways: siphoning away time and money, and prolonging the hope in some parents that their child may one day shed his or her disorder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Susan Hyman, a professor of pediatrics at the University of Rochester who has studied autism treatments for decades, says many alternative providers do this by offering an unrealistically simple solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you were to come to a traditional provider who said, 'You know I'm going to have you work really, really, really hard. ... I might have some drugs. Drugs have side effects. And 90 percent of the time, as an adult, he is still going to have autism,' that's a far less attractive message than 'I can help you.' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Beyond Brain Balance\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the end of their older son's second three-month session at Brain Balance, Stephanie and Natalie had completely soured on it. They stopped believing that vibrating armbands and spinning in swivel chairs would translate to social success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They decided to not continue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later, in second grade, their older son began to work with a social worker at school who taught him how to have socially acceptable conversation with his peers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Stephanie and Natalie did something else — the unthinkable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They put their son on a medication called Strattera. Calibrating the proper dosage with tolerable side effects was a drawn-out process, but eventually they reached an equilibrium. Their older son ended up with a new diagnosis that has some overlap with autism but is more consistent with ADHD, which the medication treats.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, he seems to be navigating the world more successfully than before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a Saturday last August, their older son — who once plaintively asked his parents, \"Why aren't I invited to birthday parties?\" — had just wrapped up a party to celebrate turning 10 years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Natalie and Stephanie had pizzas delivered and rented a truck lined with pleather sofas on one side and video game systems along the other. The children sat in pairs and used their greasy fingers to dispatch their avatars against each other in virtual battle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They were yelling my son's name and saying 'Come play with me! Come play with me!' \" recalls Natalie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The birthday boy says he invited almost all of his friends, from school and camp, and all but one showed up, which was more than he could have ever imagined before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Because,\" he says before pausing. \"I haven't had friends for a bit. Until I got my medicine. I got some treatment. I got help. Now, I have tons of friends.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The reporter, Chris Benderev, can be contacted at cbenderev@npr.org.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=%27Cutting+Edge%27+Program+For+Children+With+Autism+And+ADHD+Rests+On+Razor-Thin+Evidence&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "A New Wave Of Meth Overloads Communities Struggling With Opioids",
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"content": "\u003cp>Principal Mary Ann Hale dreads weekends.[contextly_sidebar id=\"QjIcDJYMtfg5dIJ2tgHtDzucgvS1vkD2\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the time Fridays roll around, 74-year-old Hale, a principal at West Elementary School in McArthur, Ohio, is overcome with worry, wondering whether her students will survive the couple of days away from school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Too many children in this part of Ohio's Appalachian country live in unstable homes with a parent facing addiction. For years, the community has struggled with opioids. Ohio had the second-highest number of drug overdose deaths per capita in 2016, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in McArthur, a close-knit village of about 2,000 in rural Vinton County, there has been a significant shift in recent months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They've moved on from the oxycodone and OxyContin,\" says Hale. \"Right now, the biggest problem is meth.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the local ER dispatch, paramedics are observing the change firsthand. \"We used to do a lot of pills, but now the problem is meth,\" says Mike, a paramedic who asked to be identified only by his first name so he could speak freely. \"And it's worse because there's no Narcan for meth,\" he says, referring to the antidote that reverses an opioid overdose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the opioid crisis endures in Ohio, the problem is now compounded by the resurgence of methamphetamine use, \u003ca href=\"https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/methamphetamine\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">an addiction that's even harder to treat,\u003c/a> and can lead to troubling, violent behavior. Local officials and law enforcement are neither staffed nor funded to tackle the growing problem. For McArthur's residents, the impact has been devastating for families across generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 2000s, the last time meth use surged across the country, people would often \"cook\" meth in toxic and explosive labs typically set up in bathrooms, kitchens or abandoned buildings. In response, Congress enacted the Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act in 2006, which regulated the sale of certain over-the-counter drugs, like pseudoephedrine, used in cooking meth. Meth use declined, seizures by law enforcement fell, and meth labs started to disappear.[contextly_sidebar id=\"YSAN9ZbzPDyOVwYJZ4OFKCtJdGfh99pw\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, meth is back, and not just in Ohio. Communities around the country are raising the alarm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, 17,846 pounds of the stimulant drug were seized by law enforcement agents in the U.S. or at the border, according to U.S. Customs and Border Control. By 2017, that number had more than tripled, and much of it now comes from Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What everybody is doing now is buying the cheap Mexican meth, and not cooking anymore,\" says Vinton County prosecutor Trecia Kimes-Brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meth overdoses have been climbing too, though it's harder to overdose on meth than on opioids. Overdoses involving psychostimulants, which include meth, increased from 5 percent of total overdoses in 2010 to 11 percent in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Drug Enforcement Administration confirms that Mexican drug dealers have taken over the market for meth in the U.S. \"Trafficking and usage trends in places like \u003ca href=\"https://www.dea.gov/divisions/det/2018/det040318.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ohio are on the rise\u003c/a>,\" says Cheryl Davis, a special agent and a spokesperson for the DEA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Keeping Up With The Need\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's only one stoplight in McArthur. A sprinkling of locally-owned shops line main street. The talk of the town in recent months has been the opening of a new grocery store, the first in many years. What they still don't have, anywhere in the county, is a hospital or an in-patient treatment center.[contextly_sidebar id=\"Ouvx6KYMlkZveBSoH3UuiIOe3iyO2dUb\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vinton County prosecutor Kimes-Brown says that it's hard to find mental health professionals for users who end up in custody. It's the criminal justice system, she says, that has absorbed the brunt of the drug crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People arrested on meth charges are often transported to neighboring counties, and when there are no spaces available at a nearby jail, Kimes-Brown has to triage. She'll call a judge and negotiate a swap: Let out someone with a misdemeanor, a lower risk to society, and let in one of her violent meth arrestees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I literally have to put them on the street to put this other, more violent offender in jail,\" says Kimes-Brown. \"That happens at least once a week.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That has left Vinton County with an enormous bill. In 2017, a sixth of the county's budget went toward the jail bill — about $578,000, according to county records.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The surge of meth cases has also been overwhelming for local police. It can be riskier for officers to respond to meth-related calls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They are more violent,\" says Ryan Cain, the lead detective on counternarcotics for the county. He says in a rural county with a culture of hunting, it's not uncommon to encounter meth users who are hallucinating — and carrying a gun.[contextly_sidebar id=\"jURV5uNv7tUYtN1vUs6HnvQ1mP05T3xa\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We actually had one guy say that a helicopter was in the backyard and people were repelling down the helicopter,\" he says. \"How strong their hallucinations are is wild.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meth can make people agitated and prone to risk-taking, says Andy Chambers, an addiction psychiatrist and researcher at the Indiana University School of Medicine in Indianapolis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You can develop dangerous psychotic episodes that can look like schizophrenia,\" says Chambers. \"The psychosis can get dangerously paranoid — hearing stuff, feeling like they're being pursued.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it can make people neglectful of their lives, their families — anything but the next high. Cain says he's seen people sell food stamps for 25 or 50 cents on the dollar and steal from family members. \"They spend every dollar they got trying to get the next hit,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Layers of Addiction\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Counselor Amanda Lee of Health Recovery Services rehab center on McArthur's Main Street, regularly treats patients struggling with opioid addiction — and using meth. Sometimes, she says, people turn to meth when they're detoxing from opioids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People are going to meth to get off of opiates,\" says Lee, whose patients tell her opioids are less available on the street these days, while meth is everywhere. \"They go through withdrawal from opiates and sickness and they're using meth to get through it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lee also says when staff give patients Vivitrol treatments, one of a handful of FDA-approved medications for opioid addiction, it still leaves users craving other highs. Vivitrol is a monthly injection which blocks opioid receptors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The Vivitrol injection does not cover receptors in the brain for methamphetamines, so, they can still get high on meth\" says Lee. She thinks Vivitrol might be driving some patients to meth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The connection is not so clear-cut for Chambers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's a lot of urban legend that Vivitrol is causing meth addiction, but it's not true,\" says Chambers. \"You're getting people who were using meth with opiates beforehand and now the meth is prevalent. But it's not that Vivitrol is causing meth.\"[contextly_sidebar id=\"L0FiTy6YTJl26cw07pUSkjE7elCrqCUj\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The real problem, Chambers says, is that patients' meth addiction may be going untreated. While some patients can benefit from Vivitrol or other medication-assisted treatment for opioid use disorder, there's not a drug that helps with meth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The reality is meth has been with us for many years,\" Chambers says. In fact, he says, it might be better to stop talking about an \"opioid crisis\" or a \"meth crisis\" and admit we have a \"polysubstance epidemic.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's underlying it he says, especially in rural areas, is a broken mental health care system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, 56 out of 88 Ohio counties have \u003ca href=\"https://www.odh.ohio.gov/-/media/ODH/ASSETS/Files/chss/Primary-Care-Office/PCO-Needs-Assessment-2015---2016.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mental health care provider shortages\u003c/a>, mostly in rural areas. This leaves about 70 percent of the population with unmet mental health care needs in Ohio, and rates are similar throughout much of the Midwest, South and Western U.S., \u003ca href=\"https://ersrs.hrsa.gov/ReportServer?/HGDW_Reports/BCD_HPSA/BCD_HPSA_SCR50_Qtr_Smry_HTML&rc:Toolbar=false\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">according to data from\u003c/a> the department of Health and Human Services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm concerned about the ongoing shortages,\" says Chambers. \"If you want decent mental healthcare in the U.S. you better live in the big cities.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When Home Is No Longer Safe \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Few have paid a steeper price than the children of Vinton County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These kids are living in these environments where they're not being fed, they're not being clothed properly, they're not being sent to school, they're being mistreated,\" says county prosecutor Kimes-Brown. \"They have a front row seat to all of this.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Teachers and staff at West Elementary are often the first to notice that a child is no longer safe at home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They'll just walk into the office and start crying,\" says Hale, principal at West Elementary School. \"They hug you and you sit down and talk with them and find out what's going on in their secret little world.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The staff at West Elementary School is aware of about 60 students directly affected by the drug crisis — about one sixth of their student body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I've had kids describe to me drug use they've seen,\" says Rebecca Smallwood, the school counselor. \"We had one student who performed CPR on her mom when she overdosed. We've had lots of kids see their parents get arrested.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hale says teachers must know how to read the signs in the classroom. Sometimes the clues are small but revealing. Shoes that are many sizes too small, or students who come to school without socks or underwear. Just outside the principal's office, staff keep a storage room they refer to as \"Little Walmart\" stocked with underwear, shoes, T-shirts, and pants for their students.[contextly_sidebar id=\"Yl7ULowjEhdxm9U74xHlDIbxHZfkeFd0\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For other kids at the school, the signs are much less ambiguous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"[There's] a slide in their academic behaviors, then aggression, crying, or kids talk about suicide,\" says Hale. \"We've been dealing with one of those [cases] this year. Mom's an addict, dad went sideways when mom left, and grandma's raising the little girl.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not uncommon in Vinton County — parents, too consumed with addiction, rely on family members to step in and care for their kids. Usually, it's the child's grandparents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Angela is one of those grandparents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her grandson, Billy, was exposed to his mother's meth addiction early on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(The grandmother asked NPR to refer to them as Angela and Billy to protect the family's privacy.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"One day, she brought him to the house. He was in diapers, he was about a year old and he had a smell to him,\" Angela says. \"He was beet red, like he's been out in the sun. She had him in a meth house and the chemicals is what burned his skin, made him red.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That part of Billy's story is harrowing enough, but it takes an even darker turn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While visiting his grandmother, Billy complained about pain. Angela saw signs on his body that suggested her daughter's boyfriend sexually abused Billy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He did things he shouldn't have to [Billy],\" Angela says, through tears. \"It did a heck of a number on him.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Angela and her husband gained full custody of their grandson in April.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a difficult transition for Billy. When he started living with his grandparents, Angela says he wouldn't talk to strangers — he wouldn't go near men. \"Even his grandpa,\" Angela says, \"he shied away from.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Angela says he still won't sleep alone.[contextly_sidebar id=\"P2oeIdpyCHoTNCgCTewBfJB7IbvQyeu9\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He sleeps on the couch and I'm there because I never know when he's going to have his nightmares,\" she says. \"It's harder on the kids than it is on anyone else.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smallwood says that the school is starting to see the effects of kids that have been shuffled from home to relatives or foster care. \"That kind of disruption, what it does to a student forever, it's huge. You just can't, you can't use enough adjectives to describe what that does.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For kids like Billy, school is often the only place they are safe. It is where there is structure and regular meals and people who keep track of their lives from the moment they get off the school bus through the last bell of the day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it's summer time now, a season most kids and teachers look forward to and relish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At West Elementary it's different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We worry,\" says Principal Hale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+New+Wave+Of+Meth+Overloads+Communities+Struggling+With+Opioids+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Principal Mary Ann Hale dreads weekends.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the time Fridays roll around, 74-year-old Hale, a principal at West Elementary School in McArthur, Ohio, is overcome with worry, wondering whether her students will survive the couple of days away from school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Too many children in this part of Ohio's Appalachian country live in unstable homes with a parent facing addiction. For years, the community has struggled with opioids. Ohio had the second-highest number of drug overdose deaths per capita in 2016, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in McArthur, a close-knit village of about 2,000 in rural Vinton County, there has been a significant shift in recent months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They've moved on from the oxycodone and OxyContin,\" says Hale. \"Right now, the biggest problem is meth.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the local ER dispatch, paramedics are observing the change firsthand. \"We used to do a lot of pills, but now the problem is meth,\" says Mike, a paramedic who asked to be identified only by his first name so he could speak freely. \"And it's worse because there's no Narcan for meth,\" he says, referring to the antidote that reverses an opioid overdose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the opioid crisis endures in Ohio, the problem is now compounded by the resurgence of methamphetamine use, \u003ca href=\"https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/methamphetamine\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">an addiction that's even harder to treat,\u003c/a> and can lead to troubling, violent behavior. Local officials and law enforcement are neither staffed nor funded to tackle the growing problem. For McArthur's residents, the impact has been devastating for families across generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 2000s, the last time meth use surged across the country, people would often \"cook\" meth in toxic and explosive labs typically set up in bathrooms, kitchens or abandoned buildings. In response, Congress enacted the Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act in 2006, which regulated the sale of certain over-the-counter drugs, like pseudoephedrine, used in cooking meth. Meth use declined, seizures by law enforcement fell, and meth labs started to disappear.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, meth is back, and not just in Ohio. Communities around the country are raising the alarm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, 17,846 pounds of the stimulant drug were seized by law enforcement agents in the U.S. or at the border, according to U.S. Customs and Border Control. By 2017, that number had more than tripled, and much of it now comes from Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What everybody is doing now is buying the cheap Mexican meth, and not cooking anymore,\" says Vinton County prosecutor Trecia Kimes-Brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meth overdoses have been climbing too, though it's harder to overdose on meth than on opioids. Overdoses involving psychostimulants, which include meth, increased from 5 percent of total overdoses in 2010 to 11 percent in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Drug Enforcement Administration confirms that Mexican drug dealers have taken over the market for meth in the U.S. \"Trafficking and usage trends in places like \u003ca href=\"https://www.dea.gov/divisions/det/2018/det040318.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ohio are on the rise\u003c/a>,\" says Cheryl Davis, a special agent and a spokesperson for the DEA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Keeping Up With The Need\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's only one stoplight in McArthur. A sprinkling of locally-owned shops line main street. The talk of the town in recent months has been the opening of a new grocery store, the first in many years. What they still don't have, anywhere in the county, is a hospital or an in-patient treatment center.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vinton County prosecutor Kimes-Brown says that it's hard to find mental health professionals for users who end up in custody. It's the criminal justice system, she says, that has absorbed the brunt of the drug crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People arrested on meth charges are often transported to neighboring counties, and when there are no spaces available at a nearby jail, Kimes-Brown has to triage. She'll call a judge and negotiate a swap: Let out someone with a misdemeanor, a lower risk to society, and let in one of her violent meth arrestees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I literally have to put them on the street to put this other, more violent offender in jail,\" says Kimes-Brown. \"That happens at least once a week.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That has left Vinton County with an enormous bill. In 2017, a sixth of the county's budget went toward the jail bill — about $578,000, according to county records.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The surge of meth cases has also been overwhelming for local police. It can be riskier for officers to respond to meth-related calls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They are more violent,\" says Ryan Cain, the lead detective on counternarcotics for the county. He says in a rural county with a culture of hunting, it's not uncommon to encounter meth users who are hallucinating — and carrying a gun.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We actually had one guy say that a helicopter was in the backyard and people were repelling down the helicopter,\" he says. \"How strong their hallucinations are is wild.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meth can make people agitated and prone to risk-taking, says Andy Chambers, an addiction psychiatrist and researcher at the Indiana University School of Medicine in Indianapolis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You can develop dangerous psychotic episodes that can look like schizophrenia,\" says Chambers. \"The psychosis can get dangerously paranoid — hearing stuff, feeling like they're being pursued.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it can make people neglectful of their lives, their families — anything but the next high. Cain says he's seen people sell food stamps for 25 or 50 cents on the dollar and steal from family members. \"They spend every dollar they got trying to get the next hit,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Layers of Addiction\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Counselor Amanda Lee of Health Recovery Services rehab center on McArthur's Main Street, regularly treats patients struggling with opioid addiction — and using meth. Sometimes, she says, people turn to meth when they're detoxing from opioids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People are going to meth to get off of opiates,\" says Lee, whose patients tell her opioids are less available on the street these days, while meth is everywhere. \"They go through withdrawal from opiates and sickness and they're using meth to get through it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lee also says when staff give patients Vivitrol treatments, one of a handful of FDA-approved medications for opioid addiction, it still leaves users craving other highs. Vivitrol is a monthly injection which blocks opioid receptors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The Vivitrol injection does not cover receptors in the brain for methamphetamines, so, they can still get high on meth\" says Lee. She thinks Vivitrol might be driving some patients to meth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The connection is not so clear-cut for Chambers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's a lot of urban legend that Vivitrol is causing meth addiction, but it's not true,\" says Chambers. \"You're getting people who were using meth with opiates beforehand and now the meth is prevalent. But it's not that Vivitrol is causing meth.\"\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The real problem, Chambers says, is that patients' meth addiction may be going untreated. While some patients can benefit from Vivitrol or other medication-assisted treatment for opioid use disorder, there's not a drug that helps with meth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The reality is meth has been with us for many years,\" Chambers says. In fact, he says, it might be better to stop talking about an \"opioid crisis\" or a \"meth crisis\" and admit we have a \"polysubstance epidemic.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's underlying it he says, especially in rural areas, is a broken mental health care system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, 56 out of 88 Ohio counties have \u003ca href=\"https://www.odh.ohio.gov/-/media/ODH/ASSETS/Files/chss/Primary-Care-Office/PCO-Needs-Assessment-2015---2016.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mental health care provider shortages\u003c/a>, mostly in rural areas. This leaves about 70 percent of the population with unmet mental health care needs in Ohio, and rates are similar throughout much of the Midwest, South and Western U.S., \u003ca href=\"https://ersrs.hrsa.gov/ReportServer?/HGDW_Reports/BCD_HPSA/BCD_HPSA_SCR50_Qtr_Smry_HTML&rc:Toolbar=false\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">according to data from\u003c/a> the department of Health and Human Services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm concerned about the ongoing shortages,\" says Chambers. \"If you want decent mental healthcare in the U.S. you better live in the big cities.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When Home Is No Longer Safe \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Few have paid a steeper price than the children of Vinton County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These kids are living in these environments where they're not being fed, they're not being clothed properly, they're not being sent to school, they're being mistreated,\" says county prosecutor Kimes-Brown. \"They have a front row seat to all of this.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Teachers and staff at West Elementary are often the first to notice that a child is no longer safe at home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They'll just walk into the office and start crying,\" says Hale, principal at West Elementary School. \"They hug you and you sit down and talk with them and find out what's going on in their secret little world.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The staff at West Elementary School is aware of about 60 students directly affected by the drug crisis — about one sixth of their student body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I've had kids describe to me drug use they've seen,\" says Rebecca Smallwood, the school counselor. \"We had one student who performed CPR on her mom when she overdosed. We've had lots of kids see their parents get arrested.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hale says teachers must know how to read the signs in the classroom. Sometimes the clues are small but revealing. Shoes that are many sizes too small, or students who come to school without socks or underwear. Just outside the principal's office, staff keep a storage room they refer to as \"Little Walmart\" stocked with underwear, shoes, T-shirts, and pants for their students.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For other kids at the school, the signs are much less ambiguous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"[There's] a slide in their academic behaviors, then aggression, crying, or kids talk about suicide,\" says Hale. \"We've been dealing with one of those [cases] this year. Mom's an addict, dad went sideways when mom left, and grandma's raising the little girl.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not uncommon in Vinton County — parents, too consumed with addiction, rely on family members to step in and care for their kids. Usually, it's the child's grandparents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Angela is one of those grandparents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her grandson, Billy, was exposed to his mother's meth addiction early on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(The grandmother asked NPR to refer to them as Angela and Billy to protect the family's privacy.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"One day, she brought him to the house. He was in diapers, he was about a year old and he had a smell to him,\" Angela says. \"He was beet red, like he's been out in the sun. She had him in a meth house and the chemicals is what burned his skin, made him red.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That part of Billy's story is harrowing enough, but it takes an even darker turn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While visiting his grandmother, Billy complained about pain. Angela saw signs on his body that suggested her daughter's boyfriend sexually abused Billy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He did things he shouldn't have to [Billy],\" Angela says, through tears. \"It did a heck of a number on him.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Angela and her husband gained full custody of their grandson in April.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a difficult transition for Billy. When he started living with his grandparents, Angela says he wouldn't talk to strangers — he wouldn't go near men. \"Even his grandpa,\" Angela says, \"he shied away from.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Angela says he still won't sleep alone.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He sleeps on the couch and I'm there because I never know when he's going to have his nightmares,\" she says. \"It's harder on the kids than it is on anyone else.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smallwood says that the school is starting to see the effects of kids that have been shuffled from home to relatives or foster care. \"That kind of disruption, what it does to a student forever, it's huge. You just can't, you can't use enough adjectives to describe what that does.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For kids like Billy, school is often the only place they are safe. It is where there is structure and regular meals and people who keep track of their lives from the moment they get off the school bus through the last bell of the day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it's summer time now, a season most kids and teachers look forward to and relish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At West Elementary it's different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We worry,\" says Principal Hale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+New+Wave+Of+Meth+Overloads+Communities+Struggling+With+Opioids+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Results Of At-Home Genetic Tests For Health Can Be Hard To Interpret",
"title": "Results Of At-Home Genetic Tests For Health Can Be Hard To Interpret",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>Rita Adele Steyn's mother had a double mastectomy in her 40s because she had so many lumps in her breasts. Her first cousin died of breast cancer. And Steyn's sister is going through chemotherapy for the disease now. Steyn worries she might be next.[contextly_sidebar id=\"2jv7QCmynDbyHW9qUVcm6pRU4NOR220R\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Sometimes you feel like you beat the odds. And sometimes you feel like the odds are against you,\" said Steyn, 42, who lives in Tampa, Fla. \"And right now I feel like the odds are against me.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Steyn jumped at the chance when she heard about a company offering an inexpensive and easy new way to get her DNA tested for genetic mutations that sharply increase the risk for \u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">breast cancer\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I thought it would be good to get tested,\" says Steyn. \"I thought this is something I should know.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She ordered a $200 testing kit from the company, 23andme, spit into a small plastic tube, sent it back and waited for the results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Genetic testing used to be uncommon and ordered only by doctors. They used it mainly to diagnose rare conditions, to find out whether prospective parents are carrying genetic diseases, or to determine whether patients are at risk for diseases in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, more people are getting their DNA analyzed for health reasons, in the comfort of their own homes. As genetic testing has gotten easier, faster and more affordable, it has become a multimillion-dollar industry, with many companies aggressively marketing convenient, inexpensive tests directly to consumers. About one-third of Americans say they or a family member have considered getting a genetic test, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/06/01/616126056/poll-genealogical-curiosity-is-a-top-reason-for-dna-tests-privacy-a-concern\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">according to a recent NPR-IBM Watson Health Poll\u003c/a>. And millions of people have gotten them, for a variety of reasons.[contextly_sidebar id=\"5sGM4fbYVp0AOmgc16BrIla2iYM1tjtz\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This health-related testing is probably the next big step in using genomic information in our lives,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://isearch.asu.edu/profile/2783639\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Robert Cook-Deegan\u003c/a>, who studies health policy at Arizona State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But others find the trend troubling. The tests have limitations and can be hard to interpret without a doctor or genetic counselor to weigh in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pros and Cons\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company Steyn used, \u003ca href=\"https://www.23andme.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">23andMe\u003c/a>, recently \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/03/07/591423146/test-for-breast-cancer-gene-will-be-available-in-weeks\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">became the first to win approval\u003c/a> from the Food and Drug Administration to market a genetic test for cancer directly to consumers without a doctor's order. It spent $27.9 million on advertising in the first quarter of 2018, according to the tracking firm Kantar Media. (NPR receives financial support from 23andMe.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The industry is set to grow even more as restrictions on the medical uses of these tests are eased. The Food and Drug Administration recently \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm583885.htm\">announced\u003c/a> plans to make it easier for these kinds of tests to win approval.[contextly_sidebar id=\"6BR65Pmc5xtQQjBssPMWnhSlrwXrhHIz\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many physicians welcome the trend, saying it's giving people valuable information. Consumers can find out early whether they are at increased risk for cancer, Alzheimer's and other diseases — and take steps to protect themselves. The testing can also sometimes help identify the safest and most effective medications to use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Direct-to-consumer genetics companies are leading the way toward democratizing genetics and making it available to more and more people to learn about their risks and intervene in ways to keep themselves healthy,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://personalizedmedicine.partners.org/About/Leadership-Team/Robert%20Green.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Robert Green\u003c/a>, a medical geneticist at Harvard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But other genetic specialists, including \u003ca href=\"https://www.med.unc.edu/im/patients/general-medicine-internal-medicine-clinic/james-evans-md-phd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">James Evans\u003c/a>, a professor of genetics and medicine at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, argue genetic testing is still in its infancy and that the results are often inconclusive and confusing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think that it's an unfortunate development that will likely cause considerable mischief,\" Evans says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One problem is that patients can be easily overwhelmed when results are misleading or murky. Genetic testing is still best done through doctors, he says, working with specially trained genetic counselors who can guide patients every step of the way.[contextly_sidebar id=\"xJAmUsouQpJLM7V2Qt8t7fJx04FgVQwG\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What people deserve is well-thought-out information,\" Evans says. \"The only people who will really benefit are the investors in these companies that market these incomplete and misleading tests.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some companies are offering newer forms of genetic testing that decipher and analyze every gene known to carry instructions for producing proteins that might reveal mutations — a process called \u003ca href=\"https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/testing/sequencing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">whole exome sequencing\u003c/a>. Still others analyze the entire genetic code, which is called \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodScienceResearch/WholeGenomeSequencingProgramWGS/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">whole genome sequencing\u003c/a>, which may find additional clues to disease. They will then analyze customers' genomes for any variations known to be associated with diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The approach 23andMe takes is a rapid, but older, process. It analyzes short pieces of DNA for genetic variations known as \u003ca href=\"https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/genomicresearch/snp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">single nucleotide variations (SNPs)\u003c/a> associated with specific diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Except for 23andMe, all of the companies still require a doctor's order to get this testing. But an increasing number of these companies will find a physician to sign off on that for customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're all about empowering consumers and making it as easy as possible for people to get these insights,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.helix.com/blog/author/elissa-levin/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Elissa Levin\u003c/a>, director of policy and clinical services at \u003ca href=\"https://www.helix.com/\">Helix\u003c/a>, a genetic testing company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.stanford.edu/louanne-hudgins\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Louanne Hudgins\u003c/a>, president of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.acmg.net/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics\u003c/a>, says she's \"very concerned\" about this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Individuals should be evaluated by medical professionals who are not conflicted, meaning they do not somehow work for a company,\" Hudgins says. \"Doctors who are contracted by companies are going to say, 'Do the test' no matter what, even if the test may not be indicated.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The companies defend the practice, saying the doctors they find for customers may be better suited than the average physician.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The majority of doctors have had maybe one class in genetics,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.color.com/team\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Othman Laraki\u003c/a>, CEO of Color Genomics, another genetic testing company. \"I think it's much more important to have someone who has a background in genetics than just simply have someone who you can physically meet with.\"[contextly_sidebar id=\"z5IAPc8KdOy51FSsfsI8mbgyU8TgOGr0\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Privacy is another concern. Genetic testing companies say they have strict policies and procedures to protect customers' information. But some firms provide access to the genetic information they collect on an anonymous basis to drug companies and others to use for research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent breaches of privacy by companies that collect information about people, such as Facebook, have underscored the risks of electronic data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm really hoping that the security practices associated with genetic information are quite strong,\" says Cook-Deegan. \"The companies say they're strong. Time will tell if that's true.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.eeoc.gov/laws/statutes/gina.cfm\">federal law\u003c/a> prohibits the use of genetic information to discriminate against the people for health insurance or jobs. But that law does not protect against the use of genetic information in making decisions about other things, such as life and long-term care insurance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These are the types of things you really ought to consider when thinking about doing this kind of genetic testing — not whether there's a special on the testing this week,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://louisville.edu/bioethics/directory/mark-a.-rothstein\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mark Rothstein\u003c/a>, a professor of medicine and a bioethicist at the University of Louisville School of Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Results — With Limitations\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About a month after sending in her sample, Steyn got a notice that the results of her breast cancer test were ready.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm really nervous,\" she said as she read through the company's explanation of what her results do and do not mean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She paused in silence after she clicked to get the results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It says zero variants detected,\" Steyn finally said, meaning the test had not found any mutations that would increase her risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I guess I do feel really relieved. It does make me feel better,\" she said, her voice cracking. \"I guess I just feel my chances are better now, you know?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics worry the testing is misleading — and relying on it could be dangerous. It tests for only three mutations in two genes known as \u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/genetics/brca-fact-sheet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">BRCA1 and BRCA2\u003c/a> that can increase the risk for breast and \u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.org/cancer/ovarian-cancer.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ovarian cancer\u003c/a>. Women could still have one of the thousands of other mutations that increase the risk, or be at risk for other, nongenetic reasons.[contextly_sidebar id=\"yoPuviqWfqVzH92JGqeNFv9hvL3T9Qlf\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The concern is that if a woman's 23andMe test shows she's free of the risky mutations, she may think she's in the clear and not do things she should do, such as get regular mammograms or undergo more thorough genetic testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"To be very blunt, I worry that women who undertake testing from 23andMe could believe that they do not carry a mutation when in fact they do, and as a consequence could die of breast or ovarian cancer,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.gs.washington.edu/faculty/king.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mary-Claire King\u003c/a>, a University of Washington geneticist who helped identify the breast cancer genes. \"I do not want to see that happen.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company argues that it makes the test's limitations very clear and encourages women to talk to their doctor about the results and possibly seek more extensive genetic testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For women who discover they have one of the risky gene variants, the information could be crucial, according to \u003ca href=\"https://medical.23andme.com/medical-team/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stacey Detweiller\u003c/a>, a medical affairs associate and genetic counselor at 23andMe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our mission is helping people access, understand and benefit from the human genome,\" Detweiller says. \"There's steps that can be taken from knowing this information that could be life-saving.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steyn and the two other women NPR followed through the process of taking the test seemed to understand the test's limitations. They said they knew they couldn't rely on it, but they were curious to see the results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Steyn admits that she felt somewhat less urgency to get a mammogram or additional testing because of the 23andMe test results, especially since she doesn't have health insurance at the moment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm glad I did it, especially in light of the fact that I find myself in a position where I do have to wait to see a doctor now because of the insurance situation I find myself in,\" Steyn says. \"Now I feel a little bit better about waiting. Beforehand, I probably would have not waited and figure out a way to afford this.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Results+Of+At-Home+Genetic+Tests+For+Health+Can+Be+Hard+To+Interpret+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "As home genetic testing continues to boom, more people are getting their DNA tested for health reasons. The tests may signal future disease, but there are many limitations that might falsely reassure.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Rita Adele Steyn's mother had a double mastectomy in her 40s because she had so many lumps in her breasts. Her first cousin died of breast cancer. And Steyn's sister is going through chemotherapy for the disease now. Steyn worries she might be next.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Sometimes you feel like you beat the odds. And sometimes you feel like the odds are against you,\" said Steyn, 42, who lives in Tampa, Fla. \"And right now I feel like the odds are against me.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Steyn jumped at the chance when she heard about a company offering an inexpensive and easy new way to get her DNA tested for genetic mutations that sharply increase the risk for \u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">breast cancer\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I thought it would be good to get tested,\" says Steyn. \"I thought this is something I should know.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She ordered a $200 testing kit from the company, 23andme, spit into a small plastic tube, sent it back and waited for the results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Genetic testing used to be uncommon and ordered only by doctors. They used it mainly to diagnose rare conditions, to find out whether prospective parents are carrying genetic diseases, or to determine whether patients are at risk for diseases in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, more people are getting their DNA analyzed for health reasons, in the comfort of their own homes. As genetic testing has gotten easier, faster and more affordable, it has become a multimillion-dollar industry, with many companies aggressively marketing convenient, inexpensive tests directly to consumers. About one-third of Americans say they or a family member have considered getting a genetic test, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/06/01/616126056/poll-genealogical-curiosity-is-a-top-reason-for-dna-tests-privacy-a-concern\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">according to a recent NPR-IBM Watson Health Poll\u003c/a>. And millions of people have gotten them, for a variety of reasons.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This health-related testing is probably the next big step in using genomic information in our lives,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://isearch.asu.edu/profile/2783639\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Robert Cook-Deegan\u003c/a>, who studies health policy at Arizona State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But others find the trend troubling. The tests have limitations and can be hard to interpret without a doctor or genetic counselor to weigh in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pros and Cons\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company Steyn used, \u003ca href=\"https://www.23andme.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">23andMe\u003c/a>, recently \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/03/07/591423146/test-for-breast-cancer-gene-will-be-available-in-weeks\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">became the first to win approval\u003c/a> from the Food and Drug Administration to market a genetic test for cancer directly to consumers without a doctor's order. It spent $27.9 million on advertising in the first quarter of 2018, according to the tracking firm Kantar Media. (NPR receives financial support from 23andMe.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The industry is set to grow even more as restrictions on the medical uses of these tests are eased. The Food and Drug Administration recently \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm583885.htm\">announced\u003c/a> plans to make it easier for these kinds of tests to win approval.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many physicians welcome the trend, saying it's giving people valuable information. Consumers can find out early whether they are at increased risk for cancer, Alzheimer's and other diseases — and take steps to protect themselves. The testing can also sometimes help identify the safest and most effective medications to use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Direct-to-consumer genetics companies are leading the way toward democratizing genetics and making it available to more and more people to learn about their risks and intervene in ways to keep themselves healthy,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://personalizedmedicine.partners.org/About/Leadership-Team/Robert%20Green.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Robert Green\u003c/a>, a medical geneticist at Harvard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But other genetic specialists, including \u003ca href=\"https://www.med.unc.edu/im/patients/general-medicine-internal-medicine-clinic/james-evans-md-phd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">James Evans\u003c/a>, a professor of genetics and medicine at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, argue genetic testing is still in its infancy and that the results are often inconclusive and confusing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think that it's an unfortunate development that will likely cause considerable mischief,\" Evans says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One problem is that patients can be easily overwhelmed when results are misleading or murky. Genetic testing is still best done through doctors, he says, working with specially trained genetic counselors who can guide patients every step of the way.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What people deserve is well-thought-out information,\" Evans says. \"The only people who will really benefit are the investors in these companies that market these incomplete and misleading tests.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some companies are offering newer forms of genetic testing that decipher and analyze every gene known to carry instructions for producing proteins that might reveal mutations — a process called \u003ca href=\"https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/testing/sequencing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">whole exome sequencing\u003c/a>. Still others analyze the entire genetic code, which is called \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodScienceResearch/WholeGenomeSequencingProgramWGS/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">whole genome sequencing\u003c/a>, which may find additional clues to disease. They will then analyze customers' genomes for any variations known to be associated with diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The approach 23andMe takes is a rapid, but older, process. It analyzes short pieces of DNA for genetic variations known as \u003ca href=\"https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/genomicresearch/snp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">single nucleotide variations (SNPs)\u003c/a> associated with specific diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Except for 23andMe, all of the companies still require a doctor's order to get this testing. But an increasing number of these companies will find a physician to sign off on that for customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're all about empowering consumers and making it as easy as possible for people to get these insights,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.helix.com/blog/author/elissa-levin/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Elissa Levin\u003c/a>, director of policy and clinical services at \u003ca href=\"https://www.helix.com/\">Helix\u003c/a>, a genetic testing company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.stanford.edu/louanne-hudgins\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Louanne Hudgins\u003c/a>, president of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.acmg.net/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics\u003c/a>, says she's \"very concerned\" about this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Individuals should be evaluated by medical professionals who are not conflicted, meaning they do not somehow work for a company,\" Hudgins says. \"Doctors who are contracted by companies are going to say, 'Do the test' no matter what, even if the test may not be indicated.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The companies defend the practice, saying the doctors they find for customers may be better suited than the average physician.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The majority of doctors have had maybe one class in genetics,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.color.com/team\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Othman Laraki\u003c/a>, CEO of Color Genomics, another genetic testing company. \"I think it's much more important to have someone who has a background in genetics than just simply have someone who you can physically meet with.\"\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Privacy is another concern. Genetic testing companies say they have strict policies and procedures to protect customers' information. But some firms provide access to the genetic information they collect on an anonymous basis to drug companies and others to use for research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent breaches of privacy by companies that collect information about people, such as Facebook, have underscored the risks of electronic data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm really hoping that the security practices associated with genetic information are quite strong,\" says Cook-Deegan. \"The companies say they're strong. Time will tell if that's true.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.eeoc.gov/laws/statutes/gina.cfm\">federal law\u003c/a> prohibits the use of genetic information to discriminate against the people for health insurance or jobs. But that law does not protect against the use of genetic information in making decisions about other things, such as life and long-term care insurance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These are the types of things you really ought to consider when thinking about doing this kind of genetic testing — not whether there's a special on the testing this week,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://louisville.edu/bioethics/directory/mark-a.-rothstein\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mark Rothstein\u003c/a>, a professor of medicine and a bioethicist at the University of Louisville School of Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Results — With Limitations\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About a month after sending in her sample, Steyn got a notice that the results of her breast cancer test were ready.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm really nervous,\" she said as she read through the company's explanation of what her results do and do not mean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She paused in silence after she clicked to get the results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It says zero variants detected,\" Steyn finally said, meaning the test had not found any mutations that would increase her risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I guess I do feel really relieved. It does make me feel better,\" she said, her voice cracking. \"I guess I just feel my chances are better now, you know?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics worry the testing is misleading — and relying on it could be dangerous. It tests for only three mutations in two genes known as \u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/genetics/brca-fact-sheet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">BRCA1 and BRCA2\u003c/a> that can increase the risk for breast and \u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.org/cancer/ovarian-cancer.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ovarian cancer\u003c/a>. Women could still have one of the thousands of other mutations that increase the risk, or be at risk for other, nongenetic reasons.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The concern is that if a woman's 23andMe test shows she's free of the risky mutations, she may think she's in the clear and not do things she should do, such as get regular mammograms or undergo more thorough genetic testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"To be very blunt, I worry that women who undertake testing from 23andMe could believe that they do not carry a mutation when in fact they do, and as a consequence could die of breast or ovarian cancer,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.gs.washington.edu/faculty/king.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mary-Claire King\u003c/a>, a University of Washington geneticist who helped identify the breast cancer genes. \"I do not want to see that happen.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company argues that it makes the test's limitations very clear and encourages women to talk to their doctor about the results and possibly seek more extensive genetic testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For women who discover they have one of the risky gene variants, the information could be crucial, according to \u003ca href=\"https://medical.23andme.com/medical-team/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stacey Detweiller\u003c/a>, a medical affairs associate and genetic counselor at 23andMe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our mission is helping people access, understand and benefit from the human genome,\" Detweiller says. \"There's steps that can be taken from knowing this information that could be life-saving.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steyn and the two other women NPR followed through the process of taking the test seemed to understand the test's limitations. They said they knew they couldn't rely on it, but they were curious to see the results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Steyn admits that she felt somewhat less urgency to get a mammogram or additional testing because of the 23andMe test results, especially since she doesn't have health insurance at the moment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm glad I did it, especially in light of the fact that I find myself in a position where I do have to wait to see a doctor now because of the insurance situation I find myself in,\" Steyn says. \"Now I feel a little bit better about waiting. Beforehand, I probably would have not waited and figure out a way to afford this.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Results+Of+At-Home+Genetic+Tests+For+Health+Can+Be+Hard+To+Interpret+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>U.S. regulators have approved the first generic version of an under-the-tongue film for treating opioid addiction.[contextly_sidebar id=\"0aUmI4gi0W92FnpTgKsDzebI0XydwaN6\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Food and Drug Administration on Thursday approved a generic version of Suboxone, a film strip that dissolves under the tongue. Used daily, it reduces withdrawal symptoms, cravings for opioids and the high from abusing them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The medication combines buprenorphine and naloxone. It’s used along with counseling and other behavioral therapy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The generic version will be sold by partners Mylan N.V. and Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories SA. They didn’t immediately respond to questions about when their version will be available or what it will cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brand-name Suboxone film costs about $200 a month without insurance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA said the approval was aimed at making the treatment available to more people.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>The University of California will be receiving two CRISPR-related \u003ca href=\"http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=9,994,831.PN.&OS=PN/9,994,831&RS=PN/9,994,831\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">patents\u003c/a>, marking another step forward in the university's long battle to assert its claims to the revolutionary technology.[contextly_sidebar id=\"HobWula6BihfuZ4zJKYzmOCLk2EeUohl\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Berkeley \u003ca href=\"https://nature1.berkeley.edu/breakthroughs/sp18/genes-to-global-solutions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pioneered the technology\u003c/a> in 2012, when a team led by biochemist \u003ca href=\"http://doudnalab.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jennifer Doudna\u003c/a> reported that they had successfully developed a “programmable” genome-editing tool that makes highly targeted alterations to the genome of a plant or animal. A team at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.broadinstitute.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Broad Institute\u003c/a>, owned jointly by Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute, was also researching the technology during the same period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Commonly known as CRISPR—an acronym for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats, the groundbreaking technology offers a method to fix genes in living things. It could be used to develop everything from drought-resistant crops, to new treatments for genetic disorders and cancers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Berkeley is in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/372137/uc-berkeley-renews-legal-fight-over-crispr-cas9-patent-rights\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">legal fight\u003c/a> with the Broad Institute over the patent rights to CRISPR. UC Berkeley filed its patent application before Broad did, but Broad fast-tracked its application.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The United States Patent and Trademark Office in February 2017 \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/338066/broad-institute-wins-decision-over-uc-berkeley-in-crispr-patent-battle\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">awarded a patent\u003c/a> to Broad for CRISPR's use in plant and animal cells, and a pending patent to UC Berkeley for CRISPR's use in bacterial cells. The UC appealed in April 2017, arguing its scientists were the first inventors of the technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"dldVTmrihr5ckptkstBunRusJqL7Q1kF\"]The patent granted to UC Berkeley on Tuesday focuses on using the tool to edit single-stranded RNA, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/06/13/university-of-california-granted-a-key-crispr-patent/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a \u003cem>STAT News \u003c/em>report\u003c/a>. The federal agency will reportedly award a second patent next week. That patent, reports STAT, will focus on using the tool to edit regions specifically 10 to 15 base pairs long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some experts are downplaying the patents' significance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to New York Law School associate professor Jacob Sherkow, who spoke with\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/06/13/university-of-california-granted-a-key-crispr-patent/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem> STAT\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, the second patent will likely have “pretty minimal” commercial value.[contextly_sidebar id=\"r1GPWMK2Ali0LLhAqlMmjHyUin6pJWDz\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The USPTO has so far granted more than \u003ca href=\"https://www.broadinstitute.org/crispr/journalists-statement-and-background-crispr-patent-process\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">60 CRISPR-related patents\u003c/a> to inventors from 18 organizations, according to the Broad Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, news of the university's patent awards come as two new \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-018-0050-6.epdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">studies\u003c/a> published on Monday caution that gene cells edited with CRISPR-Cas9 \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/442526/major-hurdle-for-crispr-edited-cells-might-cause-cancer-find-two-studies\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">may be linked\u003c/a> to cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The University of California will be receiving two CRISPR-related \u003ca href=\"http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=9,994,831.PN.&OS=PN/9,994,831&RS=PN/9,994,831\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">patents\u003c/a>, marking another step forward in the university's long battle to assert its claims to the revolutionary technology.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Berkeley \u003ca href=\"https://nature1.berkeley.edu/breakthroughs/sp18/genes-to-global-solutions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pioneered the technology\u003c/a> in 2012, when a team led by biochemist \u003ca href=\"http://doudnalab.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jennifer Doudna\u003c/a> reported that they had successfully developed a “programmable” genome-editing tool that makes highly targeted alterations to the genome of a plant or animal. A team at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.broadinstitute.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Broad Institute\u003c/a>, owned jointly by Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute, was also researching the technology during the same period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Commonly known as CRISPR—an acronym for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats, the groundbreaking technology offers a method to fix genes in living things. It could be used to develop everything from drought-resistant crops, to new treatments for genetic disorders and cancers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Berkeley is in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/372137/uc-berkeley-renews-legal-fight-over-crispr-cas9-patent-rights\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">legal fight\u003c/a> with the Broad Institute over the patent rights to CRISPR. UC Berkeley filed its patent application before Broad did, but Broad fast-tracked its application.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The United States Patent and Trademark Office in February 2017 \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/338066/broad-institute-wins-decision-over-uc-berkeley-in-crispr-patent-battle\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">awarded a patent\u003c/a> to Broad for CRISPR's use in plant and animal cells, and a pending patent to UC Berkeley for CRISPR's use in bacterial cells. The UC appealed in April 2017, arguing its scientists were the first inventors of the technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The patent granted to UC Berkeley on Tuesday focuses on using the tool to edit single-stranded RNA, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/06/13/university-of-california-granted-a-key-crispr-patent/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a \u003cem>STAT News \u003c/em>report\u003c/a>. The federal agency will reportedly award a second patent next week. That patent, reports STAT, will focus on using the tool to edit regions specifically 10 to 15 base pairs long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some experts are downplaying the patents' significance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to New York Law School associate professor Jacob Sherkow, who spoke with\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/06/13/university-of-california-granted-a-key-crispr-patent/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem> STAT\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, the second patent will likely have “pretty minimal” commercial value.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The USPTO has so far granted more than \u003ca href=\"https://www.broadinstitute.org/crispr/journalists-statement-and-background-crispr-patent-process\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">60 CRISPR-related patents\u003c/a> to inventors from 18 organizations, according to the Broad Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, news of the university's patent awards come as two new \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-018-0050-6.epdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">studies\u003c/a> published on Monday caution that gene cells edited with CRISPR-Cas9 \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/442526/major-hurdle-for-crispr-edited-cells-might-cause-cancer-find-two-studies\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">may be linked\u003c/a> to cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "California Legislature May Create New Harassment Unit",
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"headTitle": "Women’s Health | KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>The California Legislature may create a new investigative unit to focus solely on harassment and discrimination complaints and hire an outside panel of experts to recommend discipline for perpetrators.[contextly_sidebar id=\"gygDT1q9e2GXTpIUvnzOlJzHxf7Un2mj\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those are key pieces of a sweeping policy overhaul proposed Friday by two lawmakers tasked with revamping the Capitol’s sexual misconduct policies after several lawmakers and high-level staffers were accused of groping and other inappropriate conduct. The policy could be edited before an approval vote June 25, but Assembly and Senate leaders offered their support.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critical details are still lacking, such as how much the new unit would cost, how many employees it would include and how members of the independent review panel would be selected. But Assemblywoman Laura Friedman and Sen. Holly Mitchell, who drove the new proposal, called it a major step toward improving the Capitol culture to better protect employees from harassment and discrimination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a sea change,” Friedman said, a Glendale Democrat. “I think (it’s) very, very different from what other government entities have done.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the wake of the #MeToo movement, statehouses across the country are grappling with how best to handle inappropriate workplace culture and conduct by lawmakers who can only be removed by voters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The newly proposed “Workplace Conduct Unit” would operate within the Legislative Counsel’s office. Friedman said it would operate independently, but a policy outline shared with reports said the Legislative Counsel would oversee the unit.[contextly_sidebar id=\"NvLxTNw55pZieA3bpNA5g1Yv3c3lysMm\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Legislature would also appoint five outside experts to a panel tasked with reviewing the facts discovered by investigators, determining whether the accusations have merit and recommending how the Legislature should respond. Discipline options could range from requiring an employee or lawmaker to undergo more bias training to termination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Assembly and Senate would still have the ultimate say on how to discipline employees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics of the Legislature’s existing policy have said it’s unfair because it is not truly independent. Friedman and Mitchell said it hasn’t been determined whether now-active investigations would be re-routed through the new process if it is adopted. The Assembly just resumed an investigation into a groping allegation against Democratic Assemblywoman Cristina Garcia after determining last month it couldn’t be substantiated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposed policy also aims to spur a shift in how people in the Capitol community speak and act toward each other. It encourages people to report minor incidents such as insensitive comments all the way through more aggressive acts of misconduct.[contextly_sidebar id=\"o7tnf7HZ8VgExXfhk7wX49GBtlwjq3re\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not every complaint would go through the full investigative process, but the policy is designed to clamp down on any type of behavior that contributes to a toxic culture. It would revamp the Legislature’s training process to be more hands on and include sessions on implicit bias.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can have the best policy on paper but until the culture of your organization really embodies that culture you want to have, those policies can only go so far,” Friedman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new investigative unit and panel system would handle any type of harassment or discrimination complaints, including those based on race or sexual orientation. Other complaints would go through the normal human resources process.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The California Legislature may create a new investigative unit to focus solely on harassment and discrimination complaints and hire an outside panel of experts to recommend discipline for perpetrators.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those are key pieces of a sweeping policy overhaul proposed Friday by two lawmakers tasked with revamping the Capitol’s sexual misconduct policies after several lawmakers and high-level staffers were accused of groping and other inappropriate conduct. The policy could be edited before an approval vote June 25, but Assembly and Senate leaders offered their support.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critical details are still lacking, such as how much the new unit would cost, how many employees it would include and how members of the independent review panel would be selected. But Assemblywoman Laura Friedman and Sen. Holly Mitchell, who drove the new proposal, called it a major step toward improving the Capitol culture to better protect employees from harassment and discrimination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a sea change,” Friedman said, a Glendale Democrat. “I think (it’s) very, very different from what other government entities have done.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the wake of the #MeToo movement, statehouses across the country are grappling with how best to handle inappropriate workplace culture and conduct by lawmakers who can only be removed by voters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The newly proposed “Workplace Conduct Unit” would operate within the Legislative Counsel’s office. Friedman said it would operate independently, but a policy outline shared with reports said the Legislative Counsel would oversee the unit.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Legislature would also appoint five outside experts to a panel tasked with reviewing the facts discovered by investigators, determining whether the accusations have merit and recommending how the Legislature should respond. Discipline options could range from requiring an employee or lawmaker to undergo more bias training to termination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Assembly and Senate would still have the ultimate say on how to discipline employees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics of the Legislature’s existing policy have said it’s unfair because it is not truly independent. Friedman and Mitchell said it hasn’t been determined whether now-active investigations would be re-routed through the new process if it is adopted. The Assembly just resumed an investigation into a groping allegation against Democratic Assemblywoman Cristina Garcia after determining last month it couldn’t be substantiated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposed policy also aims to spur a shift in how people in the Capitol community speak and act toward each other. It encourages people to report minor incidents such as insensitive comments all the way through more aggressive acts of misconduct.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not every complaint would go through the full investigative process, but the policy is designed to clamp down on any type of behavior that contributes to a toxic culture. It would revamp the Legislature’s training process to be more hands on and include sessions on implicit bias.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can have the best policy on paper but until the culture of your organization really embodies that culture you want to have, those policies can only go so far,” Friedman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new investigative unit and panel system would handle any type of harassment or discrimination complaints, including those based on race or sexual orientation. Other complaints would go through the normal human resources process.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"soldout": {
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