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"content": "\u003cp>Leaders can have many different styles — just compare President Donald Trump to \u003ca href=\"https://www.malala.org/malalas-story\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Malala Yousafzai\u003c/a> to your boss or the coach of your kid's soccer team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.aat0036\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> published Thursday suggests that people who end up in leadership roles of various sorts all share one key trait: Leaders make decisions for a group in the same way that they make decisions for themselves. They don't change their decision-making behavior, even when other people's welfare is at stake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may come as a bit of surprise, given that most lists of key leadership qualities focus on things like charisma and communication skills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Previous research has mostly focused on these kinds of either personality characteristics of a leader, or situations where individuals are likely to lead,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.econ.uzh.ch/en/people/researchers/edelson.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Micah Edelson\u003c/a>, a neuroscientist at the University of Zurich in Switzerland. \"But we don't know much about the cognitive or neurobiological process that is happening when you are choosing to lead or follow — when you're faced with this choice to lead or follow.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He notes that the decisions of leaders can affect the lives of many others. \"It's not always that easy to make such a choice, and it's something that could be even a little bit aversive to you, to make a choice that impacts other people,\" says Edelson. \"And there are some people that seem to be able to do it; some people don't. So we were interested in looking at that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and his colleagues had volunteers come to the lab, and gave them questionnaires that are widely used to predict whether someone is likely to be in a position of leadership. They also collected information about people's real-world leadership experience, such as what rank they'd achieved in the military (which is compulsory for men in Switzerland) or in the popular Swiss Scouts organization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then they put the participants into small groups and had them play a series of games in which individuals had to make choices about whether to take a risky action to get a reward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These are choices about uncertain gambles that have some probability of success and potential gains and losses,\" Edelson explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The player could choose to either make the choice alone, or defer the decision to a majority vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The games were played under two conditions: Sometimes the decision affected only the individual player's winnings and other times the decision affected what the entire group received.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What the researchers found is that people in general tended to avoid taking responsibility for what happens to others; deferral rates were the highest when decisions affected other people's pocketbooks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the people who changed their decision-making behavior the least were the ones who generally served as leaders in the real-world and scored high on leadership questionnaires. Unlike others, they did not require more certainty before being ready to personally make a decision that would affect the whole group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"On average, people tend to increase the certainty threshold when the choices affect the entire group. But higher-scoring leaders just keep their thresholds almost constant,\" says Edelson, who says preliminary work using MRI brain scanning supports the idea that leaders and followers differ in how their brains process information about gains, losses, and risk in the context of thinking about others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other neuroscientists say the work, published in the journal \u003cem>Science\u003c/em>, is fascinating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It seems a very reasonable finding,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://affectivebrain.com/?page_id=161\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tali Sharot\u003c/a>, a cognitive neuroscientist at University College London. \"It works with our intuition, but in the same way it's not something that you'd necessarily think about that distinguishes leadership.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sharot cautions that it's not clear whether this decision-making behavior is what led people to their leadership position, or if they've developed it as a result of real-world leadership experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this study doesn't say anything about who ends up being a \"good\" leader, either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Sharot says the researchers have identified something about leadership that can hold true regardless of a leader's style.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You can have authoritarian leaders who like to have the ultimate control,\" she says. \"You can have democratic leaders who want to lead according to the will of the people. You have leaders who are risk-takers, leaders who are risk-adverse and conservative and so on.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what's really interesting about this work, she says, is that these different types of leaders' decision-making behavior stays the same regardless of whether the outcome affects only themselves or other people. \"What this paper shows is that all these types of individuals, all these types of leaders, have something in common.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=What+Makes+A+Leader%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Leaders can have many different styles — just compare President Donald Trump to \u003ca href=\"https://www.malala.org/malalas-story\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Malala Yousafzai\u003c/a> to your boss or the coach of your kid's soccer team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.aat0036\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> published Thursday suggests that people who end up in leadership roles of various sorts all share one key trait: Leaders make decisions for a group in the same way that they make decisions for themselves. They don't change their decision-making behavior, even when other people's welfare is at stake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may come as a bit of surprise, given that most lists of key leadership qualities focus on things like charisma and communication skills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Previous research has mostly focused on these kinds of either personality characteristics of a leader, or situations where individuals are likely to lead,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.econ.uzh.ch/en/people/researchers/edelson.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Micah Edelson\u003c/a>, a neuroscientist at the University of Zurich in Switzerland. \"But we don't know much about the cognitive or neurobiological process that is happening when you are choosing to lead or follow — when you're faced with this choice to lead or follow.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He notes that the decisions of leaders can affect the lives of many others. \"It's not always that easy to make such a choice, and it's something that could be even a little bit aversive to you, to make a choice that impacts other people,\" says Edelson. \"And there are some people that seem to be able to do it; some people don't. So we were interested in looking at that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and his colleagues had volunteers come to the lab, and gave them questionnaires that are widely used to predict whether someone is likely to be in a position of leadership. They also collected information about people's real-world leadership experience, such as what rank they'd achieved in the military (which is compulsory for men in Switzerland) or in the popular Swiss Scouts organization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then they put the participants into small groups and had them play a series of games in which individuals had to make choices about whether to take a risky action to get a reward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These are choices about uncertain gambles that have some probability of success and potential gains and losses,\" Edelson explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The player could choose to either make the choice alone, or defer the decision to a majority vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The games were played under two conditions: Sometimes the decision affected only the individual player's winnings and other times the decision affected what the entire group received.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What the researchers found is that people in general tended to avoid taking responsibility for what happens to others; deferral rates were the highest when decisions affected other people's pocketbooks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the people who changed their decision-making behavior the least were the ones who generally served as leaders in the real-world and scored high on leadership questionnaires. Unlike others, they did not require more certainty before being ready to personally make a decision that would affect the whole group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"On average, people tend to increase the certainty threshold when the choices affect the entire group. But higher-scoring leaders just keep their thresholds almost constant,\" says Edelson, who says preliminary work using MRI brain scanning supports the idea that leaders and followers differ in how their brains process information about gains, losses, and risk in the context of thinking about others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other neuroscientists say the work, published in the journal \u003cem>Science\u003c/em>, is fascinating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It seems a very reasonable finding,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://affectivebrain.com/?page_id=161\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tali Sharot\u003c/a>, a cognitive neuroscientist at University College London. \"It works with our intuition, but in the same way it's not something that you'd necessarily think about that distinguishes leadership.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sharot cautions that it's not clear whether this decision-making behavior is what led people to their leadership position, or if they've developed it as a result of real-world leadership experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this study doesn't say anything about who ends up being a \"good\" leader, either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Sharot says the researchers have identified something about leadership that can hold true regardless of a leader's style.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You can have authoritarian leaders who like to have the ultimate control,\" she says. \"You can have democratic leaders who want to lead according to the will of the people. You have leaders who are risk-takers, leaders who are risk-adverse and conservative and so on.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what's really interesting about this work, she says, is that these different types of leaders' decision-making behavior stays the same regardless of whether the outcome affects only themselves or other people. \"What this paper shows is that all these types of individuals, all these types of leaders, have something in common.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=What+Makes+A+Leader%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Mom, Desperate to Help Her Son, Drove the First Cannabis Pharmaceutical to Market",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The first prescription medication extracted from the marijuana plant is poised to land on pharmacists' shelves this fall. Epidiolex, made from purified cannabidiol, or CBD, a compound found in the cannabis plant,\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/06/25/623236189/fda-green-lights-marijuana-based-pharmaceutical-drug\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> is approved for two rare types of epilepsy.\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Its journey to market was driven forward by one family's quest to find a treatment for their son's epilepsy.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'\"I thought, 'My son needs access to that. \"'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Scientific and public interest in CBD had been percolating for several years before the Food and Drug Administration finally approved Epidiolex in June. But researching CBD — which doesn't cause the mind-altering high that comes from THC, the primary psychoactive component of marijuana — is hard, because of tight restrictions on using cannabis in research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sam Vogelstein's family and his doctors found ways to work around those restrictions in their fight to control his seizures.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sam’s seizures started in 2005 when he was four years old. It's a moment his mother, Evelyn Nussenbaum, will never forget. The family was saying goodbye to a dinner guest when Sam's face suddenly slackened and he fell forward at the waist.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\"He did something that looked like a judo bow after a match,\" says Nussenbaum.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Two months passed before Sam had another seizure, but then he started having them every week. Eventually he was suffering through 100 seizures a day.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\"When they were bad, they were once every three minutes,\" Nussenbaum says.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>A Roller-Coaster Ride\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sam was diagnosed with \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/types-epilepsy-syndromes/epilepsy-myoclonic-absences\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">epilepsy with myoclonic-absences\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, which is characterized by an abrupt unresponsiveness and then sudden body jerks. The episodes were quick, but dangerous.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_443389\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-443389 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/IMG_5817-e1531785628384.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Roberta Cilio, neurologist at UCSF, proudly tells her patient Sam Vogelstein he is cleared to drive a car. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The electricity in Sam's brain would misfire for about five to 20 seconds, enough time to fall down stairs, plunge face first into a dinner plate, or crack his head on a window.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\"I don't remember a lot of it really,\" says Sam.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">He does remember the barrage of medications his doctors put him on. Some helped briefly. Others triggered hallucinations, full body rashes and uncontrolled anger.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\"Sam is a pretty gentle person,\" his mother says. \"We put him on one medication and it made him angry, and he started punching kids. And it was like, 'Oh my God, this is not my kid.' \"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">More than 3.4 million Americans have epilepsy, according to the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/epilepsy/about/fast-facts.htm\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> but treating the disease is often a riddle doctors find difficult to solve.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sam struggled to read, to write, to solve math problems, and Nussenbaum watched her son fall further and further behind in school.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Life for Sam was like a bad cell phone connection: Every few moments the signal dropped out.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\"It was scary,\" Nussenbaum says.\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\"I would often cry in my shower or I would drive up to the top of Grizzly Peak [in Berkeley] and sit in my car and scream.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Joining the Underground\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In 2011, Nussenbaum came across an article in a British medical journal about a small seizure study on rats. The researchers successfully treated the rodents with CBD.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\"I thought, 'My son needs access to that,' \" says Nussenbaum.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But seven years ago, pure CBD was not easy to get. Many states have since legalized medical marijuana and CBD is widely available at dispensaries and on the internet, but it is still classified as a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.dea.gov/druginfo/ds.shtml\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Schedule 1 \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">drug by the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration, which means it's illegal under federal law.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nussembaum joined an underground epilepsy collective. The group worked with an herbalist to cook up their own CBD. Sam responded well to the first recipe, but his seizures returned while he was medicating with the second batch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When we had it tested, there was no CBD,\" says Nussembaum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next, Sam's family and another member of the collective tried to make their own CBD. The process produced a rank odor that wafted out into the neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We talked about what would happen if we get arrested\u003cdel>,\u003c/del>\" said Nussembaum. \"And I thought, you know what, arrest me.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pushing for Access\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Finally, Nussenbaum learned about a British pharmaceutical company, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.gwpharm.com/about-us\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">GW Pharmaceuticals, \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">that was making a medicine derived from highly concentrated CBD to treat multiple sclerosis patients. After months of phone calls and emails from Sam’s parents, the company agreed to let Sam try the drug, in the U.K. and under a doctor's supervision for two weeks. The family flew to London shortly after.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\"After one day his seizures were down to 30,\" says Nussenbaum. \"After two days they were down to 10. After three days he had one seizure.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sam didn't suffer any side effects.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Back in the U.S., Sam’s parents needed to find a way to keep getting the drug. They collaborated with \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://pediatrics.ucsf.edu/faculty/roberta-cilio\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dr. Roberta Cilio\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a neurologist at UC San Francisco. They petitioned the FDA to allow Sam to use the drug under a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/PublicHealthFocus/ExpandedAccessCompassionateUse/default.htm\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">compassionate use\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> program. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Four months and hundreds of pages of documents later, the FDA allowed Sam to enroll in his own one-person trial at UCSF. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The DEA was a little more cautious. One day two agents knocked on Cilio's office door. After hours of questioning, the two men requested she store the medication in a giant safe weighing close to 1,000 pounds.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">According to GW Pharmaceuticals, Sam was the first patient in the world to receive Epidiolex, the brand name of the purified CBD strain.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>An Expanded Trial and Varying Results\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Inspired by Sam’s success, Cilio, and other clinicians, started trying Epidiolex on other patients. In 2015, she and several co-authors published a study \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laneur/article/PIIS1474-4422(15)00379-8/abstract\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">in \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Lancet Neurology\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that included 214 patients with treatment-resistant epilepsy, all children and young adults\u003c/span>\u003cb>. \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">(The trial was partly funded by GW Pharmaceuticals.) \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_443390\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-443390\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/DSC-7492-800x1253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sam Vogelstein at fencing lessons in Berkeley, CA. \u003ccite>(Fred Vogelstein)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">For most patients the results were not as dramatic as they had been for Sam. Seizures dropped in 36.5 percent of patients, which is about the same success rate as other seizure medications, Cilio says. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And some patients experienced side effects like fatigue, diarrhea and convulsions. Cilio doesn't know why CBD transforms some lives and other patients don't respond at all.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\"The studies that are out are mostly short term,\" says Cilio. \"We need to learn who the best responders are. Of course, we know this is not a miracle drug.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">There have been \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/12/07/458818829/marijuana-extract-may-help-some-children-with-epilepsy-study-finds\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">other trials of CBD oil\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> for intractable epilepsy, which have shown that the substance is helpful for a portion of patients, and several states have legalized \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/state-medical-marijuana-laws.aspx\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">CBD oil\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> specifically for the treatment of intractable epilepsy or seizure disorders. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">CBD has gained popularity with consumers as a remedy for a variety of other ailments. But the products that are available over the counter or in medical cannabis dispensaries aren't regulated the way pharmaceutical drugs are, so the consistency and dose can vary widely.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The FDA's decision to approve Epidiolex means that epilepsy patients will have access to a pharmaceutical-grade drug, which delivers a high-quality, consistent dose of CBD, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://medschool.vanderbilt.edu/brain-institute/person/robert-carson-md-phd\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">says Robert Carson\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> a pediatric neurologist at Vanderbilt University who treats patients with epilepsy.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Unanswered Questions\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Epidiolex still has to get over one regulatory hurdle. The DEA needs to reclassify CBD so it is no longer considered a\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.dea.gov/druginfo/ds.shtml\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Schedule 1 \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">substance. Drugs in this category are considered to have no medical use and a high potential for abuse. The FDA's approval of Epidiolex means CBD no longer fits that category, and the reclassification is expected sometime in the fall.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Patients will need a prescription to get the drug. \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/types-epilepsy-syndromes/epilepsy-myoclonic-absences\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">GW Pharmaceuticals\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> has not released a price yet. And Sam's mom, Evelyn Nussenbaum, worries that some insurance companies might not cover it.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the meantime, Sam still gets his drugs from the investigational pharmacy at UCSF. One day he hopes he'll be prescribing the medication to patients like him.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\"I want to be an epilepsy doctor,\" Sam says.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">First he's working on his driving license. Dr. Cilio just cleared Sam to get behind the wheel. He's 17 now and hasn't had a seizure in more than two years.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The first prescription medication extracted from the marijuana plant is poised to land on pharmacists' shelves this fall. Epidiolex, made from purified cannabidiol, or CBD, a compound found in the cannabis plant,\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/06/25/623236189/fda-green-lights-marijuana-based-pharmaceutical-drug\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> is approved for two rare types of epilepsy.\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Its journey to market was driven forward by one family's quest to find a treatment for their son's epilepsy.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'\"I thought, 'My son needs access to that. \"'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Scientific and public interest in CBD had been percolating for several years before the Food and Drug Administration finally approved Epidiolex in June. But researching CBD — which doesn't cause the mind-altering high that comes from THC, the primary psychoactive component of marijuana — is hard, because of tight restrictions on using cannabis in research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sam Vogelstein's family and his doctors found ways to work around those restrictions in their fight to control his seizures.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sam’s seizures started in 2005 when he was four years old. It's a moment his mother, Evelyn Nussenbaum, will never forget. The family was saying goodbye to a dinner guest when Sam's face suddenly slackened and he fell forward at the waist.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\"He did something that looked like a judo bow after a match,\" says Nussenbaum.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Two months passed before Sam had another seizure, but then he started having them every week. Eventually he was suffering through 100 seizures a day.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\"When they were bad, they were once every three minutes,\" Nussenbaum says.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>A Roller-Coaster Ride\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sam was diagnosed with \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/types-epilepsy-syndromes/epilepsy-myoclonic-absences\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">epilepsy with myoclonic-absences\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, which is characterized by an abrupt unresponsiveness and then sudden body jerks. The episodes were quick, but dangerous.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_443389\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-443389 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/IMG_5817-e1531785628384.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Roberta Cilio, neurologist at UCSF, proudly tells her patient Sam Vogelstein he is cleared to drive a car. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The electricity in Sam's brain would misfire for about five to 20 seconds, enough time to fall down stairs, plunge face first into a dinner plate, or crack his head on a window.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\"I don't remember a lot of it really,\" says Sam.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">He does remember the barrage of medications his doctors put him on. Some helped briefly. Others triggered hallucinations, full body rashes and uncontrolled anger.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\"Sam is a pretty gentle person,\" his mother says. \"We put him on one medication and it made him angry, and he started punching kids. And it was like, 'Oh my God, this is not my kid.' \"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">More than 3.4 million Americans have epilepsy, according to the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/epilepsy/about/fast-facts.htm\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> but treating the disease is often a riddle doctors find difficult to solve.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sam struggled to read, to write, to solve math problems, and Nussenbaum watched her son fall further and further behind in school.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Life for Sam was like a bad cell phone connection: Every few moments the signal dropped out.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\"It was scary,\" Nussenbaum says.\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\"I would often cry in my shower or I would drive up to the top of Grizzly Peak [in Berkeley] and sit in my car and scream.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Joining the Underground\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In 2011, Nussenbaum came across an article in a British medical journal about a small seizure study on rats. The researchers successfully treated the rodents with CBD.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\"I thought, 'My son needs access to that,' \" says Nussenbaum.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But seven years ago, pure CBD was not easy to get. Many states have since legalized medical marijuana and CBD is widely available at dispensaries and on the internet, but it is still classified as a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.dea.gov/druginfo/ds.shtml\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Schedule 1 \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">drug by the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration, which means it's illegal under federal law.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nussembaum joined an underground epilepsy collective. The group worked with an herbalist to cook up their own CBD. Sam responded well to the first recipe, but his seizures returned while he was medicating with the second batch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When we had it tested, there was no CBD,\" says Nussembaum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next, Sam's family and another member of the collective tried to make their own CBD. The process produced a rank odor that wafted out into the neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We talked about what would happen if we get arrested\u003cdel>,\u003c/del>\" said Nussembaum. \"And I thought, you know what, arrest me.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pushing for Access\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Finally, Nussenbaum learned about a British pharmaceutical company, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.gwpharm.com/about-us\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">GW Pharmaceuticals, \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">that was making a medicine derived from highly concentrated CBD to treat multiple sclerosis patients. After months of phone calls and emails from Sam’s parents, the company agreed to let Sam try the drug, in the U.K. and under a doctor's supervision for two weeks. The family flew to London shortly after.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\"After one day his seizures were down to 30,\" says Nussenbaum. \"After two days they were down to 10. After three days he had one seizure.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sam didn't suffer any side effects.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Back in the U.S., Sam’s parents needed to find a way to keep getting the drug. They collaborated with \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://pediatrics.ucsf.edu/faculty/roberta-cilio\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dr. Roberta Cilio\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a neurologist at UC San Francisco. They petitioned the FDA to allow Sam to use the drug under a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/PublicHealthFocus/ExpandedAccessCompassionateUse/default.htm\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">compassionate use\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> program. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Four months and hundreds of pages of documents later, the FDA allowed Sam to enroll in his own one-person trial at UCSF. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The DEA was a little more cautious. One day two agents knocked on Cilio's office door. After hours of questioning, the two men requested she store the medication in a giant safe weighing close to 1,000 pounds.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">According to GW Pharmaceuticals, Sam was the first patient in the world to receive Epidiolex, the brand name of the purified CBD strain.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>An Expanded Trial and Varying Results\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Inspired by Sam’s success, Cilio, and other clinicians, started trying Epidiolex on other patients. In 2015, she and several co-authors published a study \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laneur/article/PIIS1474-4422(15)00379-8/abstract\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">in \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Lancet Neurology\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that included 214 patients with treatment-resistant epilepsy, all children and young adults\u003c/span>\u003cb>. \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">(The trial was partly funded by GW Pharmaceuticals.) \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_443390\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-443390\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/DSC-7492-800x1253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sam Vogelstein at fencing lessons in Berkeley, CA. \u003ccite>(Fred Vogelstein)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">For most patients the results were not as dramatic as they had been for Sam. Seizures dropped in 36.5 percent of patients, which is about the same success rate as other seizure medications, Cilio says. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And some patients experienced side effects like fatigue, diarrhea and convulsions. Cilio doesn't know why CBD transforms some lives and other patients don't respond at all.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\"The studies that are out are mostly short term,\" says Cilio. \"We need to learn who the best responders are. Of course, we know this is not a miracle drug.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">There have been \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/12/07/458818829/marijuana-extract-may-help-some-children-with-epilepsy-study-finds\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">other trials of CBD oil\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> for intractable epilepsy, which have shown that the substance is helpful for a portion of patients, and several states have legalized \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/state-medical-marijuana-laws.aspx\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">CBD oil\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> specifically for the treatment of intractable epilepsy or seizure disorders. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">CBD has gained popularity with consumers as a remedy for a variety of other ailments. But the products that are available over the counter or in medical cannabis dispensaries aren't regulated the way pharmaceutical drugs are, so the consistency and dose can vary widely.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The FDA's decision to approve Epidiolex means that epilepsy patients will have access to a pharmaceutical-grade drug, which delivers a high-quality, consistent dose of CBD, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://medschool.vanderbilt.edu/brain-institute/person/robert-carson-md-phd\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">says Robert Carson\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> a pediatric neurologist at Vanderbilt University who treats patients with epilepsy.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Unanswered Questions\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Epidiolex still has to get over one regulatory hurdle. The DEA needs to reclassify CBD so it is no longer considered a\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.dea.gov/druginfo/ds.shtml\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Schedule 1 \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">substance. Drugs in this category are considered to have no medical use and a high potential for abuse. The FDA's approval of Epidiolex means CBD no longer fits that category, and the reclassification is expected sometime in the fall.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Patients will need a prescription to get the drug. \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/types-epilepsy-syndromes/epilepsy-myoclonic-absences\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">GW Pharmaceuticals\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> has not released a price yet. And Sam's mom, Evelyn Nussenbaum, worries that some insurance companies might not cover it.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the meantime, Sam still gets his drugs from the investigational pharmacy at UCSF. One day he hopes he'll be prescribing the medication to patients like him.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\"I want to be an epilepsy doctor,\" Sam says.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Federal authorities have issued a public health alert about more than two dozen beef, pork and poultry salad and wrap products as a precaution due to possible parasite contamination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Agriculture Department’s Food Safety and Inspection Service says the products, distributed by Indianapolis-based Caito Foods may be contaminated with cyclospora. The parasite causes intestinal illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The USDA says Caito Foods was notified from their lettuce supplier, Fresh Express, that the chopped romaine used in some of the salads was being recalled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The products were sold by grocery stores including Trader Joe’s, Walgreens and Kroger. They have the establishment number “EST. 39985 or P-39985.” The USDA has posted a complete list \u003ca href=\"https://www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/wcm/connect/1827c9ab-6a03-4020-a74e-e8b2d5e7e8dc/List-USDA-Product-PHA-Cyclospora.pdf?MOD=AJPERES\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">online\u003c/a> . Consumers are urged to throw them away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Federal authorities have issued a public health alert about more than two dozen beef, pork and poultry salad and wrap products as a precaution due to possible parasite contamination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Agriculture Department’s Food Safety and Inspection Service says the products, distributed by Indianapolis-based Caito Foods may be contaminated with cyclospora. The parasite causes intestinal illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The USDA says Caito Foods was notified from their lettuce supplier, Fresh Express, that the chopped romaine used in some of the salads was being recalled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The products were sold by grocery stores including Trader Joe’s, Walgreens and Kroger. They have the establishment number “EST. 39985 or P-39985.” The USDA has posted a complete list \u003ca href=\"https://www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/wcm/connect/1827c9ab-6a03-4020-a74e-e8b2d5e7e8dc/List-USDA-Product-PHA-Cyclospora.pdf?MOD=AJPERES\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">online\u003c/a> . Consumers are urged to throw them away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Was it hard to concentrate during that long meeting? Does the crossword seem a little tougher? You could be mildly dehydrated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A growing body of evidence finds that being just a little dehydrated is tied to a range of subtle effects — from mood changes to muddled thinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We find that when people are mildly dehydrated they really don't do as well on tasks that require complex processing or on tasks that require a lot of their attention,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://biosci.gatech.edu/people/mindy-millard-stafford\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mindy Millard-Stafford\u003c/a>, director of the Exercise Physiology Laboratory at Georgia Institute of Technology. She \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=dehydration+impairs+cognition+Millard-Stafford\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published\u003c/a> an analysis of the evidence this month, based on 33 studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How long does it take to become mildly dehydrated in the summer heat? Not long at all, studies show, especially when you exercise outdoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If I were hiking at moderate intensity for one hour, I could reach about 1.5 percent to 2 percent dehydration,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://ksi.uconn.edu/about/staff/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Doug Casa\u003c/a>, a professor of kinesiology at the University of Connecticut, and CEO of the Korey Stringer Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For an average-size person, 2 percent dehydration equates to sweating out about a liter of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Most people don't realize how high their sweat rate is in the heat,\" Casa says. If you're going hard during a run, you can reach that level of dehydration in about 30 minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And at this level of dehydration, the feeling of thirst, for many of us, is only just beginning to kick in. \"Most people can't perceive that they're 1.5 percent dehydrated,\" Casa says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But already there are subtle — maybe even imperceptible — effects on our bodies and our mental performance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take, for example, the findings from a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Water+Intake+Reverses+Dehydration+Executive+Function\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent study\u003c/a> of young, healthy and active women who agreed to take a bunch of cognitive tests and also agreed to restrict their fluid intake to no more than 6 ounces for one day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We did manage to dehydrate them by [about] 1 percent just by telling them not to drink for the day,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://jbpierce.org/faculty/nina-stachenfeld-phd/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nina Stachenfeld\u003c/a>, of the Yale School of Medicine and the John B. Pierce Laboratory, who led the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The women took one test designed to measure cognitive flexibility. It's a card game that requires a lot of attention, since the rules keep changing throughout the game.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When the women were dehydrated they had about 12 percent more total errors\" in the game, says Stachenfeld.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She repeated the tests after the women drank sufficient water, and their performance improved. \"We were able to improve executive function back to normal — in other words, back to the baseline day — when they rehydrated,\" the scientist says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dehydration didn't hamper performance on all the tests; the women's reaction time, for example, was not impeded. The decline was seen during the complicated tasks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the study was small, and funded by PepsiCo, which sells bottled water, Stachenfeld designed the methods and completed the analysis independently. And other scientists say her findings fit with a growing body of independent evidence that points to similar conclusions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I absolutely think there could be big implications of having a mild cognitive deficiency with small amounts of dehydration,\" Casa says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're a student, for example, a 12 percent increase in errors on a test might matter. And whether you're a pilot, a soldier, a surgeon or a scholar, many daily tasks depend on the ability to be precise and pay attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For anyone trying to do their best work, the findings raise a number of questions:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Much Water Do We Need?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are no exact daily requirements, but there are general recommendations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A panel of scholars convened several years ago by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine \u003ca href=\"http://www.nationalacademies.org/hmd/Reports/2004/Dietary-Reference-Intakes-Water-Potassium-Sodium-Chloride-and-Sulfate.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">concluded\u003c/a> that women should consume, on average, about 91 ounces of total water per day. For men, the suggested level is even higher (125 ounces).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Note that this total includes water from all sources, including food and other beverages, such as coffee and tea. Typically, people get about 20 percent of the water they need daily from fruits, vegetables and other food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, water needs vary from person to person. For example, body weight and muscle mass matter. Also, physical activity and heat exposure can increase the amount of fluid a person needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Can You Tell If You're Dehydrated?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One easy test: The color of your urine is a good guide. As a general rule of thumb, the darker the color, the more likely you are to be dehydrated. Aim for shades that have been described as \"pale lemonade\" or \"straw.\" A \u003ca href=\"http://www.hydrationcheck.com/about.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">color chart\u003c/a> developed by physiologist and University of Connecticut professor \u003ca href=\"https://kins.uconn.edu/lawrence-e-armstrong-ph-d/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lawrence Armstrong\u003c/a> can be a helpful guide, researchers say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Are Older People More Vulnerable to Dehydration?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we age, we're not as good at recognizing thirst. And there's \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=suhr+cognition+and+dehydration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">evidence\u003c/a> that older adults are prone to the same dips in mental sharpness as anyone else when mildly dehydrated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don't wait until you're thirsty. A good rule of thumb is to sip fluids throughout the day. No need to chug huge amounts at one time; there are some \u003ca href=\"https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/hormonal-and-metabolic-disorders/water-balance/overhydration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">risks to overhydrating\u003c/a>, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can Coffee, Tea and Other Caffeinated Drinks Dehydrate?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most recent evidence finds that coffee provides similar hydrating qualities to water. In other words, yes, your morning cup of joe — or whatever caffeinated beverage you fancy, can help to keep you hydrated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2014/01/13/262175623/coffee-myth-busting-cup-of-joe-may-help-hydration-and-memory\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a> in 2014, people who routinely drink coffee or tea develop a tolerance to the potential diuretic effects of caffeine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Off+Your+Mental+Game%3F+You+Could+Be+Mildly+Dehydrated&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Was it hard to concentrate during that long meeting? Does the crossword seem a little tougher? You could be mildly dehydrated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A growing body of evidence finds that being just a little dehydrated is tied to a range of subtle effects — from mood changes to muddled thinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We find that when people are mildly dehydrated they really don't do as well on tasks that require complex processing or on tasks that require a lot of their attention,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://biosci.gatech.edu/people/mindy-millard-stafford\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mindy Millard-Stafford\u003c/a>, director of the Exercise Physiology Laboratory at Georgia Institute of Technology. She \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=dehydration+impairs+cognition+Millard-Stafford\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published\u003c/a> an analysis of the evidence this month, based on 33 studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How long does it take to become mildly dehydrated in the summer heat? Not long at all, studies show, especially when you exercise outdoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If I were hiking at moderate intensity for one hour, I could reach about 1.5 percent to 2 percent dehydration,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://ksi.uconn.edu/about/staff/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Doug Casa\u003c/a>, a professor of kinesiology at the University of Connecticut, and CEO of the Korey Stringer Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For an average-size person, 2 percent dehydration equates to sweating out about a liter of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Most people don't realize how high their sweat rate is in the heat,\" Casa says. If you're going hard during a run, you can reach that level of dehydration in about 30 minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And at this level of dehydration, the feeling of thirst, for many of us, is only just beginning to kick in. \"Most people can't perceive that they're 1.5 percent dehydrated,\" Casa says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But already there are subtle — maybe even imperceptible — effects on our bodies and our mental performance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take, for example, the findings from a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Water+Intake+Reverses+Dehydration+Executive+Function\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent study\u003c/a> of young, healthy and active women who agreed to take a bunch of cognitive tests and also agreed to restrict their fluid intake to no more than 6 ounces for one day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We did manage to dehydrate them by [about] 1 percent just by telling them not to drink for the day,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://jbpierce.org/faculty/nina-stachenfeld-phd/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nina Stachenfeld\u003c/a>, of the Yale School of Medicine and the John B. Pierce Laboratory, who led the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The women took one test designed to measure cognitive flexibility. It's a card game that requires a lot of attention, since the rules keep changing throughout the game.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When the women were dehydrated they had about 12 percent more total errors\" in the game, says Stachenfeld.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She repeated the tests after the women drank sufficient water, and their performance improved. \"We were able to improve executive function back to normal — in other words, back to the baseline day — when they rehydrated,\" the scientist says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dehydration didn't hamper performance on all the tests; the women's reaction time, for example, was not impeded. The decline was seen during the complicated tasks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the study was small, and funded by PepsiCo, which sells bottled water, Stachenfeld designed the methods and completed the analysis independently. And other scientists say her findings fit with a growing body of independent evidence that points to similar conclusions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I absolutely think there could be big implications of having a mild cognitive deficiency with small amounts of dehydration,\" Casa says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're a student, for example, a 12 percent increase in errors on a test might matter. And whether you're a pilot, a soldier, a surgeon or a scholar, many daily tasks depend on the ability to be precise and pay attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For anyone trying to do their best work, the findings raise a number of questions:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Much Water Do We Need?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are no exact daily requirements, but there are general recommendations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A panel of scholars convened several years ago by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine \u003ca href=\"http://www.nationalacademies.org/hmd/Reports/2004/Dietary-Reference-Intakes-Water-Potassium-Sodium-Chloride-and-Sulfate.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">concluded\u003c/a> that women should consume, on average, about 91 ounces of total water per day. For men, the suggested level is even higher (125 ounces).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Note that this total includes water from all sources, including food and other beverages, such as coffee and tea. Typically, people get about 20 percent of the water they need daily from fruits, vegetables and other food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, water needs vary from person to person. For example, body weight and muscle mass matter. Also, physical activity and heat exposure can increase the amount of fluid a person needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Can You Tell If You're Dehydrated?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One easy test: The color of your urine is a good guide. As a general rule of thumb, the darker the color, the more likely you are to be dehydrated. Aim for shades that have been described as \"pale lemonade\" or \"straw.\" A \u003ca href=\"http://www.hydrationcheck.com/about.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">color chart\u003c/a> developed by physiologist and University of Connecticut professor \u003ca href=\"https://kins.uconn.edu/lawrence-e-armstrong-ph-d/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lawrence Armstrong\u003c/a> can be a helpful guide, researchers say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Are Older People More Vulnerable to Dehydration?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we age, we're not as good at recognizing thirst. And there's \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=suhr+cognition+and+dehydration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">evidence\u003c/a> that older adults are prone to the same dips in mental sharpness as anyone else when mildly dehydrated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don't wait until you're thirsty. A good rule of thumb is to sip fluids throughout the day. No need to chug huge amounts at one time; there are some \u003ca href=\"https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/hormonal-and-metabolic-disorders/water-balance/overhydration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">risks to overhydrating\u003c/a>, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can Coffee, Tea and Other Caffeinated Drinks Dehydrate?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most recent evidence finds that coffee provides similar hydrating qualities to water. In other words, yes, your morning cup of joe — or whatever caffeinated beverage you fancy, can help to keep you hydrated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2014/01/13/262175623/coffee-myth-busting-cup-of-joe-may-help-hydration-and-memory\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a> in 2014, people who routinely drink coffee or tea develop a tolerance to the potential diuretic effects of caffeine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Off+Your+Mental+Game%3F+You+Could+Be+Mildly+Dehydrated&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Most People Think Pot's Totally Safe. But We Don't Actually Know",
"title": "Most People Think Pot's Totally Safe. But We Don't Actually Know",
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"content": "\u003cp>When it comes to pot, many Americans seem to think it is a magic cure-all despite the lack of scientific data to corroborate that view.[contextly_sidebar id=\"qbIMJ6HAj7B7PdjXyzZ3WGlgtNv4dD58\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those are the findings of a new survey, published this week in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://annals.org/aim/article/doi/10.7326/M18-0810\">\u003cem>Annals of Internal Medicine\u003c/em>. \u003c/a>The online survey, conducted by researchers at UC San Francisco, found that many Americans believe marijuana has significant health benefits, despite a lack of scientific data to support that view.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That data lack is largely due to marijuana's restricted legal status in the U.S., which makes it difficult for scientists to study the drug's impact on human health, according to Timothy Fong, a professor of addiction psychiatry at UC Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"1hOtotjglJ20ftdvAgNx5fpFHerDNbOZ\"]Without actual data to go on, people fall back on personal or anecdotal evidence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We want to do more studies, but we can’t do a darn thing if the federal government handcuffs us,” Fong told \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-marijuana/americans-view-of-marijuana-is-rosy-and-unscientific-idUSKBN1KD2IR\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Reuters.\u003c/a> “This is the kind of study that I think elevates the discussion. And it shows we have a long way to go.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers surveyed 16,280 people in the U.S. and found that 81 percent of respondents believe that smoking marijuana has at least one health benefit, with pain management being the most commonly cited one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet a separate study \u003ca href=\"https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpub/article/PIIS2468-2667(18)30110-5/fulltext?code=lancet-site\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">spanning four years\u003c/a> found no evidence that marijuana use improves the symptoms of chronic pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The survey also found that 91 percent of respondents believe that marijuana has at least one risk, but the most commonly cited risk — legal trouble — wasn't health related, a finding researchers found troubling because it indicates that many people are downplaying potential harm, according to \u003ca href=\"http://chime.ucsf.edu/people/salomeh-keyhani-md\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Salomeh Keyhani,\u003c/a> a professor of medicine at UC San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The American public has a much more favorable point of view than is warranted by the evidence,” Dr. Keyhani told \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-marijuana/americans-view-of-marijuana-is-rosy-and-unscientific-idUSKBN1KD2IR\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Reuters.\u003c/a> “Perhaps most concerning is that they think that it prevents health problems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The survey found that 18 percent of respondents believe that smoking marijuana is somewhat or completely safe for adults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, nearly half of those surveyed believe that marijuana can alleviate insomnia, anxiety and depression, none of which are scientifically established, says Dr. Keyhani.[contextly_sidebar id=\"llwIT8YXMfGYSqJGFFEv4ackgmMz0K5Q\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The bottom line is that there's no evidence for the vast majority of this,\" Dr. Keyhani told \u003ca href=\"https://www.livescience.com/63141-marijuana-assumed-beneficial.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Livescience\u003c/a>. \"There's limited data on harm, and people think that means it's OK.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers created the survey to examine the impact of marketing on the public's perception of marijuana. From \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/society/2018/jul/23/cannabis-health-benefits-american-attitudes-study\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Guardian\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Mixed signals regarding marijuana’s potential dangers and benefits have enabled the commercial marijuana industry to promote a maximalist view of marijuana’s possible benefits. Since direct unproven claims of marijuana’s medical benefits, and assertions such as that a product cures cancer, can lead to unwanted attention from the FDA regulators, cannabis companies have learned to be much more subtle.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Despite the federal ban on marijuana, the Food and Drug Administration \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/443383/meet-sam-the-berkeley-kid-who-inspired-first-marijuana-based-drug\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recently approved Epidiolex, an epilepsy drug\u003c/a> derived from marijuana. Medical marijuana is also legal in 31 states, a fact that only contributes to its rosy reputation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Keyhani says more research needs to be done. Until that happens, most of the health claims touted by the industry remain unproven.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need better data,” Keyhani told the Guardian. “We need any data.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When it comes to pot, many Americans seem to think it is a magic cure-all despite the lack of scientific data to corroborate that view.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those are the findings of a new survey, published this week in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://annals.org/aim/article/doi/10.7326/M18-0810\">\u003cem>Annals of Internal Medicine\u003c/em>. \u003c/a>The online survey, conducted by researchers at UC San Francisco, found that many Americans believe marijuana has significant health benefits, despite a lack of scientific data to support that view.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That data lack is largely due to marijuana's restricted legal status in the U.S., which makes it difficult for scientists to study the drug's impact on human health, according to Timothy Fong, a professor of addiction psychiatry at UC Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Without actual data to go on, people fall back on personal or anecdotal evidence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We want to do more studies, but we can’t do a darn thing if the federal government handcuffs us,” Fong told \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-marijuana/americans-view-of-marijuana-is-rosy-and-unscientific-idUSKBN1KD2IR\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Reuters.\u003c/a> “This is the kind of study that I think elevates the discussion. And it shows we have a long way to go.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers surveyed 16,280 people in the U.S. and found that 81 percent of respondents believe that smoking marijuana has at least one health benefit, with pain management being the most commonly cited one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet a separate study \u003ca href=\"https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpub/article/PIIS2468-2667(18)30110-5/fulltext?code=lancet-site\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">spanning four years\u003c/a> found no evidence that marijuana use improves the symptoms of chronic pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The survey also found that 91 percent of respondents believe that marijuana has at least one risk, but the most commonly cited risk — legal trouble — wasn't health related, a finding researchers found troubling because it indicates that many people are downplaying potential harm, according to \u003ca href=\"http://chime.ucsf.edu/people/salomeh-keyhani-md\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Salomeh Keyhani,\u003c/a> a professor of medicine at UC San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The American public has a much more favorable point of view than is warranted by the evidence,” Dr. Keyhani told \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-marijuana/americans-view-of-marijuana-is-rosy-and-unscientific-idUSKBN1KD2IR\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Reuters.\u003c/a> “Perhaps most concerning is that they think that it prevents health problems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The survey found that 18 percent of respondents believe that smoking marijuana is somewhat or completely safe for adults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, nearly half of those surveyed believe that marijuana can alleviate insomnia, anxiety and depression, none of which are scientifically established, says Dr. Keyhani.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The bottom line is that there's no evidence for the vast majority of this,\" Dr. Keyhani told \u003ca href=\"https://www.livescience.com/63141-marijuana-assumed-beneficial.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Livescience\u003c/a>. \"There's limited data on harm, and people think that means it's OK.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers created the survey to examine the impact of marketing on the public's perception of marijuana. From \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/society/2018/jul/23/cannabis-health-benefits-american-attitudes-study\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Guardian\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Mixed signals regarding marijuana’s potential dangers and benefits have enabled the commercial marijuana industry to promote a maximalist view of marijuana’s possible benefits. Since direct unproven claims of marijuana’s medical benefits, and assertions such as that a product cures cancer, can lead to unwanted attention from the FDA regulators, cannabis companies have learned to be much more subtle.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Despite the federal ban on marijuana, the Food and Drug Administration \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/443383/meet-sam-the-berkeley-kid-who-inspired-first-marijuana-based-drug\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recently approved Epidiolex, an epilepsy drug\u003c/a> derived from marijuana. Medical marijuana is also legal in 31 states, a fact that only contributes to its rosy reputation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Keyhani says more research needs to be done. Until that happens, most of the health claims touted by the industry remain unproven.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need better data,” Keyhani told the Guardian. “We need any data.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Words Matter When Talking About Pain With Your Doctor",
"title": "Words Matter When Talking About Pain With Your Doctor",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>If you're in the hospital or a doctor's office with a painful problem, you'll likely be asked to rate your pain on a \u003ca href=\"https://paindoctor.com/pain-scales/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">scale\u003c/a> of 0 to 10 – with 0 meaning no pain at all and 10 indicating the worst pain you can imagine. But many doctors and nurses say this rating system isn't working and they're trying a new approach.[contextly_sidebar id=\"PzT9DEOa22PlTyV4kUDRN8kM4A2CX5Tx\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The numeric pain scale may just be too simplistic, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/people/21192807-john-d-markman\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. John Markman\u003c/a>, director of the Translational Pain Research Program at the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry. It can lead doctors to \"treat by numbers,\" he says and as a result, patients may not be getting the most effective treatment for their pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take the case of 33-year-old Adam Rosette, who was recently hospitalized for \u003ca href=\"https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/fibrous-dysplasia/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fibrous dysplasia\u003c/a>, a bone disorder that made it nearly impossible for him to chew or even speak. After brain surgery to remove benign tumors related to the disorder, he was definitely in pain. But he was reluctant to label the pain too high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I don't think I ever answered higher than a '7' because an '8' would be, in my mind, like I'm missing half of my body or a limb,\" he recalls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the pain scale a rating of 4 to 7 is considered moderate. Mild pain is rated 1 to 3. Over 7 is considered severe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Rosette has recovered and is pain-free, but he wonders if \"low balling\" his pain level while in the hospital, meant he wasn't given adequate pain medication.[contextly_sidebar id=\"gNyBEO7kaaOOQQPLiTFHH1VcWAsQe2Bq\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You realize you got less medicine and it's been eight hours and they're not allowed to give you more for a while,\" Rosette says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If your doctor gets the wrong idea about your pain, it's not just going to affect your comfort — it can affect your treatment. Markman says that especially after an injury, there's therapeutic value to keeping the pain tamped down, so that you can keep up with physical therapy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For chronic pain, being clear can help clinicians choose the right mix of therapies or medications to allow you to stay as active as possible. And staying active can help manage chronic pain, says \u003ca href=\"https://anesthesiology.duke.edu/?page_id=834374\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. William Maixner\u003c/a>, with Duke University School of Medicine and current president of the American Pain Society.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exercise, he says, \"causes the release of a number of anti-inflammatory substances from the muscle that can help diminish pain and pain processing and make the individual more resilient.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find out more about how the numerical pain scale was affecting treatment, Markman and colleagues at the University of Rochester did a study, which they will present at the World Congress on Pain in Boston in September. The research analyzed data from other studies, which asked chronic pain patients to rate their pain using both numbers and words.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patients were asked to rate their pain on a scale of 0 to 10, and they were also asked the question, \"Is your pain tolerable?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Surprisingly, three quarters of the patients who rated their pain between 4 and 7 on the numerical scale, a range that typically calls for higher doses of medications, also described their pain as \"tolerable\" — a description that normally means no more pain treatment is needed.[contextly_sidebar id=\"ClUbqCuoEqdLIyjzgS1I1irhMb4fhntn\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This showed the danger of relying only on a number, Markman says. \"If you were just treating by the numbers you might say, 'Well, someone has a pain that is 6 [out of]10. I feel obligated to do something about that ... to fix that number just like you might fix their blood pressure or their blood glucose,' \" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If clinicians just look at a number, Markman says, they may be more likely to over-treat or prescribe more medication, which can be worrisome during an era of concern about opioid abuse and addiction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So if today's pain scale isn't working well for patients and doctors, what's the alternative?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many health care providers are trying to come up with a system that involves words, not numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I never look at just the pain scale,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.uclahealth.org/chrystina-jeter\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Chrystina Jeter\u003c/a>, an anesthesiologist and pain management specialist with UCLA Health, who was Rosette's doctor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using words to describe pain brings greater specificity to the measurement of pain, says Maixner.[contextly_sidebar id=\"jBdk15Gcdb1FQXh8PlzSvMvHZmeTdBu9\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If patients can describe their pain precisely, he says, their appointment with a health care provider will be much more focused, allowing the physician to \"come to a decision about treatment in a much more rapid and logical way.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's advice for the next time you need to talk to your doctor about your pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Get Descriptive\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can help doctors understand just how debilitating your pain is by being more descriptive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's perfectly OK to be a little more flowery in the description of pain,\" says Jeter. \"My pain is aching, burning. What does it feel like to you? Where is it? Does it move?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeter typically asks patients to compare their current pain to the worst pain they ever had, such as childbirth or kidney stones. This helps put their pain in context, she says, and may help them realize their pain may not be that bad after all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Describe Your Day\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It can be helpful to talk about how your pain waxes and wanes throughout the day, says Jeter. For example, is it mostly when you eat, walk, or do certain activities?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I look for trends over time and I look at their function,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Talk About Function, Not Feeling\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Be clear about how your pain interferes with daily activities, such as getting out of bed early, getting dressed, feeling fatigued, or no longer enjoying getting out with friends, suggests Maixner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thinking about function is key, agrees Markman. He says the most accurate measurement of pain may be what it prevents patients from doing. For example, if a patient cannot chew or talk, walk, or exercise that might be more disturbing to them than the pain. Sometimes it's more useful to seek ways to \"work around the pain\" rather than \"making it go away,\" Markman says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Share Treatment History\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Describe the history of the pain, the location, how long it's been hurting and what factors seem to aggravate it, or help it get better, suggests Maixner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Share other treatments you've sought, such as acupuncture, massage and certain medications, he says. \"Let the doctor know what you've done and whether it was effective.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Family history is also important, he says, especially when you consider much of an individual's pain sensitivity is inherited. If your parents were highly sensitive to pain, chances are you will be, too, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Words+Matter+When+Talking+About+Pain+With+Your+Doctor&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you're in the hospital or a doctor's office with a painful problem, you'll likely be asked to rate your pain on a \u003ca href=\"https://paindoctor.com/pain-scales/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">scale\u003c/a> of 0 to 10 – with 0 meaning no pain at all and 10 indicating the worst pain you can imagine. But many doctors and nurses say this rating system isn't working and they're trying a new approach.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The numeric pain scale may just be too simplistic, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/people/21192807-john-d-markman\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. John Markman\u003c/a>, director of the Translational Pain Research Program at the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry. It can lead doctors to \"treat by numbers,\" he says and as a result, patients may not be getting the most effective treatment for their pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take the case of 33-year-old Adam Rosette, who was recently hospitalized for \u003ca href=\"https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/fibrous-dysplasia/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fibrous dysplasia\u003c/a>, a bone disorder that made it nearly impossible for him to chew or even speak. After brain surgery to remove benign tumors related to the disorder, he was definitely in pain. But he was reluctant to label the pain too high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I don't think I ever answered higher than a '7' because an '8' would be, in my mind, like I'm missing half of my body or a limb,\" he recalls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the pain scale a rating of 4 to 7 is considered moderate. Mild pain is rated 1 to 3. Over 7 is considered severe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Rosette has recovered and is pain-free, but he wonders if \"low balling\" his pain level while in the hospital, meant he wasn't given adequate pain medication.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You realize you got less medicine and it's been eight hours and they're not allowed to give you more for a while,\" Rosette says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If your doctor gets the wrong idea about your pain, it's not just going to affect your comfort — it can affect your treatment. Markman says that especially after an injury, there's therapeutic value to keeping the pain tamped down, so that you can keep up with physical therapy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For chronic pain, being clear can help clinicians choose the right mix of therapies or medications to allow you to stay as active as possible. And staying active can help manage chronic pain, says \u003ca href=\"https://anesthesiology.duke.edu/?page_id=834374\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. William Maixner\u003c/a>, with Duke University School of Medicine and current president of the American Pain Society.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exercise, he says, \"causes the release of a number of anti-inflammatory substances from the muscle that can help diminish pain and pain processing and make the individual more resilient.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find out more about how the numerical pain scale was affecting treatment, Markman and colleagues at the University of Rochester did a study, which they will present at the World Congress on Pain in Boston in September. The research analyzed data from other studies, which asked chronic pain patients to rate their pain using both numbers and words.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patients were asked to rate their pain on a scale of 0 to 10, and they were also asked the question, \"Is your pain tolerable?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Surprisingly, three quarters of the patients who rated their pain between 4 and 7 on the numerical scale, a range that typically calls for higher doses of medications, also described their pain as \"tolerable\" — a description that normally means no more pain treatment is needed.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This showed the danger of relying only on a number, Markman says. \"If you were just treating by the numbers you might say, 'Well, someone has a pain that is 6 [out of]10. I feel obligated to do something about that ... to fix that number just like you might fix their blood pressure or their blood glucose,' \" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If clinicians just look at a number, Markman says, they may be more likely to over-treat or prescribe more medication, which can be worrisome during an era of concern about opioid abuse and addiction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So if today's pain scale isn't working well for patients and doctors, what's the alternative?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many health care providers are trying to come up with a system that involves words, not numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I never look at just the pain scale,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.uclahealth.org/chrystina-jeter\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Chrystina Jeter\u003c/a>, an anesthesiologist and pain management specialist with UCLA Health, who was Rosette's doctor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using words to describe pain brings greater specificity to the measurement of pain, says Maixner.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If patients can describe their pain precisely, he says, their appointment with a health care provider will be much more focused, allowing the physician to \"come to a decision about treatment in a much more rapid and logical way.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's advice for the next time you need to talk to your doctor about your pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Get Descriptive\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can help doctors understand just how debilitating your pain is by being more descriptive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's perfectly OK to be a little more flowery in the description of pain,\" says Jeter. \"My pain is aching, burning. What does it feel like to you? Where is it? Does it move?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeter typically asks patients to compare their current pain to the worst pain they ever had, such as childbirth or kidney stones. This helps put their pain in context, she says, and may help them realize their pain may not be that bad after all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Describe Your Day\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It can be helpful to talk about how your pain waxes and wanes throughout the day, says Jeter. For example, is it mostly when you eat, walk, or do certain activities?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I look for trends over time and I look at their function,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Talk About Function, Not Feeling\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Be clear about how your pain interferes with daily activities, such as getting out of bed early, getting dressed, feeling fatigued, or no longer enjoying getting out with friends, suggests Maixner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thinking about function is key, agrees Markman. He says the most accurate measurement of pain may be what it prevents patients from doing. For example, if a patient cannot chew or talk, walk, or exercise that might be more disturbing to them than the pain. Sometimes it's more useful to seek ways to \"work around the pain\" rather than \"making it go away,\" Markman says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Share Treatment History\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Describe the history of the pain, the location, how long it's been hurting and what factors seem to aggravate it, or help it get better, suggests Maixner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Share other treatments you've sought, such as acupuncture, massage and certain medications, he says. \"Let the doctor know what you've done and whether it was effective.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Family history is also important, he says, especially when you consider much of an individual's pain sensitivity is inherited. If your parents were highly sensitive to pain, chances are you will be, too, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Words+Matter+When+Talking+About+Pain+With+Your+Doctor&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Hormone Levels Likely Influence A Woman's Risk Of Alzheimer's. But Exactly How?",
"title": "Hormone Levels Likely Influence A Woman's Risk Of Alzheimer's. But Exactly How?",
"headTitle": "Women’s Health | KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>There's new evidence that a woman's levels of female sex hormones, including estrogen and progesterone, can influence her risk of Alzheimer's and other forms of dementia.[contextly_sidebar id=\"rPJOdHYPkIXQXRx2JEsrHPZVgzMtEJk7\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Women are less likely to develop dementia later in life if they begin to menstruate earlier, go through menopause later, and have more than one child, researchers \u003ca href=\"https://www.alz.org/aaic/pressroom.asp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a> Monday at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.alz.org/aaic/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alzheimer's Association International Conference\u003c/a> in Chicago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And recent studies offer hints that \u003ca href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/hormonereplacementtherapy.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hormone replacement therapy\u003c/a>, which fell out of favor more than a decade ago, might offer a way to protect a woman's brain if it is given at the right time, the researchers said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings could help explain why women make up nearly two-thirds of people in the U.S. with Alzheimer's, says \u003ca href=\"http://nationalacademies.org/hmd/Activities/Research/NeuroForum/Member%20Profiles/Maria%20Carrillo.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Maria Carrillo\u003c/a>, the association's chief scientific officer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It isn't just that women are living longer,\" Carrillo says. \"There is some biological underpinning. And because of the large numbers of women that are affected, it is important to find out [what it is].\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have long suspected that sex hormones such as estrogen and progesterone play a role in Alzheimer's. And two studies on dementia and what occurs during a women's reproductive years support that idea.[contextly_sidebar id=\"Wwp2fmV71pvuOzg04oa6uZxzPex1NtQ3\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the studies looked at nearly 15,000 women in California. And it found an association between a woman's reproductive history and her risk of memory problems later in life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The risk of dementia for women who had three or more children was 12 percent lower than the risk for women who had one child, according to \u003ca href=\"https://divisionofresearch.kaiserpermanente.org/researchers/gilsanz-paola\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Paola Gilsanz\u003c/a> of Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, and \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.ucsf.edu/rachel.whitmer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rachel Whitmer\u003c/a> of the University of California, Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, women who began to menstruate earlier and went through menopause later were less likely to develop dementia. Menopause at age 45 or younger seemed to increase the risk by 28 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another study of 133 elderly women in the U.K. found that the more months of pregnancy they experienced during their lives, the lower their risk of developing Alzheimer's.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings all suggest that female sex hormones — which rise at puberty and during pregnancy, then fall at menopause — are somehow affecting a woman's risk of developing Alzheimer's and other forms of dementia. The results also suggest that greater exposure to these hormones, through more pregnancies or more reproductive years, can reduce a woman's risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it's still not clear whether the mere presence of female sex hormones is a reason that the frequency of Alzheimer's is greater in women than in men.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One possibility is that it's not female sex hormones on their own, but rapid changes in their levels that are a problem, says \u003ca href=\"https://crwg.uic.edu/crwg-home/crwg-staff/pauline-maki-phd/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pauline Maki\u003c/a>, a professor of psychiatry and psychology at the University of Illinois at Chicago, who presented research at the Alzheimer's conference.[contextly_sidebar id=\"YEYwp8N3sM3v9aN2dUZdqE3yWweQzhJS\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Women experience these very dramatic hormonal transitions that in the long run can give rise to Alzheimer's disease,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way for women to minimize the dramatic hormonal changes that occur at menopause is to use hormone replacement therapy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That approach fell out of favor more than a decade ago when a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12771112\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">large study\u003c/a> found that women who took estrogen plus progestin after menopause were actually more likely to get some form of dementia. They also appeared to have a higher risk of heart disease and breast cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Maki says more recent studies suggest that hormone therapy — especially estrogen alone — really can be helpful if women get it at the right time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The effects of hormone therapy depend on the timing of use,\" Maki says. \"Use later in life is detrimental, whereas use early in the menopausal transition could be beneficial.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An analysis presented at the Alzheimer's conference supports that idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It found that in two recent studies, women who started taking estrogen after age 65 were more likely to have trouble with thinking and memory. But women who started taking estrogen between 50 and 54 were not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And estrogen may benefit the mental function of younger women because it reduces the hot flashes associated with menopause, Maki says.[contextly_sidebar id=\"v9bruUJ5zucWs4sZPfqccXVqvwa2qouD\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The more hot flashes a woman has, the worse her memory performance,\" Maki says, citing her own research. \"And when we intervene to address those hot flashes, her memory performance bounces back.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Findings like that are renewing interest in the idea that someday, it may be possible to use hormones around the time of menopause to prevent Alzheimer's and other forms of dementia later on, Maki says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, there's evidence that hormonal differences between men and women may affect their brains in ways that affect doctors' ability to accurately diagnose Alzheimer's, Maki says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the Alzheimer's conference, she presented research showing that women tend to have higher verbal memory skills than men, even when they are in the early stages of Alzheimer's. As a result, women are likely to be diagnosed with the disease later than men.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's unclear whether male hormones, such as testosterone, affect a man's risk of Alzheimer's.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Hormone+Levels+Likely+Influence+A+Woman%27s+Risk+Of+Alzheimer%27s.+But+Exactly+How%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>There's new evidence that a woman's levels of female sex hormones, including estrogen and progesterone, can influence her risk of Alzheimer's and other forms of dementia.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Women are less likely to develop dementia later in life if they begin to menstruate earlier, go through menopause later, and have more than one child, researchers \u003ca href=\"https://www.alz.org/aaic/pressroom.asp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a> Monday at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.alz.org/aaic/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alzheimer's Association International Conference\u003c/a> in Chicago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And recent studies offer hints that \u003ca href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/hormonereplacementtherapy.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hormone replacement therapy\u003c/a>, which fell out of favor more than a decade ago, might offer a way to protect a woman's brain if it is given at the right time, the researchers said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings could help explain why women make up nearly two-thirds of people in the U.S. with Alzheimer's, says \u003ca href=\"http://nationalacademies.org/hmd/Activities/Research/NeuroForum/Member%20Profiles/Maria%20Carrillo.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Maria Carrillo\u003c/a>, the association's chief scientific officer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It isn't just that women are living longer,\" Carrillo says. \"There is some biological underpinning. And because of the large numbers of women that are affected, it is important to find out [what it is].\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have long suspected that sex hormones such as estrogen and progesterone play a role in Alzheimer's. And two studies on dementia and what occurs during a women's reproductive years support that idea.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the studies looked at nearly 15,000 women in California. And it found an association between a woman's reproductive history and her risk of memory problems later in life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The risk of dementia for women who had three or more children was 12 percent lower than the risk for women who had one child, according to \u003ca href=\"https://divisionofresearch.kaiserpermanente.org/researchers/gilsanz-paola\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Paola Gilsanz\u003c/a> of Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, and \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.ucsf.edu/rachel.whitmer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rachel Whitmer\u003c/a> of the University of California, Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, women who began to menstruate earlier and went through menopause later were less likely to develop dementia. Menopause at age 45 or younger seemed to increase the risk by 28 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another study of 133 elderly women in the U.K. found that the more months of pregnancy they experienced during their lives, the lower their risk of developing Alzheimer's.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings all suggest that female sex hormones — which rise at puberty and during pregnancy, then fall at menopause — are somehow affecting a woman's risk of developing Alzheimer's and other forms of dementia. The results also suggest that greater exposure to these hormones, through more pregnancies or more reproductive years, can reduce a woman's risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it's still not clear whether the mere presence of female sex hormones is a reason that the frequency of Alzheimer's is greater in women than in men.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One possibility is that it's not female sex hormones on their own, but rapid changes in their levels that are a problem, says \u003ca href=\"https://crwg.uic.edu/crwg-home/crwg-staff/pauline-maki-phd/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pauline Maki\u003c/a>, a professor of psychiatry and psychology at the University of Illinois at Chicago, who presented research at the Alzheimer's conference.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Women experience these very dramatic hormonal transitions that in the long run can give rise to Alzheimer's disease,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way for women to minimize the dramatic hormonal changes that occur at menopause is to use hormone replacement therapy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That approach fell out of favor more than a decade ago when a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12771112\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">large study\u003c/a> found that women who took estrogen plus progestin after menopause were actually more likely to get some form of dementia. They also appeared to have a higher risk of heart disease and breast cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Maki says more recent studies suggest that hormone therapy — especially estrogen alone — really can be helpful if women get it at the right time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The effects of hormone therapy depend on the timing of use,\" Maki says. \"Use later in life is detrimental, whereas use early in the menopausal transition could be beneficial.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An analysis presented at the Alzheimer's conference supports that idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It found that in two recent studies, women who started taking estrogen after age 65 were more likely to have trouble with thinking and memory. But women who started taking estrogen between 50 and 54 were not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And estrogen may benefit the mental function of younger women because it reduces the hot flashes associated with menopause, Maki says.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The more hot flashes a woman has, the worse her memory performance,\" Maki says, citing her own research. \"And when we intervene to address those hot flashes, her memory performance bounces back.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Findings like that are renewing interest in the idea that someday, it may be possible to use hormones around the time of menopause to prevent Alzheimer's and other forms of dementia later on, Maki says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, there's evidence that hormonal differences between men and women may affect their brains in ways that affect doctors' ability to accurately diagnose Alzheimer's, Maki says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the Alzheimer's conference, she presented research showing that women tend to have higher verbal memory skills than men, even when they are in the early stages of Alzheimer's. As a result, women are likely to be diagnosed with the disease later than men.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's unclear whether male hormones, such as testosterone, affect a man's risk of Alzheimer's.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Hormone+Levels+Likely+Influence+A+Woman%27s+Risk+Of+Alzheimer%27s.+But+Exactly+How%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "A Spike In Liver Disease Deaths Among Young Adults Fueled By Alcohol",
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"content": "\u003cp>Dr. Elliot Tapper has treated a lot of patients, but this one stood out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"His whole body was yellow,\" Tapper remembers. \"He could hardly move. It was difficult for him to breathe, and he wasn't eating anything.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The patient was suffering from chronic liver disease. After years of alcohol use, his liver had stopped filtering his blood. Bilirubin, a yellowish waste compound, was building up in his body and changing his skin color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Disturbing to Tapper, the man was only in his mid-30s – much younger than most liver disease patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tapper, a liver specialist and assistant professor of medicine at the University of Michigan Medical School, tried to get the patient to stop drinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We had long, tearful conversations,\" Tapper says, \"but he continued to struggle with alcohol addiction.\" Since then, the young man's condition has continued to deteriorate and Tapper is not optimistic about his chances of survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's patient stories like this one that led Tapper to research liver disease in young people. According to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.bmj.com/content/362/bmj.k2817\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study published Wednesday\u003c/a> in \u003cem>BMJ\u003c/em> by Tapper and a colleague, fatal liver disease has risen, and young people have been hit the hardest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study examined the number of deaths resulting from cirrhosis, or scarring of the liver, as well as liver cancer. Data came from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and covered the period from 1999 to 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The analysis revealed that deaths from liver-related illnesses have increased dramatically, and mortality in young people rose the fastest. Although these illnesses can be caused by several things including obesity and hepatitis C infection, the rise among young Americans was caused by alcohol consumption. The number of 25- to 34-year-olds who died annually from alcohol-related liver disease nearly tripled between 1999 and 2016, from 259 in 1999 to 767 in 2016, an average annual increase of around 10 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What's happening with young people is dismaying to say the least,\" says Tapper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Certain ethnic groups, like whites and Native Americans, also saw large increases in liver-related deaths in all age groups, while Asian-Americans saw decreases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rise in alcohol-related deaths overlaps with \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25905846\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rising rates of binge drinking\u003c/a> from 2002 to 2012 observed across much of the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors noted a sharp spike in mortality starting in 2009. The reason for the spike is unclear, but Dr. Neehar Parikh, a liver specialist at the University of Michigan Medical School and Tapper's co-author, has a theory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It correlates with the global financial crisis,\" Parikh says. \"We hypothesize that there may be a loss of opportunity, and the psychological burden that comes with that may have driven some of those patients to abusive drinking.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The increase among younger Americans is particularly troubling, because it kills people in the prime of their life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Each young patient that dies is a tragedy,\" says Parikh. \"It's years of life lost.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study is the latest to confirm that liver-related illnesses are becoming increasingly prevalent. A report \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db314.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published Tuesday\u003c/a> by the CDC shows that the age-adjusted death rate from liver cancer has increased 43 percent since 2000. And a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26255044\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent study of veterans\u003c/a> found that cirrhosis cases nearly doubled between 2001 and 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"https://www.mayo.edu/research/faculty/shah-vijay-m-d/bio-00083665\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Vijay Shah\u003c/a>, who heads the Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology at the Mayo Clinic and was not involved with this research, says that the study's emphasis on young Americans is new.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Alcohol-related liver cirrhosis used to be considered a disease that would happen after 30 years of heavy alcohol consumption,\" Shah says. \"But this study is showing that these problems are actually occurring in individuals in their 20s and 30s.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There has been a shift in the kind of patient we're seeing,\" agrees Dr. Sumeet Asrani, a liver specialist practicing in Dallas who did not contribute to the study. \"It fits with what we see in practice. We're seeing younger and younger patients with alcoholic liver disease.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the recent increase, cirrhosis remains a relatively minor cause of death for young Americans, accounting for only 1.4 percent of total deaths in the 25-34 age range. But it's much more significant for young Native Americans, accounting for 6.3 percent of deaths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tapper thinks the problem is only going to get worse. Some conditions that cause liver trouble, like hepatitis C, have been falling. But other risk factors, including obesity, are on the rise. Alcohol consumption and obesity could interact to worsen liver disease, Tapper says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tapper says he thinks that policy could play a role in addressing the problem. For instance, strategic taxation of alcoholic beverages could deter consumption, just as raising the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/11/10/501589893/cigarette-smoking-in-the-u-s-continues-to-fall\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">taxes on cigarettes has been shown to reduce smoking\u003c/a>. He cites the example of Scotland, which recently set minimum prices for units of alcohol to deter binge drinking. He also points to public health interventions, such as counseling, that help people quit drinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The good news is that liver disease is often reversible. Many patients can recover if they stop drinking soon enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I've had patients who came to me in a wheelchair,\" Tapper says. \"Three months later, they're shoveling snow and their lab tests are normal. It's always because they made that choice to stop drinking.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Paul Chisholm is an intern with NPR's Science desk.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+Spike+In+Liver+Disease+Deaths+Among+Young+Adults+Fueled+By+Alcohol+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Dr. Elliot Tapper has treated a lot of patients, but this one stood out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"His whole body was yellow,\" Tapper remembers. \"He could hardly move. It was difficult for him to breathe, and he wasn't eating anything.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The patient was suffering from chronic liver disease. After years of alcohol use, his liver had stopped filtering his blood. Bilirubin, a yellowish waste compound, was building up in his body and changing his skin color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Disturbing to Tapper, the man was only in his mid-30s – much younger than most liver disease patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tapper, a liver specialist and assistant professor of medicine at the University of Michigan Medical School, tried to get the patient to stop drinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We had long, tearful conversations,\" Tapper says, \"but he continued to struggle with alcohol addiction.\" Since then, the young man's condition has continued to deteriorate and Tapper is not optimistic about his chances of survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's patient stories like this one that led Tapper to research liver disease in young people. According to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.bmj.com/content/362/bmj.k2817\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study published Wednesday\u003c/a> in \u003cem>BMJ\u003c/em> by Tapper and a colleague, fatal liver disease has risen, and young people have been hit the hardest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study examined the number of deaths resulting from cirrhosis, or scarring of the liver, as well as liver cancer. Data came from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and covered the period from 1999 to 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The analysis revealed that deaths from liver-related illnesses have increased dramatically, and mortality in young people rose the fastest. Although these illnesses can be caused by several things including obesity and hepatitis C infection, the rise among young Americans was caused by alcohol consumption. The number of 25- to 34-year-olds who died annually from alcohol-related liver disease nearly tripled between 1999 and 2016, from 259 in 1999 to 767 in 2016, an average annual increase of around 10 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What's happening with young people is dismaying to say the least,\" says Tapper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Certain ethnic groups, like whites and Native Americans, also saw large increases in liver-related deaths in all age groups, while Asian-Americans saw decreases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rise in alcohol-related deaths overlaps with \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25905846\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rising rates of binge drinking\u003c/a> from 2002 to 2012 observed across much of the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors noted a sharp spike in mortality starting in 2009. The reason for the spike is unclear, but Dr. Neehar Parikh, a liver specialist at the University of Michigan Medical School and Tapper's co-author, has a theory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It correlates with the global financial crisis,\" Parikh says. \"We hypothesize that there may be a loss of opportunity, and the psychological burden that comes with that may have driven some of those patients to abusive drinking.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The increase among younger Americans is particularly troubling, because it kills people in the prime of their life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Each young patient that dies is a tragedy,\" says Parikh. \"It's years of life lost.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study is the latest to confirm that liver-related illnesses are becoming increasingly prevalent. A report \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db314.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published Tuesday\u003c/a> by the CDC shows that the age-adjusted death rate from liver cancer has increased 43 percent since 2000. And a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26255044\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent study of veterans\u003c/a> found that cirrhosis cases nearly doubled between 2001 and 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"https://www.mayo.edu/research/faculty/shah-vijay-m-d/bio-00083665\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Vijay Shah\u003c/a>, who heads the Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology at the Mayo Clinic and was not involved with this research, says that the study's emphasis on young Americans is new.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Alcohol-related liver cirrhosis used to be considered a disease that would happen after 30 years of heavy alcohol consumption,\" Shah says. \"But this study is showing that these problems are actually occurring in individuals in their 20s and 30s.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There has been a shift in the kind of patient we're seeing,\" agrees Dr. Sumeet Asrani, a liver specialist practicing in Dallas who did not contribute to the study. \"It fits with what we see in practice. We're seeing younger and younger patients with alcoholic liver disease.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the recent increase, cirrhosis remains a relatively minor cause of death for young Americans, accounting for only 1.4 percent of total deaths in the 25-34 age range. But it's much more significant for young Native Americans, accounting for 6.3 percent of deaths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tapper thinks the problem is only going to get worse. Some conditions that cause liver trouble, like hepatitis C, have been falling. But other risk factors, including obesity, are on the rise. Alcohol consumption and obesity could interact to worsen liver disease, Tapper says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tapper says he thinks that policy could play a role in addressing the problem. For instance, strategic taxation of alcoholic beverages could deter consumption, just as raising the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/11/10/501589893/cigarette-smoking-in-the-u-s-continues-to-fall\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">taxes on cigarettes has been shown to reduce smoking\u003c/a>. He cites the example of Scotland, which recently set minimum prices for units of alcohol to deter binge drinking. He also points to public health interventions, such as counseling, that help people quit drinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The good news is that liver disease is often reversible. Many patients can recover if they stop drinking soon enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I've had patients who came to me in a wheelchair,\" Tapper says. \"Three months later, they're shoveling snow and their lab tests are normal. It's always because they made that choice to stop drinking.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Paul Chisholm is an intern with NPR's Science desk.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+Spike+In+Liver+Disease+Deaths+Among+Young+Adults+Fueled+By+Alcohol+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Every day, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ninds.nih.gov/About-NINDS/Who-We-Are/Directors-Corner\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Walter Koroshetz\u003c/a>, 65, takes a pill as part of his effort to help keep his brain healthy and sharp.[contextly_sidebar id=\"4qBhSsrstKRvTKQK6tvUcmCtY4bzQNtv\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pill is his blood pressure medication. And Koroshetz, who directs the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, says controlling high blood pressure helps him reduce his risk of dementia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also keeps his blood pressure down by exercising and paying attention to his weight and diet. \"I'm a believer,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Koroshetz is urging other people with high blood pressure to follow his lead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He is responsible for the institute's public health campaign called \u003ca href=\"https://mindyourrisks.nih.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mind Your Risks\u003c/a>. Its goal is to let people know that there is a link between high blood pressure, stroke and dementia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When blood pressure rises, it strains the tiny blood vessels that keep brain cells alive, Koroshetz says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"With every pulse of your heart, you are pushing blood into these very small blood vessels in the brain,\" he says. And when the heart pushes too hard, as it does when blood pressure is elevated, it can cause damage that can lead to a stroke.[contextly_sidebar id=\"8eq71K4GS69glebb5gMvhBNDaKzdVXhl\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least two large studies have revealed an alarming trend among stroke patients, Koroshetz says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you had a stroke, even a small stroke, your risk of dementia within the next two years was greatly magnified,\" he says. \"So there's something about having a stroke that drives a lot of the processes that give rise to dementia.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The evidence is clearest for a type of dementia called \u003ca href=\"https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/what-is-dementia/types-of-dementia/vascular-dementia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">vascular dementia\u003c/a>. It occurs when something blocks or reduces the flow of blood to brain cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But high blood pressure also appears to increase a person's risk of developing Alzheimer's disease, which is associated with the accumulation of plaques and tangles in the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If people knew about the link between dementia and high blood pressure, they might be more inclined to do something about it, Koroshetz says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Only about 50 percent of people who have hypertension are actually treated,\" he says. \"So I think there's a lot to be said for trying to get high blood pressure under control.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Koroshetz's campaign is getting some help from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/what-is-dementia/types-of-dementia/vascular-dementia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alzheimer's Association\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group will present new research on blood pressure and Alzheimer's at its annual scientific \u003ca href=\"https://www.alz.org/aaic/about/chicago.asp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">meeting\u003c/a> in Chicago, which starts July 22. And the group is encouraging people to control high blood pressure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The good news is that we can control blood pressure now,\" says Maria Carrillo, the group's chief science officer. \"We can do that with exercise, with lifestyle, with healthy eating and also with medications.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Koroshetz is using all of these approaches. And he says other people with high blood pressure should follow his lead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you get to be my age, you're going to be very grateful that you controlled your blood pressure and exercised,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Worried+About+Dementia%3F+You+Might+Want+to+Check+Your+Blood+Pressure&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Every day, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ninds.nih.gov/About-NINDS/Who-We-Are/Directors-Corner\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Walter Koroshetz\u003c/a>, 65, takes a pill as part of his effort to help keep his brain healthy and sharp.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pill is his blood pressure medication. And Koroshetz, who directs the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, says controlling high blood pressure helps him reduce his risk of dementia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also keeps his blood pressure down by exercising and paying attention to his weight and diet. \"I'm a believer,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Koroshetz is urging other people with high blood pressure to follow his lead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He is responsible for the institute's public health campaign called \u003ca href=\"https://mindyourrisks.nih.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mind Your Risks\u003c/a>. Its goal is to let people know that there is a link between high blood pressure, stroke and dementia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When blood pressure rises, it strains the tiny blood vessels that keep brain cells alive, Koroshetz says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"With every pulse of your heart, you are pushing blood into these very small blood vessels in the brain,\" he says. And when the heart pushes too hard, as it does when blood pressure is elevated, it can cause damage that can lead to a stroke.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least two large studies have revealed an alarming trend among stroke patients, Koroshetz says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you had a stroke, even a small stroke, your risk of dementia within the next two years was greatly magnified,\" he says. \"So there's something about having a stroke that drives a lot of the processes that give rise to dementia.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The evidence is clearest for a type of dementia called \u003ca href=\"https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/what-is-dementia/types-of-dementia/vascular-dementia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">vascular dementia\u003c/a>. It occurs when something blocks or reduces the flow of blood to brain cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But high blood pressure also appears to increase a person's risk of developing Alzheimer's disease, which is associated with the accumulation of plaques and tangles in the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If people knew about the link between dementia and high blood pressure, they might be more inclined to do something about it, Koroshetz says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Only about 50 percent of people who have hypertension are actually treated,\" he says. \"So I think there's a lot to be said for trying to get high blood pressure under control.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Koroshetz's campaign is getting some help from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/what-is-dementia/types-of-dementia/vascular-dementia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alzheimer's Association\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group will present new research on blood pressure and Alzheimer's at its annual scientific \u003ca href=\"https://www.alz.org/aaic/about/chicago.asp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">meeting\u003c/a> in Chicago, which starts July 22. And the group is encouraging people to control high blood pressure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The good news is that we can control blood pressure now,\" says Maria Carrillo, the group's chief science officer. \"We can do that with exercise, with lifestyle, with healthy eating and also with medications.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Koroshetz is using all of these approaches. And he says other people with high blood pressure should follow his lead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you get to be my age, you're going to be very grateful that you controlled your blood pressure and exercised,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Worried+About+Dementia%3F+You+Might+Want+to+Check+Your+Blood+Pressure&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Could the tick that just bit you carry a pathogen that causes Lyme disease or another ailment? If you’re worried, you could ship the offending bug to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.tickreport.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">private testing service\u003c/a> to find out. But between August 2016 and January 2017, you could have gotten a free analysis by sending it to \u003ca href=\"https://www.nietolab.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nathan Nieto\u003c/a>‘s lab at Northern Arizona University. You’d get back info on the critter that bit you and, if applicable, a pathology report.[contextly_sidebar id=”vQtnCzXhkQcs89CEeEPJrr32XWz2BjaR”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nieto’s project wasn’t just a goodwill gesture: It was an unprecedented attempt to include the public in tick research. Nieto, a microbiologist at Northern Arizona University, and his team published \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0199644\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the results\u003c/a> of their brief tick-collecting experiment Thursday in \u003cem>PLOS One\u003c/em>. They say it shows the potential of citizen science to fill in gaps in research—and that data gathered this way could ultimately help form a more proactive public health response when it comes to identifying and preventing tick-borne disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public health officials track the number of reported cases of tick-borne diseases, and researchers can study ticks in their local habitats. But when it comes to assessing the risk of potential infection from tick-born pathogens, figuring out which ticks commonly bite humans, what pathogens they carry, and how many people actually get sick from bites, the picture’s always been blurry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until now. Usually, Nieto says, scientists collect around 100 ticks at a time for local research using surprisingly low-tech methods (such as dragging a long swath of fabric behind a truck, then counting the number of ticks it catches). In this case, researchers received thousands of ticks. Most had been removed from humans or dogs—and there were many more than they originally planned for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We budgeted for 2,400,” says Nieto. “Then all of a sudden it was over 16,000.” The massive response shows how hungry the public is for information on the ticks that bite them, he says. In the meantime, it fed scientists an unexpectedly large dataset, and information on ticks from 49 states and Puerto Rico.[contextly_sidebar id=”ohPookGuQNsrQ7oV2MNauvfZDjgmSRp5″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once ticks made their way into the lab, the team identified them and tested them for four tick-born pathogens, including \u003cem>Borrelia burgdorferi\u003c/em>, the bacterium that causes Lyme disease. They sent information on the pathogen back to the people who submitted ticks and mapped their geographic distribution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though researchers weren’t on the hunt for new tick-borne pathogens, they did uncover some surprises. Unexpected ticks turned up in unexpected locations, like Lone Star ticks you’d expect to find in the Southeast as far north as Maine and as far west as California. And ticks capable of carrying Lyme disease were reported in 83 counties where they hadn’t been recorded before. A few rare ticks turned up, too, though none of them carried pathogens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Nieto, the real point was to show how citizens might help fill in a gray area between incidence and risk, documenting human and animal exposure to ticks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can use this data to show when risk is actually happening in the system,” says Nieto. “It ends up being predictive.” The data could be lined up to reports of tick-borne disease in a certain geographic area, for example, to show how long it takes for people to report illness or to help public health officials brace for next year’s tick season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers note that gathering data at this scale wouldn’t be possible without citizen scientists — and future studies of this type could help improve understanding of tick-borne disease.[contextly_sidebar id=”clkhy1Xj8UN6TWA04SmgdSJIeSSTp8ZO”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a great example of using citizen science to ask questions about the ecology of infectious disease,” says \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.stanford.edu/katharine-walter\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Katharine Walter\u003c/a>, an epidemiologist at Stanford University who has studied the prevalence and spread of tick-borne diseases. Walter, who did not participate in the research, says that a longer-term project could yield real insights not just into disease, but climate change and human impacts on their environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the power of science,” says Walter. “I really believe that scientific research shouldn’t be just for scientists.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study’s authors admit there are some real limitations to their work. They didn’t find out if and where people had traveled before they found the ticks. Since ticks can hang out on the body for days, they could have traveled along with people or animals on the move and resulted in misreporting. Nieto says his team didn’t ask for the data out of privacy concerns and a desire to encourage participation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another limitation is that people who never hear about a citizen science initiative can’t participate, and the study wasn’t advertised beyond an initial PR campaign conducted by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.bayarealyme.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bay Area Lyme Foundation\u003c/a>, which funded the project. Socioeconomic barriers to the internet may also have limited participants, and there’s no way to verify how many participants misreported information about the ticks that bit them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s next for the tick collectors? First, says Nieto, they’ll dig deeper into the ticks’ DNA, and hopefully open up another wave of free tick analysis in an attempt to broaden the data even more. From there, says Nieto, it’s up to others to use the dataset for good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have this information,” he says. “Now we need some technology or changes in behavior that are going to help us actually prevent infection.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Erin Blakemore is a science writer based in Boulder, Colo. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Researchers+Study+Thousands+Of+Ticks+Collected+By+The+People+They+Bit&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Could the tick that just bit you carry a pathogen that causes Lyme disease or another ailment? If you’re worried, you could ship the offending bug to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.tickreport.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">private testing service\u003c/a> to find out. But between August 2016 and January 2017, you could have gotten a free analysis by sending it to \u003ca href=\"https://www.nietolab.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nathan Nieto\u003c/a>‘s lab at Northern Arizona University. You’d get back info on the critter that bit you and, if applicable, a pathology report.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nieto’s project wasn’t just a goodwill gesture: It was an unprecedented attempt to include the public in tick research. Nieto, a microbiologist at Northern Arizona University, and his team published \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0199644\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the results\u003c/a> of their brief tick-collecting experiment Thursday in \u003cem>PLOS One\u003c/em>. They say it shows the potential of citizen science to fill in gaps in research—and that data gathered this way could ultimately help form a more proactive public health response when it comes to identifying and preventing tick-borne disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public health officials track the number of reported cases of tick-borne diseases, and researchers can study ticks in their local habitats. But when it comes to assessing the risk of potential infection from tick-born pathogens, figuring out which ticks commonly bite humans, what pathogens they carry, and how many people actually get sick from bites, the picture’s always been blurry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until now. Usually, Nieto says, scientists collect around 100 ticks at a time for local research using surprisingly low-tech methods (such as dragging a long swath of fabric behind a truck, then counting the number of ticks it catches). In this case, researchers received thousands of ticks. Most had been removed from humans or dogs—and there were many more than they originally planned for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We budgeted for 2,400,” says Nieto. “Then all of a sudden it was over 16,000.” The massive response shows how hungry the public is for information on the ticks that bite them, he says. In the meantime, it fed scientists an unexpectedly large dataset, and information on ticks from 49 states and Puerto Rico.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once ticks made their way into the lab, the team identified them and tested them for four tick-born pathogens, including \u003cem>Borrelia burgdorferi\u003c/em>, the bacterium that causes Lyme disease. They sent information on the pathogen back to the people who submitted ticks and mapped their geographic distribution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though researchers weren’t on the hunt for new tick-borne pathogens, they did uncover some surprises. Unexpected ticks turned up in unexpected locations, like Lone Star ticks you’d expect to find in the Southeast as far north as Maine and as far west as California. And ticks capable of carrying Lyme disease were reported in 83 counties where they hadn’t been recorded before. A few rare ticks turned up, too, though none of them carried pathogens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Nieto, the real point was to show how citizens might help fill in a gray area between incidence and risk, documenting human and animal exposure to ticks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can use this data to show when risk is actually happening in the system,” says Nieto. “It ends up being predictive.” The data could be lined up to reports of tick-borne disease in a certain geographic area, for example, to show how long it takes for people to report illness or to help public health officials brace for next year’s tick season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers note that gathering data at this scale wouldn’t be possible without citizen scientists — and future studies of this type could help improve understanding of tick-borne disease.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a great example of using citizen science to ask questions about the ecology of infectious disease,” says \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.stanford.edu/katharine-walter\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Katharine Walter\u003c/a>, an epidemiologist at Stanford University who has studied the prevalence and spread of tick-borne diseases. Walter, who did not participate in the research, says that a longer-term project could yield real insights not just into disease, but climate change and human impacts on their environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the power of science,” says Walter. “I really believe that scientific research shouldn’t be just for scientists.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study’s authors admit there are some real limitations to their work. They didn’t find out if and where people had traveled before they found the ticks. Since ticks can hang out on the body for days, they could have traveled along with people or animals on the move and resulted in misreporting. Nieto says his team didn’t ask for the data out of privacy concerns and a desire to encourage participation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another limitation is that people who never hear about a citizen science initiative can’t participate, and the study wasn’t advertised beyond an initial PR campaign conducted by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.bayarealyme.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bay Area Lyme Foundation\u003c/a>, which funded the project. Socioeconomic barriers to the internet may also have limited participants, and there’s no way to verify how many participants misreported information about the ticks that bit them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s next for the tick collectors? First, says Nieto, they’ll dig deeper into the ticks’ DNA, and hopefully open up another wave of free tick analysis in an attempt to broaden the data even more. From there, says Nieto, it’s up to others to use the dataset for good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have this information,” he says. “Now we need some technology or changes in behavior that are going to help us actually prevent infection.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Erin Blakemore is a science writer based in Boulder, Colo. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Researchers+Study+Thousands+Of+Ticks+Collected+By+The+People+They+Bit&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Breastfeeding remains the gold standard for infant nutrition across the world. And while the United States lags behind many developed nations, most U.S. states have significantly improved breastfeeding rates over the past decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Are We Talking About This?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On July 8, The New York Times reported the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/08/health/world-health-breastfeeding-ecuador-trump.html\">Trump administration opposed a breastfeeding policy\u003c/a> Ecuador planned to introduce during the World Health Assembly. Under pressure from the infant formula industry, U.S. officials threatened retaliatory trade and military measures if Ecuador moved forward, according to the Times. Ultimately, Russia introduced the policy, which the United Nations-affiliated body then passed largely intact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1016367395294908421\">tweet\u003c/a> Monday, President Donald Trump criticized the Times’ coverage of the story. He suggested the reporting was false, but then said: “The U.S. strongly supports breastfeeding but we don’t believe women should be denied access to formula. Many women need this option because of malnutrition and poverty.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These reports shocked physicians and public health advocates in the United States and around the world and stood in stark contrast to decades of infant and maternal research and guidelines. In war zones and during humanitarian crises, infant formula makes sense, said Gayle Tzemach Lemmon, an author and senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2017/08/12/opinions/global-breastfeeding-policies-opinion-lemmon/index.html?\">in this piece\u003c/a>. In those extreme cases, access to formula should be provided.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But research has long shown that breastfeeding is the best way to \u003ca href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000803.htm\">nourish an infant\u003c/a>, boost their \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9892025\">immune system\u003c/a>, prevent them from being sick or becoming \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19693959\">overweight or obese\u003c/a> and forge \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK52687/\">bonding between mother and child\u003c/a>. It can also help maternal health. And, experts said after the president’s remarks, low-income and impoverished areas are where breastfeeding can make the biggest improvements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where Does the U.S. Stand?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite having one of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.oecd.org/els/family/database.htm\">lowest breastfeeding initiation rates among industrialized countries\u003c/a> — it ranked 26th, according to the latest available data from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development — breastfeeding rates in the U.S. improved nationwide and in nearly every state between 2007 and 2016, according to the latest available CDC data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2007, nearly 74 percent of U.S. women said they had ever breastfed, according to results from the CDC’s National Immunization Survey. A decade later, that number rose to 81 percent of American women. And the rate of women who said they continued breastfeeding at six months, consistent with recommendations from the WHO, rose from 42 percent to 52 percent by 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most states revealed increases of 10-percentage points or more among women who said they had ever breastfed during the same time period. Utah reported the highest breastfeeding rate — 94 percent — while just over half of Mississippi mothers said they had tried to breastfeed their children. Three states — Vermont, Washington and Tennessee — slipped slightly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why it Matters?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Breastfeeding is one of the most cost-effective interventions for improving maternal and child health,” said Georges Benjamin, executive director for the American Public Health Association, in a released statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the U.S., \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/66/wr/mm6627a3.htm\">disparities in race, income and geography\u003c/a> underscore the work that’s left to do to support U.S. mothers who want to give their infants breastmilk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, the World Health Organization challenged the global community to raise by 2025 the number of babies who were \u003ca href=\"http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/149022/WHO_NMH_NHD_14.7_eng.pdf;jsessionid=46F03474C750F2F4847BA40C1F94BD52?sequence=1\">exclusively breastfed during their first six months\u003c/a> by 50 percent. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention also recognizes breast milk “as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/resources/us-breastfeeding-rates.html\">best source of nutrition for most infants\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some places in the U.S. have spearheaded their own efforts to improve breastfeeding rates. The Make The Breast Pump Not Suck Hackathon at the Massachusetts Institute for Technology is an annual event that gives grants to projects that would improve access to breast feeding, from designing better breast pumps to improving social policies. In 2016, San Francisco took steps to ensure \u003ca href=\"http://www.populationsciences.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/SF%20Paid%20Parental%20Leave%20-%20UC%20Berkeley%20issue%20brief%201.pdf\">paid parental leave\u003c/a>, something advocates suggest could further improve breastfeeding rates. The United States remains the \u003ca href=\"https://www.oecd.org/els/soc/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.pdf\">only developed nation without mandated paid maternity leave\u003c/a>, according to the OECD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Catherine D’Ignazio, who founded the hackathon event in 2014, said the reality is that many people still “don’t have access to making that choice” to breastfeed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn aligncenter\" src=\"https://d3i6fh83elv35t.cloudfront.net/static/2018/07/breastfeed-graphic.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1031\" height=\"4685\">\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Breastfeeding remains the gold standard for infant nutrition across the world. And while the United States lags behind many developed nations, most U.S. states have significantly improved breastfeeding rates over the past decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Are We Talking About This?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On July 8, The New York Times reported the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/08/health/world-health-breastfeeding-ecuador-trump.html\">Trump administration opposed a breastfeeding policy\u003c/a> Ecuador planned to introduce during the World Health Assembly. Under pressure from the infant formula industry, U.S. officials threatened retaliatory trade and military measures if Ecuador moved forward, according to the Times. Ultimately, Russia introduced the policy, which the United Nations-affiliated body then passed largely intact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1016367395294908421\">tweet\u003c/a> Monday, President Donald Trump criticized the Times’ coverage of the story. He suggested the reporting was false, but then said: “The U.S. strongly supports breastfeeding but we don’t believe women should be denied access to formula. Many women need this option because of malnutrition and poverty.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These reports shocked physicians and public health advocates in the United States and around the world and stood in stark contrast to decades of infant and maternal research and guidelines. In war zones and during humanitarian crises, infant formula makes sense, said Gayle Tzemach Lemmon, an author and senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2017/08/12/opinions/global-breastfeeding-policies-opinion-lemmon/index.html?\">in this piece\u003c/a>. In those extreme cases, access to formula should be provided.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But research has long shown that breastfeeding is the best way to \u003ca href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000803.htm\">nourish an infant\u003c/a>, boost their \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9892025\">immune system\u003c/a>, prevent them from being sick or becoming \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19693959\">overweight or obese\u003c/a> and forge \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK52687/\">bonding between mother and child\u003c/a>. It can also help maternal health. And, experts said after the president’s remarks, low-income and impoverished areas are where breastfeeding can make the biggest improvements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where Does the U.S. Stand?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite having one of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.oecd.org/els/family/database.htm\">lowest breastfeeding initiation rates among industrialized countries\u003c/a> — it ranked 26th, according to the latest available data from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development — breastfeeding rates in the U.S. improved nationwide and in nearly every state between 2007 and 2016, according to the latest available CDC data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2007, nearly 74 percent of U.S. women said they had ever breastfed, according to results from the CDC’s National Immunization Survey. A decade later, that number rose to 81 percent of American women. And the rate of women who said they continued breastfeeding at six months, consistent with recommendations from the WHO, rose from 42 percent to 52 percent by 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most states revealed increases of 10-percentage points or more among women who said they had ever breastfed during the same time period. Utah reported the highest breastfeeding rate — 94 percent — while just over half of Mississippi mothers said they had tried to breastfeed their children. Three states — Vermont, Washington and Tennessee — slipped slightly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why it Matters?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Breastfeeding is one of the most cost-effective interventions for improving maternal and child health,” said Georges Benjamin, executive director for the American Public Health Association, in a released statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the U.S., \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/66/wr/mm6627a3.htm\">disparities in race, income and geography\u003c/a> underscore the work that’s left to do to support U.S. mothers who want to give their infants breastmilk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, the World Health Organization challenged the global community to raise by 2025 the number of babies who were \u003ca href=\"http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/149022/WHO_NMH_NHD_14.7_eng.pdf;jsessionid=46F03474C750F2F4847BA40C1F94BD52?sequence=1\">exclusively breastfed during their first six months\u003c/a> by 50 percent. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention also recognizes breast milk “as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/resources/us-breastfeeding-rates.html\">best source of nutrition for most infants\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some places in the U.S. have spearheaded their own efforts to improve breastfeeding rates. The Make The Breast Pump Not Suck Hackathon at the Massachusetts Institute for Technology is an annual event that gives grants to projects that would improve access to breast feeding, from designing better breast pumps to improving social policies. In 2016, San Francisco took steps to ensure \u003ca href=\"http://www.populationsciences.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/SF%20Paid%20Parental%20Leave%20-%20UC%20Berkeley%20issue%20brief%201.pdf\">paid parental leave\u003c/a>, something advocates suggest could further improve breastfeeding rates. The United States remains the \u003ca href=\"https://www.oecd.org/els/soc/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.pdf\">only developed nation without mandated paid maternity leave\u003c/a>, according to the OECD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Catherine D’Ignazio, who founded the hackathon event in 2014, said the reality is that many people still “don’t have access to making that choice” to breastfeed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn aligncenter\" src=\"https://d3i6fh83elv35t.cloudfront.net/static/2018/07/breastfeed-graphic.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1031\" height=\"4685\">\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "To Repel Ticks, Try Spraying Your Clothes With A Pesticide That Mimics Mums",
"title": "To Repel Ticks, Try Spraying Your Clothes With A Pesticide That Mimics Mums",
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"content": "\u003cp>There's new evidence to support a decades-old strategy for preventing the tick bites that lead to all sorts of nasty diseases, including Lyme disease and Rocky Mountain spotted fever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The remedy involves spraying your clothing with \u003ca href=\"http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/PermGen.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">permethrin\u003c/a> — a pesticide that's chemically similar to extracts of the flowering chrysanthemum plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in the 1980s, the U.S. military conducted several \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3735345\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tests\u003c/a> on a synthetic version of the plant-derived pesticide. When it was shown to be effective in preventing the bites of insects and ticks, the military began to purchase uniforms for soldiers that are \u003ca href=\"https://www.army.mil/article/110610/army_launches_website_about_permethrin_treated_acus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">factory-treated with permethrin\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, many outdoor enthusiasts are converts, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I love being outside — whether it's hiking, biking or climbing,\" says Danny Quinteros, who lives in Washington, D.C., and works at REI.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Quinteros is planning a hike of the Appalachian Trail, which cuts through many tick-infested areas. And because of the rise in tick-borne diseases, permethrin has become part of his protection routine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He takes a can and sprays it on a T-shirt. \"You want to stay back about 6 to 8 inches away from the clothing,\" he says. He applies an even coat, then flips the T-shirt over to spray the back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to treating his clothes with permethrin, Quinteros wears a \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/insect-repellents/deet\">DEET-based\u003c/a> repellent to cover his exposed skin when he's outdoors. Together, he says, these two strategies are very effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's scientific evidence to back up Quinteros' observations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are several studies that provide pretty compelling evidence that wearing permethrin-treated clothing has the potential to reduce tick bites,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://wcsu.edu/sigma-xi/neeta-connally/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Neeta Connally\u003c/a>, a medical entomologist who oversees the Tickborne Disease Prevention Lab at Western Connecticut State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most \u003ca href=\"https://academic.oup.com/jme/advance-article/doi/10.1093/jme/tjy062/4999656\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent study\u003c/a>, published in May in the \u003cem>Journal of Medical Entomology,\u003c/em> comes from researchers at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers purchased 10 different types of permethrin-treated clothing, including T-shirts, socks and pants from \u003ca href=\"https://www.insectshield.com/?mkwid=s1nqM9s0h&pcrid=278970168178&pmt=p&pkw=insect%20shield&pdv=c&slid=&product=&gclid=CjwKCAjwg_fZBRAoEiwAppvp-QZ8hfNLPVdP5uLKhbz9cznj2xFsO6HFT8tuFOEdo9pnQgSudOnGIBoCK_oQAvD_BwE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Insect Shield\u003c/a>, a purveyor of pretreated clothing. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.orvis.com/s/insect-repellent-clothing-by-bugsaway-from-orvis/3741\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bugsaway\u003c/a> is another brand of permethrin-treated clothing, and Cabela's \u003ca href=\"https://www.cabelas.com/product/cabela-s-men-s-insect-defense-over-the-calf-socks/2194854.uts?Ntk=AllProducts&searchPath=%2Fcatalog%2Fsearch%2F%3FN%3D5100830%26Ne%3D5100830%26Ntk%3DAllProducts%26Ntt%3Dinsect%26Ntx%3Dmode%252Bmatchallpartial%26WT.srch%3D1%26WT.tsrc%3DPPC%26rid%3D20%26WT.mc_id%3DGOOGLE%257Cmec_insect%252Bdefense%252Bclothing_permethrin%257CUSA%26WT.z_mc_id1%3D43700004953223579%26ds_rl%3D1256283%26gclid%3DCj0KCQjwpvzZBRCbARIsACe8vyJMjXM43KEVQge7fUu5cjDJtSMWKuOtBUrolmga-OkYJOhvp9lI49caAhLiEALw_wcB%26gclsrc%3Daw.ds&Ntt=insect&slotId=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sells socks\u003c/a> treated with the insecticide.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists let loose different species of ticks on a bit of treated cloth from each sample — a piece of cloth the size of a playing card.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We wanted to see how long [the ticks would] have to be in contact with the clothing to be incapacitated and die,\" says Lars Eisen, a research entomologist for the CDC in Fort Collins, Colo., and one of the study's authors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ticks quickly become irritated after being exposed to the pesticide, Eisen says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They essentially start flipping backwards and start rolling off the treated clothing,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The black-legged tick — also known as the deer tick — which can transmit the bacteria that cause Lyme disease, was one of the species tested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When black-legged nymphs (young ticks that are no bigger than a poppy seed) came into contact with the treated clothing, it took them \"less than a minute\" to receive a dose of permethrin that killed them, Eisen says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even though the ticks don't die instantly, the permethrin quickly incapacitates them so they're unable to bite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, if permethrin-treated clothing is so effective, why don't more people use it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, in one Lyme \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Peridomestic+Lyme+Disease+Prevention+Connally\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">prevention study\u003c/a> published in 2009 that Connally and her team conducted in Connecticut, less than 1 percent of study participants said they ever wear treated clothing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even though awareness is growing, she says, a more recent survey \"found that many respondents were uncertain about the effectiveness and safety of treated clothing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Permethrin has been registered with the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/insect-repellents/repellent-treated-clothing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Environmental Protection Agency\u003c/a> since 1979, and the EPA periodically re-evaluates it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's an EPA-registered product, \"which means it must be studied for safety,\" Connally says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/insect-repellents/repellent-treated-clothing#safety%20of%20permethrin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the EPA website\u003c/a>, \"All exposure scenarios showed that permethrin factory-treated clothing is unlikely to pose any significant immediate or long-term hazard to people wearing the clothing.\" Using permethrin spray according to directions to treat your own clothes should also pose little risk, the agency says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Pesticide Information Center \u003ca href=\"http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/PermGen.html\">notes\u003c/a> that some people who inadvertently get the insecticide spray on their skin may experience temporary tingling, redness or irritation at that site, but not serious symptoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Permethrin lotions and creams are also routinely used to treat \u003ca href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a698037.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">head lice and scabies\u003c/a> in people 2 months of age and older.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I absolutely wear permethrin-treated clothing,\" say Connally, who has no financial ties to makers of permethrin or the treated clothes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And she says many of the researchers in her lab wear treated overalls to protect themselves while doing research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When I think of the potentially serious illnesses that my family members or I could get from a single tick bite, I feel very comfortable wearing treated clothing,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=To+Repel+Ticks%2C+Try+Spraying+Your+Clothes+With+A+Pesticide+That+Mimics+Mums&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Just in time for summer hikes and outdoor play, a study finds that the ticks that often convey Lyme disease become unable to bite, and soon die, after exposure to clothing treated with permethrin.",
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"description": "Just in time for summer hikes and outdoor play, a study finds that the ticks that often convey Lyme disease become unable to bite, and soon die, after exposure to clothing treated with permethrin.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>There's new evidence to support a decades-old strategy for preventing the tick bites that lead to all sorts of nasty diseases, including Lyme disease and Rocky Mountain spotted fever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The remedy involves spraying your clothing with \u003ca href=\"http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/PermGen.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">permethrin\u003c/a> — a pesticide that's chemically similar to extracts of the flowering chrysanthemum plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in the 1980s, the U.S. military conducted several \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3735345\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tests\u003c/a> on a synthetic version of the plant-derived pesticide. When it was shown to be effective in preventing the bites of insects and ticks, the military began to purchase uniforms for soldiers that are \u003ca href=\"https://www.army.mil/article/110610/army_launches_website_about_permethrin_treated_acus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">factory-treated with permethrin\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, many outdoor enthusiasts are converts, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I love being outside — whether it's hiking, biking or climbing,\" says Danny Quinteros, who lives in Washington, D.C., and works at REI.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Quinteros is planning a hike of the Appalachian Trail, which cuts through many tick-infested areas. And because of the rise in tick-borne diseases, permethrin has become part of his protection routine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He takes a can and sprays it on a T-shirt. \"You want to stay back about 6 to 8 inches away from the clothing,\" he says. He applies an even coat, then flips the T-shirt over to spray the back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to treating his clothes with permethrin, Quinteros wears a \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/insect-repellents/deet\">DEET-based\u003c/a> repellent to cover his exposed skin when he's outdoors. Together, he says, these two strategies are very effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's scientific evidence to back up Quinteros' observations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are several studies that provide pretty compelling evidence that wearing permethrin-treated clothing has the potential to reduce tick bites,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://wcsu.edu/sigma-xi/neeta-connally/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Neeta Connally\u003c/a>, a medical entomologist who oversees the Tickborne Disease Prevention Lab at Western Connecticut State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most \u003ca href=\"https://academic.oup.com/jme/advance-article/doi/10.1093/jme/tjy062/4999656\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent study\u003c/a>, published in May in the \u003cem>Journal of Medical Entomology,\u003c/em> comes from researchers at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers purchased 10 different types of permethrin-treated clothing, including T-shirts, socks and pants from \u003ca href=\"https://www.insectshield.com/?mkwid=s1nqM9s0h&pcrid=278970168178&pmt=p&pkw=insect%20shield&pdv=c&slid=&product=&gclid=CjwKCAjwg_fZBRAoEiwAppvp-QZ8hfNLPVdP5uLKhbz9cznj2xFsO6HFT8tuFOEdo9pnQgSudOnGIBoCK_oQAvD_BwE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Insect Shield\u003c/a>, a purveyor of pretreated clothing. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.orvis.com/s/insect-repellent-clothing-by-bugsaway-from-orvis/3741\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bugsaway\u003c/a> is another brand of permethrin-treated clothing, and Cabela's \u003ca href=\"https://www.cabelas.com/product/cabela-s-men-s-insect-defense-over-the-calf-socks/2194854.uts?Ntk=AllProducts&searchPath=%2Fcatalog%2Fsearch%2F%3FN%3D5100830%26Ne%3D5100830%26Ntk%3DAllProducts%26Ntt%3Dinsect%26Ntx%3Dmode%252Bmatchallpartial%26WT.srch%3D1%26WT.tsrc%3DPPC%26rid%3D20%26WT.mc_id%3DGOOGLE%257Cmec_insect%252Bdefense%252Bclothing_permethrin%257CUSA%26WT.z_mc_id1%3D43700004953223579%26ds_rl%3D1256283%26gclid%3DCj0KCQjwpvzZBRCbARIsACe8vyJMjXM43KEVQge7fUu5cjDJtSMWKuOtBUrolmga-OkYJOhvp9lI49caAhLiEALw_wcB%26gclsrc%3Daw.ds&Ntt=insect&slotId=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sells socks\u003c/a> treated with the insecticide.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists let loose different species of ticks on a bit of treated cloth from each sample — a piece of cloth the size of a playing card.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We wanted to see how long [the ticks would] have to be in contact with the clothing to be incapacitated and die,\" says Lars Eisen, a research entomologist for the CDC in Fort Collins, Colo., and one of the study's authors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ticks quickly become irritated after being exposed to the pesticide, Eisen says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They essentially start flipping backwards and start rolling off the treated clothing,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The black-legged tick — also known as the deer tick — which can transmit the bacteria that cause Lyme disease, was one of the species tested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When black-legged nymphs (young ticks that are no bigger than a poppy seed) came into contact with the treated clothing, it took them \"less than a minute\" to receive a dose of permethrin that killed them, Eisen says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even though the ticks don't die instantly, the permethrin quickly incapacitates them so they're unable to bite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, if permethrin-treated clothing is so effective, why don't more people use it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, in one Lyme \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Peridomestic+Lyme+Disease+Prevention+Connally\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">prevention study\u003c/a> published in 2009 that Connally and her team conducted in Connecticut, less than 1 percent of study participants said they ever wear treated clothing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even though awareness is growing, she says, a more recent survey \"found that many respondents were uncertain about the effectiveness and safety of treated clothing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Permethrin has been registered with the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/insect-repellents/repellent-treated-clothing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Environmental Protection Agency\u003c/a> since 1979, and the EPA periodically re-evaluates it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's an EPA-registered product, \"which means it must be studied for safety,\" Connally says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/insect-repellents/repellent-treated-clothing#safety%20of%20permethrin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the EPA website\u003c/a>, \"All exposure scenarios showed that permethrin factory-treated clothing is unlikely to pose any significant immediate or long-term hazard to people wearing the clothing.\" Using permethrin spray according to directions to treat your own clothes should also pose little risk, the agency says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Pesticide Information Center \u003ca href=\"http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/PermGen.html\">notes\u003c/a> that some people who inadvertently get the insecticide spray on their skin may experience temporary tingling, redness or irritation at that site, but not serious symptoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Permethrin lotions and creams are also routinely used to treat \u003ca href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a698037.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">head lice and scabies\u003c/a> in people 2 months of age and older.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I absolutely wear permethrin-treated clothing,\" say Connally, who has no financial ties to makers of permethrin or the treated clothes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And she says many of the researchers in her lab wear treated overalls to protect themselves while doing research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When I think of the potentially serious illnesses that my family members or I could get from a single tick bite, I feel very comfortable wearing treated clothing,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=To+Repel+Ticks%2C+Try+Spraying+Your+Clothes+With+A+Pesticide+That+Mimics+Mums&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
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"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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},
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"id": "californiareportmagazine",
"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
"city-arts": {
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"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.cityarts.net/",
"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
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"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC2275451163"
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
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