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"content": "\u003ch2>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-30857\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/Lincoln-HS-Period-5-copy.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"5067\" height=\"1728\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/Lincoln-HS-Period-5-copy.jpg 5067w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/Lincoln-HS-Period-5-copy-160x55.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/Lincoln-HS-Period-5-copy-800x273.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/Lincoln-HS-Period-5-copy-768x262.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/Lincoln-HS-Period-5-copy-1020x348.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/Lincoln-HS-Period-5-copy-1200x409.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/Lincoln-HS-Period-5-copy-1180x402.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/Lincoln-HS-Period-5-copy-960x327.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/Lincoln-HS-Period-5-copy-240x82.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/Lincoln-HS-Period-5-copy-375x128.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/Lincoln-HS-Period-5-copy-520x177.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 5067px) 100vw, 5067px\">\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-30856\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/Lincoln-HS-Class-Period-3-To-Use-copy.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"4888\" height=\"1430\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/Lincoln-HS-Class-Period-3-To-Use-copy.jpg 4888w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/Lincoln-HS-Class-Period-3-To-Use-copy-160x47.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/Lincoln-HS-Class-Period-3-To-Use-copy-800x234.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/Lincoln-HS-Class-Period-3-To-Use-copy-768x225.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/Lincoln-HS-Class-Period-3-To-Use-copy-1020x298.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/Lincoln-HS-Class-Period-3-To-Use-copy-1200x351.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/Lincoln-HS-Class-Period-3-To-Use-copy-1180x345.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/Lincoln-HS-Class-Period-3-To-Use-copy-960x281.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/Lincoln-HS-Class-Period-3-To-Use-copy-240x70.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/Lincoln-HS-Class-Period-3-To-Use-copy-375x110.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/Lincoln-HS-Class-Period-3-To-Use-copy-520x152.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 4888px) 100vw, 4888px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Jorge Goncalves' Media Arts classes at Lincoln High School\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>San Francisco, CA\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"100%\" height=\"300\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"no\" allow=\"autoplay\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/playlists/505980297&color=%23ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false&show_teaser=true&visual=true\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"title": "When Rivers Caught Fire: A Brief History of Earth Day (with Lesson Plan)",
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"content": "\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/A-Brief-History-of-Earth-Day-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Lesson Plan: Earth Day History (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>To start, a quick quiz (keep reading for answers):\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1. Which labor group helped fund and organize the first Earth Day celebration?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2. Who made the following statement:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“Restoring nature to its natural state is a cause beyond party and beyond factions … It is a cause of particular concern to young Americans, because they, more than we, will wreak the grim consequences of our failure to act on programs which are needed now if we are to prevent disaster later.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Rivers on fire\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Today, our planet needs all the love it can get. From the increasingly severe impacts of climate change to rapid deforestation and species extinction, there is broad scientific consensus that we’re up against a mounting number of potentially catastrophic challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The evidence notwithstanding, many of America’s strongest environmental protections are under attack in Washington, a battle that’s grown more divisive and hyperpolitical than perhaps ever before. The Trump administration and Republican congressional leaders have demonstrated their determination to weaken or flat-out eliminate many long-standing regulations and regulatory agencies that they say kill jobs and impede economic growth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For what it’s worth, though, the environmental outlook in the late 1960s wasn’t too rosy either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After decades of largely unregulated industrial and economic growth in the wake of World War II, the U.S. had managed to majorly muck up its air and water resources. Toxic effluent from factories frequently spilled into streams and rivers. Open spaces were used as dumping grounds. DDT and other synthetic chemicals contaminated natural habitats and water supplies. And air pollution from factories and belching cars left many industrial areas shrouded in thick blankets of smog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a handful of the environmental catastrophes that happened within less than three years:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>November 1966\u003c/strong>: In New York City, 168 people die of respiratory-related illnesses over a three-day period due primarily to horrendously poor air quality.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>March 1967\u003c/strong>: Interior Department Secretary Stewart L. Udall announces the first official list of endangered wildlife species. Among the 78 species is the bald eagle, America’s national bird.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>January 1969\u003c/strong>: A blowout at an offshore oil rig near Santa Barbara caused as much as \u003ca href=\"http://response.restoration.noaa.gov/about/media/45-years-after-santa-barbara-oil-spill-looking-historic-disaster-through-technology.html\" target=\"_blank\">4.2 million gallons\u003c/a> of crude oil to spill into the Santa Barbara Channel and onto nearby beaches. It lasts for 10 straight days, becoming (at that point) the largest oil spill in American history. Today, it ranks only third, overtaken by the 1989 Exxon Valdez and 2010 Deepwater Horizon spills).\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>June 1969\u003c/strong>: A particularly fetid industrial stretch of the Cuyahoga River running through Cleveland bursts into flames (seriously) when oil-soaked debris in the water is ignited by sparks from a passing train.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/nlHiaZFvcXA\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>A movement begins\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>As urban unrest and the anti-war movement ignited across the nation, environmental activism had yet to gain a strong foothold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the people really understood that in the lifetime of their children, they’re going to have destroyed the quality of the air and the water all over the world and perhaps made the globe unlivable in a half century, they’d do something about it. But this is not well understood.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a quote from Sen. Gaylord Nelson, a Democrat from Wisconsin, who spearheaded a national day of awareness in the aftermath of these environmental disasters, .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we could tap into the environmental concerns of the general public and infuse the student anti-war energy into the environmental cause, we could generate a demonstration that would force the issue onto the national political agenda.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In late 1969, Nelson formed a bipartisan congressional steering committee and enlisted Denis Hayes, a 25-year-old Harvard Law School dropout, to coordinate the initiative. Influenced by anti-war campus activism, Hayes sought to organize environmental teach-ins throughout the country to occur simultaneously on April 22, 1970.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[Interestingly, an independent Earth Day effort had earlier been proposed by peace activist John McConnell during a 1969 UNESCO conference in San Francisco. McConnell reserved the date of March 21, 1970 — the first day of spring — a month prior to Hayes’ event.]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With a limited budget and no email or internet access, Hayes and a small group of organizers mailed out thousands of appeals, recruiting an army of young volunteers to organize local events in communities and campuses across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Nov. 30, 1969, the New York Times reported:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Rising concern about the ‘environmental crisis’ is sweeping the nation’s campuses with an intensity that may be on its way to eclipsing student discontent over the war in Vietnam.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>The first Earth Day\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Interviewed in the recent PBS documentary \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/earthdays/player/\" target=\"_blank\">Earth Days\u003c/a>, Hayes recalled the sentiment:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Lord knows what we thought we were doing. It was wild and exciting and out of control and the sort of thing that lets you know you’ve really got something big happening … What we were trying to do was create a brand-new public consciousness that would cause the rules of the game to change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, an estimated 20 million people participated in that first Earth Day, a name coined by advertising guru \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2015/04/22/401540530/julian-koenig-well-known-adman-named-earth-day\" target=\"_blank\">Julian Koenig\u003c/a> (father of Sarah Koenig of “Serial” podcast fame).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[\u003ca href=\"http://graphics8.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/topics/earthday.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Read the NY Times article\u003c/a> from April 22, 1970]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/WbwC281uzUs?list=PL3480E41AA956A42B\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was a huge high adrenaline effort that in the end genuinely changed things,” Hayes said. “Before (that), there were people that opposed freeways, people that opposed clear-cutting, or people worried about pesticides, (but) they didn’t think of themselves as having anything in common. After Earth Day they were all part of an environmental movement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hayes’ assertions were affirmed by several national polls showing a rapid rise in the public’s concern about air and water resources. In the \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=Xaw_LEGXnLgC&pg=PA152&lpg=PA152&dq=gallup+poll+1970+air+and+water&source=bl&ots=2VWCAqHwG0&sig=cHedWfHfSGwQged_dPXyHtrbjSg&hl=en&sa=X&ei=GEs1VfCRCJe3ogS7yoHIAQ&ved=0CEEQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=gallup%20poll%201970%20air%20and%20water&f=false\" target=\"_blank\">Gallup Opinion Index\u003c/a>, the percentage of respondents who considered air and water pollution a top national problem rose from 17 percent in 1969 to 53 percent by 1970.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Earth Day the following year, an independent group launched an anti-litter public service announcement, known as the “Crying Indian,” which featured a white actor in a headdress, rowing a birch bark canoe and shedding a tear when he sees garbage strewn everywhere. Despite the ad’s culturally questionable premise, it proved enormously popular and is still considered one of the most successful public service announcements in history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/9Dmtkxm9yQY\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Unexpected allegiances\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>That brings us back to the first question of the quiz. The group most supportive of the first Earth Day organizing effort — financially and otherwise — was none other than the United Auto Workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2012/05/UAW.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1888 alignright\" style=\"border: 0px none;\" title=\"UAW\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2012/05/UAW-300x387.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"232\" height=\"300\">\u003c/a>A labor union not generally thought of for championing environmental causes, the UAW donated funds for the event and turned out volunteers across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UAW President Walter Reuther pledged his union’s full support for Earth Day and for subsequent air quality legislation that the auto industry staunchly opposed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What good is a dollar an hour more in wages if your neighborhood is burning down?” he said. “What good is another week’s vacation if the lake you used to go to is polluted and you can’t swim in it and the kids can’t play in it?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sensing a political shift, General Motors president Edward Cole soon thereafter promised “pollution-free” cars by 1980. (That didn’t pan out so well.)\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Nixon and the golden era of environmental regulation\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Remember the mystery quote?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was said by President Richard Nixon during his 1970 State of the Union address.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, that Nixon, the conservative Republican most commonly remembered for prolonging America’s involvement in Vietnam and resigning in disgrace over the Watergate scandal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Nixon also oversaw the most sweeping environmental regulations in the nation’s history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even before the first Earth Day, Congress passed the \u003ca href=\"http://ceq.hss.doe.gov/\">National Environmental Policy Act\u003c/a>, which among other things, required environmental impact statements for major new building projects and developments. Nixon signed it into law on Jan. 1, 1970.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmentalism had never been one of Nixon’s major political priorities, but his administration — like the UAW — recognized the shifting political tide, as public outcry and media attention to environmental issues increased. It also didn’t hurt that at the time both the House and Senate were controlled by Democrats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within months, Nixon approved the creation of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/\">Environmental Protection Agency \u003c/a>(EPA) and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration \u003c/a>(NOAA). Later that year, he signed an extension of the Clean Air Act, requiring the newly formed EPA to create and enforce air regulations, which among other things led to the installation of catalytic converters on all cars sold in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the end of 1972, Nixon signed the Clean Water Act, Pesticide Control Act (which banned DDT) and Marine Mammal Protection Act. A year later, he also signed the Endangered Species Act and the Safe Water Drinking Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of these bills were approved with bipartisan support in Congress, in some instances nearly unanimously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a televised speech in 1972, Nixon said:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are taking these actions not in some distant future, but now, because we know that it is now or never.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental conditions in the United States began to slowly improve. Which is not to say there wasn’t strong political opposition and major lingering problems, But for a time — stretching through the Ford and Carter administrations — the pursuit of environmentalism maintained a strong bipartisan support. In the last year of his presidency, Carter even installed solar panels on the roof of the White House to promote renewable energy initiatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Green honeymoon ends\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The economic slowdown in the late 1970s swept in a tide of political change. In 1981, a year into his first term as president, Ronald Reagan appointed two aggressive defenders of industry to head the EPA and the Department of the Interior. As part of the “Reagan Revolution,” the administration moved rapidly to slash federal budgets, cutting the EPA’s funding by nearly half. Environmental enforcement was weakened considerably, as large swaths of public land were opened up for mining, drilling, grazing and other private uses. In a famous symbolic act, the solar panels on the White House roof were dismantled during his second term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be fair, a number of significant environmental policies were advanced during Reagan’s administration, including the Superfund program to clean up hazardous waste sites, creation of wilderness areas and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/ozone/intpol/\" target=\"_blank\">Montreal Protocol\u003c/a>, an international agreement to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of substances responsible for its depletion, an effort that has been largely successful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the anti-regulatory sentiment established during Reagan’s presidency took root. Efforts to strengthen the nation’s environmental protection laws grew increasingly partisan, a trend that continues today. The stream of regulatory measures approved by Nixon four decades ago would have scant chance of passing today’s Congress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throughout his populist presidential campaign, President Trump repeatedly took aim at environmental regulations, promising to roll them back and attacking them as elitist, job-killing measures that showed just how out of touch politicians were with the true concerns of ordinary Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>The benefit of tangible problems\u003c/strong>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Organizers of the first Earth Day had a key advantage: They were tackling visible, tangible problems impacting people’s daily lives. Rivers and lakes were too polluted for kids to swim in; parks were strewn with trash; people were getting sick from foul air. The evidence was indisputable, and it made it a whole lot easier to draw clear connections between quality of life and the urgent need for strong environmental protections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In contrast, many of today’s major environmental threats, like climate change — which threaten to be even more catastrophic — remain pretty abstract to many Americans. Unless you’ve been a victim of some disaster directly related to climate change — say, your house has been destroyed because of sea-level rise — it’s harder to connect the dots. And that makes it far more challenging to convey the sense of urgency necessary to mobilize the masses and pressure lawmakers to act. The abundance of scientific evidence showing that burning fossil fuels is the key driver of climate change, and the persistent warnings by scientists and activists of impending disaster if we continue along this course, have clearly not proven effective enough to push the kind of sweeping environmental policies enacted in the 1970s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The United States, one of the world’s largest greenhouse gas emitters, refused to join the Kyoto Protocol, a 2005 international treaty approved by 180 nations requiring rapid cuts in emissions, and in 2010, Congress failed to pass comprehensive national climate change legislation. The U.S. did, however, sign on to \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/13/world/europe/climate-change-accord-paris.html\" target=\"_blank\">landmark international climate accord in Paris in 2015\u003c/a>, in which it pledged to dramatically reduce its carbon emissions over the next decade. Environmental advocates and climate scientists generally agree that this marked a big step forward, but most say the deal doesn’t go far enough to prevent the worst impacts of catastrophic climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more on how we think about climate change, check out \u003ca href=\"https://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/climate-lab\" target=\"_blank\">Climate Lab\u003c/a>, a new video series from the University of California and Vox.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, President Trump ran on a pledge to withdraw from the agreement entirely (although that now seems increasingly unlikely) and roll back the Obama administration’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/cleanpowerplan/clean-power-plan-existing-power-plants\" target=\"_blank\">regulations\u003c/a> that set the course to reach the carbon reduction goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of which begs an ominous question:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What degree of disaster is necessary to spur a new era of environmental change?\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/A-Brief-History-of-Earth-Day-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Lesson Plan: Earth Day History (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>To start, a quick quiz (keep reading for answers):\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1. Which labor group helped fund and organize the first Earth Day celebration?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2. Who made the following statement:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“Restoring nature to its natural state is a cause beyond party and beyond factions … It is a cause of particular concern to young Americans, because they, more than we, will wreak the grim consequences of our failure to act on programs which are needed now if we are to prevent disaster later.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Rivers on fire\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Today, our planet needs all the love it can get. From the increasingly severe impacts of climate change to rapid deforestation and species extinction, there is broad scientific consensus that we’re up against a mounting number of potentially catastrophic challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The evidence notwithstanding, many of America’s strongest environmental protections are under attack in Washington, a battle that’s grown more divisive and hyperpolitical than perhaps ever before. The Trump administration and Republican congressional leaders have demonstrated their determination to weaken or flat-out eliminate many long-standing regulations and regulatory agencies that they say kill jobs and impede economic growth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For what it’s worth, though, the environmental outlook in the late 1960s wasn’t too rosy either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After decades of largely unregulated industrial and economic growth in the wake of World War II, the U.S. had managed to majorly muck up its air and water resources. Toxic effluent from factories frequently spilled into streams and rivers. Open spaces were used as dumping grounds. DDT and other synthetic chemicals contaminated natural habitats and water supplies. And air pollution from factories and belching cars left many industrial areas shrouded in thick blankets of smog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a handful of the environmental catastrophes that happened within less than three years:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>November 1966\u003c/strong>: In New York City, 168 people die of respiratory-related illnesses over a three-day period due primarily to horrendously poor air quality.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>March 1967\u003c/strong>: Interior Department Secretary Stewart L. Udall announces the first official list of endangered wildlife species. Among the 78 species is the bald eagle, America’s national bird.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>January 1969\u003c/strong>: A blowout at an offshore oil rig near Santa Barbara caused as much as \u003ca href=\"http://response.restoration.noaa.gov/about/media/45-years-after-santa-barbara-oil-spill-looking-historic-disaster-through-technology.html\" target=\"_blank\">4.2 million gallons\u003c/a> of crude oil to spill into the Santa Barbara Channel and onto nearby beaches. It lasts for 10 straight days, becoming (at that point) the largest oil spill in American history. Today, it ranks only third, overtaken by the 1989 Exxon Valdez and 2010 Deepwater Horizon spills).\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>June 1969\u003c/strong>: A particularly fetid industrial stretch of the Cuyahoga River running through Cleveland bursts into flames (seriously) when oil-soaked debris in the water is ignited by sparks from a passing train.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/nlHiaZFvcXA'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/nlHiaZFvcXA'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ch4>A movement begins\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>As urban unrest and the anti-war movement ignited across the nation, environmental activism had yet to gain a strong foothold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the people really understood that in the lifetime of their children, they’re going to have destroyed the quality of the air and the water all over the world and perhaps made the globe unlivable in a half century, they’d do something about it. But this is not well understood.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a quote from Sen. Gaylord Nelson, a Democrat from Wisconsin, who spearheaded a national day of awareness in the aftermath of these environmental disasters, .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we could tap into the environmental concerns of the general public and infuse the student anti-war energy into the environmental cause, we could generate a demonstration that would force the issue onto the national political agenda.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In late 1969, Nelson formed a bipartisan congressional steering committee and enlisted Denis Hayes, a 25-year-old Harvard Law School dropout, to coordinate the initiative. Influenced by anti-war campus activism, Hayes sought to organize environmental teach-ins throughout the country to occur simultaneously on April 22, 1970.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[Interestingly, an independent Earth Day effort had earlier been proposed by peace activist John McConnell during a 1969 UNESCO conference in San Francisco. McConnell reserved the date of March 21, 1970 — the first day of spring — a month prior to Hayes’ event.]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With a limited budget and no email or internet access, Hayes and a small group of organizers mailed out thousands of appeals, recruiting an army of young volunteers to organize local events in communities and campuses across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Nov. 30, 1969, the New York Times reported:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Rising concern about the ‘environmental crisis’ is sweeping the nation’s campuses with an intensity that may be on its way to eclipsing student discontent over the war in Vietnam.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>The first Earth Day\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Interviewed in the recent PBS documentary \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/earthdays/player/\" target=\"_blank\">Earth Days\u003c/a>, Hayes recalled the sentiment:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Lord knows what we thought we were doing. It was wild and exciting and out of control and the sort of thing that lets you know you’ve really got something big happening … What we were trying to do was create a brand-new public consciousness that would cause the rules of the game to change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, an estimated 20 million people participated in that first Earth Day, a name coined by advertising guru \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2015/04/22/401540530/julian-koenig-well-known-adman-named-earth-day\" target=\"_blank\">Julian Koenig\u003c/a> (father of Sarah Koenig of “Serial” podcast fame).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[\u003ca href=\"http://graphics8.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/topics/earthday.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Read the NY Times article\u003c/a> from April 22, 1970]\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/WbwC281uzUs'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/WbwC281uzUs'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>“It was a huge high adrenaline effort that in the end genuinely changed things,” Hayes said. “Before (that), there were people that opposed freeways, people that opposed clear-cutting, or people worried about pesticides, (but) they didn’t think of themselves as having anything in common. After Earth Day they were all part of an environmental movement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hayes’ assertions were affirmed by several national polls showing a rapid rise in the public’s concern about air and water resources. In the \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=Xaw_LEGXnLgC&pg=PA152&lpg=PA152&dq=gallup+poll+1970+air+and+water&source=bl&ots=2VWCAqHwG0&sig=cHedWfHfSGwQged_dPXyHtrbjSg&hl=en&sa=X&ei=GEs1VfCRCJe3ogS7yoHIAQ&ved=0CEEQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=gallup%20poll%201970%20air%20and%20water&f=false\" target=\"_blank\">Gallup Opinion Index\u003c/a>, the percentage of respondents who considered air and water pollution a top national problem rose from 17 percent in 1969 to 53 percent by 1970.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Earth Day the following year, an independent group launched an anti-litter public service announcement, known as the “Crying Indian,” which featured a white actor in a headdress, rowing a birch bark canoe and shedding a tear when he sees garbage strewn everywhere. Despite the ad’s culturally questionable premise, it proved enormously popular and is still considered one of the most successful public service announcements in history.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/9Dmtkxm9yQY'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/9Dmtkxm9yQY'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ch4>Unexpected allegiances\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>That brings us back to the first question of the quiz. The group most supportive of the first Earth Day organizing effort — financially and otherwise — was none other than the United Auto Workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2012/05/UAW.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1888 alignright\" style=\"border: 0px none;\" title=\"UAW\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2012/05/UAW-300x387.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"232\" height=\"300\">\u003c/a>A labor union not generally thought of for championing environmental causes, the UAW donated funds for the event and turned out volunteers across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UAW President Walter Reuther pledged his union’s full support for Earth Day and for subsequent air quality legislation that the auto industry staunchly opposed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What good is a dollar an hour more in wages if your neighborhood is burning down?” he said. “What good is another week’s vacation if the lake you used to go to is polluted and you can’t swim in it and the kids can’t play in it?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sensing a political shift, General Motors president Edward Cole soon thereafter promised “pollution-free” cars by 1980. (That didn’t pan out so well.)\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Nixon and the golden era of environmental regulation\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Remember the mystery quote?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was said by President Richard Nixon during his 1970 State of the Union address.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, that Nixon, the conservative Republican most commonly remembered for prolonging America’s involvement in Vietnam and resigning in disgrace over the Watergate scandal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Nixon also oversaw the most sweeping environmental regulations in the nation’s history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even before the first Earth Day, Congress passed the \u003ca href=\"http://ceq.hss.doe.gov/\">National Environmental Policy Act\u003c/a>, which among other things, required environmental impact statements for major new building projects and developments. Nixon signed it into law on Jan. 1, 1970.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmentalism had never been one of Nixon’s major political priorities, but his administration — like the UAW — recognized the shifting political tide, as public outcry and media attention to environmental issues increased. It also didn’t hurt that at the time both the House and Senate were controlled by Democrats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within months, Nixon approved the creation of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/\">Environmental Protection Agency \u003c/a>(EPA) and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration \u003c/a>(NOAA). Later that year, he signed an extension of the Clean Air Act, requiring the newly formed EPA to create and enforce air regulations, which among other things led to the installation of catalytic converters on all cars sold in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the end of 1972, Nixon signed the Clean Water Act, Pesticide Control Act (which banned DDT) and Marine Mammal Protection Act. A year later, he also signed the Endangered Species Act and the Safe Water Drinking Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of these bills were approved with bipartisan support in Congress, in some instances nearly unanimously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a televised speech in 1972, Nixon said:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are taking these actions not in some distant future, but now, because we know that it is now or never.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental conditions in the United States began to slowly improve. Which is not to say there wasn’t strong political opposition and major lingering problems, But for a time — stretching through the Ford and Carter administrations — the pursuit of environmentalism maintained a strong bipartisan support. In the last year of his presidency, Carter even installed solar panels on the roof of the White House to promote renewable energy initiatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Green honeymoon ends\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The economic slowdown in the late 1970s swept in a tide of political change. In 1981, a year into his first term as president, Ronald Reagan appointed two aggressive defenders of industry to head the EPA and the Department of the Interior. As part of the “Reagan Revolution,” the administration moved rapidly to slash federal budgets, cutting the EPA’s funding by nearly half. Environmental enforcement was weakened considerably, as large swaths of public land were opened up for mining, drilling, grazing and other private uses. In a famous symbolic act, the solar panels on the White House roof were dismantled during his second term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be fair, a number of significant environmental policies were advanced during Reagan’s administration, including the Superfund program to clean up hazardous waste sites, creation of wilderness areas and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/ozone/intpol/\" target=\"_blank\">Montreal Protocol\u003c/a>, an international agreement to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of substances responsible for its depletion, an effort that has been largely successful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the anti-regulatory sentiment established during Reagan’s presidency took root. Efforts to strengthen the nation’s environmental protection laws grew increasingly partisan, a trend that continues today. The stream of regulatory measures approved by Nixon four decades ago would have scant chance of passing today’s Congress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throughout his populist presidential campaign, President Trump repeatedly took aim at environmental regulations, promising to roll them back and attacking them as elitist, job-killing measures that showed just how out of touch politicians were with the true concerns of ordinary Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>The benefit of tangible problems\u003c/strong>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Organizers of the first Earth Day had a key advantage: They were tackling visible, tangible problems impacting people’s daily lives. Rivers and lakes were too polluted for kids to swim in; parks were strewn with trash; people were getting sick from foul air. The evidence was indisputable, and it made it a whole lot easier to draw clear connections between quality of life and the urgent need for strong environmental protections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In contrast, many of today’s major environmental threats, like climate change — which threaten to be even more catastrophic — remain pretty abstract to many Americans. Unless you’ve been a victim of some disaster directly related to climate change — say, your house has been destroyed because of sea-level rise — it’s harder to connect the dots. And that makes it far more challenging to convey the sense of urgency necessary to mobilize the masses and pressure lawmakers to act. The abundance of scientific evidence showing that burning fossil fuels is the key driver of climate change, and the persistent warnings by scientists and activists of impending disaster if we continue along this course, have clearly not proven effective enough to push the kind of sweeping environmental policies enacted in the 1970s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The United States, one of the world’s largest greenhouse gas emitters, refused to join the Kyoto Protocol, a 2005 international treaty approved by 180 nations requiring rapid cuts in emissions, and in 2010, Congress failed to pass comprehensive national climate change legislation. The U.S. did, however, sign on to \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/13/world/europe/climate-change-accord-paris.html\" target=\"_blank\">landmark international climate accord in Paris in 2015\u003c/a>, in which it pledged to dramatically reduce its carbon emissions over the next decade. Environmental advocates and climate scientists generally agree that this marked a big step forward, but most say the deal doesn’t go far enough to prevent the worst impacts of catastrophic climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more on how we think about climate change, check out \u003ca href=\"https://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/climate-lab\" target=\"_blank\">Climate Lab\u003c/a>, a new video series from the University of California and Vox.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, President Trump ran on a pledge to withdraw from the agreement entirely (although that now seems increasingly unlikely) and roll back the Obama administration’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/cleanpowerplan/clean-power-plan-existing-power-plants\" target=\"_blank\">regulations\u003c/a> that set the course to reach the carbon reduction goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of which begs an ominous question:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What degree of disaster is necessary to spur a new era of environmental change?\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "A Look Inside the Youth Vaping Craze",
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"content": "\u003cp>https://youtu.be/P9zps5LsVXs\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It charges in your computer, it’s small enough to fit snugly in your pocket, and it can even be used without anyone knowing about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is how teenagers smoke nowadays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vaping -- inhaling and exhaling vapor produced by a battery-powered electronic cigarette, usually containing nicotine -- has become the most popular method of tobacco use among teens around the country. \u003ca href=\"https://e-cigarettes.surgeongeneral.gov/documents/2016_SGR_Fact_Sheet_508.pdf\">According to the Surgeon General\u003c/a>, nearly one in four middle and high school students have tried it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30672\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/Juul_in_hand.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-30672 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/Juul_in_hand-800x528.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"528\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/Juul_in_hand-800x528.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/Juul_in_hand-160x106.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/Juul_in_hand-768x507.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/Juul_in_hand-1020x674.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/Juul_in_hand-1200x792.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/Juul_in_hand-1180x779.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/Juul_in_hand-960x634.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/Juul_in_hand-240x158.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/Juul_in_hand-375x248.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/Juul_in_hand-520x343.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/Juul_in_hand.jpg 1599w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Juul e-cigarette \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Juul_in_hand.jpg\">Mylesclark96/Wikipedia\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the most popular vaping devices, made by Juul, a San Francisco-based company, looks a lot like a flash drive and has been referred to as the \"iphone of vaporizers.\" The Juul first launched in 2015 and has since become the \u003ca href=\"http://www.businessinsider.com/juul-e-cigarette-one-million-units-sold-2017-11\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">best selling e-cigarette\u003c/a> in the country. It's also widely used among underage students, so much so that “Juul” is now commonly used as a verb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The discretion is part of the appeal. In school, techniques for hiding the white vapor include blowing into your shirt, or holding it in your mouth until it becomes invisible. Juul devices produce flavored vapors and create very little plume, allowing students to sometimes even get away with vaping in class.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And critics argue that the accessibility of vaping products and the marketing strategies the companies use, which often \u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/e-cigarettes-can-hook-teens-raise-risk-smoking-report-finds-n840256\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">target teens\u003c/a>, have helped attract a growing number of teens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>E-cigarette makers claim that their devices offer a much safer alternative to smoking conventional cigarettes. But as many school officials \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/02/health/vaping-ecigarettes-addiction-teen.html\">struggle to control\u003c/a> the rapid rise of vaping among their students, some fear the devices are creating a new generation of nicotine addicts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, public health researchers argue that the technology is too new to understand the long-term health effects, particularly among young people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And although vaping devices don’t have many of the harmful ingredients found in standard tobacco cigarettes, they’re often used with pods that contain higher concentrations of nicotine. A\u003ca href=\"http://nationalacademies.org/hmd/Reports/2018/public-health-consequences-of-e-cigarettes.aspx\"> growing body of public health research\u003c/a> suggests that vaping may be leading more young people to start smoking cigarettes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30676\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1038px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/high-school.gif\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-30676 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/high-school.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"1038\" height=\"500\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Estimated percentage of high school students who currently use any tobacco products, any combustible tobacco products, tobacco products, and selected tobacco products. National Youth Tobacco Survey, United States, 2011–2016. \u003ccite>(CDC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30675\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1036px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/middleschool.gif\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-30675\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/middleschool.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"1036\" height=\"498\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Estimated percentage of middle school students who currently use any tobacco products, any combustible tobacco products, tobacco products, and selected tobacco products. National Youth Tobacco Survey, United States, 2011–2016. \u003ccite>(CDC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Overall youth tobacco use in the United States actually fell to \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-tobacco-youth/u-s-youth-tobacco-use-in-2016-fell-by-largest-amount-in-6-years-idUSKBN1962EE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">historic lows\u003c/a> in 2016, the latest year data were available. The number of middle and high school students who used any kind of tobacco product fell to 3.9 million, a huge drop from the estimated 4.7 million underage tobacco users reported in 2015, according to figures from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. It marked the first decline since 2011, when the the CDC began conducting the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/surveys/nyts/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Youth Tobacco Survey\u003c/a>, in which respondents are asked if they've used tobacco products within the last 30 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Between 2015 and 2016, underage use of e-cigarettes among high school students declined the most dramatically, falling to 11.3 percent of high schoolers in 2016, from 16 percent in 2015. But that drop comes after years of consecutive increases since 2011.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite these decreases, public health experts are concerned that the popularity of Juul and similar devices will send youth rates on the rise again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was smoking cigarettes as a coping mechanism, which is obviously incredibly awful, and I knew I had to stop, so I turned to Juuling,” said a junior from Lowell High School in San Francisco who didn't want her name used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trevor, a student at Lowell who doesn't vape, described the current fad:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A ton of [people] have Juuls. I think it's a popularity thing. You’re considered cooler if you have a Juul and hit it all the time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It wasn’t until 2016 that the Food and Drug Administration used its authority to regulate e-cigarettes and set the national minimum age to legally buy and consume them at 18. The rules, though, vary widely by state. In California, the minimum age is 21, but there's little stopping an 18-year-old student here from buying a vaping device online from a state like Texas, where the minimum age is much lower.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While vaping companies say they are opposed to underage use, many teens note how easy it is to purchase devices, either by going to smoke shops that don’t check IDs or ordering them off of secondary sites like eBay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I got to vaping, I could physically do it anytime, anywhere and it wouldn’t matter, and so you get used to just sipping on it,” said a high school senior from San Jose who didn't want his name used. He admits he's definitely become somewhat addicted, but isn't too concerned about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I have confidence I could stop, it’s not a long-time thing, but I’m at a point where it doesn’t really matter. I’m young and I really enjoy it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/ucm569879.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-30684\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/ucm569879.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1000\" height=\"1647\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/ucm569879.png 1000w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/ucm569879-160x264.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/ucm569879-800x1318.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/ucm569879-768x1265.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/ucm569879-729x1200.png 729w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/ucm569879-960x1581.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/ucm569879-240x395.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/ucm569879-375x618.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/ucm569879-520x856.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"description": "https://youtu.be/P9zps5LsVXs It charges in your computer, it’s small enough to fit snugly in your pocket, and it can even be used without anyone knowing about it. This is how teenagers smoke nowadays. Vaping -- inhaling and exhaling vapor produced by a battery-powered electronic cigarette, usually containing nicotine -- has become the most popular method of",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/P9zps5LsVXs'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/P9zps5LsVXs'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>It charges in your computer, it’s small enough to fit snugly in your pocket, and it can even be used without anyone knowing about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is how teenagers smoke nowadays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vaping -- inhaling and exhaling vapor produced by a battery-powered electronic cigarette, usually containing nicotine -- has become the most popular method of tobacco use among teens around the country. \u003ca href=\"https://e-cigarettes.surgeongeneral.gov/documents/2016_SGR_Fact_Sheet_508.pdf\">According to the Surgeon General\u003c/a>, nearly one in four middle and high school students have tried it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30672\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/Juul_in_hand.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-30672 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/Juul_in_hand-800x528.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"528\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/Juul_in_hand-800x528.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/Juul_in_hand-160x106.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/Juul_in_hand-768x507.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/Juul_in_hand-1020x674.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/Juul_in_hand-1200x792.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/Juul_in_hand-1180x779.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/Juul_in_hand-960x634.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/Juul_in_hand-240x158.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/Juul_in_hand-375x248.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/Juul_in_hand-520x343.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/Juul_in_hand.jpg 1599w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Juul e-cigarette \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Juul_in_hand.jpg\">Mylesclark96/Wikipedia\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the most popular vaping devices, made by Juul, a San Francisco-based company, looks a lot like a flash drive and has been referred to as the \"iphone of vaporizers.\" The Juul first launched in 2015 and has since become the \u003ca href=\"http://www.businessinsider.com/juul-e-cigarette-one-million-units-sold-2017-11\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">best selling e-cigarette\u003c/a> in the country. It's also widely used among underage students, so much so that “Juul” is now commonly used as a verb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The discretion is part of the appeal. In school, techniques for hiding the white vapor include blowing into your shirt, or holding it in your mouth until it becomes invisible. Juul devices produce flavored vapors and create very little plume, allowing students to sometimes even get away with vaping in class.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And critics argue that the accessibility of vaping products and the marketing strategies the companies use, which often \u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/e-cigarettes-can-hook-teens-raise-risk-smoking-report-finds-n840256\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">target teens\u003c/a>, have helped attract a growing number of teens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>E-cigarette makers claim that their devices offer a much safer alternative to smoking conventional cigarettes. But as many school officials \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/02/health/vaping-ecigarettes-addiction-teen.html\">struggle to control\u003c/a> the rapid rise of vaping among their students, some fear the devices are creating a new generation of nicotine addicts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, public health researchers argue that the technology is too new to understand the long-term health effects, particularly among young people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And although vaping devices don’t have many of the harmful ingredients found in standard tobacco cigarettes, they’re often used with pods that contain higher concentrations of nicotine. A\u003ca href=\"http://nationalacademies.org/hmd/Reports/2018/public-health-consequences-of-e-cigarettes.aspx\"> growing body of public health research\u003c/a> suggests that vaping may be leading more young people to start smoking cigarettes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30676\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1038px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/high-school.gif\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-30676 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/high-school.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"1038\" height=\"500\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Estimated percentage of high school students who currently use any tobacco products, any combustible tobacco products, tobacco products, and selected tobacco products. National Youth Tobacco Survey, United States, 2011–2016. \u003ccite>(CDC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30675\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1036px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/middleschool.gif\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-30675\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/middleschool.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"1036\" height=\"498\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Estimated percentage of middle school students who currently use any tobacco products, any combustible tobacco products, tobacco products, and selected tobacco products. National Youth Tobacco Survey, United States, 2011–2016. \u003ccite>(CDC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Overall youth tobacco use in the United States actually fell to \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-tobacco-youth/u-s-youth-tobacco-use-in-2016-fell-by-largest-amount-in-6-years-idUSKBN1962EE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">historic lows\u003c/a> in 2016, the latest year data were available. The number of middle and high school students who used any kind of tobacco product fell to 3.9 million, a huge drop from the estimated 4.7 million underage tobacco users reported in 2015, according to figures from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. It marked the first decline since 2011, when the the CDC began conducting the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/surveys/nyts/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Youth Tobacco Survey\u003c/a>, in which respondents are asked if they've used tobacco products within the last 30 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Between 2015 and 2016, underage use of e-cigarettes among high school students declined the most dramatically, falling to 11.3 percent of high schoolers in 2016, from 16 percent in 2015. But that drop comes after years of consecutive increases since 2011.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite these decreases, public health experts are concerned that the popularity of Juul and similar devices will send youth rates on the rise again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was smoking cigarettes as a coping mechanism, which is obviously incredibly awful, and I knew I had to stop, so I turned to Juuling,” said a junior from Lowell High School in San Francisco who didn't want her name used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trevor, a student at Lowell who doesn't vape, described the current fad:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A ton of [people] have Juuls. I think it's a popularity thing. You’re considered cooler if you have a Juul and hit it all the time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It wasn’t until 2016 that the Food and Drug Administration used its authority to regulate e-cigarettes and set the national minimum age to legally buy and consume them at 18. The rules, though, vary widely by state. In California, the minimum age is 21, but there's little stopping an 18-year-old student here from buying a vaping device online from a state like Texas, where the minimum age is much lower.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While vaping companies say they are opposed to underage use, many teens note how easy it is to purchase devices, either by going to smoke shops that don’t check IDs or ordering them off of secondary sites like eBay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I got to vaping, I could physically do it anytime, anywhere and it wouldn’t matter, and so you get used to just sipping on it,” said a high school senior from San Jose who didn't want his name used. He admits he's definitely become somewhat addicted, but isn't too concerned about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I have confidence I could stop, it’s not a long-time thing, but I’m at a point where it doesn’t really matter. I’m young and I really enjoy it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/ucm569879.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-30684\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/ucm569879.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1000\" height=\"1647\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/ucm569879.png 1000w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/ucm569879-160x264.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/ucm569879-800x1318.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/ucm569879-768x1265.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/ucm569879-729x1200.png 729w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/ucm569879-960x1581.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/ucm569879-240x395.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/ucm569879-375x618.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/ucm569879-520x856.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "It's Almost Tax Day. This Is How the Government Spends Your Hard-Earned Cash",
"title": "It's Almost Tax Day. This Is How the Government Spends Your Hard-Earned Cash",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-30632 alignnone\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/taxes-green-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"860\" height=\"663\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/taxes-green-1.png 860w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/taxes-green-1-160x123.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/taxes-green-1-800x617.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/taxes-green-1-768x592.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/taxes-green-1-240x185.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/taxes-green-1-375x289.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/taxes-green-1-520x401.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 860px) 100vw, 860px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In this world,\" wrote Benjamin Franklin, \"nothing can be said to be certain except death and taxes.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the April 17 federal income tax filing deadline creeping up, millions of Americans are frantically confronting that latter (but hopefully not former) inevitability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tax day is the deadline to settle up with the government by handing over the federal and state income taxes you still owe (or that, in some cases, are owed to you). This includes taxes from all your work income, your investments and any other earnings made throughout the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let's be honest: There's nothing particularly pleasant about paying taxes. This is your hard-earned cash siphoned from your income -- money that could go into your pocket but is instead getting snatched up by the government. Add local and state taxes to the mix, and your long-awaited paycheck starts looking more like fish sticks than lobster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And for what, exactly? Where does it all go? And what do you get for it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not like the IRS gives you a detailed receipt of how your dollars are being spent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, you can create your own\u003ca href=\"https://www.nationalpriorities.org/interactive-data/taxday/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> customized tax receipt here\u003c/a>, courtesy of the National Priorities Project, a left-leaning educational group that tracks federal spending. Enter the amount you paid in taxes in 2017 and it spits out an itemized estimate of how that money was and will be spent. The estimate is for income tax only, not payroll and excise (sales) taxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cscript id=\"infogram_0_e4553bff-b8c6-4f69-9626-d04cec5f17fb\" title=\"Taxes 2017\" src=\"https://e.infogram.com/js/dist/embed.js?qN2\" type=\"text/javascript\">\u003c/script>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the pain of giving away money, some degree of taxation is necessary for any society to function. Without taxes, a lot of basic stuff we all need on a daily basis -- things like roads and schools and fire departments -- simply wouldn't be available for everyone. Many of these services come from local taxes, but a surprising number of essential services are also dependent on some level of federal funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal income taxes are considered to be \"progressive,\" which means the more you earn, the higher your tax rate. They collectively make up \u003ca href=\"http://www.taxpolicycenter.org/taxvox/federal-taxes-are-very-progressive\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nearly half\u003c/a> of all federal revenue, and pay for everything from education programs to highways to airport security.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cbpp.org/research/federal-budget/policy-basics-where-do-our-federal-tax-dollars-go\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright wp-image-30641 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/10-4-17bud-f1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"440\" height=\"750\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/10-4-17bud-f1.png 440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/10-4-17bud-f1-160x273.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/10-4-17bud-f1-240x409.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/10-4-17bud-f1-375x639.png 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 440px) 100vw, 440px\">\u003c/a>Keep in mind that the humongous pot of funding for trust fund programs like Social Security and Medicare comes largely from payroll taxes, \u003cem>not\u003c/em> income taxes (which is why we're not talking about those programs here). In fiscal year 2016, the federal government spent just under $4 trillion (that's with 12 zeros!) according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/04/what-does-the-federal-government-spend-your-tax-dollars-on-social-insurance-programs-mostly/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pew Research Center\u003c/a>. And nearly 40 percent of that -- almost $1.6 trillion -- went just towards Social Security and Medicare alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for now we're just focusing on the other 60 percent that income taxes help pay for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, remember that huge, controversial \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/lowdown/28919\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Republican tax bill\u003c/a> that President Trump signed in December? Well, that's going to change things quite a bit as well. BUT, it doesn't go into effect until next year. So you'll notice those changes when you fill out your 2018 taxes (in 2019). This time around, though, we're still sticking with the old rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to federal taxes, residents in all but \u003ca href=\"https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/personalfinance/2014/04/26/these-states-have-no-income-tax/8116161/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nine states\u003c/a> also have to pay state income taxes, which vary pretty dramatically by state. \u003ca href=\"https://www.ftb.ca.gov/individuals/taxReceipt/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Click here\u003c/a> for specific details on what services your state income taxes pay for California, home of the \u003ca href=\"https://turbotax.intuit.com/tax-tools/tax-tips/Taxes-101/States-with-the-Highest-and-Lowest-Taxes/INF23232.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">highest personal income tax rate\u003c/a> in nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The average single U.S. worker without kids -- let's call him Bob -- earned about $52,543 in 2016, according to an \u003ca href=\"http://www.oecd.org/ctp/tax-policy/taxing-wages-20725124.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">extensive analysis\u003c/a> by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. The report found that Bob paid a combined $13,649 in taxes -- including payroll, federal income, state and local government -- or roughly 31.7 percent of his total earnings. Ouch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although that may sound like a lot, it's actually a good deal less than what workers in most other wealthy nations pay (despite claims to the contrary by certain tax-bashing politicians). In fact, in its comparative analysis of 35 mostly high-income nations, the OECD report found that the the average U.S. tax burden was actually \u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-04-11/sorry-america-your-taxes-aren-t-high\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">in the bottom third of the pack\u003c/a> -- 25th out of 35 -- for both single workers and workers with children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, President Trump, backed by Republican leaders in Congress, pushed hard to overhaul America's exceedingly complex system of taxation by cutting rates and slashing the budgets \"massively\" of nearly every federal program except defense-related spending.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With lower taxes on America’s middle class and businesses, we will see a new surge of economic growth and development,” insisted Trump, a billionaire who has consistently refused to publicly release his own returns and has repeatedly boasted of \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/09/28/donald-trumps-defense-of-not-paying-taxes-is-remarkable/?utm_term=.714539afe2e1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">not paying any income taxes\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's the first major overhaul of the tax code in \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/11/upshot/can-trump-and-congress-solve-the-rubiks-cube-of-tax-reform.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">more than 30 years\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-30632 alignnone\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/taxes-green-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"860\" height=\"663\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/taxes-green-1.png 860w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/taxes-green-1-160x123.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/taxes-green-1-800x617.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/taxes-green-1-768x592.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/taxes-green-1-240x185.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/taxes-green-1-375x289.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/taxes-green-1-520x401.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 860px) 100vw, 860px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In this world,\" wrote Benjamin Franklin, \"nothing can be said to be certain except death and taxes.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the April 17 federal income tax filing deadline creeping up, millions of Americans are frantically confronting that latter (but hopefully not former) inevitability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tax day is the deadline to settle up with the government by handing over the federal and state income taxes you still owe (or that, in some cases, are owed to you). This includes taxes from all your work income, your investments and any other earnings made throughout the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let's be honest: There's nothing particularly pleasant about paying taxes. This is your hard-earned cash siphoned from your income -- money that could go into your pocket but is instead getting snatched up by the government. Add local and state taxes to the mix, and your long-awaited paycheck starts looking more like fish sticks than lobster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And for what, exactly? Where does it all go? And what do you get for it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not like the IRS gives you a detailed receipt of how your dollars are being spent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, you can create your own\u003ca href=\"https://www.nationalpriorities.org/interactive-data/taxday/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> customized tax receipt here\u003c/a>, courtesy of the National Priorities Project, a left-leaning educational group that tracks federal spending. Enter the amount you paid in taxes in 2017 and it spits out an itemized estimate of how that money was and will be spent. The estimate is for income tax only, not payroll and excise (sales) taxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cscript id=\"infogram_0_e4553bff-b8c6-4f69-9626-d04cec5f17fb\" title=\"Taxes 2017\" src=\"https://e.infogram.com/js/dist/embed.js?qN2\" type=\"text/javascript\">\u003c/script>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the pain of giving away money, some degree of taxation is necessary for any society to function. Without taxes, a lot of basic stuff we all need on a daily basis -- things like roads and schools and fire departments -- simply wouldn't be available for everyone. Many of these services come from local taxes, but a surprising number of essential services are also dependent on some level of federal funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal income taxes are considered to be \"progressive,\" which means the more you earn, the higher your tax rate. They collectively make up \u003ca href=\"http://www.taxpolicycenter.org/taxvox/federal-taxes-are-very-progressive\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nearly half\u003c/a> of all federal revenue, and pay for everything from education programs to highways to airport security.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cbpp.org/research/federal-budget/policy-basics-where-do-our-federal-tax-dollars-go\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright wp-image-30641 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/10-4-17bud-f1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"440\" height=\"750\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/10-4-17bud-f1.png 440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/10-4-17bud-f1-160x273.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/10-4-17bud-f1-240x409.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2018/04/10-4-17bud-f1-375x639.png 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 440px) 100vw, 440px\">\u003c/a>Keep in mind that the humongous pot of funding for trust fund programs like Social Security and Medicare comes largely from payroll taxes, \u003cem>not\u003c/em> income taxes (which is why we're not talking about those programs here). In fiscal year 2016, the federal government spent just under $4 trillion (that's with 12 zeros!) according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/04/what-does-the-federal-government-spend-your-tax-dollars-on-social-insurance-programs-mostly/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pew Research Center\u003c/a>. And nearly 40 percent of that -- almost $1.6 trillion -- went just towards Social Security and Medicare alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for now we're just focusing on the other 60 percent that income taxes help pay for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, remember that huge, controversial \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/lowdown/28919\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Republican tax bill\u003c/a> that President Trump signed in December? Well, that's going to change things quite a bit as well. BUT, it doesn't go into effect until next year. So you'll notice those changes when you fill out your 2018 taxes (in 2019). This time around, though, we're still sticking with the old rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to federal taxes, residents in all but \u003ca href=\"https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/personalfinance/2014/04/26/these-states-have-no-income-tax/8116161/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nine states\u003c/a> also have to pay state income taxes, which vary pretty dramatically by state. \u003ca href=\"https://www.ftb.ca.gov/individuals/taxReceipt/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Click here\u003c/a> for specific details on what services your state income taxes pay for California, home of the \u003ca href=\"https://turbotax.intuit.com/tax-tools/tax-tips/Taxes-101/States-with-the-Highest-and-Lowest-Taxes/INF23232.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">highest personal income tax rate\u003c/a> in nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The average single U.S. worker without kids -- let's call him Bob -- earned about $52,543 in 2016, according to an \u003ca href=\"http://www.oecd.org/ctp/tax-policy/taxing-wages-20725124.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">extensive analysis\u003c/a> by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. The report found that Bob paid a combined $13,649 in taxes -- including payroll, federal income, state and local government -- or roughly 31.7 percent of his total earnings. Ouch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although that may sound like a lot, it's actually a good deal less than what workers in most other wealthy nations pay (despite claims to the contrary by certain tax-bashing politicians). In fact, in its comparative analysis of 35 mostly high-income nations, the OECD report found that the the average U.S. tax burden was actually \u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-04-11/sorry-america-your-taxes-aren-t-high\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">in the bottom third of the pack\u003c/a> -- 25th out of 35 -- for both single workers and workers with children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, President Trump, backed by Republican leaders in Congress, pushed hard to overhaul America's exceedingly complex system of taxation by cutting rates and slashing the budgets \"massively\" of nearly every federal program except defense-related spending.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With lower taxes on America’s middle class and businesses, we will see a new surge of economic growth and development,” insisted Trump, a billionaire who has consistently refused to publicly release his own returns and has repeatedly boasted of \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/09/28/donald-trumps-defense-of-not-paying-taxes-is-remarkable/?utm_term=.714539afe2e1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">not paying any income taxes\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's the first major overhaul of the tax code in \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/11/upshot/can-trump-and-congress-solve-the-rubiks-cube-of-tax-reform.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">more than 30 years\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Is the Endangered Species Act at Risk of Extinction?",
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"content": "\u003cp>https://youtu.be/h5eTqjzQZDY\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the world’s most effective conservation laws is under serious threat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Endangered Species Act (ESA), backed by none other than President Richard Nixon in 1973 and passed nearly unanimously by Congress, was among a string of sweeping conservation laws spurred by the fledgling environmental movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The landmark measure sought to identify threatened and endangered native species across the United States, including vulnerable plants and invertebrates, through a scientific process independent of political or economic interests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It \u003ca href=\"https://www.fws.gov/endangered/laws-policies/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">defined an endangered species\u003c/a> as being “in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.” A threatened species was one considered \"likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Administered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the ESA still prohibits anyone from collecting, pursuing, capturing or harming a protected species on the list or disturbing \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\"the ecosystems upon which they depend.\" \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Once a species reaches the point of endangerment, government agencies are required under the law to take active measures to save it, notwithstanding pressure from extractive industries like logging and mining. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To help conserve genetic diversity, the ESA also mandates the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://earthjustice.org/sites/default/files/library/reports/Citizens_Guide_ESA.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">protection of subspecies\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and distinct population segments of a species under certain circumstances. For example, while grizzly bears in the continental U.S. are listed as threatened, the abundant Alaskan population of grizzlies is not.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“Nothing is more priceless and more worthy of preservation than the rich array of animal life with\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">which our country has been blessed,” President Nixon said at the signing ceremony on Dec. 28, 1973. “It is a many-faceted treasure, of value to scholars, scientists and nature lovers alike, and it forms a vital part of the heritage we all share as Americans.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The law was a bipartisan reaction of alarm to the dramatic decimation of wildlife in America occurring over several centuries of accelerating growth and development.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And by most accounts, it has worked incredibly well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the more than four decades since its passage, only 11 of the more than 1,600 species protected under the ESA have gone extinct -- and 51 other species formerly included \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://ecos.fws.gov/ecp0/reports/delisting-report\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">have since been delisted\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> following a resurgence in their numbers. All that despite a tripling of the nation’s gross domestic product and a population increase of more than 100 million people.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Today, almost 1,300 plant and animal species in the U.S. are listed as endangered (which receive all the protections of the law) and close to 400 more are listed as threatened (which get some protections).\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But despite the overwhelming bipartisan support the ESA once garnered -- and its continued \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://earthjustice.org/sites/default/files/files/PollingMemoNationalESASurvey.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">public approval\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> -- the measure has long been under attack. And that’s largely because of just how effective it’s proved to be in protecting vulnerable species. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The law’s power and reach was made clear in 1978, when a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/1978/07/11/archives/in-the-wake-of-the-snail-darter.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">federal dam project in Tennessee\u003c/a> was blocked to protect a tiny endangered fish called a snail darter. Ever since, opponents have denounced the ESA as blatant federal overreach that infringes on property rights and thwarts much needed economic development, particularly in rural, under-resourced communities. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Critics question the law’s mandate to identify and protect certain species without considering the economic consequences of those actions. Is it really worth conserving the habitat of an obscure plant, insect or tiny fish, particularly if doing so stands in the way of creating new jobs and economic opportunities? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Those seeking to water down the ESA now \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://nyti.ms/2tJ8l39\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">see a major opportunity\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> with a Republican-controlled Congress and the staunchly anti-regulatory attitude of the Trump administration. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A handful of recently introduced bills, some of which have been floating around Congress in some form or other for decades, could significantly weaken the scope of the law. \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/717\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">One would prevent\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> threatened species from being listed if doing so could have economic repercussions. \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://newhouse.house.gov/sites/newhouse.house.gov/files/State%20Tribal%20Local%20Bill%20Text.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Another bill\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> would require federal agencies to consider data submitted by state or local governments when evaluating if new species should be protected, a rule change that environmentalists fear would result in a slew of biased or inaccurate information to influence the decision-making process. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But as our latest \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4K10PNjqgGLKA3lo5V8KdQ\">Above the Noise\u003c/a> video explains, supporters of major conservation efforts like the ESA counter that it's not only our ethical responsibility to protect native species from extinction, it's also downright crucial to the earth's survival: \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\"\u003c/span>Living things in an ecosystem depend on each other. And the disappearance of one species could have big impacts on the whole thing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, some scientists argue that we're currently in the midst of a sixth major mass extinction, with the rate of species disappearance estimated to be anywhere from 1,000 to 10,000 times faster than the historical average. And unlike previous mass extinctions in earth's history, this one can be largely blamed on us: humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get a clearer sense of just how fast and how many species around the world are vanishing, explore this interactive, produced by \u003ca href=\"http://projects.propublica.org/extinctions/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ProPublica\u003c/a>, which uses data from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.iucn.org/theme/species/our-work/iucn-red-list-threatened-species\">International Union for Conservation of Nature's Red List of Threatened Species\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullWidthWrapper\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"withMargin\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://projects.propublica.org/extinctions/\" width=\"1200\" height=\"900\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/h5eTqjzQZDY'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/h5eTqjzQZDY'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>One of the world’s most effective conservation laws is under serious threat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Endangered Species Act (ESA), backed by none other than President Richard Nixon in 1973 and passed nearly unanimously by Congress, was among a string of sweeping conservation laws spurred by the fledgling environmental movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The landmark measure sought to identify threatened and endangered native species across the United States, including vulnerable plants and invertebrates, through a scientific process independent of political or economic interests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It \u003ca href=\"https://www.fws.gov/endangered/laws-policies/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">defined an endangered species\u003c/a> as being “in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.” A threatened species was one considered \"likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Administered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the ESA still prohibits anyone from collecting, pursuing, capturing or harming a protected species on the list or disturbing \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\"the ecosystems upon which they depend.\" \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Once a species reaches the point of endangerment, government agencies are required under the law to take active measures to save it, notwithstanding pressure from extractive industries like logging and mining. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To help conserve genetic diversity, the ESA also mandates the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://earthjustice.org/sites/default/files/library/reports/Citizens_Guide_ESA.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">protection of subspecies\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and distinct population segments of a species under certain circumstances. For example, while grizzly bears in the continental U.S. are listed as threatened, the abundant Alaskan population of grizzlies is not.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“Nothing is more priceless and more worthy of preservation than the rich array of animal life with\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">which our country has been blessed,” President Nixon said at the signing ceremony on Dec. 28, 1973. “It is a many-faceted treasure, of value to scholars, scientists and nature lovers alike, and it forms a vital part of the heritage we all share as Americans.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The law was a bipartisan reaction of alarm to the dramatic decimation of wildlife in America occurring over several centuries of accelerating growth and development.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And by most accounts, it has worked incredibly well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the more than four decades since its passage, only 11 of the more than 1,600 species protected under the ESA have gone extinct -- and 51 other species formerly included \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://ecos.fws.gov/ecp0/reports/delisting-report\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">have since been delisted\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> following a resurgence in their numbers. All that despite a tripling of the nation’s gross domestic product and a population increase of more than 100 million people.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Today, almost 1,300 plant and animal species in the U.S. are listed as endangered (which receive all the protections of the law) and close to 400 more are listed as threatened (which get some protections).\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But despite the overwhelming bipartisan support the ESA once garnered -- and its continued \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://earthjustice.org/sites/default/files/files/PollingMemoNationalESASurvey.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">public approval\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> -- the measure has long been under attack. And that’s largely because of just how effective it’s proved to be in protecting vulnerable species. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The law’s power and reach was made clear in 1978, when a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/1978/07/11/archives/in-the-wake-of-the-snail-darter.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">federal dam project in Tennessee\u003c/a> was blocked to protect a tiny endangered fish called a snail darter. Ever since, opponents have denounced the ESA as blatant federal overreach that infringes on property rights and thwarts much needed economic development, particularly in rural, under-resourced communities. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Critics question the law’s mandate to identify and protect certain species without considering the economic consequences of those actions. Is it really worth conserving the habitat of an obscure plant, insect or tiny fish, particularly if doing so stands in the way of creating new jobs and economic opportunities? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Those seeking to water down the ESA now \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://nyti.ms/2tJ8l39\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">see a major opportunity\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> with a Republican-controlled Congress and the staunchly anti-regulatory attitude of the Trump administration. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A handful of recently introduced bills, some of which have been floating around Congress in some form or other for decades, could significantly weaken the scope of the law. \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/717\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">One would prevent\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> threatened species from being listed if doing so could have economic repercussions. \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://newhouse.house.gov/sites/newhouse.house.gov/files/State%20Tribal%20Local%20Bill%20Text.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Another bill\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> would require federal agencies to consider data submitted by state or local governments when evaluating if new species should be protected, a rule change that environmentalists fear would result in a slew of biased or inaccurate information to influence the decision-making process. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But as our latest \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4K10PNjqgGLKA3lo5V8KdQ\">Above the Noise\u003c/a> video explains, supporters of major conservation efforts like the ESA counter that it's not only our ethical responsibility to protect native species from extinction, it's also downright crucial to the earth's survival: \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\"\u003c/span>Living things in an ecosystem depend on each other. And the disappearance of one species could have big impacts on the whole thing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, some scientists argue that we're currently in the midst of a sixth major mass extinction, with the rate of species disappearance estimated to be anywhere from 1,000 to 10,000 times faster than the historical average. And unlike previous mass extinctions in earth's history, this one can be largely blamed on us: humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get a clearer sense of just how fast and how many species around the world are vanishing, explore this interactive, produced by \u003ca href=\"http://projects.propublica.org/extinctions/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ProPublica\u003c/a>, which uses data from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.iucn.org/theme/species/our-work/iucn-red-list-threatened-species\">International Union for Conservation of Nature's Red List of Threatened Species\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullWidthWrapper\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"withMargin\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://projects.propublica.org/extinctions/\" width=\"1200\" height=\"900\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "March Madness and the Money: Should College Athletes Get Paid?",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the original \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncaa.com/interactive-bracket/basketball-men/d1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">68 men's teams\u003c/a> that entered the NCAA's March Madness basketball tournament, only four remain. The Final Four games take place Saturday in San Antonio, with Michigan (#3) vs. Loyola-Chicago (#11) followed by Villanova (#1) vs. Kansas (#1); the winners battle it out for the championship on Monday night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncaa.com/interactive-bracket/basketball-women/d1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">women's semifinals\u003c/a>, on Friday in Columbus, OH, will be packed with all number one seeds: Louisville vs. Mississippi State followed by Notre Dame vs. Connecticut. The championship game is scheduled for Sunday night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In case you weren't aware, college basketball is pretty popular. Nearly 17 million TV viewers tuned in for last year's men's Final Four games,\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncaa.com/news/basketball-men/article/2017-04-02/2017-ncaa-final-four-second-most-watched-19-years\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> according to the NCAA\u003c/a>, and that's not including the millions who watched online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We're talking serious national obsession here: millions of high stakes office pools, major couch and bar time and suspiciously long lunch breaks, all to witness talented young blood battling it out for intercollegiate glory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that, of course, means there's also a huge amount of money being made. But the players at the center of it all, banging it out on the court, don't get a dime of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>College athletes are considered \"amateurs\" by the NCAA. That means they're prohibited from collecting any kind of monetary compensation (including sponsorship money), even though the tournament they play in has become big business, generating multi-million dollar profits for the NCAA and many of the coaches and schools involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As profits grow each year, a growing contingent of former players and advocates are calling on the NCAA to start allowing student athletes earn their fair share. The league, they say, is exploiting students by profiting from their skill and celebrity status without providing appropriate compensation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, many big-name schools provide few guarantees for student athletes, many of whom practice upwards of 60 hours a week and risk losing scholarships if they get injured and can't play.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2015/01/27/college-athletes-greatly-overestimate-their-chances-playing-professionally\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A 2015 survey\u003c/a> found that just over 1 percent of all men's college basketball players actually get drafted by the NBA, even though about three-quarters of Division I players said they believed playing professionally was at least “somewhat likely.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the NCAA remains adamant in its stance against student athletes receiving direct financial compensation, insisting that paying players would corrupt the very spirit and nature of intercollegiate sports. The organization emphasizes that the robust scholarships most top student athletes receive, that typically cover tuition and some living expenses, provide access to a top-notch education at some of the best schools in the country, not to mention the opportunity to play on nationally-recognized teams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, the NCAA notes that profits from men's basketball and football -- the big intercollegiate revenue generators -- help fund less lucrative sports (because someone's gotta pay for the squash team, right?).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The situation, however, almost changed dramatically in 2014, when a \u003ca href=\"https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2014/08/11/federal-judge-ncaa-violates-antitrust-law\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">federal judge \u003c/a>ruled that the NCAA’s policy of barring payment to college athletes violated antitrust laws. Former UCLA basketball star Ed O’Bannon, now a car salesman in Las Vegas, was the lead plaintiff in the class-action lawsuit. Years after graduating, he discovered that his avatar had been included in a popular college basketball video game, which he had never consented to, and for which he received no royalties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The judge ruled that athletes in top men’s football and basketball programs should be allowed to receive at least $5,000 per year in licensing revenues (essentially, back-pay), which they could collect at the end of their college sports careers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NCAA appealed the decision to the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals, which agreed that the amateurism rules did violate antitrust laws. But \u003ca href=\"https://www.si.com/college-basketball/2015/09/30/ed-obannon-ncaa-lawsuit-appeals-court-ruling\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">in its ruling\u003c/a>, the court fell short of requiring schools to compensate student athletes beyond paying the cost of attendance.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>By the numbers:\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch1>\u003cspan style=\"color: #ff0000;\">$0\u003c/span>\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\">Amount of compensation college players are allowed to receive (excluding the value of academic scholarships).\u003c/p>\n\u003ch1>\u003cspan style=\"color: #ff0000;\">$24.2 million \u003c/span>\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp>Profits made in 2014 by the Louisville Cardinals, NCAA basketball's top-earning team for that year. The team that year generated about $40 million in revenue. The University of Arizona Wildcats ranked second most profitable, with $17.7 million in earnings (based on $27.5 million in revenue). However, about a third of the 68 teams in men's tournament said they made no profit, including five in 2015 that actually reported losses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://espn.go.com/mens-college-basketball/tournament/2015/story/_/id/12495302/many-ncaa-tournament-did-not-turn-profit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ESPN\u003c/a> analysis of U.S. Department of Ed \u003ca href=\"http://ope.ed.gov/athletics/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Equity in Athletics\u003c/a> data\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch1>\u003cspan style=\"color: #ff0000;\">$10.8 billion\u003c/span>\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp>Amount CBS and Turner Sports paid the NCAA for the rights to broadcast the March Madness tournament for a 14-year period ending in 2024.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncaa.com/news/basketball-men/2010-04-21/cbs-sports-turner-broadcasting-ncaa-reach-14-year-agreement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NCAA\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch1>\u003cspan style=\"color: #ff0000;\">$9.6 million \u003c/span>\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp>Salary of Duke Blue Devils head coach Mike Kryzyzewski in 2014 (it's gone down since then). That year, he was NCAA's top-earning basketball coach and one of roughly 35 coaches who make over a $1 million a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://sports.usatoday.com/ncaa/salaries/mens-basketball/coach\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">USA Today\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch1>\u003cspan style=\"color: #ff0000;\">$1.24 billion\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp>Estimated TV ad spending during the 2016 March Madness tournament, a record-setting amount. That makes the tournament one of the most valuable franchises in televised sports, second only to NFL as the most lucrative post-season playoff franchise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://www.kantarmedia.com/us/newsroom/press-releases/march-madness-tv-ads-have-generated-8-billion-in-revenue-since-2006\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kantar Media\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch1>\u003cspan style=\"color: #ff0000;\">$10.4 billion\u003c/span>\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp>The American Gaming Association's estimate of the amount that will be wagered on the tournament in 2017, including cash from the estimated 70 million office brackets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://www.americangaming.org/newsroom/press-releases/americans-to-bet-2-billion-on-70-million-march-madness-brackets-this-year\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Gaming Association\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch1>\u003cspan style=\"color: #ff0000;\">1.2\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp>The percentage of of men's Division I basketball players who make it to the NBA, a sharp contrast from the roughly 75 percent who say they expect to play professionally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Source: \u003ca href=\"https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2015/01/27/college-athletes-greatly-overestimate-their-chances-playing-professionally\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Inside Higher Ed\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more on the issue, check out the PBS Frontline's 2011 investigation, \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/money-and-march-madness/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Money and March Madness.\u003c/a>\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the original \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncaa.com/interactive-bracket/basketball-men/d1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">68 men's teams\u003c/a> that entered the NCAA's March Madness basketball tournament, only four remain. The Final Four games take place Saturday in San Antonio, with Michigan (#3) vs. Loyola-Chicago (#11) followed by Villanova (#1) vs. Kansas (#1); the winners battle it out for the championship on Monday night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncaa.com/interactive-bracket/basketball-women/d1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">women's semifinals\u003c/a>, on Friday in Columbus, OH, will be packed with all number one seeds: Louisville vs. Mississippi State followed by Notre Dame vs. Connecticut. The championship game is scheduled for Sunday night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In case you weren't aware, college basketball is pretty popular. Nearly 17 million TV viewers tuned in for last year's men's Final Four games,\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncaa.com/news/basketball-men/article/2017-04-02/2017-ncaa-final-four-second-most-watched-19-years\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> according to the NCAA\u003c/a>, and that's not including the millions who watched online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We're talking serious national obsession here: millions of high stakes office pools, major couch and bar time and suspiciously long lunch breaks, all to witness talented young blood battling it out for intercollegiate glory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that, of course, means there's also a huge amount of money being made. But the players at the center of it all, banging it out on the court, don't get a dime of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>College athletes are considered \"amateurs\" by the NCAA. That means they're prohibited from collecting any kind of monetary compensation (including sponsorship money), even though the tournament they play in has become big business, generating multi-million dollar profits for the NCAA and many of the coaches and schools involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As profits grow each year, a growing contingent of former players and advocates are calling on the NCAA to start allowing student athletes earn their fair share. The league, they say, is exploiting students by profiting from their skill and celebrity status without providing appropriate compensation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, many big-name schools provide few guarantees for student athletes, many of whom practice upwards of 60 hours a week and risk losing scholarships if they get injured and can't play.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2015/01/27/college-athletes-greatly-overestimate-their-chances-playing-professionally\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A 2015 survey\u003c/a> found that just over 1 percent of all men's college basketball players actually get drafted by the NBA, even though about three-quarters of Division I players said they believed playing professionally was at least “somewhat likely.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the NCAA remains adamant in its stance against student athletes receiving direct financial compensation, insisting that paying players would corrupt the very spirit and nature of intercollegiate sports. The organization emphasizes that the robust scholarships most top student athletes receive, that typically cover tuition and some living expenses, provide access to a top-notch education at some of the best schools in the country, not to mention the opportunity to play on nationally-recognized teams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, the NCAA notes that profits from men's basketball and football -- the big intercollegiate revenue generators -- help fund less lucrative sports (because someone's gotta pay for the squash team, right?).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The situation, however, almost changed dramatically in 2014, when a \u003ca href=\"https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2014/08/11/federal-judge-ncaa-violates-antitrust-law\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">federal judge \u003c/a>ruled that the NCAA’s policy of barring payment to college athletes violated antitrust laws. Former UCLA basketball star Ed O’Bannon, now a car salesman in Las Vegas, was the lead plaintiff in the class-action lawsuit. Years after graduating, he discovered that his avatar had been included in a popular college basketball video game, which he had never consented to, and for which he received no royalties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The judge ruled that athletes in top men’s football and basketball programs should be allowed to receive at least $5,000 per year in licensing revenues (essentially, back-pay), which they could collect at the end of their college sports careers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NCAA appealed the decision to the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals, which agreed that the amateurism rules did violate antitrust laws. But \u003ca href=\"https://www.si.com/college-basketball/2015/09/30/ed-obannon-ncaa-lawsuit-appeals-court-ruling\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">in its ruling\u003c/a>, the court fell short of requiring schools to compensate student athletes beyond paying the cost of attendance.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>By the numbers:\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch1>\u003cspan style=\"color: #ff0000;\">$0\u003c/span>\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\">Amount of compensation college players are allowed to receive (excluding the value of academic scholarships).\u003c/p>\n\u003ch1>\u003cspan style=\"color: #ff0000;\">$24.2 million \u003c/span>\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp>Profits made in 2014 by the Louisville Cardinals, NCAA basketball's top-earning team for that year. The team that year generated about $40 million in revenue. The University of Arizona Wildcats ranked second most profitable, with $17.7 million in earnings (based on $27.5 million in revenue). However, about a third of the 68 teams in men's tournament said they made no profit, including five in 2015 that actually reported losses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://espn.go.com/mens-college-basketball/tournament/2015/story/_/id/12495302/many-ncaa-tournament-did-not-turn-profit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ESPN\u003c/a> analysis of U.S. Department of Ed \u003ca href=\"http://ope.ed.gov/athletics/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Equity in Athletics\u003c/a> data\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch1>\u003cspan style=\"color: #ff0000;\">$10.8 billion\u003c/span>\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp>Amount CBS and Turner Sports paid the NCAA for the rights to broadcast the March Madness tournament for a 14-year period ending in 2024.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncaa.com/news/basketball-men/2010-04-21/cbs-sports-turner-broadcasting-ncaa-reach-14-year-agreement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NCAA\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch1>\u003cspan style=\"color: #ff0000;\">$9.6 million \u003c/span>\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp>Salary of Duke Blue Devils head coach Mike Kryzyzewski in 2014 (it's gone down since then). That year, he was NCAA's top-earning basketball coach and one of roughly 35 coaches who make over a $1 million a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://sports.usatoday.com/ncaa/salaries/mens-basketball/coach\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">USA Today\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch1>\u003cspan style=\"color: #ff0000;\">$1.24 billion\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp>Estimated TV ad spending during the 2016 March Madness tournament, a record-setting amount. That makes the tournament one of the most valuable franchises in televised sports, second only to NFL as the most lucrative post-season playoff franchise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://www.kantarmedia.com/us/newsroom/press-releases/march-madness-tv-ads-have-generated-8-billion-in-revenue-since-2006\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kantar Media\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch1>\u003cspan style=\"color: #ff0000;\">$10.4 billion\u003c/span>\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp>The American Gaming Association's estimate of the amount that will be wagered on the tournament in 2017, including cash from the estimated 70 million office brackets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://www.americangaming.org/newsroom/press-releases/americans-to-bet-2-billion-on-70-million-march-madness-brackets-this-year\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Gaming Association\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch1>\u003cspan style=\"color: #ff0000;\">1.2\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp>The percentage of of men's Division I basketball players who make it to the NBA, a sharp contrast from the roughly 75 percent who say they expect to play professionally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Source: \u003ca href=\"https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2015/01/27/college-athletes-greatly-overestimate-their-chances-playing-professionally\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Inside Higher Ed\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more on the issue, check out the PBS Frontline's 2011 investigation, \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/money-and-march-madness/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Money and March Madness.\u003c/a>\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "How to Stop a Nuclear War: The Non-Proliferation Treaty, Explained",
"title": "How to Stop a Nuclear War: The Non-Proliferation Treaty, Explained",
"headTitle": "The Lowdown | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>A 50-year-old compromise that helped pull the world back from the brink of nuclear disaster now faces an uncertain future (as does the world).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.un.org/disarmament/wmd/nuclear/npt/text/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT)\u003c/a>, signed in 1968 by the United States, Russia and other major world powers, stipulated that countries with nuclear weapons would take steps to reduce their stockpiles, and those without wouldn't attempt to acquire any.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a last ditch effort to stem the spread of nuclear weapons technology and reduce the risk of catastrophic nuclear war, particularly between the U.S. and the Soviet Union.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As our latest \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/abovethenoise\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Above the Noise\u003c/a> video points out, the treaty didn't stop proliferation altogether, but it did help dramatically slow down the nuclear arms race of the Cold War.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, 16 nations agreed to abandon their budding nuclear programs. Nearly every nation in the world has now signed on to it (with a handful of notable exceptions). And while Russian and the U.S. still posess the vast majority of the world's nuclear weapons, the total number of warheads worldwide has dropped sharply: there are roughly 15,000 today, down from around 70,000 in the 1980s. Only nine nations are currently known to have them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cb>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/b>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our entire lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/03/Lesson-Plan_-Nukes.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Nuclear weapons lesson plan (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>But with U.S.-Russian tensions again on the rise, and both of its hawkish leaders increasingly determined to rebuild their nuclear arsenals, the NPT faces its biggest challenge yet. That’s particularly worrisome given the pace of nuclear weapons development in North Korea and Iran, two of the countries that are not part of the deal and who both pose some degree of threat to the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Explore this collection of multimedia resources produced by the \u003ca class=\"processed\" href=\"http://cfr.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Council on Foreign Relations\u003c/a> and \u003ca class=\"processed\" href=\"http://www.mediastorm.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">MediaStorm\u003c/a>, to learn more about the history of the NPT and where it may be headed. It includes a series of interactive timelines and a map -- \u003ca href=\"https://www.cfr.org/interactives/global-governance-monitor#!/nuclear-proliferation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">View a full-screen version of the interactive here\u003c/a>. Below that is a nuts-and-bolts rundown of the NPT and how it works, based on an analysis by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nti.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nuclear Threat Initiative\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullWidthWrapper\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"withMargin\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.cfr.org/interactives/global-governance-monitor#!/nuclear-proliferation\" width=\"100%\" height=\"1550\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Who's involved (and who isn't)?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>There are currently 190 state parties to the NPT, making it the most widely adhered-to arms control treaty in history.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>The NPT designates five parties as \u003ca href=\"http://tutorials.nti.org/glossary/?term=Nuclear-weapon%20states\">nuclear-weapon states\u003c/a> (NWS): China, France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States. All five detonated a nuclear device before January 1, 1967. The 185 other signatories are classified as \u003ca href=\"http://tutorials.nti.org/glossary/?term=Non-nuclear%20weapon%20state\">non-nuclear-weapon states\u003c/a> (NNWS). The NPT is effectively a “grand bargain” between the nuclear “haves” and “have-nots.”\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>There are only four states that never signed the treaty: India, Israel, Pakistan, and newly independent South Sudan. The first three states all have nuclear weapons, but because they did not detonate a nuclear explosive device before January 1, 1967, they are not technically considered Nuclear Weapons States under the NPT. Joining the treaty would require them to eliminate their nuclear arsenals. South Africa underwent this process in 1991, when it relinquished its nuclear weapons and joined the NPT.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>North Korea withdrew from the NPT in Jan. 2003, the only nation to walk away from the treaty.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What was the NPT created to do?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>The treaty aims to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons to additional countries while ensuring that non-nuclear weapon states have access to peaceful nuclear technology.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>The NPT has three “pillars” or core objectives: disarmament (reducing stockpiles), nonproliferation, and peaceful uses of nuclear technology.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>The treaty’s ultimate goal is the complete elimination of nuclear weapons.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>As part of the treaty, the five nuclear states agree to not transfer nuclear weapons to non-nuclear states or encourage them to acquire these weapons.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The non-nuclear signatories agree to not build, acquire, possess, or seek to obtain nuclear weapons or receive transfers of nuclear weapons or any other nuclear explosive devices from anyone; they can still develop peaceful nuclear technology, but must agree to international inspections to verify that nuclear material is not used to manufacture weapons.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How is the treaty maintained and enforced?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Every five years, state parties gather for a review conference to assess the implementation of the treaty and identify future steps and priorities. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A 50-year-old compromise that helped pull the world back from the brink of nuclear disaster now faces an uncertain future (as does the world).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.un.org/disarmament/wmd/nuclear/npt/text/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT)\u003c/a>, signed in 1968 by the United States, Russia and other major world powers, stipulated that countries with nuclear weapons would take steps to reduce their stockpiles, and those without wouldn't attempt to acquire any.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a last ditch effort to stem the spread of nuclear weapons technology and reduce the risk of catastrophic nuclear war, particularly between the U.S. and the Soviet Union.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As our latest \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/abovethenoise\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Above the Noise\u003c/a> video points out, the treaty didn't stop proliferation altogether, but it did help dramatically slow down the nuclear arms race of the Cold War.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, 16 nations agreed to abandon their budding nuclear programs. Nearly every nation in the world has now signed on to it (with a handful of notable exceptions). And while Russian and the U.S. still posess the vast majority of the world's nuclear weapons, the total number of warheads worldwide has dropped sharply: there are roughly 15,000 today, down from around 70,000 in the 1980s. Only nine nations are currently known to have them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cb>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/b>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our entire lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/03/Lesson-Plan_-Nukes.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Nuclear weapons lesson plan (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>But with U.S.-Russian tensions again on the rise, and both of its hawkish leaders increasingly determined to rebuild their nuclear arsenals, the NPT faces its biggest challenge yet. That’s particularly worrisome given the pace of nuclear weapons development in North Korea and Iran, two of the countries that are not part of the deal and who both pose some degree of threat to the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Explore this collection of multimedia resources produced by the \u003ca class=\"processed\" href=\"http://cfr.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Council on Foreign Relations\u003c/a> and \u003ca class=\"processed\" href=\"http://www.mediastorm.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">MediaStorm\u003c/a>, to learn more about the history of the NPT and where it may be headed. It includes a series of interactive timelines and a map -- \u003ca href=\"https://www.cfr.org/interactives/global-governance-monitor#!/nuclear-proliferation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">View a full-screen version of the interactive here\u003c/a>. Below that is a nuts-and-bolts rundown of the NPT and how it works, based on an analysis by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nti.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nuclear Threat Initiative\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullWidthWrapper\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"withMargin\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.cfr.org/interactives/global-governance-monitor#!/nuclear-proliferation\" width=\"100%\" height=\"1550\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Who's involved (and who isn't)?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>There are currently 190 state parties to the NPT, making it the most widely adhered-to arms control treaty in history.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>The NPT designates five parties as \u003ca href=\"http://tutorials.nti.org/glossary/?term=Nuclear-weapon%20states\">nuclear-weapon states\u003c/a> (NWS): China, France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States. All five detonated a nuclear device before January 1, 1967. The 185 other signatories are classified as \u003ca href=\"http://tutorials.nti.org/glossary/?term=Non-nuclear%20weapon%20state\">non-nuclear-weapon states\u003c/a> (NNWS). The NPT is effectively a “grand bargain” between the nuclear “haves” and “have-nots.”\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>There are only four states that never signed the treaty: India, Israel, Pakistan, and newly independent South Sudan. The first three states all have nuclear weapons, but because they did not detonate a nuclear explosive device before January 1, 1967, they are not technically considered Nuclear Weapons States under the NPT. Joining the treaty would require them to eliminate their nuclear arsenals. South Africa underwent this process in 1991, when it relinquished its nuclear weapons and joined the NPT.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>North Korea withdrew from the NPT in Jan. 2003, the only nation to walk away from the treaty.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What was the NPT created to do?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>The treaty aims to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons to additional countries while ensuring that non-nuclear weapon states have access to peaceful nuclear technology.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>The NPT has three “pillars” or core objectives: disarmament (reducing stockpiles), nonproliferation, and peaceful uses of nuclear technology.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>The treaty’s ultimate goal is the complete elimination of nuclear weapons.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>As part of the treaty, the five nuclear states agree to not transfer nuclear weapons to non-nuclear states or encourage them to acquire these weapons.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The non-nuclear signatories agree to not build, acquire, possess, or seek to obtain nuclear weapons or receive transfers of nuclear weapons or any other nuclear explosive devices from anyone; they can still develop peaceful nuclear technology, but must agree to international inspections to verify that nuclear material is not used to manufacture weapons.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How is the treaty maintained and enforced?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Every five years, state parties gather for a review conference to assess the implementation of the treaty and identify future steps and priorities. States who believe that the treaty jeopardizes their supreme national interests may withdraw from the NPT. But they must give notice to other parties of the NPT and the \u003ca href=\"http://tutorials.nti.org/glossary/?term=United%20Nations%20Security%20Council\">United Nations Security Council\u003c/a>. Their withdrawal enters into force three months after this advance notice.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Non-nuclear weapons states in the treaty are required to allow the \u003ca href=\"https://www.iaea.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">International Atomic Energy Agency \u003c/a>to inspect their civil nuclear facilities and ensure that nuclear material is not being diverted for purposes other than energy generation. In nuclear states, these safeguards only apply under a \"voluntary offer agreement.\"\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "MAP: What Does the U.S.-Mexico Border Really Look Like?",
"title": "MAP: What Does the U.S.-Mexico Border Really Look Like?",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\nYou know you've struck a nerve when you draw protesters on both sides of an international border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was the case last Tuesday (March 12), when \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/in-calif-visit-tensions-heighten-between-trump-and-democratic-leaders/2018/03/13/8e33f89c-26e3-11e8-874b-d517e912f125_story.html?utm_term=.b7f73493a061\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">President Trump inspected\u003c/a> a collection of border wall prototypes on display in a dusty lot near the U.S.-Mexico border outside of San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The visit marked his first trip to left-leaning California since taking office, and he used the occasion to resume the push for his long-promised and highly controversial \"big, beautiful\" border wall. He was also quick to condemn the state and jurisdictions within it for offering “sanctuary” to undocumented immigrants and not fully cooperating with federal immigration officials. Oh, and he accused Gov. Jerry Brown (D) of doing “a terrible job.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They have the highest taxes in the United States,” Trump said. “The place is totally out of control.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/JerryBrownGov/status/973668776993439744\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">On Twitter\u003c/a>, Brown shot back, thanking Trump for the \"shout-out.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He added: “But bridges are still better than walls. And California remains the 6th largest economy in the world and the most prosperous state in America #Facts.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stretching some 2,000 miles from the Pacific Coast to the Gulf of Mexico, the U.S.-Mexico border is the most crossed international boundary in the world. Everyday, more than a billion dollars worth of goods pass back and forth across the border, as do about 11 million people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/immigration/see-all-8-prototypes-trump-s-big-beautiful-border-wall-n813346\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">eight border wall prototypes\u003c/a>, some up to 30-feet high, are built from various configurations of concrete and steel. Some even have spikes on top. The samples will be tested on several criteria to determine which ones will potentially be used along major stretches of the border. That is, if Trump gets his way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite famously promising throughout his campaign that Mexico would pay for a new border wall, the Trump administration is now seeking $18 billion from Congress to cover the costs of construction for the next 10 years. That would fund about 300 miles of new barriers where nothing currently exists, and replace roughly 400 miles of “legacy” fencing .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a tall order given the proposal's widespread opposition among Democratic lawmakers and the American public, not to mention at best lukewarm support from Republicans. And if it does end up getting the green light, the project would almost certainly get held up in a slew of lawsuits, challenging it on both environmental and jurisdictional grounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even beyond all of those hurdles, building an effective wall along the border is not nearly as physically straightforward or feasible as Trump would make it seem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get a better sense of the lay of the land, quite literally, \u003ca href=\"https://www.revealnews.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Reveal from The Center for Investigative Reporting\u003c/a>, spent years collecting and mapping border data, including the 700-mile hodgepodge of fencing that currently exists. Explore the map below to see what the border actually looks like. You can also see a\u003ca href=\"https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/up-against-the-wall/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> full-screen version here\u003c/a> and listen to a fascinating \u003ca href=\"https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/up-against-the-wall/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">set of border-related stories\u003c/a> produced last year by Reveal reporters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullWidthWrapper\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"withMargin\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://apps.revealnews.org/border-wall/\" width=\"1300\" height=\"800\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\nYou know you've struck a nerve when you draw protesters on both sides of an international border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was the case last Tuesday (March 12), when \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/in-calif-visit-tensions-heighten-between-trump-and-democratic-leaders/2018/03/13/8e33f89c-26e3-11e8-874b-d517e912f125_story.html?utm_term=.b7f73493a061\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">President Trump inspected\u003c/a> a collection of border wall prototypes on display in a dusty lot near the U.S.-Mexico border outside of San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The visit marked his first trip to left-leaning California since taking office, and he used the occasion to resume the push for his long-promised and highly controversial \"big, beautiful\" border wall. He was also quick to condemn the state and jurisdictions within it for offering “sanctuary” to undocumented immigrants and not fully cooperating with federal immigration officials. Oh, and he accused Gov. Jerry Brown (D) of doing “a terrible job.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They have the highest taxes in the United States,” Trump said. “The place is totally out of control.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/JerryBrownGov/status/973668776993439744\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">On Twitter\u003c/a>, Brown shot back, thanking Trump for the \"shout-out.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He added: “But bridges are still better than walls. And California remains the 6th largest economy in the world and the most prosperous state in America #Facts.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stretching some 2,000 miles from the Pacific Coast to the Gulf of Mexico, the U.S.-Mexico border is the most crossed international boundary in the world. Everyday, more than a billion dollars worth of goods pass back and forth across the border, as do about 11 million people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/immigration/see-all-8-prototypes-trump-s-big-beautiful-border-wall-n813346\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">eight border wall prototypes\u003c/a>, some up to 30-feet high, are built from various configurations of concrete and steel. Some even have spikes on top. The samples will be tested on several criteria to determine which ones will potentially be used along major stretches of the border. That is, if Trump gets his way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite famously promising throughout his campaign that Mexico would pay for a new border wall, the Trump administration is now seeking $18 billion from Congress to cover the costs of construction for the next 10 years. That would fund about 300 miles of new barriers where nothing currently exists, and replace roughly 400 miles of “legacy” fencing .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a tall order given the proposal's widespread opposition among Democratic lawmakers and the American public, not to mention at best lukewarm support from Republicans. And if it does end up getting the green light, the project would almost certainly get held up in a slew of lawsuits, challenging it on both environmental and jurisdictional grounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even beyond all of those hurdles, building an effective wall along the border is not nearly as physically straightforward or feasible as Trump would make it seem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get a better sense of the lay of the land, quite literally, \u003ca href=\"https://www.revealnews.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Reveal from The Center for Investigative Reporting\u003c/a>, spent years collecting and mapping border data, including the 700-mile hodgepodge of fencing that currently exists. Explore the map below to see what the border actually looks like. You can also see a\u003ca href=\"https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/up-against-the-wall/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> full-screen version here\u003c/a> and listen to a fascinating \u003ca href=\"https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/up-against-the-wall/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">set of border-related stories\u003c/a> produced last year by Reveal reporters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullWidthWrapper\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"withMargin\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://apps.revealnews.org/border-wall/\" width=\"1300\" height=\"800\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"soldout": {
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"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
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