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"disqusTitle": "Spies In The Field: As Farming Goes High-Tech, Espionage Threat Grows",
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"content": "\u003cp>As a group of visiting scientists prepared to board a plane in Hawaii that would take them back home to China, U.S. customs agents found rice seeds in their luggage. Those seeds are likely to land at least one scientist in federal prison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Agriculture today is a high-tech business, but as that technology has developed, so has the temptation to take shortcuts and steal trade secrets that could unlock huge profits. The FBI \u003ca href=\"https://ucr.fbi.gov/investigate/counterintelligence/agricultural-economic-espionage-brochure\">calls agricultural economic espionage \"a growing threat\"\u003c/a> and some are worried that biotech piracy can spell big trouble for a dynamic and growing U.S. industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crime In The Lab\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the western outskirts of Junction City, Kan., just off of Interstate 70, sits an unassuming industrial building. The white lettering on the blue sign out front reads \"Ventria Bioscience,\" and driving by, it is hard to believe the nondescript building houses a cutting-edge research facility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists at Ventria have developed a way to genetically engineer rice so that it can be used to grow human proteins for medical uses. The process places a microscopic piece of synthetic DNA into the rice genome, which tells the growing plant to make the desired protein as it matures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ventria President and CEO Scott Deeter says the idea goes back 25 or 30 years, but his company was the first to commercialize it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_118007\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1998px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/060117_tradesecrets_deeter-6adf7ab82efe77a4cfed378936a4f714ccb22c3d.jpg\" alt=\"Scott Deeter, president and CEO of Ventria Bioscience, says that Chinese theft of his technology could have driven him out of business.\" width=\"1998\" height=\"1499\" class=\"size-full wp-image-118007\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/060117_tradesecrets_deeter-6adf7ab82efe77a4cfed378936a4f714ccb22c3d.jpg 1998w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/060117_tradesecrets_deeter-6adf7ab82efe77a4cfed378936a4f714ccb22c3d-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/060117_tradesecrets_deeter-6adf7ab82efe77a4cfed378936a4f714ccb22c3d-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/060117_tradesecrets_deeter-6adf7ab82efe77a4cfed378936a4f714ccb22c3d-768x576.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/060117_tradesecrets_deeter-6adf7ab82efe77a4cfed378936a4f714ccb22c3d-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/060117_tradesecrets_deeter-6adf7ab82efe77a4cfed378936a4f714ccb22c3d-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/060117_tradesecrets_deeter-6adf7ab82efe77a4cfed378936a4f714ccb22c3d-960x720.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/060117_tradesecrets_deeter-6adf7ab82efe77a4cfed378936a4f714ccb22c3d-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/060117_tradesecrets_deeter-6adf7ab82efe77a4cfed378936a4f714ccb22c3d-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/060117_tradesecrets_deeter-6adf7ab82efe77a4cfed378936a4f714ccb22c3d-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1998px) 100vw, 1998px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scott Deeter, president and CEO of Ventria Bioscience, says that Chinese theft of his technology could have driven him out of business. \u003ccite>(Bryan Thompson/Harvest Public Media)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"It's really been the dream of our industry for a long time,\" Deeter says. \"The challenge has really been that the yield of the target product in the plant material was never high enough to make it cost-effective.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company invested some $85 million in developing the technology, Deeter says, and he thinks it has the potential to generate upwards of $1 billion in annual revenue. But that potential could be undermined by foreign piracy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Former Ventria rice breeder Weiqiang Zhang is awaiting sentencing in federal court in Kansas City for conspiring to steal the company's trade secrets. He hosted the delegation of visiting scientists from a Chinese crops research institute in whose luggage authorities found the rice seeds in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Had they succeeded in stealing the gene-spliced rice, the scientists may have been able to reverse-engineer it and ultimately undercut Ventria's market. Deeter says it could have driven his company out of business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crime In The Field\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2011, a field manager for agribusiness giant Pioneer Hi-Bred International found a man on his knees in an Iowa field, digging up seed corn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was Mo Hailong—also known as Robert Mo—according to court documents. Hailong, who is originally from China, pleaded guilty in January 2016 to conspiring to steal trade secrets involving corn seed developed by Monsanto and Pioneer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jason Griess, the assistant U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of Iowa, says the investigation \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-china-seeds-idUSKCN0X80D6\">began as a simple matter\u003c/a> of a farmer being suspicious about something he saw and reporting it. Digging up seeds in an open field may be simple, but it is difficult to put a precise value on the loss in cases involving trade secrets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Without question, the value of the seed technology in our case was absolutely off the charts,\" Griess says. \"There's simply no disputing by anyone how valuable this is.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Intellectual property is often hard to protect, no matter what form it takes: films, books, consumer products. The technology used in our food system, however, presents a unique challenge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Where the commodity in question is grown in open fields, it's sometimes difficult,\" Griess says. \"And this case is a testament to that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The court cases in Kansas and Iowa are the only ones Griess is aware of that have been criminally prosecuted, but he says there have been a few other investigations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are countries in this world that are in dire need of this technology, and one of the ways you go about obtaining it is to steal it,\" Griess says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ties To China\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Theft of intellectual property costs the U.S. economy hundreds of billions each year, according to a recent report from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipcommission.org/index.html\">Commission on the Theft of American Intellectual Property\u003c/a>, a Washington D.C.-based ad-hoc panel formed to study \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipcommission.org/report/IP_Commission_Report_Update_2017.pdf\">intellectual property theft\u003c/a>. China, the authors say, is the biggest offender.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In the last five to seven years, the majority of the cases the government has brought have involved espionage by the Chinese,\" says Peter Toren, an intellectual property attorney in Washington, D.C. Toren was not involved in the IP Commission Report, but as a federal prosecutor in the Computer Crime and Intellectual Property Section of the Justice Department, he won one of the first cases ever prosecuted under the Economic Espionage Act of 1996.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It should come as no surprise, he says, that scientists in China would be interested in technology related to agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Whether it's in agriculture or any other field, they need access to the technology,\" Toren says. \"And, certainly, if you have 1.4 billion people, access to better seeds is something that you're going to be very interested in.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ventria's Scott Deeter hopes that China will crack down on these cases, and that scientists across the world will respect each other's innovations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think the world is better off with that, I mean you get more creativity,\" Deeter says. \"If you make creativity a commodity and something to be stolen, and don't respect it, you won't have very much. It will go away. And that's the risk.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, Deeter says his company has to continue to innovate in order to stay one step ahead of the thieves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003cem>This story comes to us from the \u003ca href=\"http://kcur.org/term/kansas-news-service#stream/0\">Kansas News Service\u003c/a>, a collaboration covering health, education and politics across the state. \u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2017 \u003ca href=\"http://www.kcur.org/\">KCUR 89.3\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Recent cases involving Chinese nationals conspiring to steal trade secrets — from gene-spliced rice to corn seed — have highlighted the risk of intellectual property theft from U.S. companies.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As a group of visiting scientists prepared to board a plane in Hawaii that would take them back home to China, U.S. customs agents found rice seeds in their luggage. Those seeds are likely to land at least one scientist in federal prison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Agriculture today is a high-tech business, but as that technology has developed, so has the temptation to take shortcuts and steal trade secrets that could unlock huge profits. The FBI \u003ca href=\"https://ucr.fbi.gov/investigate/counterintelligence/agricultural-economic-espionage-brochure\">calls agricultural economic espionage \"a growing threat\"\u003c/a> and some are worried that biotech piracy can spell big trouble for a dynamic and growing U.S. industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crime In The Lab\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the western outskirts of Junction City, Kan., just off of Interstate 70, sits an unassuming industrial building. The white lettering on the blue sign out front reads \"Ventria Bioscience,\" and driving by, it is hard to believe the nondescript building houses a cutting-edge research facility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists at Ventria have developed a way to genetically engineer rice so that it can be used to grow human proteins for medical uses. The process places a microscopic piece of synthetic DNA into the rice genome, which tells the growing plant to make the desired protein as it matures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ventria President and CEO Scott Deeter says the idea goes back 25 or 30 years, but his company was the first to commercialize it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_118007\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1998px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/060117_tradesecrets_deeter-6adf7ab82efe77a4cfed378936a4f714ccb22c3d.jpg\" alt=\"Scott Deeter, president and CEO of Ventria Bioscience, says that Chinese theft of his technology could have driven him out of business.\" width=\"1998\" height=\"1499\" class=\"size-full wp-image-118007\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/060117_tradesecrets_deeter-6adf7ab82efe77a4cfed378936a4f714ccb22c3d.jpg 1998w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/060117_tradesecrets_deeter-6adf7ab82efe77a4cfed378936a4f714ccb22c3d-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/060117_tradesecrets_deeter-6adf7ab82efe77a4cfed378936a4f714ccb22c3d-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/060117_tradesecrets_deeter-6adf7ab82efe77a4cfed378936a4f714ccb22c3d-768x576.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/060117_tradesecrets_deeter-6adf7ab82efe77a4cfed378936a4f714ccb22c3d-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/060117_tradesecrets_deeter-6adf7ab82efe77a4cfed378936a4f714ccb22c3d-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/060117_tradesecrets_deeter-6adf7ab82efe77a4cfed378936a4f714ccb22c3d-960x720.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/060117_tradesecrets_deeter-6adf7ab82efe77a4cfed378936a4f714ccb22c3d-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/060117_tradesecrets_deeter-6adf7ab82efe77a4cfed378936a4f714ccb22c3d-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/060117_tradesecrets_deeter-6adf7ab82efe77a4cfed378936a4f714ccb22c3d-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1998px) 100vw, 1998px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scott Deeter, president and CEO of Ventria Bioscience, says that Chinese theft of his technology could have driven him out of business. \u003ccite>(Bryan Thompson/Harvest Public Media)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"It's really been the dream of our industry for a long time,\" Deeter says. \"The challenge has really been that the yield of the target product in the plant material was never high enough to make it cost-effective.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company invested some $85 million in developing the technology, Deeter says, and he thinks it has the potential to generate upwards of $1 billion in annual revenue. But that potential could be undermined by foreign piracy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Former Ventria rice breeder Weiqiang Zhang is awaiting sentencing in federal court in Kansas City for conspiring to steal the company's trade secrets. He hosted the delegation of visiting scientists from a Chinese crops research institute in whose luggage authorities found the rice seeds in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Had they succeeded in stealing the gene-spliced rice, the scientists may have been able to reverse-engineer it and ultimately undercut Ventria's market. Deeter says it could have driven his company out of business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crime In The Field\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2011, a field manager for agribusiness giant Pioneer Hi-Bred International found a man on his knees in an Iowa field, digging up seed corn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was Mo Hailong—also known as Robert Mo—according to court documents. Hailong, who is originally from China, pleaded guilty in January 2016 to conspiring to steal trade secrets involving corn seed developed by Monsanto and Pioneer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jason Griess, the assistant U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of Iowa, says the investigation \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-china-seeds-idUSKCN0X80D6\">began as a simple matter\u003c/a> of a farmer being suspicious about something he saw and reporting it. Digging up seeds in an open field may be simple, but it is difficult to put a precise value on the loss in cases involving trade secrets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Without question, the value of the seed technology in our case was absolutely off the charts,\" Griess says. \"There's simply no disputing by anyone how valuable this is.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Intellectual property is often hard to protect, no matter what form it takes: films, books, consumer products. The technology used in our food system, however, presents a unique challenge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Where the commodity in question is grown in open fields, it's sometimes difficult,\" Griess says. \"And this case is a testament to that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The court cases in Kansas and Iowa are the only ones Griess is aware of that have been criminally prosecuted, but he says there have been a few other investigations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are countries in this world that are in dire need of this technology, and one of the ways you go about obtaining it is to steal it,\" Griess says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ties To China\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Theft of intellectual property costs the U.S. economy hundreds of billions each year, according to a recent report from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipcommission.org/index.html\">Commission on the Theft of American Intellectual Property\u003c/a>, a Washington D.C.-based ad-hoc panel formed to study \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipcommission.org/report/IP_Commission_Report_Update_2017.pdf\">intellectual property theft\u003c/a>. China, the authors say, is the biggest offender.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In the last five to seven years, the majority of the cases the government has brought have involved espionage by the Chinese,\" says Peter Toren, an intellectual property attorney in Washington, D.C. Toren was not involved in the IP Commission Report, but as a federal prosecutor in the Computer Crime and Intellectual Property Section of the Justice Department, he won one of the first cases ever prosecuted under the Economic Espionage Act of 1996.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It should come as no surprise, he says, that scientists in China would be interested in technology related to agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Whether it's in agriculture or any other field, they need access to the technology,\" Toren says. \"And, certainly, if you have 1.4 billion people, access to better seeds is something that you're going to be very interested in.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ventria's Scott Deeter hopes that China will crack down on these cases, and that scientists across the world will respect each other's innovations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think the world is better off with that, I mean you get more creativity,\" Deeter says. \"If you make creativity a commodity and something to be stolen, and don't respect it, you won't have very much. It will go away. And that's the risk.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, Deeter says his company has to continue to innovate in order to stay one step ahead of the thieves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003cem>This story comes to us from the \u003ca href=\"http://kcur.org/term/kansas-news-service#stream/0\">Kansas News Service\u003c/a>, a collaboration covering health, education and politics across the state. \u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2017 \u003ca href=\"http://www.kcur.org/\">KCUR 89.3\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>As farmer Jon McConaughy wades through his flock of 400 sheep, lambs bleat, seemingly saying \"maaaaa\" as they look for their mothers in the huge pasture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Between seven and 10 lambs a week is what we use,\" McConaughy says, looking across the field. \"That's what goes through the slaughterhouse.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McConaughy's Double Brook Farm has one of only two U.S. Department of Agriculture certified on-premises slaughter facilities in the country. That means that, instead of taking his animals to a large commercial slaughterhouse, he can slaughter his own pigs and lambs each week, all within the confines of the farm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When it comes time for them to be harvested, we walk them to the slaughterhouse. So they never get on a trailer, they never have to experience the stress that goes along with most slaughterhouses,\" McConaughy says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His livestock live their entire lives on this farm, from birth to harvest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Double Brook works to reduce the stress on its animals for a few reasons: McConaughy thinks the quality of the life of an animal is just as important as the quality of its death. And, secondly, stress can ruin meat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Stress hormones affect the acid levels, which affect the meat to the point in some cases where it's inedible,\" he explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On slaughter day, lambs and pigs are walked to the back of the slaughterhouse, which looks like a barn from the outside. The pigs grow up in the shadow of the building, and it's a short walk from their pasture to the holding pen. Then about 10 of each animal are selected for harvest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I would say that's probably the hardest thing for me, is that on that particular day, why are those the ones chosen?\" McConaughy says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last pig of the day is waiting in the holding pen, snorting and walking around the enclosure that held nine of its litter mates before. He has beady black eyes like marbles and is covered in dirt and coarse black hairs. Butchers herd him down a curved path into the slaughterhouse. Once inside, a gate is closed behind him and he stands in what's called the knock box.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The butchers pet the pig and talk to him, while another butcher prepares the captive bolt — a bullet that is shot into the pig's head to render it unconscious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In a commercial slaughterhouse, there is a pig every 15 to 20 seconds. We're watching the process right now and we have probably been sitting here for a minute and a half, watching this whole thing going on,\" McConaughy explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The butchers get the pig in place and the captive bolt fires with a loud crack. They open the gate and the pig falls to the floor. They take a knife and slice open its jugular vein, and the pig's blood spills out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The heart will continue to beat for another three or four minutes after the brain has been killed. And so the animal will continue to move and convulse,\" McConaughy says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pig twists and writhes in its own blood until it stops moving. The butchers, clad in heavy aprons and black rubber boots, lift the lifeless body into a metal machine, which boils its hair off. When the pig comes out it looks less like an animal and more like meat — its flesh is pink and clean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A butcher then pops the toenails off with a knife. Another takes a blowtorch to scorch the remainder of the hair. They saw into the breast plate until the bone cracks, and use a giant serrated knife to cut the head off. Chains jangle as they hoist the body to the ceiling. One butcher slices the stomach and the guts plop into a metal wheelbarrow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I happen to think that the slaughter process is something that most people should watch if they're going to eat animals, and if it turns them away from animals, then that's probably a good thing,\" McConaughy says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He thinks being exposed to the slaughter process helps people connect the meat on their plate to the animal it once was.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"One of the big differences with our kids versus other kids is that they very, very rarely waste anything,\" McConaughy says. \"They understand that these animals gave their lives for us.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Paige Pfleger reports for WHYY's health and science show,\u003c/em>\u003cem> \u003c/em>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://whyy.org/thepulse\">The Pulse\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003cem>This story originally appeared on an episode of its podcast called \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/the-pulse/id772127662?mt=2\">The Meat Show\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2017 \u003ca href=\"http://www.whyy.org\" target=\"_blank\">WHYY\u003c/a>, Inc.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Livestock farmer Jon McConaughy's animals live their whole lives on his farm - and die there, too, in his slaughterhouse. He tries to make the end as stress-free and respectful as he can, he says.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As farmer Jon McConaughy wades through his flock of 400 sheep, lambs bleat, seemingly saying \"maaaaa\" as they look for their mothers in the huge pasture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Between seven and 10 lambs a week is what we use,\" McConaughy says, looking across the field. \"That's what goes through the slaughterhouse.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McConaughy's Double Brook Farm has one of only two U.S. Department of Agriculture certified on-premises slaughter facilities in the country. That means that, instead of taking his animals to a large commercial slaughterhouse, he can slaughter his own pigs and lambs each week, all within the confines of the farm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When it comes time for them to be harvested, we walk them to the slaughterhouse. So they never get on a trailer, they never have to experience the stress that goes along with most slaughterhouses,\" McConaughy says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His livestock live their entire lives on this farm, from birth to harvest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Double Brook works to reduce the stress on its animals for a few reasons: McConaughy thinks the quality of the life of an animal is just as important as the quality of its death. And, secondly, stress can ruin meat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Stress hormones affect the acid levels, which affect the meat to the point in some cases where it's inedible,\" he explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On slaughter day, lambs and pigs are walked to the back of the slaughterhouse, which looks like a barn from the outside. The pigs grow up in the shadow of the building, and it's a short walk from their pasture to the holding pen. Then about 10 of each animal are selected for harvest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I would say that's probably the hardest thing for me, is that on that particular day, why are those the ones chosen?\" McConaughy says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last pig of the day is waiting in the holding pen, snorting and walking around the enclosure that held nine of its litter mates before. He has beady black eyes like marbles and is covered in dirt and coarse black hairs. Butchers herd him down a curved path into the slaughterhouse. Once inside, a gate is closed behind him and he stands in what's called the knock box.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The butchers pet the pig and talk to him, while another butcher prepares the captive bolt — a bullet that is shot into the pig's head to render it unconscious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In a commercial slaughterhouse, there is a pig every 15 to 20 seconds. We're watching the process right now and we have probably been sitting here for a minute and a half, watching this whole thing going on,\" McConaughy explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The butchers get the pig in place and the captive bolt fires with a loud crack. They open the gate and the pig falls to the floor. They take a knife and slice open its jugular vein, and the pig's blood spills out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The heart will continue to beat for another three or four minutes after the brain has been killed. And so the animal will continue to move and convulse,\" McConaughy says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pig twists and writhes in its own blood until it stops moving. The butchers, clad in heavy aprons and black rubber boots, lift the lifeless body into a metal machine, which boils its hair off. When the pig comes out it looks less like an animal and more like meat — its flesh is pink and clean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A butcher then pops the toenails off with a knife. Another takes a blowtorch to scorch the remainder of the hair. They saw into the breast plate until the bone cracks, and use a giant serrated knife to cut the head off. Chains jangle as they hoist the body to the ceiling. One butcher slices the stomach and the guts plop into a metal wheelbarrow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I happen to think that the slaughter process is something that most people should watch if they're going to eat animals, and if it turns them away from animals, then that's probably a good thing,\" McConaughy says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He thinks being exposed to the slaughter process helps people connect the meat on their plate to the animal it once was.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"One of the big differences with our kids versus other kids is that they very, very rarely waste anything,\" McConaughy says. \"They understand that these animals gave their lives for us.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Paige Pfleger reports for WHYY's health and science show,\u003c/em>\u003cem> \u003c/em>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://whyy.org/thepulse\">The Pulse\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003cem>This story originally appeared on an episode of its podcast called \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/the-pulse/id772127662?mt=2\">The Meat Show\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2017 \u003ca href=\"http://www.whyy.org\" target=\"_blank\">WHYY\u003c/a>, Inc.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Eat Less Meat: A Small Change with a Big Impact",
"title": "Eat Less Meat: A Small Change with a Big Impact",
"headTitle": "Bay Area Bites | KQED Food",
"content": "\u003cp>Industrial agriculture is reshaping the world, from our atmosphere to our dinner plates. Familiarize yourself with the current landscape: Meet your meats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-117917\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat1new-700px.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"2291\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat1new-700px.jpg 700w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat1new-700px-160x524.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat1new-700px-240x785.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat1new-700px-375x1227.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat1new-700px-520x1702.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-117918\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat2-700px.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"440\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat2-700px.jpg 700w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat2-700px-160x101.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat2-700px-240x151.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat2-700px-375x236.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat2-700px-520x327.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-117919\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat3-4-700px.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"876\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat3-4-700px.jpg 700w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat3-4-700px-160x200.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat3-4-700px-240x300.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat3-4-700px-375x469.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat3-4-700px-520x651.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-117920\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat5-700px.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"616\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat5-700px.jpg 700w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat5-700px-160x141.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat5-700px-240x211.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat5-700px-375x330.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat5-700px-520x458.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-117921\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat6-7-8-700px.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"1324\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat6-7-8-700px.jpg 700w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat6-7-8-700px-160x303.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat6-7-8-700px-240x454.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat6-7-8-700px-375x709.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat6-7-8-700px-520x984.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-117922\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat9-700px.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"663\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat9-700px.jpg 700w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat9-700px-160x152.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat9-700px-240x227.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat9-700px-375x355.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat9-700px-520x493.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-117923\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat10-700px.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"784\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat10-700px.jpg 700w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat10-700px-160x179.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat10-700px-240x269.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat10-700px-375x420.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat10-700px-520x582.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-117924\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat11.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"937\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-117925\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat12-13new-700px.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"1535\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat12-13new-700px.jpg 700w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat12-13new-700px-160x351.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat12-13new-700px-240x526.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat12-13new-700px-375x822.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat12-13new-700px-520x1140.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-117926\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat14-15-700px.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"1258\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat14-15-700px.jpg 700w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat14-15-700px-160x288.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat14-15-700px-240x431.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat14-15-700px-375x674.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat14-15-700px-520x935.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-117927\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat16-17new-700px.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"1644\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat16-17new-700px.jpg 700w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat16-17new-700px-160x376.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat16-17new-700px-240x564.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat16-17new-700px-375x881.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat16-17new-700px-520x1221.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-117928\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat18-700px.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"564\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat18-700px.jpg 700w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat18-700px-160x129.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat18-700px-240x193.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat18-700px-375x302.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat18-700px-520x419.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-117929\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat19new-700px.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"680\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat19new-700px.jpg 700w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat19new-700px-160x155.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat19new-700px-240x233.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat19new-700px-375x364.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat19new-700px-520x505.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat19new-700px-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat19new-700px-50x50.jpg 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-117930\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat20-700px.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"674\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat20-700px.jpg 700w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat20-700px-160x154.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat20-700px-240x231.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat20-700px-375x361.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat20-700px-520x501.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat20-700px-32x32.jpg 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>FURTHER READING AND DATA SOURCES\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nationalchickencouncil.org/about-the-industry/statistics/per-capita-consumption-of-poultry-and-livestock-1965-to-estimated-2012-in-pounds/\">American poultry and livestock consumption through history\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/less-beef-less-carbon-ip.pdf\">The Natural Resources Defense Council’s meat-eating study\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.worldwatch.org/node/6294\">The climate price of meat production\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://chartsbin.com/view/12730\">The growing demand for meat products worldwide\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.boell.de/sites/default/files/meat_atlas2014_kommentierbar.pdf\">The Meat Atlas 2014\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://data.oecd.org/agroutput/meat-consumption.htm\">OECD’s global per-capita meat consumption data\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/maps-and-graphics/world-according-to-meat-consumption/\">The Nation that Eats the Least Meat per Capita\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://factoryfarmmap.org/#animal:all;location:US;year:2012\">The concentration of animal agriculture in the U.S.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.thedodo.com/bigger-chickens-breed-select-754013461.html\">Average farmed chicken size\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.takepart.com/article/2015/10/13/china-meat-consumption\">The Chinese government’s unease over the country’s shifting meat-eating habits\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://fusion.net/story/317473/china-wants-to-cut-meat-eating-in-half/\">China wants to cut meat-eating in half\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/21/dining/beef-consumption-emissions.html\">The real reasons why Americans are cutting back on their meat consumption\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2016/02/26/465431695/eat-less-meat-were-told-but-americans-habits-are-slow-to-change\">Eat Less Meat, We’re Told. But Americans’ Habits Are Slow To Change\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.aspca.org/animal-protection/public-policy/ag-gag-legislation-state\">Ag-gag laws across the country\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.fao.org/soils-portal/soil-management/soil-carbon-sequestration/en/\">The largely untapped promise of carbon farming\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.marincarbonproject.org/carbon-farming/carbon-farm-plans\">Carbon Farm plans\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>And the bad news: \u003ca href=\"https://www.ers.usda.gov/amber-waves/2016/september/us-beef-and-pork-consumption-projected-to-rebound/\">American meat-eating is likely to rebound from its modest dip\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Industrial agriculture is reshaping the world, from our atmosphere to our dinner plates. Familiarize yourself with the current landscape: Meet your meats.\r\n\r\n",
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"description": "Industrial agriculture is reshaping the world, from our atmosphere to our dinner plates. Familiarize yourself with the current landscape: Meet your meats.\r\n\r\n",
"title": "Eat Less Meat: A Small Change with a Big Impact | KQED",
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"headline": "Eat Less Meat: A Small Change with a Big Impact",
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"nprByline": "\u003ca href=\"http://civileats.com/author/scagle/\">Susie Cagle\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/author/civileat/\">Civil Eats\u003c/a>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Industrial agriculture is reshaping the world, from our atmosphere to our dinner plates. Familiarize yourself with the current landscape: Meet your meats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-117917\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat1new-700px.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"2291\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat1new-700px.jpg 700w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat1new-700px-160x524.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat1new-700px-240x785.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat1new-700px-375x1227.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat1new-700px-520x1702.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-117918\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat2-700px.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"440\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat2-700px.jpg 700w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat2-700px-160x101.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat2-700px-240x151.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat2-700px-375x236.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat2-700px-520x327.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-117919\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat3-4-700px.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"876\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat3-4-700px.jpg 700w, 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class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-117922\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat9-700px.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"663\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat9-700px.jpg 700w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat9-700px-160x152.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat9-700px-240x227.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat9-700px-375x355.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat9-700px-520x493.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-117923\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat10-700px.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"784\" 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srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat12-13new-700px.jpg 700w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat12-13new-700px-160x351.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat12-13new-700px-240x526.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat12-13new-700px-375x822.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat12-13new-700px-520x1140.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-117926\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat14-15-700px.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"1258\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat14-15-700px.jpg 700w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat14-15-700px-160x288.jpg 160w, 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https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat16-17new-700px-520x1221.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-117928\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat18-700px.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"564\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat18-700px.jpg 700w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat18-700px-160x129.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat18-700px-240x193.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat18-700px-375x302.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat18-700px-520x419.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-117929\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat19new-700px.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"680\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat19new-700px.jpg 700w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat19new-700px-160x155.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat19new-700px-240x233.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat19new-700px-375x364.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat19new-700px-520x505.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat19new-700px-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat19new-700px-50x50.jpg 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-117930\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat20-700px.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"674\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat20-700px.jpg 700w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat20-700px-160x154.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat20-700px-240x231.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat20-700px-375x361.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat20-700px-520x501.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/Cagle_CivilEats_meat20-700px-32x32.jpg 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>FURTHER READING AND DATA SOURCES\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nationalchickencouncil.org/about-the-industry/statistics/per-capita-consumption-of-poultry-and-livestock-1965-to-estimated-2012-in-pounds/\">American poultry and livestock consumption through history\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/less-beef-less-carbon-ip.pdf\">The Natural Resources Defense Council’s meat-eating study\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.worldwatch.org/node/6294\">The climate price of meat production\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://chartsbin.com/view/12730\">The growing demand for meat products worldwide\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.boell.de/sites/default/files/meat_atlas2014_kommentierbar.pdf\">The Meat Atlas 2014\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://data.oecd.org/agroutput/meat-consumption.htm\">OECD’s global per-capita meat consumption data\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/maps-and-graphics/world-according-to-meat-consumption/\">The Nation that Eats the Least Meat per Capita\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://factoryfarmmap.org/#animal:all;location:US;year:2012\">The concentration of animal agriculture in the U.S.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.thedodo.com/bigger-chickens-breed-select-754013461.html\">Average farmed chicken size\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.takepart.com/article/2015/10/13/china-meat-consumption\">The Chinese government’s unease over the country’s shifting meat-eating habits\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://fusion.net/story/317473/china-wants-to-cut-meat-eating-in-half/\">China wants to cut meat-eating in half\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/21/dining/beef-consumption-emissions.html\">The real reasons why Americans are cutting back on their meat consumption\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2016/02/26/465431695/eat-less-meat-were-told-but-americans-habits-are-slow-to-change\">Eat Less Meat, We’re Told. But Americans’ Habits Are Slow To Change\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.aspca.org/animal-protection/public-policy/ag-gag-legislation-state\">Ag-gag laws across the country\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.fao.org/soils-portal/soil-management/soil-carbon-sequestration/en/\">The largely untapped promise of carbon farming\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.marincarbonproject.org/carbon-farming/carbon-farm-plans\">Carbon Farm plans\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>And the bad news: \u003ca href=\"https://www.ers.usda.gov/amber-waves/2016/september/us-beef-and-pork-consumption-projected-to-rebound/\">American meat-eating is likely to rebound from its modest dip\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "How New Roots Are Driving An Apple Renaissance",
"title": "How New Roots Are Driving An Apple Renaissance",
"headTitle": "Bay Area Bites | KQED Food",
"content": "\u003cp>\"That's the old industry,\" Tom Auvil tells me, nodding toward an apple orchard that we're driving past. We're near Wenatchee, Wash., which calls itself the Apple Capital of the World. Auvil grew up in the apple business, and until recently, he was a horticulturist for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.treefruitresearch.com/\">Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trees do look old, but that's not what Auvil is getting at. He's talking about their size and shape. They're large and round, far enough apart to let their branches spread. In the fall, workers will have to climb ladders to pick their fruit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_117858\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5331_custom-3ff9c9862c41e411b7d90c938fdd5c01f58dc664.jpg\" alt=\"An old-style apple orchard near Malaga, Wash.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1332\" class=\"size-full wp-image-117858\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5331_custom-3ff9c9862c41e411b7d90c938fdd5c01f58dc664.jpg 2000w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5331_custom-3ff9c9862c41e411b7d90c938fdd5c01f58dc664-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5331_custom-3ff9c9862c41e411b7d90c938fdd5c01f58dc664-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5331_custom-3ff9c9862c41e411b7d90c938fdd5c01f58dc664-768x511.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5331_custom-3ff9c9862c41e411b7d90c938fdd5c01f58dc664-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5331_custom-3ff9c9862c41e411b7d90c938fdd5c01f58dc664-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5331_custom-3ff9c9862c41e411b7d90c938fdd5c01f58dc664-960x639.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5331_custom-3ff9c9862c41e411b7d90c938fdd5c01f58dc664-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5331_custom-3ff9c9862c41e411b7d90c938fdd5c01f58dc664-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5331_custom-3ff9c9862c41e411b7d90c938fdd5c01f58dc664-520x346.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An old-style apple orchard near Malaga, Wash. \u003ccite>(Dan Charles/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That's the image of the old apple industry: stately rows of Red Delicious and Golden Delicious apples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But here is what the new apple industry looks like. This orchard looks more like a vineyard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_117859\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5062_custom-e4c0e20a70bb460c63286bcdc40809572ed092e3.jpg\" alt=\"Dwarf trees aren't strong enough on their own to support a load of fruit. They're held erect by a trellis system of poles and wires.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1332\" class=\"size-full wp-image-117859\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5062_custom-e4c0e20a70bb460c63286bcdc40809572ed092e3.jpg 2000w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5062_custom-e4c0e20a70bb460c63286bcdc40809572ed092e3-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5062_custom-e4c0e20a70bb460c63286bcdc40809572ed092e3-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5062_custom-e4c0e20a70bb460c63286bcdc40809572ed092e3-768x511.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5062_custom-e4c0e20a70bb460c63286bcdc40809572ed092e3-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5062_custom-e4c0e20a70bb460c63286bcdc40809572ed092e3-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5062_custom-e4c0e20a70bb460c63286bcdc40809572ed092e3-960x639.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5062_custom-e4c0e20a70bb460c63286bcdc40809572ed092e3-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5062_custom-e4c0e20a70bb460c63286bcdc40809572ed092e3-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5062_custom-e4c0e20a70bb460c63286bcdc40809572ed092e3-520x346.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dwarf trees aren't strong enough on their own to support a load of fruit. They're held erect by a trellis system of poles and wires. \u003ccite>(Dan Charles/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These trees are young, so they're tiny. But they'll never get very big. They're packed closely together, thousands of them on a single acre. Each tree is supported by poles or wires. Workers can harvest the apples while standing on platforms that roll slowly past the row of trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The source of this transformation is something that we can't even see: the roots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Commercial apple trees, you see, don't grow from seeds. They're spliced together from two different sources. To create a new Honeycrisp or Fuji tree, you have to cut a small branch, or just a bud, from a parent tree of that variety. This branch needs roots to survive and grow, so you have to graft that branch onto the root from some other apple tree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each new tree that goes into an orchard has a tag that identifies both parts of the tree: the variety of the buds, in this case Cosmic Crisp, and the variety of the \"rootstock,\" in this case a line of roots known as M.9.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_117860\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5229_custom-2d449d1c2d8373c6af9fa2d4391340200c0688d3.jpg\" alt=\"This new Cosmic Crisp tree at Willow Drive Nursery, in Ephrata, Wash., relies on a rootstock called M9-337.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1332\" class=\"size-full wp-image-117860\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5229_custom-2d449d1c2d8373c6af9fa2d4391340200c0688d3.jpg 2000w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5229_custom-2d449d1c2d8373c6af9fa2d4391340200c0688d3-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5229_custom-2d449d1c2d8373c6af9fa2d4391340200c0688d3-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5229_custom-2d449d1c2d8373c6af9fa2d4391340200c0688d3-768x511.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5229_custom-2d449d1c2d8373c6af9fa2d4391340200c0688d3-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5229_custom-2d449d1c2d8373c6af9fa2d4391340200c0688d3-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5229_custom-2d449d1c2d8373c6af9fa2d4391340200c0688d3-960x639.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5229_custom-2d449d1c2d8373c6af9fa2d4391340200c0688d3-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5229_custom-2d449d1c2d8373c6af9fa2d4391340200c0688d3-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5229_custom-2d449d1c2d8373c6af9fa2d4391340200c0688d3-520x346.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This new Cosmic Crisp tree at Willow Drive Nursery, in Ephrata, Wash., relies on a rootstock called M9-337. \u003ccite>(Dan Charles/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the old days, most tree nurseries in the United States didn't really care what roots they used. They'd just grow seedlings from random apple seeds and use them as their \"rootstock.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seedling roots were genetically diverse, which meant that each tree in the orchard was slightly different from its neighbor, and the apple grower had to prune each one with individual care. \"It took an artistic eye to figure out how to grow a tree large enough and in a productive enough form,\" says Auvil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trees in new-style orchards, though, are grafted onto the roots of \"dwarf\" trees. And that rootstock revolution \"was a massive switch,\" says Kate Evans, who manages apple breeding at Washington State University. \"\"That dwarfing rootstock enabled this more intensive production system that we have. As we move forward, it means that we can move into having orchards where our fruit is much more uniform, we're not having problems of managing a big three-dimensional canopy, we can move forward with mechanization, we can lose ladders, which are dangerous.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Washington, dwarfing rootstocks transformed the state's apple industry, starting in the 1970s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_117861\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5103_custom-b6da310edfef5d31c6990886916382be33677adc.jpg\" alt=\"A modern orchard near Wenatchee, Wash. The trees in the foreground have just been planted. In the background, an orchard of young trees.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1332\" class=\"size-full wp-image-117861\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5103_custom-b6da310edfef5d31c6990886916382be33677adc.jpg 2000w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5103_custom-b6da310edfef5d31c6990886916382be33677adc-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5103_custom-b6da310edfef5d31c6990886916382be33677adc-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5103_custom-b6da310edfef5d31c6990886916382be33677adc-768x511.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5103_custom-b6da310edfef5d31c6990886916382be33677adc-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5103_custom-b6da310edfef5d31c6990886916382be33677adc-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5103_custom-b6da310edfef5d31c6990886916382be33677adc-960x639.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5103_custom-b6da310edfef5d31c6990886916382be33677adc-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5103_custom-b6da310edfef5d31c6990886916382be33677adc-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5103_custom-b6da310edfef5d31c6990886916382be33677adc-520x346.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A modern orchard near Wenatchee, Wash. The trees in the foreground have just been planted. In the background, an orchard of young trees. \u003ccite>(Dan Charles/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now a second wave in that rootstock revolution is underway. Because the first wave was built on a startling vulnerability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was based on just a handful of dwarfing rootstocks, known as \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.emr.ac.uk/projects/rootstock-research-east-malling-history/\">Malling\u003c/a>\" rootstocks because they were selected at a research center in East Malling, England. In fact, for decades, a single type of dwarfing roots dominated the industry — that one called M.9, or Malling 9. \"Up to 2013, M.9 was the global standard for dwarf rootstock production around the world,\" says Auvil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This meant that any weakness in Malling 9, any vulnerability to disease, made much of the world's apple production vulnerable as well. And M.9 did have vulnerabilities — to a disease called fire blight, for instance, as well as to diseases caused by soil fungi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few foresighted apple breeders at Cornell University and the U.S. Department of Agriculture's research station in Geneva, N.Y., came riding to the rescue. In the 1970s, two of them, James Cummins and Herbert Aldwinckle, started \u003ca href=\"http://www.nationalgeographic.com/people-and-culture/food/the-plate/2016/october/to-combat-disease--apples-return-to-their-roots/\">looking\u003c/a> for other, hardier, dwarf trees that also could serve as rootstocks. They \u003ca href=\"https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/80600500/gennaro/generaldescriptionofthegenevabreedingprogram.pdf\">tested\u003c/a> seedlings that were grown from the seeds of wild apple trees that collectors brought back from the apple's ancestral homeland of central Asia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They basically tried to kill every seedling,\" says Auvil. \"They would flood these trays of seedlings with a cocktail of fungal diseases to see if they could kill them with root rots. And then they'd take the survivors and inoculate them with fire blight.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took decades, and the researchers who started this effort have since retired, but a USDA plant breeder named Gennaro Fazio has carried on their work. In recent years, he has tested and released a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ctl.cornell.edu/plants/GENEVA-Apple-Rootstocks-Comparison-Chart.pdf\">series\u003c/a> of new dwarfing rootstocks, known as the Geneva rootstocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These Geneva rootstocks have become the first choice for apple growers planting new orchards — especially when they're replanting, putting new trees into the same land where apple trees previously grew, because that soil usually is full of fungi that attack apple roots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geneva rootstocks are in short supply, though. Nurseries have to multiply their supply of them by cutting pieces of the roots and replanting them, just as they have to take cuttings of Honeycrisp branches in order to create new trees. It's a slow, laborious process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it's the future — and the present, as shown by this tag on a newly planted tree near Wenatchee. The roots of this tree, named G.41, are from Geneva.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_117862\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5031_custom-e863d9566bfdca08aa28df11f113487b3443f38c.jpg\" alt=\"A freshly planted Cosmic Crisp tree, grafted onto a Geneva 41 root.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1453\" class=\"size-full wp-image-117862\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5031_custom-e863d9566bfdca08aa28df11f113487b3443f38c.jpg 2000w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5031_custom-e863d9566bfdca08aa28df11f113487b3443f38c-160x116.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5031_custom-e863d9566bfdca08aa28df11f113487b3443f38c-800x581.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5031_custom-e863d9566bfdca08aa28df11f113487b3443f38c-768x558.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5031_custom-e863d9566bfdca08aa28df11f113487b3443f38c-1020x741.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5031_custom-e863d9566bfdca08aa28df11f113487b3443f38c-1180x857.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5031_custom-e863d9566bfdca08aa28df11f113487b3443f38c-960x697.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5031_custom-e863d9566bfdca08aa28df11f113487b3443f38c-240x174.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5031_custom-e863d9566bfdca08aa28df11f113487b3443f38c-375x272.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5031_custom-e863d9566bfdca08aa28df11f113487b3443f38c-520x378.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A freshly planted Cosmic Crisp tree, grafted onto a Geneva 41 root. \u003ccite>(Dan Charles/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2017 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The apple renaissance of recent years has given us new varieties of fruit. But that's only half of the story, and half of the tree. Another revolution is happening below ground, in the tree roots.",
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"description": "The apple renaissance of recent years has given us new varieties of fruit. But that's only half of the story, and half of the tree. Another revolution is happening below ground, in the tree roots.",
"title": "How New Roots Are Driving An Apple Renaissance | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\"That's the old industry,\" Tom Auvil tells me, nodding toward an apple orchard that we're driving past. We're near Wenatchee, Wash., which calls itself the Apple Capital of the World. Auvil grew up in the apple business, and until recently, he was a horticulturist for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.treefruitresearch.com/\">Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trees do look old, but that's not what Auvil is getting at. He's talking about their size and shape. They're large and round, far enough apart to let their branches spread. In the fall, workers will have to climb ladders to pick their fruit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_117858\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5331_custom-3ff9c9862c41e411b7d90c938fdd5c01f58dc664.jpg\" alt=\"An old-style apple orchard near Malaga, Wash.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1332\" class=\"size-full wp-image-117858\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5331_custom-3ff9c9862c41e411b7d90c938fdd5c01f58dc664.jpg 2000w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5331_custom-3ff9c9862c41e411b7d90c938fdd5c01f58dc664-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5331_custom-3ff9c9862c41e411b7d90c938fdd5c01f58dc664-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5331_custom-3ff9c9862c41e411b7d90c938fdd5c01f58dc664-768x511.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5331_custom-3ff9c9862c41e411b7d90c938fdd5c01f58dc664-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5331_custom-3ff9c9862c41e411b7d90c938fdd5c01f58dc664-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5331_custom-3ff9c9862c41e411b7d90c938fdd5c01f58dc664-960x639.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5331_custom-3ff9c9862c41e411b7d90c938fdd5c01f58dc664-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5331_custom-3ff9c9862c41e411b7d90c938fdd5c01f58dc664-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5331_custom-3ff9c9862c41e411b7d90c938fdd5c01f58dc664-520x346.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An old-style apple orchard near Malaga, Wash. \u003ccite>(Dan Charles/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That's the image of the old apple industry: stately rows of Red Delicious and Golden Delicious apples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But here is what the new apple industry looks like. This orchard looks more like a vineyard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_117859\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5062_custom-e4c0e20a70bb460c63286bcdc40809572ed092e3.jpg\" alt=\"Dwarf trees aren't strong enough on their own to support a load of fruit. They're held erect by a trellis system of poles and wires.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1332\" class=\"size-full wp-image-117859\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5062_custom-e4c0e20a70bb460c63286bcdc40809572ed092e3.jpg 2000w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5062_custom-e4c0e20a70bb460c63286bcdc40809572ed092e3-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5062_custom-e4c0e20a70bb460c63286bcdc40809572ed092e3-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5062_custom-e4c0e20a70bb460c63286bcdc40809572ed092e3-768x511.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5062_custom-e4c0e20a70bb460c63286bcdc40809572ed092e3-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5062_custom-e4c0e20a70bb460c63286bcdc40809572ed092e3-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5062_custom-e4c0e20a70bb460c63286bcdc40809572ed092e3-960x639.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5062_custom-e4c0e20a70bb460c63286bcdc40809572ed092e3-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5062_custom-e4c0e20a70bb460c63286bcdc40809572ed092e3-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5062_custom-e4c0e20a70bb460c63286bcdc40809572ed092e3-520x346.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dwarf trees aren't strong enough on their own to support a load of fruit. They're held erect by a trellis system of poles and wires. \u003ccite>(Dan Charles/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These trees are young, so they're tiny. But they'll never get very big. They're packed closely together, thousands of them on a single acre. Each tree is supported by poles or wires. Workers can harvest the apples while standing on platforms that roll slowly past the row of trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The source of this transformation is something that we can't even see: the roots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Commercial apple trees, you see, don't grow from seeds. They're spliced together from two different sources. To create a new Honeycrisp or Fuji tree, you have to cut a small branch, or just a bud, from a parent tree of that variety. This branch needs roots to survive and grow, so you have to graft that branch onto the root from some other apple tree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each new tree that goes into an orchard has a tag that identifies both parts of the tree: the variety of the buds, in this case Cosmic Crisp, and the variety of the \"rootstock,\" in this case a line of roots known as M.9.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_117860\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5229_custom-2d449d1c2d8373c6af9fa2d4391340200c0688d3.jpg\" alt=\"This new Cosmic Crisp tree at Willow Drive Nursery, in Ephrata, Wash., relies on a rootstock called M9-337.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1332\" class=\"size-full wp-image-117860\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5229_custom-2d449d1c2d8373c6af9fa2d4391340200c0688d3.jpg 2000w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5229_custom-2d449d1c2d8373c6af9fa2d4391340200c0688d3-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5229_custom-2d449d1c2d8373c6af9fa2d4391340200c0688d3-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5229_custom-2d449d1c2d8373c6af9fa2d4391340200c0688d3-768x511.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5229_custom-2d449d1c2d8373c6af9fa2d4391340200c0688d3-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5229_custom-2d449d1c2d8373c6af9fa2d4391340200c0688d3-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5229_custom-2d449d1c2d8373c6af9fa2d4391340200c0688d3-960x639.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5229_custom-2d449d1c2d8373c6af9fa2d4391340200c0688d3-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5229_custom-2d449d1c2d8373c6af9fa2d4391340200c0688d3-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5229_custom-2d449d1c2d8373c6af9fa2d4391340200c0688d3-520x346.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This new Cosmic Crisp tree at Willow Drive Nursery, in Ephrata, Wash., relies on a rootstock called M9-337. \u003ccite>(Dan Charles/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the old days, most tree nurseries in the United States didn't really care what roots they used. They'd just grow seedlings from random apple seeds and use them as their \"rootstock.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seedling roots were genetically diverse, which meant that each tree in the orchard was slightly different from its neighbor, and the apple grower had to prune each one with individual care. \"It took an artistic eye to figure out how to grow a tree large enough and in a productive enough form,\" says Auvil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trees in new-style orchards, though, are grafted onto the roots of \"dwarf\" trees. And that rootstock revolution \"was a massive switch,\" says Kate Evans, who manages apple breeding at Washington State University. \"\"That dwarfing rootstock enabled this more intensive production system that we have. As we move forward, it means that we can move into having orchards where our fruit is much more uniform, we're not having problems of managing a big three-dimensional canopy, we can move forward with mechanization, we can lose ladders, which are dangerous.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Washington, dwarfing rootstocks transformed the state's apple industry, starting in the 1970s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_117861\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5103_custom-b6da310edfef5d31c6990886916382be33677adc.jpg\" alt=\"A modern orchard near Wenatchee, Wash. The trees in the foreground have just been planted. In the background, an orchard of young trees.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1332\" class=\"size-full wp-image-117861\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5103_custom-b6da310edfef5d31c6990886916382be33677adc.jpg 2000w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5103_custom-b6da310edfef5d31c6990886916382be33677adc-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5103_custom-b6da310edfef5d31c6990886916382be33677adc-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5103_custom-b6da310edfef5d31c6990886916382be33677adc-768x511.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5103_custom-b6da310edfef5d31c6990886916382be33677adc-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5103_custom-b6da310edfef5d31c6990886916382be33677adc-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5103_custom-b6da310edfef5d31c6990886916382be33677adc-960x639.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5103_custom-b6da310edfef5d31c6990886916382be33677adc-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5103_custom-b6da310edfef5d31c6990886916382be33677adc-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5103_custom-b6da310edfef5d31c6990886916382be33677adc-520x346.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A modern orchard near Wenatchee, Wash. The trees in the foreground have just been planted. In the background, an orchard of young trees. \u003ccite>(Dan Charles/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now a second wave in that rootstock revolution is underway. Because the first wave was built on a startling vulnerability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was based on just a handful of dwarfing rootstocks, known as \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.emr.ac.uk/projects/rootstock-research-east-malling-history/\">Malling\u003c/a>\" rootstocks because they were selected at a research center in East Malling, England. In fact, for decades, a single type of dwarfing roots dominated the industry — that one called M.9, or Malling 9. \"Up to 2013, M.9 was the global standard for dwarf rootstock production around the world,\" says Auvil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This meant that any weakness in Malling 9, any vulnerability to disease, made much of the world's apple production vulnerable as well. And M.9 did have vulnerabilities — to a disease called fire blight, for instance, as well as to diseases caused by soil fungi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few foresighted apple breeders at Cornell University and the U.S. Department of Agriculture's research station in Geneva, N.Y., came riding to the rescue. In the 1970s, two of them, James Cummins and Herbert Aldwinckle, started \u003ca href=\"http://www.nationalgeographic.com/people-and-culture/food/the-plate/2016/october/to-combat-disease--apples-return-to-their-roots/\">looking\u003c/a> for other, hardier, dwarf trees that also could serve as rootstocks. They \u003ca href=\"https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/80600500/gennaro/generaldescriptionofthegenevabreedingprogram.pdf\">tested\u003c/a> seedlings that were grown from the seeds of wild apple trees that collectors brought back from the apple's ancestral homeland of central Asia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They basically tried to kill every seedling,\" says Auvil. \"They would flood these trays of seedlings with a cocktail of fungal diseases to see if they could kill them with root rots. And then they'd take the survivors and inoculate them with fire blight.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took decades, and the researchers who started this effort have since retired, but a USDA plant breeder named Gennaro Fazio has carried on their work. In recent years, he has tested and released a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ctl.cornell.edu/plants/GENEVA-Apple-Rootstocks-Comparison-Chart.pdf\">series\u003c/a> of new dwarfing rootstocks, known as the Geneva rootstocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These Geneva rootstocks have become the first choice for apple growers planting new orchards — especially when they're replanting, putting new trees into the same land where apple trees previously grew, because that soil usually is full of fungi that attack apple roots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geneva rootstocks are in short supply, though. Nurseries have to multiply their supply of them by cutting pieces of the roots and replanting them, just as they have to take cuttings of Honeycrisp branches in order to create new trees. It's a slow, laborious process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it's the future — and the present, as shown by this tag on a newly planted tree near Wenatchee. The roots of this tree, named G.41, are from Geneva.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_117862\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5031_custom-e863d9566bfdca08aa28df11f113487b3443f38c.jpg\" alt=\"A freshly planted Cosmic Crisp tree, grafted onto a Geneva 41 root.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1453\" class=\"size-full wp-image-117862\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5031_custom-e863d9566bfdca08aa28df11f113487b3443f38c.jpg 2000w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5031_custom-e863d9566bfdca08aa28df11f113487b3443f38c-160x116.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5031_custom-e863d9566bfdca08aa28df11f113487b3443f38c-800x581.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5031_custom-e863d9566bfdca08aa28df11f113487b3443f38c-768x558.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5031_custom-e863d9566bfdca08aa28df11f113487b3443f38c-1020x741.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5031_custom-e863d9566bfdca08aa28df11f113487b3443f38c-1180x857.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5031_custom-e863d9566bfdca08aa28df11f113487b3443f38c-960x697.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5031_custom-e863d9566bfdca08aa28df11f113487b3443f38c-240x174.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5031_custom-e863d9566bfdca08aa28df11f113487b3443f38c-375x272.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/img_5031_custom-e863d9566bfdca08aa28df11f113487b3443f38c-520x378.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A freshly planted Cosmic Crisp tree, grafted onto a Geneva 41 root. \u003ccite>(Dan Charles/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2017 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Top officials at the U.S. Department of Agriculture didn't even try to act enthusiastic as they unveiled details of their agency's proposed 2018 \u003ca href=\"https://www.usda.gov/sites/default/files/documents/USDA-Budget-Summary-2018.pdf\">budget\u003c/a>, which includes drastic cuts in spending. \"We're going to do the best we can,\" said Agriculture Secretary Sonny Perdue. \"It's my job to implement that plan.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The broad outlines of this budget, with its 20 percent cut in the USDA's discretionary spending, had been released two months ago. This week, it became clear exactly what the Trump administration wants to cut: agricultural research, food aid for the poor, and programs that benefit small rural communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The budget also includes a surprise that's particularly unwelcome to big Midwestern farmers. It proposes new restrictions on government-subsidized crop insurance, a program that is particular favorite of grain farmers. The changes, which would require congressional approval, would limit the ability of large farmers to take advantage of those programs and cut government subsidies by more than $2.5 billion each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, the American Farm Bureau Federation said that \"this budget fails agriculture and rural America.\" Similar criticism came from the \u003ca href=\"https://soygrowers.com/soy-growers-oppose-white-house-budget/\">American Soybean Association\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncga.com/news-and-resources/news-stories/article/2017/05/ncga-statement-on-presidents-proposed-fy18-budget\">National Corn Growers Association\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The impact of those cuts, however, is dwarfed by proposed restrictions on the SNAP program, which helps the poor buy food. Those changes would cut SNAP spending by $4.6 billion in 2018, increasing to more than $20 billion annually by 2022.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The budget reduces funding for the Agricultural Research Service by $360 million, or 26 percent. This would mean closing the doors at 17 research centers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also completely eliminates the country's flagship program of international food aid, called Food For Peace. The current USDA budget includes $1.7 billion for that program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of this, of course, is merely a proposal for Congress to consider, and by all indications, Congress is inclined to reject much of it. The Republican chairmen of the agricultural committees in both the Senate and the House released a muted joint \u003ca href=\"https://www.agriculture.senate.gov/newsroom/rep/press/release/agriculture-chairmen-roberts-conaway-react-to-administrations-fy-2018-budget-proposal\">statement\u003c/a> that said nothing at all about the proposal itself, but promised to \"fight to ensure farmers have a strong safety net.\" They also pledged \"to take a look at our nutrition assistance programs to ensure that they are helping the most vulnerable in our society\" — a signal that they hope to revive the rural-urban coalition in Congress that has traditionally defended a package of food aid and farm subsidies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Congressman Collin Peterson (D-MN) said in a statement that \"this budget is going nowhere on Capitol Hill but it is still a statement of priorities and should be of concern to all rural Americans.\" Sen. Debbie Stabenow (D-MI) called it \"harsh and short-sighted.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2017 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Top officials at the U.S. Department of Agriculture didn't even try to act enthusiastic as they unveiled details of their agency's proposed 2018 \u003ca href=\"https://www.usda.gov/sites/default/files/documents/USDA-Budget-Summary-2018.pdf\">budget\u003c/a>, which includes drastic cuts in spending. \"We're going to do the best we can,\" said Agriculture Secretary Sonny Perdue. \"It's my job to implement that plan.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The broad outlines of this budget, with its 20 percent cut in the USDA's discretionary spending, had been released two months ago. This week, it became clear exactly what the Trump administration wants to cut: agricultural research, food aid for the poor, and programs that benefit small rural communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The budget also includes a surprise that's particularly unwelcome to big Midwestern farmers. It proposes new restrictions on government-subsidized crop insurance, a program that is particular favorite of grain farmers. The changes, which would require congressional approval, would limit the ability of large farmers to take advantage of those programs and cut government subsidies by more than $2.5 billion each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, the American Farm Bureau Federation said that \"this budget fails agriculture and rural America.\" Similar criticism came from the \u003ca href=\"https://soygrowers.com/soy-growers-oppose-white-house-budget/\">American Soybean Association\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncga.com/news-and-resources/news-stories/article/2017/05/ncga-statement-on-presidents-proposed-fy18-budget\">National Corn Growers Association\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The impact of those cuts, however, is dwarfed by proposed restrictions on the SNAP program, which helps the poor buy food. Those changes would cut SNAP spending by $4.6 billion in 2018, increasing to more than $20 billion annually by 2022.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The budget reduces funding for the Agricultural Research Service by $360 million, or 26 percent. This would mean closing the doors at 17 research centers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also completely eliminates the country's flagship program of international food aid, called Food For Peace. The current USDA budget includes $1.7 billion for that program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of this, of course, is merely a proposal for Congress to consider, and by all indications, Congress is inclined to reject much of it. The Republican chairmen of the agricultural committees in both the Senate and the House released a muted joint \u003ca href=\"https://www.agriculture.senate.gov/newsroom/rep/press/release/agriculture-chairmen-roberts-conaway-react-to-administrations-fy-2018-budget-proposal\">statement\u003c/a> that said nothing at all about the proposal itself, but promised to \"fight to ensure farmers have a strong safety net.\" They also pledged \"to take a look at our nutrition assistance programs to ensure that they are helping the most vulnerable in our society\" — a signal that they hope to revive the rural-urban coalition in Congress that has traditionally defended a package of food aid and farm subsidies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Congressman Collin Peterson (D-MN) said in a statement that \"this budget is going nowhere on Capitol Hill but it is still a statement of priorities and should be of concern to all rural Americans.\" Sen. Debbie Stabenow (D-MI) called it \"harsh and short-sighted.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2017 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "As Food and Farmworkers Retreat, Guestworker Program Poised to Grow",
"title": "As Food and Farmworkers Retreat, Guestworker Program Poised to Grow",
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"content": "\u003cp>An unfamiliar car pulled into the labor camp of a blueberry farm in Southern New Jersey last month, and the four year-round farmworkers on site stopped what they were doing, went inside, and locked themselves in their rooms. Afraid of being deported by federal immigration agents operating with \u003ca href=\"http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2017/feb/24/trump-ushers-big-changes-immigration-deportations-/\">increased authority\u003c/a> since President Trump signed an \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/01/25/presidential-executive-order-enhancing-public-safety-interior-united\">executive order\u003c/a> to that effect in January, the workers stayed locked in their rooms overnight, forgoing dinner and talking to each other through the walls rather than in the open.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the strange car ultimately proved harmless, the workers later described the incident—and how fearful they felt—to Kathia Ramirez, the food justice coordinator of a farmworker support committee called \u003cem>El Comite de Apoyo a los Trabajadores Agrícolas\u003c/em>, or \u003ca href=\"http://cata-farmworkers.org/\">CATA\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The undocumented community is living in more fear and hiding under the shadows,” Ramirez said. “People should not live with the fear that they will be detained and not know what will happen to their families.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the ultimate effect of the anxiety remains to be seen, several likely possibilities exist, according to the people with whom Civil Eats spoke. As some foreign-born workers retreat from sight, farms and restaurants may have a hard time securing the staff they need to harvest crops and serve meals. Additionally, worker exploitation may proliferate as farmers rely increasingly on the H-2A agricultural guestworker program, known to place workers at a disadvantage, and as workers refrain from speaking up for themselves for fear of deportation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The American food system \u003ca href=\"http://civileats.com/2016/11/29/if-trump-goes-hard-on-immigration-who-will-grow-process-and-serve-our-food/\">relies heavily on the work of people born outside U.S. borders\u003c/a>, many of whom are undocumented—and living on edge. In fact, \u003ca href=\"https://www.doleta.gov/agworker/pdf/NAWS_Research_Report_12_Final_508_Compliant.pdf\">73 percent\u003c/a> of the 2.5 million farmworkers planting, cultivating, and harvesting our crops each season are foreign-born, mostly in Mexico. And between \u003ca href=\"https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-economy/farm-labor/background.aspx#Numbers\">30 percent\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.farmworkerjustice.org/sites/default/files/NAWS%2520data%2520factsht%25201-13-15FINAL.pdf\">70 percent\u003c/a> are undocumented, according to various sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the service industry side, of the 12 million restaurant workers in the U.S., 1.3 million, or 11 percent, are undocumented, and an additional 2.6 million are foreign-born but documented, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://rocunited.org/\">Restaurant Opportunities Centers (ROC) United\u003c/a>. In major metropolitan areas like New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago, closer to 45 percent of restaurant workers are undocumented, and 70 percent are foreign born, ROC United estimates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since deportations have picked up—targeting more varied populations than the Obama administration campaign, including young people registered with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/02/15/515441744/daca-recipient-detained-by-u-s-immigration-authorities\">Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals\u003c/a> (DACA) program—immigrants are wary of traveling or appearing in public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The whole community is targeted; they all have friends and neighbors who could be apprehended,” said Don Cameron, who manages the 6,000-acre \u003ca href=\"http://www.terranovaranch.com/\">Terranova Ranch\u003c/a> in California’s San Joaquin Valley. “We’ve heard of people leaving their jobs and going back to Mexico. Once we get into the summer, I think this is really going to hit farming hard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This sense of fear pervading the agricultural workforce could severely impact the U.S. food system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Agricultural Guestworker Program Poised to Grow—And Exploit?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because hiring agricultural workers through the H-2A visa program is expensive, requiring farmers to transport workers from Mexico and supply them with housing and a set wage, many farmers opt to hire from the undocumented population instead. Though the number of H-2A visas issued has roughly doubled since 2011, it’s still relatively small: In 2015, only about 4 percent of farmworkers came to the U.S. through the guestworker program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think what we’re going to see is that more farmers are applying for H-2A visas,” said Gail Wadsworth, executive director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cirsinc.org/\">California Institute for Rural Studies\u003c/a>. If that happens, farmworkers could suffer, say some advocates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First established in 1952 to offset labor shortages prompted by World War II, the H-2A program brings guest workers to the U.S. on temporary contracts to fill positions employers are unable to fill with domestic workers. Because the program ties workers to a specific employer, advocates say it creates the opportunity for exploitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Guestworker programs [are] not designed to be good to workers; they’re almost always designed to be good for the employer,” Wadsworth said. In particular, she said the H-2A program “is ripe for abuse, simply because it gives workers very little ability to change their situation. If they’re unhappy with their employer, their employer can just deport them. They don’t have any recourse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_117063\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2017/05/170411-immigration-2-700x467.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"467\" class=\"size-full wp-image-117063\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/05/170411-immigration-2-700x467.jpg 700w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/05/170411-immigration-2-700x467-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/05/170411-immigration-2-700x467-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/05/170411-immigration-2-700x467-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/05/170411-immigration-2-700x467-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by \u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/russloar/13896831903\">Russ Allison Loar\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Southern Poverty Law Center, in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.splcenter.org/20130218/close-slavery-guestworker-programs-united-states\">recent report\u003c/a>, characterized today’s guestworker programs as rife with wage and contract abuse, documented discrimination, and on-the-job injuries without effective recourse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CATA’s Ramirez regularly visits the labor camps at apple, peach, and blueberry farms in South New Jersey to educate workers about topics like the risks of exposure to heat and pesticides. She has noticed many violations of the conditions required by the H-2A program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Workers have reported that their employers have taken away their visas and IDs and forbidden them from leaving the property or making phone calls—a practice that constitutes \u003ca href=\"https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/human-trafficking/what-is-human-trafficking.html#What_is_Human_Trafficking\">human trafficking\u003c/a>—and sometimes workers \u003ca href=\"http://civileats.com/2012/09/11/farmworker-wage-theft-as-common-as-dirt/\">do not receive the full wages they are owed\u003c/a>, Ramirez said. Additionally, living conditions are sometimes extremely poor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I go visit some of the labor camps, it reminds me of the rural communities in Mexico,” said Ramirez, whose parents are from Oaxaca. “They have pests; they have bed bugs, roaches, mice. On other occasions, I’ve seen an overload of trash and a lot of flies, especially in the summer,” she said. “The beds are not in the greatest condition—some of them don’t even have a mattress; they just have the foam.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In North Carolina, one of \u003ca href=\"http://www.globalworkers.org/iii-h-2a-workers-us-%25E2%2580%2593-figures\">the top states to use\u003c/a> the H-2A program, Anna Jensen serves as executive director of \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/ncproyecto/\">NC Farmworkers Project\u003c/a>, a nonprofit that connects workers with health information and medical services. Jensen worries that the administration’s discriminatory rhetoric will embolden growers to seal off their contracted workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As advocates, [labor] camp access has always been an issue for us, having to negotiate with employers to let us talk to their workers,” Jensen said. “We’re worried that the current climate will justify some of the fear tactics [like discouraging workers from visiting health clinics or speaking with outsiders] that advocates see in an attempt to keep workers isolated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.farmworkerjustice.org/\">Farmworker Justice\u003c/a> President Bruce Goldstein sees the potential for the H-2A program, as it grows, to run into the same trouble as the controversial \u003ca href=\"https://migration.ucdavis.edu/rmn/more.php?id=1112\">Bracero Program\u003c/a>, which brought 4.6 million Mexican workers to the U.S. to fill short-term agricultural contracts between 1942 and 1964. While in theory, the program offered safeguards for the Mexican worker—much like the H-2A program today—the rules were not well enforced, and Mexican workers suffered abuses including wage theft and substandard housing and food. Former Department of Labor official Lee G. Williams described the Bracero as a system of “\u003ca href=\"https://www.splcenter.org/20130218/close-slavery-guestworker-programs-united-states\">legalized slavery\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as use of today’s guestworker programs become more widespread, they could be equally hard on workers. “The [agribusiness] lobbying that goes on to change the H-2A program … would eliminate many of the labor protections that existed under the Bracero program,” Goldstein said. “There’s no limit on the number of H-2A visas, and so the H-2A program can grow to be the size of the Bracero program and larger, and it can also, as it gets larger, become just as notorious.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rolling Back Worker Protection Regulations\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On top of the likely expansion of the H-2A guestworker program, Trump’s \u003ca href=\"http://civileats.com/2017/03/23/trumps-budget-would-set-food-system-progress-back-by-generations/\">proposed 2018 budget\u003c/a> includes \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/03/16/us/politics/trump-budget-cuts.html?_r=0\">massive cuts\u003c/a> to the departments that oversee the fair treatment and protection of the country’s workers, including those on farms and in restaurants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposed cuts include a 20 percent decrease in funding to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.dol.gov/general/aboutdol/majorlaws\">Department of Labor\u003c/a>—which regulates wages and hours and workplace safety and health, as well as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.dol.gov/whd/mspa/index.htm\">Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection Act\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.dol.gov/whd/flsa/\">Fair Labor Standards Act\u003c/a>. It also includes a 31 percent cut to the Environmental Protection Agency—which sets \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-worker-safety/agricultural-worker-protection-standard-wps\">worker protection standards\u003c/a> for farmworkers and pesticide handlers. Trump also proposed \u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/03/legal-services-corporation/520083/\">eliminating the Legal Services Corporation\u003c/a>, a nonprofit corporation that helps low-income people obtain representation in civil cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, Republicans \u003ca href=\"https://amp.theguardian.com/business/2017/mar/06/labor-protection-laws-repeal-poultry-industry-workers\">voted in early March\u003c/a> to repeal the \u003ca href=\"https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/07/31/executive-order-fair-pay-and-safe-workplaces\">Fair Pay and Safe Workplaces Executive Order\u003c/a> that President Obama signed in July 2014, which requires companies contracting with the federal government to keep and disclose records of on-the-job accidents and fatalities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are widespread violations of the limited labor protections that apply to farmworkers,” Goldstein said. “The presence of so many undocumented workers who are afraid of deportation means that some unscrupulous employers may take advantage and violate the minimum wage and other rights. We’re concerned that this administration wants to cut back the budgets of federal agencies that enforce [those] rights.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, agribusiness groups are lobbying the administration to make the H-2A program more beneficial for U.S. employers. And they appear to be getting through: a \u003ca href=\"http://apps.washingtonpost.com/g/documents/national/draft-executive-orders-on-immigration/2315/\">draft executive order\u003c/a> leaked to the press in January revealed that Trump planned to “prioritize the protection of American workers” and ensure the “efficient processing” of H-2A applications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Goldstein said while the concept of “efficiency” could be taken in a number of ways, “Historically, that’s a euphemism for slashing the wage rates, removing other labor protections, and minimizing government oversight of the agricultural guestworker program.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Effect of Fear on Farms and Restaurants\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don Cameron relies on about 125 farmworkers at a time to harvest from mid-June to the end of November to harvest the 25 crops grown at Terranova Ranch. Because his farm cultivates primarily specialty crops—like peppers with the stems removed for use in salsas—much of the harvest requires picking by hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I already have plants being grown in the greenhouse for this year’s crop,” Cameron said. “I’m pretty nervous; I don’t know if I’ll have the labor to do the harvest.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unless he can develop a good way to mechanically harvest the crops he grows, Cameron said, he may have to change what he plants moving forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_117062\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1200px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2017/05/170411-immigration-3.jpg\" alt=\"Ansel Adams documented farmworkers at Japanese internment camps in California.\" width=\"1200\" height=\"800\" class=\"size-full wp-image-117062\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/05/170411-immigration-3.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/05/170411-immigration-3-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/05/170411-immigration-3-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/05/170411-immigration-3-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/05/170411-immigration-3-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/05/170411-immigration-3-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/05/170411-immigration-3-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/05/170411-immigration-3-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/05/170411-immigration-3-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/05/170411-immigration-3-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ansel Adams documented farmworkers at Japanese internment camps in California. \u003ccite>(Ansel Adams)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>CIRS’ Wadsworth thinks many farmers will respond similarly—moving away from labor-intensive crops and opting for those that are easier to harvest mechanically. “It could be a total shift of production in California,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Restaurant owners, who were experiencing a labor shortage even before Trump took office, are also concerned. Right after the election, the 200 restaurant owner members of ROC United penned \u003ca href=\"http://rocunited.org/2017/01/restaurant-owners-support-immigrants/\">an open letter\u003c/a> to Trump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We continue to grow exponentially while confronted with the absolute worst labor shortage in recent memory,” the letter said. “America’s restaurant industry cannot survive without the many skilled professionals in our ranks. We must retain each and every employee and we depend heavily, especially in metropolitan areas, on immigrant workers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saru Jayaraman, co-founder and co-director of ROC United, doesn’t buy the fact that the Trump actually intends to deport large numbers of foreign workers, on whom \u003ca href=\"https://qz.com/909220/donald-trump-requested-64-foreign-guest-workers-for-his-mar-a-lago-winter-white-house/\">he relies for his own businesses\u003c/a>. “I don’t think this man or this administration has any intent of actually removing 11 million people or more,” Jayaraman said. The real goal, she says, is “to create a culture of fear among workers in the nation so that workers don’t speak up for their rights or organize.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Standing Up for Foreign Workers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On election day in Raleigh, North Carolina, Centro Mexican restaurant chef and owner Angela Salamanca gave her entire staff time off so they could cast their ballots—and even hired a mariachi band to parade them down to the county board of elections. As the sense of fear has grown over the intervening months, Salamanca has tried to continue providing her staff the support they need, even though she too feels frustrated, disillusioned, and sad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unfortunately, it’s taken over our lives—the worry, anxiety, and fear of what’s going to happen,” Salamanca said. “We’ve had plenty of conversations about Plan B—what we’ll do if someone gets deported and they have children—what do we’ll do with their family, what do we’ll do with their things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there are bright spots: in addition to closing the restaurant for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2017/02/16/us/day-without-immigrants-vignettes/\">Day Without Immigrants\u003c/a>, Salamanca brought in an immigration attorney to deliver a know-your-rights workshop, to which she invited restaurant workers from other Raleigh establishments as well, and it heartened her staff to know they actually do have some legal ground to stand on if detained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, many people in the community have stepped forward with offers to help. “It’s reassuring that there are people with all kinds of talents and resources that say, ‘Hey, if you need anything, just let me know,’” Salamanca said. “It’s good to know there are people out there who are willing to support whatever happens.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While she described the Trump administration’s immigration policies as “horrific,” Jayaraman sees “much more than a silver lining” to the situation. For one, she’s seen more people willing to stand up and speak out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There will be a lot of pain and anguish and separated families, but there will also be the greatest rising up in our industry that we have ever seen. That could actually fix a lot of other problems we’ve had in our industry for long time,” Jayaraman said. “[Workers are] outraged, and it’s empowering them to come forward in ways I haven’t seen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ROC United co-led a coalition that successfully \u003ca href=\"http://rocunited.org/2017/02/roc-praises-andrew-puzders-withdrawal-calls-workers-rights-supporter-u-s-secretary-labor/\">called for Andy Puzder to withdraw\u003c/a> from consideration for the Labor Department secretary position, and its \u003ca href=\"http://civileats.com/2017/02/14/sanctuary-restaurants-want-to-feed-the-resistance/\">sanctuary restaurant program\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://rocunited.org/our-work/#one-fair-wage\">One Fair Wage\u003c/a> campaign have gained traction in multiple states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In New Jersey, Ramirez and her CATA coworkers are holding workshops at farmworker camps, health clinics, and Head Start programs to educate farmworkers and other immigrants on their rights if they’re detained. The CATA office has extended their hours to help workers fill out forms designating what should happen to their money, property, and children if they are deported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, in North Carolina, Anna Jensen and the NC Farmworkers Project hopes to offer de-escalation workshops at the farmworker camps and hold community meetings about new legislation. They’re also looking to build relationships. “Since we can’t predict the future, mostly what we’re looking at is strengthening the networks we have,” Jensen said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, Salamanca sees the administration’s anti-immigrant policies—and the sense of fear they produce—as unsustainable both for the food system and society as a whole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The White House can put things in action that are going to make our lives very, very difficult for a while,” she said, “but there will come a time when something is going to break. And in the meantime, we take care of each other.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>About the Author\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nChristina Cooke is Civil Eats' associate editor. Based in North Carolina, she has also covered people, place, science, business, and culture for venues including The New Yorker, The New York Times, TheAtlantic.com, The Guardian, Oxford American, and High Country News. In the past, she has worked as a staff writer for the Chattanooga Times Free Press in Tennessee and a weekly paper in Portland, Oregon. A graduate of the documentary writing program at the Salt Institute of Documentary Studies and the creative nonfiction writing MFA program at Portland State University, she teaches interviewing and nonfiction writing at the Center for Documentary Studies at Duke University. Find out more at www.christinacooke.com.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>An unfamiliar car pulled into the labor camp of a blueberry farm in Southern New Jersey last month, and the four year-round farmworkers on site stopped what they were doing, went inside, and locked themselves in their rooms. Afraid of being deported by federal immigration agents operating with \u003ca href=\"http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2017/feb/24/trump-ushers-big-changes-immigration-deportations-/\">increased authority\u003c/a> since President Trump signed an \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/01/25/presidential-executive-order-enhancing-public-safety-interior-united\">executive order\u003c/a> to that effect in January, the workers stayed locked in their rooms overnight, forgoing dinner and talking to each other through the walls rather than in the open.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the strange car ultimately proved harmless, the workers later described the incident—and how fearful they felt—to Kathia Ramirez, the food justice coordinator of a farmworker support committee called \u003cem>El Comite de Apoyo a los Trabajadores Agrícolas\u003c/em>, or \u003ca href=\"http://cata-farmworkers.org/\">CATA\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The undocumented community is living in more fear and hiding under the shadows,” Ramirez said. “People should not live with the fear that they will be detained and not know what will happen to their families.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the ultimate effect of the anxiety remains to be seen, several likely possibilities exist, according to the people with whom Civil Eats spoke. As some foreign-born workers retreat from sight, farms and restaurants may have a hard time securing the staff they need to harvest crops and serve meals. Additionally, worker exploitation may proliferate as farmers rely increasingly on the H-2A agricultural guestworker program, known to place workers at a disadvantage, and as workers refrain from speaking up for themselves for fear of deportation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The American food system \u003ca href=\"http://civileats.com/2016/11/29/if-trump-goes-hard-on-immigration-who-will-grow-process-and-serve-our-food/\">relies heavily on the work of people born outside U.S. borders\u003c/a>, many of whom are undocumented—and living on edge. In fact, \u003ca href=\"https://www.doleta.gov/agworker/pdf/NAWS_Research_Report_12_Final_508_Compliant.pdf\">73 percent\u003c/a> of the 2.5 million farmworkers planting, cultivating, and harvesting our crops each season are foreign-born, mostly in Mexico. And between \u003ca href=\"https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-economy/farm-labor/background.aspx#Numbers\">30 percent\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.farmworkerjustice.org/sites/default/files/NAWS%2520data%2520factsht%25201-13-15FINAL.pdf\">70 percent\u003c/a> are undocumented, according to various sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the service industry side, of the 12 million restaurant workers in the U.S., 1.3 million, or 11 percent, are undocumented, and an additional 2.6 million are foreign-born but documented, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://rocunited.org/\">Restaurant Opportunities Centers (ROC) United\u003c/a>. In major metropolitan areas like New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago, closer to 45 percent of restaurant workers are undocumented, and 70 percent are foreign born, ROC United estimates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since deportations have picked up—targeting more varied populations than the Obama administration campaign, including young people registered with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/02/15/515441744/daca-recipient-detained-by-u-s-immigration-authorities\">Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals\u003c/a> (DACA) program—immigrants are wary of traveling or appearing in public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The whole community is targeted; they all have friends and neighbors who could be apprehended,” said Don Cameron, who manages the 6,000-acre \u003ca href=\"http://www.terranovaranch.com/\">Terranova Ranch\u003c/a> in California’s San Joaquin Valley. “We’ve heard of people leaving their jobs and going back to Mexico. Once we get into the summer, I think this is really going to hit farming hard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This sense of fear pervading the agricultural workforce could severely impact the U.S. food system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Agricultural Guestworker Program Poised to Grow—And Exploit?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because hiring agricultural workers through the H-2A visa program is expensive, requiring farmers to transport workers from Mexico and supply them with housing and a set wage, many farmers opt to hire from the undocumented population instead. Though the number of H-2A visas issued has roughly doubled since 2011, it’s still relatively small: In 2015, only about 4 percent of farmworkers came to the U.S. through the guestworker program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think what we’re going to see is that more farmers are applying for H-2A visas,” said Gail Wadsworth, executive director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cirsinc.org/\">California Institute for Rural Studies\u003c/a>. If that happens, farmworkers could suffer, say some advocates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First established in 1952 to offset labor shortages prompted by World War II, the H-2A program brings guest workers to the U.S. on temporary contracts to fill positions employers are unable to fill with domestic workers. Because the program ties workers to a specific employer, advocates say it creates the opportunity for exploitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Guestworker programs [are] not designed to be good to workers; they’re almost always designed to be good for the employer,” Wadsworth said. In particular, she said the H-2A program “is ripe for abuse, simply because it gives workers very little ability to change their situation. If they’re unhappy with their employer, their employer can just deport them. They don’t have any recourse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_117063\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2017/05/170411-immigration-2-700x467.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"467\" class=\"size-full wp-image-117063\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/05/170411-immigration-2-700x467.jpg 700w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/05/170411-immigration-2-700x467-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/05/170411-immigration-2-700x467-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/05/170411-immigration-2-700x467-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/05/170411-immigration-2-700x467-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by \u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/russloar/13896831903\">Russ Allison Loar\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Southern Poverty Law Center, in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.splcenter.org/20130218/close-slavery-guestworker-programs-united-states\">recent report\u003c/a>, characterized today’s guestworker programs as rife with wage and contract abuse, documented discrimination, and on-the-job injuries without effective recourse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CATA’s Ramirez regularly visits the labor camps at apple, peach, and blueberry farms in South New Jersey to educate workers about topics like the risks of exposure to heat and pesticides. She has noticed many violations of the conditions required by the H-2A program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Workers have reported that their employers have taken away their visas and IDs and forbidden them from leaving the property or making phone calls—a practice that constitutes \u003ca href=\"https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/human-trafficking/what-is-human-trafficking.html#What_is_Human_Trafficking\">human trafficking\u003c/a>—and sometimes workers \u003ca href=\"http://civileats.com/2012/09/11/farmworker-wage-theft-as-common-as-dirt/\">do not receive the full wages they are owed\u003c/a>, Ramirez said. Additionally, living conditions are sometimes extremely poor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I go visit some of the labor camps, it reminds me of the rural communities in Mexico,” said Ramirez, whose parents are from Oaxaca. “They have pests; they have bed bugs, roaches, mice. On other occasions, I’ve seen an overload of trash and a lot of flies, especially in the summer,” she said. “The beds are not in the greatest condition—some of them don’t even have a mattress; they just have the foam.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In North Carolina, one of \u003ca href=\"http://www.globalworkers.org/iii-h-2a-workers-us-%25E2%2580%2593-figures\">the top states to use\u003c/a> the H-2A program, Anna Jensen serves as executive director of \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/ncproyecto/\">NC Farmworkers Project\u003c/a>, a nonprofit that connects workers with health information and medical services. Jensen worries that the administration’s discriminatory rhetoric will embolden growers to seal off their contracted workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As advocates, [labor] camp access has always been an issue for us, having to negotiate with employers to let us talk to their workers,” Jensen said. “We’re worried that the current climate will justify some of the fear tactics [like discouraging workers from visiting health clinics or speaking with outsiders] that advocates see in an attempt to keep workers isolated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.farmworkerjustice.org/\">Farmworker Justice\u003c/a> President Bruce Goldstein sees the potential for the H-2A program, as it grows, to run into the same trouble as the controversial \u003ca href=\"https://migration.ucdavis.edu/rmn/more.php?id=1112\">Bracero Program\u003c/a>, which brought 4.6 million Mexican workers to the U.S. to fill short-term agricultural contracts between 1942 and 1964. While in theory, the program offered safeguards for the Mexican worker—much like the H-2A program today—the rules were not well enforced, and Mexican workers suffered abuses including wage theft and substandard housing and food. Former Department of Labor official Lee G. Williams described the Bracero as a system of “\u003ca href=\"https://www.splcenter.org/20130218/close-slavery-guestworker-programs-united-states\">legalized slavery\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as use of today’s guestworker programs become more widespread, they could be equally hard on workers. “The [agribusiness] lobbying that goes on to change the H-2A program … would eliminate many of the labor protections that existed under the Bracero program,” Goldstein said. “There’s no limit on the number of H-2A visas, and so the H-2A program can grow to be the size of the Bracero program and larger, and it can also, as it gets larger, become just as notorious.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rolling Back Worker Protection Regulations\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On top of the likely expansion of the H-2A guestworker program, Trump’s \u003ca href=\"http://civileats.com/2017/03/23/trumps-budget-would-set-food-system-progress-back-by-generations/\">proposed 2018 budget\u003c/a> includes \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/03/16/us/politics/trump-budget-cuts.html?_r=0\">massive cuts\u003c/a> to the departments that oversee the fair treatment and protection of the country’s workers, including those on farms and in restaurants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposed cuts include a 20 percent decrease in funding to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.dol.gov/general/aboutdol/majorlaws\">Department of Labor\u003c/a>—which regulates wages and hours and workplace safety and health, as well as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.dol.gov/whd/mspa/index.htm\">Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection Act\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.dol.gov/whd/flsa/\">Fair Labor Standards Act\u003c/a>. It also includes a 31 percent cut to the Environmental Protection Agency—which sets \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-worker-safety/agricultural-worker-protection-standard-wps\">worker protection standards\u003c/a> for farmworkers and pesticide handlers. Trump also proposed \u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/03/legal-services-corporation/520083/\">eliminating the Legal Services Corporation\u003c/a>, a nonprofit corporation that helps low-income people obtain representation in civil cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, Republicans \u003ca href=\"https://amp.theguardian.com/business/2017/mar/06/labor-protection-laws-repeal-poultry-industry-workers\">voted in early March\u003c/a> to repeal the \u003ca href=\"https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/07/31/executive-order-fair-pay-and-safe-workplaces\">Fair Pay and Safe Workplaces Executive Order\u003c/a> that President Obama signed in July 2014, which requires companies contracting with the federal government to keep and disclose records of on-the-job accidents and fatalities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are widespread violations of the limited labor protections that apply to farmworkers,” Goldstein said. “The presence of so many undocumented workers who are afraid of deportation means that some unscrupulous employers may take advantage and violate the minimum wage and other rights. We’re concerned that this administration wants to cut back the budgets of federal agencies that enforce [those] rights.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, agribusiness groups are lobbying the administration to make the H-2A program more beneficial for U.S. employers. And they appear to be getting through: a \u003ca href=\"http://apps.washingtonpost.com/g/documents/national/draft-executive-orders-on-immigration/2315/\">draft executive order\u003c/a> leaked to the press in January revealed that Trump planned to “prioritize the protection of American workers” and ensure the “efficient processing” of H-2A applications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Goldstein said while the concept of “efficiency” could be taken in a number of ways, “Historically, that’s a euphemism for slashing the wage rates, removing other labor protections, and minimizing government oversight of the agricultural guestworker program.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Effect of Fear on Farms and Restaurants\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don Cameron relies on about 125 farmworkers at a time to harvest from mid-June to the end of November to harvest the 25 crops grown at Terranova Ranch. Because his farm cultivates primarily specialty crops—like peppers with the stems removed for use in salsas—much of the harvest requires picking by hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I already have plants being grown in the greenhouse for this year’s crop,” Cameron said. “I’m pretty nervous; I don’t know if I’ll have the labor to do the harvest.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unless he can develop a good way to mechanically harvest the crops he grows, Cameron said, he may have to change what he plants moving forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_117062\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1200px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2017/05/170411-immigration-3.jpg\" alt=\"Ansel Adams documented farmworkers at Japanese internment camps in California.\" width=\"1200\" height=\"800\" class=\"size-full wp-image-117062\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/05/170411-immigration-3.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/05/170411-immigration-3-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/05/170411-immigration-3-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/05/170411-immigration-3-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/05/170411-immigration-3-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/05/170411-immigration-3-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/05/170411-immigration-3-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/05/170411-immigration-3-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/05/170411-immigration-3-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/05/170411-immigration-3-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ansel Adams documented farmworkers at Japanese internment camps in California. \u003ccite>(Ansel Adams)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>CIRS’ Wadsworth thinks many farmers will respond similarly—moving away from labor-intensive crops and opting for those that are easier to harvest mechanically. “It could be a total shift of production in California,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Restaurant owners, who were experiencing a labor shortage even before Trump took office, are also concerned. Right after the election, the 200 restaurant owner members of ROC United penned \u003ca href=\"http://rocunited.org/2017/01/restaurant-owners-support-immigrants/\">an open letter\u003c/a> to Trump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We continue to grow exponentially while confronted with the absolute worst labor shortage in recent memory,” the letter said. “America’s restaurant industry cannot survive without the many skilled professionals in our ranks. We must retain each and every employee and we depend heavily, especially in metropolitan areas, on immigrant workers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saru Jayaraman, co-founder and co-director of ROC United, doesn’t buy the fact that the Trump actually intends to deport large numbers of foreign workers, on whom \u003ca href=\"https://qz.com/909220/donald-trump-requested-64-foreign-guest-workers-for-his-mar-a-lago-winter-white-house/\">he relies for his own businesses\u003c/a>. “I don’t think this man or this administration has any intent of actually removing 11 million people or more,” Jayaraman said. The real goal, she says, is “to create a culture of fear among workers in the nation so that workers don’t speak up for their rights or organize.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Standing Up for Foreign Workers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On election day in Raleigh, North Carolina, Centro Mexican restaurant chef and owner Angela Salamanca gave her entire staff time off so they could cast their ballots—and even hired a mariachi band to parade them down to the county board of elections. As the sense of fear has grown over the intervening months, Salamanca has tried to continue providing her staff the support they need, even though she too feels frustrated, disillusioned, and sad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unfortunately, it’s taken over our lives—the worry, anxiety, and fear of what’s going to happen,” Salamanca said. “We’ve had plenty of conversations about Plan B—what we’ll do if someone gets deported and they have children—what do we’ll do with their family, what do we’ll do with their things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there are bright spots: in addition to closing the restaurant for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2017/02/16/us/day-without-immigrants-vignettes/\">Day Without Immigrants\u003c/a>, Salamanca brought in an immigration attorney to deliver a know-your-rights workshop, to which she invited restaurant workers from other Raleigh establishments as well, and it heartened her staff to know they actually do have some legal ground to stand on if detained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, many people in the community have stepped forward with offers to help. “It’s reassuring that there are people with all kinds of talents and resources that say, ‘Hey, if you need anything, just let me know,’” Salamanca said. “It’s good to know there are people out there who are willing to support whatever happens.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While she described the Trump administration’s immigration policies as “horrific,” Jayaraman sees “much more than a silver lining” to the situation. For one, she’s seen more people willing to stand up and speak out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There will be a lot of pain and anguish and separated families, but there will also be the greatest rising up in our industry that we have ever seen. That could actually fix a lot of other problems we’ve had in our industry for long time,” Jayaraman said. “[Workers are] outraged, and it’s empowering them to come forward in ways I haven’t seen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ROC United co-led a coalition that successfully \u003ca href=\"http://rocunited.org/2017/02/roc-praises-andrew-puzders-withdrawal-calls-workers-rights-supporter-u-s-secretary-labor/\">called for Andy Puzder to withdraw\u003c/a> from consideration for the Labor Department secretary position, and its \u003ca href=\"http://civileats.com/2017/02/14/sanctuary-restaurants-want-to-feed-the-resistance/\">sanctuary restaurant program\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://rocunited.org/our-work/#one-fair-wage\">One Fair Wage\u003c/a> campaign have gained traction in multiple states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In New Jersey, Ramirez and her CATA coworkers are holding workshops at farmworker camps, health clinics, and Head Start programs to educate farmworkers and other immigrants on their rights if they’re detained. The CATA office has extended their hours to help workers fill out forms designating what should happen to their money, property, and children if they are deported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, in North Carolina, Anna Jensen and the NC Farmworkers Project hopes to offer de-escalation workshops at the farmworker camps and hold community meetings about new legislation. They’re also looking to build relationships. “Since we can’t predict the future, mostly what we’re looking at is strengthening the networks we have,” Jensen said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, Salamanca sees the administration’s anti-immigrant policies—and the sense of fear they produce—as unsustainable both for the food system and society as a whole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The White House can put things in action that are going to make our lives very, very difficult for a while,” she said, “but there will come a time when something is going to break. And in the meantime, we take care of each other.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>About the Author\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nChristina Cooke is Civil Eats' associate editor. Based in North Carolina, she has also covered people, place, science, business, and culture for venues including The New Yorker, The New York Times, TheAtlantic.com, The Guardian, Oxford American, and High Country News. In the past, she has worked as a staff writer for the Chattanooga Times Free Press in Tennessee and a weekly paper in Portland, Oregon. A graduate of the documentary writing program at the Salt Institute of Documentary Studies and the creative nonfiction writing MFA program at Portland State University, she teaches interviewing and nonfiction writing at the Center for Documentary Studies at Duke University. Find out more at www.christinacooke.com.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "California Is On Its Way To Having An Avocado Crop Year-Round",
"title": "California Is On Its Way To Having An Avocado Crop Year-Round",
"headTitle": "Bay Area Bites | KQED Food",
"content": "\u003cp>Not my avocados!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Trump's tough talk on renegotiating the North American Free Trade Agreement with Mexico and Canada has raised many questions — including how such a move might negatively affect the flow of beloved produce to the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like the avocado. Americans ate 2 billion pounds of avocados last year, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/27/business/economy/importers-tax-mexico.html\">two-thirds of which were imported\u003c/a> – mostly from Mexico. That's because avocados grow year-round in Mexico's climate – but not in California's. But researchers in the Golden State — America's biggest producer of the green fruit — are working to change that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, most California avocados are grown in the southern part of the state and on a narrow strip along the coast. But if avocados could grow in the Central Valley, the state's agricultural powerhouse, farmers there could reap the benefits of our avocado addiction, as well as stand out among foreign imports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more than 20 years, researcher \u003ca href=\"http://ucanr.edu/?facultyid=65\">Mary Lu Arpaia\u003c/a> has been on a mission to find an \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucavo.ucr.edu/\">avocado tree \u003c/a>that can withstand the Central Valley's frosty winters and hot summers. At a \u003ca href=\"http://lrec.ucanr.edu/\">test field\u003c/a> east of the Central Valley city of Visalia, Arpaia thinks she's found three varieties that can do just that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's a void of California fruit on the market in the months of November, December and early January,\" Arpaia says. \"So if we can find different selections that maybe are unique that fit into that window, then we help the entire California avocado industry.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ninety-five percent of all the avocados Americans eat are \u003ca href=\"http://ucavo.ucr.edu/avocadovarieties/Hass_History.html\">Hass\u003c/a>, a variety discovered in California in the 1920s. But the climate of the Central Valley does not allow Hass avocados to grow as well as they do in the milder climates of coastal and Southern California. Even in these locations, Hass only grow at certain times of the year — and not enough to compete with the large amount coming in from foreign markets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_117011\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2400px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/avocado_1a-2_custom-97786f0c92c6f82e2f19383feb466eb288928543.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/avocado_1a-2_custom-97786f0c92c6f82e2f19383feb466eb288928543.jpg\" alt=\"Eric Focht and Mary Lu Arpaia breed avocado trees across California. They're in search of varieties that will grow well in California's Central Valley.\" width=\"2400\" height=\"1798\" class=\"size-full wp-image-117011\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/avocado_1a-2_custom-97786f0c92c6f82e2f19383feb466eb288928543.jpg 2400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/avocado_1a-2_custom-97786f0c92c6f82e2f19383feb466eb288928543-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/avocado_1a-2_custom-97786f0c92c6f82e2f19383feb466eb288928543-800x599.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/avocado_1a-2_custom-97786f0c92c6f82e2f19383feb466eb288928543-768x575.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/avocado_1a-2_custom-97786f0c92c6f82e2f19383feb466eb288928543-1020x764.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/avocado_1a-2_custom-97786f0c92c6f82e2f19383feb466eb288928543-1180x884.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/avocado_1a-2_custom-97786f0c92c6f82e2f19383feb466eb288928543-960x719.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/avocado_1a-2_custom-97786f0c92c6f82e2f19383feb466eb288928543-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/avocado_1a-2_custom-97786f0c92c6f82e2f19383feb466eb288928543-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/avocado_1a-2_custom-97786f0c92c6f82e2f19383feb466eb288928543-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2400px) 100vw, 2400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Eric Focht and Mary Lu Arpaia breed avocado trees across California. They're in search of varieties that will grow well in California's Central Valley. \u003ccite>(Ezra David Romero/Valley Public Radio)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The goal is to breed varieties that aren't super tall, can be planted close to each other and have a high yield. One type Arpaia and her colleague, Eric Focht, are recommending to growers has all these traits. It's called \u003ca href=\"http://newsroom.ucr.edu/2635\">GEM\u003c/a>, the great granddaughter of the Hass avocado, and is already sold at nurseries. Arpaia didn't breed it, but she and Focht recommended that the University of California system patent and release the variety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Focht says that GEM avocados are \"a little more oval or egg-shaped than Hass. It has the speckling on the skin. As it ripens, it will turn dark, and a lot of times the speckled lenticels [pores through which gases are exchanged] will get a ... golden color to it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In taste tests conducted by Westfalia Fruit Estates, a South African company marketing GEM worldwide, the avocado variety \u003ca href=\"http://newsroom.ucr.edu/2635\">scored better\u003c/a> than Hass in terms of eating quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second type is nicknamed \"lunchbox\" for its small size. The third has no name yet, but Arpaia and Focht think it holds promise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Lunchbox, that one peels nice, but I mean [the third, nameless variety] just falls out of the skin,\" Focht says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arpaia adds that the unnamed variety \"makes wonderful guacamole, and I found with a non-replicated test in my refrigerator the fruit doesn't brown.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arpaia say \"lunchbox\" and the nameless variety should be on the market within a year or two. That's good news for California avocado growers who want options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I want our avocado varieties to be in season for more than one week,\" Arpaia says, adding that she'd like different times of the year to be associated with certain varieties of avocados. \"I want it where you can say it's July — it's time to pick this variety.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The avocado industry is also interested in Arpaia's research. Tim Spann, the research program director at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.californiaavocado.com/\">California Avocado Commission\u003c/a>, says new varieties producing at different times of the year could widen the California avocado market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have those premium supermarket chains that want California fruit,\" says Spann. \"So if we can develop other varieties that will expand our season to a year-round or nearly year-round position, that would be fantastic.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The industry once funded the UC avocado research but pulled most of its funding a few years ago to focus on pests harming avocado trees. Now, Spann says the commission is thinking of reversing course.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Within the last six months there's been a lot of talk about new varieties and how some of those varieties could help us expand our market,\" Spann says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jon Stearns is one of the few avocado farmers in the Central Valley. He grows 25 acres of mainly Hass avocados on a hill outside of Visalia and says the incline actually helps keep the trees warmer in winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_117012\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2398px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/avocado_6-2682ecda617856d2cb62160fb188f539a062f3f3.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/avocado_6-2682ecda617856d2cb62160fb188f539a062f3f3.jpg\" alt=\"Jon Stearns says that as an avocado grower, he hopes new varieties come on the market.\" width=\"2398\" height=\"1798\" class=\"size-full wp-image-117012\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/avocado_6-2682ecda617856d2cb62160fb188f539a062f3f3.jpg 2398w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/avocado_6-2682ecda617856d2cb62160fb188f539a062f3f3-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/avocado_6-2682ecda617856d2cb62160fb188f539a062f3f3-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/avocado_6-2682ecda617856d2cb62160fb188f539a062f3f3-768x576.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/avocado_6-2682ecda617856d2cb62160fb188f539a062f3f3-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/avocado_6-2682ecda617856d2cb62160fb188f539a062f3f3-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/avocado_6-2682ecda617856d2cb62160fb188f539a062f3f3-960x720.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/avocado_6-2682ecda617856d2cb62160fb188f539a062f3f3-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/avocado_6-2682ecda617856d2cb62160fb188f539a062f3f3-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/avocado_6-2682ecda617856d2cb62160fb188f539a062f3f3-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2398px) 100vw, 2398px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jon Stearns says that as an avocado grower, he hopes new varieties come on the market. \u003ccite>(Ezra David Romero/Valley Public Radio)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"In the summertime we do some cooling techniques with our emitters and some foggers when it gets really hot — you know, over 105 degrees,\" Stearns says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says he'd love to get his hands on avocado varieties that grow well in the Central Valley. \"If they could come up with a variety that's similar to the Hass that we could plant down at ground level instead of having it on the hills, I'm sure a lot of people would plant them,\" Stearns says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it's not just avocado farmers that are interested in the new varieties. Arpaia's avocado test plot is based at a UC citrus research center in part because she wants to see if avocados will grow well where citrus grows in California's Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valley citrus growers are considering alternative crops because of a looming threat to their business. A disease called \u003ca href=\"http://californiacitrusthreat.org/pest-disease\">Huanglongbing\u003c/a>, which is carried by tiny bugs called psyllids, has already decimated the citrus industry in Florida and has made its way to Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bob Blakely, of the trade organization \u003ca href=\"https://www.cacitrusmutual.com/\">California Citrus Mutual\u003c/a>, says he hopes the disease does not make it to the Central Valley. \"I hope that we're able to come up with resistant citrus varieties before we have to think about going to another crop. I'm just hopeful that the science is able to move quickly enough.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blakely says if the disease does reach the Central Valley, citrus farmers will eventually need something else to grow. Maybe that could be avocados.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A version of this story first aired on \u003ca href=\"http://kvpr.org/post/these-avocados-could-be-answer-growing-crop-statewide#stream/0\">Valley Public Radio\u003c/a>, where \u003ca href=\"http://kvpr.org/people/ezra-david-romero\">Ezra David Romero\u003c/a> is a reporter. He's on Twitter @ezraromero.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2017 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Americans ate 2 billion pounds of avocados last year; many came from Mexico. That's because avocados grow year-round in Mexico's climate, but not California's. Researchers are working to change that.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Not my avocados!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Trump's tough talk on renegotiating the North American Free Trade Agreement with Mexico and Canada has raised many questions — including how such a move might negatively affect the flow of beloved produce to the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like the avocado. Americans ate 2 billion pounds of avocados last year, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/27/business/economy/importers-tax-mexico.html\">two-thirds of which were imported\u003c/a> – mostly from Mexico. That's because avocados grow year-round in Mexico's climate – but not in California's. But researchers in the Golden State — America's biggest producer of the green fruit — are working to change that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, most California avocados are grown in the southern part of the state and on a narrow strip along the coast. But if avocados could grow in the Central Valley, the state's agricultural powerhouse, farmers there could reap the benefits of our avocado addiction, as well as stand out among foreign imports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more than 20 years, researcher \u003ca href=\"http://ucanr.edu/?facultyid=65\">Mary Lu Arpaia\u003c/a> has been on a mission to find an \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucavo.ucr.edu/\">avocado tree \u003c/a>that can withstand the Central Valley's frosty winters and hot summers. At a \u003ca href=\"http://lrec.ucanr.edu/\">test field\u003c/a> east of the Central Valley city of Visalia, Arpaia thinks she's found three varieties that can do just that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's a void of California fruit on the market in the months of November, December and early January,\" Arpaia says. \"So if we can find different selections that maybe are unique that fit into that window, then we help the entire California avocado industry.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ninety-five percent of all the avocados Americans eat are \u003ca href=\"http://ucavo.ucr.edu/avocadovarieties/Hass_History.html\">Hass\u003c/a>, a variety discovered in California in the 1920s. But the climate of the Central Valley does not allow Hass avocados to grow as well as they do in the milder climates of coastal and Southern California. Even in these locations, Hass only grow at certain times of the year — and not enough to compete with the large amount coming in from foreign markets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_117011\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2400px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/avocado_1a-2_custom-97786f0c92c6f82e2f19383feb466eb288928543.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/avocado_1a-2_custom-97786f0c92c6f82e2f19383feb466eb288928543.jpg\" alt=\"Eric Focht and Mary Lu Arpaia breed avocado trees across California. They're in search of varieties that will grow well in California's Central Valley.\" width=\"2400\" height=\"1798\" class=\"size-full wp-image-117011\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/avocado_1a-2_custom-97786f0c92c6f82e2f19383feb466eb288928543.jpg 2400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/avocado_1a-2_custom-97786f0c92c6f82e2f19383feb466eb288928543-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/avocado_1a-2_custom-97786f0c92c6f82e2f19383feb466eb288928543-800x599.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/avocado_1a-2_custom-97786f0c92c6f82e2f19383feb466eb288928543-768x575.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/avocado_1a-2_custom-97786f0c92c6f82e2f19383feb466eb288928543-1020x764.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/avocado_1a-2_custom-97786f0c92c6f82e2f19383feb466eb288928543-1180x884.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/avocado_1a-2_custom-97786f0c92c6f82e2f19383feb466eb288928543-960x719.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/avocado_1a-2_custom-97786f0c92c6f82e2f19383feb466eb288928543-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/avocado_1a-2_custom-97786f0c92c6f82e2f19383feb466eb288928543-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/avocado_1a-2_custom-97786f0c92c6f82e2f19383feb466eb288928543-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2400px) 100vw, 2400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Eric Focht and Mary Lu Arpaia breed avocado trees across California. They're in search of varieties that will grow well in California's Central Valley. \u003ccite>(Ezra David Romero/Valley Public Radio)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The goal is to breed varieties that aren't super tall, can be planted close to each other and have a high yield. One type Arpaia and her colleague, Eric Focht, are recommending to growers has all these traits. It's called \u003ca href=\"http://newsroom.ucr.edu/2635\">GEM\u003c/a>, the great granddaughter of the Hass avocado, and is already sold at nurseries. Arpaia didn't breed it, but she and Focht recommended that the University of California system patent and release the variety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Focht says that GEM avocados are \"a little more oval or egg-shaped than Hass. It has the speckling on the skin. As it ripens, it will turn dark, and a lot of times the speckled lenticels [pores through which gases are exchanged] will get a ... golden color to it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In taste tests conducted by Westfalia Fruit Estates, a South African company marketing GEM worldwide, the avocado variety \u003ca href=\"http://newsroom.ucr.edu/2635\">scored better\u003c/a> than Hass in terms of eating quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second type is nicknamed \"lunchbox\" for its small size. The third has no name yet, but Arpaia and Focht think it holds promise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Lunchbox, that one peels nice, but I mean [the third, nameless variety] just falls out of the skin,\" Focht says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arpaia adds that the unnamed variety \"makes wonderful guacamole, and I found with a non-replicated test in my refrigerator the fruit doesn't brown.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arpaia say \"lunchbox\" and the nameless variety should be on the market within a year or two. That's good news for California avocado growers who want options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I want our avocado varieties to be in season for more than one week,\" Arpaia says, adding that she'd like different times of the year to be associated with certain varieties of avocados. \"I want it where you can say it's July — it's time to pick this variety.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The avocado industry is also interested in Arpaia's research. Tim Spann, the research program director at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.californiaavocado.com/\">California Avocado Commission\u003c/a>, says new varieties producing at different times of the year could widen the California avocado market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have those premium supermarket chains that want California fruit,\" says Spann. \"So if we can develop other varieties that will expand our season to a year-round or nearly year-round position, that would be fantastic.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The industry once funded the UC avocado research but pulled most of its funding a few years ago to focus on pests harming avocado trees. Now, Spann says the commission is thinking of reversing course.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Within the last six months there's been a lot of talk about new varieties and how some of those varieties could help us expand our market,\" Spann says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jon Stearns is one of the few avocado farmers in the Central Valley. He grows 25 acres of mainly Hass avocados on a hill outside of Visalia and says the incline actually helps keep the trees warmer in winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_117012\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2398px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/avocado_6-2682ecda617856d2cb62160fb188f539a062f3f3.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/avocado_6-2682ecda617856d2cb62160fb188f539a062f3f3.jpg\" alt=\"Jon Stearns says that as an avocado grower, he hopes new varieties come on the market.\" width=\"2398\" height=\"1798\" class=\"size-full wp-image-117012\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/avocado_6-2682ecda617856d2cb62160fb188f539a062f3f3.jpg 2398w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/avocado_6-2682ecda617856d2cb62160fb188f539a062f3f3-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/avocado_6-2682ecda617856d2cb62160fb188f539a062f3f3-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/avocado_6-2682ecda617856d2cb62160fb188f539a062f3f3-768x576.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/avocado_6-2682ecda617856d2cb62160fb188f539a062f3f3-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/avocado_6-2682ecda617856d2cb62160fb188f539a062f3f3-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/avocado_6-2682ecda617856d2cb62160fb188f539a062f3f3-960x720.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/avocado_6-2682ecda617856d2cb62160fb188f539a062f3f3-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/avocado_6-2682ecda617856d2cb62160fb188f539a062f3f3-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/avocado_6-2682ecda617856d2cb62160fb188f539a062f3f3-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2398px) 100vw, 2398px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jon Stearns says that as an avocado grower, he hopes new varieties come on the market. \u003ccite>(Ezra David Romero/Valley Public Radio)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"In the summertime we do some cooling techniques with our emitters and some foggers when it gets really hot — you know, over 105 degrees,\" Stearns says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says he'd love to get his hands on avocado varieties that grow well in the Central Valley. \"If they could come up with a variety that's similar to the Hass that we could plant down at ground level instead of having it on the hills, I'm sure a lot of people would plant them,\" Stearns says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it's not just avocado farmers that are interested in the new varieties. Arpaia's avocado test plot is based at a UC citrus research center in part because she wants to see if avocados will grow well where citrus grows in California's Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valley citrus growers are considering alternative crops because of a looming threat to their business. A disease called \u003ca href=\"http://californiacitrusthreat.org/pest-disease\">Huanglongbing\u003c/a>, which is carried by tiny bugs called psyllids, has already decimated the citrus industry in Florida and has made its way to Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bob Blakely, of the trade organization \u003ca href=\"https://www.cacitrusmutual.com/\">California Citrus Mutual\u003c/a>, says he hopes the disease does not make it to the Central Valley. \"I hope that we're able to come up with resistant citrus varieties before we have to think about going to another crop. I'm just hopeful that the science is able to move quickly enough.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blakely says if the disease does reach the Central Valley, citrus farmers will eventually need something else to grow. Maybe that could be avocados.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A version of this story first aired on \u003ca href=\"http://kvpr.org/post/these-avocados-could-be-answer-growing-crop-statewide#stream/0\">Valley Public Radio\u003c/a>, where \u003ca href=\"http://kvpr.org/people/ezra-david-romero\">Ezra David Romero\u003c/a> is a reporter. He's on Twitter @ezraromero.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Not Just For Foreign Foods: Fair-Trade Label Comes To U.S. Farms",
"title": "Not Just For Foreign Foods: Fair-Trade Label Comes To U.S. Farms",
"headTitle": "Bay Area Bites | KQED Food",
"content": "\u003cp>Workers at a tomato farm in Nogales, Ariz., got a check this month for more than $30,000. And they expect more money to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The approximately 130 workers of Wholesum Harvest are still deciding how to spend the money, but they say their initial priorities include subsidizing transportation, recreation areas and medical insurance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Located just north of the Mexican border, the family-owned Wholesum Harvest is the first farm in the United States to receive certification from Fair Trade USA, which means it has demonstrated compliance with a checklist of more than 300 standards detailing working conditions and environmental protection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every fair-trade purchase involves a small financial premium paid by retailers and, ultimately, consumers. As the funds from these premiums accumulate, workers receive distribution checks and organize into committees to decide how best to spend the money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consumers in the United States have likely seen fair-trade labels on coffee beans or cocoa grown by farmers in countries like Ethiopia or Guatemala. But fair-trade certification now covers everything from clothing to seafood, and Fair Trade USA wants to expand its labels to cover domestic operations as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the organization got started, \"the feeling was that workers and farmers in the States didn't need it,\" says Paul Rice, president of Fair Trade USA. But that sentiment is changing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials at Fair Trade USA expect another dozen American farms to become certified in the next year. And over the past few years, other nonprofits, such as the Agricultural Justice Project and the Equitable Food Initiative, have launched their own labeling efforts. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Fair Trade USA opened its doors in 1998, the nonprofit's focus was improving pay and working conditions for farmers in countries with the fewest legal protections. By providing a standard label that indicated adherence to a clear set of ethical and environmental standards, the organization aimed to help retailers and consumers decide which products to stock or purchase. (Fair Trade USA split from the umbrella organization Fairtrade International at the end of 2011, citing the desire to certify a broader range of producers and companies as Fair Trade.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But while the United States has stronger labor laws and environmental safeguards than some countries, conditions for many agricultural workers are still far below Fair Trade USA's standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wholesum, which grows organic cucumbers, squash, eggplant and bell peppers in addition to tomatoes, was already fair-trade certified at its farm in Sonora, Mexico, so it was a natural step to apply for the label at its U.S. operation. It became certified in October, roughly four months after it began the lengthy process of audits and inspections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_116893\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 960px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/amado-packing-shots-62-_custom-ecbb57661a7632bb6e8695c9fbb41708af83beb2.jpg\" alt=\"Wholesum Harvest made many changes as part of its fair-trade certification, including switching to carbon-neutral pallets and working to protect an endangered species of cactus.\" width=\"960\" height=\"639\" class=\"size-full wp-image-116893\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/amado-packing-shots-62-_custom-ecbb57661a7632bb6e8695c9fbb41708af83beb2.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/amado-packing-shots-62-_custom-ecbb57661a7632bb6e8695c9fbb41708af83beb2-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/amado-packing-shots-62-_custom-ecbb57661a7632bb6e8695c9fbb41708af83beb2-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/amado-packing-shots-62-_custom-ecbb57661a7632bb6e8695c9fbb41708af83beb2-768x511.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/amado-packing-shots-62-_custom-ecbb57661a7632bb6e8695c9fbb41708af83beb2-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/amado-packing-shots-62-_custom-ecbb57661a7632bb6e8695c9fbb41708af83beb2-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/amado-packing-shots-62-_custom-ecbb57661a7632bb6e8695c9fbb41708af83beb2-520x346.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wholesum Harvest made many changes as part of its fair-trade certification, including switching to carbon-neutral pallets and working to protect an endangered species of cactus. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Wholesum Harvest)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Fair trade is meant to do what laws have been unable to do,\" says Hannah La Luzerne, Wholesum's sustainability manager. The farm was voluntarily meeting many of the fair-trade standards, but she saw the label as a way to communicate the company's values with greater credibility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People have always been central to our mission, but this is a way to show we're not just talking about it – the third-party audit is a kind of guarantee to our customers,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, what exactly the label guarantees is not always clear to consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's still a big lack of understanding of what fair trade is,\" says Ricardo Crisantes, a member of the family that has owned and operated Wholesum for three generations. \"Most people associate it with something good, but they couldn't say exactly what that good is.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rice groups the standards into three broad categories: better working conditions, better pay and worker empowerment. They cover things like the frequency of worker breaks, wages, safety conditions, working hours, pesticide use and product packaging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The certification process prompted many changes at Wholesum. The staff has established a permanent nondevelopment zone to protect an endangered species of cactus; switched to carbon-neutral pallets; spent dozens of hours interviewing workers about their needs and educating them about their rights; and invested in a record-keeping system to document their compliance with fair-trade standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The certification has given the workers additional responsibilities as well. Important decisions are voted on by the entire community of workers, and they have elected a committee to research and analyze projects they might pay for with their fair-trade premiums.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The workers at Wholesum's Sonora location, for example, have purchased school buses to help their children get to school; built a soccer field and a tortilla factory that sells its tortillas back to the community at cost; and subsidized medical vouchers for dental and vision care. After hurricanes devastated parts of central Mexico a few years ago, the workers voted to send a sizable check to the Red Cross to help recovery in the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the workers on fair-trade committees end up learning skills in accounting, project management and community organizing. \"You might have a guy who makes $18,000 a year managing a budget of $200,000,\" Crisantes says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hazzany Ibarra has worked as a tomato packer at Wholesum's Arizona warehouse for five years and is now vice president of its workers' committee. He spends about five hours a week in meetings, conversations or research related to fair trade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that the workers have received their first check, \"I'm excited but also nervous,\" he says. \"We know we have to do things, but we don't always know how to do them yet.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he says he wants consumers considering whether to buy a fair-trade product to understand that \"it really does mean something.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not a lie,\" he says. \"All of it's true – fair-trade premiums pay for projects that really matter.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Nick Romeo is a journalist based in Palo Alto, Calif. His work has appeared in publications including \u003c/em>The New Yorker, The Washington Post\u003cem> and \u003c/em>National Geographic\u003cem>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003cem>Copyright 2017 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Since 1998, Fair Trade USA has been certifying farms overseas that met its standards for workers and the environment. Now, the group is looking closer to home, starting with an Arizona organic farm.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Workers at a tomato farm in Nogales, Ariz., got a check this month for more than $30,000. And they expect more money to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The approximately 130 workers of Wholesum Harvest are still deciding how to spend the money, but they say their initial priorities include subsidizing transportation, recreation areas and medical insurance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Located just north of the Mexican border, the family-owned Wholesum Harvest is the first farm in the United States to receive certification from Fair Trade USA, which means it has demonstrated compliance with a checklist of more than 300 standards detailing working conditions and environmental protection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every fair-trade purchase involves a small financial premium paid by retailers and, ultimately, consumers. As the funds from these premiums accumulate, workers receive distribution checks and organize into committees to decide how best to spend the money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consumers in the United States have likely seen fair-trade labels on coffee beans or cocoa grown by farmers in countries like Ethiopia or Guatemala. But fair-trade certification now covers everything from clothing to seafood, and Fair Trade USA wants to expand its labels to cover domestic operations as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the organization got started, \"the feeling was that workers and farmers in the States didn't need it,\" says Paul Rice, president of Fair Trade USA. But that sentiment is changing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials at Fair Trade USA expect another dozen American farms to become certified in the next year. And over the past few years, other nonprofits, such as the Agricultural Justice Project and the Equitable Food Initiative, have launched their own labeling efforts. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Fair Trade USA opened its doors in 1998, the nonprofit's focus was improving pay and working conditions for farmers in countries with the fewest legal protections. By providing a standard label that indicated adherence to a clear set of ethical and environmental standards, the organization aimed to help retailers and consumers decide which products to stock or purchase. (Fair Trade USA split from the umbrella organization Fairtrade International at the end of 2011, citing the desire to certify a broader range of producers and companies as Fair Trade.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But while the United States has stronger labor laws and environmental safeguards than some countries, conditions for many agricultural workers are still far below Fair Trade USA's standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wholesum, which grows organic cucumbers, squash, eggplant and bell peppers in addition to tomatoes, was already fair-trade certified at its farm in Sonora, Mexico, so it was a natural step to apply for the label at its U.S. operation. It became certified in October, roughly four months after it began the lengthy process of audits and inspections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_116893\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 960px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/amado-packing-shots-62-_custom-ecbb57661a7632bb6e8695c9fbb41708af83beb2.jpg\" alt=\"Wholesum Harvest made many changes as part of its fair-trade certification, including switching to carbon-neutral pallets and working to protect an endangered species of cactus.\" width=\"960\" height=\"639\" class=\"size-full wp-image-116893\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/amado-packing-shots-62-_custom-ecbb57661a7632bb6e8695c9fbb41708af83beb2.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/amado-packing-shots-62-_custom-ecbb57661a7632bb6e8695c9fbb41708af83beb2-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/amado-packing-shots-62-_custom-ecbb57661a7632bb6e8695c9fbb41708af83beb2-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/amado-packing-shots-62-_custom-ecbb57661a7632bb6e8695c9fbb41708af83beb2-768x511.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/amado-packing-shots-62-_custom-ecbb57661a7632bb6e8695c9fbb41708af83beb2-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/amado-packing-shots-62-_custom-ecbb57661a7632bb6e8695c9fbb41708af83beb2-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/amado-packing-shots-62-_custom-ecbb57661a7632bb6e8695c9fbb41708af83beb2-520x346.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wholesum Harvest made many changes as part of its fair-trade certification, including switching to carbon-neutral pallets and working to protect an endangered species of cactus. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Wholesum Harvest)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Fair trade is meant to do what laws have been unable to do,\" says Hannah La Luzerne, Wholesum's sustainability manager. The farm was voluntarily meeting many of the fair-trade standards, but she saw the label as a way to communicate the company's values with greater credibility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People have always been central to our mission, but this is a way to show we're not just talking about it – the third-party audit is a kind of guarantee to our customers,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, what exactly the label guarantees is not always clear to consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's still a big lack of understanding of what fair trade is,\" says Ricardo Crisantes, a member of the family that has owned and operated Wholesum for three generations. \"Most people associate it with something good, but they couldn't say exactly what that good is.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rice groups the standards into three broad categories: better working conditions, better pay and worker empowerment. They cover things like the frequency of worker breaks, wages, safety conditions, working hours, pesticide use and product packaging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The certification process prompted many changes at Wholesum. The staff has established a permanent nondevelopment zone to protect an endangered species of cactus; switched to carbon-neutral pallets; spent dozens of hours interviewing workers about their needs and educating them about their rights; and invested in a record-keeping system to document their compliance with fair-trade standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The certification has given the workers additional responsibilities as well. Important decisions are voted on by the entire community of workers, and they have elected a committee to research and analyze projects they might pay for with their fair-trade premiums.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The workers at Wholesum's Sonora location, for example, have purchased school buses to help their children get to school; built a soccer field and a tortilla factory that sells its tortillas back to the community at cost; and subsidized medical vouchers for dental and vision care. After hurricanes devastated parts of central Mexico a few years ago, the workers voted to send a sizable check to the Red Cross to help recovery in the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the workers on fair-trade committees end up learning skills in accounting, project management and community organizing. \"You might have a guy who makes $18,000 a year managing a budget of $200,000,\" Crisantes says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hazzany Ibarra has worked as a tomato packer at Wholesum's Arizona warehouse for five years and is now vice president of its workers' committee. He spends about five hours a week in meetings, conversations or research related to fair trade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that the workers have received their first check, \"I'm excited but also nervous,\" he says. \"We know we have to do things, but we don't always know how to do them yet.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he says he wants consumers considering whether to buy a fair-trade product to understand that \"it really does mean something.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not a lie,\" he says. \"All of it's true – fair-trade premiums pay for projects that really matter.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Nick Romeo is a journalist based in Palo Alto, Calif. His work has appeared in publications including \u003c/em>The New Yorker, The Washington Post\u003cem> and \u003c/em>National Geographic\u003cem>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003cem>Copyright 2017 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Can California Reverse EPA’s U-Turn on Pesticide Ban?",
"title": "Can California Reverse EPA’s U-Turn on Pesticide Ban?",
"headTitle": "Bay Area Bites | KQED Food",
"content": "\u003cp>A year and a half ago, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) \u003ca href=\"http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2015/10/30/epa-may-ban-common-pesticide-used-on-fruits-and-vegetables.html\">announced\u003c/a> it would ban the use of the neurotoxic \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/ingredients-used-pesticide-products/order-denying-petition-revoke-all-tolerances-pesticide\">insecticide chlorpyrifos\u003c/a> on food crops. Then, at the end of March—reversing course on decades of agency science and a decision that was years in the making—EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt announced that the agency \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/ingredients-used-pesticide-products/order-denying-petition-revoke-all-tolerances-pesticide\">would not ban\u003c/a> the pesticide after all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the wake of Pruitt’s decision, and given overwhelming scientific evidence of adverse impacts on \u003ca href=\"http://civileats.com/2017/02/02/as-trumps-epa-takes-shape-heres-your-pesticide-cheat-sheet/\">children’s neurological development\u003c/a>, environmental and farmworker \u003ca href=\"http://www.panna.org/press-release/trumps-epa-ignores-its-own-science-farmworker-communities-call-california-ban\">advocates in California\u003c/a> are calling on their state, which uses more chlorpyrifos than any other, to ban the insecticide. As it has for other environmental issues—air quality, for example—California could take action on chlorpyrifos that would have nationwide impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chlorpyrifos has long been on the radar of California’s environmental health advocates. Since 1999, University of California, Berkeley \u003ca href=\"http://www.healthresearchforaction.org/sph/chamacos-cohort-study\">researchers have been studying\u003c/a> the effects of \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/2oNPjW8\">organophosphate\u003c/a>pesticides—including \u003ca href=\"http://civileats.com/2015/09/16/5-reasons-to-care-whether-the-epa-bans-chlorpyrifos-on-your-food/\">chlorpyrifos\u003c/a>—on children in the state’s farming communities. They’ve consistently found that exposure, which often begins prenatally, is linked to lower IQ, \u003ca href=\"http://e360.yale.edu/features/from_the_fields_to_inner_city_pesticides_affect_childrens_iq\">cognition\u003c/a> and\u003ca href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/118/6/e1845?download=true&sso=1&sso_redirect_count=2&nfstatus=401&nftoken=00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000&nfstatusdescription=ERROR%3A%20No%20local%20token&nfstatus=401&nftoken=00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000&nfstatusdescription=ERROR%3a+No+local+token\">attention problems\u003c/a>, and other adverse effects. State data also shows children’s exposure to be widespread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.cehtp.org/file/pesticides_schools_report_april2014_pdf\">2014 California Department of Public Health report\u003c/a> found chlorpyrifos among the top 10 pesticides used within a quarter-mile of schools in the 15 agricultural counties studied. This puts thousands of children at risk of exposure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Approximately one million pounds of chlorpyrifos—about 20 percent of what’s used nationwide—are applied annually in California to dozens of food crops, including almonds, citrus, grapes, and broccoli. The greatest use is in agricultural counties, like Fresno, Kern, and Tulare counties, where homes and schools are often adjacent to agricultural fields. State air monitoring in several of these communities has found chlorpyrifos levels that \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/experts/miriam-rotkin-ellman/federal-reversal-means-ca-must-ban-pesticide-toxic-kids\">exceed EPA safety targets by three to 44 times\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s time to get it out of the fields,” said United Farm Workers national vice president, Erik Nicholson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>EPA’s Contradictory Decision\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With \u003ca href=\"http://civileats.com/2015/09/16/5-reasons-to-care-whether-the-epa-bans-chlorpyrifos-on-your-food/\">adverse neurodevelopmental effects\u003c/a> well documented, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/ingredients-used-pesticide-products/chlorpyrifos\">EPA has been restricting chlorpyrifos’ use\u003c/a>. Most indoor residential uses, and use on tomatoes, are now banned. Use on various other food crops is restricted. The EPA also requires buffer zones around public spaces and homes. And in its 2016 \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/ingredients-used-pesticide-products/revised-human-health-risk-assessment-chlorpyrifos\">human health risk assessment\u003c/a>, the agency concluded that chlorpyrifos may be causing \u003ca href=\"https://www.regulations.gov/document?D=EPA-HQ-OPP-2015-0653-0454\">neurodevelopmental problems\u003c/a> at \u003ca href=\"https://www.regulations.gov/document?D=EPA-HQ-OPP-2015-0653-0454\">extremely low levels\u003c/a> of exposure. The EPA has also found \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/experts/miriam-rotkin-ellman/epa-toxic-pesticide-fruitsveggies-puts-kids-risk\">residues on food at levels far above\u003c/a> what it considers safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These neurodevelopmental effects have been found in lab studies and long-term studies of children exposed to chlorpyrifos. Additional research has found \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22547821\">physical alterations in the brains\u003c/a> of chlorpyrifos-exposed children that correspond to learning and behavior disorders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These results are really very consistent,” said Irva Hertz-Picciotto, professor of public health at the University of California, Davis and director of the university’s Environmental Health Sciences Center. She calls the outcome of children’s exposure to neurotoxic chemicals like chlorpyrifos “\u003ca href=\"https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/EHP358/\">a chronic, silent epidemic\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA’s current decision results from a 10-year legal process that began in 2007. In October 2015, the agency proposed (in a \u003ca href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20160415171542/https://www.epa.gov/pesticides/epa-proposes-revoke-chlorpyrifos-food-residue-tolerances\">press release\u003c/a> that is \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/search/year/2015?filter=&page=11\">no longer available\u003c/a> on the EPA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/pesticides/epa-proposes-revoke-chlorpyrifos-food-residue-tolerances\">website\u003c/a>) to \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-10/documents/chlorpyrifos_nprm_prepublicationcopy_2015-10-28.pdf\">ban\u003c/a>chlorpyrifos for food crops because cumulative food and drinking water exposures could exceed safety limits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, under Pruitt, the EPA says more study is needed and chlorpyrifos’ safety doesn’t have to be reconsidered until 2022.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think this is a very unfortunate decision,” said Philip Landrigan, dean of global health and a pediatrics professor at Mt. Sinai Hospital in New York. “Not only is it scientifically wrong but it’s also morally wrong. And it shows a blatant disregard for a very strong body of science.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/agriculture-community-reacts-recent-epa-action\">Agricultural trade groups,\u003c/a> including the American Farm Bureau Federation and Corn Growers Association, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ccgga.org/epa-denies-activist-petition-aimed-to-ban-chlorpyrifos/\">welcomed the EPA decision\u003c/a>, as did \u003ca href=\"http://www.chlorpyrifos.com/news-and-resources/news/2017/20170329a.htm\">Dow AgroSciences\u003c/a>, a major chlorpyrifos producer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California has Authority to Ban Chlorpyrifos\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On March 31, Californians for Pesticide Reform held \u003ca href=\"http://www.panna.org/press-release/trumps-epa-ignores-its-own-science-farmworker-communities-call-california-ban\">rallies protesting the EPA’s decision\u003c/a>—and calling for a state ban on chlorpyrifos—in Salinas, Fresno, and other agricultural communities in the state. “California has the independent authority to ban chlorpyrifos here,” Natural Resource Defense Council (NRDC) senior scientist Miriam Rotkin-Ellman told Civil Eats. “What we need is for California to follow the science.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, California can do just that. If state authorities determine the science doesn’t support its use, state-level authorities have the authority to ban a pesticide. For example, due to concern for its toxicity to bees, California refused to allow the pesticide \u003ca href=\"https://www.pressreader.com/usa/los-angeles-times/20150911/281835757480818\">sulfloxaflor\u003c/a> to be used in the same way the EPA did. And under the state’s safe drinking water law, California is in the process of listing\u003ca href=\"http://civileats.com/2017/02/02/as-trumps-epa-takes-shape-heres-your-pesticide-cheat-sheet/\">glyphosate\u003c/a>—the active ingredient in Roundup—as a \u003ca href=\"http://civileats.com/2017/02/02/as-trumps-epa-takes-shape-heres-your-pesticide-cheat-sheet/\">carcinogen\u003c/a>, a move that goes well beyond the EPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A California chlorpyrifos ban would be a powerful market signal, since the state grows \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/statistics/\">more than a third\u003c/a> of U.S. vegetables and \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/statistics/\">two-thirds\u003c/a> of U.S. fruits and nuts. It could also significantly reduce children’s exposures, given the proximity of California homes and schools to active farm fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s my hope that our Governor will follow through on his promise to lead when the feds fail us,” said Lucia Calderon, \u003ca href=\"http://safeagsafeschools.org/\">Safe Ag Safe Schools coalition\u003c/a> coordinator in California’s Monterey and Santa Cruz Counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s chlorpyrifos restrictions already exceed federal requirements. “In California, the pesticide cannot be used without licensing, training, and oversight by a county agricultural commission,” explained California Department of Pesticide Regulation (CDPR) spokesperson Charlotte Fadipe. California growers must explain “when, where, and how they want to use the pesticide,” and obtain county permits. Some counties require buffers of up to 150 feet between pesticide application and schools, rivers, or other sensitive sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January, CDPR announced it would increase air monitoring for pesticides, including chlorpyrifos. “California,” Fadipe explained, “is the only state that monitors air as part of its continuous reevaluation of pesticides to ensure the protection of workers, public health, and the environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/experts/miriam-rotkin-ellman/federal-reversal-means-ca-must-ban-pesticide-toxic-kids\">environmental health advocates\u003c/a> say more rigorous monitoring is warranted, given the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/experts/miriam-rotkin-ellman/federal-reversal-means-ca-must-ban-pesticide-toxic-kids\">high levels found\u003c/a> in \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/experts/miriam-rotkin-ellman/federal-reversal-means-ca-must-ban-pesticide-toxic-kids\">agricultural communities\u003c/a>. They’d also like to see tighter restrictions on pesticide use around schools, including for chlorpyrifos, which can easily drift from where it’s applied. “It’s fairly clear that the buffer zones currently proposed are nowhere [near] what’s needed to protect against chlorpyrifos,” said Rotkin-Ellman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The implication of the EPA’s decision could be far-reaching and that concerns me,” said Brenda Eskenazi, director of the University of California Berkeley’s \u003ca href=\"http://cerch.berkeley.edu/\">Center for Environment Research and Children’s Health\u003c/a>, who has led \u003ca href=\"http://sph.berkeley.edu/brenda-eskenazi\">groundbreaking research\u003c/a> investigating organophosphate pesticides’ impacts on children’s health. “These chemicals are poison and we have enough doubt about their safety that we need to be reconsidering their use.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the EPA decision, “It’s not over yet,” said Patti Goldman, managing attorney with \u003ca href=\"http://earthjustice.org/features/what-you-need-to-know-about-chlorpyrifos\">Earthjustice\u003c/a>, which is representing NRDC and PANNA in a lawsuit aimed at compelling the EPA to act rather than wait for more evidence. “The real tragedy,” said Goldman, is “as the delay keeps going on, more children are being exposed every year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s an outrage that the science is being ignored at the federal level but a real travesty to have it ignored in the state when we know what’s at stake for children’s lives,” said Rotkin-Ellman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s note: This post has been updated to reflect the fact that sulfloxaflor is not a neonicotinoid pesticide, though it does also have significant negative impacts to bees, and that California significantly restricted but did not fully ban its use.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>About the Author\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nElizabeth Grossman is a senior reporter for Civil Eats focused on environmental and science issues. She is the author of \u003cem>Chasing Molecules\u003c/em>, \u003cem>High Tech Trash\u003c/em>, \u003cem>Watershed\u003c/em> and other books. Her work has appeared in a variety of publications, including National Geographic News, \u003cem>The Guardian\u003c/em>, The Intercept, \u003cem>Scientific American\u003c/em>, \u003cem>Environmental Health Perspectives\u003c/em>, Yale e360, Ensia, \u003cem>High Country News\u003c/em>, \u003cem>The Washington Post\u003c/em>, Salon, \u003cem>The Nation\u003c/em>, and \u003cem>Mother Jones\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Lawmakers in the Golden State have the power to go beyond the agency’s recent decision not to ban chlorpyrifos, a neurotoxin that impacts thousands of children, farmworkers, and rural communities.",
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"description": "Lawmakers in the Golden State have the power to go beyond the agency’s recent decision not to ban chlorpyrifos, a neurotoxin that impacts thousands of children, farmworkers, and rural communities.",
"title": "Can California Reverse EPA’s U-Turn on Pesticide Ban? | KQED",
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"headline": "Can California Reverse EPA’s U-Turn on Pesticide Ban?",
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"nprByline": "\u003ca href=\"http://civileats.com/author/egrossman/\">Elizabeth Grossman\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/author/civileat/\">Civil Eats\u003c/a>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A year and a half ago, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) \u003ca href=\"http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2015/10/30/epa-may-ban-common-pesticide-used-on-fruits-and-vegetables.html\">announced\u003c/a> it would ban the use of the neurotoxic \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/ingredients-used-pesticide-products/order-denying-petition-revoke-all-tolerances-pesticide\">insecticide chlorpyrifos\u003c/a> on food crops. Then, at the end of March—reversing course on decades of agency science and a decision that was years in the making—EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt announced that the agency \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/ingredients-used-pesticide-products/order-denying-petition-revoke-all-tolerances-pesticide\">would not ban\u003c/a> the pesticide after all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the wake of Pruitt’s decision, and given overwhelming scientific evidence of adverse impacts on \u003ca href=\"http://civileats.com/2017/02/02/as-trumps-epa-takes-shape-heres-your-pesticide-cheat-sheet/\">children’s neurological development\u003c/a>, environmental and farmworker \u003ca href=\"http://www.panna.org/press-release/trumps-epa-ignores-its-own-science-farmworker-communities-call-california-ban\">advocates in California\u003c/a> are calling on their state, which uses more chlorpyrifos than any other, to ban the insecticide. As it has for other environmental issues—air quality, for example—California could take action on chlorpyrifos that would have nationwide impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chlorpyrifos has long been on the radar of California’s environmental health advocates. Since 1999, University of California, Berkeley \u003ca href=\"http://www.healthresearchforaction.org/sph/chamacos-cohort-study\">researchers have been studying\u003c/a> the effects of \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/2oNPjW8\">organophosphate\u003c/a>pesticides—including \u003ca href=\"http://civileats.com/2015/09/16/5-reasons-to-care-whether-the-epa-bans-chlorpyrifos-on-your-food/\">chlorpyrifos\u003c/a>—on children in the state’s farming communities. They’ve consistently found that exposure, which often begins prenatally, is linked to lower IQ, \u003ca href=\"http://e360.yale.edu/features/from_the_fields_to_inner_city_pesticides_affect_childrens_iq\">cognition\u003c/a> and\u003ca href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/118/6/e1845?download=true&sso=1&sso_redirect_count=2&nfstatus=401&nftoken=00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000&nfstatusdescription=ERROR%3A%20No%20local%20token&nfstatus=401&nftoken=00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000&nfstatusdescription=ERROR%3a+No+local+token\">attention problems\u003c/a>, and other adverse effects. State data also shows children’s exposure to be widespread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.cehtp.org/file/pesticides_schools_report_april2014_pdf\">2014 California Department of Public Health report\u003c/a> found chlorpyrifos among the top 10 pesticides used within a quarter-mile of schools in the 15 agricultural counties studied. This puts thousands of children at risk of exposure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Approximately one million pounds of chlorpyrifos—about 20 percent of what’s used nationwide—are applied annually in California to dozens of food crops, including almonds, citrus, grapes, and broccoli. The greatest use is in agricultural counties, like Fresno, Kern, and Tulare counties, where homes and schools are often adjacent to agricultural fields. State air monitoring in several of these communities has found chlorpyrifos levels that \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/experts/miriam-rotkin-ellman/federal-reversal-means-ca-must-ban-pesticide-toxic-kids\">exceed EPA safety targets by three to 44 times\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s time to get it out of the fields,” said United Farm Workers national vice president, Erik Nicholson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>EPA’s Contradictory Decision\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With \u003ca href=\"http://civileats.com/2015/09/16/5-reasons-to-care-whether-the-epa-bans-chlorpyrifos-on-your-food/\">adverse neurodevelopmental effects\u003c/a> well documented, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/ingredients-used-pesticide-products/chlorpyrifos\">EPA has been restricting chlorpyrifos’ use\u003c/a>. Most indoor residential uses, and use on tomatoes, are now banned. Use on various other food crops is restricted. The EPA also requires buffer zones around public spaces and homes. And in its 2016 \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/ingredients-used-pesticide-products/revised-human-health-risk-assessment-chlorpyrifos\">human health risk assessment\u003c/a>, the agency concluded that chlorpyrifos may be causing \u003ca href=\"https://www.regulations.gov/document?D=EPA-HQ-OPP-2015-0653-0454\">neurodevelopmental problems\u003c/a> at \u003ca href=\"https://www.regulations.gov/document?D=EPA-HQ-OPP-2015-0653-0454\">extremely low levels\u003c/a> of exposure. The EPA has also found \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/experts/miriam-rotkin-ellman/epa-toxic-pesticide-fruitsveggies-puts-kids-risk\">residues on food at levels far above\u003c/a> what it considers safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These neurodevelopmental effects have been found in lab studies and long-term studies of children exposed to chlorpyrifos. Additional research has found \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22547821\">physical alterations in the brains\u003c/a> of chlorpyrifos-exposed children that correspond to learning and behavior disorders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These results are really very consistent,” said Irva Hertz-Picciotto, professor of public health at the University of California, Davis and director of the university’s Environmental Health Sciences Center. She calls the outcome of children’s exposure to neurotoxic chemicals like chlorpyrifos “\u003ca href=\"https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/EHP358/\">a chronic, silent epidemic\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA’s current decision results from a 10-year legal process that began in 2007. In October 2015, the agency proposed (in a \u003ca href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20160415171542/https://www.epa.gov/pesticides/epa-proposes-revoke-chlorpyrifos-food-residue-tolerances\">press release\u003c/a> that is \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/search/year/2015?filter=&page=11\">no longer available\u003c/a> on the EPA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/pesticides/epa-proposes-revoke-chlorpyrifos-food-residue-tolerances\">website\u003c/a>) to \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-10/documents/chlorpyrifos_nprm_prepublicationcopy_2015-10-28.pdf\">ban\u003c/a>chlorpyrifos for food crops because cumulative food and drinking water exposures could exceed safety limits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, under Pruitt, the EPA says more study is needed and chlorpyrifos’ safety doesn’t have to be reconsidered until 2022.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think this is a very unfortunate decision,” said Philip Landrigan, dean of global health and a pediatrics professor at Mt. Sinai Hospital in New York. “Not only is it scientifically wrong but it’s also morally wrong. And it shows a blatant disregard for a very strong body of science.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/agriculture-community-reacts-recent-epa-action\">Agricultural trade groups,\u003c/a> including the American Farm Bureau Federation and Corn Growers Association, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ccgga.org/epa-denies-activist-petition-aimed-to-ban-chlorpyrifos/\">welcomed the EPA decision\u003c/a>, as did \u003ca href=\"http://www.chlorpyrifos.com/news-and-resources/news/2017/20170329a.htm\">Dow AgroSciences\u003c/a>, a major chlorpyrifos producer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California has Authority to Ban Chlorpyrifos\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On March 31, Californians for Pesticide Reform held \u003ca href=\"http://www.panna.org/press-release/trumps-epa-ignores-its-own-science-farmworker-communities-call-california-ban\">rallies protesting the EPA’s decision\u003c/a>—and calling for a state ban on chlorpyrifos—in Salinas, Fresno, and other agricultural communities in the state. “California has the independent authority to ban chlorpyrifos here,” Natural Resource Defense Council (NRDC) senior scientist Miriam Rotkin-Ellman told Civil Eats. “What we need is for California to follow the science.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, California can do just that. If state authorities determine the science doesn’t support its use, state-level authorities have the authority to ban a pesticide. For example, due to concern for its toxicity to bees, California refused to allow the pesticide \u003ca href=\"https://www.pressreader.com/usa/los-angeles-times/20150911/281835757480818\">sulfloxaflor\u003c/a> to be used in the same way the EPA did. And under the state’s safe drinking water law, California is in the process of listing\u003ca href=\"http://civileats.com/2017/02/02/as-trumps-epa-takes-shape-heres-your-pesticide-cheat-sheet/\">glyphosate\u003c/a>—the active ingredient in Roundup—as a \u003ca href=\"http://civileats.com/2017/02/02/as-trumps-epa-takes-shape-heres-your-pesticide-cheat-sheet/\">carcinogen\u003c/a>, a move that goes well beyond the EPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A California chlorpyrifos ban would be a powerful market signal, since the state grows \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/statistics/\">more than a third\u003c/a> of U.S. vegetables and \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/statistics/\">two-thirds\u003c/a> of U.S. fruits and nuts. It could also significantly reduce children’s exposures, given the proximity of California homes and schools to active farm fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s my hope that our Governor will follow through on his promise to lead when the feds fail us,” said Lucia Calderon, \u003ca href=\"http://safeagsafeschools.org/\">Safe Ag Safe Schools coalition\u003c/a> coordinator in California’s Monterey and Santa Cruz Counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s chlorpyrifos restrictions already exceed federal requirements. “In California, the pesticide cannot be used without licensing, training, and oversight by a county agricultural commission,” explained California Department of Pesticide Regulation (CDPR) spokesperson Charlotte Fadipe. California growers must explain “when, where, and how they want to use the pesticide,” and obtain county permits. Some counties require buffers of up to 150 feet between pesticide application and schools, rivers, or other sensitive sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January, CDPR announced it would increase air monitoring for pesticides, including chlorpyrifos. “California,” Fadipe explained, “is the only state that monitors air as part of its continuous reevaluation of pesticides to ensure the protection of workers, public health, and the environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/experts/miriam-rotkin-ellman/federal-reversal-means-ca-must-ban-pesticide-toxic-kids\">environmental health advocates\u003c/a> say more rigorous monitoring is warranted, given the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/experts/miriam-rotkin-ellman/federal-reversal-means-ca-must-ban-pesticide-toxic-kids\">high levels found\u003c/a> in \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/experts/miriam-rotkin-ellman/federal-reversal-means-ca-must-ban-pesticide-toxic-kids\">agricultural communities\u003c/a>. They’d also like to see tighter restrictions on pesticide use around schools, including for chlorpyrifos, which can easily drift from where it’s applied. “It’s fairly clear that the buffer zones currently proposed are nowhere [near] what’s needed to protect against chlorpyrifos,” said Rotkin-Ellman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The implication of the EPA’s decision could be far-reaching and that concerns me,” said Brenda Eskenazi, director of the University of California Berkeley’s \u003ca href=\"http://cerch.berkeley.edu/\">Center for Environment Research and Children’s Health\u003c/a>, who has led \u003ca href=\"http://sph.berkeley.edu/brenda-eskenazi\">groundbreaking research\u003c/a> investigating organophosphate pesticides’ impacts on children’s health. “These chemicals are poison and we have enough doubt about their safety that we need to be reconsidering their use.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the EPA decision, “It’s not over yet,” said Patti Goldman, managing attorney with \u003ca href=\"http://earthjustice.org/features/what-you-need-to-know-about-chlorpyrifos\">Earthjustice\u003c/a>, which is representing NRDC and PANNA in a lawsuit aimed at compelling the EPA to act rather than wait for more evidence. “The real tragedy,” said Goldman, is “as the delay keeps going on, more children are being exposed every year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s an outrage that the science is being ignored at the federal level but a real travesty to have it ignored in the state when we know what’s at stake for children’s lives,” said Rotkin-Ellman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s note: This post has been updated to reflect the fact that sulfloxaflor is not a neonicotinoid pesticide, though it does also have significant negative impacts to bees, and that California significantly restricted but did not fully ban its use.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>About the Author\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nElizabeth Grossman is a senior reporter for Civil Eats focused on environmental and science issues. She is the author of \u003cem>Chasing Molecules\u003c/em>, \u003cem>High Tech Trash\u003c/em>, \u003cem>Watershed\u003c/em> and other books. Her work has appeared in a variety of publications, including National Geographic News, \u003cem>The Guardian\u003c/em>, The Intercept, \u003cem>Scientific American\u003c/em>, \u003cem>Environmental Health Perspectives\u003c/em>, Yale e360, Ensia, \u003cem>High Country News\u003c/em>, \u003cem>The Washington Post\u003c/em>, Salon, \u003cem>The Nation\u003c/em>, and \u003cem>Mother Jones\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Monsanto’s Driverless Car: Is CRISPR Gene Editing Driving Seed Consolidation?",
"title": "Monsanto’s Driverless Car: Is CRISPR Gene Editing Driving Seed Consolidation?",
"headTitle": "Bay Area Bites | KQED Food",
"content": "\u003cp>When the CEOs of both Monsanto and Bayer met with Donald Trump to talk about their potential merger just three days before the inauguration, they made some \u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/politics/articles/2017-01-17/bayer-to-invest-8-billion-and-add-3-000-jobs-trump-aide-says\">big promises\u003c/a>. If the union between the world’s largest seed company and the German multinational chemical, pharmaceutical, and life-sciences company is blessed by antitrust regulators, the companies have pledged to add 3,000 high-tech American jobs and to combine—rather than consolidate and trim—their R&D budgets to the tune of $16 billion over the next six years, or $2.7 billion a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two companies have been locked in a dance since May 2016, when Monsanto \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/monsanto-rejects-bayer-merger-offer-says-its-open-to-talks-1464110057\">rejected\u003c/a> Bayer’s initial $62 billion offer. Then, last fall, the merger reappeared in the news in a noteworthy chain of events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On September 14, Bayer upped its offer to $66 billion and Monsanto accepted, putting a third major seed company merger on the table, beside ChemChina’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/chemchina-offers-more-than-43-billion-for-syngenta-1454480529\">$43 billion takeover\u003c/a> of Syngenta and Dow Chemical’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-01-24/dupont-earnings-top-estimates-on-sales-of-plastics-to-carmakers\">intended merger\u003c/a> with DuPont. On the day it was announced, the \u003cem>Washington Post\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/business/wp/2016/09/14/bayer-and-monsanto-merge-in-mega-deal-aimed-at-domi-worlds-food-supply/?utm_term=.70f457ae8a04\">called the Bayer-Monsanto deal\u003c/a> the “mega-deal that could reshape [the] world’s food supply.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less than a week later, spokespeople for the companies behind all three mergers were asked to \u003ca href=\"https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/meetings/consolidation-and-competition-in-the-us-seed-and-agrochemical-industry\">testify\u003c/a> before the senate judiciary committee, on what senator Chuck Grassley (R-Iowa) called a “\u003ca href=\"http://bigstory.ap.org/article/05fc5120c295442fbc7c0f2a11ce19cd/senate-panel-scrutinize-proposed-bayer-monsanto-merger\">merger tsunami\u003c/a>.” Then, just two days later, Monsanto \u003ca href=\"http://news.monsanto.com/press-release/corporate/monsanto-announces-global-licensing-agreement-broad-institute-key-genome-edi\">announced\u003c/a> it had licensed the rights to use CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing—a technology that has been \u003ca href=\"http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/11/16/the-gene-hackers\">called\u003c/a> the “Model T of genetics” for its power to change the way we live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This rapid-fire timing may have been a coincidence, but it also may be a sign of what’s to come. And it’s just one of many indications that CRISPR/Cas9 and other next-generation gene editing technologies will likely be at the forefront of the seed industry in the years ahead. Some even see gene editing, which is said to be simpler, less expensive, and more consumer-friendly than traditional genetic engineering, as one factor \u003ca href=\"http://www.theepochtimes.com/n3/2162211-why-crispr-is-key-to-massive-agribusiness-consolidations/\">driving\u003c/a> the mergers. And while that’s up for debate, it’s clearly an important part of the strategy for companies looking to control, and profit from, the world’s seeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week the European Union \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/05/business/syngenta-chemchina-takeover.html?mwrsm=Email&_r=0\">cleared the way\u003c/a> for the ChemChina–Syngenta takeover, suggesting the other two mergers may be imminent. If that happens, the resulting three companies would control nearly 60 percent of global seedstocks (including as much as 80 percent of U.S. corn seeds) and 70 percent of the global pesticide market. And these companies are also making a bid to control much more than seeds and pesticides. Monsanto, for example, is already making a play to control many other facets of modern agriculture—including tools for precision planting and high-tech \u003ca href=\"https://techcrunch.com/2013/10/02/monsanto-acquires-weather-big-data-company-climate-corporation-for-930m/\">weather prediction\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So while much of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2016/08/dna-crispr-gene-editing-science-ethics/\">media coverage\u003c/a> of \u003ca href=\"http://gizmodo.com/everything-you-need-to-know-about-crispr-the-new-tool-1702114381\">gene editing\u003c/a> has pointed to its potential to break molds and change the genetic playing field, when it comes to agriculture, it will likely follow a more familiar path: CRISPR and other similar technology will most likely be used by scientists mainly to continue developing seeds that withstand consistent doses of pesticides on large, industrialized farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Monsanto has been conducting research with genome-editing techniques for years, and we are excited to be integrating additional technology from licensing partners in to this body of work,” Tom Adams, biotechnology lead for Monsanto, said in an email. Over the past year, the company has announced several licensing agreements that will allow it to access gene-editing technologies, such as CRISPR/Cas9 and CRISPR-Cpf1 (which is said to be \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms14406\">more precise\u003c/a>), as well as a tool from Dow AgroScience called EXZACT™ Precision Technology\u003csup>®\u003c/sup> Platform\u003cu>,\u003c/u> among others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although Adams said this work is still in its early days, he added, “we believe that genome-editing techniques have great potential to improve and unlock capabilities across our leading germplasm and genome libraries to enable a wide variety of improvements across crop systems.” However, he added, “We do not view it as a replacement for plant biotechnology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>SEED: The Untold Story will premiere on the PBS series \u003ci>Independent Lens\u003c/i> on \u003cspan class=\"aBn\" tabindex=\"0\" data-term=\"goog_1829742120\">\u003cspan class=\"aQJ\">April 17, 2017 at 10PM\u003c/span>\u003c/span>. \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/films/seed-the-untold-story/\">Learn more\u003c/a>. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/3ys0fgZ7hmA\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gene Editing vs. Genetic Engineering\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 1996, Monsanto has released a series of genetically engineered herbicide-resistant seeds, beginning with Roundup Ready soybeans in 1996, and moving on to corn, cotton, sugar beets, canola, and more. Today, Roundup Ready crops account for over \u003ca href=\"https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/adoption-of-genetically-engineered-crops-in-the-us/recent-trends-in-ge-adoption.aspx\">94 percent of the soybeans and 89 percent of the corn\u003c/a> grown in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As these products have come to dominate the farm landscape, weeds have also become resistant to Roundup. According to the \u003ca href=\"http://wssa.net/wp-content/uploads/WSSA-Fact-Sheet-on-Superweeds_16-Sep-2014.pdf\">Weed Science Society of America\u003c/a>, “overreliance on herbicides with a single mechanism of action to control certain weeds has led to the selection of weeds resistant to that mechanism of action.” Similarly, incidents of pesticide resistance have also \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/limits-sought-on-gmo-corn-as-pest-resistance-grows-1425587078\">been on the rise\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_116814\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/170410-crispr-2.jpg\" alt=\"Roundup\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\" class=\"size-full wp-image-116814\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/170410-crispr-2.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/170410-crispr-2-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/170410-crispr-2-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/170410-crispr-2-375x281.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Roundup \u003ccite>( \u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/jeepersmedia/26673445341\">Mike Mozart\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As a result, farmers often find themselves on what critics call a \u003ca href=\"http://www.panna.org/gmos-pesticides-profit/pesticide-treadmill\">pesticide treadmill\u003c/a>, where each new form of resistance requires a more powerful solution. Companies have spent the last several years working on seeds with “stacked traits,” which combine two or more genes of interest into a single plant. In the case of Monsanto, that has meant, for instance, \u003ca href=\"https://www.fool.com/investing/2016/09/03/are-you-ready-for-monsantos-1-billion-herbicide-fa.aspx\">breeding seeds\u003c/a> that tolerate both glyphosate and a second herbicide called dicamba.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main difference between gene editing and classical genetic engineering is that the former allows scientists to manipulate the genetic makeup of an organism—by changing or “knocking out” the function of a gene—without introducing genes from other organisms. This last part is key, because it’s often the combination of parts of various organisms—such as genes from bacteria added to corn to create herbicide resistance or genes from an arctic flounder added to strawberries to make them able to withstand cold weather—that has made the public wary of GMOs in their food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the image of CRISPR/Cas9 and other gene editing tools as an “entirely pristine” technology that rules out all foreign DNA isn’t entirely accurate, says Maywa Montenegro, a Ph.D. candidate in Environmental Science, Policy, and Management at University of California, Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They aren’t wrong in saying CRISPR doesn’t need to introduce foreign DNA, but it absolutely can. That’s what it’s very good at,” she said. “But it’s also important for people to understand that you can create huge, impactful changes in a plant’s functioning without introducing anything foreign.” De-activating, or knocking out, a gene function, can significantly change the plants and animals involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the case of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v32/n9/full/nbt.2969.html\">mildew-resistant wheat\u003c/a> developed in China, for instance, scientists were able to introduce “targeted mutations” using CRISPR/Cas9 without inserting new genes. In another example, Cibus, a San Diego-based startup, has produced (and commercialized) an \u003ca href=\"https://www.cibus.com/\">herbicide-resistant canola\u003c/a> using another early gene-editing technique called Rapid Trait Development System (RTDS).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company also \u003ca href=\"http://www.agriculture.com/technology/how-gene-editing-will-change-agriculture\">says\u003c/a> it has other crops, such as herbicide-resistant rice and flax seeds, in the pipeline. DuPont is also working with the Berkeley-based start-up Caribou Biosciences (founded by \u003ca href=\"http://www.dailycal.org/2016/02/18/caribou-biosciences-co-founded-campus-researcher-jennifer-doudna-receives-intellectual-property-rights-crispr-technology/\">Jennifer Doudna\u003c/a>, one of the founders and patent-holders of CRISPR/Cas9 technology) to develop gene-edited, drought-resistant corn and wheat varieties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most widely discussed food produced using gene editing today is a \u003ca href=\"http://agsci.psu.edu/magazine/articles/2016/fall-winter/a-crispr-mushroom\">non-browning mushroom\u003c/a> developed using CRISPR/Cas9 at Pennsylvania State University. The mushroom received a great deal of media attention last spring, when the Penn State scientists received \u003ca href=\"https://www.aphis.usda.gov/biotechnology/downloads/reg_loi/15-321-01_air_response_signed.pdf\">a letter\u003c/a> from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) informing them that the agency would not be regulating its field testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, a number of media outlets reported that the mushroom had “\u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/gene-edited-crispr-mushroom-escapes-us-regulation-1.19754\">escaped regulation\u003c/a>,” suggesting that gene editing was not only remarkably different than tradition genetic engineering in crucial ways, but that it also might be the key to avoiding government oversight. But on both accounts, the reality may be less cut and dried.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Will Gene-Edited Seeds be Regulated?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doug Gurian-Sherman, director of sustainable agriculture and senior scientist for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.centerforfoodsafety.org/\">Center for Food Safety\u003c/a> (CFS), says the letter USDA sent to Penn State about the non-browning mushroom was just one of over 30 that went out at that time in response to requests by a variety of entities working with gene-editing technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the USDA did clearly mention the fact that the mushroom didn’t contain any foreign DNA in its response, that wasn’t the only reason it abdicated its regulatory authority. Just as important, it seems, is the fact that the mushroom was not in any way considered a “plant pest.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You see, when it comes to regulating GMO crops, plant pests have been at the heart of the USDA’s regulation approach; all other genetically engineered products fall under the auspices of either the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (A document from the Pew Charitable Trusts includes a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewtrusts.org/~/media/legacy/uploadedfiles/wwwpewtrustsorg/reports/food_and_biotechnology/hhsbiotech0901pdf.pdf\">handy chart\u003c/a> detailing which agency is supposed to regulate what types of organisms.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.aphis.usda.gov/biotechnology/downloads/reg_loi/15-321-01_air_response_signed.pdf\">letter\u003c/a> sent to Penn State concluded with this sentence: “Please be advised that the white button mushroom variety described in your letter may still be subject to other regulatory authorities such as the FDA or EPA.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So gene editing was by no means the only factor at hand. “As soon as they put genes in from any plant pest they would immediately become regulated by USDA,” said Gurian-Sherman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, exactly how the FDA plans to regulate gene editing is yet to be seen. Since January, the agency has been \u003ca href=\"https://s3.amazonaws.com/public-inspection.federalregister.gov/2017-00840.pdf\">seeking public input\u003c/a> on the topic in both medical research and agriculture. One core question at hand is whether gene editing will be considered “genetic engineering.” And at a time when a growing number of consumers want to know exactly what’s in their food—and around \u003ca href=\"http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=97567&page=1\">90 percent\u003c/a> of Americans say they want to see genetically engineered ingredients in food labeled—this is as much a question of consumer demand as it is a question of regulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We already see lots of people who are supportive of genetic engineering, calling [gene editing] ‘advanced breeding,’” said Gurian-Sherman. But, he added, “In terms of most of the legal definitions of genetic engineering that are out there right now, it applies. I think it is a legitimate area for argument whether this is generally safer or not or more acceptable, but they clearly don’t want to label it genetic engineering.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Michael Hansen, senior staff scientist at Consumers Union, “the FDA’s documents now \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/ucm059098.htm\">clearly say\u003c/a> their definition of bioengineering is the same as the \u003ca href=\"http://civileats.com/2017/04/10/monsantos-driverless-car-is-crispr-gene-editing-driving-seed-consolidation/definition%2520of%2520modern%2520biotechnolgy\">definition\u003c/a> of modern biotechnology held by \u003ca href=\"http://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/en/\">Codex Alimentarius\u003c/a>.” That’s the “Food Code” established by the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Health Organization. The Codex definition refers to any organism made using “the application of in vitro nucleic acid techniques.” And since gene editing does precisely that, Hansen believes the answer is clear: Gene editing should be seen as genetic engineering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not everyone agrees. In an \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v48/n2/full/ng.3505.html\">editorial\u003c/a> last January, for instance, the editors of \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em> endorsed “the principle of transparency in the production of genome-edited crops and livestock…with no further need for regulation or distinction of these goods from the products of traditional breeding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.C. Berkeley’s Montenegro describes CRISPR/Cas9 as a kind of Swiss army knife with the potential to be paradigm-shifting. But, she adds that, for that reason, it calls for a lot more scrutiny and regulatory oversight\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hansen agrees. Using gene editing, he said, “You can identify a key sequence you want to cut. But wherever that sequence occurs in the genome, you would get a cut. And you will also get a cut at sequences that look similar.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hansen also points to the fact that scientists have experienced at least some \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/febs.13586/full\">off-target effects\u003c/a> with most gene editing technology to date. He points to the case of an \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/hiv-overcomes-crispr-gene-editing-attack-1.19712\">effort to destroy the HIV virus\u003c/a> with CRISPR/Cas9. Although scientists engineered T-cells with CRISPR to recognize and destroy HIV, he said, “it took the HIV just a couple of weeks to evolve resistance to CRISPR.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in a recent effort to \u003ca href=\"http://arep.med.harvard.edu/pdf/Ostrov_Church_2016.pdf\">artificially synthesize\u003c/a> a new genome for \u003cem>E. coli\u003c/em>, a group of scientists decided not to use gene editing because, they wrote, “these strategies…likely would introduce off-target mutations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite these concerns, CFS’s Gurian-Sherman says there are big questions about how regulatory bodies under the Trump administration will choose to respond to the technology. For one, he says, gene editing could be much harder to test for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Detecting [transgenic] engineered changes, for a molecular biologist is really, really easy,” he said. But some of these [gene edits] are not going to leave much of a fingerprint, if at all, and they’re going to be very hard to trace,” he said. “So something like the kind of testing the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nongmoproject.org/\">Non-GMO Project\u003c/a> does probably wouldn’t be possible in foods edited with CRISPR.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, Monsanto appears to be preparing for the possibility of regulation. When Lux Research, an independent technology research and advisory firm, looked into the Monsanto-Bayer merger in December, they surmised that gene editing was an important part of Monsanto’s appeal to Bayer, but that it was by no means the only technology they’re banking on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Monsanto’s advantage in the space is that they’re super diverse and they have their hands in all the cookie jars,” said Laura Lee, the author of \u003ca href=\"https://members.luxresearchinc.com/research/report/21808\">Lux’s report\u003c/a>. “So they’d be able to advance traits using CRISPR, or if the regulatory bodies step in and decide to classify CRISPR as genetic modification or put a harmful label on it, they’ll have of other options.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“More Accessible” Technology\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While CRISPR and other gene editing tools are seen as more affordable and more efficient, they’re also being touted as more accessible than traditional genetic engineering—and they are already being used in small private laboratories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think the fact that this science is accessible to and being explored by many researchers across the public and private sectors is exciting—and will only improve the types of products that will ultimately be accessible to farmers,” said Monsanto’s Tom Adams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, most traditional genetically engineered traits take years and cost millions to produce (an average of $\u003ca href=\"https://croplife.org/wp-content/uploads/pdf_files/Getting-a-Biotech-Crop-to-Market-Phillips-McDougall-Study.pdf\">136 million\u003c/a> to be exact). So bringing that number down could bring more constituents into the fold, despite the consolidation at the top.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But seeds produced this way will still be subject to strict intellectual property fines, says Gurian-Sherman. “[CRISPR] won’t be as controllable by the big companies, but the patenting (or lack thereof) could really be a limiting factor for smaller companies,” he said. Case in point, a non-exclusive license to use CRISPR/Cas9 is valued at \u003ca href=\"https://www.forbes.com/sites/jacobsherkow/2017/02/21/how-much-is-a-crispr-patent-license-worth/#141d34066b77\">$265 million\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, if that license is used to create a handful of seed traits, it could be more than worth the investment for a company like Monsanto—particularly if it can deliver on sought-after traits such as drought tolerance. And it might lead one to deduce that a newly merged company such as Monsanto-Bayer would use gene editing to bring down its overall R&D budget.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that’s not necessarily the case, says Montenegro. In addition to facing pressure from the Trump Administration to spend mightily in the U.S., she points to an economic phenomenon called \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jevons_paradox\">Jevons paradox\u003c/a>, wherein technology makes a process more efficient, but that efficiency ends up leading to increasing demand. (Jevon first observed the phenomenon while observing the coal industry of the 19th Century.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another important question is whether this more accessible technology will be put to use to create seeds designed for alternative or more sustainable farming systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Montenegro says she has heard from one plant breeder at the University of Minnesota who was interested in using CRISPR/Cas9 for \u003ca href=\"http://open-pollinated-seeds.org.uk/participatory-plant-breeding/\">participatory plant breeding\u003c/a>—a tactic involving farmers that is often used in the developing world—and to breed plants that could be amenable to diversified organic farming systems. But she says it’s not likely that a wider playing field will change the basic premise of the bulk of the work done using gene-editing technology—which is to engineer seeds used on large-scale industrial farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While I don’t want to foreclose the possibility of using CRISPR for agroecology, [companies and institutions] are underinvesting and undercutting basic agroecology research to such a large degree that even the lower-hanging fruit hasn’t yet been picked,” Montenegro said. This “massive asymmetry” makes her doubtful that the technology will help researchers tread new paths when it comes to sustainable practices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gurian-Sherman is no more optimistic. “There are ways you can breed or adapt crops for sustainable agricultural systems that don’t rely on inputs like fertilizers and pesticides as much,” he said. “You can breed crops that attract natural enemies, or take advantage of the slower release of organic nutrients from cover crops and manure. I can go on and on about traits that are valuable to sustainable farming. But that’s not going to be of interest to these companies because they’re actually antithetical to their business models.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consumers Union’s Hansen says the current excitement about gene editing reminds him of the very early days or genetic engineering. “In the late 80s and early 90s, they were saying they’d be able to do everything with GE. Thirty years later, all you have is herbicide-tolerant plants and Bt plants. Or that’s the vast majority.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was created in partnership with \u003ca href=\"https://itvs.org/\">ITVS\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>About the Author\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTwilight Greenaway is the Managing Editor of Civil Eats. Her articles about food and farming have appeared in The New York Times, NPR.org, The Guardian, TakePart, Modern Farmer, Gastronomica and on Grist, where she served as the food editor from 2011-2012. See more at \u003ca href=\"http://www.twilightgreenaway.com/\">TwilightGreenaway.com\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Gene editing technology is being heralded as a game-changer, but it raises serious questions as five of the Big Six agriculture and chemical companies seek to merge.",
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"description": "Gene editing technology is being heralded as a game-changer, but it raises serious questions as five of the Big Six agriculture and chemical companies seek to merge.",
"title": "Monsanto’s Driverless Car: Is CRISPR Gene Editing Driving Seed Consolidation? | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When the CEOs of both Monsanto and Bayer met with Donald Trump to talk about their potential merger just three days before the inauguration, they made some \u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/politics/articles/2017-01-17/bayer-to-invest-8-billion-and-add-3-000-jobs-trump-aide-says\">big promises\u003c/a>. If the union between the world’s largest seed company and the German multinational chemical, pharmaceutical, and life-sciences company is blessed by antitrust regulators, the companies have pledged to add 3,000 high-tech American jobs and to combine—rather than consolidate and trim—their R&D budgets to the tune of $16 billion over the next six years, or $2.7 billion a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two companies have been locked in a dance since May 2016, when Monsanto \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/monsanto-rejects-bayer-merger-offer-says-its-open-to-talks-1464110057\">rejected\u003c/a> Bayer’s initial $62 billion offer. Then, last fall, the merger reappeared in the news in a noteworthy chain of events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On September 14, Bayer upped its offer to $66 billion and Monsanto accepted, putting a third major seed company merger on the table, beside ChemChina’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/chemchina-offers-more-than-43-billion-for-syngenta-1454480529\">$43 billion takeover\u003c/a> of Syngenta and Dow Chemical’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-01-24/dupont-earnings-top-estimates-on-sales-of-plastics-to-carmakers\">intended merger\u003c/a> with DuPont. On the day it was announced, the \u003cem>Washington Post\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/business/wp/2016/09/14/bayer-and-monsanto-merge-in-mega-deal-aimed-at-domi-worlds-food-supply/?utm_term=.70f457ae8a04\">called the Bayer-Monsanto deal\u003c/a> the “mega-deal that could reshape [the] world’s food supply.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less than a week later, spokespeople for the companies behind all three mergers were asked to \u003ca href=\"https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/meetings/consolidation-and-competition-in-the-us-seed-and-agrochemical-industry\">testify\u003c/a> before the senate judiciary committee, on what senator Chuck Grassley (R-Iowa) called a “\u003ca href=\"http://bigstory.ap.org/article/05fc5120c295442fbc7c0f2a11ce19cd/senate-panel-scrutinize-proposed-bayer-monsanto-merger\">merger tsunami\u003c/a>.” Then, just two days later, Monsanto \u003ca href=\"http://news.monsanto.com/press-release/corporate/monsanto-announces-global-licensing-agreement-broad-institute-key-genome-edi\">announced\u003c/a> it had licensed the rights to use CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing—a technology that has been \u003ca href=\"http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/11/16/the-gene-hackers\">called\u003c/a> the “Model T of genetics” for its power to change the way we live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This rapid-fire timing may have been a coincidence, but it also may be a sign of what’s to come. And it’s just one of many indications that CRISPR/Cas9 and other next-generation gene editing technologies will likely be at the forefront of the seed industry in the years ahead. Some even see gene editing, which is said to be simpler, less expensive, and more consumer-friendly than traditional genetic engineering, as one factor \u003ca href=\"http://www.theepochtimes.com/n3/2162211-why-crispr-is-key-to-massive-agribusiness-consolidations/\">driving\u003c/a> the mergers. And while that’s up for debate, it’s clearly an important part of the strategy for companies looking to control, and profit from, the world’s seeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week the European Union \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/05/business/syngenta-chemchina-takeover.html?mwrsm=Email&_r=0\">cleared the way\u003c/a> for the ChemChina–Syngenta takeover, suggesting the other two mergers may be imminent. If that happens, the resulting three companies would control nearly 60 percent of global seedstocks (including as much as 80 percent of U.S. corn seeds) and 70 percent of the global pesticide market. And these companies are also making a bid to control much more than seeds and pesticides. Monsanto, for example, is already making a play to control many other facets of modern agriculture—including tools for precision planting and high-tech \u003ca href=\"https://techcrunch.com/2013/10/02/monsanto-acquires-weather-big-data-company-climate-corporation-for-930m/\">weather prediction\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So while much of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2016/08/dna-crispr-gene-editing-science-ethics/\">media coverage\u003c/a> of \u003ca href=\"http://gizmodo.com/everything-you-need-to-know-about-crispr-the-new-tool-1702114381\">gene editing\u003c/a> has pointed to its potential to break molds and change the genetic playing field, when it comes to agriculture, it will likely follow a more familiar path: CRISPR and other similar technology will most likely be used by scientists mainly to continue developing seeds that withstand consistent doses of pesticides on large, industrialized farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Monsanto has been conducting research with genome-editing techniques for years, and we are excited to be integrating additional technology from licensing partners in to this body of work,” Tom Adams, biotechnology lead for Monsanto, said in an email. Over the past year, the company has announced several licensing agreements that will allow it to access gene-editing technologies, such as CRISPR/Cas9 and CRISPR-Cpf1 (which is said to be \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms14406\">more precise\u003c/a>), as well as a tool from Dow AgroScience called EXZACT™ Precision Technology\u003csup>®\u003c/sup> Platform\u003cu>,\u003c/u> among others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although Adams said this work is still in its early days, he added, “we believe that genome-editing techniques have great potential to improve and unlock capabilities across our leading germplasm and genome libraries to enable a wide variety of improvements across crop systems.” However, he added, “We do not view it as a replacement for plant biotechnology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>SEED: The Untold Story will premiere on the PBS series \u003ci>Independent Lens\u003c/i> on \u003cspan class=\"aBn\" tabindex=\"0\" data-term=\"goog_1829742120\">\u003cspan class=\"aQJ\">April 17, 2017 at 10PM\u003c/span>\u003c/span>. \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/films/seed-the-untold-story/\">Learn more\u003c/a>. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/3ys0fgZ7hmA'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/3ys0fgZ7hmA'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gene Editing vs. Genetic Engineering\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 1996, Monsanto has released a series of genetically engineered herbicide-resistant seeds, beginning with Roundup Ready soybeans in 1996, and moving on to corn, cotton, sugar beets, canola, and more. Today, Roundup Ready crops account for over \u003ca href=\"https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/adoption-of-genetically-engineered-crops-in-the-us/recent-trends-in-ge-adoption.aspx\">94 percent of the soybeans and 89 percent of the corn\u003c/a> grown in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As these products have come to dominate the farm landscape, weeds have also become resistant to Roundup. According to the \u003ca href=\"http://wssa.net/wp-content/uploads/WSSA-Fact-Sheet-on-Superweeds_16-Sep-2014.pdf\">Weed Science Society of America\u003c/a>, “overreliance on herbicides with a single mechanism of action to control certain weeds has led to the selection of weeds resistant to that mechanism of action.” Similarly, incidents of pesticide resistance have also \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/limits-sought-on-gmo-corn-as-pest-resistance-grows-1425587078\">been on the rise\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_116814\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/170410-crispr-2.jpg\" alt=\"Roundup\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\" class=\"size-full wp-image-116814\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/170410-crispr-2.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/170410-crispr-2-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/170410-crispr-2-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/170410-crispr-2-375x281.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Roundup \u003ccite>( \u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/jeepersmedia/26673445341\">Mike Mozart\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As a result, farmers often find themselves on what critics call a \u003ca href=\"http://www.panna.org/gmos-pesticides-profit/pesticide-treadmill\">pesticide treadmill\u003c/a>, where each new form of resistance requires a more powerful solution. Companies have spent the last several years working on seeds with “stacked traits,” which combine two or more genes of interest into a single plant. In the case of Monsanto, that has meant, for instance, \u003ca href=\"https://www.fool.com/investing/2016/09/03/are-you-ready-for-monsantos-1-billion-herbicide-fa.aspx\">breeding seeds\u003c/a> that tolerate both glyphosate and a second herbicide called dicamba.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main difference between gene editing and classical genetic engineering is that the former allows scientists to manipulate the genetic makeup of an organism—by changing or “knocking out” the function of a gene—without introducing genes from other organisms. This last part is key, because it’s often the combination of parts of various organisms—such as genes from bacteria added to corn to create herbicide resistance or genes from an arctic flounder added to strawberries to make them able to withstand cold weather—that has made the public wary of GMOs in their food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the image of CRISPR/Cas9 and other gene editing tools as an “entirely pristine” technology that rules out all foreign DNA isn’t entirely accurate, says Maywa Montenegro, a Ph.D. candidate in Environmental Science, Policy, and Management at University of California, Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They aren’t wrong in saying CRISPR doesn’t need to introduce foreign DNA, but it absolutely can. That’s what it’s very good at,” she said. “But it’s also important for people to understand that you can create huge, impactful changes in a plant’s functioning without introducing anything foreign.” De-activating, or knocking out, a gene function, can significantly change the plants and animals involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the case of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v32/n9/full/nbt.2969.html\">mildew-resistant wheat\u003c/a> developed in China, for instance, scientists were able to introduce “targeted mutations” using CRISPR/Cas9 without inserting new genes. In another example, Cibus, a San Diego-based startup, has produced (and commercialized) an \u003ca href=\"https://www.cibus.com/\">herbicide-resistant canola\u003c/a> using another early gene-editing technique called Rapid Trait Development System (RTDS).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company also \u003ca href=\"http://www.agriculture.com/technology/how-gene-editing-will-change-agriculture\">says\u003c/a> it has other crops, such as herbicide-resistant rice and flax seeds, in the pipeline. DuPont is also working with the Berkeley-based start-up Caribou Biosciences (founded by \u003ca href=\"http://www.dailycal.org/2016/02/18/caribou-biosciences-co-founded-campus-researcher-jennifer-doudna-receives-intellectual-property-rights-crispr-technology/\">Jennifer Doudna\u003c/a>, one of the founders and patent-holders of CRISPR/Cas9 technology) to develop gene-edited, drought-resistant corn and wheat varieties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most widely discussed food produced using gene editing today is a \u003ca href=\"http://agsci.psu.edu/magazine/articles/2016/fall-winter/a-crispr-mushroom\">non-browning mushroom\u003c/a> developed using CRISPR/Cas9 at Pennsylvania State University. The mushroom received a great deal of media attention last spring, when the Penn State scientists received \u003ca href=\"https://www.aphis.usda.gov/biotechnology/downloads/reg_loi/15-321-01_air_response_signed.pdf\">a letter\u003c/a> from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) informing them that the agency would not be regulating its field testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, a number of media outlets reported that the mushroom had “\u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/gene-edited-crispr-mushroom-escapes-us-regulation-1.19754\">escaped regulation\u003c/a>,” suggesting that gene editing was not only remarkably different than tradition genetic engineering in crucial ways, but that it also might be the key to avoiding government oversight. But on both accounts, the reality may be less cut and dried.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Will Gene-Edited Seeds be Regulated?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doug Gurian-Sherman, director of sustainable agriculture and senior scientist for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.centerforfoodsafety.org/\">Center for Food Safety\u003c/a> (CFS), says the letter USDA sent to Penn State about the non-browning mushroom was just one of over 30 that went out at that time in response to requests by a variety of entities working with gene-editing technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the USDA did clearly mention the fact that the mushroom didn’t contain any foreign DNA in its response, that wasn’t the only reason it abdicated its regulatory authority. Just as important, it seems, is the fact that the mushroom was not in any way considered a “plant pest.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You see, when it comes to regulating GMO crops, plant pests have been at the heart of the USDA’s regulation approach; all other genetically engineered products fall under the auspices of either the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (A document from the Pew Charitable Trusts includes a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewtrusts.org/~/media/legacy/uploadedfiles/wwwpewtrustsorg/reports/food_and_biotechnology/hhsbiotech0901pdf.pdf\">handy chart\u003c/a> detailing which agency is supposed to regulate what types of organisms.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.aphis.usda.gov/biotechnology/downloads/reg_loi/15-321-01_air_response_signed.pdf\">letter\u003c/a> sent to Penn State concluded with this sentence: “Please be advised that the white button mushroom variety described in your letter may still be subject to other regulatory authorities such as the FDA or EPA.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So gene editing was by no means the only factor at hand. “As soon as they put genes in from any plant pest they would immediately become regulated by USDA,” said Gurian-Sherman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, exactly how the FDA plans to regulate gene editing is yet to be seen. Since January, the agency has been \u003ca href=\"https://s3.amazonaws.com/public-inspection.federalregister.gov/2017-00840.pdf\">seeking public input\u003c/a> on the topic in both medical research and agriculture. One core question at hand is whether gene editing will be considered “genetic engineering.” And at a time when a growing number of consumers want to know exactly what’s in their food—and around \u003ca href=\"http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=97567&page=1\">90 percent\u003c/a> of Americans say they want to see genetically engineered ingredients in food labeled—this is as much a question of consumer demand as it is a question of regulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We already see lots of people who are supportive of genetic engineering, calling [gene editing] ‘advanced breeding,’” said Gurian-Sherman. But, he added, “In terms of most of the legal definitions of genetic engineering that are out there right now, it applies. I think it is a legitimate area for argument whether this is generally safer or not or more acceptable, but they clearly don’t want to label it genetic engineering.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Michael Hansen, senior staff scientist at Consumers Union, “the FDA’s documents now \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/ucm059098.htm\">clearly say\u003c/a> their definition of bioengineering is the same as the \u003ca href=\"http://civileats.com/2017/04/10/monsantos-driverless-car-is-crispr-gene-editing-driving-seed-consolidation/definition%2520of%2520modern%2520biotechnolgy\">definition\u003c/a> of modern biotechnology held by \u003ca href=\"http://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/en/\">Codex Alimentarius\u003c/a>.” That’s the “Food Code” established by the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Health Organization. The Codex definition refers to any organism made using “the application of in vitro nucleic acid techniques.” And since gene editing does precisely that, Hansen believes the answer is clear: Gene editing should be seen as genetic engineering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not everyone agrees. In an \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v48/n2/full/ng.3505.html\">editorial\u003c/a> last January, for instance, the editors of \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em> endorsed “the principle of transparency in the production of genome-edited crops and livestock…with no further need for regulation or distinction of these goods from the products of traditional breeding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.C. Berkeley’s Montenegro describes CRISPR/Cas9 as a kind of Swiss army knife with the potential to be paradigm-shifting. But, she adds that, for that reason, it calls for a lot more scrutiny and regulatory oversight\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hansen agrees. Using gene editing, he said, “You can identify a key sequence you want to cut. But wherever that sequence occurs in the genome, you would get a cut. And you will also get a cut at sequences that look similar.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hansen also points to the fact that scientists have experienced at least some \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/febs.13586/full\">off-target effects\u003c/a> with most gene editing technology to date. He points to the case of an \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/hiv-overcomes-crispr-gene-editing-attack-1.19712\">effort to destroy the HIV virus\u003c/a> with CRISPR/Cas9. Although scientists engineered T-cells with CRISPR to recognize and destroy HIV, he said, “it took the HIV just a couple of weeks to evolve resistance to CRISPR.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in a recent effort to \u003ca href=\"http://arep.med.harvard.edu/pdf/Ostrov_Church_2016.pdf\">artificially synthesize\u003c/a> a new genome for \u003cem>E. coli\u003c/em>, a group of scientists decided not to use gene editing because, they wrote, “these strategies…likely would introduce off-target mutations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite these concerns, CFS’s Gurian-Sherman says there are big questions about how regulatory bodies under the Trump administration will choose to respond to the technology. For one, he says, gene editing could be much harder to test for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Detecting [transgenic] engineered changes, for a molecular biologist is really, really easy,” he said. But some of these [gene edits] are not going to leave much of a fingerprint, if at all, and they’re going to be very hard to trace,” he said. “So something like the kind of testing the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nongmoproject.org/\">Non-GMO Project\u003c/a> does probably wouldn’t be possible in foods edited with CRISPR.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, Monsanto appears to be preparing for the possibility of regulation. When Lux Research, an independent technology research and advisory firm, looked into the Monsanto-Bayer merger in December, they surmised that gene editing was an important part of Monsanto’s appeal to Bayer, but that it was by no means the only technology they’re banking on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Monsanto’s advantage in the space is that they’re super diverse and they have their hands in all the cookie jars,” said Laura Lee, the author of \u003ca href=\"https://members.luxresearchinc.com/research/report/21808\">Lux’s report\u003c/a>. “So they’d be able to advance traits using CRISPR, or if the regulatory bodies step in and decide to classify CRISPR as genetic modification or put a harmful label on it, they’ll have of other options.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“More Accessible” Technology\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While CRISPR and other gene editing tools are seen as more affordable and more efficient, they’re also being touted as more accessible than traditional genetic engineering—and they are already being used in small private laboratories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think the fact that this science is accessible to and being explored by many researchers across the public and private sectors is exciting—and will only improve the types of products that will ultimately be accessible to farmers,” said Monsanto’s Tom Adams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, most traditional genetically engineered traits take years and cost millions to produce (an average of $\u003ca href=\"https://croplife.org/wp-content/uploads/pdf_files/Getting-a-Biotech-Crop-to-Market-Phillips-McDougall-Study.pdf\">136 million\u003c/a> to be exact). So bringing that number down could bring more constituents into the fold, despite the consolidation at the top.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But seeds produced this way will still be subject to strict intellectual property fines, says Gurian-Sherman. “[CRISPR] won’t be as controllable by the big companies, but the patenting (or lack thereof) could really be a limiting factor for smaller companies,” he said. Case in point, a non-exclusive license to use CRISPR/Cas9 is valued at \u003ca href=\"https://www.forbes.com/sites/jacobsherkow/2017/02/21/how-much-is-a-crispr-patent-license-worth/#141d34066b77\">$265 million\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, if that license is used to create a handful of seed traits, it could be more than worth the investment for a company like Monsanto—particularly if it can deliver on sought-after traits such as drought tolerance. And it might lead one to deduce that a newly merged company such as Monsanto-Bayer would use gene editing to bring down its overall R&D budget.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that’s not necessarily the case, says Montenegro. In addition to facing pressure from the Trump Administration to spend mightily in the U.S., she points to an economic phenomenon called \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jevons_paradox\">Jevons paradox\u003c/a>, wherein technology makes a process more efficient, but that efficiency ends up leading to increasing demand. (Jevon first observed the phenomenon while observing the coal industry of the 19th Century.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another important question is whether this more accessible technology will be put to use to create seeds designed for alternative or more sustainable farming systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Montenegro says she has heard from one plant breeder at the University of Minnesota who was interested in using CRISPR/Cas9 for \u003ca href=\"http://open-pollinated-seeds.org.uk/participatory-plant-breeding/\">participatory plant breeding\u003c/a>—a tactic involving farmers that is often used in the developing world—and to breed plants that could be amenable to diversified organic farming systems. But she says it’s not likely that a wider playing field will change the basic premise of the bulk of the work done using gene-editing technology—which is to engineer seeds used on large-scale industrial farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While I don’t want to foreclose the possibility of using CRISPR for agroecology, [companies and institutions] are underinvesting and undercutting basic agroecology research to such a large degree that even the lower-hanging fruit hasn’t yet been picked,” Montenegro said. This “massive asymmetry” makes her doubtful that the technology will help researchers tread new paths when it comes to sustainable practices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gurian-Sherman is no more optimistic. “There are ways you can breed or adapt crops for sustainable agricultural systems that don’t rely on inputs like fertilizers and pesticides as much,” he said. “You can breed crops that attract natural enemies, or take advantage of the slower release of organic nutrients from cover crops and manure. I can go on and on about traits that are valuable to sustainable farming. But that’s not going to be of interest to these companies because they’re actually antithetical to their business models.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consumers Union’s Hansen says the current excitement about gene editing reminds him of the very early days or genetic engineering. “In the late 80s and early 90s, they were saying they’d be able to do everything with GE. Thirty years later, all you have is herbicide-tolerant plants and Bt plants. Or that’s the vast majority.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was created in partnership with \u003ca href=\"https://itvs.org/\">ITVS\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>About the Author\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTwilight Greenaway is the Managing Editor of Civil Eats. Her articles about food and farming have appeared in The New York Times, NPR.org, The Guardian, TakePart, Modern Farmer, Gastronomica and on Grist, where she served as the food editor from 2011-2012. See more at \u003ca href=\"http://www.twilightgreenaway.com/\">TwilightGreenaway.com\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "In U.S. Restaurants, Bars And Food Trucks, 'Modern Slavery' Persists",
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"content": "\u003cp>They come from places like Vietnam, China, Mexico and Guatemala, lured by promises of better-paying jobs and legal immigration. Instead, they're smuggled into the U.S., forced to work around the clock as bussers, wait staff and cooks, and housed in cramped living quarters. For this, they must pay exorbitant fees that become an insurmountable debt, even as their pay is often withheld, stolen or unfairly docked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In restaurants, bars and food trucks across America, many workers are entrapped in a form of modern slavery. That's according to \u003ca href=\"https://polarisproject.org/typology\">a new report\u003c/a> by Polaris, an organization that fights human trafficking and helps survivors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the report the group offers a detailed portrait of human trafficking as it occurs in the U.S., breaking it down into 25 distinct business models, from nail salons to hotel work and domestic service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Because human trafficking is so diverse ... you can't fight it all at once and there are no single, silver bullet solutions. You have to ... fight it type by type,\" Bradley Myles, CEO of Polaris, told reporters on a press call. \"We see this report as a major breakthrough in the field.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He called the report the largest data set on human trafficking in the U.S. ever compiled and publicly analyzed. The Polaris team analyzed 32,208 reports of human trafficking, and 10,085 reports of labor exploitation processed through its hotlines for victims between 2007 and 2016. The goal: to identify profiles of traffickers and their victims — and the methods they use to recruit and control them — across industries, in order to better thwart them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.denverlions.org/speakers/8b082711-3c5d-4f5a-aa9c-8d1ddf564817\">Janet Drake\u003c/a>, a senior assistant attorney general in Colorado who has prosecuted human trafficking cases, called the new report \"a game changer.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only 16 percent of cases identified through the hotline calls involved labor trafficking, Drake says, \"but now we realize through the work we've done that labor trafficking is probably at least as prevalent, if not more so, than sex trafficking. And that's a real problem we've had as prosecutors – being able to identify and disrupt these labor trafficking networks.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three of the 25 categories the group tracked involve the food industry: restaurants, bars and agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From dairy farms to orange orchards, nearly 2,000 of the cases involved the agriculture industry. Workers — mostly men from Mexico and Central America — often were enticed with assurances of an hourly rate, but once they showed up in the U.S., they were paid on a much lower piece-rate basis. Many reported being denied medical care and protective gear to do their job, forced to live in squalid conditions, and threatened with deportation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the more than 1,700 restaurant industry cases, the vast majority of victims involved immigrants, recruited from Mexico, Central America and East and Southeast Asia. Nearly one in five was a minor. They included cooks, wait staff and bussers at restaurants, food trucks, buffets and taquerias.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traffickers often take advantage \"of language barriers between exploited workers and patrons — and in some cases other workers at the same restaurant who are not being abused — to help avoid detection,\" the report says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Workers who try to leave may face threats of deportation. Traffickers also may threaten to injure or even kill the worker's family back home. About a third of the cases involved immigrants without legal status in the U.S., but many other victims were here on valid work visas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some victims were forced to provide both sex and labor. Women from Latin America — including many minors — come to America beguiled by promises of good wages, safe migration or even a romantic relationship. They're put to work selling drinks, and sex, at bars and cantinas, says Jennifer Penrose, data analysis director for Polaris and co-author of the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many times these are \"legitimate bars and restaurants, where they'll sell alcohol, often at inflated prices,\" Penrose says. But behind the scenes, \"forced commercial sex may occur on-site or nearby at a hotel or warehouse.\" In this model, she says, traffickers tend to be \"part of larger criminal organizations.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the report was based solely on calls and text messages to Polaris' hotlines, Myles notes there are limits to what it can tell us. \"Potentially, restaurant trafficking may be much higher than we're learning about, but we're just not getting enough of those hotline calls to be able to describe that,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Maria Godoy is a senior editor with NPR and host of The Salt. She's on Twitter @mgodoyh.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2017 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>They come from places like Vietnam, China, Mexico and Guatemala, lured by promises of better-paying jobs and legal immigration. Instead, they're smuggled into the U.S., forced to work around the clock as bussers, wait staff and cooks, and housed in cramped living quarters. For this, they must pay exorbitant fees that become an insurmountable debt, even as their pay is often withheld, stolen or unfairly docked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In restaurants, bars and food trucks across America, many workers are entrapped in a form of modern slavery. That's according to \u003ca href=\"https://polarisproject.org/typology\">a new report\u003c/a> by Polaris, an organization that fights human trafficking and helps survivors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the report the group offers a detailed portrait of human trafficking as it occurs in the U.S., breaking it down into 25 distinct business models, from nail salons to hotel work and domestic service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Because human trafficking is so diverse ... you can't fight it all at once and there are no single, silver bullet solutions. You have to ... fight it type by type,\" Bradley Myles, CEO of Polaris, told reporters on a press call. \"We see this report as a major breakthrough in the field.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He called the report the largest data set on human trafficking in the U.S. ever compiled and publicly analyzed. The Polaris team analyzed 32,208 reports of human trafficking, and 10,085 reports of labor exploitation processed through its hotlines for victims between 2007 and 2016. The goal: to identify profiles of traffickers and their victims — and the methods they use to recruit and control them — across industries, in order to better thwart them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.denverlions.org/speakers/8b082711-3c5d-4f5a-aa9c-8d1ddf564817\">Janet Drake\u003c/a>, a senior assistant attorney general in Colorado who has prosecuted human trafficking cases, called the new report \"a game changer.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only 16 percent of cases identified through the hotline calls involved labor trafficking, Drake says, \"but now we realize through the work we've done that labor trafficking is probably at least as prevalent, if not more so, than sex trafficking. And that's a real problem we've had as prosecutors – being able to identify and disrupt these labor trafficking networks.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three of the 25 categories the group tracked involve the food industry: restaurants, bars and agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From dairy farms to orange orchards, nearly 2,000 of the cases involved the agriculture industry. Workers — mostly men from Mexico and Central America — often were enticed with assurances of an hourly rate, but once they showed up in the U.S., they were paid on a much lower piece-rate basis. Many reported being denied medical care and protective gear to do their job, forced to live in squalid conditions, and threatened with deportation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the more than 1,700 restaurant industry cases, the vast majority of victims involved immigrants, recruited from Mexico, Central America and East and Southeast Asia. Nearly one in five was a minor. They included cooks, wait staff and bussers at restaurants, food trucks, buffets and taquerias.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traffickers often take advantage \"of language barriers between exploited workers and patrons — and in some cases other workers at the same restaurant who are not being abused — to help avoid detection,\" the report says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Workers who try to leave may face threats of deportation. Traffickers also may threaten to injure or even kill the worker's family back home. About a third of the cases involved immigrants without legal status in the U.S., but many other victims were here on valid work visas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some victims were forced to provide both sex and labor. Women from Latin America — including many minors — come to America beguiled by promises of good wages, safe migration or even a romantic relationship. They're put to work selling drinks, and sex, at bars and cantinas, says Jennifer Penrose, data analysis director for Polaris and co-author of the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many times these are \"legitimate bars and restaurants, where they'll sell alcohol, often at inflated prices,\" Penrose says. But behind the scenes, \"forced commercial sex may occur on-site or nearby at a hotel or warehouse.\" In this model, she says, traffickers tend to be \"part of larger criminal organizations.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the report was based solely on calls and text messages to Polaris' hotlines, Myles notes there are limits to what it can tell us. \"Potentially, restaurant trafficking may be much higher than we're learning about, but we're just not getting enough of those hotline calls to be able to describe that,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Maria Godoy is a senior editor with NPR and host of The Salt. She's on Twitter @mgodoyh.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2017 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Acta Non Verba: The Youth Urban Farm Program Educating and Uplifting East Oakland Kids",
"title": "Acta Non Verba: The Youth Urban Farm Program Educating and Uplifting East Oakland Kids",
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"content": "\u003cp>It started with a lemon tree. Kelly Carlisle didn’t grow up gardening. She didn’t have a windowsill herb garden. She knew about farming, of course, but in her mind there was a disconnect: food just sort of showed up at the grocery store. She worked a corporate job, wearing fancy clothes and heels to work. But she had gotten laid off during the recession, and one day a few years ago, she ended up at a Bay Area nursery with her daughter. They bought a lemon tree, and as it slowly started to flourish, so did Carlisle’s interest in gardening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around the same time the, she found herself reading more and more articles about Oakland, where she spent her childhood: about its status as one of the country’s most dangerous cities, the high rate of teen prostitution and dismal school dropout statistics. She wanted to do something that combined a concrete way to help Oakland’s kids with her newfound love of gardening. So in 2010, she started \u003ca href=\"http://anvfarm.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Acta Non Verba: Youth Urban Farm Project (ANV),\u003c/a> a nonprofit that introduces low-income East Oakland children to the joys of gardening while contributing financially to their future. Local children farm a small plot at \u003ca href=\"http://www2.oaklandnet.com/Government/o/opr/s/facility/OAK029397\" target=\"_blank\">Tassafaronga Recreation Center\u003c/a> and sell the produce through farmers markets and a \u003ca href=\"http://anvfarm.org/programs/csa/\" target=\"_blank\">CSA\u003c/a>. All the proceeds go into individual savings accounts for each child, earmarked for their education. There’s also an eight week \u003ca href=\"http://anvfarm.org/programs/camp-anv/\" target=\"_blank\">summer camp\u003c/a>, camping and field trips, and community farm days. Since their founding, they've served over three thousand local kids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_115765\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-115765\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2017/03/1830661-e1488841685973.jpg\" alt=\"Acta Non Verba has served over 3,000 East Oakland kids since its founding.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Acta Non Verba has served over 3,000 East Oakland kids since its founding. \u003ccite>(Acta Non Verba )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“For generations, our communities have been told that farming is not for us,” Carlisle said. “When we talk to our kids about what a farmer looks like and where farmers live, it’s very abstract. Nobody knows a farmer, it’s all what they’ve seen on TV. There are no 4-H clubs in the flatlands.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The financial aspect of the program was inspired by San Francisco’s \u003ca href=\"http://sfgov.org/ofe/k2c\" target=\"_blank\">San Francisco Kindergarten to College Program\u003c/a>, where every kindergartner entering a public school is given a savings account with $50, with incentives for families that regularly contribute. (Research has shown that children are more likely to attend college if there’s money set aside for it).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the money is just part of the way Acta Non Verba (Latin phrase meaning: actions not words) prepares children for the future. Most of the kids Carlisle works with want to be athletes, musicians, actresses--or cops, so they can carry a gun. The program allows them to explore the sprawling agricultural industry, to show them a field and a future that could be theirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re not into getting dirty, not into planting and harvesting, there’s all these other things that you can do,” Carlisle said. “There’s being a soil scientist, being an entomologist, pest management. That, to me, is as important as \u003ca href=\"https://studyinthestates.dhs.gov/2011/09/what-does-stem-stand-for\" target=\"_blank\">STEM\u003c/a>.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_115764\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-115764\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2017/03/1830656-e1488841654431.jpg\" alt=\"Acta Non Verba teaches kids about the cultivation and selling of produce.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Acta Non Verba teaches kids about the cultivation and selling of produce. \u003ccite>(Acta Non Verba)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It hasn’t been easy. Like Carlisle, many of the kids have grown up disconnected to where their food comes from. And in East Oakland, where most kids grow up with acute food insecurity (most \u003ca href=\"http://anvfarm.org/about/mission/\" target=\"_blank\">qualify for reduced lunch\u003c/a>), an emphasis on pesticide-free local produce can seem precious or irrelevant. Once, the garden yielded a bumper crop of collard greens. Carlisle offered some to a woman in the neighborhood. The woman was suspicious, unbelieving that the park’s small garden could actually yield something and that Carlisle had grown it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The greens were safe, Carlisle said. She had farmed them herself. “She’s like ‘Why would you call yourself that? No girl, we’re not farmers, you’re a gardener,’” Carlisle remembered. “I was offended, but it’s something to think about; trying not to sound superior. The farm-to-table movement doesn’t always feel like it applies to folks in my community. But to grow culturally relevant produce like collard greens and mustard greens, the community is starting to come around and see that, like with me, food is grown, it doesn’t just show up at the grocery store miraculously.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_115763\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-115763\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2017/03/KellyCarlisle-_MG_1520-e1458614584851.jpg\" alt=\"Acta Non Verba founder and executive director Kelly Carlisle.\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/03/KellyCarlisle-_MG_1520-e1458614584851.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/03/KellyCarlisle-_MG_1520-e1458614584851-160x160.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/03/KellyCarlisle-_MG_1520-e1458614584851-768x768.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/03/KellyCarlisle-_MG_1520-e1458614584851-240x240.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/03/KellyCarlisle-_MG_1520-e1458614584851-375x375.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/03/KellyCarlisle-_MG_1520-e1458614584851-520x520.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/03/KellyCarlisle-_MG_1520-e1458614584851-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/03/KellyCarlisle-_MG_1520-e1458614584851-50x50.jpg 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/03/KellyCarlisle-_MG_1520-e1458614584851-64x64.jpg 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/03/KellyCarlisle-_MG_1520-e1458614584851-96x96.jpg 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/03/KellyCarlisle-_MG_1520-e1458614584851-128x128.jpg 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/03/KellyCarlisle-_MG_1520-e1458614584851-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Acta Non Verba founder and executive director Kelly Carlisle. \u003ccite>(Acta Non Verba)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To help share her message, Carlisle involves parents, both as volunteers and paid positions so the children’s healthy eating education is reinforced at home. She also makes it fun: she talks about a local boy named Jordan, who’s always thrilled to share his new knowledge about plant biology, or a pair of sisters whose eyes light up when it’s time to sing camp songs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thing could be easier, Carlisle acknowledges. She’d like to be able to afford more employees. She’d like there to be a grocery store near the farm, a nice one emphasizing healthy options. She’d like to only focus on food issues. But the more time she spends in East Oakland, the more she’s forced to confront other issues, like the area’s high rates of \u003ca href=\"http://www.acphd.org/media/401560/cumulative-health-impacts-east-west-oakland.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">child asthma\u003c/a>, or the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cbecal.org/organizing/northern-california/oakland/#crematorium\" target=\"_blank\">giant crematorium\u003c/a> that’s slated to be built near her farm. But Carlisle, who served in the Navy and whose parents also started their own nonprofit--“Service is probably ingrained in my DNA,” she said--isn’t going to give up anytime soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One thing that we don’t think about in these high tech days is that we’re all here because somebody cultivated and worked with land,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even every single culture has some kind of agriculture going on. For me, farming is not only something that soothes my soul and makes me feel like I’ve accomplished something in a day, it’s also a connection to something bigger than myself, to a community and something innate: trying to improve my community through hard work and cultivation of land.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It started with a lemon tree. Kelly Carlisle didn’t grow up gardening. She didn’t have a windowsill herb garden. She knew about farming, of course, but in her mind there was a disconnect: food just sort of showed up at the grocery store. She worked a corporate job, wearing fancy clothes and heels to work. But she had gotten laid off during the recession, and one day a few years ago, she ended up at a Bay Area nursery with her daughter. They bought a lemon tree, and as it slowly started to flourish, so did Carlisle’s interest in gardening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around the same time the, she found herself reading more and more articles about Oakland, where she spent her childhood: about its status as one of the country’s most dangerous cities, the high rate of teen prostitution and dismal school dropout statistics. She wanted to do something that combined a concrete way to help Oakland’s kids with her newfound love of gardening. So in 2010, she started \u003ca href=\"http://anvfarm.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Acta Non Verba: Youth Urban Farm Project (ANV),\u003c/a> a nonprofit that introduces low-income East Oakland children to the joys of gardening while contributing financially to their future. Local children farm a small plot at \u003ca href=\"http://www2.oaklandnet.com/Government/o/opr/s/facility/OAK029397\" target=\"_blank\">Tassafaronga Recreation Center\u003c/a> and sell the produce through farmers markets and a \u003ca href=\"http://anvfarm.org/programs/csa/\" target=\"_blank\">CSA\u003c/a>. All the proceeds go into individual savings accounts for each child, earmarked for their education. There’s also an eight week \u003ca href=\"http://anvfarm.org/programs/camp-anv/\" target=\"_blank\">summer camp\u003c/a>, camping and field trips, and community farm days. Since their founding, they've served over three thousand local kids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_115765\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-115765\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2017/03/1830661-e1488841685973.jpg\" alt=\"Acta Non Verba has served over 3,000 East Oakland kids since its founding.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Acta Non Verba has served over 3,000 East Oakland kids since its founding. \u003ccite>(Acta Non Verba )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“For generations, our communities have been told that farming is not for us,” Carlisle said. “When we talk to our kids about what a farmer looks like and where farmers live, it’s very abstract. Nobody knows a farmer, it’s all what they’ve seen on TV. There are no 4-H clubs in the flatlands.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The financial aspect of the program was inspired by San Francisco’s \u003ca href=\"http://sfgov.org/ofe/k2c\" target=\"_blank\">San Francisco Kindergarten to College Program\u003c/a>, where every kindergartner entering a public school is given a savings account with $50, with incentives for families that regularly contribute. (Research has shown that children are more likely to attend college if there’s money set aside for it).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the money is just part of the way Acta Non Verba (Latin phrase meaning: actions not words) prepares children for the future. Most of the kids Carlisle works with want to be athletes, musicians, actresses--or cops, so they can carry a gun. The program allows them to explore the sprawling agricultural industry, to show them a field and a future that could be theirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re not into getting dirty, not into planting and harvesting, there’s all these other things that you can do,” Carlisle said. “There’s being a soil scientist, being an entomologist, pest management. That, to me, is as important as \u003ca href=\"https://studyinthestates.dhs.gov/2011/09/what-does-stem-stand-for\" target=\"_blank\">STEM\u003c/a>.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_115764\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-115764\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2017/03/1830656-e1488841654431.jpg\" alt=\"Acta Non Verba teaches kids about the cultivation and selling of produce.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Acta Non Verba teaches kids about the cultivation and selling of produce. \u003ccite>(Acta Non Verba)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It hasn’t been easy. Like Carlisle, many of the kids have grown up disconnected to where their food comes from. And in East Oakland, where most kids grow up with acute food insecurity (most \u003ca href=\"http://anvfarm.org/about/mission/\" target=\"_blank\">qualify for reduced lunch\u003c/a>), an emphasis on pesticide-free local produce can seem precious or irrelevant. Once, the garden yielded a bumper crop of collard greens. Carlisle offered some to a woman in the neighborhood. The woman was suspicious, unbelieving that the park’s small garden could actually yield something and that Carlisle had grown it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The greens were safe, Carlisle said. She had farmed them herself. “She’s like ‘Why would you call yourself that? No girl, we’re not farmers, you’re a gardener,’” Carlisle remembered. “I was offended, but it’s something to think about; trying not to sound superior. The farm-to-table movement doesn’t always feel like it applies to folks in my community. But to grow culturally relevant produce like collard greens and mustard greens, the community is starting to come around and see that, like with me, food is grown, it doesn’t just show up at the grocery store miraculously.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_115763\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-115763\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2017/03/KellyCarlisle-_MG_1520-e1458614584851.jpg\" alt=\"Acta Non Verba founder and executive director Kelly Carlisle.\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/03/KellyCarlisle-_MG_1520-e1458614584851.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/03/KellyCarlisle-_MG_1520-e1458614584851-160x160.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/03/KellyCarlisle-_MG_1520-e1458614584851-768x768.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/03/KellyCarlisle-_MG_1520-e1458614584851-240x240.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/03/KellyCarlisle-_MG_1520-e1458614584851-375x375.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/03/KellyCarlisle-_MG_1520-e1458614584851-520x520.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/03/KellyCarlisle-_MG_1520-e1458614584851-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/03/KellyCarlisle-_MG_1520-e1458614584851-50x50.jpg 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/03/KellyCarlisle-_MG_1520-e1458614584851-64x64.jpg 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/03/KellyCarlisle-_MG_1520-e1458614584851-96x96.jpg 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/03/KellyCarlisle-_MG_1520-e1458614584851-128x128.jpg 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/03/KellyCarlisle-_MG_1520-e1458614584851-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Acta Non Verba founder and executive director Kelly Carlisle. \u003ccite>(Acta Non Verba)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To help share her message, Carlisle involves parents, both as volunteers and paid positions so the children’s healthy eating education is reinforced at home. She also makes it fun: she talks about a local boy named Jordan, who’s always thrilled to share his new knowledge about plant biology, or a pair of sisters whose eyes light up when it’s time to sing camp songs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thing could be easier, Carlisle acknowledges. She’d like to be able to afford more employees. She’d like there to be a grocery store near the farm, a nice one emphasizing healthy options. She’d like to only focus on food issues. But the more time she spends in East Oakland, the more she’s forced to confront other issues, like the area’s high rates of \u003ca href=\"http://www.acphd.org/media/401560/cumulative-health-impacts-east-west-oakland.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">child asthma\u003c/a>, or the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cbecal.org/organizing/northern-california/oakland/#crematorium\" target=\"_blank\">giant crematorium\u003c/a> that’s slated to be built near her farm. But Carlisle, who served in the Navy and whose parents also started their own nonprofit--“Service is probably ingrained in my DNA,” she said--isn’t going to give up anytime soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One thing that we don’t think about in these high tech days is that we’re all here because somebody cultivated and worked with land,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even every single culture has some kind of agriculture going on. For me, farming is not only something that soothes my soul and makes me feel like I’ve accomplished something in a day, it’s also a connection to something bigger than myself, to a community and something innate: trying to improve my community through hard work and cultivation of land.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
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"meta": {
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"source": "WNYC"
},
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
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"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
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"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
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