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"disqusTitle": "50 Years after \"Bloody Sunday,\" Still Miles to Go in March for Voting Rights",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16555\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 590px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/03/vote_pic_selma.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-16555\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/03/vote_pic_selma-640x431.jpg\" alt=\"Selma to Montgomery march, 1965. (Bruce Davidson/Magnum) \" width=\"590\" height=\"397\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Selma to Montgomery march, 1965. (Bruce Davidson/Magnum)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Thousands of marchers joined President Obama and other leaders this weekend in the small city of Selma, Alabama, where 50 years ago police violently attacked peaceful demonstrators demanding the right to vote.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In what became known as Bloody Sunday, the nationally televised sparked widespread outrage as viewers around the country watched shocking footage of white state troopers and a sheriff's posse ruthlessly beating hundreds of mostly black demonstrators trying to cross the Edmund Pettus Bridge (named for a Grand Dragon of the Alabama Ku Klux Klan) . As the new film \u003ca href=\"http://www.selmamovie.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Selma\u003c/a> dramatically recounts, the event was pivotal in strengthening public support for the Civil Rights Movement and persuading President Lyndon Johnson to push for voting rights legislation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/tVymzWrBTww\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A year after passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, blacks throughout the South -- and other regions -- were still blatantly denied the right to vote. Discriminatory state sanctioned tactics including intimidation and virtually impossible to pass \u003ca href=\"http://www.crmvet.org/info/la-littest2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">voter literacy tests\u003c/a> continued to prevent the vast majority of eligible black voters from registering. Of Selma's voting age black population, roughly 2 percent were registered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one scene from the film, during a fictionalized account of a meeting with Johnson at the White House, Martin Luther King, Jr. attempts to win the president's support for voting rights legislation by framing it as key to a host of other racial equality issues. Voting protections, he argued, would allow southern blacks to influence and change a political structure and justice system that had long been designed to suppress their rights. King realized that voting was a critical element in the fight for racial equality, a visible and tangible entry point that people could easily rally around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A week after Bloody Sunday, President Johnson \u003ca href=\"http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/6336/\" target=\"_blank\">addressed a joint session of Congress\u003c/a> in a live televised event, imploring the passage of a voting rights act:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cem>\"We cannot, we must not, refuse to protect the right of every American to vote in every election that he may desire to participate in. And we ought not and we cannot and we must not wait another 8 months before we get a bill. We have already waited a hundred years and more, and the time for waiting is gone ...\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>But even if we pass this bill, the battle will not be over. What happened in Selma is part of a far larger movement which reaches into every section and state of America. It is the effort of American Negroes to secure for themselves the full blessings of American life. Their cause must be our cause too. Because it is not just Negroes, but really it is all of us, who must overcome the crippling legacy of bigotry and injustice. And we shall overcome.\"\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/MxEauRq1WxQ\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later that month, King and other leaders of the movement successfully led thousands of marchers from Selma to the state capitol in Montgomery, protected along the way by the National Guard on Johnson's orders. By August 1965, just five months after Bloody Sunday, Johnson had signed the Voting Rights Act, one of the most significant pieces of civil rights legislation in U.S. history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law banned discriminatory voting practices, authorizing the deployment of federal election monitors and requiring specific states and counties with a history of discrimination to seek explicit approval from the Justice Department before making any changes in local election rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results were dramatic and immediate: More than 27,000 African-Americans in Alabama, Louisiana and Mississippi successfully registered to vote in the first three weeks after the law's passage. Within the first two years, In Mississippi alone, registration among eligible black voters jumped from 6.7 percent of the state's eligible black voters to nearly 60 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>History, though, rarely comes packaged in neatly wrapped happy endings. And celebrated rights, no matter how hard they've been fought for, tend to erode if not vigilantly defended.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2013, the Supreme Court \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/26/us/supreme-court-ruling.html\" target=\"_blank\">struck down\u003c/a> the heart of the Voting Rights Act. The court's conservative majority ruled that the time's had changed and the law's safeguards were no longer necessary. The decision stripped the law of its primary enforcement mechanism requiring federal oversight of jurisdictions with a history of voter discrimination -- including most of the South.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"xzD83LFStBVA4kYqg4vWuQJbFVuW1049\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost immediately after the decision, Texas and North Carolina, freed from restrictions, introduced controversial voter photo ID legislation. Many of the other previously monitored states have followed suit, enacting laws restricting voting access, including strict voter ID requirements and limitations on early voting and absentee ballots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although conservative proponents defend the new rules as necessary in preventing voter fraud, the changes have a disproportionately negative impact on poor, minority voters who are more likely lack photo identification and often depend heavily on more flexible voting options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">During the ceremonies in Selma this weekend, a succession of speakers beseeched the nation to wage a renewed battle for voting rights protections as the best way to honor the legacy of the protesters who risked their lives half a century ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">\"We have witnessed over the last few years, the worst assault on voting rights since the Voting Rights Act was passed in 1965,\" Rev. Raphael Warnock, of Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta, told \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2015/03/05/selma-50th-anniversary-voting-rights-obama/24404741/\" target=\"_blank\">USA Today\u003c/a>\u003c/em>. \"Come this weekend we'll see a parade of politicians make their way to Selma. Our message to those politicians is that you cannot celebrate the lessons of history while sitting on the wrong side of history.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/U4XtZ-tIzIA\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obama echoed this sentiment in his address Saturday in front of the Edmund Pettus Bridge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Right now, in 2015, 50 years after Selma, there are laws across this country designed to make it harder for people to vote,\" he said. As we speak, more such laws are being proposed. Meanwhile, the Voting Rights Act, the culmination of so much blood, so much sweat and tears, the product of so much sacrifice in the face of wanton violence, stands weakened, its future subject to political rancor. How can that be? The VRA was one of the crowning achievements of our democracy, the result of Republican and Democratic efforts ... If want to honor this day (let Congress) pledge to make it their mission to restore that law this year. That's how we honor those on this bridge.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obama also criticized the strikingly low rate of voter turnout across the country in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If every new voter suppression law was struck down today, we would still have, here in America, one of the lowest voting rates among free people,\" he added. \"What's our excuse today for not voting? How do we so causally discard the right for which so many fought. How do we so fully give away our power, our voice in shaping America's future?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Robert Bentley of Alabama, a Republican, also spoke on Saturday, noting that he hoped the occasion would show how much Alabama had changed since those tumultuous days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want people in America and the world to realize that Alabama is a different place and a different state than it was 50 years ago,” Bentley told the\u003cem> \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/08/us/obama-in-selma-for-edmund-pettus-bridge-attack-anniversary.html\" target=\"_blank\">New York Times\u003c/a>\u003c/em>. “It has become probably as much of a colorblind state as any state in the country, and we’re very proud of the advancement we've made.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">The stats suggest otherwise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">Alabama began enforcing strict voter photo ID rules last year. The state is one of the poorest in the nation. More than \u003ca href=\"http://www.census.gov/prod/2013pubs/acsbr11-17.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">30 percent of black and Latino residents live in poverty\u003c/a>. Meanwhile, the state and its school systems remain starkly segregated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">Take Selma. In 1965, the city's population was nearly evenly divided. But after a half century of white flight, about 80 percent of its 20,000 residents today are black and the town's infrastructure is literally crumbling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">However, the Selma Country Club still does not have a single black member, the \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/fifty-years-after-bloody-sunday-march-struggles-linger-in-selma/2015/03/05/8ed7a9c6-c348-11e4-ad5c-3b8ce89f1b89_story.html\" target=\"_blank\">Washington Post\u003c/a>\u003c/em> reports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">Dallas County, where Selma is located, was ranked poorest in the state last year, with one of the highest child poverty rates in the nation and unemployment hovering above 10 percent -- almost twice the national average. 40 percent of Selma's families, and about two-thirds of its children, live below the poverty line, with a violent crime rate roughly five times the state average, according to U.S. Census figures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">Early in his speech on Saturday, Obama noted these persistent disparities. Although praising the tremendous gains in equality that have come about as a result of the sacrifices demonstrators here made 50 years ago, the president rejected the notion that racism has been defeated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">“We don’t need the Ferguson report to know that’s not true,” he said. “We just need to open our eyes and our ears and our hearts to know that this nation’s racial history still casts its long shadow upon us. We know the march is not yet over. We know the race is not yet won. We know reaching that blessed destination where we are judged, all of us, by the content of our character requires admitting as much, facing up to the truth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/WyIx1qan3v8?list=PLJ8cMiYb3G5df0hNFQxY_CKa8wrUERh-u\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"description": "Thousands of marchers joined President Obama and other leaders this weekend in the small city of Selma, Alabama, where 50 years ago police violently attacked peaceful demonstrators demanding the right to vote.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16555\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 590px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/03/vote_pic_selma.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-16555\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/03/vote_pic_selma-640x431.jpg\" alt=\"Selma to Montgomery march, 1965. (Bruce Davidson/Magnum) \" width=\"590\" height=\"397\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Selma to Montgomery march, 1965. (Bruce Davidson/Magnum)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Thousands of marchers joined President Obama and other leaders this weekend in the small city of Selma, Alabama, where 50 years ago police violently attacked peaceful demonstrators demanding the right to vote.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In what became known as Bloody Sunday, the nationally televised sparked widespread outrage as viewers around the country watched shocking footage of white state troopers and a sheriff's posse ruthlessly beating hundreds of mostly black demonstrators trying to cross the Edmund Pettus Bridge (named for a Grand Dragon of the Alabama Ku Klux Klan) . As the new film \u003ca href=\"http://www.selmamovie.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Selma\u003c/a> dramatically recounts, the event was pivotal in strengthening public support for the Civil Rights Movement and persuading President Lyndon Johnson to push for voting rights legislation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/tVymzWrBTww\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A year after passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, blacks throughout the South -- and other regions -- were still blatantly denied the right to vote. Discriminatory state sanctioned tactics including intimidation and virtually impossible to pass \u003ca href=\"http://www.crmvet.org/info/la-littest2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">voter literacy tests\u003c/a> continued to prevent the vast majority of eligible black voters from registering. Of Selma's voting age black population, roughly 2 percent were registered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one scene from the film, during a fictionalized account of a meeting with Johnson at the White House, Martin Luther King, Jr. attempts to win the president's support for voting rights legislation by framing it as key to a host of other racial equality issues. Voting protections, he argued, would allow southern blacks to influence and change a political structure and justice system that had long been designed to suppress their rights. King realized that voting was a critical element in the fight for racial equality, a visible and tangible entry point that people could easily rally around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A week after Bloody Sunday, President Johnson \u003ca href=\"http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/6336/\" target=\"_blank\">addressed a joint session of Congress\u003c/a> in a live televised event, imploring the passage of a voting rights act:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cem>\"We cannot, we must not, refuse to protect the right of every American to vote in every election that he may desire to participate in. And we ought not and we cannot and we must not wait another 8 months before we get a bill. We have already waited a hundred years and more, and the time for waiting is gone ...\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>But even if we pass this bill, the battle will not be over. What happened in Selma is part of a far larger movement which reaches into every section and state of America. It is the effort of American Negroes to secure for themselves the full blessings of American life. Their cause must be our cause too. Because it is not just Negroes, but really it is all of us, who must overcome the crippling legacy of bigotry and injustice. And we shall overcome.\"\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/MxEauRq1WxQ\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later that month, King and other leaders of the movement successfully led thousands of marchers from Selma to the state capitol in Montgomery, protected along the way by the National Guard on Johnson's orders. By August 1965, just five months after Bloody Sunday, Johnson had signed the Voting Rights Act, one of the most significant pieces of civil rights legislation in U.S. history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law banned discriminatory voting practices, authorizing the deployment of federal election monitors and requiring specific states and counties with a history of discrimination to seek explicit approval from the Justice Department before making any changes in local election rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results were dramatic and immediate: More than 27,000 African-Americans in Alabama, Louisiana and Mississippi successfully registered to vote in the first three weeks after the law's passage. Within the first two years, In Mississippi alone, registration among eligible black voters jumped from 6.7 percent of the state's eligible black voters to nearly 60 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>History, though, rarely comes packaged in neatly wrapped happy endings. And celebrated rights, no matter how hard they've been fought for, tend to erode if not vigilantly defended.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2013, the Supreme Court \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/26/us/supreme-court-ruling.html\" target=\"_blank\">struck down\u003c/a> the heart of the Voting Rights Act. The court's conservative majority ruled that the time's had changed and the law's safeguards were no longer necessary. The decision stripped the law of its primary enforcement mechanism requiring federal oversight of jurisdictions with a history of voter discrimination -- including most of the South.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost immediately after the decision, Texas and North Carolina, freed from restrictions, introduced controversial voter photo ID legislation. Many of the other previously monitored states have followed suit, enacting laws restricting voting access, including strict voter ID requirements and limitations on early voting and absentee ballots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although conservative proponents defend the new rules as necessary in preventing voter fraud, the changes have a disproportionately negative impact on poor, minority voters who are more likely lack photo identification and often depend heavily on more flexible voting options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">During the ceremonies in Selma this weekend, a succession of speakers beseeched the nation to wage a renewed battle for voting rights protections as the best way to honor the legacy of the protesters who risked their lives half a century ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">\"We have witnessed over the last few years, the worst assault on voting rights since the Voting Rights Act was passed in 1965,\" Rev. Raphael Warnock, of Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta, told \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2015/03/05/selma-50th-anniversary-voting-rights-obama/24404741/\" target=\"_blank\">USA Today\u003c/a>\u003c/em>. \"Come this weekend we'll see a parade of politicians make their way to Selma. Our message to those politicians is that you cannot celebrate the lessons of history while sitting on the wrong side of history.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/U4XtZ-tIzIA\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obama echoed this sentiment in his address Saturday in front of the Edmund Pettus Bridge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Right now, in 2015, 50 years after Selma, there are laws across this country designed to make it harder for people to vote,\" he said. As we speak, more such laws are being proposed. Meanwhile, the Voting Rights Act, the culmination of so much blood, so much sweat and tears, the product of so much sacrifice in the face of wanton violence, stands weakened, its future subject to political rancor. How can that be? The VRA was one of the crowning achievements of our democracy, the result of Republican and Democratic efforts ... If want to honor this day (let Congress) pledge to make it their mission to restore that law this year. That's how we honor those on this bridge.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obama also criticized the strikingly low rate of voter turnout across the country in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If every new voter suppression law was struck down today, we would still have, here in America, one of the lowest voting rates among free people,\" he added. \"What's our excuse today for not voting? How do we so causally discard the right for which so many fought. How do we so fully give away our power, our voice in shaping America's future?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Robert Bentley of Alabama, a Republican, also spoke on Saturday, noting that he hoped the occasion would show how much Alabama had changed since those tumultuous days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want people in America and the world to realize that Alabama is a different place and a different state than it was 50 years ago,” Bentley told the\u003cem> \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/08/us/obama-in-selma-for-edmund-pettus-bridge-attack-anniversary.html\" target=\"_blank\">New York Times\u003c/a>\u003c/em>. “It has become probably as much of a colorblind state as any state in the country, and we’re very proud of the advancement we've made.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">The stats suggest otherwise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">Alabama began enforcing strict voter photo ID rules last year. The state is one of the poorest in the nation. More than \u003ca href=\"http://www.census.gov/prod/2013pubs/acsbr11-17.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">30 percent of black and Latino residents live in poverty\u003c/a>. Meanwhile, the state and its school systems remain starkly segregated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">Take Selma. In 1965, the city's population was nearly evenly divided. But after a half century of white flight, about 80 percent of its 20,000 residents today are black and the town's infrastructure is literally crumbling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">However, the Selma Country Club still does not have a single black member, the \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/fifty-years-after-bloody-sunday-march-struggles-linger-in-selma/2015/03/05/8ed7a9c6-c348-11e4-ad5c-3b8ce89f1b89_story.html\" target=\"_blank\">Washington Post\u003c/a>\u003c/em> reports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">Dallas County, where Selma is located, was ranked poorest in the state last year, with one of the highest child poverty rates in the nation and unemployment hovering above 10 percent -- almost twice the national average. 40 percent of Selma's families, and about two-thirds of its children, live below the poverty line, with a violent crime rate roughly five times the state average, according to U.S. Census figures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">Early in his speech on Saturday, Obama noted these persistent disparities. Although praising the tremendous gains in equality that have come about as a result of the sacrifices demonstrators here made 50 years ago, the president rejected the notion that racism has been defeated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">“We don’t need the Ferguson report to know that’s not true,” he said. “We just need to open our eyes and our ears and our hearts to know that this nation’s racial history still casts its long shadow upon us. We know the march is not yet over. We know the race is not yet won. We know reaching that blessed destination where we are judged, all of us, by the content of our character requires admitting as much, facing up to the truth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/embed/2psly3euy78\u003cbr>\nThe Federal Communications Commission ruled today that Internet service and wireless providers are not allowed to slow down the speed of certain websites or create \"fast lanes\" for other sites that pay extra. Providers also can't flat-out block access to certain services.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In their 3-2 vote, the FCC decided that the Web should be regulated similarly to a public utility -- much like phone companies -- in an effort to ensure equal access for consumers and fair competition for website operators. That means Internet service providers (ISPs), who have gone largely unregulated since the dawn of the Web, will now have to follow a standard set of rules on privacy, transparency and nondiscrimination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vote is a victory for advocates of \"net neutrality,\" which basically ensures that the Internet remains an equal playing field. Web traffic has been, and should continue to be treated equally, they say, free of manipulation by ISPs who might be inclined to favor some businesses over others by slowing down or speeding up specific content. Some of the biggest supporters are Silicon Valley giants like Google and Facebook who argue that it's essential for giving start-ups and small companies a fighting chance. Its absence, they charge, would inevitably create a pay-to-play outcome, favoring the big guys and limiting Web innovation and the diversity of services available to users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But opponents -- mainly big service providers like Verizon and Comcast -- claim the decision is a clear case of unnecessary government overreach that will result in increased operational costs and higher taxes and fees for consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although this all sounds like a big yawn fest, the decision is actually a pretty big deal, especially if you happen to use the Internet for, well, anything (like reading this blog -- which I hope loaded quickly). Not only does it mark the government's most significant intervention into the affairs of Internet providers, it means that the operations of the Web will, for now, remain largely as they've been. And that means you can rest assured that Grandma's cat grooming blog will load at exactly the same connection speed as that of Amazon.com.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more, take a look at \u003ca href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-switch/wp/2015/02/26/your-guide-to-net-neutrality-everything-you-need-to-know-about-todays-fcc-vote/\" target=\"_blank\">this straightforward explainer\u003c/a> from the Washington Post.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16402\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/chartoftheday_2255_Netflix_Comcast_Deal_n.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-16402 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/chartoftheday_2255_Netflix_Comcast_Deal_n-640x456.jpg\" alt=\"This chart shows how Netflix connection speeds of Comcast subscribers have improved dramatically since the two companies struck a deal allowing Netflix direct access to Comcast's broadband network. \" width=\"640\" height=\"456\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This chart shows the significant increase in Netflix connection speeds for Comcast subscribers since the two companies struck a deal last February allowing Netflix direct access to Comcast's broadband network.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/embed/2psly3euy78\u003cbr>\nThe Federal Communications Commission ruled today that Internet service and wireless providers are not allowed to slow down the speed of certain websites or create \"fast lanes\" for other sites that pay extra. Providers also can't flat-out block access to certain services.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In their 3-2 vote, the FCC decided that the Web should be regulated similarly to a public utility -- much like phone companies -- in an effort to ensure equal access for consumers and fair competition for website operators. That means Internet service providers (ISPs), who have gone largely unregulated since the dawn of the Web, will now have to follow a standard set of rules on privacy, transparency and nondiscrimination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vote is a victory for advocates of \"net neutrality,\" which basically ensures that the Internet remains an equal playing field. Web traffic has been, and should continue to be treated equally, they say, free of manipulation by ISPs who might be inclined to favor some businesses over others by slowing down or speeding up specific content. Some of the biggest supporters are Silicon Valley giants like Google and Facebook who argue that it's essential for giving start-ups and small companies a fighting chance. Its absence, they charge, would inevitably create a pay-to-play outcome, favoring the big guys and limiting Web innovation and the diversity of services available to users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But opponents -- mainly big service providers like Verizon and Comcast -- claim the decision is a clear case of unnecessary government overreach that will result in increased operational costs and higher taxes and fees for consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although this all sounds like a big yawn fest, the decision is actually a pretty big deal, especially if you happen to use the Internet for, well, anything (like reading this blog -- which I hope loaded quickly). Not only does it mark the government's most significant intervention into the affairs of Internet providers, it means that the operations of the Web will, for now, remain largely as they've been. And that means you can rest assured that Grandma's cat grooming blog will load at exactly the same connection speed as that of Amazon.com.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more, take a look at \u003ca href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-switch/wp/2015/02/26/your-guide-to-net-neutrality-everything-you-need-to-know-about-todays-fcc-vote/\" target=\"_blank\">this straightforward explainer\u003c/a> from the Washington Post.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16402\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/chartoftheday_2255_Netflix_Comcast_Deal_n.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-16402 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/chartoftheday_2255_Netflix_Comcast_Deal_n-640x456.jpg\" alt=\"This chart shows how Netflix connection speeds of Comcast subscribers have improved dramatically since the two companies struck a deal allowing Netflix direct access to Comcast's broadband network. \" width=\"640\" height=\"456\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This chart shows the significant increase in Netflix connection speeds for Comcast subscribers since the two companies struck a deal last February allowing Netflix direct access to Comcast's broadband network.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "In Raising Minimum Wage, Wal-Mart Joins Widening Group of Retailers, Cities and States [Interactive Explainer]",
"title": "In Raising Minimum Wage, Wal-Mart Joins Widening Group of Retailers, Cities and States [Interactive Explainer]",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16333\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 604px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/Walmart.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-16333\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/Walmart-640x376.jpg\" alt=\"Walmart employees demonstrate outside a store in Pico Rivera, California in 2012. (Courtesy of UFCW International Union)\" width=\"604\" height=\"355\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wal-Mart employees demonstrate outside a store in Pico Rivera, California in 2012. (Courtesy of UFCW International Union)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>About half a million Wal-Mart employees are getting a much needed pay raise. Starting in April, full- and part-time U.S. employees of the company, the largest private employer in the nation, will earn at least $9 an hour, a full $1.75 more than the federal minimum wage, the company announced this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wal-Mart, which has long been criticized by labor advocates for its low compensation rates, says hourly wages will rise to at least $10 by next year. It's the latest in a series of large retailers who have recently moved to boost wages for their lowest paid employees. Last year Gap, Inc. announced a similar wage bump, joining the ranks of companies like Ikea, Whole Foods and Costco that all pay above the federal minimum. \u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company's decision is likely prompted by several factors, including an improving economy, falling unemployment and increased competition for workers, as well as mounting pressure to offer a living wage to its massive army of employees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It is the workers who came together and demanded higher wages and better working conditions,\" Haeyoung Yoon, a labor advocate with the National Employment Law Project, told \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2015/02/19/387554179/under-competitive-pressure-wal-mart-to-rollout-raises\" target=\"_blank\">NPR's Yuki Noguchi\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The announcement aligns with President Obama's ongoing effort to increase the federal minimum wage from $7.25 to $10.10 (despite congressional opposition), and follows on the heels of a growing number of cities and states around the country that have raised their own minimum wages. It also comes after a slew of recent protests by fast food workers and employees in other low wage industries demanding better pay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wage hike is expected to set Wal-Mart back about $1 billion, a hefty sum for sure, but a relative drop in the bucket compared to the company's market capitalization (total dollar market value of all its outstanding shares), \u003ca href=\"http://www.marketwatch.com/investing/stock/wmt\" target=\"_blank\">estimated at\u003c/a> almost $275 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wal-Mart also announced plans to revise parts of its oft-criticized employee-scheduling process. The current system attempts to match employee supply to customer demand. This leaves many of its workers in the lurch by not providing regularly scheduled hours, instead requiring many of them to remain on call without any certainty about how many hours -- and how much pay -- they'll get from week to week. Although vague on the specifics, the company said it will start \"providing associates a more transparent, accessible schedule,\" and by 2016 will offer \"some associates\" fixed schedules each week with two-and-a-half weeks advance notice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We dig into the debate over dollars and cents in this interactive explainer produced by \u003ca href=\"http://newsbound.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Newsbound\u003c/a>. You can scroll through the whole presentation at once, or view specific chapters by selecting the table of contents button on the bottom left of the screen. Sources for each slide are also included at the bottom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe class=\"newsbound-embedded\" src=\"http://content.newsbound.com/public/kqed/kqed_wage/index.html?embed=true\" name=\"nb-stack\" width=\"620\" height=\"349\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(\u003ca href=\"http://content.newsbound.com/public/kqed/kqed_wage/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">View mobile/fullscreen version here\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Relevant ELA and Social Studies CCSS Standards\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>• CCSS.ELA-Literacy.CCRA.R.7\u003c/strong>: Integrate and evaluate content presented in diverse media and formats, including visually and quantitatively, as well as in words.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>• CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.7\u003c/strong> Integrate quantitative or technical analysis (e.g., charts, research data) with qualitative analysis in print or digital text.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>• CCSS.ELA-Literacy.CCRA.W.9\u003c/strong>: Draw evidence from literary or informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>• CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.7\u003c/strong>: Integrate quantitative or technical analysis (e.g., charts, research data) with qualitative analysis in print or digital text.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Integrate this topic into the following high school social studies units\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>US History\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>(based on:\u003cem>The American Vision, CA Edition (McGraw Hill/Glencoe, 2006\u003c/em>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• Roosevelt and the New Deal, 1933-1939\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• The New Frontier and the Great Society, 1961-1968\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• The Politics of Protest, 1960-1980\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• Politics and Economics, 1971-1980\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• Resurgence of Conservatism, 1980-1992\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>US Government\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>(based on: \u003cem>American Government, Prentice Hall, 2006, CA Edition)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• Unit 2 - Political Behavior: Government by the People\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• Unit 3 - The Legislative Branch\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• Unit 4 - The Executive Branch\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• Unit 6 - Comparative Political and Economic Systems\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> Economics\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n(based on: \u003cem>Econ Alive! TCI, 2010\u003c/em>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• Unit 4 - Economics of the Public Sector\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• Unit 5 - Measuring and Managing the Economy\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16333\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 604px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/Walmart.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-16333\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/Walmart-640x376.jpg\" alt=\"Walmart employees demonstrate outside a store in Pico Rivera, California in 2012. (Courtesy of UFCW International Union)\" width=\"604\" height=\"355\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wal-Mart employees demonstrate outside a store in Pico Rivera, California in 2012. (Courtesy of UFCW International Union)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>About half a million Wal-Mart employees are getting a much needed pay raise. Starting in April, full- and part-time U.S. employees of the company, the largest private employer in the nation, will earn at least $9 an hour, a full $1.75 more than the federal minimum wage, the company announced this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wal-Mart, which has long been criticized by labor advocates for its low compensation rates, says hourly wages will rise to at least $10 by next year. It's the latest in a series of large retailers who have recently moved to boost wages for their lowest paid employees. Last year Gap, Inc. announced a similar wage bump, joining the ranks of companies like Ikea, Whole Foods and Costco that all pay above the federal minimum. \u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company's decision is likely prompted by several factors, including an improving economy, falling unemployment and increased competition for workers, as well as mounting pressure to offer a living wage to its massive army of employees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It is the workers who came together and demanded higher wages and better working conditions,\" Haeyoung Yoon, a labor advocate with the National Employment Law Project, told \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2015/02/19/387554179/under-competitive-pressure-wal-mart-to-rollout-raises\" target=\"_blank\">NPR's Yuki Noguchi\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The announcement aligns with President Obama's ongoing effort to increase the federal minimum wage from $7.25 to $10.10 (despite congressional opposition), and follows on the heels of a growing number of cities and states around the country that have raised their own minimum wages. It also comes after a slew of recent protests by fast food workers and employees in other low wage industries demanding better pay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wage hike is expected to set Wal-Mart back about $1 billion, a hefty sum for sure, but a relative drop in the bucket compared to the company's market capitalization (total dollar market value of all its outstanding shares), \u003ca href=\"http://www.marketwatch.com/investing/stock/wmt\" target=\"_blank\">estimated at\u003c/a> almost $275 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wal-Mart also announced plans to revise parts of its oft-criticized employee-scheduling process. The current system attempts to match employee supply to customer demand. This leaves many of its workers in the lurch by not providing regularly scheduled hours, instead requiring many of them to remain on call without any certainty about how many hours -- and how much pay -- they'll get from week to week. Although vague on the specifics, the company said it will start \"providing associates a more transparent, accessible schedule,\" and by 2016 will offer \"some associates\" fixed schedules each week with two-and-a-half weeks advance notice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We dig into the debate over dollars and cents in this interactive explainer produced by \u003ca href=\"http://newsbound.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Newsbound\u003c/a>. You can scroll through the whole presentation at once, or view specific chapters by selecting the table of contents button on the bottom left of the screen. Sources for each slide are also included at the bottom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe class=\"newsbound-embedded\" src=\"http://content.newsbound.com/public/kqed/kqed_wage/index.html?embed=true\" name=\"nb-stack\" width=\"620\" height=\"349\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(\u003ca href=\"http://content.newsbound.com/public/kqed/kqed_wage/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">View mobile/fullscreen version here\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Relevant ELA and Social Studies CCSS Standards\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>• CCSS.ELA-Literacy.CCRA.R.7\u003c/strong>: Integrate and evaluate content presented in diverse media and formats, including visually and quantitatively, as well as in words.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>• CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.7\u003c/strong> Integrate quantitative or technical analysis (e.g., charts, research data) with qualitative analysis in print or digital text.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>• CCSS.ELA-Literacy.CCRA.W.9\u003c/strong>: Draw evidence from literary or informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>• CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.7\u003c/strong>: Integrate quantitative or technical analysis (e.g., charts, research data) with qualitative analysis in print or digital text.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Integrate this topic into the following high school social studies units\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>US History\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>(based on:\u003cem>The American Vision, CA Edition (McGraw Hill/Glencoe, 2006\u003c/em>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• Roosevelt and the New Deal, 1933-1939\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• The New Frontier and the Great Society, 1961-1968\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• The Politics of Protest, 1960-1980\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• Politics and Economics, 1971-1980\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• Resurgence of Conservatism, 1980-1992\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>US Government\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>(based on: \u003cem>American Government, Prentice Hall, 2006, CA Edition)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• Unit 2 - Political Behavior: Government by the People\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• Unit 3 - The Legislative Branch\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• Unit 4 - The Executive Branch\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• Unit 6 - Comparative Political and Economic Systems\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> Economics\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n(based on: \u003cem>Econ Alive! TCI, 2010\u003c/em>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• Unit 4 - Economics of the Public Sector\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• Unit 5 - Measuring and Managing the Economy\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[http_redir]\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.youtube.com/embed/ba0F0IWjnlc\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Things got all the more confusing for America's 11 million-plus undocumented immigrants when a federal judge on Monday blocked President Obama's recent executive actions to defer millions of deportations.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Citing an administrative technicality, the Texas judge issued a temporary injunction that stalls two programs Obama announced in November, largely in response to frustration over Congress' failure to enact any kind of comprehensive immigration reform.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the initiatives is an expansion of the administration's original \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2012/06/22/obamas-new-deportation-rule-what-does-it-do-and-who-benefits/\" target=\"_blank\">Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA)\u003c/a> program, which would allow undocumented immigrants older than 30 who came to the U.S. illegally as children to apply for deportation deferrals and work permits. The Department of Homeland Security was supposed to start accepting applications for the program this week, but has since postponed doing so, leaving an estimated 290,000 eligible applicants in the balance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obama's second program, which was set to go into effect this spring, would allow undocumented parents of U.S. citizens and green card holders who have lived in the U.S. for at least five years to apply for a 3-year deportation deferral. An estimated 3.7 million immigrants are expected to qualify.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"q3RqwmKb7XVkMIAaQqLHoFdnNJIIReiY\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The judge's injunction comes after 26 mostly conservative states sued to stop Obama's actions, claiming he had exceeded his constitutional authority and that the new programs would impose undue financial burdens. The administration said it would appeal the ruling and may try to seek an emergency order to allow the programs to go into effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The situation is just the latest in a long running series of dramas concerning U.S. immigration policy, particularly the question of how to deal with the roughly 11.4 million undocumented immigrants who live here. Check out the interactive map below, produced by \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewtrusts.org/en\" target=\"_blank\">The Pew Charitable Trusts\u003c/a>, to explore where America's undocumented population lives today, how that distribution has changed in the last half-century and the impact on individual states. (Note that the data is from 2010 and population rates have changed slightly since then.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/multimedia/data-visualizations/2013/~/media//Data%20Visualizations/Interactives/2013/immigration/index.html#ui/2000\" width=\"930\" height=\"830\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"description": " http://www.youtube.com/embed/ba0F0IWjnlc Things got all the more confusing for America's 11 million-plus undocumented immigrants when a federal judge on Monday blocked President Obama's recent executive actions to defer millions of deportations.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>[http_redir]\u003cbr>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/ba0F0IWjnlc'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/ba0F0IWjnlc'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Things got all the more confusing for America's 11 million-plus undocumented immigrants when a federal judge on Monday blocked President Obama's recent executive actions to defer millions of deportations.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Citing an administrative technicality, the Texas judge issued a temporary injunction that stalls two programs Obama announced in November, largely in response to frustration over Congress' failure to enact any kind of comprehensive immigration reform.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the initiatives is an expansion of the administration's original \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2012/06/22/obamas-new-deportation-rule-what-does-it-do-and-who-benefits/\" target=\"_blank\">Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA)\u003c/a> program, which would allow undocumented immigrants older than 30 who came to the U.S. illegally as children to apply for deportation deferrals and work permits. The Department of Homeland Security was supposed to start accepting applications for the program this week, but has since postponed doing so, leaving an estimated 290,000 eligible applicants in the balance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obama's second program, which was set to go into effect this spring, would allow undocumented parents of U.S. citizens and green card holders who have lived in the U.S. for at least five years to apply for a 3-year deportation deferral. An estimated 3.7 million immigrants are expected to qualify.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The judge's injunction comes after 26 mostly conservative states sued to stop Obama's actions, claiming he had exceeded his constitutional authority and that the new programs would impose undue financial burdens. The administration said it would appeal the ruling and may try to seek an emergency order to allow the programs to go into effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The situation is just the latest in a long running series of dramas concerning U.S. immigration policy, particularly the question of how to deal with the roughly 11.4 million undocumented immigrants who live here. Check out the interactive map below, produced by \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewtrusts.org/en\" target=\"_blank\">The Pew Charitable Trusts\u003c/a>, to explore where America's undocumented population lives today, how that distribution has changed in the last half-century and the impact on individual states. (Note that the data is from 2010 and population rates have changed slightly since then.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/multimedia/data-visualizations/2013/~/media//Data%20Visualizations/Interactives/2013/immigration/index.html#ui/2000\" width=\"930\" height=\"830\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "The Feverish Roots of Today's Anti-Vaccine Movement",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16178\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1276px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/The_cow_pock.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-16178\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/The_cow_pock.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1276\" height=\"908\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/The_cow_pock.jpg 1276w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/The_cow_pock-400x285.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/The_cow_pock-800x569.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/The_cow_pock-1180x840.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/The_cow_pock-768x547.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/The_cow_pock-320x228.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1276px) 100vw, 1276px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A cartoon from 1802 illustrating the hysteria that came with the \"cowpock\" vaccine. \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_cow_pock.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On May 14, 1796 a rural British physician by the name of Edward Jenner inoculated a healthy 8-year-old boy with pus extracted from the cowpox lesions of a dairymaid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The boy subsequently developed mild fever but quickly recovered. Several months later, Jenner again inoculated the boy, but this time with matter from a fresh smallpox lesion. The boy did not contract the disease, leading Jenner to conclude that his patient had built up immunity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fast forward 219 years. Today, nearly 170 measles cases have been reported in 20 states since the start of 2015. Most of these cases stem from a December 2014 outbreak at Disneyland in Southern California, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/measles/cases-outbreaks.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outbreak has come with no shortage of angry finger-pointing at the small but growing contingent of Americans who choose not to vaccinate their children against the highly contagious, yet preventable disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/state-measles-cases.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-17586\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/state-measles-cases.png\" alt=\"state-measles-cases\" width=\"700\" height=\"476\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/state-measles-cases.png 700w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/state-measles-cases-400x272.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As recently as 20 years ago, measles was listed by the World Health Organization as one of the five leading causes of death in the world. But by 2000, the disease\u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/measles/about/faqs.html\"> \u003c/a>was \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/measles/about/faqs.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">declared “eliminated” in the U.S.\u003c/a>, largely credited to the success of statewide public health campaigns to make the MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccine mandatory for children enrolling in public schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/measles-cases-616px.gif\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright wp-image-16234 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/measles-cases-616px-e1423972922856-300x177.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"177\">\u003c/a>Since then, however, the number of parents requesting religious or philosophical exemptions to state rules has gone up, as have reported measles cases. In 2014, the CDC reported the highest number of cases in over a decade: 644 in 27 states, including one outbreak in an Amish community in rural Ohio infecting more than 300 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not surprisingly, rates have increased fastest in states with the most lenient vaccination exemption rules. All but two states (Mississippi and West Virginia) allow for religious exemptions, and 19 states — California included — permit parents to opt out of vaccinating their children on personal or philosophical grounds. Many parents who do so, say they doubt the effectiveness of the vaccine or have concerns that it may cause autism or other major health problems, even as no medical evidence actually supports these theories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So why this recent outbreak in anti-vaccination sentiment?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's actually nothing new: anti-vaccination movements have a robust, storied history. Intermittent backlashes against compulsory government vaccination campaigns have arisen ever since the first series of inoculations were given more than 200 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps most interesting is the striking cultural similarities and motives of today's prototypical \"anti-vaxxers\" and their 19th Century forebears: both have been typically portrayed as affluent, well-educated and politically progressive, driven by strong distrust in the safety of vaccines and intensely protective of civil liberties and personal choice.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>The First Vaccine Revolution\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>If you know little or care less about smallpox, Edward Jenner's the man to thank for that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the most gruesome and deadly diseases in human history, smallpox terrorized the world for centuries, ravaging entire societies during its sporadic outbreaks and claiming millions of lives, particularly those of young children. Highly infectious, smallpox typically covers the skin in large oozing, pus-filled bumps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1796, Jenner, a rural British physician, tested a locally shared theory that milkmaids who contracted cowpox were immune from smallpox. Similar to smallpox but far less severe, cowpox is generally found in animals, and can be transmitted to human handlers. Jenner extracted pus from a cowpox scab and inserted it into an incision on the arm of an eight-year-old boy. Although the child contracted a mild virus, he recovered quickly, developing antibodies that built up his immunity to both cowpox and smallpox.\u003c/p>\n\u003cpre>\u003cstrong>[Source: \u003ca href=\"http://www.ndm.ox.ac.uk/edward-jenner-museum\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nuffield Dept. of Medicine, University of Oxford\u003c/a>]\u003c/strong>\u003c/pre>\n\u003cp>Jenner subsequently coined the term \"vaccine,\" from \"vacca,\" Latin for cow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although initially rejected by the British medical establishment, Jenner's findings were eventually published after subsequent successful trials, and the field of modern immunology was born. The discovery paved the way for vaccine breakthroughs over the next two centuries, including inoculations for polio, tetanus, influenza, rabies, diphtheria and, yes, measles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The smallpox vaccine and its later iterations proved so successful that the World Health Organization in 1980 declared smallpox the first disease to be eradicated as a result of global vaccination efforts. To date, there is no cure or treatment for the disease; vaccination is the only means of prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cpre>\u003cstrong>[Source: \u003ca href=\"//www.who.int/features/2010/smallpox/en/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">World Health Organization\u003c/a>]\u003c/strong>\u003c/pre>\n\u003ch3>Birth of the Anti-Vaccination Movement\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Protection from one of the most feared, miserable ailments in human history: who wouldn't raise a (sterilized) glass to that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16227\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/wolr5328.f1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-16227\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/wolr5328.f1-300x228.jpg\" alt=' 1887 illustration from an anti-vaccination flier. Included in the text: \"This monster has been named vaccination; and his progressive havoc among the human race, has been dreadful and most alarming.\" ' width=\"300\" height=\"228\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An illustration from an 1807 anti-vaccination flier. Included in the text: \"This monster has been named vaccination; and his progressive havoc among the human race, has been dreadful and most alarming.\" (Courtesy of National Institutes of Health)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Turns out, lots of folks. As word of the procedure spread, Jenner was ridiculed by a host of angry critics, particularly members of the clergy, who charged that the idea of inoculating someone with pus from a diseased animal was not only revolting but blasphemous. Rumors abounded of vaccinated patients contracting bovine diseases and suffering grotesque reactions. Enough evidence, however, demonstrated the obvious advantages of the vaccination, and the procedure soon became widespread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the mid-1800s, in the wake of several smallpox outbreaks, the United Kingdom enacted a set of laws making vaccinations compulsory, initially for infants, but eventually for all children up to 14 years old. Cumulative penalties were imposed on violators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The measures were met with staunch resistance and incited a series of riots. The unrest prompted the creation of the Anti-Compulsory Vaccination League in 1867, whose founders were primarily concerned with what they considered a blatant infringement of personal choice and liberty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16260\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 215px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/OldAnti-VaccinePoster.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-16260\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/OldAnti-VaccinePoster.jpg\" alt=\"Notice of a demonstration at Andover Town Hall (England) in support of an anti-vaxxer on her release from imprisonment for refusing to allow her children to be vaccinated (date unknown). (Courtesy of MicroBiology Today).\" width=\"215\" height=\"277\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Notice of a demonstration at Andover Town Hall (England); date unknown. (Courtesy of MicroBiology Today).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The group's seven-point mission statement, printed on the masthead of its newsletter, included the following pronouncement:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\"As parliament, instead of guarding the liberty of the subject, has invaded this liberty by rendering good health a crime, punishable by fine or imprisonment, inflicted on dutiful parents, parliament is deserving of public condemnation.\"\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the 1870s and 1880s, even as smallpox vaccination techniques were rapidly advancing and helping to contain the disease's spread, anti-vaccination campaigns gained increased momentum in the U.K. and beyond. As propaganda literature proliferated and leaders of the movement adeptly tapped into the public's understandable anxieties about the still nascent procedure. some efforts were successful in temporarily lowering vaccination rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the largest demonstrations, in Leicester, England in 1885, drew upwards of 100,000 people, with props including a child's coffin and an effigy of Jenner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16261\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 261px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/Leicester-Demonstration.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-16261\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/Leicester-Demonstration.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"261\" height=\"199\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/Leicester-Demonstration.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/Leicester-Demonstration-320x243.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 261px) 100vw, 261px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An artist's depiction of the 1885 anti-vaccine demonstration in Leicester. (Courtesy of Immunize USA).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The rally prompted a government commission to investigate the protesters' grievances, which eventually concluded that the vaccine was safe and effective but, in a political move to pacify detractors, also recommended the abolition of penalties for violators. In 1898, the passage of a new national vaccination act removed penalties and included a \"conscientious objector\" clause, which allowed parents concerned with the safety of vaccinations to apply for an exemption certificate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cpre>\u003cstrong>[Source: \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1123944/#B2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Institutes of Health\u003c/a>]\u003c/strong>\u003c/pre>\n\u003ch3>Anti-vaccination fever spreads to the U.S.\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>In the late 1800s, a series of smallpox outbreaks in the U.S. prompted local government vaccine campaigns and subsequent anti-vaccine advocacy, including a visit from prominent British anti-vaccinationist William Tebb. By 1879, the Anti-Vaccination Society of America was established, followed by the emergence of several local leagues, including the New England Anti Compulsory Vaccination League and the Anti-Vaccination League of New York City. A second national league was formed in the early 1900s. Activists waged court battles to repeal vaccination laws in a number of states, including California, Illinois and Wisconsin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"Vaccination is the putting of an impure thing into the blood - a virus or poison -- often resulting in serious evil effects. In vogue for more than one hundred years, it has been received by most persons without question. Yet the time is passing when people will accept a medical dogma on blind faith.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: small\">-- From \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.whale.to/vaccines/pitcairn.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Fallacy of Vaccination\u003c/a>,\" a 1911 essay by John Pitcairn, Jr., prominent Pennsylvania industrialist and president of the Anti-Vaccination League of America.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inflaming tensions and helping to further cast vaccination campaigns as an affront to civil liberties, public health officials commonly resorted to heavy-handed, uneven enforcement tactics, often vaccinating immigrants and minorities against their will during outbreaks, notes \u003ca href=\"University%20of%20Georgia%20history%20professor%20Stephen%20Mihm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Georgia history professor Stephen Mihm\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fears were also legitimately stoked by the lack of oversight of vaccine production, which was primarily controlled by private industry and at times resulted in questionable product. In one of the worst incidents, nine children in Camden, New Jersey died after being inoculated with a batch of tetanus-contaminated smallpox vaccine. News of the tragedy prompted Congress to pass the Biologics Control Act of 1902, which required increased government oversight of the manufacturing process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following a smallpox outbreak in 1902, the city of Cambridge, Mass. mandated vaccinations for all residents. After one man refused to comply on the grounds that the law violated his right to care for himself, the city filed criminal charges against him. The case -- \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1449224/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jacobson v. Massachusetts\u003c/a> - made its way in 1905 to the U.S. Supreme Court, which sided with the state. In its decision, the court ruled it within the power of the state to enact mandatory vaccine laws in order to protect the public in the event of a communicable disease. The decision marked the first Supreme Court case weighing in on state power in enacting public health law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cpre>\u003cstrong>[Source: \u003ca href=\"http://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/articles/history-anti-vaccination-movements\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">History of Vaccines, College of Physicians of Philadelphia\u003c/a>]\u003c/strong>\u003c/pre>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/GzvfpyyZO9o\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16178\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1276px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/The_cow_pock.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-16178\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/The_cow_pock.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1276\" height=\"908\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/The_cow_pock.jpg 1276w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/The_cow_pock-400x285.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/The_cow_pock-800x569.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/The_cow_pock-1180x840.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/The_cow_pock-768x547.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/The_cow_pock-320x228.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1276px) 100vw, 1276px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A cartoon from 1802 illustrating the hysteria that came with the \"cowpock\" vaccine. \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_cow_pock.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On May 14, 1796 a rural British physician by the name of Edward Jenner inoculated a healthy 8-year-old boy with pus extracted from the cowpox lesions of a dairymaid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The boy subsequently developed mild fever but quickly recovered. Several months later, Jenner again inoculated the boy, but this time with matter from a fresh smallpox lesion. The boy did not contract the disease, leading Jenner to conclude that his patient had built up immunity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fast forward 219 years. Today, nearly 170 measles cases have been reported in 20 states since the start of 2015. Most of these cases stem from a December 2014 outbreak at Disneyland in Southern California, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/measles/cases-outbreaks.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outbreak has come with no shortage of angry finger-pointing at the small but growing contingent of Americans who choose not to vaccinate their children against the highly contagious, yet preventable disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/state-measles-cases.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-17586\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/state-measles-cases.png\" alt=\"state-measles-cases\" width=\"700\" height=\"476\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/state-measles-cases.png 700w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/state-measles-cases-400x272.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As recently as 20 years ago, measles was listed by the World Health Organization as one of the five leading causes of death in the world. But by 2000, the disease\u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/measles/about/faqs.html\"> \u003c/a>was \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/measles/about/faqs.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">declared “eliminated” in the U.S.\u003c/a>, largely credited to the success of statewide public health campaigns to make the MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccine mandatory for children enrolling in public schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/measles-cases-616px.gif\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright wp-image-16234 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/measles-cases-616px-e1423972922856-300x177.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"177\">\u003c/a>Since then, however, the number of parents requesting religious or philosophical exemptions to state rules has gone up, as have reported measles cases. In 2014, the CDC reported the highest number of cases in over a decade: 644 in 27 states, including one outbreak in an Amish community in rural Ohio infecting more than 300 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not surprisingly, rates have increased fastest in states with the most lenient vaccination exemption rules. All but two states (Mississippi and West Virginia) allow for religious exemptions, and 19 states — California included — permit parents to opt out of vaccinating their children on personal or philosophical grounds. Many parents who do so, say they doubt the effectiveness of the vaccine or have concerns that it may cause autism or other major health problems, even as no medical evidence actually supports these theories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So why this recent outbreak in anti-vaccination sentiment?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's actually nothing new: anti-vaccination movements have a robust, storied history. Intermittent backlashes against compulsory government vaccination campaigns have arisen ever since the first series of inoculations were given more than 200 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps most interesting is the striking cultural similarities and motives of today's prototypical \"anti-vaxxers\" and their 19th Century forebears: both have been typically portrayed as affluent, well-educated and politically progressive, driven by strong distrust in the safety of vaccines and intensely protective of civil liberties and personal choice.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>The First Vaccine Revolution\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>If you know little or care less about smallpox, Edward Jenner's the man to thank for that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the most gruesome and deadly diseases in human history, smallpox terrorized the world for centuries, ravaging entire societies during its sporadic outbreaks and claiming millions of lives, particularly those of young children. Highly infectious, smallpox typically covers the skin in large oozing, pus-filled bumps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1796, Jenner, a rural British physician, tested a locally shared theory that milkmaids who contracted cowpox were immune from smallpox. Similar to smallpox but far less severe, cowpox is generally found in animals, and can be transmitted to human handlers. Jenner extracted pus from a cowpox scab and inserted it into an incision on the arm of an eight-year-old boy. Although the child contracted a mild virus, he recovered quickly, developing antibodies that built up his immunity to both cowpox and smallpox.\u003c/p>\n\u003cpre>\u003cstrong>[Source: \u003ca href=\"http://www.ndm.ox.ac.uk/edward-jenner-museum\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nuffield Dept. of Medicine, University of Oxford\u003c/a>]\u003c/strong>\u003c/pre>\n\u003cp>Jenner subsequently coined the term \"vaccine,\" from \"vacca,\" Latin for cow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although initially rejected by the British medical establishment, Jenner's findings were eventually published after subsequent successful trials, and the field of modern immunology was born. The discovery paved the way for vaccine breakthroughs over the next two centuries, including inoculations for polio, tetanus, influenza, rabies, diphtheria and, yes, measles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The smallpox vaccine and its later iterations proved so successful that the World Health Organization in 1980 declared smallpox the first disease to be eradicated as a result of global vaccination efforts. To date, there is no cure or treatment for the disease; vaccination is the only means of prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cpre>\u003cstrong>[Source: \u003ca href=\"//www.who.int/features/2010/smallpox/en/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">World Health Organization\u003c/a>]\u003c/strong>\u003c/pre>\n\u003ch3>Birth of the Anti-Vaccination Movement\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Protection from one of the most feared, miserable ailments in human history: who wouldn't raise a (sterilized) glass to that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16227\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/wolr5328.f1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-16227\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/wolr5328.f1-300x228.jpg\" alt=' 1887 illustration from an anti-vaccination flier. Included in the text: \"This monster has been named vaccination; and his progressive havoc among the human race, has been dreadful and most alarming.\" ' width=\"300\" height=\"228\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An illustration from an 1807 anti-vaccination flier. Included in the text: \"This monster has been named vaccination; and his progressive havoc among the human race, has been dreadful and most alarming.\" (Courtesy of National Institutes of Health)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Turns out, lots of folks. As word of the procedure spread, Jenner was ridiculed by a host of angry critics, particularly members of the clergy, who charged that the idea of inoculating someone with pus from a diseased animal was not only revolting but blasphemous. Rumors abounded of vaccinated patients contracting bovine diseases and suffering grotesque reactions. Enough evidence, however, demonstrated the obvious advantages of the vaccination, and the procedure soon became widespread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the mid-1800s, in the wake of several smallpox outbreaks, the United Kingdom enacted a set of laws making vaccinations compulsory, initially for infants, but eventually for all children up to 14 years old. Cumulative penalties were imposed on violators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The measures were met with staunch resistance and incited a series of riots. The unrest prompted the creation of the Anti-Compulsory Vaccination League in 1867, whose founders were primarily concerned with what they considered a blatant infringement of personal choice and liberty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16260\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 215px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/OldAnti-VaccinePoster.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-16260\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/OldAnti-VaccinePoster.jpg\" alt=\"Notice of a demonstration at Andover Town Hall (England) in support of an anti-vaxxer on her release from imprisonment for refusing to allow her children to be vaccinated (date unknown). (Courtesy of MicroBiology Today).\" width=\"215\" height=\"277\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Notice of a demonstration at Andover Town Hall (England); date unknown. (Courtesy of MicroBiology Today).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The group's seven-point mission statement, printed on the masthead of its newsletter, included the following pronouncement:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\"As parliament, instead of guarding the liberty of the subject, has invaded this liberty by rendering good health a crime, punishable by fine or imprisonment, inflicted on dutiful parents, parliament is deserving of public condemnation.\"\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the 1870s and 1880s, even as smallpox vaccination techniques were rapidly advancing and helping to contain the disease's spread, anti-vaccination campaigns gained increased momentum in the U.K. and beyond. As propaganda literature proliferated and leaders of the movement adeptly tapped into the public's understandable anxieties about the still nascent procedure. some efforts were successful in temporarily lowering vaccination rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the largest demonstrations, in Leicester, England in 1885, drew upwards of 100,000 people, with props including a child's coffin and an effigy of Jenner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16261\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 261px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/Leicester-Demonstration.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-16261\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/Leicester-Demonstration.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"261\" height=\"199\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/Leicester-Demonstration.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/Leicester-Demonstration-320x243.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 261px) 100vw, 261px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An artist's depiction of the 1885 anti-vaccine demonstration in Leicester. (Courtesy of Immunize USA).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The rally prompted a government commission to investigate the protesters' grievances, which eventually concluded that the vaccine was safe and effective but, in a political move to pacify detractors, also recommended the abolition of penalties for violators. In 1898, the passage of a new national vaccination act removed penalties and included a \"conscientious objector\" clause, which allowed parents concerned with the safety of vaccinations to apply for an exemption certificate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cpre>\u003cstrong>[Source: \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1123944/#B2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Institutes of Health\u003c/a>]\u003c/strong>\u003c/pre>\n\u003ch3>Anti-vaccination fever spreads to the U.S.\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>In the late 1800s, a series of smallpox outbreaks in the U.S. prompted local government vaccine campaigns and subsequent anti-vaccine advocacy, including a visit from prominent British anti-vaccinationist William Tebb. By 1879, the Anti-Vaccination Society of America was established, followed by the emergence of several local leagues, including the New England Anti Compulsory Vaccination League and the Anti-Vaccination League of New York City. A second national league was formed in the early 1900s. Activists waged court battles to repeal vaccination laws in a number of states, including California, Illinois and Wisconsin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"Vaccination is the putting of an impure thing into the blood - a virus or poison -- often resulting in serious evil effects. In vogue for more than one hundred years, it has been received by most persons without question. Yet the time is passing when people will accept a medical dogma on blind faith.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: small\">-- From \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.whale.to/vaccines/pitcairn.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Fallacy of Vaccination\u003c/a>,\" a 1911 essay by John Pitcairn, Jr., prominent Pennsylvania industrialist and president of the Anti-Vaccination League of America.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inflaming tensions and helping to further cast vaccination campaigns as an affront to civil liberties, public health officials commonly resorted to heavy-handed, uneven enforcement tactics, often vaccinating immigrants and minorities against their will during outbreaks, notes \u003ca href=\"University%20of%20Georgia%20history%20professor%20Stephen%20Mihm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Georgia history professor Stephen Mihm\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fears were also legitimately stoked by the lack of oversight of vaccine production, which was primarily controlled by private industry and at times resulted in questionable product. In one of the worst incidents, nine children in Camden, New Jersey died after being inoculated with a batch of tetanus-contaminated smallpox vaccine. News of the tragedy prompted Congress to pass the Biologics Control Act of 1902, which required increased government oversight of the manufacturing process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following a smallpox outbreak in 1902, the city of Cambridge, Mass. mandated vaccinations for all residents. After one man refused to comply on the grounds that the law violated his right to care for himself, the city filed criminal charges against him. The case -- \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1449224/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jacobson v. Massachusetts\u003c/a> - made its way in 1905 to the U.S. Supreme Court, which sided with the state. In its decision, the court ruled it within the power of the state to enact mandatory vaccine laws in order to protect the public in the event of a communicable disease. The decision marked the first Supreme Court case weighing in on state power in enacting public health law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cpre>\u003cstrong>[Source: \u003ca href=\"http://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/articles/history-anti-vaccination-movements\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">History of Vaccines, College of Physicians of Philadelphia\u003c/a>]\u003c/strong>\u003c/pre>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "MAP: Every California Police-Involved Homicide Reported in 2014",
"title": "MAP: Every California Police-Involved Homicide Reported in 2014",
"headTitle": "The Lowdown | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>The following time-lapse animation shows all reported and verified officer-involved shootings that occurred in California in 2014. Each circle represents an individual incident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"https://mgreen.carto.com/builder/1a072d5f-fddb-4085-a5c2-ea68b581453e/embed\" width=\"100%\" height=\"900\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a series of highly publicized incidents in late 2014, white police officers killed unarmed black males, sparking widespread concern about the excessive use of force and drawing attention to the lack of reliable data on officer-involved fatalities.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To date, there is no comprehensive federal database cataloging the use of deadly force by law enforcement agencies, and the frequency of these incidents remains largely unknown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"#unique-identifier1\">Click to skip article and go directly to fatal incident maps\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>The closest thing to an official government tally is classified in the FBI's annual \u003ca href=\"http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s/2013/crime-in-the-u.s.-2013/offenses-known-to-law-enforcement/expanded-homicide/expanded_homicide_data_table_14_justifiable_homicide_by_weapon_law_enforcement_2009-2013.xls\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Supplementary Homicide Report\u003c/a> as \"justifiable homicide\" by law enforcement, which it defines as \"the killing of a felon by a law enforcement officer in the line of duty.\" In 2013, the last year for which data were available, the FBI reported 461 justifiable homicides by law enforcement, with a yearly average of 420.4 reported since 2009.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its analysis of these figures, the investigative news agency \u003ca href=\"http://www.propublica.org/article/deadly-force-in-black-and-white\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">ProPublica \u003c/a>found that black males were killed at 21 times the rate of their white counterparts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15979\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/01/NIeto.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-15979 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/01/NIeto-1440x942.jpg\" alt=\"Alejandro Nieto’s mother Elvira Nieto (center) leads an Aug. 22 march to announce the filing of a lawsuit against the city over the fatal shooting of her son. (Alex Emslie/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"419\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/01/NIeto-1440x942.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/01/NIeto-400x262.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/01/NIeto-800x524.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/01/NIeto-1180x772.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/01/NIeto-768x503.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/01/NIeto-320x209.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Demonstrators marched in San Francisco last August to protest the police shooting death of Alex Nieto. (Alex Emslie/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The data, while striking, are noticeably incomplete and the method for collecting them inaccurate on several fronts. For one, the tally relies entirely on voluntary self-reporting by local and state police agencies. In other words, these departments are not required to give up any information. And whereas the vast majority of police departments around the country provides the FBI each year with more common crime data -- such as a city's total homicide rate -- fewer agencies elect to submit justifiable homicide figures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, the tally doesn't include \"unjustifiable homicide by police.\" In fact, that's not even a classification in the FBI's crime reporting database. And because the \"justifiability\" -- aka legality -- of an incident is determined by a subsequent investigation that may extend beyond the reporting year, the data from the previous year may never be updated once the case is resolved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder recently criticized the lack of transparency as \"unacceptable.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The troubling reality is that we lack the ability right now to comprehensively track the number of incidents of either uses of force directed at police officers or uses of force by police,” Holder said during \u003ca href=\"//www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/jan/15/eric-holder-slams-unacceptable-lack-info-police-sh/#ixzz3Q4uaESvl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a recent Justice Department ceremony\u003c/a> honoring Martin Luther King Jr. Police departments and state agencies, he added, should be legally required to report these incidents to the FBI., a measure that would likely require congressional approval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"EOgXrNWpw2tFQrR2Plz1uwoxdUDkRFeP\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even given the FBI's lowball figures, the United States' officer-involved fatality rates dwarf those of most other industrialized nations. From 2009 to mid-2012 in England and Wales, police officers reportedly discharged their firearms a total of 18 times, killing \u003ca href=\"http://www.channel4.com/news/police-fatal-shooting-trigger-happy-fact-check\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">nine civilians\u003c/a>. And not a single police shooting death was reported there in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.channel4.com/news/police-fatal-shooting-trigger-happy-fact-check\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">2012 - 2013\u003c/a> reporting year. Rates for Germany, Australia and Japan are similarly low. These nations are, of course, much smaller than the U.S. and have significantly stricter gun control laws. But the discrepancy is startling nonetheless.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the absence of a comprehensive national database on officer-related fatalities, a handful of independent crowd-sourced projects have recently sprouted online. Sites like \u003ca href=\"fatalencounters.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Fatal Encounters\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://regressing.deadspin.com/were-compiling-every-police-involved-shooting-in-americ-1624180387\">Deadspin\u003c/a> compile user-submitted local reports of police-involved killings (justifiable or not). The nonprofit \u003ca href=\"//www.gunviolencearchive.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Gun Violence Archive\u003c/a> project, which tabulates incidents of gun violence in the general population, also collects data on officer-involved shootings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the most reliable of the batch is \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.killedbypolice.net/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Killed By Police\u003c/a>\u003c/em>, an anonymously managed project that compiles mainstream media reports submitted by individual users through Facebook. To date, the site lists 1,952 officer-related killings nationally since May 2013, when it began collecting data. Of these, 1,103 were reported in 2014 and 81 have already been reported since the start of 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ProfileHeaderCard-screenname u-inlineBlock u-dir\" dir=\"ltr\">In a recent audit of the site, the news publication \u003ca href=\"http://fivethirtyeight.com/datalab/another-much-higher-count-of-police-homicides/\">FiveThirtyEight\u003c/a> said it \"confirmed that the links represented legitimate stories,\" revealing dramatically higher incident rates than suggested by FBI reporting. And although the site clearly does not take a neutral stance on the issue (\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/pigstatenews\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">@PigStateNews\u003c/a>, the associated Twitter account, provides a none too subtle indication) the data we examined speaks for itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In our analysis of the site, we looked specifically at officer-involved deaths in California in 2014. In total, we calculated 156 incidents involving civilians killed by police. Of these, there were 144 male victims and 12 female. Of the 67 incidents in which race information was reported, there were 34 Latino, 14 black, 15 white and four Asian victims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/189373360&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California's rate of officer-involved fatalities in 2014 is more than .41 per 100,000 population, slightly higher than the national rate of roughly .35 per 100,000 for the same year (assuming the relative accuracy of the \u003cem>Killed By Police\u003c/em> national count of 1,104 police-related killings for 2014).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In creating our \u003ca href=\"https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1yOioH63AYx0K0ktXFPFSgDIlrdw3-VmskVYvi9-5jqM/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">own database\u003c/a> and associated maps of police-related fatalities in California, we considered all reported deaths of civilians by on-duty officers in local, state and federal police agencies, as well as transit and school campus police. Incidents include shootings as well as deaths resulting from use of force during arrest or detention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our database is primarily composed of incidents listed on \u003cem>Killed By Police's\u003c/em> site, although we also included several additional cases from in the \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://homicide.latimes.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Los Angeles Times' Homicide Report\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>Incidents are included here only if verified by an established news outlet (with a working link). We excluded incidents involving off-duty officers, individuals killed in accidents involving law enforcement vehicles and prisoners killed in incidents involving state corrections officers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the nature of crowd-sourced reporting, we recognize that this database is likely incomplete, and encourage readers to \u003ca href=\"mailto:newsed@kqed.org\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #1e1e94;\">send us\u003c/span>\u003c/a> additional verified news reports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca name=\"unique-identifier1\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Individual officer-related killings in California, 2014\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Mouseover each marker to see the name of the victim. Click on the marker for the date and location of the incident, the victim's age and race (if known), the officer's name (if known) and the news source link(s). Zoom in for more specific detail or search by city or ZIP code (at top right).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"100%\" height=\"900\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://kam02004.cartodb.com/viz/af671f08-8c62-11e5-a479-0ef7f98ade21/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Officer-related killings by law enforcement agency\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Note: Although the five incidents involving California Highway Patrol officers occurred throughout the state, the marker is placed at CHP's headquarters in Sacramento. Additionally, four separate incidents involving officers from more than one department are included here under the larger of the two departments. Also, keep in mind that while law enforcement agencies in Los Angeles have the highest fatality counts in the state, they also oversee the largest population-based jurisdiction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"100%\" height=\"900\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://kariannemah.cartodb.com/viz/f9227626-a5bb-11e4-a040-0e0c41326911/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1yOioH63AYx0K0ktXFPFSgDIlrdw3-VmskVYvi9-5jqM/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Download data set here\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1yOioH63AYx0K0ktXFPFSgDIlrdw3-VmskVYvi9-5jqM/pubhtml?widget=true&headers=false\" width=\"900\" height=\"450\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"description": "The following time-lapse animation shows all reported and verified officer-involved shootings that occurred in California in 2014. Each circle represents an individual incident. In a series of highly publicized incidents in late 2014, white police officers killed unarmed black males, sparking widespread concern about the excessive use of force and drawing attention to the lack of",
"title": "MAP: Every California Police-Involved Homicide Reported in 2014 | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The following time-lapse animation shows all reported and verified officer-involved shootings that occurred in California in 2014. Each circle represents an individual incident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"https://mgreen.carto.com/builder/1a072d5f-fddb-4085-a5c2-ea68b581453e/embed\" width=\"100%\" height=\"900\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a series of highly publicized incidents in late 2014, white police officers killed unarmed black males, sparking widespread concern about the excessive use of force and drawing attention to the lack of reliable data on officer-involved fatalities.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To date, there is no comprehensive federal database cataloging the use of deadly force by law enforcement agencies, and the frequency of these incidents remains largely unknown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"#unique-identifier1\">Click to skip article and go directly to fatal incident maps\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>The closest thing to an official government tally is classified in the FBI's annual \u003ca href=\"http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s/2013/crime-in-the-u.s.-2013/offenses-known-to-law-enforcement/expanded-homicide/expanded_homicide_data_table_14_justifiable_homicide_by_weapon_law_enforcement_2009-2013.xls\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Supplementary Homicide Report\u003c/a> as \"justifiable homicide\" by law enforcement, which it defines as \"the killing of a felon by a law enforcement officer in the line of duty.\" In 2013, the last year for which data were available, the FBI reported 461 justifiable homicides by law enforcement, with a yearly average of 420.4 reported since 2009.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its analysis of these figures, the investigative news agency \u003ca href=\"http://www.propublica.org/article/deadly-force-in-black-and-white\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">ProPublica \u003c/a>found that black males were killed at 21 times the rate of their white counterparts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15979\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/01/NIeto.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-15979 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/01/NIeto-1440x942.jpg\" alt=\"Alejandro Nieto’s mother Elvira Nieto (center) leads an Aug. 22 march to announce the filing of a lawsuit against the city over the fatal shooting of her son. (Alex Emslie/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"419\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/01/NIeto-1440x942.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/01/NIeto-400x262.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/01/NIeto-800x524.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/01/NIeto-1180x772.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/01/NIeto-768x503.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/01/NIeto-320x209.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Demonstrators marched in San Francisco last August to protest the police shooting death of Alex Nieto. (Alex Emslie/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The data, while striking, are noticeably incomplete and the method for collecting them inaccurate on several fronts. For one, the tally relies entirely on voluntary self-reporting by local and state police agencies. In other words, these departments are not required to give up any information. And whereas the vast majority of police departments around the country provides the FBI each year with more common crime data -- such as a city's total homicide rate -- fewer agencies elect to submit justifiable homicide figures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, the tally doesn't include \"unjustifiable homicide by police.\" In fact, that's not even a classification in the FBI's crime reporting database. And because the \"justifiability\" -- aka legality -- of an incident is determined by a subsequent investigation that may extend beyond the reporting year, the data from the previous year may never be updated once the case is resolved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder recently criticized the lack of transparency as \"unacceptable.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The troubling reality is that we lack the ability right now to comprehensively track the number of incidents of either uses of force directed at police officers or uses of force by police,” Holder said during \u003ca href=\"//www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/jan/15/eric-holder-slams-unacceptable-lack-info-police-sh/#ixzz3Q4uaESvl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a recent Justice Department ceremony\u003c/a> honoring Martin Luther King Jr. Police departments and state agencies, he added, should be legally required to report these incidents to the FBI., a measure that would likely require congressional approval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even given the FBI's lowball figures, the United States' officer-involved fatality rates dwarf those of most other industrialized nations. From 2009 to mid-2012 in England and Wales, police officers reportedly discharged their firearms a total of 18 times, killing \u003ca href=\"http://www.channel4.com/news/police-fatal-shooting-trigger-happy-fact-check\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">nine civilians\u003c/a>. And not a single police shooting death was reported there in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.channel4.com/news/police-fatal-shooting-trigger-happy-fact-check\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">2012 - 2013\u003c/a> reporting year. Rates for Germany, Australia and Japan are similarly low. These nations are, of course, much smaller than the U.S. and have significantly stricter gun control laws. But the discrepancy is startling nonetheless.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the absence of a comprehensive national database on officer-related fatalities, a handful of independent crowd-sourced projects have recently sprouted online. Sites like \u003ca href=\"fatalencounters.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Fatal Encounters\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://regressing.deadspin.com/were-compiling-every-police-involved-shooting-in-americ-1624180387\">Deadspin\u003c/a> compile user-submitted local reports of police-involved killings (justifiable or not). The nonprofit \u003ca href=\"//www.gunviolencearchive.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Gun Violence Archive\u003c/a> project, which tabulates incidents of gun violence in the general population, also collects data on officer-involved shootings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the most reliable of the batch is \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.killedbypolice.net/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Killed By Police\u003c/a>\u003c/em>, an anonymously managed project that compiles mainstream media reports submitted by individual users through Facebook. To date, the site lists 1,952 officer-related killings nationally since May 2013, when it began collecting data. Of these, 1,103 were reported in 2014 and 81 have already been reported since the start of 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"ProfileHeaderCard-screenname u-inlineBlock u-dir\" dir=\"ltr\">In a recent audit of the site, the news publication \u003ca href=\"http://fivethirtyeight.com/datalab/another-much-higher-count-of-police-homicides/\">FiveThirtyEight\u003c/a> said it \"confirmed that the links represented legitimate stories,\" revealing dramatically higher incident rates than suggested by FBI reporting. And although the site clearly does not take a neutral stance on the issue (\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/pigstatenews\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">@PigStateNews\u003c/a>, the associated Twitter account, provides a none too subtle indication) the data we examined speaks for itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In our analysis of the site, we looked specifically at officer-involved deaths in California in 2014. In total, we calculated 156 incidents involving civilians killed by police. Of these, there were 144 male victims and 12 female. Of the 67 incidents in which race information was reported, there were 34 Latino, 14 black, 15 white and four Asian victims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/189373360&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California's rate of officer-involved fatalities in 2014 is more than .41 per 100,000 population, slightly higher than the national rate of roughly .35 per 100,000 for the same year (assuming the relative accuracy of the \u003cem>Killed By Police\u003c/em> national count of 1,104 police-related killings for 2014).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In creating our \u003ca href=\"https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1yOioH63AYx0K0ktXFPFSgDIlrdw3-VmskVYvi9-5jqM/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">own database\u003c/a> and associated maps of police-related fatalities in California, we considered all reported deaths of civilians by on-duty officers in local, state and federal police agencies, as well as transit and school campus police. Incidents include shootings as well as deaths resulting from use of force during arrest or detention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our database is primarily composed of incidents listed on \u003cem>Killed By Police's\u003c/em> site, although we also included several additional cases from in the \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://homicide.latimes.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Los Angeles Times' Homicide Report\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>Incidents are included here only if verified by an established news outlet (with a working link). We excluded incidents involving off-duty officers, individuals killed in accidents involving law enforcement vehicles and prisoners killed in incidents involving state corrections officers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the nature of crowd-sourced reporting, we recognize that this database is likely incomplete, and encourage readers to \u003ca href=\"mailto:newsed@kqed.org\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #1e1e94;\">send us\u003c/span>\u003c/a> additional verified news reports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca name=\"unique-identifier1\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Individual officer-related killings in California, 2014\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Mouseover each marker to see the name of the victim. Click on the marker for the date and location of the incident, the victim's age and race (if known), the officer's name (if known) and the news source link(s). Zoom in for more specific detail or search by city or ZIP code (at top right).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"100%\" height=\"900\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://kam02004.cartodb.com/viz/af671f08-8c62-11e5-a479-0ef7f98ade21/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Officer-related killings by law enforcement agency\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Note: Although the five incidents involving California Highway Patrol officers occurred throughout the state, the marker is placed at CHP's headquarters in Sacramento. Additionally, four separate incidents involving officers from more than one department are included here under the larger of the two departments. Also, keep in mind that while law enforcement agencies in Los Angeles have the highest fatality counts in the state, they also oversee the largest population-based jurisdiction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"100%\" height=\"900\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://kariannemah.cartodb.com/viz/f9227626-a5bb-11e4-a040-0e0c41326911/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1yOioH63AYx0K0ktXFPFSgDIlrdw3-VmskVYvi9-5jqM/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Download data set here\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Let \u003ca href=\"http://ca.pbslearningmedia.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PBS LearningMedia\u003c/a> help you prepare for Black History Month with an outstanding collection of resources. Begin with a briefing on the origins of this cultural heritage month with \u003cem>About Black History Month\u003c/em>, a resource from the U.S. Department of State. Then dive into the history of the African American experience with classroom ready resources from the documentary, \u003cem>The African Americans: Many Rivers to Cross\u003c/em>. And challenge students to explore the question of how different cultural groups are acknowledged in American history, media, and culture with video clips, lesson plans and an app from the film, \u003cem>Should Black History Be More Than a Month?\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/5392ea10-f2d2-4296-992c-cfd75217fd9d/black-history-month-us-department-of-state/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">About Black History Month\u003c/a> | Document\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWith this article from the U.S. Department of State, learn about the origins of the upcoming heritage month, what it was initially called and why February was the chosen month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/collection/the-african-americans-many-rivers-to-cross/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The African Americans: Many Rivers to Cross\u003c/a> | Videos, Lesson Plans & Interactives\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nNoted Harvard scholar Henry Louis Gates, Jr. recounts the full trajectory of African-American history in his groundbreaking series \u003cem>The African Americans: Many Rivers to Cross\u003c/em>. The series explores the history of African American people, as well as the multiplicity of cultural institutions, political strategies, and religious and social perspectives they developed — forging their own history, culture and society against unimaginable odds. Using video clips from \u003cem>The African Americans: Many Rivers to Cross\u003c/em>, this collection of lesson plans addresses a wide range of themes of the African American experience from 1500 to the present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/6af00e12-ed2a-4908-a6c5-1c0800185d95/should-black-history-be-more-than-a-month/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Should Black History Be: More Than a Month?\u003c/a> | Videos, Lesson Plan & App\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nShould Black History Month be ended? That’s the question explored by filmmaker Shukree Hassan Tilghman as he embarks on his cross-country campaign. Both amusing and thought provoking, \u003cem>More Than a Month\u003c/em> examines what the treatment of history tells us about race and power in America. Classrooms can use the guide without watching the entire film, by watching the film clips and discussing the synopsis. “Whose History” provides a one-to-three day lesson plan designed to further students’ understanding of the film and to explore the question of how different cultural groups are acknowledged in American history, media, and culture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Build your own \u003ca href=\"http://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/toolsandresources\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">lesson plans, storyboards and media folders\u003c/a> by creating a free PBS LearningMedia account.\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/01/climate-map.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-15655\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/01/climate-map-300x294.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"294\">\u003c/a>Frozen toes and polar vortexes aside, 2014 was the hottest year on record globally, according to recently released data from the \u003ca href=\"http://ds.data.jma.go.jp/tcc/tcc/products/gwp/temp/ann_wld.html\">Japan Meteorological Agency\u003c/a>. In fact, 14 of the 15 hottest years on record have occurred since 2000. Bottom line: climate change is happening; it's as real as gravity. And among scientists studying the issue, an overwhelming majority have confirmed that human activity is what's driving the warmth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But 131 representatives and 39 senators in the recently convened 114th Congress -- more than half of all congressional Republicans (including eight from California) -- aren't buying it, according to an analysis by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.americanprogressaction.org\" target=\"_blank\">Center for American Progress Action Fund\u003c/a>, a liberal-leaning advocacy group. \u003c!--more-->There are forty-two states with at least one representative who has publicly questioned or flat-out denied climate science. And unsurprisingly, most of these legislators have received significant funding from fossil fuel industries, in combined excess of $63 million. Nevertheless, See the full analysis \u003ca href=\"http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2015/01/08/3608427/climate-denier-caucus-114th-congress/\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roll over the map below, produced by CAP, to see how many senators and representatives in each state have gone on the record questioning the existence of climate change, how much fossil fuel (\"dirty energy\") money they've received and the number of climate-related disaster declarations in each state in the past four years. Click on each state for a list of the legislators and their specific statements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://interactives.americanprogress.org/projects/tp/2015/climate/2015.html\" width=\"600\" height=\"530\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/QONIAGSKaMo\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/01/climate-map.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-15655\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/01/climate-map-300x294.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"294\">\u003c/a>Frozen toes and polar vortexes aside, 2014 was the hottest year on record globally, according to recently released data from the \u003ca href=\"http://ds.data.jma.go.jp/tcc/tcc/products/gwp/temp/ann_wld.html\">Japan Meteorological Agency\u003c/a>. In fact, 14 of the 15 hottest years on record have occurred since 2000. Bottom line: climate change is happening; it's as real as gravity. And among scientists studying the issue, an overwhelming majority have confirmed that human activity is what's driving the warmth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But 131 representatives and 39 senators in the recently convened 114th Congress -- more than half of all congressional Republicans (including eight from California) -- aren't buying it, according to an analysis by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.americanprogressaction.org\" target=\"_blank\">Center for American Progress Action Fund\u003c/a>, a liberal-leaning advocacy group. \u003c!--more-->There are forty-two states with at least one representative who has publicly questioned or flat-out denied climate science. And unsurprisingly, most of these legislators have received significant funding from fossil fuel industries, in combined excess of $63 million. Nevertheless, See the full analysis \u003ca href=\"http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2015/01/08/3608427/climate-denier-caucus-114th-congress/\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roll over the map below, produced by CAP, to see how many senators and representatives in each state have gone on the record questioning the existence of climate change, how much fossil fuel (\"dirty energy\") money they've received and the number of climate-related disaster declarations in each state in the past four years. Click on each state for a list of the legislators and their specific statements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://interactives.americanprogress.org/projects/tp/2015/climate/2015.html\" width=\"600\" height=\"530\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/QONIAGSKaMo\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "When Should Free Speech Be Protected?",
"headTitle": "When Should Free Speech Be Protected? | KQED",
"content": "\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>To respond to the Do Now, you can comment below or tweet your response. Be sure to begin your tweet with \u003cem>@KQEDEdspace\u003c/em> and end it with \u003cem>#DoNowHebdo\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>For more info on how to use Twitter, click \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/how-to-use-twitter-in-your-teaching-practice/\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Do Now\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>When should free speech be protected and why?\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Introduction\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>On Jan. 7, two gunmen entered the offices of French satirical newspaper Charlie Hebdo and opened fire, killing 12 people. Following the attacks, the brothers took a hostage in a town north of Paris, and another man attacked a kosher grocery store and took hostages. All three were killed by French police.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Al Qaeda in Yemen took responsibility for the attack, saying that it was in retaliation for images Charlie Hebdo published of the Islamic prophet Mohammed. Muslim teachings state that portraying the prophet is offensive and encourages idol worship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The events spurred demonstrations in support of free expression throughout France and the world; one march in Paris drew between 1.2 and 1.6 million. It also gave rise to the phrase “Je Suis Charlie,” meaning “I Am Charlie,” a message that thousands used in marches and on social media in solidarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to the attacks, the remaining staff of Charlie Hebdo published a new issue Wednesday; the cover featured an image of Mohammed holding a sign that read “Je Suis Charlie” under the message “Tout est pardonné,” meaning “All is forgiven.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some news outlets covering the story have voiced their support for Charlie Hebdo’s freedom of expression while electing not to publish the cartoons. The New York Times editor Dean Baquet has said that some of the cartoons amounted to “gratuitous insult,” which overrode their news value.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPR stated that some of the cartoons violate their standards of offensive material, and publishing only the images that do not could send a false message that “Charlie Hebdo is only a bit edgier than other satirical publications.” This would skew readers’ perception of the story, NPR wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Debates over free expression have taken place in France as well, with many questioning the limits of freedom of speech. French law does not protect defamation or hate speech, nor does it protect speech that is anti-Semitic, racist or homophobic. Since the attacks, French officials have arrested 54 people for hate speech, including a French comedian who prosecutors say voiced support for one of the attackers in a Facebook post.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Resource\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t0fD6Mx10jw\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>VIDEO: \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/death-cartoonists-paris-draws-passionate-defense-free-expression/\">Death of cartoonists in Paris draws out passionate defense of free expression\u003c/a> (PBS NewsHour)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nPens — weapon of choice of the murdered cartoonists of Charlie Hebdo — were raised in their honor at vigils around the world. Jeffrey Brown talks to two editorial cartoonists, Tom Toles of the Washington Post and Ted Rall of the Los Angeles Times, about the role of satirical cartoonists in society and their declining number in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>To respond to the Do Now, you can comment below or tweet your response. Be sure to begin your tweet with \u003cem>@KQEDedspace\u003c/em> and end it with \u003cem>#DoNowHebdo\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>For more info on how to use Twitter, click \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/how-to-use-twitter-in-your-teaching-practice/\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>We encourage students to reply to other people’s tweets to foster more of a conversation. Also, if students tweet their personal opinions, ask them to support their ideas with links to interesting/credible articles online (adding a nice research component) or retweet other people’s ideas that they agree/disagree/find amusing. We also value student-produced media linked to their tweets. You can visit our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/category/tools/video-tutorials/\">video tutorials\u003c/a> that showcase how to use several web-based production tools. Of course, do as you can… and any contribution is most welcomed.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>More Resources\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ARTICLE: \u003ca href=\"http://publiceditor.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/01/08/charlie-hebdo-cartoon-publication-debate/\">A Close Call on Publication of Charlie Hebdo Cartoons\u003c/a> (New York Times)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWas The Times cowardly and lacking in journalistic solidarity when it decided not to publish the images from the French satirical newspaper Charlie Hebdo that precipitated the execution of French journalists?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>AUDIO: \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2015/01/10/376098073/why-youre-not-seeing-those-charlie-hebdo-cartoons\">Why You’re Not Seeing Those ‘Charlie Hebdo’ Cartoons\u003c/a> (NPR)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWednesday’s attack at the Paris office of the satirical weekly Charlie Hebdo is thought to have been the work of killers who believe cartoons can be so offensive that they justified the murder of 12 people. But just because offensive images are part of a story does not mean a news organization must publish or post them with its news reports. Listen to this story to learn more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ARTICLE: \u003ca href=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30811401<\">Paris attacks: Dieudonne held as France tackles hate speech\u003c/a> (BBC)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nControversial French comedian Dieudonne M’bala M’bala has been detained by police for a Facebook comment appearing to back Paris gunman Amedy Coulibaly.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\n",
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"headline": "When Should Free Speech Be Protected?",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>To respond to the Do Now, you can comment below or tweet your response. Be sure to begin your tweet with \u003cem>@KQEDEdspace\u003c/em> and end it with \u003cem>#DoNowHebdo\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>For more info on how to use Twitter, click \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/how-to-use-twitter-in-your-teaching-practice/\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Do Now\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>When should free speech be protected and why?\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Introduction\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>On Jan. 7, two gunmen entered the offices of French satirical newspaper Charlie Hebdo and opened fire, killing 12 people. Following the attacks, the brothers took a hostage in a town north of Paris, and another man attacked a kosher grocery store and took hostages. All three were killed by French police.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Al Qaeda in Yemen took responsibility for the attack, saying that it was in retaliation for images Charlie Hebdo published of the Islamic prophet Mohammed. Muslim teachings state that portraying the prophet is offensive and encourages idol worship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The events spurred demonstrations in support of free expression throughout France and the world; one march in Paris drew between 1.2 and 1.6 million. It also gave rise to the phrase “Je Suis Charlie,” meaning “I Am Charlie,” a message that thousands used in marches and on social media in solidarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to the attacks, the remaining staff of Charlie Hebdo published a new issue Wednesday; the cover featured an image of Mohammed holding a sign that read “Je Suis Charlie” under the message “Tout est pardonné,” meaning “All is forgiven.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some news outlets covering the story have voiced their support for Charlie Hebdo’s freedom of expression while electing not to publish the cartoons. The New York Times editor Dean Baquet has said that some of the cartoons amounted to “gratuitous insult,” which overrode their news value.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPR stated that some of the cartoons violate their standards of offensive material, and publishing only the images that do not could send a false message that “Charlie Hebdo is only a bit edgier than other satirical publications.” This would skew readers’ perception of the story, NPR wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Debates over free expression have taken place in France as well, with many questioning the limits of freedom of speech. French law does not protect defamation or hate speech, nor does it protect speech that is anti-Semitic, racist or homophobic. Since the attacks, French officials have arrested 54 people for hate speech, including a French comedian who prosecutors say voiced support for one of the attackers in a Facebook post.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Resource\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/t0fD6Mx10jw'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/t0fD6Mx10jw'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>VIDEO: \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/death-cartoonists-paris-draws-passionate-defense-free-expression/\">Death of cartoonists in Paris draws out passionate defense of free expression\u003c/a> (PBS NewsHour)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nPens — weapon of choice of the murdered cartoonists of Charlie Hebdo — were raised in their honor at vigils around the world. Jeffrey Brown talks to two editorial cartoonists, Tom Toles of the Washington Post and Ted Rall of the Los Angeles Times, about the role of satirical cartoonists in society and their declining number in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>To respond to the Do Now, you can comment below or tweet your response. Be sure to begin your tweet with \u003cem>@KQEDedspace\u003c/em> and end it with \u003cem>#DoNowHebdo\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>For more info on how to use Twitter, click \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/how-to-use-twitter-in-your-teaching-practice/\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>We encourage students to reply to other people’s tweets to foster more of a conversation. Also, if students tweet their personal opinions, ask them to support their ideas with links to interesting/credible articles online (adding a nice research component) or retweet other people’s ideas that they agree/disagree/find amusing. We also value student-produced media linked to their tweets. You can visit our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/category/tools/video-tutorials/\">video tutorials\u003c/a> that showcase how to use several web-based production tools. Of course, do as you can… and any contribution is most welcomed.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>More Resources\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ARTICLE: \u003ca href=\"http://publiceditor.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/01/08/charlie-hebdo-cartoon-publication-debate/\">A Close Call on Publication of Charlie Hebdo Cartoons\u003c/a> (New York Times)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWas The Times cowardly and lacking in journalistic solidarity when it decided not to publish the images from the French satirical newspaper Charlie Hebdo that precipitated the execution of French journalists?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>AUDIO: \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2015/01/10/376098073/why-youre-not-seeing-those-charlie-hebdo-cartoons\">Why You’re Not Seeing Those ‘Charlie Hebdo’ Cartoons\u003c/a> (NPR)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWednesday’s attack at the Paris office of the satirical weekly Charlie Hebdo is thought to have been the work of killers who believe cartoons can be so offensive that they justified the murder of 12 people. But just because offensive images are part of a story does not mean a news organization must publish or post them with its news reports. Listen to this story to learn more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ARTICLE: \u003ca href=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30811401<\">Paris attacks: Dieudonne held as France tackles hate speech\u003c/a> (BBC)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nControversial French comedian Dieudonne M’bala M’bala has been detained by police for a Facebook comment appearing to back Paris gunman Amedy Coulibaly.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"planet-money": {
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"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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"rss": "http://feeds.revealradio.org/revealpodcast"
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"order": 16
},
"link": "/podcasts/rightnowish",
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},
"science-friday": {
"id": "science-friday",
"title": "Science Friday",
"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
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},
"snap-judgment": {
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