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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/03/longevity-kitchen600.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/03/longevity-kitchen600.jpg\" alt=\"The Longevity Kitchen by Rebecca Katz and Mat Edelson\" width=\"300\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-58215\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Triage theory, phytonutrients, circadian clocks... such is the stuff of cooking for longevity -- at least according to a recent episode of \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201303071000\" target=\"_blank\">KQED's Forum with Michael Krasny\u003c/a>. The show featured \u003ca href=\"http://rebeccakatz.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Rebecca Katz\u003c/a>, author of the new cookbook, \"\u003ca href=\"http://rebeccakatz.com/books/the-longevity-kitchen/\" target=\"_blank\">The Longevity Kitchen\u003c/a>\" and doctors from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.buckinstitute.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Buck Institute for Research on Aging\u003c/a>, a Marin-based research organization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each guest made their own case for the connection between food and a longer, healthier life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.buckinstitute.org/kapahiLab\" target=\"_blank\">Pankaj Kapahi\u003c/a>, associate professor at the Buck Institute said that recent research about the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalian_target_of_rapamycin\" target=\"_blank\">Target of Rapamycin or TOR pathway\u003c/a> speaks to the power of food:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"The TOR pathway and the insulin signaling pathway, are the two major pathways which are the nutrient signaling pathways...the idea is that these two pathways that interact and are critical for the growth of an organism are also turning out to be critically important in slowing age-related diseases, and also lifespan.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Kapahi's colleague and founder of the Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Dale Bredesen, used \"the triage theory\" to explain the role of food choices in longevity:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"The idea of triage theory is simple: that if your body is limited in any specific nutrients, vitamins and minerals, and about 80 percent of us in the U.S. are low in something, be it magnesium, calcium, vitamin C, you can go on and on -- then in fact your body triages that and uses it for short term survival and procreation at the expense of longevity.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Katz's explanation points to the study of \"epigenetics,\" what she defines as the study of \"the factors affecting genetic expression.\" From her book:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"We've learned that almost every process in the human body, including the creation of most disease states, involves the interplay of anywhere from three to more than a dozen genes. Eventually, we'll tease out the interplay within these complex relationships and learn how to work the produce aisle to restore order on a systems level. But for now, we're making some good inroads. As researchers have learned more and more of the genetic, metabolic, and cellular causes of disease, they've also figured out which nutrients can turn those processes around.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>As interesting as the science is, Katz emphasized on air and in her book that what is most useful to people is knowing what to eat. Her book is organized by foods rather than by nutrients because, as she said, \u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"I'm not going to send people to the market looking for glutathione. But I will send them to the market looking for asparagus.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Katz has compiled a \"culinary pharmacy,\" listing the health benefits of foods from allspice (antimicrobial, digestive support) to yogurt (digestive support, immune health). Her book also contains the \"\u003ca href=\"http://rebeccakatz.com/culinary-rx/\">Super 16\u003c/a>\" a list of foods that not only have high levels of antioxidants, but are also \"premier sources of healthy omega-3 fats, probiotics, and other body boosting phytochemicals, vitamins and minerals.\" In other words, they offer good nutritional bang for the bite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58213\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/03/asparagus600.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/03/asparagus600.jpg\" alt=\"Roasted Asparagus Salad with Arugula and Hazelnuts. Courtesy of The Longevity Kitchen\" width=\"300\" class=\"size-full wp-image-58213\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Roasted Asparagus Salad with Arugula and Hazelnuts. Courtesy of The Longevity Kitchen\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>At the top of the Super 16 list is \u003cstrong>asparagus\u003c/strong>. Katz said \"it has a lot of fiber, which is wonderful for us, and it has what's called the super antioxidant, glutathione, which we lose as we age.\"\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Avocados\u003c/strong> also made the cut, which Katz recommends whipping \"into an incredible guacamole with mint and \u003cstrong>pomegranate seeds\u003c/strong>.\"\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Basil and mint\u003c/strong> are in the Super 16 and \"are things that we can so easily incorporate into our diet,\" said Katz. \"They're anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and they have so many phytonutrients.\"\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>And for those of you who are fans of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201302270900\" target=\"_blank\">Mediterranean Diet\u003c/a>, let's not forget \u003cstrong>coffee, dark chocolate and olive oil\u003c/strong>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The discussion on eating for longevity didn't stop at ingredients. Bredesen says that it's critical not to eat three hours before going to sleep.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58214\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/03/brownies600.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/03/brownies600.jpg\" alt=\"Insanely Good Chocolate Brownies. Courtesy of The Longevity Kitchen\" width=\"300\" class=\"size-full wp-image-58214\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Insanely Good Chocolate Brownies. Courtesy of The Longevity Kitchen\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Kapahi cited a study were two groups of mice we're given the same amount of food but at different times -- one group was fed at night and the other during the day. The group fed at night became obese.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"One of the things that is becoming clearer is the importance of circadian clocks and circadian rhythms in our eating habits,\" said Kapahi. \"Food itself is a signal for our clocks. So if you eat at nighttime you're telling the liver to actually wake up and that sets everything out of sync. And that we found is really detrimental for health span and increases incidents of cancer and diabetes.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"In India and in a number of other countries, food is medicine,\" said Bredesen. \"I think this is something that's come to our country surprisingly late. In the U.S., food has become fun. Food has become immediacy -- if you get that drive-thru you can get more done, but in fact we're learning that India has been right all along that food is medicine.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to KQED's Forum: How to Eat for a Longer Life\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201303071000\">Original Broadcast\u003c/a>:\u003cbr>\nThursday, Mar 7, 2013 -- 10:00 AM\u003cbr>\n [audio src=\"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/forum/2013/03/20130307bforum.mp3\"]\u003cbr>\nGet recipes, including \u003cem>Insanely Good Chocolate Brownies\u003c/em> and \u003cem>Roasted Asparagus Salad with Arugula and Hazelnuts\u003c/em> are \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201303071000\" target=\"_blank\">posted on the Forum episode page\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003cstrong>Get recipes for Layered Frittata with Leeks, Swiss Chard, and Tomatoes and Herby Turkey Sliders:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe class=\"scribd_iframe_embed\" src=\"http://www.scribd.com/embeds/122182044/content?start_page=1&view_mode=scroll&access_key=key-jjk45ir59e7n4o5p7j9\" data-auto-height=\"false\" data-aspect-ratio=\"0.772922022279349\" scrolling=\"no\" id=\"doc_55628\" width=\"100%\" height=\"600\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/03/longevity-kitchen600.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/03/longevity-kitchen600.jpg\" alt=\"The Longevity Kitchen by Rebecca Katz and Mat Edelson\" width=\"300\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-58215\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Triage theory, phytonutrients, circadian clocks... such is the stuff of cooking for longevity -- at least according to a recent episode of \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201303071000\" target=\"_blank\">KQED's Forum with Michael Krasny\u003c/a>. The show featured \u003ca href=\"http://rebeccakatz.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Rebecca Katz\u003c/a>, author of the new cookbook, \"\u003ca href=\"http://rebeccakatz.com/books/the-longevity-kitchen/\" target=\"_blank\">The Longevity Kitchen\u003c/a>\" and doctors from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.buckinstitute.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Buck Institute for Research on Aging\u003c/a>, a Marin-based research organization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each guest made their own case for the connection between food and a longer, healthier life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.buckinstitute.org/kapahiLab\" target=\"_blank\">Pankaj Kapahi\u003c/a>, associate professor at the Buck Institute said that recent research about the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalian_target_of_rapamycin\" target=\"_blank\">Target of Rapamycin or TOR pathway\u003c/a> speaks to the power of food:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"The TOR pathway and the insulin signaling pathway, are the two major pathways which are the nutrient signaling pathways...the idea is that these two pathways that interact and are critical for the growth of an organism are also turning out to be critically important in slowing age-related diseases, and also lifespan.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Kapahi's colleague and founder of the Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Dale Bredesen, used \"the triage theory\" to explain the role of food choices in longevity:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"The idea of triage theory is simple: that if your body is limited in any specific nutrients, vitamins and minerals, and about 80 percent of us in the U.S. are low in something, be it magnesium, calcium, vitamin C, you can go on and on -- then in fact your body triages that and uses it for short term survival and procreation at the expense of longevity.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Katz's explanation points to the study of \"epigenetics,\" what she defines as the study of \"the factors affecting genetic expression.\" From her book:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"We've learned that almost every process in the human body, including the creation of most disease states, involves the interplay of anywhere from three to more than a dozen genes. Eventually, we'll tease out the interplay within these complex relationships and learn how to work the produce aisle to restore order on a systems level. But for now, we're making some good inroads. As researchers have learned more and more of the genetic, metabolic, and cellular causes of disease, they've also figured out which nutrients can turn those processes around.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>As interesting as the science is, Katz emphasized on air and in her book that what is most useful to people is knowing what to eat. Her book is organized by foods rather than by nutrients because, as she said, \u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"I'm not going to send people to the market looking for glutathione. But I will send them to the market looking for asparagus.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Katz has compiled a \"culinary pharmacy,\" listing the health benefits of foods from allspice (antimicrobial, digestive support) to yogurt (digestive support, immune health). Her book also contains the \"\u003ca href=\"http://rebeccakatz.com/culinary-rx/\">Super 16\u003c/a>\" a list of foods that not only have high levels of antioxidants, but are also \"premier sources of healthy omega-3 fats, probiotics, and other body boosting phytochemicals, vitamins and minerals.\" In other words, they offer good nutritional bang for the bite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58213\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/03/asparagus600.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/03/asparagus600.jpg\" alt=\"Roasted Asparagus Salad with Arugula and Hazelnuts. Courtesy of The Longevity Kitchen\" width=\"300\" class=\"size-full wp-image-58213\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Roasted Asparagus Salad with Arugula and Hazelnuts. Courtesy of The Longevity Kitchen\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>At the top of the Super 16 list is \u003cstrong>asparagus\u003c/strong>. Katz said \"it has a lot of fiber, which is wonderful for us, and it has what's called the super antioxidant, glutathione, which we lose as we age.\"\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Avocados\u003c/strong> also made the cut, which Katz recommends whipping \"into an incredible guacamole with mint and \u003cstrong>pomegranate seeds\u003c/strong>.\"\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Basil and mint\u003c/strong> are in the Super 16 and \"are things that we can so easily incorporate into our diet,\" said Katz. \"They're anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and they have so many phytonutrients.\"\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>And for those of you who are fans of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201302270900\" target=\"_blank\">Mediterranean Diet\u003c/a>, let's not forget \u003cstrong>coffee, dark chocolate and olive oil\u003c/strong>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The discussion on eating for longevity didn't stop at ingredients. Bredesen says that it's critical not to eat three hours before going to sleep.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58214\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/03/brownies600.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/03/brownies600.jpg\" alt=\"Insanely Good Chocolate Brownies. Courtesy of The Longevity Kitchen\" width=\"300\" class=\"size-full wp-image-58214\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Insanely Good Chocolate Brownies. Courtesy of The Longevity Kitchen\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Kapahi cited a study were two groups of mice we're given the same amount of food but at different times -- one group was fed at night and the other during the day. The group fed at night became obese.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"One of the things that is becoming clearer is the importance of circadian clocks and circadian rhythms in our eating habits,\" said Kapahi. \"Food itself is a signal for our clocks. So if you eat at nighttime you're telling the liver to actually wake up and that sets everything out of sync. And that we found is really detrimental for health span and increases incidents of cancer and diabetes.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"In India and in a number of other countries, food is medicine,\" said Bredesen. \"I think this is something that's come to our country surprisingly late. In the U.S., food has become fun. Food has become immediacy -- if you get that drive-thru you can get more done, but in fact we're learning that India has been right all along that food is medicine.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to KQED's Forum: How to Eat for a Longer Life\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201303071000\">Original Broadcast\u003c/a>:\u003cbr>\nThursday, Mar 7, 2013 -- 10:00 AM\u003cbr>\n \u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58295\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 666px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/03/yellowrice.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/03/yellowrice.jpg\" alt=\"Genetically modified to be enriched with beta-carotene, golden rice grains (left) are a deep yellow. At right, white rice grains. Photo: Isagani Serrano/International Rice Research Institute\" width=\"666\" height=\"500\" class=\"size-full wp-image-58295\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Genetically modified to be enriched with beta-carotene, golden rice grains (left) are a deep yellow. At right, white rice grains. Photo: Isagani Serrano/International Rice Research Institute\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story\u003c/strong> on \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/03/07/173611461/in-a-grain-of-golden-rice-a-world-of-controversy-over-gmo-foods\">Morning Edition\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n [audio src=\"http://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2013/03/20130307_me_13.mp3\"] \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Post by \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/143160021/daniel-charles\">Dan Charles\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/03/07/173611461/in-a-grain-of-golden-rice-a-world-of-controversy-over-gmo-foods\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (3/7/13)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's a kind of rice growing in some test plots in the Philippines that's unlike any rice ever seen before. It's yellow. Its \u003ca href=\"http://www.goldenrice.org/\">backers\u003c/a> call it \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.irri.org/index.php?option=com_k2&view=itemlist&task=category&id=764:golden-rice-at-irri&lang=en\">golden rice\u003c/a>.\" It's been genetically modified so that it contains beta-carotene, the source of vitamin A.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Millions of people in Asia and Africa don't get enough of this vital nutrient, so this rice has become the symbol of an idea: that genetically engineered crops can be a tool to improve the lives of the poor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a statement that rouses emotions and sets off fierce arguments. There's a raging, global debate about such crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But before we get to that debate, and the role that golden rice plays in it, let's travel back in time to golden rice's origins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It began with a conversation in 1984.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The science of biotechnology was in its infancy at this point. There were no genetically engineered crops yet. Scientists were just figuring out how to find genes and move them between different organisms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some people at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/\">Rockefeller Foundation\u003c/a> thought that these techniques might be useful for giving farmers in poor countries a bigger harvest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So they set up a meeting at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.irri.org/\">International Rice Research Institute\u003c/a> (IRRI), in the Philippines, to talk about this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/about-us/our-team/gary-h-toenniessen\">Gary Toenniessen\u003c/a>, who was in charge of the foundation's biotechnology program at the time, says that a lot of people at this meeting were very skeptical about biotechnology. They were plant breeders, masters of the traditional way to improve crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One evening, after the formal sessions, \"a group of these breeders were sitting around at the guesthouse at IRRI, having a beer or two,\" says Toenniessen. After listening to their skepticism for a while, Toenniessen spoke up. If this technology did actually pan out, he said, and you could put any gene you wanted into rice, which one would you pick? \"What's your favorite gene?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They went around the room. Breeders talked about genes for resisting disease or surviving droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They came to a breeder named \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&ved=0CDQQtwIwAQ&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DOxdJ_wiimc0&ei=ooE3UfK3IoLC0QHhkoGQDw&usg=AFQjCNFxX6TbJ6JV_93Amlqe7b24c9FEFw\">Peter Jennings\u003c/a>, a legendary figure in these circles. He'd created perhaps the most famous variety of rice in history, called \u003ca href=\"http://www.livinghistoryfarm.org/farminginthe50s/crops_17.html\">IR 8\u003c/a>, which launched the so-called Green Revolution in rice-growing countries of Asia in the 1960s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Yellow endosperm,\" said Jennings. (The endosperm of a grain of rice or wheat is the main part that's eaten.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That kind of took everybody by surprise. It certainly took me by surprise. So I said, 'Why?'\" Toenniessen recalls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jennings explained that the color yellow signals the presence of beta-carotene — the source of vitamin A. Yellow kinds of corn or sorghum exist naturally, and for years, Jennings said, he had been looking for similar varieties of rice. Regular white rice doesn't provide this vital nutrient, and it's a big problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When children are weaned, they're often weaned on a rice gruel. And if they don't get any beta-carotene or vitamin A during that period, they can be harmed for the rest of their lives,\" says Toenniessen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Toenniessen was persuaded, and the Rockefeller Foundation started a program aimed at creating, through technology, what Jennings had not been able to find in nature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A global network of scientists at nonprofit research institutes started working on the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first real breakthrough came in 1999. \u003ca href=\"http://www.agbioworld.org/biotech-info/topics/goldenrice/tale.html\">Scientists\u003c/a> in Switzerland inserted two genes into rice that switched on production of beta-carotene. A few years later, other researchers created an even \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v23/n4/full/nbt1082.html\">better version\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A single bowl of this new golden rice can \u003ca href=\"http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/96/3/658.abstract\">supply\u003c/a> 60 percent of a child's daily requirement of vitamin A.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a great product. And it's beautiful! It looks just like saffron rice,\" says Toenniessen, who's now a managing director at the Rockefeller Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58296\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 290px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/03/goldenricefield.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/03/goldenricefield-290x193.jpg\" alt=\"Golden rice plants at a confined field trial in 2010. Photo: Courtesy of the International Rice Research Institute\" width=\"290\" height=\"193\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-58296\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Golden rice plants at a confined field trial in 2010. Photo: Courtesy of the International Rice Research Institute\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Others, though, don't find it beautiful at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, consider what happened just a few months ago. Some U.S.-funded researchers published the results of a nutritional \u003ca href=\"http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/96/3/658.abstract\">study\u003c/a> showing that people's bodies easily absorb the beta-carotene in golden rice. They'd carried out that study among children in China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The result seemed like great news. But the environmental group Greenpeace immediately called it a \u003ca href=\"http://gmwatch.org/latest-listing/51-2012/14157-alarm-at-us-backed-gm-food-trial-on-chinese-children\">scandal\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People are angry, really furious about these tests, using Chinese children as guinea pigs,\" says Wang Jing, a campaigner for Greenpeace in China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Chinese government \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/china-sacks-officials-over-golden-rice-controversy-1.11998\">reacted\u003c/a> quickly. It punished three Chinese co-authors of the study, removing them from their jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.chinacdc.cn/zxdt/201212/t20121206_72794.htm\">report\u003c/a> on the case, Chinese authorities say that the researchers didn't get all the approvals they needed before carrying out the study. Also, the researchers told the children, and their parents, that this was a special kind of rice high in beta-carotene, but they didn't always say it was genetically modified.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They actually hid the fact that golden rice is a genetically modified crop,\" says Wang.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For some people, this makes all the difference in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is where golden rice gets caught up in the bigger argument over genetically engineered crops — specifically, the argument over who benefits from them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.etcgroup.org/users/neth-da%C3%B1o\">Neth Daño\u003c/a>, who works in the Philippines for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.etcgroup.org/\">ETC Group\u003c/a>, an advocate on behalf of small farmers, says the main purpose of genetically modifying crops has not been to help people; it's been driven by profit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A handful of corporations in developing countries has reaped billions in profits selling genetically modified seeds and proprietary herbicides,\" she says. Yet those companies have always claimed that this technology would benefit the poor. \"The poor have always been at the center of each and every assertion about the importance of genetically modified organisms to mankind.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So this is the real significance of golden rice, she says. It gives biotech companies a chance to say, \"See, biotechnology \u003cem>is\u003c/em> good for the poor!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Some proponents are already announcing that the debate is over, that the golden rice product is the clincher.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don't misunderstand me, Daño says: Golden rice is not purely public relations. It is, indeed, supposed to help malnourished people — although she doesn't think it's a very good way to help. She thinks it will be more expensive and less effective than traditional nutrition programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This rice is mainly going to help the image of biotechnology, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This mixture of motives — helping people and promoting biotechnology — also shows up in the biography of the man who's now leading the golden rice effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58297\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 290px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/03/gerardbarry.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/03/gerardbarry-290x290.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Gerard Barry, IRRI's golden rice project leader, inspects golden rice in the screen house. Photo: Bill Sta. Clara/International Rice Research Institute\" width=\"290\" height=\"290\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-58297\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Gerard Barry, IRRI's golden rice project leader, inspects golden rice in the screen house. Photo: Bill Sta. Clara/International Rice Research Institute\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.irri.org/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=10150:barry-gerard&lang=en\">Gerard Barry\u003c/a>, a native of Ireland, spent more than 20 years in St. Louis working for Monsanto, the company that pioneered genetically engineered crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He's listed as first inventor on some of Monsanto's most valuable \u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/patents/US5627061\">patents\u003c/a>. He found the gene that made crops immune to the weedkiller Roundup. That gene is now in soybeans, corn and cotton grown on hundreds of millions of acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But along the way, Barry also got interested in rice. \"It was very exciting. It was probably my favorite crop to work on,\" he says. \"Because you got to meet really passionate people. Rice is something that's vital to large numbers of people. I mean, a couple of billion people eat it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ten years ago, Barry left the corporate world and moved to the nonprofit International Rice Research Institute in the Philippines — the place where the idea of golden rice was born.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His job is now to shepherd it down the home stretch to the finish line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of the job involves old-fashioned plant breeding to transfer the beta-carotene genes into rice varieties that farmers like to grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But before farmers can get their hands on golden rice, government regulators in each country need to agree that it's safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later this year, the network of golden rice researchers will apply for approval in the Philippines. After that, they'll do the same in Bangladesh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet that's only the first step. They'll have to roll out a marketing campaign on behalf of golden rice, and the campaign has to reach the poorest people in the most remote villages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Golden rice will be good for everybody, but some people need it more,\" Barry says. \"Our job is to make sure that [those] people have access to it, understand the value of it, and ask for it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This will be the final test of that 30-year-old brainstorm — the idea that genetically altered rice actually could be a cheap, self-multiplying source of this vital nutrient. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A rice enriched with beta-carotene promises to boost the health of poor children around the world. But critics say golden rice is also a clever PR move for a biotech industry driven by profits, not humanitarianism.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58295\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 666px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/03/yellowrice.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/03/yellowrice.jpg\" alt=\"Genetically modified to be enriched with beta-carotene, golden rice grains (left) are a deep yellow. At right, white rice grains. Photo: Isagani Serrano/International Rice Research Institute\" width=\"666\" height=\"500\" class=\"size-full wp-image-58295\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Genetically modified to be enriched with beta-carotene, golden rice grains (left) are a deep yellow. At right, white rice grains. Photo: Isagani Serrano/International Rice Research Institute\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story\u003c/strong> on \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/03/07/173611461/in-a-grain-of-golden-rice-a-world-of-controversy-over-gmo-foods\">Morning Edition\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n \u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Post by \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/143160021/daniel-charles\">Dan Charles\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/03/07/173611461/in-a-grain-of-golden-rice-a-world-of-controversy-over-gmo-foods\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (3/7/13)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's a kind of rice growing in some test plots in the Philippines that's unlike any rice ever seen before. It's yellow. Its \u003ca href=\"http://www.goldenrice.org/\">backers\u003c/a> call it \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.irri.org/index.php?option=com_k2&view=itemlist&task=category&id=764:golden-rice-at-irri&lang=en\">golden rice\u003c/a>.\" It's been genetically modified so that it contains beta-carotene, the source of vitamin A.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Millions of people in Asia and Africa don't get enough of this vital nutrient, so this rice has become the symbol of an idea: that genetically engineered crops can be a tool to improve the lives of the poor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a statement that rouses emotions and sets off fierce arguments. There's a raging, global debate about such crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But before we get to that debate, and the role that golden rice plays in it, let's travel back in time to golden rice's origins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It began with a conversation in 1984.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The science of biotechnology was in its infancy at this point. There were no genetically engineered crops yet. Scientists were just figuring out how to find genes and move them between different organisms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some people at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/\">Rockefeller Foundation\u003c/a> thought that these techniques might be useful for giving farmers in poor countries a bigger harvest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So they set up a meeting at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.irri.org/\">International Rice Research Institute\u003c/a> (IRRI), in the Philippines, to talk about this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/about-us/our-team/gary-h-toenniessen\">Gary Toenniessen\u003c/a>, who was in charge of the foundation's biotechnology program at the time, says that a lot of people at this meeting were very skeptical about biotechnology. They were plant breeders, masters of the traditional way to improve crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One evening, after the formal sessions, \"a group of these breeders were sitting around at the guesthouse at IRRI, having a beer or two,\" says Toenniessen. After listening to their skepticism for a while, Toenniessen spoke up. If this technology did actually pan out, he said, and you could put any gene you wanted into rice, which one would you pick? \"What's your favorite gene?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They went around the room. Breeders talked about genes for resisting disease or surviving droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They came to a breeder named \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&ved=0CDQQtwIwAQ&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DOxdJ_wiimc0&ei=ooE3UfK3IoLC0QHhkoGQDw&usg=AFQjCNFxX6TbJ6JV_93Amlqe7b24c9FEFw\">Peter Jennings\u003c/a>, a legendary figure in these circles. He'd created perhaps the most famous variety of rice in history, called \u003ca href=\"http://www.livinghistoryfarm.org/farminginthe50s/crops_17.html\">IR 8\u003c/a>, which launched the so-called Green Revolution in rice-growing countries of Asia in the 1960s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Yellow endosperm,\" said Jennings. (The endosperm of a grain of rice or wheat is the main part that's eaten.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That kind of took everybody by surprise. It certainly took me by surprise. So I said, 'Why?'\" Toenniessen recalls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jennings explained that the color yellow signals the presence of beta-carotene — the source of vitamin A. Yellow kinds of corn or sorghum exist naturally, and for years, Jennings said, he had been looking for similar varieties of rice. Regular white rice doesn't provide this vital nutrient, and it's a big problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When children are weaned, they're often weaned on a rice gruel. And if they don't get any beta-carotene or vitamin A during that period, they can be harmed for the rest of their lives,\" says Toenniessen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Toenniessen was persuaded, and the Rockefeller Foundation started a program aimed at creating, through technology, what Jennings had not been able to find in nature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A global network of scientists at nonprofit research institutes started working on the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first real breakthrough came in 1999. \u003ca href=\"http://www.agbioworld.org/biotech-info/topics/goldenrice/tale.html\">Scientists\u003c/a> in Switzerland inserted two genes into rice that switched on production of beta-carotene. A few years later, other researchers created an even \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v23/n4/full/nbt1082.html\">better version\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A single bowl of this new golden rice can \u003ca href=\"http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/96/3/658.abstract\">supply\u003c/a> 60 percent of a child's daily requirement of vitamin A.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a great product. And it's beautiful! It looks just like saffron rice,\" says Toenniessen, who's now a managing director at the Rockefeller Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58296\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 290px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/03/goldenricefield.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/03/goldenricefield-290x193.jpg\" alt=\"Golden rice plants at a confined field trial in 2010. Photo: Courtesy of the International Rice Research Institute\" width=\"290\" height=\"193\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-58296\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Golden rice plants at a confined field trial in 2010. Photo: Courtesy of the International Rice Research Institute\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Others, though, don't find it beautiful at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, consider what happened just a few months ago. Some U.S.-funded researchers published the results of a nutritional \u003ca href=\"http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/96/3/658.abstract\">study\u003c/a> showing that people's bodies easily absorb the beta-carotene in golden rice. They'd carried out that study among children in China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The result seemed like great news. But the environmental group Greenpeace immediately called it a \u003ca href=\"http://gmwatch.org/latest-listing/51-2012/14157-alarm-at-us-backed-gm-food-trial-on-chinese-children\">scandal\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People are angry, really furious about these tests, using Chinese children as guinea pigs,\" says Wang Jing, a campaigner for Greenpeace in China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Chinese government \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/china-sacks-officials-over-golden-rice-controversy-1.11998\">reacted\u003c/a> quickly. It punished three Chinese co-authors of the study, removing them from their jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.chinacdc.cn/zxdt/201212/t20121206_72794.htm\">report\u003c/a> on the case, Chinese authorities say that the researchers didn't get all the approvals they needed before carrying out the study. Also, the researchers told the children, and their parents, that this was a special kind of rice high in beta-carotene, but they didn't always say it was genetically modified.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They actually hid the fact that golden rice is a genetically modified crop,\" says Wang.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For some people, this makes all the difference in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is where golden rice gets caught up in the bigger argument over genetically engineered crops — specifically, the argument over who benefits from them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.etcgroup.org/users/neth-da%C3%B1o\">Neth Daño\u003c/a>, who works in the Philippines for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.etcgroup.org/\">ETC Group\u003c/a>, an advocate on behalf of small farmers, says the main purpose of genetically modifying crops has not been to help people; it's been driven by profit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A handful of corporations in developing countries has reaped billions in profits selling genetically modified seeds and proprietary herbicides,\" she says. Yet those companies have always claimed that this technology would benefit the poor. \"The poor have always been at the center of each and every assertion about the importance of genetically modified organisms to mankind.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So this is the real significance of golden rice, she says. It gives biotech companies a chance to say, \"See, biotechnology \u003cem>is\u003c/em> good for the poor!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Some proponents are already announcing that the debate is over, that the golden rice product is the clincher.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don't misunderstand me, Daño says: Golden rice is not purely public relations. It is, indeed, supposed to help malnourished people — although she doesn't think it's a very good way to help. She thinks it will be more expensive and less effective than traditional nutrition programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This rice is mainly going to help the image of biotechnology, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This mixture of motives — helping people and promoting biotechnology — also shows up in the biography of the man who's now leading the golden rice effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58297\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 290px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/03/gerardbarry.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/03/gerardbarry-290x290.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Gerard Barry, IRRI's golden rice project leader, inspects golden rice in the screen house. Photo: Bill Sta. Clara/International Rice Research Institute\" width=\"290\" height=\"290\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-58297\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Gerard Barry, IRRI's golden rice project leader, inspects golden rice in the screen house. Photo: Bill Sta. Clara/International Rice Research Institute\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.irri.org/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=10150:barry-gerard&lang=en\">Gerard Barry\u003c/a>, a native of Ireland, spent more than 20 years in St. Louis working for Monsanto, the company that pioneered genetically engineered crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He's listed as first inventor on some of Monsanto's most valuable \u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/patents/US5627061\">patents\u003c/a>. He found the gene that made crops immune to the weedkiller Roundup. That gene is now in soybeans, corn and cotton grown on hundreds of millions of acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But along the way, Barry also got interested in rice. \"It was very exciting. It was probably my favorite crop to work on,\" he says. \"Because you got to meet really passionate people. Rice is something that's vital to large numbers of people. I mean, a couple of billion people eat it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ten years ago, Barry left the corporate world and moved to the nonprofit International Rice Research Institute in the Philippines — the place where the idea of golden rice was born.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His job is now to shepherd it down the home stretch to the finish line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of the job involves old-fashioned plant breeding to transfer the beta-carotene genes into rice varieties that farmers like to grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But before farmers can get their hands on golden rice, government regulators in each country need to agree that it's safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later this year, the network of golden rice researchers will apply for approval in the Philippines. After that, they'll do the same in Bangladesh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet that's only the first step. They'll have to roll out a marketing campaign on behalf of golden rice, and the campaign has to reach the poorest people in the most remote villages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Golden rice will be good for everybody, but some people need it more,\" Barry says. \"Our job is to make sure that [those] people have access to it, understand the value of it, and ask for it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This will be the final test of that 30-year-old brainstorm — the idea that genetically altered rice actually could be a cheap, self-multiplying source of this vital nutrient. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58038\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 248px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/03/longevity-food.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/03/longevity-food.jpg\" alt=\"Superfoods that reduce inflammation. Photo: Wendy Goodfriend\" width=\"248\" height=\"140\" class=\"size-full wp-image-58038\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Superfoods that reduce inflammation.\u003cbr>Photo: Wendy Goodfriend\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to KQED's Forum: How to Eat for a Longer Life\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201303071000\">Original Broadcast\u003c/a>:\u003cbr>\nThursday, Mar 7, 2013 -- 10:00 AM\u003cbr>\n [audio src=\"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/forum/2013/03/20130307bforum.mp3\"] \u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The connection between diet and health has been well established -- but can eating your broccoli really help you live longer? KQED's Forum discusses the latest research on nutrition and longevity with researchers from Marin's Buck Institute on Research in Aging. Forum also checks in with Rebecca Katz, author of the new cookbook \"The Longevity Kitchen.\"\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cstrong>Host:\u003c/strong> Michael Krasny\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Guests:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.buckinstitute.org/bredesenLab\">Dale Bredesen\u003c/a>, founding president and CEO of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.buckinstitute.org/\">Buck Institute for Research on Aging\u003c/a>, member of the National Advisory Council on Aging and adjunct professor in the Department of Neurology at UCSF\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.buckinstitute.org/kapahiLab\">Pankaj Kapahi\u003c/a>, associate professor at the Buck Institute for Research on Aging\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://rebeccakatz.com/\">Rebecca Katz\u003c/a>, chef and director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.commonweal.org/programs/HKI.html\">Healing Kitchens Institute\u003c/a> at Commonweal in Bolinas, and author of the new book \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/The-Longevity-Kitchen-Satisfying-Age-Busting/dp/1607742942\">The Longevity Kitchen: Satisfying, Big-Flavor Recipes Featuring the Top 16 Age-Busting Power Foods.\u003c/a>\"\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cstrong>More info:\u003c/strong>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201303071000\">Get Recipes from 'The Longevity Kitchen' (KQED's Forum)\u003c/a>:\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Roasted Asparagus Salad with Arugula and Hazelnuts\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Halibut With Lime and Papaya and Avocado Salsa\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Insanely Good Chocolate Brownies\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.buckinstitute.org/\">BuckInstitute.org\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2013/01/28/5-essential-foods-that-reduce-inflammation-and-optimize-health/\">5 Essential Foods that Reduce Inflammation and Optimize Health (Bay Area Bites)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2013/02/20/four-foods-to-avoid-that-promote-inflammation-and-can-cause-disease/\">Four Foods to Avoid that Promote Inflammation and Can Cause Disease (Bay Area Bites)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "The connection between diet and health has been well established — but can eating your broccoli really help you live longer? KQED’s Forum discusses the latest research on nutrition and longevity with researchers from Marin’s Buck Institute on Research in Aging.Forum also checks in with Rebecca Katz, author of the new cookbook “The Longevity Kitchen.”",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58038\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 248px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/03/longevity-food.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/03/longevity-food.jpg\" alt=\"Superfoods that reduce inflammation. Photo: Wendy Goodfriend\" width=\"248\" height=\"140\" class=\"size-full wp-image-58038\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Superfoods that reduce inflammation.\u003cbr>Photo: Wendy Goodfriend\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to KQED's Forum: How to Eat for a Longer Life\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201303071000\">Original Broadcast\u003c/a>:\u003cbr>\nThursday, Mar 7, 2013 -- 10:00 AM\u003cbr>\n \u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp> \u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The connection between diet and health has been well established -- but can eating your broccoli really help you live longer? KQED's Forum discusses the latest research on nutrition and longevity with researchers from Marin's Buck Institute on Research in Aging. Forum also checks in with Rebecca Katz, author of the new cookbook \"The Longevity Kitchen.\"\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cstrong>Host:\u003c/strong> Michael Krasny\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Guests:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.buckinstitute.org/bredesenLab\">Dale Bredesen\u003c/a>, founding president and CEO of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.buckinstitute.org/\">Buck Institute for Research on Aging\u003c/a>, member of the National Advisory Council on Aging and adjunct professor in the Department of Neurology at UCSF\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.buckinstitute.org/kapahiLab\">Pankaj Kapahi\u003c/a>, associate professor at the Buck Institute for Research on Aging\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://rebeccakatz.com/\">Rebecca Katz\u003c/a>, chef and director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.commonweal.org/programs/HKI.html\">Healing Kitchens Institute\u003c/a> at Commonweal in Bolinas, and author of the new book \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/The-Longevity-Kitchen-Satisfying-Age-Busting/dp/1607742942\">The Longevity Kitchen: Satisfying, Big-Flavor Recipes Featuring the Top 16 Age-Busting Power Foods.\u003c/a>\"\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cstrong>More info:\u003c/strong>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201303071000\">Get Recipes from 'The Longevity Kitchen' (KQED's Forum)\u003c/a>:\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Roasted Asparagus Salad with Arugula and Hazelnuts\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Halibut With Lime and Papaya and Avocado Salsa\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Insanely Good Chocolate Brownies\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.buckinstitute.org/\">BuckInstitute.org\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2013/01/28/5-essential-foods-that-reduce-inflammation-and-optimize-health/\">5 Essential Foods that Reduce Inflammation and Optimize Health (Bay Area Bites)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2013/02/20/four-foods-to-avoid-that-promote-inflammation-and-can-cause-disease/\">Four Foods to Avoid that Promote Inflammation and Can Cause Disease (Bay Area Bites)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57756\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 889px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/03/russ-daughters.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/03/russ-daughters.jpg\" alt=\"Russ and Daughters, which opened on the Lower East Side in 1914, specializes in smoked fish. Photo: Courtesy of Jen Snow, Russ & Daughters\" width=\"889\" height=\"500\" class=\"size-full wp-image-57756\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Russ & Daughters, which opened on the Lower East Side in 1914, specializes in smoked fish.\u003cbr>Photo: Courtesy of Jen Snow, Russ & Daughters\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story on\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/03/03/173264635/family-keeps-jewish-soulfood-alive-at-new-york-appetizing-store\">Weekend Edition Sunday:\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n [audio src=\"http://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/wesun/2013/03/20130303_wesun_17.mp3\"] \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Post by Joel Rose, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/03/03/173264635/family-keeps-jewish-soulfood-alive-at-new-york-appetizing-store\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (3/1/13)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's been more than 100 years since Joel Russ started peddling herring from a barrel on the streets of New York.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57757\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 217px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/03/russ-daughters-night.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/03/russ-daughters-night-217x290.jpg\" alt='\"The House the Herring Built\" has served New York City for more than a century. Photo: Courtesy of Jen Snow, Russ & Daughters' width=\"217\" height=\"290\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-57757\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\"The House the Herring Built\" has served New York City for more than a century. Photo: Courtesy of Jen Snow, Russ & Daughters\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Today, the restaurant \u003ca href=\"http://www.russanddaughters.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Russ & Daughters\u003c/a> is a destination for fans of smoked salmon, whitefish and caviar, among other delicacies. Longtime owner Mark Russ Federman has written a memoir about the family business called \u003cem>Russ & Daughters: Reflections and Recipes from the House the Herring Built\u003c/em>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"An appetizing store has the mingling odors of salt, smoke, pickle and sweet,\" says Federman, who ran Russ & Daughters from 1978 until he retired three years ago. \"So, all of that coming together makes for a unique sensory experience.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A century ago, the Lower East Side was packed with \"appetizing\" shops, where merchants would compete to satisfy the noshing needs of the neighborhood's Jewish clientele: pickled herring, smoked whitefish, sable and salmon, bagels and bialys, along with dried fruit, chocolate and candy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Selling fish is in Federman's blood. His grandfather Joel Russ immigrated to New York from what's now southeastern Poland and opened the store in 1914. Russ didn't have any sons — but he did have three daughters. And Federman says he put them to work behind the counter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"Down here, there were 20, 30 appetizing stores. And a lot of them had a sign over the door that said, 'Saperstein and Son,' 'Cohen and Son,' whatever, and sons. Sons. Nobody had, 'and daughters,' \" Federman says. \"So, he put a sign that said Russ & Daughters. That made him unique.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Federman says Hattie, Ida and Anne helped the business in other ways, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57755\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 290px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/03/russ-daughters-1939.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/03/russ-daughters-1939-290x217.jpg\" alt=\"Mark Russ Federman's mother, Anne, serves customers at Russ & Daughters in 1939. Photo: Courtesy of Russ & Daughters\" width=\"290\" height=\"217\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-57755\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mark Russ Federman's mother, Anne, serves customers at Russ & Daughters in 1939. Photo: Courtesy of Russ & Daughters\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"These pretty young girls would be fishing herrings out of barrels, and slicing lox, and charming and disarming the toughest of New York's customers,\" he says. \"And these were tough customers.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike his aunts and mother, Mark Russ Federman did have a choice about working in the family business. Federman went to law school. He got a job at an uptown law firm — and hated it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1978, Federman came back to run the family business. And he was shocked at how hard the job was.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're dealing with a finicky product,\" Federman says. \"We're talking about fish, most of it wild. Every fish is different. Every customer is different. Every employee is different. And the idea is to be able to line up fish and customer and counterman perfectly hundreds of times a day.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the men and women behind the counter aren't all Russes. Some of them aren't even — heaven forbid — Jewish. Herman Vargas has been working here for 32 years, ever since he arrived in New York from the Dominican Republic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"There is something called \u003cem>bashert\u003c/em> in Yiddish, which is like destiny. Now I can say [it is] so,\" Vargas says of his chosen profession. \"But when I first came in no, no way.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Russ & Daughters survived long enough to be rediscovered by foodies and food writers. Now, Mark Federman has handed the business over to a fourth generation of Russes — his nephew, Josh Russ Tupper, and his daughter, Niki Russ Federman. They've tried to bring the store into the 21st century gently, with innovations like ordering over the Internet. Though not all of their customers are interested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"People will come back at me almost as if I've offended them,\" says Niki Federman. \"One person even said, 'Don't take my joy away from me. I have to come. I have to talk to Jose. He's my favorite counter guy. I've been seeing him for 30 years.'\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>All the Russes acknowledge that the success of the store is about more than the quality of its fish. That helps, says Federman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57758\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 290px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/03/russ-and-daughters-owners.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/03/russ-and-daughters-owners-290x218.jpg\" alt=\"Mark Russ Federman (center) stands with the next generation of Russ and Daughters owners: his daughter Nikki and his nephew Josh Russ Tupper. Photo: Joel Rose/NPR \" width=\"290\" height=\"218\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-57758\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mark Russ Federman (center) stands with the next generation of Russ and Daughters owners: his daughter Nikki and his nephew Josh Russ Tupper.\u003cbr>Photo: Joel Rose/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But even after writing a book about the store, Federman says he's not quite sure why Russ and Daughters is still in business when so many appetizing stores aren't.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \"This store has a soul — a \u003cem>neshama\u003c/em>, as we say in Hebrew,\" says Federman. \"Some of the Russes get that. And that's what keeps us doing this kind of thing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> Even in retirement, Mark Russ Federman hasn't lost his enthusiasm for the store's products. His lunch order? Smoked salmon and sable on a bialy with cream cheese and tomato. \"To me, it's heaven,\" he says. \"If somebody asks me — and they have, actually — what's your dying meal, this is it.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57756\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 889px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/03/russ-daughters.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/03/russ-daughters.jpg\" alt=\"Russ and Daughters, which opened on the Lower East Side in 1914, specializes in smoked fish. Photo: Courtesy of Jen Snow, Russ & Daughters\" width=\"889\" height=\"500\" class=\"size-full wp-image-57756\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Russ & Daughters, which opened on the Lower East Side in 1914, specializes in smoked fish.\u003cbr>Photo: Courtesy of Jen Snow, Russ & Daughters\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story on\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/03/03/173264635/family-keeps-jewish-soulfood-alive-at-new-york-appetizing-store\">Weekend Edition Sunday:\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n \u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Post by Joel Rose, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/03/03/173264635/family-keeps-jewish-soulfood-alive-at-new-york-appetizing-store\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (3/1/13)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's been more than 100 years since Joel Russ started peddling herring from a barrel on the streets of New York.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57757\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 217px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/03/russ-daughters-night.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/03/russ-daughters-night-217x290.jpg\" alt='\"The House the Herring Built\" has served New York City for more than a century. Photo: Courtesy of Jen Snow, Russ & Daughters' width=\"217\" height=\"290\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-57757\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\"The House the Herring Built\" has served New York City for more than a century. Photo: Courtesy of Jen Snow, Russ & Daughters\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Today, the restaurant \u003ca href=\"http://www.russanddaughters.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Russ & Daughters\u003c/a> is a destination for fans of smoked salmon, whitefish and caviar, among other delicacies. Longtime owner Mark Russ Federman has written a memoir about the family business called \u003cem>Russ & Daughters: Reflections and Recipes from the House the Herring Built\u003c/em>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"An appetizing store has the mingling odors of salt, smoke, pickle and sweet,\" says Federman, who ran Russ & Daughters from 1978 until he retired three years ago. \"So, all of that coming together makes for a unique sensory experience.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A century ago, the Lower East Side was packed with \"appetizing\" shops, where merchants would compete to satisfy the noshing needs of the neighborhood's Jewish clientele: pickled herring, smoked whitefish, sable and salmon, bagels and bialys, along with dried fruit, chocolate and candy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Selling fish is in Federman's blood. His grandfather Joel Russ immigrated to New York from what's now southeastern Poland and opened the store in 1914. Russ didn't have any sons — but he did have three daughters. And Federman says he put them to work behind the counter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"Down here, there were 20, 30 appetizing stores. And a lot of them had a sign over the door that said, 'Saperstein and Son,' 'Cohen and Son,' whatever, and sons. Sons. Nobody had, 'and daughters,' \" Federman says. \"So, he put a sign that said Russ & Daughters. That made him unique.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Federman says Hattie, Ida and Anne helped the business in other ways, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57755\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 290px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/03/russ-daughters-1939.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/03/russ-daughters-1939-290x217.jpg\" alt=\"Mark Russ Federman's mother, Anne, serves customers at Russ & Daughters in 1939. Photo: Courtesy of Russ & Daughters\" width=\"290\" height=\"217\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-57755\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mark Russ Federman's mother, Anne, serves customers at Russ & Daughters in 1939. Photo: Courtesy of Russ & Daughters\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"These pretty young girls would be fishing herrings out of barrels, and slicing lox, and charming and disarming the toughest of New York's customers,\" he says. \"And these were tough customers.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike his aunts and mother, Mark Russ Federman did have a choice about working in the family business. Federman went to law school. He got a job at an uptown law firm — and hated it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1978, Federman came back to run the family business. And he was shocked at how hard the job was.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're dealing with a finicky product,\" Federman says. \"We're talking about fish, most of it wild. Every fish is different. Every customer is different. Every employee is different. And the idea is to be able to line up fish and customer and counterman perfectly hundreds of times a day.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the men and women behind the counter aren't all Russes. Some of them aren't even — heaven forbid — Jewish. Herman Vargas has been working here for 32 years, ever since he arrived in New York from the Dominican Republic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"There is something called \u003cem>bashert\u003c/em> in Yiddish, which is like destiny. Now I can say [it is] so,\" Vargas says of his chosen profession. \"But when I first came in no, no way.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Russ & Daughters survived long enough to be rediscovered by foodies and food writers. Now, Mark Federman has handed the business over to a fourth generation of Russes — his nephew, Josh Russ Tupper, and his daughter, Niki Russ Federman. They've tried to bring the store into the 21st century gently, with innovations like ordering over the Internet. Though not all of their customers are interested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"People will come back at me almost as if I've offended them,\" says Niki Federman. \"One person even said, 'Don't take my joy away from me. I have to come. I have to talk to Jose. He's my favorite counter guy. I've been seeing him for 30 years.'\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>All the Russes acknowledge that the success of the store is about more than the quality of its fish. That helps, says Federman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57758\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 290px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/03/russ-and-daughters-owners.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/03/russ-and-daughters-owners-290x218.jpg\" alt=\"Mark Russ Federman (center) stands with the next generation of Russ and Daughters owners: his daughter Nikki and his nephew Josh Russ Tupper. Photo: Joel Rose/NPR \" width=\"290\" height=\"218\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-57758\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mark Russ Federman (center) stands with the next generation of Russ and Daughters owners: his daughter Nikki and his nephew Josh Russ Tupper.\u003cbr>Photo: Joel Rose/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But even after writing a book about the store, Federman says he's not quite sure why Russ and Daughters is still in business when so many appetizing stores aren't.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \"This store has a soul — a \u003cem>neshama\u003c/em>, as we say in Hebrew,\" says Federman. \"Some of the Russes get that. And that's what keeps us doing this kind of thing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> Even in retirement, Mark Russ Federman hasn't lost his enthusiasm for the store's products. His lunch order? Smoked salmon and sable on a bialy with cream cheese and tomato. \"To me, it's heaven,\" he says. \"If somebody asks me — and they have, actually — what's your dying meal, this is it.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Wild Bees Are Good For Crops, But Crops Are Bad For Bees",
"title": "Wild Bees Are Good For Crops, But Crops Are Bad For Bees",
"headTitle": "Bay Area Bites | KQED Food",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57667\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 889px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/03/bees.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/03/bees.jpg\" alt=\"Wild bees, such as this Andrena bee visiting highbush blueberry flowers, play a key role in boosting crop yields. Left photo by Rufus Isaac/Right photo by Daniel M.N. Turner\" width=\"889\" height=\"500\" class=\"size-full wp-image-57667\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wild bees, such as this Andrena bee visiting highbush blueberry flowers, play a key role in boosting crop yields. Left photo by Rufus Isaac/Right photo by Daniel M.N. Turner\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story on\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/03/01/173167125/wild-bees-are-good-for-crops-but-crops-are-bad-for-bees\">Morning Edition:\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n [audio src=\"http://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2013/03/20130301_me_13.mp3\"] \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Post by \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/143160021/daniel-charles\">Dan Charles\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/03/01/173167125/wild-bees-are-good-for-crops-but-crops-are-bad-for-bees\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (3/1/13)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the most healthful foods you can think of — blueberries, cranberries, apples, almonds and squash — would never get to your plate without the help of insects. No insects, no pollination. No pollination, no fruit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers who grow these crops often \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2012/02/14/146872577/why-california-almonds-need-north-dakota-flowers-and-a-few-billion-bees\">rely on honeybees\u003c/a> to do the job. But scientists are now \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/early/2013/02/27/science.1230200\">reporting\u003c/a> that honeybees, while convenient, are not necessarily the best pollinators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A huge collaboration of bee researchers, from more than a dozen countries, looked at how pollination happens in dozens of different crops, including strawberries, coffee, buckwheat, cherries and watermelons. As they report in the journal \u003cem>Science,\u003c/em> even when beekeepers installed plenty of hives in a field, yields usually got a boost when wild, native insects, such as bumblebees or carpenter bees, also showed up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The surprising message in all of this is that honeybees cannot carry the load. Honeybees need help from their cousins and relatives, the other wild bees,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.entomology.umn.edu/People/GradFaculty/Spivak/\">Marla Spivak\u003c/a>, a professor of entomology at the University of Minnesota. \"So let's do something to promote it, so that we can keep honeybees healthy and our wild bee populations healthy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, a second \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/early/2013/02/27/science.1232728\">study\u003c/a>, also released in \u003cem>Science\u003c/em> this week, makes it clear that wild bees aren't having an easy time of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That study essentially follows in the century-old footsteps of \u003ca href=\"http://news.wustl.edu/news/Pages/25037.aspx\">Charles Robertson\u003c/a>, \"one of America's great scientists that nobody knows about,\" says Laura Burkle, an ecologist at Montana State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robertson taught biology and Greek at Blackburn College in Carlinville, Ill., and he was fascinated by the close connection between insects and flowers. He spent years in the forests around Carlinville, carefully noting which insects visited which wild flowers at what time of year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burkle and \u003ca href=\"http://www.biology.wustl.edu/faculty/knight/knightcv.html\">Tiffany Knight\u003c/a>, a colleague at Washington University in St. Louis, went back to Carlinville to see how much of the ecosystem that Robertson observed still exists today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of the forested area around the town has been converted into fields of corn and soybeans — or suburbs. In the fragments of forest that remain, Burkle and Knight found all of the flowering plants that Robertson recorded in his notes a century ago. Of the 109 species of bees that Robertson saw, though, just over half seemed to have disappeared from that area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We don't know why,\" says Burkle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One possibility might be a loss of nesting sites for these bees. But a changing climate may also play a role.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bees that disappeared tended to be species that depended on just a few kinds of flowers for food. For those bees to survive, their preferred flowers have to be blooming when the bees start flying and need food. The warming trend might have thrown off that timing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57668\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 290px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/03/beekeepers.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/03/beekeepers-290x217.jpg\" alt=\"Hired beekeepers work to pollinate an almond orchard near Snelling, Calif. Wild bees play a critical role in helping honeybees pollinate crops, but they often can't survive on modern monoculture farms. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\" width=\"290\" height=\"217\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-57668\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hired beekeepers work to pollinate an almond orchard near Snelling, Calif. Wild bees play a critical role in helping honeybees pollinate crops, but they often can't survive on modern monoculture farms. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In fact, Burkle says, if you map the interactions between flowers and bees, they seem more tenuous now. Some flowers may get visited by just one or two kinds of bees, and maybe just for one week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I don't know that these systems can take a lot more environmental change without something drastic happening,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many bee researchers are trying to figure out how to help those native bees — and how to help farmers who benefit from them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://nature.berkeley.edu/kremenlab/\">Claire Kremen\u003c/a>, a conservation biologist at the University of California, Berkeley, who's a co-author of the first study in \u003cem>Science,\u003c/em> says one of the biggest problems for wild bees is the agricultural specialization that has produced huge fields of just one crop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The almond groves of California, for example, are a sea of blossoms in February. It's a feast, as far as the eye can see, for honeybees that come here from all over the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But for the rest of the year, there's nothing blooming,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means there are no bees. \"In fact, in places where we have very large monocultures of almond, we don't find any native bees anymore,\" Kremen says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planting other flowers in and around these almond groves, maybe as hedgerows, blooming all summer long, would help, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even better would be farms with smaller fields, and lots of different crops flowering at different times. Wild bees, Kremen says, need diversity.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cbr>\nCopyright 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "When it comes to pollinating our favorite crops — from coffee to watermelon — honeybees can't do it alone. Wild bees in the field play a critical role in creating bumper crops, a massive new study reports. But these bees are disappearing, and scientists say the rise of crop monocultures is partly to blame.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57667\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 889px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/03/bees.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/03/bees.jpg\" alt=\"Wild bees, such as this Andrena bee visiting highbush blueberry flowers, play a key role in boosting crop yields. Left photo by Rufus Isaac/Right photo by Daniel M.N. Turner\" width=\"889\" height=\"500\" class=\"size-full wp-image-57667\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wild bees, such as this Andrena bee visiting highbush blueberry flowers, play a key role in boosting crop yields. Left photo by Rufus Isaac/Right photo by Daniel M.N. Turner\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story on\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/03/01/173167125/wild-bees-are-good-for-crops-but-crops-are-bad-for-bees\">Morning Edition:\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n \u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Post by \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/143160021/daniel-charles\">Dan Charles\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/03/01/173167125/wild-bees-are-good-for-crops-but-crops-are-bad-for-bees\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (3/1/13)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the most healthful foods you can think of — blueberries, cranberries, apples, almonds and squash — would never get to your plate without the help of insects. No insects, no pollination. No pollination, no fruit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers who grow these crops often \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2012/02/14/146872577/why-california-almonds-need-north-dakota-flowers-and-a-few-billion-bees\">rely on honeybees\u003c/a> to do the job. But scientists are now \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/early/2013/02/27/science.1230200\">reporting\u003c/a> that honeybees, while convenient, are not necessarily the best pollinators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A huge collaboration of bee researchers, from more than a dozen countries, looked at how pollination happens in dozens of different crops, including strawberries, coffee, buckwheat, cherries and watermelons. As they report in the journal \u003cem>Science,\u003c/em> even when beekeepers installed plenty of hives in a field, yields usually got a boost when wild, native insects, such as bumblebees or carpenter bees, also showed up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The surprising message in all of this is that honeybees cannot carry the load. Honeybees need help from their cousins and relatives, the other wild bees,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.entomology.umn.edu/People/GradFaculty/Spivak/\">Marla Spivak\u003c/a>, a professor of entomology at the University of Minnesota. \"So let's do something to promote it, so that we can keep honeybees healthy and our wild bee populations healthy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, a second \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/early/2013/02/27/science.1232728\">study\u003c/a>, also released in \u003cem>Science\u003c/em> this week, makes it clear that wild bees aren't having an easy time of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That study essentially follows in the century-old footsteps of \u003ca href=\"http://news.wustl.edu/news/Pages/25037.aspx\">Charles Robertson\u003c/a>, \"one of America's great scientists that nobody knows about,\" says Laura Burkle, an ecologist at Montana State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robertson taught biology and Greek at Blackburn College in Carlinville, Ill., and he was fascinated by the close connection between insects and flowers. He spent years in the forests around Carlinville, carefully noting which insects visited which wild flowers at what time of year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burkle and \u003ca href=\"http://www.biology.wustl.edu/faculty/knight/knightcv.html\">Tiffany Knight\u003c/a>, a colleague at Washington University in St. Louis, went back to Carlinville to see how much of the ecosystem that Robertson observed still exists today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of the forested area around the town has been converted into fields of corn and soybeans — or suburbs. In the fragments of forest that remain, Burkle and Knight found all of the flowering plants that Robertson recorded in his notes a century ago. Of the 109 species of bees that Robertson saw, though, just over half seemed to have disappeared from that area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We don't know why,\" says Burkle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One possibility might be a loss of nesting sites for these bees. But a changing climate may also play a role.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bees that disappeared tended to be species that depended on just a few kinds of flowers for food. For those bees to survive, their preferred flowers have to be blooming when the bees start flying and need food. The warming trend might have thrown off that timing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57668\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 290px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/03/beekeepers.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/03/beekeepers-290x217.jpg\" alt=\"Hired beekeepers work to pollinate an almond orchard near Snelling, Calif. Wild bees play a critical role in helping honeybees pollinate crops, but they often can't survive on modern monoculture farms. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\" width=\"290\" height=\"217\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-57668\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hired beekeepers work to pollinate an almond orchard near Snelling, Calif. Wild bees play a critical role in helping honeybees pollinate crops, but they often can't survive on modern monoculture farms. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In fact, Burkle says, if you map the interactions between flowers and bees, they seem more tenuous now. Some flowers may get visited by just one or two kinds of bees, and maybe just for one week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I don't know that these systems can take a lot more environmental change without something drastic happening,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many bee researchers are trying to figure out how to help those native bees — and how to help farmers who benefit from them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://nature.berkeley.edu/kremenlab/\">Claire Kremen\u003c/a>, a conservation biologist at the University of California, Berkeley, who's a co-author of the first study in \u003cem>Science,\u003c/em> says one of the biggest problems for wild bees is the agricultural specialization that has produced huge fields of just one crop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The almond groves of California, for example, are a sea of blossoms in February. It's a feast, as far as the eye can see, for honeybees that come here from all over the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But for the rest of the year, there's nothing blooming,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means there are no bees. \"In fact, in places where we have very large monocultures of almond, we don't find any native bees anymore,\" Kremen says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planting other flowers in and around these almond groves, maybe as hedgerows, blooming all summer long, would help, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even better would be farms with smaller fields, and lots of different crops flowering at different times. Wild bees, Kremen says, need diversity.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cbr>\nCopyright 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "KQED's Forum: Study Confirms Benefits of a Mediterranean Diet",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to KQED's Forum: Study Confirms Benefits of a Mediterranean Diet\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201301280900\">Original Broadcast\u003c/a>:\u003cbr>\nWednesday, Feb 27, 2013 -- 9:00 AM\u003cbr>\n [audio src=\"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/forum/2013/02/20130227aforum.mp3\"] \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57533\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 248px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/Olives.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/Olives.jpg\" alt=\"Olives. Photo: Getty Images\" width=\"248\" height=\"140\" class=\"size-full wp-image-57533\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Olives. Photo: Getty Images\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Mediterranean diet -- which emphasizes things like fruits, vegetables, olive oil and fish -- has long been promoted as a healthy approach to eating. A major new study, published Monday in the New England Journal of Medicine, provides even more reasons to eat like an Italian, Spaniard or Greek. Among the findings: people on a Mediterranean diet had a 30 percent lower risk of major cardiovascular problems compared to people who followed a low-fat diet. \u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cstrong>Host:\u003c/strong> Michael Krasny\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Guests:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cli>Cesar Molina, cardiologist at El Camino Hospital in Mountain View, spokesman for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/\">American Heart Association\u003c/a> and co-founder of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.elcaminohospital.org/Programs_and_Services/Community_Health_Services/South_Asian_Heart_Center\">South Asian Heart Center\u003c/a> at El Camino Hospital\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/DeanOrnishMD\">Dean Ornish\u003c/a>, founder and president of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmri.org/\">Preventive Medicine Research Institute\u003c/a> and clinical professor of medicine at UCSF\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Rita Redberg, cardiologist and professor of medicine at \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucsfhealth.org/\">UCSF Medical Center\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cstrong>More info:\u003c/strong>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2013/02/25/spanish-test-mediterranean-diet-shines-in-clinical-study/\">Mediterranean Diet Shines in Clinical Study (Bay Area Bites/NPR Food)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1200303#t=article\">Read the study (New England Journal of Medicine)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57533\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 248px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/Olives.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/Olives.jpg\" alt=\"Olives. Photo: Getty Images\" width=\"248\" height=\"140\" class=\"size-full wp-image-57533\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Olives. Photo: Getty Images\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Mediterranean diet -- which emphasizes things like fruits, vegetables, olive oil and fish -- has long been promoted as a healthy approach to eating. A major new study, published Monday in the New England Journal of Medicine, provides even more reasons to eat like an Italian, Spaniard or Greek. Among the findings: people on a Mediterranean diet had a 30 percent lower risk of major cardiovascular problems compared to people who followed a low-fat diet. \u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cstrong>Host:\u003c/strong> Michael Krasny\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Guests:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cli>Cesar Molina, cardiologist at El Camino Hospital in Mountain View, spokesman for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/\">American Heart Association\u003c/a> and co-founder of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.elcaminohospital.org/Programs_and_Services/Community_Health_Services/South_Asian_Heart_Center\">South Asian Heart Center\u003c/a> at El Camino Hospital\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/DeanOrnishMD\">Dean Ornish\u003c/a>, founder and president of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmri.org/\">Preventive Medicine Research Institute\u003c/a> and clinical professor of medicine at UCSF\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Rita Redberg, cardiologist and professor of medicine at \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucsfhealth.org/\">UCSF Medical Center\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cstrong>More info:\u003c/strong>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2013/02/25/spanish-test-mediterranean-diet-shines-in-clinical-study/\">Mediterranean Diet Shines in Clinical Study (Bay Area Bites/NPR Food)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1200303#t=article\">Read the study (New England Journal of Medicine)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "How The Food Industry Manipulates Taste Buds With 'Salt Sugar Fat'",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story\u003c/strong> on \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/02/26/172969363/how-the-food-industry-manipulates-taste-buds-with-salt-sugar-fat\">Fresh Air from WHYY:\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n [audio src=\"http://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/fa/2013/02/20130226_fa_01.mp3\"] \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Post by Nell Boeschenstein, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/02/26/172969363/how-the-food-industry-manipulates-taste-buds-with-salt-sugar-fat\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003cbr>\n\u003c/a> (2/26/13)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/books/titles/172614586/salt-sugar-fat-how-the-food-giants-hooked-us\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/salt-sugar-fat-cover-191x290.jpg\" alt=\"Salt Sugar Fat: How the Food Giants Hooked Us. by Michael Moss\" width=\"191\" height=\"290\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-57473\">\u003c/a>Dealing Coke to customers called \"heavy users.\" Selling to teens in an attempt to hook them for life. Scientifically tweaking ratios of salt, sugar and fat to optimize consumer bliss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his new book, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/books/titles/172614586/salt-sugar-fat-how-the-food-giants-hooked-us\">\u003cem>Salt Sugar Fat: How the Food Giants Hooked Us\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Michael Moss goes inside the world of processed and packaged foods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moss begins his tale back in 1999, when a vice president at Kraft addressed a meeting of top executives of America's biggest food companies. His topic: the growing public health concerns over the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/series/136462878/living-large-obesity-in-america\">obesity epidemic\u003c/a> and the role packaged and processed foods were playing in it. Michael Mudd stated his case, pleading with his colleagues to pay attention to the health crisis and consider what companies could do to hold themselves accountable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Moss, the first response came from the CEO of General Mills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"[He] got up and made some very forceful points from his perspective,\" Moss tells \u003cem>Fresh Air's\u003c/em> Dave Davies, \"and his points included this: We at General Mills have been responsible not only to consumers but to shareholders. We offer products that are low-fat, low-sugar, have whole grains in them, to people who are concerned about eating those products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Bottom line being, though, that we need to ensure that our products taste good, because our accountability is also to our shareholders. And there's no way we could start down-formulating the usage of salt, sugar, fat if the end result is going to be something that people do not want to eat.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57472\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 209px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/michael-moss.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/michael-moss-209x290.jpg\" alt=\"Michael Moss is a Pulitzer Prize-winning reporter for <em>The New York Times.</em> Photo: Tony Cenicola/The New York Times\" width=\"209\" height=\"290\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-57472\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Michael Moss is a Pulitzer Prize-winning reporter for \u003cem>The New York Times.\u003c/em> Photo: Tony Cenicola/The New York Times\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In \u003cem>Salt Sugar Fat\u003c/em>, Moss details how those three ingredients became key to the success of processed and packaged foods — and how they are fueling the nationwide obesity epidemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Employing scientists to dissect elements of the palate and tweak ratios of salt, sugar and fat to optimize taste, the processed food industry, Moss says, has \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2012/12/03/166395677/can-big-food-kick-its-obesity-habit-does-it-really-want-to\">hooked consumers\u003c/a> on their products the same way the cigarette industry hooked smokers on nicotine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since that meeting in 1999, when executives declined to craft an industrywide standard for more healthful products, some companies, like Kraft, have tackled the issue unilaterally, altering recipes to cut down on salt, sugar and fat. Moss' research, however, indicates that government regulation may be necessary to implement industrywide standards in the interest of public health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was surprised to hear from the former CEO of Philip Morris, who is no friend of government, no friend of government regulation,\" says Moss, \"to tell me that, 'Look, Michael, in the case of the processed food industry, what you're looking at is a total inability on their part to collectively decide to do the right thing by consumers on the health profile of their products. In this case, I can see how you might need government regulation if [for] nothing else [than] to give the companies cover from the pressure of Wall Street.' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>Interview Highlights\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On the marketing campaign for Frosted Mini-Wheats that called the cereal \"brain food\"\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"What they came up with was some science that they had generated that they said showed that kids who ate Frosted Mini-Wheats for breakfast would be as much as or almost 20 percent more alert in the classroom, which the company translated into better grades for kids. ... You could almost see parents trying to do the math: 'Well, you know, Johnny got a C+ on that test, and if we bumped it up by 20 percent, hey, he's in an A-minus category.' That campaign went on for a while until the FTC jumped in and said, 'Hey, wait a minute, we're looking at your study and it doesn't really show anything near that kind of gain,' and not only that, but they weren't even looking at other breakfasts to compare to the Frosted Mini-Wheats.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On Coke's marketing strategy \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"Within Coke they referred to their best customers not as you might think — 'consumers' or 'loyal fans' or something like that. They became known as 'heavy users.' And Coke had a formula ... that basically said, '20 percent of the people will use 80 percent of the product.' And, as Coke saw it, it was worth their while more to focus on those 20 percent using 80 percent of the product than to try to generate more consumption by the other 80 percent. So the heavy users of soda became those people who were drinking as many as 1,000 cans of soda a year, sometimes even more.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On hooking teens on brand loyalty\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"The clientele were kids — teenagers — who were going out on their own for the first time with a little bit of change into an environment where they could make the decision about what to buy and, for $1 or $2, they could go in there and choose a soda or a snack and decide between brands. And this was critical to Coke, as it is to other companies, because those decisions early on, especially in the teen years, will develop brand loyalties. So a child that chooses Pepsi at age 13 or 14 is likely to maintain that brand loyalty through the rest of their life.\"\n\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On Kraft owner Philip Morris' foresight with regards to processed foods\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"As Philip Morris came under pressure for nicotine and cigarettes, it eventually started looking at the food divisions in light of the emerging obesity crisis. And there were moments in these internal documents where Philip Morris officials were saying to the food division, 'You guys are going to face a problem with salt, sugar, fat in terms of obesity of the same magnitude, if not more than [what] we're facing with nicotine right now. And you've got to start thinking about this issue and how you're going to deal with that.' \"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On visiting Kellogg \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"They made for me special versions of some of their most iconic products ... without any salt in it to show me why they were having trouble cutting back. And, I have to say, it was a god-awful experience. ... starting with Cheez-Its, which normally I could eat all day long. The Cheez-Its without salt stuck to the roof of my mouth and I could barely swallow. Then we moved onto frozen waffles, which tasted like straw. The real moment came in tasting a cereal — I think it was Corn Flakes — which tasted hugely, awfully metallic. It was almost like a filling had come out of my mouth and it was sloshing around.\"\n\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Post by Nell Boeschenstein, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/02/26/172969363/how-the-food-industry-manipulates-taste-buds-with-salt-sugar-fat\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003cbr>\n\u003c/a> (2/26/13)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/books/titles/172614586/salt-sugar-fat-how-the-food-giants-hooked-us\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/salt-sugar-fat-cover-191x290.jpg\" alt=\"Salt Sugar Fat: How the Food Giants Hooked Us. by Michael Moss\" width=\"191\" height=\"290\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-57473\">\u003c/a>Dealing Coke to customers called \"heavy users.\" Selling to teens in an attempt to hook them for life. Scientifically tweaking ratios of salt, sugar and fat to optimize consumer bliss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his new book, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/books/titles/172614586/salt-sugar-fat-how-the-food-giants-hooked-us\">\u003cem>Salt Sugar Fat: How the Food Giants Hooked Us\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Michael Moss goes inside the world of processed and packaged foods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moss begins his tale back in 1999, when a vice president at Kraft addressed a meeting of top executives of America's biggest food companies. His topic: the growing public health concerns over the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/series/136462878/living-large-obesity-in-america\">obesity epidemic\u003c/a> and the role packaged and processed foods were playing in it. Michael Mudd stated his case, pleading with his colleagues to pay attention to the health crisis and consider what companies could do to hold themselves accountable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Moss, the first response came from the CEO of General Mills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"[He] got up and made some very forceful points from his perspective,\" Moss tells \u003cem>Fresh Air's\u003c/em> Dave Davies, \"and his points included this: We at General Mills have been responsible not only to consumers but to shareholders. We offer products that are low-fat, low-sugar, have whole grains in them, to people who are concerned about eating those products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Bottom line being, though, that we need to ensure that our products taste good, because our accountability is also to our shareholders. And there's no way we could start down-formulating the usage of salt, sugar, fat if the end result is going to be something that people do not want to eat.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57472\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 209px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/michael-moss.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/michael-moss-209x290.jpg\" alt=\"Michael Moss is a Pulitzer Prize-winning reporter for <em>The New York Times.</em> Photo: Tony Cenicola/The New York Times\" width=\"209\" height=\"290\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-57472\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Michael Moss is a Pulitzer Prize-winning reporter for \u003cem>The New York Times.\u003c/em> Photo: Tony Cenicola/The New York Times\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In \u003cem>Salt Sugar Fat\u003c/em>, Moss details how those three ingredients became key to the success of processed and packaged foods — and how they are fueling the nationwide obesity epidemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Employing scientists to dissect elements of the palate and tweak ratios of salt, sugar and fat to optimize taste, the processed food industry, Moss says, has \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2012/12/03/166395677/can-big-food-kick-its-obesity-habit-does-it-really-want-to\">hooked consumers\u003c/a> on their products the same way the cigarette industry hooked smokers on nicotine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since that meeting in 1999, when executives declined to craft an industrywide standard for more healthful products, some companies, like Kraft, have tackled the issue unilaterally, altering recipes to cut down on salt, sugar and fat. Moss' research, however, indicates that government regulation may be necessary to implement industrywide standards in the interest of public health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was surprised to hear from the former CEO of Philip Morris, who is no friend of government, no friend of government regulation,\" says Moss, \"to tell me that, 'Look, Michael, in the case of the processed food industry, what you're looking at is a total inability on their part to collectively decide to do the right thing by consumers on the health profile of their products. In this case, I can see how you might need government regulation if [for] nothing else [than] to give the companies cover from the pressure of Wall Street.' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>Interview Highlights\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On the marketing campaign for Frosted Mini-Wheats that called the cereal \"brain food\"\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"What they came up with was some science that they had generated that they said showed that kids who ate Frosted Mini-Wheats for breakfast would be as much as or almost 20 percent more alert in the classroom, which the company translated into better grades for kids. ... You could almost see parents trying to do the math: 'Well, you know, Johnny got a C+ on that test, and if we bumped it up by 20 percent, hey, he's in an A-minus category.' That campaign went on for a while until the FTC jumped in and said, 'Hey, wait a minute, we're looking at your study and it doesn't really show anything near that kind of gain,' and not only that, but they weren't even looking at other breakfasts to compare to the Frosted Mini-Wheats.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On Coke's marketing strategy \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"Within Coke they referred to their best customers not as you might think — 'consumers' or 'loyal fans' or something like that. They became known as 'heavy users.' And Coke had a formula ... that basically said, '20 percent of the people will use 80 percent of the product.' And, as Coke saw it, it was worth their while more to focus on those 20 percent using 80 percent of the product than to try to generate more consumption by the other 80 percent. So the heavy users of soda became those people who were drinking as many as 1,000 cans of soda a year, sometimes even more.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On hooking teens on brand loyalty\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"The clientele were kids — teenagers — who were going out on their own for the first time with a little bit of change into an environment where they could make the decision about what to buy and, for $1 or $2, they could go in there and choose a soda or a snack and decide between brands. And this was critical to Coke, as it is to other companies, because those decisions early on, especially in the teen years, will develop brand loyalties. So a child that chooses Pepsi at age 13 or 14 is likely to maintain that brand loyalty through the rest of their life.\"\n\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On Kraft owner Philip Morris' foresight with regards to processed foods\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"As Philip Morris came under pressure for nicotine and cigarettes, it eventually started looking at the food divisions in light of the emerging obesity crisis. And there were moments in these internal documents where Philip Morris officials were saying to the food division, 'You guys are going to face a problem with salt, sugar, fat in terms of obesity of the same magnitude, if not more than [what] we're facing with nicotine right now. And you've got to start thinking about this issue and how you're going to deal with that.' \"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On visiting Kellogg \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"They made for me special versions of some of their most iconic products ... without any salt in it to show me why they were having trouble cutting back. And, I have to say, it was a god-awful experience. ... starting with Cheez-Its, which normally I could eat all day long. The Cheez-Its without salt stuck to the roof of my mouth and I could barely swallow. Then we moved onto frozen waffles, which tasted like straw. The real moment came in tasting a cereal — I think it was Corn Flakes — which tasted hugely, awfully metallic. It was almost like a filling had come out of my mouth and it was sloshing around.\"\n\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Listen to the Story on \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/02/21/172605596/former-peanut-firm-executives-indicted-over-2009-salmonella-outbreak\">All Things Considered:\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n [audio src=\"http://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2013/02/20130221_atc_05.mp3\"] \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Post by \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/143160021/daniel-charles\">Dan Charles\u003c/a> and Maria Godoy, The Salt at NPR Food (2/21/13)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57276\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 290px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/steve-parnell-peanut-corp.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/steve-parnell-peanut-corp-290x217.jpg\" alt=\"Stewart Parnell (center), former president of the now-defunct Peanut Corp. of America, is one of four executives indicted over a 2009 outbreak of salmonella. Photo: Mark Wilson/Getty Images\" width=\"290\" height=\"217\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-57276\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stewart Parnell (center), former president of the now-defunct Peanut Corp. of America, is one of four executives indicted over a 2009 outbreak of salmonella. Photo: Mark Wilson/Getty Images\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Four former executives from Peanut Corp. of America and a related company are facing federal criminal charges for covering up information that their peanut butter was contaminated with salmonella bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The charges are related to a nationwide outbreak of salmonella \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=99763921\">back in 2009\u003c/a>. More than 700 people became ill, and federal investigators traced the source of the bacteria to peanut butter manufactured in Blakely, Ga., by the Peanut Corp. of America. The company is no longer in business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 76-count indictment was unsealed Wednesday in federal court in Georgia. The charges include conspiracy, mail and wire fraud, obstruction of justice, and others related to distributing adulterated or misbranded food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal officials say executives at the company were aware that their products had tested positive for salmonella, but they failed to alert their customers, and also lied about those test results to inspectors from the Food and Drug Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The executives also allegedly falsified documents that stated \"that shipments of peanut products were free of pathogens when, in fact, there had been no tests on the products at all or when the laboratory results showed that a sample tested positive for salmonella,\" according to a Justice Department \u003ca href=\"http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2013/February/13-civ-220.html\">statement\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57275\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 290px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/peanut-corp.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/peanut-corp-290x217.jpg\" alt=\"A sign outside the Peanut Corp. of America's processing plant in Blakely, Ga. Photo: Ric Feld/AP\" width=\"290\" height=\"217\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-57275\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A sign outside the Peanut Corp. of America's processing plant in Blakely, Ga. Photo: Ric Feld/AP\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The four people indicted include Stewart Parnell, the former company president; Samuel Lightsey, former Blakely plant operations manager; and Mary Wilkerson, a quality assurance manager. Also indicted was Michael Parnell, who worked as a food broker on behalf of the peanut company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The former executives could face up to 20 years in prison if convicted. Another executive, Daniel Kilgore, who served as a plant manager from 2002 through 2008, has already pleaded guilty in the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dan Charles will have more on this story on \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> later today, so stay tuned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update at 4:36 p.m. ET\u003c/strong>: Attorneys for Stewart Parnell, the former owner of Peanut Corp. of America, have released a \u003ca href=\"http://www.gentrylocke.com/1820\">statement\u003c/a> promising to defend Parnell against the charges. According to the statement, officials from the FDA had visited the Georgia factory regularly, were \"well aware\" of the company's testing procedures, and \"made no objection\" to them.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cbr>\nCopyright 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal officials say executives at the company were aware that their products had tested positive for salmonella, but they failed to alert their customers, and also lied about those test results to inspectors from the Food and Drug Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The executives also allegedly falsified documents that stated \"that shipments of peanut products were free of pathogens when, in fact, there had been no tests on the products at all or when the laboratory results showed that a sample tested positive for salmonella,\" according to a Justice Department \u003ca href=\"http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2013/February/13-civ-220.html\">statement\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57275\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 290px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/peanut-corp.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/peanut-corp-290x217.jpg\" alt=\"A sign outside the Peanut Corp. of America's processing plant in Blakely, Ga. Photo: Ric Feld/AP\" width=\"290\" height=\"217\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-57275\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A sign outside the Peanut Corp. of America's processing plant in Blakely, Ga. Photo: Ric Feld/AP\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The four people indicted include Stewart Parnell, the former company president; Samuel Lightsey, former Blakely plant operations manager; and Mary Wilkerson, a quality assurance manager. Also indicted was Michael Parnell, who worked as a food broker on behalf of the peanut company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The former executives could face up to 20 years in prison if convicted. Another executive, Daniel Kilgore, who served as a plant manager from 2002 through 2008, has already pleaded guilty in the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dan Charles will have more on this story on \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> later today, so stay tuned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update at 4:36 p.m. ET\u003c/strong>: Attorneys for Stewart Parnell, the former owner of Peanut Corp. of America, have released a \u003ca href=\"http://www.gentrylocke.com/1820\">statement\u003c/a> promising to defend Parnell against the charges. According to the statement, officials from the FDA had visited the Georgia factory regularly, were \"well aware\" of the company's testing procedures, and \"made no objection\" to them.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cbr>\nCopyright 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56991\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 624px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/monsanto-bowman.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/monsanto-bowman.jpg\" alt=\"Vernon Hugh Bowman lives outside the small town of Sandborn, Ind. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\" width=\"624\" height=\"393\" class=\"size-full wp-image-56991\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vernon Hugh Bowman lives outside the small town of Sandborn, Ind. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story on\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/02/18/171896311/farmers-fight-with-monsanto-reaches-the-supreme-court\">Morning Edition:\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n [audio src=\"http://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2013/02/20130218_me_10.mp3\"] \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Post by \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/143160021/daniel-charles\">Dan Charles\u003c/a>, The Salt at NPR Food (2/18/13)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This week, the Supreme Court will take up a classic David-and-Goliath \u003ca href=\"http://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/bowman-v-monsanto-co/\">case\u003c/a>. On one side, there's a 75-year-old farmer in Indiana named Vernon Hugh Bowman; on the other, the agribusiness giant Monsanto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The farmer is fighting the long reach of Monsanto's patents on seeds — but he's up against more than just Monsanto. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/publications/supreme_court_preview/briefs-v2/11-796_resp_amcu_biotech.authcheckdam.pdf\">biotech\u003c/a> and computer \u003ca href=\"http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/publications/supreme_court_preview/briefs-v2/11-796_resp_amcu_bsa.authcheckdam.pdf\">software\u003c/a> industries are taking Monsanto's side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bowman also is battling a historic shift that's transformed the nation's seed business over the past 20 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite all that, Bowman seems remarkably cheerful about his situation. \"Confrontation does not take a toll on me!\" he says. \"You and me can argue about the Bible; we can argue about religion. I'll pound my fist and we can argue all day, and I won't lose a bit of sleep at night!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bowman is leaning back in an easy chair, where he says he also sleeps at night. He lives alone in a modest white frame house outside the small town of Sandborn, in southwestern Indiana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Out back, there's an array of old farm equipment collected during decades of growing corn and soybeans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bowman is wearing a Monsanto hat. It's probably an ironic gesture, but in fact, he's been a pleased and loyal customer of the company's seeds. He thinks the genes that Monsanto inserted into soybeans are just great. They let soybeans survive the country's most popular weedkiller: \u003ca href=\"http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/extoxnet/dienochlor-glyphosate/glyphosate-ext.html\">glyphosate\u003c/a>, also known as Roundup. He can spray that one chemical to get rid of the weeds without harming his crop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It made things so much simpler and better. No question about that,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bowman uses these \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.monsanto.com/weedmanagement/Pages/roundup-ready-system.aspx\">Roundup Ready\u003c/a>\" soybeans for his main crop, which he plants in the spring, and he signs a standard agreement not to save any of his harvest and replant it the next year. Monsanto demands exclusive rights to supply that seed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56992\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 290px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/monsanto-bowman-grainelevator.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/monsanto-bowman-grainelevator-290x216.jpg\" alt=\"Bowman bought ordinary soybeans from this small grain elevator and used them for seed. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\" width=\"290\" height=\"216\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-56992\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bowman bought ordinary soybeans from this small grain elevator and used them for seed. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But here's where Bowman got into trouble: He also likes to plant a second crop of soybeans, later in the year, in fields where he just harvested wheat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those late-season soybeans are risky. The yield is smaller. Bowman decided that for this crop, he didn't want to pay top dollar for Monsanto's seed. \"What I wanted was a cheap source of seed,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting in 1999, he bought some ordinary soybeans from a small grain elevator where local farmers drop off their harvest. \"They made sure they didn't sell it as seed. Their ticket said, 'Outbound grain,\" says Bowman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He knew that these beans probably had Monsanto's Roundup Ready gene in them, because that's mainly what farmers plant these days. But Bowman didn't think Monsanto controlled these soybeans anymore, and in any case, he was getting a motley collection of different varieties, hardly a threat to Monsanto's seed business. \"I couldn't imagine that they'd give a rat's behind,\" he snorts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bowman told his neighbors what he was doing. It turned out that Monsanto did, in fact, care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He wanted to use our technology without paying for it,\" says David Snively, Monsanto's general counsel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monsanto took Bowman to court, and Bowman was ordered to pay Monsanto $84,000 for infringing the company's patent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bowman appealed. To the surprise of many, the highest court in the land agreed to hear his case. \"I'm not a-gonna give in! Because I think I've done nothing wrong!\" says Bowman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His lawyers, who are representing him for free, have come up with a legal argument for why he did nothing wrong. If they succeed in persuading the court, it could pull the rug out from under Monsanto, and some other industries, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bowman's lawyer, \u003ca href=\"http://www.flhlaw.com/professionals/xprAttorneyDetails2.aspx?xpST=AttorneyDetail&attorney=227\">Mark Walters\u003c/a> from the firm of Frommer Lawrence and Haug, says there's a very old principle in patent law: If you buy something that's covered by a patent — let's say it's a cell phone — you own it, outright. \"You're allowed to put it on Craigslist and sell it, you're allowed to use it for your 'ordinary pursuits of life' is the quote from some of the old cases that we're relying on.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a valuable principle, Walters says. \"Imagine how commerce would work if patents owners could come out of nowhere and surprise purchasers and tell them, 'Oh, you need to pay me a royalty, because I own a patent on this thing that you just bought.'\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So according to this principle of \"patent exhaustion,\" Bowman bought that seed and can do with it what he wants. Patent holders have no right to stop him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monsanto's \u003ca href=\"http://www.monsanto.com/whoweare/Pages/david-snively-bio.aspx\">David Snively\u003c/a>, for his part, says this argument completely misses the point. Yes, we can buy an iPhone and do whatever we want with it, \"but we're not going to go out and make copies of the iPhone and put Apple out of business,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's what Bowman did, says Snively. When he planted this patented seed, he made copies of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, he says, if farmers were allowed to do this with patented seeds, the patents would be worthless.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A number of industry organizations have come to Monsanto's defense, including the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bio.org/\">Biotechnology Industry Organization\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hans Sauer, deputy general counsel at BIO, says many biotech products are a lot like seeds. \"They are easily replicated. They are difficult to make, but once created they are relatively easy to reproduce.\" The same is true of computer software.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56990\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 290px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/monsanto-nels-kasey.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/monsanto-nels-kasey-290x216.jpg\" alt=\"Bowman bought ordinary soybeans from this small grain elevator and used them for seed. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR \" width=\"290\" height=\"216\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-56990\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bowman bought ordinary soybeans from this small grain elevator and used them for seed. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But these are new technologies. Farmers' seeds are old; they're the original self-replicating technology, and for centuries, nobody tried to claim them as intellectual property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's one reason why Monsanto's patents and lawsuits against farmers have stirred up so much \u003ca href=\"http://www.centerforfoodsafety.org/pubs/CFSMOnsantovsFarmerReport1.13.05.pdf\">anger\u003c/a> and received so much attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's less well known, however, is that the practice of patenting seeds has moved far beyond Monsanto and other biotech companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's standard practice now even among small companies like \u003ca href=\"http://www.greatheartseed.com/\">Great Heart Seed\u003c/a>, in Paris, Ill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Great Heart Seed's warehouse is filled to the rafters with white bags of soybean seed. The company sells 45 different varieties in all. Some grow better in the south, others in the north. Most have Monsanto's Roundup resistance genes, while others do not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet all of these varieties are patented. \"Nearly everything out there has a patent on it now,\" says Nels Kasey, one of the Great Heart's owners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twenty years ago, that wasn't the case. Many seed dealers sold \"public\" varieties that came from breeders at universities like Iowa State or Purdue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, most new varieties come from private companies, and even universities acquire patents on most of the varieties that they do release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers aren't supposed to save and replant those seeds, either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kasey says, the new system gives soybean breeders and seed companies more profits, and a stronger incentive to create and sell even better plant varieties. \"I'm really proud of the varieties that we have today. When I started in this company, you had a handful of varieties. Today, there's more money in it, more profit in it, so I can support 45 lines,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those seeds, though, are also more expensive. Soybean seeds have tripled in price over the past 20 years. And a farmer like Bowman who just wants some cheap, generic seeds can't easily find them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bowman can see towering bins filled with soybeans all around southwestern Indiana, but according to the seed companies, he can't plant any of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, after Monsanto took Bowman to court, his search for unrestricted seeds took him all the way to Ohio, one of the very few places in the country where the state still \u003ca href=\"http://www.ohseed.org/downloads/NonGmoSoybeans2.pdf\">distributes\u003c/a> non-patented soybean varieties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bowman acquired some of that seed — a variety called Dennison — and grew it last year. He saved part of his harvest. Those soybeans are now sitting in an old combine in a shed behind his house.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the Supreme Court rules against him, Bowman can still use those beans for seed this year. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "On its surface, the case is about whether farmers can use seeds derived from patented crops. But the bigger question is, how much control does a company have over its patented products once they're in the hands of consumers?",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56991\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 624px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/monsanto-bowman.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/monsanto-bowman.jpg\" alt=\"Vernon Hugh Bowman lives outside the small town of Sandborn, Ind. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\" width=\"624\" height=\"393\" class=\"size-full wp-image-56991\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vernon Hugh Bowman lives outside the small town of Sandborn, Ind. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story on\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/02/18/171896311/farmers-fight-with-monsanto-reaches-the-supreme-court\">Morning Edition:\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n \u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Post by \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/143160021/daniel-charles\">Dan Charles\u003c/a>, The Salt at NPR Food (2/18/13)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This week, the Supreme Court will take up a classic David-and-Goliath \u003ca href=\"http://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/bowman-v-monsanto-co/\">case\u003c/a>. On one side, there's a 75-year-old farmer in Indiana named Vernon Hugh Bowman; on the other, the agribusiness giant Monsanto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The farmer is fighting the long reach of Monsanto's patents on seeds — but he's up against more than just Monsanto. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/publications/supreme_court_preview/briefs-v2/11-796_resp_amcu_biotech.authcheckdam.pdf\">biotech\u003c/a> and computer \u003ca href=\"http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/publications/supreme_court_preview/briefs-v2/11-796_resp_amcu_bsa.authcheckdam.pdf\">software\u003c/a> industries are taking Monsanto's side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bowman also is battling a historic shift that's transformed the nation's seed business over the past 20 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite all that, Bowman seems remarkably cheerful about his situation. \"Confrontation does not take a toll on me!\" he says. \"You and me can argue about the Bible; we can argue about religion. I'll pound my fist and we can argue all day, and I won't lose a bit of sleep at night!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bowman is leaning back in an easy chair, where he says he also sleeps at night. He lives alone in a modest white frame house outside the small town of Sandborn, in southwestern Indiana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Out back, there's an array of old farm equipment collected during decades of growing corn and soybeans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bowman is wearing a Monsanto hat. It's probably an ironic gesture, but in fact, he's been a pleased and loyal customer of the company's seeds. He thinks the genes that Monsanto inserted into soybeans are just great. They let soybeans survive the country's most popular weedkiller: \u003ca href=\"http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/extoxnet/dienochlor-glyphosate/glyphosate-ext.html\">glyphosate\u003c/a>, also known as Roundup. He can spray that one chemical to get rid of the weeds without harming his crop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It made things so much simpler and better. No question about that,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bowman uses these \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.monsanto.com/weedmanagement/Pages/roundup-ready-system.aspx\">Roundup Ready\u003c/a>\" soybeans for his main crop, which he plants in the spring, and he signs a standard agreement not to save any of his harvest and replant it the next year. Monsanto demands exclusive rights to supply that seed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56992\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 290px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/monsanto-bowman-grainelevator.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/monsanto-bowman-grainelevator-290x216.jpg\" alt=\"Bowman bought ordinary soybeans from this small grain elevator and used them for seed. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\" width=\"290\" height=\"216\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-56992\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bowman bought ordinary soybeans from this small grain elevator and used them for seed. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But here's where Bowman got into trouble: He also likes to plant a second crop of soybeans, later in the year, in fields where he just harvested wheat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those late-season soybeans are risky. The yield is smaller. Bowman decided that for this crop, he didn't want to pay top dollar for Monsanto's seed. \"What I wanted was a cheap source of seed,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting in 1999, he bought some ordinary soybeans from a small grain elevator where local farmers drop off their harvest. \"They made sure they didn't sell it as seed. Their ticket said, 'Outbound grain,\" says Bowman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He knew that these beans probably had Monsanto's Roundup Ready gene in them, because that's mainly what farmers plant these days. But Bowman didn't think Monsanto controlled these soybeans anymore, and in any case, he was getting a motley collection of different varieties, hardly a threat to Monsanto's seed business. \"I couldn't imagine that they'd give a rat's behind,\" he snorts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bowman told his neighbors what he was doing. It turned out that Monsanto did, in fact, care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He wanted to use our technology without paying for it,\" says David Snively, Monsanto's general counsel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monsanto took Bowman to court, and Bowman was ordered to pay Monsanto $84,000 for infringing the company's patent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bowman appealed. To the surprise of many, the highest court in the land agreed to hear his case. \"I'm not a-gonna give in! Because I think I've done nothing wrong!\" says Bowman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His lawyers, who are representing him for free, have come up with a legal argument for why he did nothing wrong. If they succeed in persuading the court, it could pull the rug out from under Monsanto, and some other industries, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bowman's lawyer, \u003ca href=\"http://www.flhlaw.com/professionals/xprAttorneyDetails2.aspx?xpST=AttorneyDetail&attorney=227\">Mark Walters\u003c/a> from the firm of Frommer Lawrence and Haug, says there's a very old principle in patent law: If you buy something that's covered by a patent — let's say it's a cell phone — you own it, outright. \"You're allowed to put it on Craigslist and sell it, you're allowed to use it for your 'ordinary pursuits of life' is the quote from some of the old cases that we're relying on.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a valuable principle, Walters says. \"Imagine how commerce would work if patents owners could come out of nowhere and surprise purchasers and tell them, 'Oh, you need to pay me a royalty, because I own a patent on this thing that you just bought.'\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So according to this principle of \"patent exhaustion,\" Bowman bought that seed and can do with it what he wants. Patent holders have no right to stop him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monsanto's \u003ca href=\"http://www.monsanto.com/whoweare/Pages/david-snively-bio.aspx\">David Snively\u003c/a>, for his part, says this argument completely misses the point. Yes, we can buy an iPhone and do whatever we want with it, \"but we're not going to go out and make copies of the iPhone and put Apple out of business,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's what Bowman did, says Snively. When he planted this patented seed, he made copies of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, he says, if farmers were allowed to do this with patented seeds, the patents would be worthless.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A number of industry organizations have come to Monsanto's defense, including the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bio.org/\">Biotechnology Industry Organization\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hans Sauer, deputy general counsel at BIO, says many biotech products are a lot like seeds. \"They are easily replicated. They are difficult to make, but once created they are relatively easy to reproduce.\" The same is true of computer software.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56990\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 290px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/monsanto-nels-kasey.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/monsanto-nels-kasey-290x216.jpg\" alt=\"Bowman bought ordinary soybeans from this small grain elevator and used them for seed. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR \" width=\"290\" height=\"216\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-56990\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bowman bought ordinary soybeans from this small grain elevator and used them for seed. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But these are new technologies. Farmers' seeds are old; they're the original self-replicating technology, and for centuries, nobody tried to claim them as intellectual property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's one reason why Monsanto's patents and lawsuits against farmers have stirred up so much \u003ca href=\"http://www.centerforfoodsafety.org/pubs/CFSMOnsantovsFarmerReport1.13.05.pdf\">anger\u003c/a> and received so much attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's less well known, however, is that the practice of patenting seeds has moved far beyond Monsanto and other biotech companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's standard practice now even among small companies like \u003ca href=\"http://www.greatheartseed.com/\">Great Heart Seed\u003c/a>, in Paris, Ill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Great Heart Seed's warehouse is filled to the rafters with white bags of soybean seed. The company sells 45 different varieties in all. Some grow better in the south, others in the north. Most have Monsanto's Roundup resistance genes, while others do not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet all of these varieties are patented. \"Nearly everything out there has a patent on it now,\" says Nels Kasey, one of the Great Heart's owners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twenty years ago, that wasn't the case. Many seed dealers sold \"public\" varieties that came from breeders at universities like Iowa State or Purdue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, most new varieties come from private companies, and even universities acquire patents on most of the varieties that they do release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers aren't supposed to save and replant those seeds, either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kasey says, the new system gives soybean breeders and seed companies more profits, and a stronger incentive to create and sell even better plant varieties. \"I'm really proud of the varieties that we have today. When I started in this company, you had a handful of varieties. Today, there's more money in it, more profit in it, so I can support 45 lines,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those seeds, though, are also more expensive. Soybean seeds have tripled in price over the past 20 years. And a farmer like Bowman who just wants some cheap, generic seeds can't easily find them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bowman can see towering bins filled with soybeans all around southwestern Indiana, but according to the seed companies, he can't plant any of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, after Monsanto took Bowman to court, his search for unrestricted seeds took him all the way to Ohio, one of the very few places in the country where the state still \u003ca href=\"http://www.ohseed.org/downloads/NonGmoSoybeans2.pdf\">distributes\u003c/a> non-patented soybean varieties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bowman acquired some of that seed — a variety called Dennison — and grew it last year. He saved part of his harvest. Those soybeans are now sitting in an old combine in a shed behind his house.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the Supreme Court rules against him, Bowman can still use those beans for seed this year. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Is Sustainable-Labeled Seafood Really Sustainable? ",
"title": "Is Sustainable-Labeled Seafood Really Sustainable? ",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56694\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 624px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/blue-shark.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/blue-shark.jpg\" alt=\"Capt. Art Gaeten holds a blue shark that was caught during a research trip in Nova Scotia. Scientists are studying the impact of swordfish fishing methods on the shark population. Photo: Dean Casavechia for NPR\" width=\"624\" height=\"416\" class=\"size-full wp-image-56694\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Capt. Art Gaeten holds a blue shark that was caught during a research trip in Nova Scotia. Scientists are studying the impact of swordfish fishing methods on the shark population. Photo: Dean Casavechia for NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Listen to the Story on \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2013/02/11/171376509/is-sustainable-labeled-seafood-really-sustainable\">All Things Considered:\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n[audio:http://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2013/02/20130211_atc_06.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1150&aggIds=171717418&ft=3&f=171376509 |titles=Is Sustainable-Labeled Seafood Really Sustainable?]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/4173096/daniel-zwerdling\">Daniel Zwerdling\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/139449124/margot-williams\">Margot Williams\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2013/02/11/171376509/is-sustainable-labeled-seafood-really-sustainable\">NPR Special Series\u003c/a> (2/11/13)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Part one of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/series/171717418/the-meaning-of-sustainable-labeled-seafood\">three-part series\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rebecca Weel pushes a baby stroller with her 18-month-old up to the seafood case at Whole Foods, near ground zero in New York. As she peers at shiny fillets of salmon, halibut and Chilean sea bass labeled \"certified sustainable,\" Weel believes that if she purchases this seafood, she will help protect the world's oceans from overfishing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some leading environmentalists have a different take: Consumers like Weel are being misled by a global program that amounts to \"greenwashing\" — a strategy that makes consumers think they are protecting the planet, when actually they are not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Whole Foods, the seafood counter displays blue labels from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.msc.org/\">Marine Stewardship Council\u003c/a> (MSC), an international, nonprofit organization. The MSC is a prime example of an economic trend: Private groups, not the government, are telling consumers what is good or bad for the environment. The MSC says its label guarantees that the wild seafood was caught using methods that do not deplete the natural supply. It also guarantees that fishing companies do not cause serious harm to other life in the sea, from coral to dolphins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is spreading fast throughout the food industry. Megachains like Target, Costco and Kroger are selling seafood with the MSC label. McDonald's says you are munching on \"certified sustainable\" \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=058E2W21Wl0\" target=\"_blank\">wild Alaskan pollock\u003c/a> every time you eat a Filet-O-Fish sandwich. The fast-food company has used MSC-certified fish since 2007 in the U.S., and as of February, they are putting the MSC logo on their fish sandwich boxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56697\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 256px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/fish-poll.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/fish-poll.jpg\" alt=\"Poll results from a recent survey of 3,000 Americans, conducted on behalf of NPR, by Truven Health Analytics. Questions were asked — in general — about sustainable seafood and labeling. Source: Truven Health Analytics-NPR Health Poll; margin of error +/- 1.8 percentage points Credit: Matt Stiles\" width=\"256\" height=\"643\" class=\"size-full wp-image-56697\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Poll results from a recent survey of 3,000 Americans, conducted on behalf of NPR, by Truven Health Analytics. Questions were asked — in general — about sustainable seafood and labeling.\u003cbr>Source: Truven Health Analytics-NPR Health Poll; margin of error +/- 1.8 percentage points\u003cbr>Credit: Matt Stiles\u003cbr>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Consumers like Weel say the labels help them feel better about the products they buy. \"I want to feel that I'm doing the right thing,\" says Weel, a pediatrician, as her 4 1/2-year-old daughter bolts into the vegetable aisle in neon-colored boots. When Weel shops for seafood, she says, she wants to make choices \"that will help preserve the wild fish populations in the oceans.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Executives at Whole Foods say they are helping consumers do exactly that, by pledging in recent years to sell as many MSC-certified products as possible. Seafood is the last major food that people catch in the wild, and \"we can't just go out and find more fish to catch,\" says Carrie Brownstein, global seafood quality standards coordinator for Whole Foods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brownstein cites a \u003ca href=\"http://www.fao.org/docrep/016/i2727e/i2727e00.htm\" target=\"_blank\">2012 United Nations report\u003c/a> that warned that almost 30 percent of the world's wild fisheries are \"overexploited,\" and more than 57 percent of wild fisheries are \"at or very close\" to the limit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other groups have devised ranking systems for seafood. The Monterey Bay Aquarium labels products like a traffic light — green, yellow or red — to urge shoppers to buy or avoid a particular fish. The Blue Ocean Institute has a similar system. The MSC reports it has labeled roughly 8 percent of the global seafood catch, worth more than $3 billion. That makes it the most widespread and best-known rating scheme around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A recent survey of 3,000 Americans, conducted on behalf of NPR, suggests that a majority of consumers want to feel good about the seafood they buy. The poll by Truven Health Analytics found that almost 80 percent of the people who eat seafood regularly said it is \"important\" or \"very important\" that their seafood is sustainably caught.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If they buy MSC-labeled seafood, they may be paying a premium. Brownstein says Whole Foods charges more for some of its seafood labeled \"certified sustainable,\" although she wouldn't give numbers. Some fishing industry executives told NPR that they are getting roughly 10 percent more for their MSC-labeled products than for seafood that's not certified sustainable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's one reason why many environmentalists who supported the MSC in the past say you might be troubled to know what the MSC and supermarkets like Whole Foods are not telling you:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We would prefer they didn't use the word \u003cem>sustainable\u003c/em>,\" says Gerry Leape, an oceans specialist at the Pew Environment Group, one of the major foundations working on oceans policies. Leape has supported the MSC for more than a decade as a member of its advisory Stakeholder Council.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he and other critics say that the MSC system has been certifying some fisheries despite evidence that the target fish are in trouble, or that the fishing industry is harming the environment. And critics say the MSC system has certified other fisheries as sustainable even though there is not enough evidence to know how they are affecting the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a customer sees the MSC's sustainable label at the supermarket, \"the consumer looks at the fish and says, 'Oh, it has the label on it, it must be sustainable,' \" Leape says. \"And in some fisheries that the MSC has certified, that's not necessarily the case.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biologist Susanna Fuller, co-director of marine programs at Canada's Ecology Action Centre, agrees. \"We know ... that blue stamp doesn't mean that you're sustainable,\" she says. When asked if consumers should choose MSC-labeled seafood, Fuller pauses. \"It's a gamble,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, even the MSC's sharpest critics say they support the broad ideas behind the organization and its stated goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Originally I thought it was a good idea,\" says Jim Barnes, director of the Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition, a network of dozens of environmental groups around the world. \"The world needed something like this to help steer consumer decisions, and so I wasn't against it at all at the beginning. And I'm not totally against it now.\" But Barnes worries that the MSC is straying from its mission and needs a dramatic overhaul. \"It can be a force for good. If it continues on the path that it's on, however, and doesn't solve a lot of these issues that have been raised,\" he says, \"I don't think it will be.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Protecting The Oceans And The Bottom Line\u003cbr>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The MSC was born because of a crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Sutton, one of its founders, says that he and his colleagues dreamed up the idea after the cod industry collapsed off the Nova Scotia coast in 1992. Cod fishing had been the foundation of the region's economy and culture, worth an estimated $700 million each year. But when the cod population plunged to a fraction of previous levels, the Canadian government banned cod fishing — putting thousands of people out of work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56699\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 290px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/ruperthowes-MSC.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/ruperthowes-MSC-290x217.jpg\" alt='Rupert Howes is CEO of the Marine Stewardship Council. \"We want to see the global oceans transformed onto a sustainable basis,\" he tells NPR. Photo: Tim Lofthouse/Courtesy of the Marine Stewardship Council' width=\"290\" height=\"217\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-56699\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rupert Howes is CEO of the Marine Stewardship Council. \"We want to see the global oceans transformed onto a sustainable basis,\" he tells NPR. Photo: Tim Lofthouse/Courtesy of the Marine Stewardship Council\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"It was so bad in some of these coastal communities, the government had to send in suicide-prevention teams,\" recalls Sutton, who was then vice president of the World Wildlife Fund. \"We were not only trashing our marine environment, but we were ruining the character of coastal communities that had existed on fisheries for centuries,\" Sutton says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sutton and other environmental advocates, and many scientists, warned that the cod collapse taught the world a sobering lesson: Government agencies that were supposed to monitor and regulate fishing were often doing a lousy job. Cod weren't the only fish in trouble. Studies showed that populations of major species like swordfish, marlin and tuna were plunging too. \"So we needed to do something drastic,\" Sutton says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and colleagues decided to convince industry executives that protecting the oceans would also protect their bottom line. Sutton made a pilgrimage to the Unilever conglomerate, then one of the largest producers of frozen seafood — including fish sticks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My pitch to Unilever was, 'The future of their frozen fish business is at stake,' \" Sutton remembers. \"Overfishing is not only bad for the environment, but it's really bad for business, because it means that they're not going to have fish in the future the way they have them today.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unilever and the World Wildlife Fund joined hands in 1997, and set up the MSC. Unilever eventually sold its seafood subsidiary and left the program, but the founding partner left its mark: From the day the MSC opened its doors in London, it has been a balancing act between industry and the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the MSC has more than 100 employees worldwide, including about 60 at its headquarters in a renovated building down the street from St. Paul's Cathedral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"MSC has a global vision,\" says Rupert Howes, the organization's chief executive officer. \"We want to see the global oceans transformed onto a sustainable basis.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MSC's System Of Certification\u003cbr>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56701\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 218px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/swordfish.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/swordfish-218x290.jpg\" alt=\"Swordfish from Canada are marked with a label from the Marine Stewardship Council at a Whole Foods in Washington, D.C. The MSC says its label means the fish were caught by a sustainable fishery, but critics says it's not always so clear. Photo: Margot Williams/NPR\" width=\"218\" height=\"290\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-56701\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Swordfish from Canada are marked with a label from the Marine Stewardship Council at a Whole Foods in Washington, D.C. The MSC says its label means the fish were caught by a sustainable fishery, but critics says it's not always so clear. Photo: Margot Williams/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here's the MSC's basic idea: Executives of a growing number of food companies want to be \"green.\" Some genuinely want to protect the environment; others may be mainly seeking a marketing edge. But when it comes to seafood, those executives don't have the time or knowledge to figure out which fishing companies are plundering the ocean and which ones are doing a good job. So the MSC does the work for them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The MSC does not certify fisheries itself. Instead, a fishery that wants the label hires one of roughly a dozen commercial auditing companies to decide whether its practices comply with the MSC's definition of \"sustainable.\" The MSC's standard for sustainability includes dozens of items, but they're designed to assess whether the population of a fishery's target species is healthy; if the fishing practices don't cause serious harm to other life in the sea — including by accidentally catching other animals, which is called bycatch; and if the fishery has good management. If the commercial auditors give the fishery a passing score, then the fishery gets the right to use the blue \"Certified Sustainable Seafood\" label. It can be a long and expensive process. Some certifications have taken years, and the fisheries have paid the auditing firms up to $150,000 or more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Howes says that when a store sells MSC-certified seafood, the label announces to consumers, \"We care where our fish comes from.\" He adds that as a growing number of food companies sell MSC-labeled seafood, executives of fisheries that don't have it are motivated to join the program. That catalyzes \"real and lasting change in the way the oceans are fished,\" Howe says.\u003cstrong> \u003cbr>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the MSC's first decade, there wasn't much demand for sustainable seafood by the U.S. food industry, and the MSC \"almost went bankrupt,\" Sutton says. And that put the spotlight on the MSC's financial model.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The way that executives structured it, MSC's budget comes partly from foundation grants. But some revenue comes from the licensing fees that MSC charges businesses for the right to sell seafood with the MSC label. So as long as many supermarket chains were not promoting it, the MSC wasn't getting much money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, in 2006, everything changed. The MSC and its supporters had sent a series of delegations to Bentonville, Ark., world headquarters of Wal-Mart. The delegations helped convince Wal-Mart executives to promise that all the seafood they sell in the U.S. would be MSC-certified by 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We had to get Wal-Mart,\" Sutton says. \"The significance of their commitment, of course, is that once Wal-Mart made a commitment to the Marine Stewardship Council, every other major retailer had to follow suit, because none of them wanted to be less progressive than Wal-Mart.\" Sure enough, other discount chains promised to go sustainable, too. \"Overnight, the demand far outstripped the supply,\" says Sutton, \"and so the suppliers had to catch up.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since Wal-Mart made its pledge in 2006, the MSC system has certified seven times as many fisheries as it did during the same period before, according to NPR's analysis. Still, the MSC system has not been able to certify enough seafood for Wal-Mart to meet its 2012 deadline, according to Bob Fields, a senior buyer for Wal-Mart and Sam's Club.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The explosion in sales of MSC-labeled products at leading chain stores has transformed the organization's finances. The year that Wal-Mart pledged to promote MSC-labeled seafood, the MSC received most of its income from foundation grants — 75 percent, according to the MSC annual report. Meanwhile, it received only 7 percent of its income from label licensing fees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, those licensing fees generate more than half of the MSC's revenue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And since Wal-Mart executives embraced sustainable seafood, the MSC has also received millions of dollars in grant money from the Walton Family Foundation, which was created by Wal-Mart's founder and is governed by his descendants. The Walton Family Foundation has become one of the MSC's largest donors, according to financial reports. The director of the foundation's environment programs, Scott Burns, served on the MSC's board of directors before he went to Walton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56698\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/fisheries-certifications.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/fisheries-certifications.jpg\" alt=\" Source: Marine Stewardship Council documents, NPR research Credit: Matt Stiles, Margot Williams\" width=\"800\" height=\"352\" class=\"size-full wp-image-56698\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Source: Marine Stewardship Council documents, NPR research\u003cbr>Credit: Matt Stiles, Margot Williams\u003cbr>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Critics say that the day Wal-Mart embraced sustainable seafood, it was a blessing for the MSC system — and a curse. The critics charge that the MSC system has compromised its standards to keep up with the booming demand from Wal-Mart and other chains that followed suit. Fuller, of the Ecology Action Centre, says she has watched the MSC system \"struggling with meeting the demands of the system that they helped create ... They have ended up having to lower the bar.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When ocean specialist Daniel Pauly, a fisheries professor at the University of British Columbia, talks about the MSC today, he sounds dispirited. Pauly took part in early meetings in London that helped create the MSC and now says he has lost faith in the system. \"The MSC is doing the business of the business community,\" Pauly says, not the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56695\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 624px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/blueshark-bottom.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/blueshark-bottom.jpg\" alt=\"Capt. Art Gaeten holds a blue shark caught off the coast of Nova Scotia during a research outing. Studies show that 35 percent of sharks caught by swordfish boats die either on the hook or within days of release. Photo: Dean Casavechia for NPR\" width=\"624\" height=\"416\" class=\"size-full wp-image-56695\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Capt. Art Gaeten holds a blue shark caught off the coast of Nova Scotia during a research outing. Studies show that 35 percent of sharks caught by swordfish boats die either on the hook or within days of release. Photo: Dean Casavechia for NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Balancing 'Sustainable' Swordfish With At-Risk Sharks\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>Some environmentalists and scientists say if you want to understand why they're losing faith in the MSC, look at the battle over certifying Canadian swordfish. Next time you buy swordfish at a store like Whole Foods, it might come from a controversial fishery off the coast of Nova Scotia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fishermen have known for ages that when they go swordfishing in some parts of the Atlantic, they will accidentally catch sharks — lots of sharks, says Steve Campana, who runs the Canadian government's Shark Research Laboratory, near Halifax, Nova Scotia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56700\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 290px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/stevecampana-CSRL.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/stevecampana-CSRL-290x193.jpg\" alt=\"Steve Campana runs the Canadian Shark Research Laboratory. He works to tag sharks with satellite transmitters to find out how long they survive after being caught and released. Photo: Dean Casavechia for NPR\" width=\"290\" height=\"193\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-56700\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Steve Campana runs the Canadian Shark Research Laboratory. He works to tag sharks with satellite transmitters to find out how long they survive after being caught and released. Photo: Dean Casavechia for NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When NPR caught up with Campana one morning, he and his research crew were heading into the Atlantic on a 34-foot trawler, the Dig It. They were planning to attach sophisticated satellite transmitters to blue sharks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"On average, from what we've seen over the years, the swordfishermen catch about five blue sharks for every one swordfish,\" Campana said, holding onto a metal strut as the Dig It bounced through the waves. Add it up, \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinebiodiversity.ca/shark/english/document/campana%20et%20al%202011%20shark%20discard%20Res%20Doc.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">studies suggest\u003c/a>, and Canada's long-line swordfish boats — so named because they typically let out 30 or 40 miles of fishing line, dangling more than 1,000 hooks — accidentally catch tens of thousands of sharks every year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This touches on one of MSC's three fundamental rules, even though studies show swordfish are plentiful. The second rule says that a fishery is not sustainable if it does not maintain \"the integrity of ecosystems\" — which means, in part, that it's not sustainable if there is too much bycatch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada, which is funded and appointed by the Canadian government, has warned that the main kinds of sharks that swordfishermen accidentally catch are \"threatened\" or \"endangered\" or \"of special concern.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swordfishermen generally release the sharks. But there had been few studies on what happens to those sharks after fishermen let them off the hooks — until Campana and his colleagues came along. About six years ago, they started tagging sharks with satellite transmitters before fishermen set them free.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56696\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 749px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/blueshark-satellite.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/blueshark-satellite.jpg\" alt=\"Shark charter operator Art Gaeten (right) and recreational shark fisherman Shawn Knowles struggle to hold a blue shark in position while shark biologist Anna Dorey attaches a satellite tag to its back. Researchers say about five blue sharks are caught for every one swordfish. Scientists are trying to determine what happens to the sharks after they are released. Photo: Dean Casavechia for NPR\" width=\"749\" height=\"500\" class=\"size-full wp-image-56696\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shark charter operator Art Gaeten (right) and recreational shark fisherman Shawn Knowles struggle to hold a blue shark in position while shark biologist Anna Dorey attaches a satellite tag to its back. Researchers say about five blue sharks are caught for every one swordfish. Scientists are trying to determine what happens to the sharks after they are released.\u003cbr> Photo: Dean Casavechia for NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>During one outing, the crew showed how they do it: They snagged a 5-foot blue shark on a hook baited with mackerel, reeled it in, and then pinned the thrashing shark against the boat's broad, flat railing. They jabbed a satellite transmitter, which looks like a turkey baster with a barb on one end, into the shark's leathery skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then they let the shark go, the transmitter protruding like an unsightly growth. The device is equipped with a computer chip that records data every 10 seconds, including where the shark goes, how deep it goes, and how long it stays there. After about 10 months, the tube pops off the shark and floats to the surface, beaming all the information via satellite to Campana. When the transmitter shows that a shark went to the deepest part of the sea and just stayed there, Campana knows when and where the shark died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Campana and his colleagues published some of their first findings based on these studies in July 2009, in the journal \u003cem>Marine Ecology Progress Series.\u003c/em> Their studies showed that up to 35 percent of the sharks caught by swordfish boats die, either right on the hook or within days after the fishermen set them free. The \u003ca href=\"http://dev.atlanticsharks.biology.dal.ca/papers/campana%20et%20al%202009.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">findings\u003c/a> suggested that Canadian swordfish boats accidentally kill almost two sharks for every swordfish they catch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Campana says that when you put these findings in context, it is troubling. Other studies suggest that the populations of major kinds of sharks in the North Atlantic have plunged as much as 40 to 60 percent in just the past few decades. \"Any time you see consistent declines like that, and the fact that all of these large sharks seem to have declined all over the world,\" Campana says, \"it's just a worrisome pattern.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The president of Canada's swordfish industry, the Nova Scotia Swordsfishermen's Association, dismisses Campana's conclusions. Campana's report on shark deaths could not have come at a worse time for Canada's swordfish industry. Only months before the report was published, the association, which catches most of Canada's commercial swordfish, had applied to the MSC for certification. The industry sells much of its swordfish to Whole Foods and other stores in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those conclusions \"were not close to what the industry felt was reality,\" Troy Atkinson, president of the association, says while sitting in his store, crammed with giant spools of plastic fishing line and boxes of heavy metal hooks. He runs the main business that supplies equipment to Canada's swordfishing fleet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're sometimes portrayed as a bunch of cowboys out to harvest the last buffalo,\" he says. \"We're portrayed as some of the worst in the world. And it's just not correct.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Atkinson cites reports by other researchers that conclude that the population of blue sharks off the coast of Canada is healthy – especially \u003ca href=\"http://www.iccat.es/Documents/Meetings/Docs/SCRC2011-Report-ENG.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">reports\u003c/a> by the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT), which represents dozens of governments whose nations fish the Atlantic. So, Atkinson says, Canada's swordfishermen could catch and kill even more sharks without hurting the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other studies suggest the evidence is contradictory, and that scientists don't know for sure what is happening to sharks across the Atlantic. For example, the optimistic ICCAT researchers whom Atkinson cites acknowledge that their conclusions are \"highly uncertain\" because they're based on unproven assumptions and incomplete data. However, studies showing that blue sharks have sharply declined focus on a limited region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So scientists and environmentalists were dumbfounded in early 2012 when the MSC system decided that Canada's swordfish industry can use the label \"Certified Sustainable Seafood.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That is absolutely the kind of fishery that should not be certified,\" says Leape of Pew Environment Group. \"That fishery is outrageous.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Certifying Canadian swordfish \"is the worst thing they can do, says Fuller, of the Ecology Action Centre. \"That is not at all the way it should go.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Program Based On 'Science And Evidence'\u003cbr>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Ecology Action Centre and dozens of other environmental groups denounced the MSC. The groups said in a letter to the MSC system that roughly 10 percent of Canada's swordfish are caught with harpoons — a method environmentalists support because there is hardly any bycatch. But the long-line boats that supply most of the swordfish catch a \"staggering\" number of sharks, as the environmentalists put it. \"Certifying [Canada's long-line swordfish boats] compromises the credibility of the MSC,\" the groups warned, \"and the sustainable seafood movement as a whole.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Howes, from the MSC, disagrees. He says the controversy over Canadian swordfish \"illustrates a key feature of the MSC program, which is the fact that the program is premised on science and evidence. That fishery has met the MSC standard.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The analysts who evaluated the fishery for the MSC system agreed that the swordfish boats do kill large numbers of sharks. They acknowledged that the optimistic studies on sharks that the swordfish industry cites are uncertain, but they concluded that the weight of evidence suggests it is \"highly likely\" there are plenty of blue sharks left in the sea. The analysts also stressed that, by all accounts, other countries kill far more sharks than Canada's swordfishermen do. So, they said, Canada causes only a small part of the bycatch problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We are not saying that shark bycatch doesn't matter,\" says Howes. \"What we're saying implicit within the labeling of that fishery is, the shark bycatch of that unique individual certified fishery is safe. It's within ecological limits.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barnes, of the Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition, says the controversy over Canadian swordfish illustrates why the booming demand for sustainable seafood actually threatens to hurt the movement more than help it. \"The bottom line is that there are not enough truly sustainable fisheries on the earth to sustain the demand,\" Barnes says. \"The retailers and wholesalers all want access to this kind of label because they're trying to ... make money with their consumers. There's nothing wrong with that; that's how the world works.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Barnes charges that the MSC is labeling some fisheries as sustainable — even when they are not — partly to fill the seafood counters at Wal-Mart and other large chains. \"I'm not down on Wal-Mart at all, don't get me wrong,\" he says. \"But to get on line with big chains as your goal leads you down a path that I don't think the originators of the MSC intended.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Howes could hardly disagree more. \"If you really want to contribute to the transformation of our economic systems more generally, you've got to engage with the big guys. And therefore, I absolutely welcome Wal-Mart's commitment,\" he says. \"That will drive change.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Howes continues: \"Will that overload the MSC system? No.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He argues that there's no way the MSC could label problem fisheries sustainable just to satisfy demand, because, he says, the certifiers evaluate each fishery based only on scientific evidence. But he adds, \"We want to see oceans fished sustainably forever. We're not going to achieve that by becoming a small niche organization that engages with a handful of perfect fisheries.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Researcher Barbara Van Woerkom contributed to this story.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cstrong>Web Resources\u003c/strong>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional studies and information on sustainable fishing and labeling.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.msc.org/\">The Marine Stewardship Council\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://oceanrep.geomar.de/14215/\">Evaluation And Legal Assessment Of Certified Seafood\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0043765\">Reliable Information on Fish Stock Health to Seafood Consumers\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://scientiamarina.revistas.csic.es/index.php/scientiamarina/article/viewArticle/1055\">Beyond Duplicity And Ignorance In Global Fisheries\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.fni.no/publ/marine.html#msc\">The Emergence and Effectiveness of the Marine Stewardship Council\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Industry demand for the \"sustainable seafood\" label, issued by the Marine Stewardship Council, is increasing. But some environmentalists fear fisheries are being certified despite evidence showing that the fish population is in trouble — or when there's not enough information to know the impact on the oceans.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56694\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 624px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/blue-shark.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/blue-shark.jpg\" alt=\"Capt. Art Gaeten holds a blue shark that was caught during a research trip in Nova Scotia. Scientists are studying the impact of swordfish fishing methods on the shark population. Photo: Dean Casavechia for NPR\" width=\"624\" height=\"416\" class=\"size-full wp-image-56694\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Capt. Art Gaeten holds a blue shark that was caught during a research trip in Nova Scotia. Scientists are studying the impact of swordfish fishing methods on the shark population. Photo: Dean Casavechia for NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Listen to the Story on \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2013/02/11/171376509/is-sustainable-labeled-seafood-really-sustainable\">All Things Considered:\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/4173096/daniel-zwerdling\">Daniel Zwerdling\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/139449124/margot-williams\">Margot Williams\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2013/02/11/171376509/is-sustainable-labeled-seafood-really-sustainable\">NPR Special Series\u003c/a> (2/11/13)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Part one of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/series/171717418/the-meaning-of-sustainable-labeled-seafood\">three-part series\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rebecca Weel pushes a baby stroller with her 18-month-old up to the seafood case at Whole Foods, near ground zero in New York. As she peers at shiny fillets of salmon, halibut and Chilean sea bass labeled \"certified sustainable,\" Weel believes that if she purchases this seafood, she will help protect the world's oceans from overfishing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some leading environmentalists have a different take: Consumers like Weel are being misled by a global program that amounts to \"greenwashing\" — a strategy that makes consumers think they are protecting the planet, when actually they are not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Whole Foods, the seafood counter displays blue labels from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.msc.org/\">Marine Stewardship Council\u003c/a> (MSC), an international, nonprofit organization. The MSC is a prime example of an economic trend: Private groups, not the government, are telling consumers what is good or bad for the environment. The MSC says its label guarantees that the wild seafood was caught using methods that do not deplete the natural supply. It also guarantees that fishing companies do not cause serious harm to other life in the sea, from coral to dolphins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is spreading fast throughout the food industry. Megachains like Target, Costco and Kroger are selling seafood with the MSC label. McDonald's says you are munching on \"certified sustainable\" \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=058E2W21Wl0\" target=\"_blank\">wild Alaskan pollock\u003c/a> every time you eat a Filet-O-Fish sandwich. The fast-food company has used MSC-certified fish since 2007 in the U.S., and as of February, they are putting the MSC logo on their fish sandwich boxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56697\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 256px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/fish-poll.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/fish-poll.jpg\" alt=\"Poll results from a recent survey of 3,000 Americans, conducted on behalf of NPR, by Truven Health Analytics. Questions were asked — in general — about sustainable seafood and labeling. Source: Truven Health Analytics-NPR Health Poll; margin of error +/- 1.8 percentage points Credit: Matt Stiles\" width=\"256\" height=\"643\" class=\"size-full wp-image-56697\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Poll results from a recent survey of 3,000 Americans, conducted on behalf of NPR, by Truven Health Analytics. Questions were asked — in general — about sustainable seafood and labeling.\u003cbr>Source: Truven Health Analytics-NPR Health Poll; margin of error +/- 1.8 percentage points\u003cbr>Credit: Matt Stiles\u003cbr>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Consumers like Weel say the labels help them feel better about the products they buy. \"I want to feel that I'm doing the right thing,\" says Weel, a pediatrician, as her 4 1/2-year-old daughter bolts into the vegetable aisle in neon-colored boots. When Weel shops for seafood, she says, she wants to make choices \"that will help preserve the wild fish populations in the oceans.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Executives at Whole Foods say they are helping consumers do exactly that, by pledging in recent years to sell as many MSC-certified products as possible. Seafood is the last major food that people catch in the wild, and \"we can't just go out and find more fish to catch,\" says Carrie Brownstein, global seafood quality standards coordinator for Whole Foods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brownstein cites a \u003ca href=\"http://www.fao.org/docrep/016/i2727e/i2727e00.htm\" target=\"_blank\">2012 United Nations report\u003c/a> that warned that almost 30 percent of the world's wild fisheries are \"overexploited,\" and more than 57 percent of wild fisheries are \"at or very close\" to the limit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other groups have devised ranking systems for seafood. The Monterey Bay Aquarium labels products like a traffic light — green, yellow or red — to urge shoppers to buy or avoid a particular fish. The Blue Ocean Institute has a similar system. The MSC reports it has labeled roughly 8 percent of the global seafood catch, worth more than $3 billion. That makes it the most widespread and best-known rating scheme around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A recent survey of 3,000 Americans, conducted on behalf of NPR, suggests that a majority of consumers want to feel good about the seafood they buy. The poll by Truven Health Analytics found that almost 80 percent of the people who eat seafood regularly said it is \"important\" or \"very important\" that their seafood is sustainably caught.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If they buy MSC-labeled seafood, they may be paying a premium. Brownstein says Whole Foods charges more for some of its seafood labeled \"certified sustainable,\" although she wouldn't give numbers. Some fishing industry executives told NPR that they are getting roughly 10 percent more for their MSC-labeled products than for seafood that's not certified sustainable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's one reason why many environmentalists who supported the MSC in the past say you might be troubled to know what the MSC and supermarkets like Whole Foods are not telling you:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We would prefer they didn't use the word \u003cem>sustainable\u003c/em>,\" says Gerry Leape, an oceans specialist at the Pew Environment Group, one of the major foundations working on oceans policies. Leape has supported the MSC for more than a decade as a member of its advisory Stakeholder Council.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he and other critics say that the MSC system has been certifying some fisheries despite evidence that the target fish are in trouble, or that the fishing industry is harming the environment. And critics say the MSC system has certified other fisheries as sustainable even though there is not enough evidence to know how they are affecting the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a customer sees the MSC's sustainable label at the supermarket, \"the consumer looks at the fish and says, 'Oh, it has the label on it, it must be sustainable,' \" Leape says. \"And in some fisheries that the MSC has certified, that's not necessarily the case.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biologist Susanna Fuller, co-director of marine programs at Canada's Ecology Action Centre, agrees. \"We know ... that blue stamp doesn't mean that you're sustainable,\" she says. When asked if consumers should choose MSC-labeled seafood, Fuller pauses. \"It's a gamble,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, even the MSC's sharpest critics say they support the broad ideas behind the organization and its stated goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Originally I thought it was a good idea,\" says Jim Barnes, director of the Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition, a network of dozens of environmental groups around the world. \"The world needed something like this to help steer consumer decisions, and so I wasn't against it at all at the beginning. And I'm not totally against it now.\" But Barnes worries that the MSC is straying from its mission and needs a dramatic overhaul. \"It can be a force for good. If it continues on the path that it's on, however, and doesn't solve a lot of these issues that have been raised,\" he says, \"I don't think it will be.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Protecting The Oceans And The Bottom Line\u003cbr>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The MSC was born because of a crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Sutton, one of its founders, says that he and his colleagues dreamed up the idea after the cod industry collapsed off the Nova Scotia coast in 1992. Cod fishing had been the foundation of the region's economy and culture, worth an estimated $700 million each year. But when the cod population plunged to a fraction of previous levels, the Canadian government banned cod fishing — putting thousands of people out of work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56699\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 290px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/ruperthowes-MSC.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/ruperthowes-MSC-290x217.jpg\" alt='Rupert Howes is CEO of the Marine Stewardship Council. \"We want to see the global oceans transformed onto a sustainable basis,\" he tells NPR. Photo: Tim Lofthouse/Courtesy of the Marine Stewardship Council' width=\"290\" height=\"217\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-56699\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rupert Howes is CEO of the Marine Stewardship Council. \"We want to see the global oceans transformed onto a sustainable basis,\" he tells NPR. Photo: Tim Lofthouse/Courtesy of the Marine Stewardship Council\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"It was so bad in some of these coastal communities, the government had to send in suicide-prevention teams,\" recalls Sutton, who was then vice president of the World Wildlife Fund. \"We were not only trashing our marine environment, but we were ruining the character of coastal communities that had existed on fisheries for centuries,\" Sutton says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sutton and other environmental advocates, and many scientists, warned that the cod collapse taught the world a sobering lesson: Government agencies that were supposed to monitor and regulate fishing were often doing a lousy job. Cod weren't the only fish in trouble. Studies showed that populations of major species like swordfish, marlin and tuna were plunging too. \"So we needed to do something drastic,\" Sutton says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and colleagues decided to convince industry executives that protecting the oceans would also protect their bottom line. Sutton made a pilgrimage to the Unilever conglomerate, then one of the largest producers of frozen seafood — including fish sticks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My pitch to Unilever was, 'The future of their frozen fish business is at stake,' \" Sutton remembers. \"Overfishing is not only bad for the environment, but it's really bad for business, because it means that they're not going to have fish in the future the way they have them today.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unilever and the World Wildlife Fund joined hands in 1997, and set up the MSC. Unilever eventually sold its seafood subsidiary and left the program, but the founding partner left its mark: From the day the MSC opened its doors in London, it has been a balancing act between industry and the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the MSC has more than 100 employees worldwide, including about 60 at its headquarters in a renovated building down the street from St. Paul's Cathedral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"MSC has a global vision,\" says Rupert Howes, the organization's chief executive officer. \"We want to see the global oceans transformed onto a sustainable basis.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MSC's System Of Certification\u003cbr>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56701\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 218px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/swordfish.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/swordfish-218x290.jpg\" alt=\"Swordfish from Canada are marked with a label from the Marine Stewardship Council at a Whole Foods in Washington, D.C. The MSC says its label means the fish were caught by a sustainable fishery, but critics says it's not always so clear. Photo: Margot Williams/NPR\" width=\"218\" height=\"290\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-56701\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Swordfish from Canada are marked with a label from the Marine Stewardship Council at a Whole Foods in Washington, D.C. The MSC says its label means the fish were caught by a sustainable fishery, but critics says it's not always so clear. Photo: Margot Williams/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here's the MSC's basic idea: Executives of a growing number of food companies want to be \"green.\" Some genuinely want to protect the environment; others may be mainly seeking a marketing edge. But when it comes to seafood, those executives don't have the time or knowledge to figure out which fishing companies are plundering the ocean and which ones are doing a good job. So the MSC does the work for them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The MSC does not certify fisheries itself. Instead, a fishery that wants the label hires one of roughly a dozen commercial auditing companies to decide whether its practices comply with the MSC's definition of \"sustainable.\" The MSC's standard for sustainability includes dozens of items, but they're designed to assess whether the population of a fishery's target species is healthy; if the fishing practices don't cause serious harm to other life in the sea — including by accidentally catching other animals, which is called bycatch; and if the fishery has good management. If the commercial auditors give the fishery a passing score, then the fishery gets the right to use the blue \"Certified Sustainable Seafood\" label. It can be a long and expensive process. Some certifications have taken years, and the fisheries have paid the auditing firms up to $150,000 or more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Howes says that when a store sells MSC-certified seafood, the label announces to consumers, \"We care where our fish comes from.\" He adds that as a growing number of food companies sell MSC-labeled seafood, executives of fisheries that don't have it are motivated to join the program. That catalyzes \"real and lasting change in the way the oceans are fished,\" Howe says.\u003cstrong> \u003cbr>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the MSC's first decade, there wasn't much demand for sustainable seafood by the U.S. food industry, and the MSC \"almost went bankrupt,\" Sutton says. And that put the spotlight on the MSC's financial model.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The way that executives structured it, MSC's budget comes partly from foundation grants. But some revenue comes from the licensing fees that MSC charges businesses for the right to sell seafood with the MSC label. So as long as many supermarket chains were not promoting it, the MSC wasn't getting much money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, in 2006, everything changed. The MSC and its supporters had sent a series of delegations to Bentonville, Ark., world headquarters of Wal-Mart. The delegations helped convince Wal-Mart executives to promise that all the seafood they sell in the U.S. would be MSC-certified by 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We had to get Wal-Mart,\" Sutton says. \"The significance of their commitment, of course, is that once Wal-Mart made a commitment to the Marine Stewardship Council, every other major retailer had to follow suit, because none of them wanted to be less progressive than Wal-Mart.\" Sure enough, other discount chains promised to go sustainable, too. \"Overnight, the demand far outstripped the supply,\" says Sutton, \"and so the suppliers had to catch up.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since Wal-Mart made its pledge in 2006, the MSC system has certified seven times as many fisheries as it did during the same period before, according to NPR's analysis. Still, the MSC system has not been able to certify enough seafood for Wal-Mart to meet its 2012 deadline, according to Bob Fields, a senior buyer for Wal-Mart and Sam's Club.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The explosion in sales of MSC-labeled products at leading chain stores has transformed the organization's finances. The year that Wal-Mart pledged to promote MSC-labeled seafood, the MSC received most of its income from foundation grants — 75 percent, according to the MSC annual report. Meanwhile, it received only 7 percent of its income from label licensing fees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, those licensing fees generate more than half of the MSC's revenue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And since Wal-Mart executives embraced sustainable seafood, the MSC has also received millions of dollars in grant money from the Walton Family Foundation, which was created by Wal-Mart's founder and is governed by his descendants. The Walton Family Foundation has become one of the MSC's largest donors, according to financial reports. The director of the foundation's environment programs, Scott Burns, served on the MSC's board of directors before he went to Walton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56698\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/fisheries-certifications.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/fisheries-certifications.jpg\" alt=\" Source: Marine Stewardship Council documents, NPR research Credit: Matt Stiles, Margot Williams\" width=\"800\" height=\"352\" class=\"size-full wp-image-56698\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Source: Marine Stewardship Council documents, NPR research\u003cbr>Credit: Matt Stiles, Margot Williams\u003cbr>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Critics say that the day Wal-Mart embraced sustainable seafood, it was a blessing for the MSC system — and a curse. The critics charge that the MSC system has compromised its standards to keep up with the booming demand from Wal-Mart and other chains that followed suit. Fuller, of the Ecology Action Centre, says she has watched the MSC system \"struggling with meeting the demands of the system that they helped create ... They have ended up having to lower the bar.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When ocean specialist Daniel Pauly, a fisheries professor at the University of British Columbia, talks about the MSC today, he sounds dispirited. Pauly took part in early meetings in London that helped create the MSC and now says he has lost faith in the system. \"The MSC is doing the business of the business community,\" Pauly says, not the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56695\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 624px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/blueshark-bottom.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/blueshark-bottom.jpg\" alt=\"Capt. Art Gaeten holds a blue shark caught off the coast of Nova Scotia during a research outing. Studies show that 35 percent of sharks caught by swordfish boats die either on the hook or within days of release. Photo: Dean Casavechia for NPR\" width=\"624\" height=\"416\" class=\"size-full wp-image-56695\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Capt. Art Gaeten holds a blue shark caught off the coast of Nova Scotia during a research outing. Studies show that 35 percent of sharks caught by swordfish boats die either on the hook or within days of release. Photo: Dean Casavechia for NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Balancing 'Sustainable' Swordfish With At-Risk Sharks\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>Some environmentalists and scientists say if you want to understand why they're losing faith in the MSC, look at the battle over certifying Canadian swordfish. Next time you buy swordfish at a store like Whole Foods, it might come from a controversial fishery off the coast of Nova Scotia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fishermen have known for ages that when they go swordfishing in some parts of the Atlantic, they will accidentally catch sharks — lots of sharks, says Steve Campana, who runs the Canadian government's Shark Research Laboratory, near Halifax, Nova Scotia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56700\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 290px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/stevecampana-CSRL.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/stevecampana-CSRL-290x193.jpg\" alt=\"Steve Campana runs the Canadian Shark Research Laboratory. He works to tag sharks with satellite transmitters to find out how long they survive after being caught and released. Photo: Dean Casavechia for NPR\" width=\"290\" height=\"193\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-56700\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Steve Campana runs the Canadian Shark Research Laboratory. He works to tag sharks with satellite transmitters to find out how long they survive after being caught and released. Photo: Dean Casavechia for NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When NPR caught up with Campana one morning, he and his research crew were heading into the Atlantic on a 34-foot trawler, the Dig It. They were planning to attach sophisticated satellite transmitters to blue sharks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"On average, from what we've seen over the years, the swordfishermen catch about five blue sharks for every one swordfish,\" Campana said, holding onto a metal strut as the Dig It bounced through the waves. Add it up, \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinebiodiversity.ca/shark/english/document/campana%20et%20al%202011%20shark%20discard%20Res%20Doc.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">studies suggest\u003c/a>, and Canada's long-line swordfish boats — so named because they typically let out 30 or 40 miles of fishing line, dangling more than 1,000 hooks — accidentally catch tens of thousands of sharks every year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This touches on one of MSC's three fundamental rules, even though studies show swordfish are plentiful. The second rule says that a fishery is not sustainable if it does not maintain \"the integrity of ecosystems\" — which means, in part, that it's not sustainable if there is too much bycatch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada, which is funded and appointed by the Canadian government, has warned that the main kinds of sharks that swordfishermen accidentally catch are \"threatened\" or \"endangered\" or \"of special concern.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swordfishermen generally release the sharks. But there had been few studies on what happens to those sharks after fishermen let them off the hooks — until Campana and his colleagues came along. About six years ago, they started tagging sharks with satellite transmitters before fishermen set them free.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56696\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 749px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/blueshark-satellite.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/blueshark-satellite.jpg\" alt=\"Shark charter operator Art Gaeten (right) and recreational shark fisherman Shawn Knowles struggle to hold a blue shark in position while shark biologist Anna Dorey attaches a satellite tag to its back. Researchers say about five blue sharks are caught for every one swordfish. Scientists are trying to determine what happens to the sharks after they are released. Photo: Dean Casavechia for NPR\" width=\"749\" height=\"500\" class=\"size-full wp-image-56696\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shark charter operator Art Gaeten (right) and recreational shark fisherman Shawn Knowles struggle to hold a blue shark in position while shark biologist Anna Dorey attaches a satellite tag to its back. Researchers say about five blue sharks are caught for every one swordfish. Scientists are trying to determine what happens to the sharks after they are released.\u003cbr> Photo: Dean Casavechia for NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>During one outing, the crew showed how they do it: They snagged a 5-foot blue shark on a hook baited with mackerel, reeled it in, and then pinned the thrashing shark against the boat's broad, flat railing. They jabbed a satellite transmitter, which looks like a turkey baster with a barb on one end, into the shark's leathery skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then they let the shark go, the transmitter protruding like an unsightly growth. The device is equipped with a computer chip that records data every 10 seconds, including where the shark goes, how deep it goes, and how long it stays there. After about 10 months, the tube pops off the shark and floats to the surface, beaming all the information via satellite to Campana. When the transmitter shows that a shark went to the deepest part of the sea and just stayed there, Campana knows when and where the shark died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Campana and his colleagues published some of their first findings based on these studies in July 2009, in the journal \u003cem>Marine Ecology Progress Series.\u003c/em> Their studies showed that up to 35 percent of the sharks caught by swordfish boats die, either right on the hook or within days after the fishermen set them free. The \u003ca href=\"http://dev.atlanticsharks.biology.dal.ca/papers/campana%20et%20al%202009.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">findings\u003c/a> suggested that Canadian swordfish boats accidentally kill almost two sharks for every swordfish they catch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Campana says that when you put these findings in context, it is troubling. Other studies suggest that the populations of major kinds of sharks in the North Atlantic have plunged as much as 40 to 60 percent in just the past few decades. \"Any time you see consistent declines like that, and the fact that all of these large sharks seem to have declined all over the world,\" Campana says, \"it's just a worrisome pattern.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The president of Canada's swordfish industry, the Nova Scotia Swordsfishermen's Association, dismisses Campana's conclusions. Campana's report on shark deaths could not have come at a worse time for Canada's swordfish industry. Only months before the report was published, the association, which catches most of Canada's commercial swordfish, had applied to the MSC for certification. The industry sells much of its swordfish to Whole Foods and other stores in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those conclusions \"were not close to what the industry felt was reality,\" Troy Atkinson, president of the association, says while sitting in his store, crammed with giant spools of plastic fishing line and boxes of heavy metal hooks. He runs the main business that supplies equipment to Canada's swordfishing fleet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're sometimes portrayed as a bunch of cowboys out to harvest the last buffalo,\" he says. \"We're portrayed as some of the worst in the world. And it's just not correct.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Atkinson cites reports by other researchers that conclude that the population of blue sharks off the coast of Canada is healthy – especially \u003ca href=\"http://www.iccat.es/Documents/Meetings/Docs/SCRC2011-Report-ENG.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">reports\u003c/a> by the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT), which represents dozens of governments whose nations fish the Atlantic. So, Atkinson says, Canada's swordfishermen could catch and kill even more sharks without hurting the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other studies suggest the evidence is contradictory, and that scientists don't know for sure what is happening to sharks across the Atlantic. For example, the optimistic ICCAT researchers whom Atkinson cites acknowledge that their conclusions are \"highly uncertain\" because they're based on unproven assumptions and incomplete data. However, studies showing that blue sharks have sharply declined focus on a limited region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So scientists and environmentalists were dumbfounded in early 2012 when the MSC system decided that Canada's swordfish industry can use the label \"Certified Sustainable Seafood.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That is absolutely the kind of fishery that should not be certified,\" says Leape of Pew Environment Group. \"That fishery is outrageous.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Certifying Canadian swordfish \"is the worst thing they can do, says Fuller, of the Ecology Action Centre. \"That is not at all the way it should go.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Program Based On 'Science And Evidence'\u003cbr>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Ecology Action Centre and dozens of other environmental groups denounced the MSC. The groups said in a letter to the MSC system that roughly 10 percent of Canada's swordfish are caught with harpoons — a method environmentalists support because there is hardly any bycatch. But the long-line boats that supply most of the swordfish catch a \"staggering\" number of sharks, as the environmentalists put it. \"Certifying [Canada's long-line swordfish boats] compromises the credibility of the MSC,\" the groups warned, \"and the sustainable seafood movement as a whole.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Howes, from the MSC, disagrees. He says the controversy over Canadian swordfish \"illustrates a key feature of the MSC program, which is the fact that the program is premised on science and evidence. That fishery has met the MSC standard.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The analysts who evaluated the fishery for the MSC system agreed that the swordfish boats do kill large numbers of sharks. They acknowledged that the optimistic studies on sharks that the swordfish industry cites are uncertain, but they concluded that the weight of evidence suggests it is \"highly likely\" there are plenty of blue sharks left in the sea. The analysts also stressed that, by all accounts, other countries kill far more sharks than Canada's swordfishermen do. So, they said, Canada causes only a small part of the bycatch problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We are not saying that shark bycatch doesn't matter,\" says Howes. \"What we're saying implicit within the labeling of that fishery is, the shark bycatch of that unique individual certified fishery is safe. It's within ecological limits.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barnes, of the Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition, says the controversy over Canadian swordfish illustrates why the booming demand for sustainable seafood actually threatens to hurt the movement more than help it. \"The bottom line is that there are not enough truly sustainable fisheries on the earth to sustain the demand,\" Barnes says. \"The retailers and wholesalers all want access to this kind of label because they're trying to ... make money with their consumers. There's nothing wrong with that; that's how the world works.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Barnes charges that the MSC is labeling some fisheries as sustainable — even when they are not — partly to fill the seafood counters at Wal-Mart and other large chains. \"I'm not down on Wal-Mart at all, don't get me wrong,\" he says. \"But to get on line with big chains as your goal leads you down a path that I don't think the originators of the MSC intended.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Howes could hardly disagree more. \"If you really want to contribute to the transformation of our economic systems more generally, you've got to engage with the big guys. And therefore, I absolutely welcome Wal-Mart's commitment,\" he says. \"That will drive change.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Howes continues: \"Will that overload the MSC system? No.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He argues that there's no way the MSC could label problem fisheries sustainable just to satisfy demand, because, he says, the certifiers evaluate each fishery based only on scientific evidence. But he adds, \"We want to see oceans fished sustainably forever. We're not going to achieve that by becoming a small niche organization that engages with a handful of perfect fisheries.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Researcher Barbara Van Woerkom contributed to this story.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cstrong>Web Resources\u003c/strong>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional studies and information on sustainable fishing and labeling.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.msc.org/\">The Marine Stewardship Council\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://oceanrep.geomar.de/14215/\">Evaluation And Legal Assessment Of Certified Seafood\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0043765\">Reliable Information on Fish Stock Health to Seafood Consumers\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://scientiamarina.revistas.csic.es/index.php/scientiamarina/article/viewArticle/1055\">Beyond Duplicity And Ignorance In Global Fisheries\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.fni.no/publ/marine.html#msc\">The Emergence and Effectiveness of the Marine Stewardship Council\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "New Hampshire Cuts Red Tape To Put Nanobreweries On Tap ",
"title": "New Hampshire Cuts Red Tape To Put Nanobreweries On Tap ",
"headTitle": "Bay Area Bites | KQED Food",
"content": "\u003cp>Listen to the Story on \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/02/06/170479311/new-hampshire-cuts-red-tape-to-put-nanobreweries-on-tap\">Morning Edition:\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n [audio src=\"http://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2013/01/20130130_atc_15.mp3\"] \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56106\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 624px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/beer-nicole_carrier.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/beer-nicole_carrier.jpg\" alt=\"Throwback Brewery co-owner Nicole Carrier and assistant brewer Chris Naro pour beer for customers at their North Hampton, N.H., taproom. Photo: Emily Corwin/NHPR\" width=\"624\" height=\"467\" class=\"size-full wp-image-56106\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Throwback Brewery co-owner Nicole Carrier and assistant brewer Chris Naro pour beer for customers at their North Hampton, N.H., taproom. Photo: Emily Corwin/NHPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Post by Emily Corwin, from \u003ca href=\"http://www.nhpr.org/\">NHPR\u003c/a> on The Salt at NPR Food (2/6/13)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As beer drinkers demand increasingly obscure beers with ingredients like jalapenos or rhubarb, smaller and smaller breweries are stepping up to the plate. New Hampshire is one state helping these brewery startups get off the ground, with new laws that make it easier for small-scale breweries to obtain licenses and distribute their craft beers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among those benefiting: Nicole Carrier and her partner, Annette Lee, of North Hampton, N.H. A year and half ago, they were just enthusiastic home brewers. Now, they spend much of their time rinsing equipment and mixing ingredients at their brewery, \u003ca href=\"http://throwbackbrewery.com/\">Throwback\u003c/a>. As in, a throwback to the days when communities were smaller, and all food was local food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carrier still works for IBM, while Lee left her job as an engineer to start the brewery. With two full-time employees, Carrier and Lee produce 360 gallons of beer a week. That's about what bigger craft breweries \u003cem>throw away.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Annette is an engineer by her background, and we call it a 'Frankenbrewery' because we've found different pieces and she sort of engineered them together,\" Carrier says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 100 of these so-called \u003ca href=\"http://hessbrewing.blogspot.com/2009/11/nanobreweries-in-usa.html\">nanobreweries\u003c/a> have sprouted up across the country. But in many places, starting one can involve a lot of red tape, thanks in part to Prohibition-era liquor laws. New Hampshire is the first state to try to change that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite pushback from \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2012/12/22/166493220/the-bitter-tale-of-the-budweiser-family\">big beverage manufacturers like Anheuser-Busch\u003c/a>, the state has begun lowering the barrier to entry for people like Carrier and Lee. Today, seven nanobreweries are open in New Hampshire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These tiny breweries are proliferating, but they may be hard to sustain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The thing about nanobreweries that's always a challenge is they run out of products,\" says Tom Brock Jr., who buys beer for an upscale national grocery franchise and stocks Throwback at his New Hampshire stores. He finds small breweries unreliable and worries the novelty that makes them trendy may ultimately make them unsustainable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A lot of folks will look at nanobreweries, and they're like, 'Well, I had all their lineup, and I'm going to go on to something new,' \" Brock says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If they're going stick around, he says, good nanobreweries may not stay \"nano\" for long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it's true that Carrier and Lee at Throwback will be moving to a bigger facility soon. But selling as much beer as possible to as many people as possible? That's just not their style. Carrier and Lee buy most of their ingredients within a 200-mile radius of coastal New Hampshire, and they want to limit their sales to within that radius, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So if a lot of people around here are that thirsty, we'll get past a nanobrewery, but no, you won't find us in California, or even New York,\" Carrier says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throwback Brewery is in a warehouse park, far from any downtown. That doesn't stop five or six people from coming in to try a Chipotle Porter or Fennel Flower Stout on a Tuesday evening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \"It is really neat to be able to support the local farmers and keep business in New Hampshire, or local, within a couple states here,\" says customer John Straw, who buys a glass of beer and a jug to go every week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carrier says that while the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/now/shows/344/locavore.html\">locavore\u003c/a> mission is probably good for business, she hopes the beer will speak for itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And next on the docket for Carrier and Lee? Opening a \"Beer and Breakfast\" on their farm across the street.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://stateimpact.npr.org/new-hampshire/author/ecorwin/\">Emily Corwin\u003c/a>\u003cem> is a reporter for \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://stateimpact.npr.org/new-hampshire/\">StateImpact New Hampshire\u003c/a>.\u003cem> StateImpact is a collaboration between NPR and member stations examining the effect of state policy on people's lives.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.nhpr.org/\">New Hampshire Public Radio\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Small, local breweries are trendy, but in many places, starting one can involve a lot of red tape, thanks in part to Prohibition-era liquor laws. New Hampshire is the first state to try to change that. But is the \"nano\" model really sustainable?",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56106\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 624px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/beer-nicole_carrier.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/beer-nicole_carrier.jpg\" alt=\"Throwback Brewery co-owner Nicole Carrier and assistant brewer Chris Naro pour beer for customers at their North Hampton, N.H., taproom. Photo: Emily Corwin/NHPR\" width=\"624\" height=\"467\" class=\"size-full wp-image-56106\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Throwback Brewery co-owner Nicole Carrier and assistant brewer Chris Naro pour beer for customers at their North Hampton, N.H., taproom. Photo: Emily Corwin/NHPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Post by Emily Corwin, from \u003ca href=\"http://www.nhpr.org/\">NHPR\u003c/a> on The Salt at NPR Food (2/6/13)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As beer drinkers demand increasingly obscure beers with ingredients like jalapenos or rhubarb, smaller and smaller breweries are stepping up to the plate. New Hampshire is one state helping these brewery startups get off the ground, with new laws that make it easier for small-scale breweries to obtain licenses and distribute their craft beers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among those benefiting: Nicole Carrier and her partner, Annette Lee, of North Hampton, N.H. A year and half ago, they were just enthusiastic home brewers. Now, they spend much of their time rinsing equipment and mixing ingredients at their brewery, \u003ca href=\"http://throwbackbrewery.com/\">Throwback\u003c/a>. As in, a throwback to the days when communities were smaller, and all food was local food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carrier still works for IBM, while Lee left her job as an engineer to start the brewery. With two full-time employees, Carrier and Lee produce 360 gallons of beer a week. That's about what bigger craft breweries \u003cem>throw away.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Annette is an engineer by her background, and we call it a 'Frankenbrewery' because we've found different pieces and she sort of engineered them together,\" Carrier says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 100 of these so-called \u003ca href=\"http://hessbrewing.blogspot.com/2009/11/nanobreweries-in-usa.html\">nanobreweries\u003c/a> have sprouted up across the country. But in many places, starting one can involve a lot of red tape, thanks in part to Prohibition-era liquor laws. New Hampshire is the first state to try to change that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite pushback from \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2012/12/22/166493220/the-bitter-tale-of-the-budweiser-family\">big beverage manufacturers like Anheuser-Busch\u003c/a>, the state has begun lowering the barrier to entry for people like Carrier and Lee. Today, seven nanobreweries are open in New Hampshire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These tiny breweries are proliferating, but they may be hard to sustain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The thing about nanobreweries that's always a challenge is they run out of products,\" says Tom Brock Jr., who buys beer for an upscale national grocery franchise and stocks Throwback at his New Hampshire stores. He finds small breweries unreliable and worries the novelty that makes them trendy may ultimately make them unsustainable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A lot of folks will look at nanobreweries, and they're like, 'Well, I had all their lineup, and I'm going to go on to something new,' \" Brock says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If they're going stick around, he says, good nanobreweries may not stay \"nano\" for long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it's true that Carrier and Lee at Throwback will be moving to a bigger facility soon. But selling as much beer as possible to as many people as possible? That's just not their style. Carrier and Lee buy most of their ingredients within a 200-mile radius of coastal New Hampshire, and they want to limit their sales to within that radius, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So if a lot of people around here are that thirsty, we'll get past a nanobrewery, but no, you won't find us in California, or even New York,\" Carrier says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throwback Brewery is in a warehouse park, far from any downtown. That doesn't stop five or six people from coming in to try a Chipotle Porter or Fennel Flower Stout on a Tuesday evening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \"It is really neat to be able to support the local farmers and keep business in New Hampshire, or local, within a couple states here,\" says customer John Straw, who buys a glass of beer and a jug to go every week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carrier says that while the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/now/shows/344/locavore.html\">locavore\u003c/a> mission is probably good for business, she hopes the beer will speak for itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And next on the docket for Carrier and Lee? Opening a \"Beer and Breakfast\" on their farm across the street.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://stateimpact.npr.org/new-hampshire/author/ecorwin/\">Emily Corwin\u003c/a>\u003cem> is a reporter for \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://stateimpact.npr.org/new-hampshire/\">StateImpact New Hampshire\u003c/a>.\u003cem> StateImpact is a collaboration between NPR and member stations examining the effect of state policy on people's lives.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.nhpr.org/\">New Hampshire Public Radio\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"order": 1
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
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"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"meta": {
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
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"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
"subscribe": {
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"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"
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},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/money/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/M4f5",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Business--Economics-Podcasts/Planet-Money-p164680/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"
}
},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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