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"content": "\u003cp>The California Department of Public Health \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/Pages/NR15-053.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">issued a warning\u003c/a> Monday, particularly to pregnant women, about the prevalence and danger of whooping cough, and the need to increase the vaccination rate against the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whooping cough, also called pertussis, can be deadly for infants and is responsible for one infant death already this year, according to Karen Smith, director of the state Public Health department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith said, so far this year, there have been 126 infant hospitalizations due to whooping cough, along with the death of one baby -- and they're preventable, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Right now, it's estimated that fewer than half of all pregnant women in California are vaccinated against whooping cough,\" Smith said. \"We need to increase that number to help improve the health of our children and of our communities.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pregnant women need to \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/pregnant/mom/get-vaccinated.html\" target=\"_blank\">receive the whooping cough vaccination \u003c/a>in the last trimester of each pregnancy, Smith said, because the immunity decreases over time. Getting the vaccine is critical to stemming the spread of the illness, she said, which can be particularly dangerous for children under the age of one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Vaccinated mothers pass protective antibodies to their infants during pregnancy,\" Smith said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The whooping cough vaccine called Tdap is designed to prevent tetanus and diphtheria, as well as pertussis. Whooping cough causes a severe, persistent cough, sometimes strong enough to make infants vomit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, the state declared a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/06/27/whooping-cough-epidemic-continues-1100-new-cases-in-last-two-weeks/\" target=\"_blank\">whooping cough epidemic\u003c/a> and reported the highest rate of the disease since the 1950s, Smith said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The higher incidence of whooping cough in California, along with last year's measles outbreak that originated at Disneyland, led to legislation signed last month by Gov. Jerry Brown that \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/06/29/bill-ending-vaccine-exemptions-passes-california-senate-moves-to-governors-desk/\" target=\"_blank\">eliminated the religious and \"personal belief\" exemptions\u003c/a> for childhood immunizations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That law goes into effect July 1, 2016.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Vaccinated mothers pass protective antibodies to their infants during pregnancy,\" Smith said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The whooping cough vaccine called Tdap is designed to prevent tetanus and diphtheria, as well as pertussis. Whooping cough causes a severe, persistent cough, sometimes strong enough to make infants vomit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, the state declared a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/06/27/whooping-cough-epidemic-continues-1100-new-cases-in-last-two-weeks/\" target=\"_blank\">whooping cough epidemic\u003c/a> and reported the highest rate of the disease since the 1950s, Smith said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The higher incidence of whooping cough in California, along with last year's measles outbreak that originated at Disneyland, led to legislation signed last month by Gov. Jerry Brown that \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/06/29/bill-ending-vaccine-exemptions-passes-california-senate-moves-to-governors-desk/\" target=\"_blank\">eliminated the religious and \"personal belief\" exemptions\u003c/a> for childhood immunizations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That law goes into effect July 1, 2016.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>In 1953, Dr. John Clements realized something fundamental about the way the lung functions — an insight that would ultimately save the lives of millions of premature babies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The story begins in 1950, when the U.S. Army sent Clements, a newly graduated physician, to the medical division of what was then called the Army Chemical Center in Edgewood, Md. Clements was interested in doing research in biochemistry. His commanding officer was of a different mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\" 'We don't need any biochemists,' \" Clements recalls the officer saying. \" 'You're going to be a physiologist.' And I became a physiologist because the Army said so.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, the Army was worried about the Soviet Union using chemical weapons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My assignment was to find out how nerve gases worked on the lungs,\" says Clements. So he set out to learn all he could about human lungs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lungs are made up of thin, pliable sacs called alveoli. You can think of them as tiny, somewhat permeable balloons. Oxygen enters the bloodstream though the outer membranes of these sacs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the sacs inflate, there's more surface area for oxygen to cross into the blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/08/alveoli-5174afd0613caa985beba806758415caeaccc0ef.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter wp-image-56247 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/08/alveoli-5174afd0613caa985beba806758415caeaccc0ef-e1438625823518.jpg\" alt=\"The tiny sacs in the lungs, called alveoli, move oxygen into the blood and carbon dioxide out.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But how much surface area is there in the normal lung? This wasn't an easy question to answer. Researchers who had looked at lung tissue through the microscope said the surface area was huge — maybe the size of a football field if you spread it all out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But physiologists who estimated the energy that's used to inflate the sacs came up with a much, much smaller area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That huge discrepancy between two supposedly correct methods bothered me,\" Clements says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1953, he suggested \u003ca href=\"http://www.fasebj.org/content/18/13/1624e.full\">an explanation\u003c/a> for the discrepancy. Maybe there was a substance in the lung that made the alveoli easier to inflate and keep inflated. A few years later, Clements and others found it — a slippery substance known as a surfactant that reduces surface tension in the alveolar membranes. Soon scientists showed that a lack of surfactant is involved in human lung disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"At that point the research, to use the trite term, exploded,\" Clements says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clements was doing basic research, not trying to cure a disease. But his work did contribute to a cure. In 1959, a researcher named \u003ca href=\"http://www.nlm.nih.gov/changingthefaceofmedicine/physicians/biography_17.html\">Dr. Mary Ellen Avery,\u003c/a> who was then at Harvard Medical School, showed that the lungs of premature babies can't make that surfactant. In those days, many children born at less than 37 weeks' gestation would die from something called \u003ca href=\"http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001563.htm\">respiratory distress syndrome\u003c/a>, or RDS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA has since approved \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm294984.htm\">five synthetic surfactants\u003c/a> to prevent respiratory distress syndrome in premature babies. Surfaxin, approved in 2012, is the latest to hit the market. (The first, \u003ca href=\"https://www.pharmamedtechbi.com/publications/the-pink-sheet/52/032/burroughs-wellcomes-exosurf-is-approved\">Exosurf, \u003c/a>is no longer sold.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It took 40 years — from the initial discovery in the early '50s to the first approval of the FDA in the 1990s,\" says Dr. Sam Hawgood, a neonatologist who once worked in Clements' lab and is now chancellor at the University of California, San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"All of us would like to compress that timeline,\" Hawgood says. \"But if you think that we had no idea that this substance even existed or was needed in the '50s, to an actual drug four decades later — it's pretty remarkable.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's also remarkable is John Clements himself. Today he has a lab at UCSF. At 92, he still heads in every day and is proud of what his work has meant for treating premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When we began this work back in the 1950s, the mortality from RDS was above 90 percent,\" he says. \"Today, that mortality is 5 percent or less.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked Clements why he still works — surely he's achieved enough to rest on his laurels. He says there's always the chance that a new day will bring a new scientific insight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The thrill of that is the best thing there is. At my age, I'd put it even higher than sex,\" says Clements with a laugh. Then his tone is more serious. \"It's a big, big thrill when you think you've made a discovery — found an idea — that no one else has had,\" he says. \"That's as good as it gets.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2015 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+A+Scientist%27s+Slick+Discovery+Helped+Save+Preemies%27+Lives&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In 1953, Dr. John Clements realized something fundamental about the way the lung functions — an insight that would ultimately save the lives of millions of premature babies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The story begins in 1950, when the U.S. Army sent Clements, a newly graduated physician, to the medical division of what was then called the Army Chemical Center in Edgewood, Md. Clements was interested in doing research in biochemistry. His commanding officer was of a different mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\" 'We don't need any biochemists,' \" Clements recalls the officer saying. \" 'You're going to be a physiologist.' And I became a physiologist because the Army said so.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, the Army was worried about the Soviet Union using chemical weapons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My assignment was to find out how nerve gases worked on the lungs,\" says Clements. So he set out to learn all he could about human lungs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lungs are made up of thin, pliable sacs called alveoli. You can think of them as tiny, somewhat permeable balloons. Oxygen enters the bloodstream though the outer membranes of these sacs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the sacs inflate, there's more surface area for oxygen to cross into the blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/08/alveoli-5174afd0613caa985beba806758415caeaccc0ef.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter wp-image-56247 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/08/alveoli-5174afd0613caa985beba806758415caeaccc0ef-e1438625823518.jpg\" alt=\"The tiny sacs in the lungs, called alveoli, move oxygen into the blood and carbon dioxide out.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But how much surface area is there in the normal lung? This wasn't an easy question to answer. Researchers who had looked at lung tissue through the microscope said the surface area was huge — maybe the size of a football field if you spread it all out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But physiologists who estimated the energy that's used to inflate the sacs came up with a much, much smaller area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That huge discrepancy between two supposedly correct methods bothered me,\" Clements says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1953, he suggested \u003ca href=\"http://www.fasebj.org/content/18/13/1624e.full\">an explanation\u003c/a> for the discrepancy. Maybe there was a substance in the lung that made the alveoli easier to inflate and keep inflated. A few years later, Clements and others found it — a slippery substance known as a surfactant that reduces surface tension in the alveolar membranes. Soon scientists showed that a lack of surfactant is involved in human lung disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"At that point the research, to use the trite term, exploded,\" Clements says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clements was doing basic research, not trying to cure a disease. But his work did contribute to a cure. In 1959, a researcher named \u003ca href=\"http://www.nlm.nih.gov/changingthefaceofmedicine/physicians/biography_17.html\">Dr. Mary Ellen Avery,\u003c/a> who was then at Harvard Medical School, showed that the lungs of premature babies can't make that surfactant. In those days, many children born at less than 37 weeks' gestation would die from something called \u003ca href=\"http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001563.htm\">respiratory distress syndrome\u003c/a>, or RDS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA has since approved \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm294984.htm\">five synthetic surfactants\u003c/a> to prevent respiratory distress syndrome in premature babies. Surfaxin, approved in 2012, is the latest to hit the market. (The first, \u003ca href=\"https://www.pharmamedtechbi.com/publications/the-pink-sheet/52/032/burroughs-wellcomes-exosurf-is-approved\">Exosurf, \u003c/a>is no longer sold.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It took 40 years — from the initial discovery in the early '50s to the first approval of the FDA in the 1990s,\" says Dr. Sam Hawgood, a neonatologist who once worked in Clements' lab and is now chancellor at the University of California, San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"All of us would like to compress that timeline,\" Hawgood says. \"But if you think that we had no idea that this substance even existed or was needed in the '50s, to an actual drug four decades later — it's pretty remarkable.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's also remarkable is John Clements himself. Today he has a lab at UCSF. At 92, he still heads in every day and is proud of what his work has meant for treating premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When we began this work back in the 1950s, the mortality from RDS was above 90 percent,\" he says. \"Today, that mortality is 5 percent or less.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked Clements why he still works — surely he's achieved enough to rest on his laurels. He says there's always the chance that a new day will bring a new scientific insight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The thrill of that is the best thing there is. At my age, I'd put it even higher than sex,\" says Clements with a laugh. Then his tone is more serious. \"It's a big, big thrill when you think you've made a discovery — found an idea — that no one else has had,\" he says. \"That's as good as it gets.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2015 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+A+Scientist%27s+Slick+Discovery+Helped+Save+Preemies%27+Lives&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "New Ebola Vaccine Has '100 Percent' Effectiveness In Early Results",
"title": "New Ebola Vaccine Has '100 Percent' Effectiveness In Early Results",
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"content": "\u003cp>In a development that could change the way the deadly Ebola disease is fought, researchers have announced promising results of a new vaccine's trial in Guinea, one of several countries affected by a historic outbreak in West Africa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The estimated vaccine efficacy was 100 percent,\" a team of researchers say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trial was called \u003cem>Ebola ça Suffit\u003c/em> — French for \"Ebola that's enough.\" Funded by the World Health Organization and other groups, it started in April and ended on July 20, relying on 7,651 participants who consented to be part of the trial. The more than 20 researchers who took part published their findings \u003ca href=\"http://www.thelancet.com/pb/assets/raw/Lancet/pdfs/S0140673615611175.pdf\">in The Lancet medical journal\u003c/a> on Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The current data basically tells us that the vaccine works to protect people against Ebola,\" says Dr. Bertrand Draguez, medical director of Médecins Sans Frontières, \u003ca href=\"http://www.msf.org/article/ebola-getting-closer-ebola-vaccine\">which took part in the research\u003c/a> along with WHO and authorities in Guinea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Draguez and other experts are heartened by the new results — but they also warn that as testing expands, the effectiveness rate of the vaccine will likely fall below 100 percent. The trial used the \"ring vaccination\" method, in which all suspected contacts receive treatment. No placebos were administered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Even if the sample size is quite small and more research and analysis is needed,\" Draguez says, \"the enormity of the public health emergency should lead us to continue using this vaccine right now to protect those who might get exposed to the disease: contacts of infected patients and front-line workers.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trial vaccine, formally called rVSV-ZEBOV but more commonly known as VSV-EBOV, was supplied by the pharmaceutical firm Merck Sharp & Dohme. The drug was initially developed by Canada's Public Health Agency and was tested \u003ca href=\"http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/204/suppl_3/S1066.full\">as early as 2011\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To conduct the Guinea trial, researchers used newly confirmed Ebola cases to identify clusters of people with whom the patients had contact. On a random basis, those clusters then received the vaccine either immediately or after a 21-day delay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In the immediate vaccination group, there were no cases of Ebola virus disease with symptom onset at least 10 days after randomization,\" the researchers say, \"whereas in the delayed vaccination group there were 16 cases of Ebola virus disease from seven clusters, showing a vaccine efficacy of 100 percent.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers say that for both groups — those who got the vaccine immediately and those who received it after a delay — no new Ebola cases were diagnosed starting at six days after vaccination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The randomization phase of the trial was stopped this week, WHO says, \"to allow for all people at risk to receive the vaccine immediately.\" It will also now include younger people than the adults involved in the trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first person to receive the trial vaccine in Guinea was Mohamed Soumah, 27. \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/features/2015/guinea-ebola-vaccine/en/\">He tells WHO\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"It wasn't easy. People in the village said that the injection was to kill me. I was afraid. I was the first one to be injected, the very first, here in my village on 23 March 2015. I've been monitored for 3 months and I've had no problems. The last follow-up, 84 days after the vaccination, was all clear.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The vaccine is administered via a shot to the upper arm. The researchers who ran the trial say their results suggest a single injection is highly effective, and that protection against Ebola can be established quickly. They're also still analyzing possible adverse reactions to the drug.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The interim findings on the Guinea trial are the latest to bolster the belief that VSV-EBOV could be the drug Ebola-fighters have been waiting for. Earlier this year, it showed positive results in clinical trials at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://wrair-www.army.mil/Documents/NEJM%20Press%20Release%20Ebola%20Vaccine%20Trial%201%20Apr%2015.pdf\">A Walter Reed release\u003c/a> about that study explained how the drug is derived:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"VSV-EBOV is based in part on a genetically engineered version of vesicular stomatitis virus, which primarily affects rodents, cattle, swine and horses. Human VSV infections are rare and mild. In the VSV-EBOV investigational vaccine, the gene for the outer protein of VSV replaces the same gene segment of the Zaire Ebola virus species.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers in the Guinea trial say the number of new clusters of potential patients is falling, because the rate of new diagnoses in the country has dropped. The next immediate step, they say, is to continue the trial and vaccinate more people. Last Friday, Guinea's government and medical ethics groups approved that plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2015 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=New+Ebola+Vaccine+Has+%27100+Percent%27+Effectiveness+In+Early+Results&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In a development that could change the way the deadly Ebola disease is fought, researchers have announced promising results of a new vaccine's trial in Guinea, one of several countries affected by a historic outbreak in West Africa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The estimated vaccine efficacy was 100 percent,\" a team of researchers say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trial was called \u003cem>Ebola ça Suffit\u003c/em> — French for \"Ebola that's enough.\" Funded by the World Health Organization and other groups, it started in April and ended on July 20, relying on 7,651 participants who consented to be part of the trial. The more than 20 researchers who took part published their findings \u003ca href=\"http://www.thelancet.com/pb/assets/raw/Lancet/pdfs/S0140673615611175.pdf\">in The Lancet medical journal\u003c/a> on Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The current data basically tells us that the vaccine works to protect people against Ebola,\" says Dr. Bertrand Draguez, medical director of Médecins Sans Frontières, \u003ca href=\"http://www.msf.org/article/ebola-getting-closer-ebola-vaccine\">which took part in the research\u003c/a> along with WHO and authorities in Guinea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Draguez and other experts are heartened by the new results — but they also warn that as testing expands, the effectiveness rate of the vaccine will likely fall below 100 percent. The trial used the \"ring vaccination\" method, in which all suspected contacts receive treatment. No placebos were administered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Even if the sample size is quite small and more research and analysis is needed,\" Draguez says, \"the enormity of the public health emergency should lead us to continue using this vaccine right now to protect those who might get exposed to the disease: contacts of infected patients and front-line workers.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trial vaccine, formally called rVSV-ZEBOV but more commonly known as VSV-EBOV, was supplied by the pharmaceutical firm Merck Sharp & Dohme. The drug was initially developed by Canada's Public Health Agency and was tested \u003ca href=\"http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/204/suppl_3/S1066.full\">as early as 2011\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To conduct the Guinea trial, researchers used newly confirmed Ebola cases to identify clusters of people with whom the patients had contact. On a random basis, those clusters then received the vaccine either immediately or after a 21-day delay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In the immediate vaccination group, there were no cases of Ebola virus disease with symptom onset at least 10 days after randomization,\" the researchers say, \"whereas in the delayed vaccination group there were 16 cases of Ebola virus disease from seven clusters, showing a vaccine efficacy of 100 percent.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers say that for both groups — those who got the vaccine immediately and those who received it after a delay — no new Ebola cases were diagnosed starting at six days after vaccination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The randomization phase of the trial was stopped this week, WHO says, \"to allow for all people at risk to receive the vaccine immediately.\" It will also now include younger people than the adults involved in the trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first person to receive the trial vaccine in Guinea was Mohamed Soumah, 27. \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/features/2015/guinea-ebola-vaccine/en/\">He tells WHO\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"It wasn't easy. People in the village said that the injection was to kill me. I was afraid. I was the first one to be injected, the very first, here in my village on 23 March 2015. I've been monitored for 3 months and I've had no problems. The last follow-up, 84 days after the vaccination, was all clear.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The vaccine is administered via a shot to the upper arm. The researchers who ran the trial say their results suggest a single injection is highly effective, and that protection against Ebola can be established quickly. They're also still analyzing possible adverse reactions to the drug.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The interim findings on the Guinea trial are the latest to bolster the belief that VSV-EBOV could be the drug Ebola-fighters have been waiting for. Earlier this year, it showed positive results in clinical trials at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://wrair-www.army.mil/Documents/NEJM%20Press%20Release%20Ebola%20Vaccine%20Trial%201%20Apr%2015.pdf\">A Walter Reed release\u003c/a> about that study explained how the drug is derived:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"VSV-EBOV is based in part on a genetically engineered version of vesicular stomatitis virus, which primarily affects rodents, cattle, swine and horses. Human VSV infections are rare and mild. In the VSV-EBOV investigational vaccine, the gene for the outer protein of VSV replaces the same gene segment of the Zaire Ebola virus species.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers in the Guinea trial say the number of new clusters of potential patients is falling, because the rate of new diagnoses in the country has dropped. The next immediate step, they say, is to continue the trial and vaccinate more people. Last Friday, Guinea's government and medical ethics groups approved that plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2015 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=New+Ebola+Vaccine+Has+%27100+Percent%27+Effectiveness+In+Early+Results&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "California Ends Personal Belief Exemption for Vaccines",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update, June 30\u003c/strong>: Legislation ending personal belief exemptions for vaccines is now a done deal. Gov. Jerry Brown has signed \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB277\" target=\"_blank\">SB277\u003c/a> into law, and California now has one of the strictest mandatory vaccination laws in the nation. It also becomes the third state after Mississippi and West Virginia to disallow exemptions for religious reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The science is clear that vaccines dramatically protect children against a number of infectious and dangerous diseases,\" Brown said in an accompanying \u003ca href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/docs/SB_277_Signing_Message.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">signing statement\u003c/a>. \"While it's true that no medical intervention is without risk, the evidence shows that immunization powerfully benefits and protects the community.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"8h6644X70B8IQ2kpxzDWXE8NITVr7Ta7\"]Passage of the law means that starting July 1, 2016, children will have to be vaccinated in order to attend public or private school. Those who opt out will have to be home-schooled or enroll in an independent study program off school grounds. Parents will still be able to secure a medical exemption from a health care provider, who can take into account family history in excusing kids from particular vaccinations -- one of the compromises the bill's authors made in order to get the bill passed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill also contains language that would allow a certain amount of grandfathering for those who already have personal belief exemptions on file. Unvaccinated kids can stay unvaccinated and still remain in school until the next “grade span,” as long as their exemption is on file before Jan. 1, 2016. However, children with these exemptions will not be able to enter preschool, kindergarten or seventh grade, and will not be able to change schools, without the mandatory vaccinations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are the required immunizations, as listed in the bill:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(1) Diphtheria\u003cbr>\n(2) Haemophilus influenzae type b\u003cbr>\n(3) Measles\u003cbr>\n(4) Mumps\u003cbr>\n(5) Pertussis (whooping cough)\u003cbr>\n(6) Poliomyelitis\u003cbr>\n(7) Rubella\u003cbr>\n(8) Tetanus\u003cbr>\n(9) Hepatitis B\u003cbr>\n(10) Varicella (chickenpox)\u003cbr>\n(11) Any other disease deemed appropriate by the state Department of Public Health, taking into consideration the recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, the American Academy of Pediatrics, and the American Academy of Family Physicians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ongoing Conflict Over Vaccines\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A May \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/publication.asp?i=1153\" target=\"_blank\"> poll by the Public Policy Institute of California\u003c/a> found that 67 percent of Californians and 65 percent of public school parents think children should not be allowed to attend public school without getting vaccinated. Large majorities also said that childhood vaccines are generally safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ninety percent of parents in California vaccinate their children, but there are pockets in the state where the rate of opting out is high. Marin County, for example, has the highest rate of personal belief exemptions in the Bay Area and among the highest in the state. Last school year, 6.45 percent of Marin’s kindergartners went unvaccinated by invoking the exemption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those who oppose mandatory vaccinations were vocal indeed as SB277 wended its way through the Legislature, holding multiple rallies at the state Capitol, getting ejected from committee hearings, and even \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/news/politics-government/capitol-alert/article18533915.html\" target=\"_blank\">issuing threats\u003c/a> to the bill's backers. The legislation thus became a battleground in the ongoing conflict between those who urge everyone to get vaccinated — a group that includes the scientific and medical community — and those who think the decision should remain personal. Many in that category believe vaccines are responsible for the rising autism rate, a proposition that has never been proved in any way, shape or form but remains an article of faith among some in the anti-vaccine movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State Sen. Richard Pan (D-Sacramento), a physician, and Sen. Ben Allen (Santa Monica) introduced SB277 amid the measles outbreak that started in Disneyland last December and spread to at least half a dozen additional states. A total of 117 cases were associated with the outbreak, which was declared over on April 17 of this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here is Gov. Brown's full \u003ca href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/docs/SB_277_Signing_Message.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">SB277 signing statement \u003c/a>today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>To the Members of the California State Senate:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SB 277 has occasioned widespread interest and controversy -- with both proponents and opponents expressing their positions with eloquence and sincerity. After carefully reviewing the materials and arguments that have been presented, I have decided to sign this bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The science is clear that vaccines dramatically protect children against a number of infectious and dangerous diseases. While it's true that no medical intervention is without risk, the evidence shows that immunization powerfully benefits and protects the community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Legislature, after considerable debate, specifically amended SB 277, to exempt a child from immunizations whenver the child's physician concludes that there are \"circumstances, including but not limited to, family medical history, for which the physician does not recommend immunization...\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thus, SB 277, while requiring that school children be vaccinated, explicitly provides an exception when a physician believes that circumstances -- in the judgement and sound discretion of the physician -- so warrant.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Original post\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state Senate this afternoon passed amendments to SB277, the bill that ends the vaccine personal belief exemption for schoolchildren. The vote was 23-14 on amendments added by the Assembly. The bill now moves to the desk of Gov. Jerry Brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The amendments included a provision to allow consideration of family history by physicians when they grant medical exemptions, and one to honor existing personal belief exemptions until children either reach kindergarten or seventh grade, whichever comes first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown has not taken a position on the bill, but as noted on \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/06/19/california-budget-deal-explained-kqed-politics-podcast/\" target=\"_blank\">KQED’s California Politics Podcast\u003c/a>, some Capitol observers think the fact that his cabinet secretary, Dana Williamson, testified in support of SB277 at the Assembly’s Health Committee hearing was an indication he supported it, even though Williamson emphasized she was speaking on her own behalf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, the governor's staff has sent out statements that Brown “believes that vaccinations are profoundly important and a major public health benefit, and any bill that reaches his desk will be closely considered.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But here's what the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/health/ci_28380608/californias-vaccine-bill-state-assembly-passes-legislation-outlawing\" target=\"_blank\">San Jose Mercury News\u003c/a> wrote on Thursday:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Many pundits are reluctant to predict what Brown will do.\u003cbr>\n\"The three great mysteries in life are the Holy Trinity, transubstantiation and Jerry Brown's mind,'' said Jack Pitney, a Claremont McKenna College political science professor who has studied Brown's decades-long political career.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last time he endorsed a vaccine bill in 2012, the former Jesuit seminarian tweaked it to make it easier for Californians to claim religious exemptions. Will he be tempted to do that again -- and water down the current legislation?\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>That 2012 bill was AB2109, which requires parents who want an exemption for their children to submit a signed statement from a health care practitioner who has provided \"information regarding the benefits and risks of the immunization and the health risks of specified communicable diseases.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown, however, \u003ca href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/docs/AB_2109_Signing_Message.pdf\">directed the California Department of Public Health\u003c/a> to allow for a religious exemption to the requirement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Hastings law professor Dorit Rubinstein Reiss told the Mercury News that Brown \u003cspan id=\"mn_Global\">\u003cspan id=\"MNGiSection\">\"doesn't have the authority to make this sort of change on his own. ... If someone had taken him to court, that clause could have been ruled unconstitutional.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barbara O'Connor, director emeritus of the Institute for the Study of Politics and Media at Sacramento State, said to the Merc that a religious exemption would prompt the legislative analyst to \"say that's not a minor modification -- it changes the totality of the law.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you allow people to get a religious exemption, then everyone who opposes the bill will get one,\" she told the Merc.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update, June 30\u003c/strong>: Legislation ending personal belief exemptions for vaccines is now a done deal. Gov. Jerry Brown has signed \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB277\" target=\"_blank\">SB277\u003c/a> into law, and California now has one of the strictest mandatory vaccination laws in the nation. It also becomes the third state after Mississippi and West Virginia to disallow exemptions for religious reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The science is clear that vaccines dramatically protect children against a number of infectious and dangerous diseases,\" Brown said in an accompanying \u003ca href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/docs/SB_277_Signing_Message.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">signing statement\u003c/a>. \"While it's true that no medical intervention is without risk, the evidence shows that immunization powerfully benefits and protects the community.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Passage of the law means that starting July 1, 2016, children will have to be vaccinated in order to attend public or private school. Those who opt out will have to be home-schooled or enroll in an independent study program off school grounds. Parents will still be able to secure a medical exemption from a health care provider, who can take into account family history in excusing kids from particular vaccinations -- one of the compromises the bill's authors made in order to get the bill passed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill also contains language that would allow a certain amount of grandfathering for those who already have personal belief exemptions on file. Unvaccinated kids can stay unvaccinated and still remain in school until the next “grade span,” as long as their exemption is on file before Jan. 1, 2016. However, children with these exemptions will not be able to enter preschool, kindergarten or seventh grade, and will not be able to change schools, without the mandatory vaccinations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are the required immunizations, as listed in the bill:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(1) Diphtheria\u003cbr>\n(2) Haemophilus influenzae type b\u003cbr>\n(3) Measles\u003cbr>\n(4) Mumps\u003cbr>\n(5) Pertussis (whooping cough)\u003cbr>\n(6) Poliomyelitis\u003cbr>\n(7) Rubella\u003cbr>\n(8) Tetanus\u003cbr>\n(9) Hepatitis B\u003cbr>\n(10) Varicella (chickenpox)\u003cbr>\n(11) Any other disease deemed appropriate by the state Department of Public Health, taking into consideration the recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, the American Academy of Pediatrics, and the American Academy of Family Physicians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ongoing Conflict Over Vaccines\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A May \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/publication.asp?i=1153\" target=\"_blank\"> poll by the Public Policy Institute of California\u003c/a> found that 67 percent of Californians and 65 percent of public school parents think children should not be allowed to attend public school without getting vaccinated. Large majorities also said that childhood vaccines are generally safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ninety percent of parents in California vaccinate their children, but there are pockets in the state where the rate of opting out is high. Marin County, for example, has the highest rate of personal belief exemptions in the Bay Area and among the highest in the state. Last school year, 6.45 percent of Marin’s kindergartners went unvaccinated by invoking the exemption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those who oppose mandatory vaccinations were vocal indeed as SB277 wended its way through the Legislature, holding multiple rallies at the state Capitol, getting ejected from committee hearings, and even \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/news/politics-government/capitol-alert/article18533915.html\" target=\"_blank\">issuing threats\u003c/a> to the bill's backers. The legislation thus became a battleground in the ongoing conflict between those who urge everyone to get vaccinated — a group that includes the scientific and medical community — and those who think the decision should remain personal. Many in that category believe vaccines are responsible for the rising autism rate, a proposition that has never been proved in any way, shape or form but remains an article of faith among some in the anti-vaccine movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State Sen. Richard Pan (D-Sacramento), a physician, and Sen. Ben Allen (Santa Monica) introduced SB277 amid the measles outbreak that started in Disneyland last December and spread to at least half a dozen additional states. A total of 117 cases were associated with the outbreak, which was declared over on April 17 of this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here is Gov. Brown's full \u003ca href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/docs/SB_277_Signing_Message.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">SB277 signing statement \u003c/a>today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>To the Members of the California State Senate:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SB 277 has occasioned widespread interest and controversy -- with both proponents and opponents expressing their positions with eloquence and sincerity. After carefully reviewing the materials and arguments that have been presented, I have decided to sign this bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The science is clear that vaccines dramatically protect children against a number of infectious and dangerous diseases. While it's true that no medical intervention is without risk, the evidence shows that immunization powerfully benefits and protects the community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Legislature, after considerable debate, specifically amended SB 277, to exempt a child from immunizations whenver the child's physician concludes that there are \"circumstances, including but not limited to, family medical history, for which the physician does not recommend immunization...\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thus, SB 277, while requiring that school children be vaccinated, explicitly provides an exception when a physician believes that circumstances -- in the judgement and sound discretion of the physician -- so warrant.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Original post\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state Senate this afternoon passed amendments to SB277, the bill that ends the vaccine personal belief exemption for schoolchildren. The vote was 23-14 on amendments added by the Assembly. The bill now moves to the desk of Gov. Jerry Brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The amendments included a provision to allow consideration of family history by physicians when they grant medical exemptions, and one to honor existing personal belief exemptions until children either reach kindergarten or seventh grade, whichever comes first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown has not taken a position on the bill, but as noted on \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/06/19/california-budget-deal-explained-kqed-politics-podcast/\" target=\"_blank\">KQED’s California Politics Podcast\u003c/a>, some Capitol observers think the fact that his cabinet secretary, Dana Williamson, testified in support of SB277 at the Assembly’s Health Committee hearing was an indication he supported it, even though Williamson emphasized she was speaking on her own behalf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, the governor's staff has sent out statements that Brown “believes that vaccinations are profoundly important and a major public health benefit, and any bill that reaches his desk will be closely considered.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But here's what the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/health/ci_28380608/californias-vaccine-bill-state-assembly-passes-legislation-outlawing\" target=\"_blank\">San Jose Mercury News\u003c/a> wrote on Thursday:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Many pundits are reluctant to predict what Brown will do.\u003cbr>\n\"The three great mysteries in life are the Holy Trinity, transubstantiation and Jerry Brown's mind,'' said Jack Pitney, a Claremont McKenna College political science professor who has studied Brown's decades-long political career.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last time he endorsed a vaccine bill in 2012, the former Jesuit seminarian tweaked it to make it easier for Californians to claim religious exemptions. Will he be tempted to do that again -- and water down the current legislation?\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>That 2012 bill was AB2109, which requires parents who want an exemption for their children to submit a signed statement from a health care practitioner who has provided \"information regarding the benefits and risks of the immunization and the health risks of specified communicable diseases.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown, however, \u003ca href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/docs/AB_2109_Signing_Message.pdf\">directed the California Department of Public Health\u003c/a> to allow for a religious exemption to the requirement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Hastings law professor Dorit Rubinstein Reiss told the Mercury News that Brown \u003cspan id=\"mn_Global\">\u003cspan id=\"MNGiSection\">\"doesn't have the authority to make this sort of change on his own. ... If someone had taken him to court, that clause could have been ruled unconstitutional.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barbara O'Connor, director emeritus of the Institute for the Study of Politics and Media at Sacramento State, said to the Merc that a religious exemption would prompt the legislative analyst to \"say that's not a minor modification -- it changes the totality of the law.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you allow people to get a religious exemption, then everyone who opposes the bill will get one,\" she told the Merc.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Hollywood's version of science often asks us to believe that dinosaurs can be cloned from ancient DNA (they can't), or that the next ice age could develop in just a few days (it couldn't).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"http://movies.disney.com/inside-out/\" target=\"_blank\">Pixar's film\u003c/a> \u003cem>Inside Out\u003c/em> is an animated fantasy that remains remarkably true to what scientists have learned about the mind, emotion and memory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The film is about an 11-year-old girl named Riley who moves from her happy home in Minnesota to the West Coast, where she has no friends and pizza is made with broccoli. Much of the film is spent inside Riley's mind, which features a control center manned by five personified emotions: Joy, Sadness, Fear, Anger and Disgust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think they really nailed it,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://psychology.berkeley.edu/people/dacher-keltner\" target=\"_blank\">Dacher Keltner\u003c/a>, a professor of psychology at UC Berkeley who worked as a consultant to the filmmakers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The movie does a really good job of portraying what it's like to be 11, Keltner says. \"It zeroes in on one of the most poignant times in an individual's life, which is the transition to the preteen and early teen years, where kids — and, I think, in particular girls — start to really powerfully feel the loss of childhood,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the filmmakers were working, they would fire off emails to Keltner and to \u003ca href=\"http://www.paulekman.com/paul-ekman/\" target=\"_blank\">Paul Ekman\u003c/a>, a pioneer in the study of emotions. The process helped create a movie that's true to the underlying science when it shows things like how emotions tend to color Riley's perception of the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you are in a fearful state, everything is imbued with threat and uncertainty and peril,\" Keltner says. And when Riley is sad, he says, even her happy memories take on a bluish hue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The filmmakers get a lot of other scientific details right. Inside Riley's head, you see memories get locked in during sleep, experiences transformed into abstractions, and guards protecting the subconscious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There \u003cem>are\u003c/em> a few departures from the scientific norm. Long-term memories are portrayed as immutable snow globes, though scientists know these memories actually tend to change over time. And Riley gets five basic emotions instead of the six often described in textbooks. (\u003ca href=\"/www.npr.org/2015/06/09/413273007/its-all-in-your-head-director-pete-docter-gets-emotional-in-inside-out?live=1\" target=\"_blank\">\"Surprise,\" apparently, didn't make the cut\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also disgust is present in a pretty mild form — the reaction a child has to eating broccoli. The film plays down a more powerful version of disgust, \"like if you suddenly eat a piece of food and it has a worm in it, or it's rotting, Keltner says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the film's high points, though, is its depiction of sadness, Keltner says. In many books and movies for kids, he says, sadness is dismissed as a negative emotion with no important role.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003cem>Inside Out, \u003c/em>star-shaped Joy gets more screen time. But when the emotions are in danger of getting lost in the endless corridors of long-term memory, it is Sadness, downcast and shaped like a blue teardrop, who emerges as an unlikely heroine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For kids, Keltner says, that makes \"a nice statement about how important sadness is to our understanding of who we are.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2015 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Science+Of+Sadness+And+Joy%3A+%27Inside+Out%27+Gets+Childhood+Emotions+Right&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Hollywood's version of science often asks us to believe that dinosaurs can be cloned from ancient DNA (they can't), or that the next ice age could develop in just a few days (it couldn't).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"http://movies.disney.com/inside-out/\" target=\"_blank\">Pixar's film\u003c/a> \u003cem>Inside Out\u003c/em> is an animated fantasy that remains remarkably true to what scientists have learned about the mind, emotion and memory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The film is about an 11-year-old girl named Riley who moves from her happy home in Minnesota to the West Coast, where she has no friends and pizza is made with broccoli. Much of the film is spent inside Riley's mind, which features a control center manned by five personified emotions: Joy, Sadness, Fear, Anger and Disgust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think they really nailed it,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://psychology.berkeley.edu/people/dacher-keltner\" target=\"_blank\">Dacher Keltner\u003c/a>, a professor of psychology at UC Berkeley who worked as a consultant to the filmmakers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The movie does a really good job of portraying what it's like to be 11, Keltner says. \"It zeroes in on one of the most poignant times in an individual's life, which is the transition to the preteen and early teen years, where kids — and, I think, in particular girls — start to really powerfully feel the loss of childhood,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the filmmakers were working, they would fire off emails to Keltner and to \u003ca href=\"http://www.paulekman.com/paul-ekman/\" target=\"_blank\">Paul Ekman\u003c/a>, a pioneer in the study of emotions. The process helped create a movie that's true to the underlying science when it shows things like how emotions tend to color Riley's perception of the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you are in a fearful state, everything is imbued with threat and uncertainty and peril,\" Keltner says. And when Riley is sad, he says, even her happy memories take on a bluish hue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The filmmakers get a lot of other scientific details right. Inside Riley's head, you see memories get locked in during sleep, experiences transformed into abstractions, and guards protecting the subconscious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There \u003cem>are\u003c/em> a few departures from the scientific norm. Long-term memories are portrayed as immutable snow globes, though scientists know these memories actually tend to change over time. And Riley gets five basic emotions instead of the six often described in textbooks. (\u003ca href=\"/www.npr.org/2015/06/09/413273007/its-all-in-your-head-director-pete-docter-gets-emotional-in-inside-out?live=1\" target=\"_blank\">\"Surprise,\" apparently, didn't make the cut\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also disgust is present in a pretty mild form — the reaction a child has to eating broccoli. The film plays down a more powerful version of disgust, \"like if you suddenly eat a piece of food and it has a worm in it, or it's rotting, Keltner says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the film's high points, though, is its depiction of sadness, Keltner says. In many books and movies for kids, he says, sadness is dismissed as a negative emotion with no important role.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003cem>Inside Out, \u003c/em>star-shaped Joy gets more screen time. But when the emotions are in danger of getting lost in the endless corridors of long-term memory, it is Sadness, downcast and shaped like a blue teardrop, who emerges as an unlikely heroine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For kids, Keltner says, that makes \"a nice statement about how important sadness is to our understanding of who we are.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2015 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Science+Of+Sadness+And+Joy%3A+%27Inside+Out%27+Gets+Childhood+Emotions+Right&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Oakland Researchers Link Prenatal Exposure to DDT to Higher Breast Cancer Risk Decades Later",
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"content": "\u003cp>Women who were exposed to higher amounts of the pesticide DDT while they were in utero are linked to having a nearly four-fold increased risk of breast cancer decades later than women who were exposed to lower levels prenatally, according to a study led by researchers at Oakland's Public Health Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The association was made through analysis of an extraordinary data set of more than 20,000 pregnant women who enrolled in a study between 1959-1967. The women, members of (what was then called) Kaiser Foundation Health Plan in and around Oakland, gave blood samples when they were pregnant or in the days following delivery. Now, decades later, the daughters of those women are reaching an age where breast cancer cases would start to be seen in greater numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of other evidence, researchers had theorized that in utero DDT exposure could increase a woman's breast cancer risk. Of the 9,000 girls born to mothers in the study, researchers ultimately identified 103 cases of women with breast cancer today. They compared each case against three others who did not have cancer and found higher levels of DDT.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\"Sizeable Association Compared With Other Risks\"\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we found is that women highly exposed in utero had four times the chance of getting diagnosed with breast cancer by the age of 52,\" said lead author Barbara Cohn, Ph.D. of the Public Health Institute in an interview. \"This is a sizeable association compared with other risks that we know.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cohn noted that a four-fold increased risk is 400 percent. Another risk, twice-a-day alcohol consumption, is associated with a 40 percent increased risk. Benign breast disease is associated with a 53 percent increased risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study was published in the \u003ca href=\"http://press.endocrine.org/doi/10.1210/jc.2015-1841\" target=\"_blank\">Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism\u003c/a> and was done in conjunction with researchers at UC Davis and the California Department of Toxic Substances Control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DDT was banned in the U.S. in 1972 and is seen as the issue that launched the modern environmental movement. It was used widely in the 1950s and 1960s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was nearly a ubiquitous exposure, and the levels were high, not just in California, but worldwide,\" Cohn said. \"During that time most, or nearly most, of all humans of that generation were exposed to DDT.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was used broadly in consumer products including \"wallpaper impregnated with DDT to control flies,\" Cohn said, as well as bug sprays and sprays on crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Apparent First\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Cohn said more research is needed to confirm this analysis. \"The point of this study is not to be alarmist,\" she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The breast cancer risk for a 50-year-old woman of being diagnosed with breast cancer in the next 10 years is \u003ca href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/risk-fact-sheet\" target=\"_blank\">1 in 42\u003c/a>, according to the National Cancer Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, Elizabeth Ward, Ph.D., and a senior vice president with the American Cancer Society, referred to the \"unique resource\" the researchers had analyzed and noted that the review of in utero exposure to DDT \"appears to be a first.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Ward added, \"Unfortunately, there may be few opportunities to replicate these findings, and because of the small sample size of the study –- with only 103 breast cancer cases -- the results should be interpreted cautiously.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gold standard of clinical research is the randomized control trial, but it's not possible ethically to give DDT to people, because of its known risks. Instead, Cohn said, the next step would be animal studies to confirm what was seen in humans is also seen in animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many animals go through their life cycles faster than humans, she said. \"Those are the studies that would then be able to discover and better address causation and perhaps find the mechanisms for these effects.\" That would be the first step toward prevention, Cohn said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previous studies have found that DDT is a hormone disruptor, that it interferes with estrogen's function. Karuna Jaggar, executive director of Breast Cancer Action, an advocacy group, said this study was an important addition to the body of research that \"points firmly in the direction\" of identifying causes of breast cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"DDT is not the only chemical that acts in this way, and if we are concerned about DDT's effect on breast cancer, we should be concerned about many other hormone disruptors' effects on breast cancer,\" Jaggar said. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She specifically mentioned bisphenol A (BPA), used in many plastics, and phthalates, commonly used in beauty products, as examples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A meta-analysis -- a \"study of studies\" -- in 2014 found \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4064641/\" target=\"_blank\">no association \u003c/a>between DDT exposure and breast cancer risk for women who were directly exposed. But Cohn said it's likely both are true -- that the critical exposure is in utero, that there is no evidence of risk if exposed later in life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DDT is still used in other parts of the world, especially in Africa and Asia, to control the spread of malaria. Cohn says she is \"not an anti-DDT person,\" but does believe that policymakers should be aware of this potential additional harm of DDT.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Cohn says that additional research using the 50-year-old samples are underway, including looking at the third generation of women -- age of start of menstruation, for example, as well as a study of the impact of stress on breast cancer risk.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Women who were exposed to higher amounts of the pesticide DDT while they were in utero are linked to having a nearly four-fold increased risk of breast cancer decades later than women who were exposed to lower levels prenatally, according to a study led by researchers at Oakland's Public Health Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The association was made through analysis of an extraordinary data set of more than 20,000 pregnant women who enrolled in a study between 1959-1967. The women, members of (what was then called) Kaiser Foundation Health Plan in and around Oakland, gave blood samples when they were pregnant or in the days following delivery. Now, decades later, the daughters of those women are reaching an age where breast cancer cases would start to be seen in greater numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of other evidence, researchers had theorized that in utero DDT exposure could increase a woman's breast cancer risk. Of the 9,000 girls born to mothers in the study, researchers ultimately identified 103 cases of women with breast cancer today. They compared each case against three others who did not have cancer and found higher levels of DDT.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\"Sizeable Association Compared With Other Risks\"\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we found is that women highly exposed in utero had four times the chance of getting diagnosed with breast cancer by the age of 52,\" said lead author Barbara Cohn, Ph.D. of the Public Health Institute in an interview. \"This is a sizeable association compared with other risks that we know.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cohn noted that a four-fold increased risk is 400 percent. Another risk, twice-a-day alcohol consumption, is associated with a 40 percent increased risk. Benign breast disease is associated with a 53 percent increased risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study was published in the \u003ca href=\"http://press.endocrine.org/doi/10.1210/jc.2015-1841\" target=\"_blank\">Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism\u003c/a> and was done in conjunction with researchers at UC Davis and the California Department of Toxic Substances Control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DDT was banned in the U.S. in 1972 and is seen as the issue that launched the modern environmental movement. It was used widely in the 1950s and 1960s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was nearly a ubiquitous exposure, and the levels were high, not just in California, but worldwide,\" Cohn said. \"During that time most, or nearly most, of all humans of that generation were exposed to DDT.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was used broadly in consumer products including \"wallpaper impregnated with DDT to control flies,\" Cohn said, as well as bug sprays and sprays on crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Apparent First\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Cohn said more research is needed to confirm this analysis. \"The point of this study is not to be alarmist,\" she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The breast cancer risk for a 50-year-old woman of being diagnosed with breast cancer in the next 10 years is \u003ca href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/risk-fact-sheet\" target=\"_blank\">1 in 42\u003c/a>, according to the National Cancer Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, Elizabeth Ward, Ph.D., and a senior vice president with the American Cancer Society, referred to the \"unique resource\" the researchers had analyzed and noted that the review of in utero exposure to DDT \"appears to be a first.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Ward added, \"Unfortunately, there may be few opportunities to replicate these findings, and because of the small sample size of the study –- with only 103 breast cancer cases -- the results should be interpreted cautiously.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gold standard of clinical research is the randomized control trial, but it's not possible ethically to give DDT to people, because of its known risks. Instead, Cohn said, the next step would be animal studies to confirm what was seen in humans is also seen in animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many animals go through their life cycles faster than humans, she said. \"Those are the studies that would then be able to discover and better address causation and perhaps find the mechanisms for these effects.\" That would be the first step toward prevention, Cohn said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previous studies have found that DDT is a hormone disruptor, that it interferes with estrogen's function. Karuna Jaggar, executive director of Breast Cancer Action, an advocacy group, said this study was an important addition to the body of research that \"points firmly in the direction\" of identifying causes of breast cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"DDT is not the only chemical that acts in this way, and if we are concerned about DDT's effect on breast cancer, we should be concerned about many other hormone disruptors' effects on breast cancer,\" Jaggar said. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She specifically mentioned bisphenol A (BPA), used in many plastics, and phthalates, commonly used in beauty products, as examples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A meta-analysis -- a \"study of studies\" -- in 2014 found \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4064641/\" target=\"_blank\">no association \u003c/a>between DDT exposure and breast cancer risk for women who were directly exposed. But Cohn said it's likely both are true -- that the critical exposure is in utero, that there is no evidence of risk if exposed later in life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DDT is still used in other parts of the world, especially in Africa and Asia, to control the spread of malaria. Cohn says she is \"not an anti-DDT person,\" but does believe that policymakers should be aware of this potential additional harm of DDT.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Cohn says that additional research using the 50-year-old samples are underway, including looking at the third generation of women -- age of start of menstruation, for example, as well as a study of the impact of stress on breast cancer risk.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Stanford 'Big Data' Study Links Common Heartburn Drugs with Heart Attack Risk",
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"content": "\u003cp>Some of the most commonly used drugs in the world to treat heartburn are associated with a 16 to 20 percent increased risk of heart attack, a large data mining study of electronic health records from Stanford researchers shows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The class of drugs, called proton pump inhibitors or PPIs, are sold under the name Prilosec and Nexium, among others. These drugs are available by prescription as well as over the counter and generate an estimated $13 billion in annual sales globally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 20 million Americans use a PPI, according to the study, which was published online in \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0124653\" target=\"_blank\">Plos One. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Nick Leeper, a cardiologist at Stanford and senior author of the study, stressed the research could not prove causation, \"but I will say the association looks to be fairly compelling. What we have seen in this study is that PPI usage is very clearly associated with increased risk of heart attack.\" He said that only a randomized control trial, where patients either get the drug or a placebo, could prove causation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the increased risk is \"above baseline\" Leeper said. So if your personal risk is low -- let's use 1 in 1,000 as an example -- then increasing that risk 20 percent now makes your risk 1.2 in 1,000. The concern is that when that increased risk is multiplied across the millions of people taking the drug, some of whom are likely to be at higher risk of a heart attack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Combing Through Doctors' Notes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers used a novel research technique. They designed algorithms to comb through the electronic health records (EHRs) of 3 million people across different data sets. This analysis looked beyond checked boxes that doctors often complain about when discussing EHRs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We figured out a way to analyze the notes that doctors write about their patients during the course of care,\" said Nigam Shah, a study author and professor of bioinformatics at Stanford, \"and created a data structure which we (could) then analyze for associations that may have clinical significance.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors have known that people who take a PPI and also take the anti-platelet drug clopidogrel, known commercially as Plavix, are at increased risk of heart attack. This study excluded those patients and found the association among people not taking the second drug. The study did not show increased risk of heart attack in people taking a drug that fights heartburn in a different way, called an H2 blocker. That drug is sold under the name Zantac or Pepcid, among others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors theorize that PPIs alter the metabolism of nitric oxide, which helps to regulate blood vessel function. \"It's widely accepted that having reduced levels of nitric oxide is a bad thing and is associated with risks for cardiovascular events,\" Leeper said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, he cautioned that the research can only generate a hypothesis, which needs to be confirmed through additional studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barb Kochanowski is vice president of regulatory and scientific affairs with the Consumer Healthcare Products Association, a trade group for over-the-counter drug manufacturers. In a statement, she said that millions of consumers use these drugs. As with all over-the-counter medications, she said, \"consumers should read the label and follow directions closely to understand what the medicine is used for, to ensure appropriate dosing and to avoid drug interactions.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AstraZeneca, maker of Nexium, also issued a statement noting that all its medicines \"are generally safe and effective when used in accordance with the label. ... AstraZeneca was not consulted during the research and we cannot comment further on this data.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New Tool for Drug Safety Surveillance\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leeper stressed that this study should not be seen as critical of pharmaceutical companies, which \"simply can't identify every harm,\" he said. \"That's why we think these new approaches, where you can have post-approval surveillance, pharmacovigilance, this is where we really have the potential to figure out who's at risk, who's not, who's going to have an adverse outcome, who should be on different medicines.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other industries such as banking and airlines have been \"learning from the behavior and response of their customers\" for years, Shah said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Health care is one of the few areas of the economy where we don't learn from routine (visits). You go in with acid reflux. I go in with acid reflux, 50,000 people go in with acid reflux, but the evidence on which doctors are making decisions are based on the 500 or 1,000 people who were enrolled in the randomized control trial. Why would we not learn from the collective record of what patients had and what doctors did to them that we're already collecting in the electronic health record?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Bob Wachter is chief of the division of hospital medicine at UC San Francisco Medical Center and author of \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/The-Digital-Doctor-Medicines-Computer/dp/0071849467\" target=\"_blank\">The Digital Doctor\u003c/a>.\" He was not involved in the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said the study \"is a big deal clinically\" and provides \"reasonably strong evidence\" that PPIs can cause harm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also had praise for the methods used -- sifting through doctors' actual notes from millions of patient encounters. \"It's a little surprising that this is novel in health care, when you think about Google's ability to read text or plagiarism detectors. It's now commonplace to sift through natural language and analyze it in the rest of our lives, but it's new in medicine.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Six years ago just 10 percent of doctors and hospitals used electronic health records, he said. Today, that number has shot up to 75 percent, after the federal government's stimulus package included $30 billion to incentivize providers to adapt electronic health records systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wachter said the implementation of health records has \"been somewhat maligned.\" But, \"it's clear that the promise of computerization is real.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Check With Your Doctor\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet Dr. Alan Go, director of the Comprehensive Clinical Research Unit at Kaiser's Division of Research in Oakland, found the association between PPIs and heart attack risk to be \"very weak overall\" in the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"More rigorous data are needed before we make a clinical recommendation to stop using these medications,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He cautioned that the study did not look at the full range of variables that could affect the result -- what researchers call \"confounders.\" For example, behavior and lifestyle of individual patients were not accounted for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, all the doctors interviewed for this article agreed that this news provides a reminder that patients should check with their doctor about whether the need for a PPI is really there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Study authors Shah and Leeper say that if this technology -- electronic health records combined with data-combing algorithms -- had been developed sooner, the association between PPIs and heart attack risk would have been identified in the year 2000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And so we could have started a prospective study back then to figure out the truth,\" Leeper said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Some of the most commonly used drugs in the world to treat heartburn are associated with a 16 to 20 percent increased risk of heart attack, a large data mining study of electronic health records from Stanford researchers shows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The class of drugs, called proton pump inhibitors or PPIs, are sold under the name Prilosec and Nexium, among others. These drugs are available by prescription as well as over the counter and generate an estimated $13 billion in annual sales globally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 20 million Americans use a PPI, according to the study, which was published online in \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0124653\" target=\"_blank\">Plos One. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Nick Leeper, a cardiologist at Stanford and senior author of the study, stressed the research could not prove causation, \"but I will say the association looks to be fairly compelling. What we have seen in this study is that PPI usage is very clearly associated with increased risk of heart attack.\" He said that only a randomized control trial, where patients either get the drug or a placebo, could prove causation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the increased risk is \"above baseline\" Leeper said. So if your personal risk is low -- let's use 1 in 1,000 as an example -- then increasing that risk 20 percent now makes your risk 1.2 in 1,000. The concern is that when that increased risk is multiplied across the millions of people taking the drug, some of whom are likely to be at higher risk of a heart attack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Combing Through Doctors' Notes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers used a novel research technique. They designed algorithms to comb through the electronic health records (EHRs) of 3 million people across different data sets. This analysis looked beyond checked boxes that doctors often complain about when discussing EHRs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We figured out a way to analyze the notes that doctors write about their patients during the course of care,\" said Nigam Shah, a study author and professor of bioinformatics at Stanford, \"and created a data structure which we (could) then analyze for associations that may have clinical significance.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors have known that people who take a PPI and also take the anti-platelet drug clopidogrel, known commercially as Plavix, are at increased risk of heart attack. This study excluded those patients and found the association among people not taking the second drug. The study did not show increased risk of heart attack in people taking a drug that fights heartburn in a different way, called an H2 blocker. That drug is sold under the name Zantac or Pepcid, among others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors theorize that PPIs alter the metabolism of nitric oxide, which helps to regulate blood vessel function. \"It's widely accepted that having reduced levels of nitric oxide is a bad thing and is associated with risks for cardiovascular events,\" Leeper said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, he cautioned that the research can only generate a hypothesis, which needs to be confirmed through additional studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barb Kochanowski is vice president of regulatory and scientific affairs with the Consumer Healthcare Products Association, a trade group for over-the-counter drug manufacturers. In a statement, she said that millions of consumers use these drugs. As with all over-the-counter medications, she said, \"consumers should read the label and follow directions closely to understand what the medicine is used for, to ensure appropriate dosing and to avoid drug interactions.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AstraZeneca, maker of Nexium, also issued a statement noting that all its medicines \"are generally safe and effective when used in accordance with the label. ... AstraZeneca was not consulted during the research and we cannot comment further on this data.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New Tool for Drug Safety Surveillance\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leeper stressed that this study should not be seen as critical of pharmaceutical companies, which \"simply can't identify every harm,\" he said. \"That's why we think these new approaches, where you can have post-approval surveillance, pharmacovigilance, this is where we really have the potential to figure out who's at risk, who's not, who's going to have an adverse outcome, who should be on different medicines.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other industries such as banking and airlines have been \"learning from the behavior and response of their customers\" for years, Shah said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Health care is one of the few areas of the economy where we don't learn from routine (visits). You go in with acid reflux. I go in with acid reflux, 50,000 people go in with acid reflux, but the evidence on which doctors are making decisions are based on the 500 or 1,000 people who were enrolled in the randomized control trial. Why would we not learn from the collective record of what patients had and what doctors did to them that we're already collecting in the electronic health record?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Bob Wachter is chief of the division of hospital medicine at UC San Francisco Medical Center and author of \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/The-Digital-Doctor-Medicines-Computer/dp/0071849467\" target=\"_blank\">The Digital Doctor\u003c/a>.\" He was not involved in the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said the study \"is a big deal clinically\" and provides \"reasonably strong evidence\" that PPIs can cause harm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also had praise for the methods used -- sifting through doctors' actual notes from millions of patient encounters. \"It's a little surprising that this is novel in health care, when you think about Google's ability to read text or plagiarism detectors. It's now commonplace to sift through natural language and analyze it in the rest of our lives, but it's new in medicine.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Six years ago just 10 percent of doctors and hospitals used electronic health records, he said. Today, that number has shot up to 75 percent, after the federal government's stimulus package included $30 billion to incentivize providers to adapt electronic health records systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wachter said the implementation of health records has \"been somewhat maligned.\" But, \"it's clear that the promise of computerization is real.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Check With Your Doctor\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet Dr. Alan Go, director of the Comprehensive Clinical Research Unit at Kaiser's Division of Research in Oakland, found the association between PPIs and heart attack risk to be \"very weak overall\" in the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"More rigorous data are needed before we make a clinical recommendation to stop using these medications,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He cautioned that the study did not look at the full range of variables that could affect the result -- what researchers call \"confounders.\" For example, behavior and lifestyle of individual patients were not accounted for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, all the doctors interviewed for this article agreed that this news provides a reminder that patients should check with their doctor about whether the need for a PPI is really there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Study authors Shah and Leeper say that if this technology -- electronic health records combined with data-combing algorithms -- had been developed sooner, the association between PPIs and heart attack risk would have been identified in the year 2000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A contentious bill that would require all California children to be vaccinated in order to attend school -- public or private -- was passed by the Assembly Health Committee Tuesday night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vote was 12-6 and included often-emotional testimony. Hundreds of people lined up to state their opposition to the bill, and the hearing stretched to five hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/15-16/bill/sen/sb_0251-0300/sb_277_bill_20150219_introduced.html\" target=\"_blank\">SB277\u003c/a> would end the \"personal belief exemption,\" which allows parents to send their children to school missing some or all vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill was introduced with minor amendments to clarify some language in the bill. Just before voting, one of the bill's authors, Sen. Richard Pan (D-Sacramento) agreed to add another amendment further clarifying that doctors may consider family history in granting a medical exemption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Testimony included a statement from Dr. Catherine Forest, a family physician who is medical director of the Stanford primary care clinic in Los Altos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She is currently treating a 4-year-old boy who has been entered into hospice care. The boy contracted measles as a baby when he was too young to be vaccinated. At first, he seemed to recover fully, but then a year ago, he started to decline and was diagnosed with a rare complication of measles, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis or \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/measles/about/complications.html\" target=\"_blank\">SSPE\u003c/a>, which is thought to be caused by persistent measles virus infection in the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forest said the boy's death \"will be due to a failure of our herd immunity.\" In a later interview, she added, \"This child will die just because we don't all get immunized. Period.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barbara Loe Fisher of the Virginia-based National Vaccine Information Center, is an outspoken skeptic of vaccine safety. \"No doctor in California, or public health official at the CDC in Atlanta, can accurately predict whether or not a child will suffer brain inflammation, injury or death after vaccination,\" she said at the hearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill heads next to the Assembly floor. If it becomes law, California would join Mississippi and West Virginia as states with the most strict vaccine laws in the country.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A contentious bill that would require all California children to be vaccinated in order to attend school -- public or private -- was passed by the Assembly Health Committee Tuesday night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vote was 12-6 and included often-emotional testimony. Hundreds of people lined up to state their opposition to the bill, and the hearing stretched to five hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/15-16/bill/sen/sb_0251-0300/sb_277_bill_20150219_introduced.html\" target=\"_blank\">SB277\u003c/a> would end the \"personal belief exemption,\" which allows parents to send their children to school missing some or all vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill was introduced with minor amendments to clarify some language in the bill. Just before voting, one of the bill's authors, Sen. Richard Pan (D-Sacramento) agreed to add another amendment further clarifying that doctors may consider family history in granting a medical exemption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Testimony included a statement from Dr. Catherine Forest, a family physician who is medical director of the Stanford primary care clinic in Los Altos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She is currently treating a 4-year-old boy who has been entered into hospice care. The boy contracted measles as a baby when he was too young to be vaccinated. At first, he seemed to recover fully, but then a year ago, he started to decline and was diagnosed with a rare complication of measles, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis or \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/measles/about/complications.html\" target=\"_blank\">SSPE\u003c/a>, which is thought to be caused by persistent measles virus infection in the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forest said the boy's death \"will be due to a failure of our herd immunity.\" In a later interview, she added, \"This child will die just because we don't all get immunized. Period.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barbara Loe Fisher of the Virginia-based National Vaccine Information Center, is an outspoken skeptic of vaccine safety. \"No doctor in California, or public health official at the CDC in Atlanta, can accurately predict whether or not a child will suffer brain inflammation, injury or death after vaccination,\" she said at the hearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill heads next to the Assembly floor. If it becomes law, California would join Mississippi and West Virginia as states with the most strict vaccine laws in the country.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Most everyone has trouble sleeping from time to time. But missing the occasional night’s sleep bears little relation to chronic insomnia, when worries real and imagined rob rest from the night and dog the day as exhausted minds fixate on the haunted hours when sleep never comes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chronic insomnia affects \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21652083\">10 to 15 percent of Americans\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165032711002606\" target=\"_blank\">as many as 36 million adults\u003c/a>. Most people who seek treatment receive a prescription for sleeping pills. Medication can bring temporary relief but often at the cost of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/guide/understanding-the-side-effects-of-sleeping-pills\" target=\"_blank\">long list of side effects\u003c/a>, including a hangover that impairs judgment and coordination. The hangover associated with Ambien and other sleeping pills made with the medication zolpidem is so severe that the FDA required lower recommended doses for the pills in 2013, citing \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm334041.htm\" target=\"_blank\">increased risk of car accidents\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, as a systematic analysis of multiple sleep studies \u003ca href=\"http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2301405\" target=\"_blank\">published Monday in the Annals of Internal Medicine\u003c/a> shows, there’s a better way to help insomniacs tame those nighttime demons and get a good night’s sleep: retrain the mind and body to embrace sleep again. The treatment is based on cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), a type of psychotherapy that has long been used to treat depression and other mental disorders by correcting self-destructive thoughts, feelings and behaviors. Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (or CBTi) applies this approach while also drawing on the science of sleep to improve sleep patterns without drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People with chronic insomnia become very focused on sleep and fearful of the consequences of poor sleep,” says David Cunnington, director of the Melbourne Sleep Disorders Centre in Australia, who led the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pills simply mask these anxieties, which can return with a vengeance when people stop taking medication. But CBTi targets the core problem of chronic insomnia, Cunnington says. “It’s the changed thinking and behavior around sleep that needs to be addressed to settle down symptoms.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And because the therapy corrects the habits and thoughts that promote insomnia, he says, it helps people retain healthy sleep habits without the need for ongoing treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the researchers, key elements of CBT-i include:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Cognitive therapy:\u003c/strong> Identify and replace dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes about sleep and insomnia.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Stimulus control\u003c/strong>: Strengthen the association between bed and sleep and instead of stimulating activities. For example, going to bed only when sleepy and getting up when awake for 15-20 minutes.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Sleep restriction\u003c/strong>: Limit time in bed to match perceived sleep duration in order to increase sleep drive and further reduce time awake in bed. Start by restricting allowed time in bed to the average time perceived as sleep per night, then adjust to reach over 85 percent sleep efficiency.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Sleep hygiene:\u003c/strong> Avoid visual access to a clock; set and keep a regular sleep schedule and avoid long daytime naps. Limit alcohol, caffeine, and nicotine intake, especially before bed.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Relaxation\u003c/strong>: Practice any technique that is relaxing including meditation, mindfulness, guided imagery, and breathing techniques.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/jun2005/od-15.htm%5d\" target=\"_blank\">National Institutes of Health recommended\u003c/a> the broader use of cognitive and behavioral therapies to treat chronic insomnia 10 years ago, but a gap still exists between the guidelines and clinical practice, partly due to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22505869\" target=\"_blank\">lack of qualified therapists\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Individual studies show that cognitive behavioral therapy works for chronic insomnia. But it’s tough to draw general conclusions from studies conducted in different countries by different health care professionals using slightly different treatments. Cunnington and his colleagues applied statistical methods to control for these differences in a meta-analysis of 20 published studies to provide a clearer picture of the true effect of treatments, and perhaps boost uptake of \u003ca href=\"http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/727935\" target=\"_blank\">evidence-based guidelines\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The studies used a combination of sleep diaries and polysomnography (a diagnostic machine that monitors brain and physiological activity during sleep) to assess patients’ sleep patterns. Overall, they showed that patients who underwent a short course of cognitive behavioral therapy – at least four face-to-face sessions -- fell sleep about 20 minutes faster and stayed awake about half an hour less throughout the night. Patients maintained these improvements after the treatments ended.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings support the “already strong evidence” that CBT-i is an effective treatment for chronic insomnia, notes Charles Morin, a sleep disorders expert who was not involved in the study, in an accompanying editorial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet despite “robust scientific evidence” and “strong professional endorsements” of cognitive behavioral therapy’s value in treating chronic insomnia, Morin wrote, “a major gap exists between the current state of the science and actual clinical practice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Morin, who heads the Center for the Study of Sleep Disorders at Laval University in Quebec, acknowledged that CBT-i requires more time and effort for both clinician and patient than taking a pill. “Although we lack an easy-to-swallow ‘CBT pill’ for insomnia, the reality is that drug therapy alone does not address the underlying psychological and behavioral factors that perpetuate insomnia.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Untreated insomnia can cause long-term health problems, including major depression and hypertension, though more research is needed to evaluate whether improved sleep alters the risk of later health problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s clear is that CBT-i can help patients regain control over their sleep and quality of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the past few months, Cunnington has been treating a 25-year-old veterinary surgeon whose sleep deteriorated as she worked long hours, often on-call, throughout the past year. She rearranged her schedule but it didn’t help. Her increasing anxiety about sleep soon bled into other aspects of her life until she found herself having panic attacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She came to me after being so distressed one night that she called an ambulance to take her to the ER to just get ‘something to sleep,’ ” Cunnington recalls. “We’ve used CBT-i with her over the last few months, and she’s now back at work, feeling and sleeping reasonably well. She’s getting on with life.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Most everyone has trouble sleeping from time to time. But missing the occasional night’s sleep bears little relation to chronic insomnia, when worries real and imagined rob rest from the night and dog the day as exhausted minds fixate on the haunted hours when sleep never comes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chronic insomnia affects \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21652083\">10 to 15 percent of Americans\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165032711002606\" target=\"_blank\">as many as 36 million adults\u003c/a>. Most people who seek treatment receive a prescription for sleeping pills. Medication can bring temporary relief but often at the cost of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/guide/understanding-the-side-effects-of-sleeping-pills\" target=\"_blank\">long list of side effects\u003c/a>, including a hangover that impairs judgment and coordination. The hangover associated with Ambien and other sleeping pills made with the medication zolpidem is so severe that the FDA required lower recommended doses for the pills in 2013, citing \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm334041.htm\" target=\"_blank\">increased risk of car accidents\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, as a systematic analysis of multiple sleep studies \u003ca href=\"http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2301405\" target=\"_blank\">published Monday in the Annals of Internal Medicine\u003c/a> shows, there’s a better way to help insomniacs tame those nighttime demons and get a good night’s sleep: retrain the mind and body to embrace sleep again. The treatment is based on cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), a type of psychotherapy that has long been used to treat depression and other mental disorders by correcting self-destructive thoughts, feelings and behaviors. Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (or CBTi) applies this approach while also drawing on the science of sleep to improve sleep patterns without drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People with chronic insomnia become very focused on sleep and fearful of the consequences of poor sleep,” says David Cunnington, director of the Melbourne Sleep Disorders Centre in Australia, who led the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pills simply mask these anxieties, which can return with a vengeance when people stop taking medication. But CBTi targets the core problem of chronic insomnia, Cunnington says. “It’s the changed thinking and behavior around sleep that needs to be addressed to settle down symptoms.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And because the therapy corrects the habits and thoughts that promote insomnia, he says, it helps people retain healthy sleep habits without the need for ongoing treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the researchers, key elements of CBT-i include:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Cognitive therapy:\u003c/strong> Identify and replace dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes about sleep and insomnia.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Stimulus control\u003c/strong>: Strengthen the association between bed and sleep and instead of stimulating activities. For example, going to bed only when sleepy and getting up when awake for 15-20 minutes.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Sleep restriction\u003c/strong>: Limit time in bed to match perceived sleep duration in order to increase sleep drive and further reduce time awake in bed. Start by restricting allowed time in bed to the average time perceived as sleep per night, then adjust to reach over 85 percent sleep efficiency.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Sleep hygiene:\u003c/strong> Avoid visual access to a clock; set and keep a regular sleep schedule and avoid long daytime naps. Limit alcohol, caffeine, and nicotine intake, especially before bed.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Relaxation\u003c/strong>: Practice any technique that is relaxing including meditation, mindfulness, guided imagery, and breathing techniques.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/jun2005/od-15.htm%5d\" target=\"_blank\">National Institutes of Health recommended\u003c/a> the broader use of cognitive and behavioral therapies to treat chronic insomnia 10 years ago, but a gap still exists between the guidelines and clinical practice, partly due to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22505869\" target=\"_blank\">lack of qualified therapists\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Individual studies show that cognitive behavioral therapy works for chronic insomnia. But it’s tough to draw general conclusions from studies conducted in different countries by different health care professionals using slightly different treatments. Cunnington and his colleagues applied statistical methods to control for these differences in a meta-analysis of 20 published studies to provide a clearer picture of the true effect of treatments, and perhaps boost uptake of \u003ca href=\"http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/727935\" target=\"_blank\">evidence-based guidelines\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The studies used a combination of sleep diaries and polysomnography (a diagnostic machine that monitors brain and physiological activity during sleep) to assess patients’ sleep patterns. Overall, they showed that patients who underwent a short course of cognitive behavioral therapy – at least four face-to-face sessions -- fell sleep about 20 minutes faster and stayed awake about half an hour less throughout the night. Patients maintained these improvements after the treatments ended.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings support the “already strong evidence” that CBT-i is an effective treatment for chronic insomnia, notes Charles Morin, a sleep disorders expert who was not involved in the study, in an accompanying editorial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet despite “robust scientific evidence” and “strong professional endorsements” of cognitive behavioral therapy’s value in treating chronic insomnia, Morin wrote, “a major gap exists between the current state of the science and actual clinical practice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Morin, who heads the Center for the Study of Sleep Disorders at Laval University in Quebec, acknowledged that CBT-i requires more time and effort for both clinician and patient than taking a pill. “Although we lack an easy-to-swallow ‘CBT pill’ for insomnia, the reality is that drug therapy alone does not address the underlying psychological and behavioral factors that perpetuate insomnia.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Untreated insomnia can cause long-term health problems, including major depression and hypertension, though more research is needed to evaluate whether improved sleep alters the risk of later health problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s clear is that CBT-i can help patients regain control over their sleep and quality of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the past few months, Cunnington has been treating a 25-year-old veterinary surgeon whose sleep deteriorated as she worked long hours, often on-call, throughout the past year. She rearranged her schedule but it didn’t help. Her increasing anxiety about sleep soon bled into other aspects of her life until she found herself having panic attacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She came to me after being so distressed one night that she called an ambulance to take her to the ER to just get ‘something to sleep,’ ” Cunnington recalls. “We’ve used CBT-i with her over the last few months, and she’s now back at work, feeling and sleeping reasonably well. She’s getting on with life.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Training Doctors to Talk about Vaccines Fails to Sway Parents",
"title": "Training Doctors to Talk about Vaccines Fails to Sway Parents",
"headTitle": "State of Health | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>After years of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/09/11/vaccine-opt-out-rate-doubled-in-7-years-look-up-your-school-online/\" target=\"_blank\">increasing rates\u003c/a> of parents voluntarily choosing to skip vaccinations for their children, public health professionals and researchers have been looking at new ways to ease the concerns of parents who are vaccine hesitant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that turns out to be tough to do. Simply educating parents about the safety and efficacy of vaccines \u003ca href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2014/02/25/peds.2013-2365.abstract?sid=4c82b05f-5ad9-4ab5-b91e-b187e909c237\" target=\"_blank\">doesn't increase \u003c/a>their likelihood of vaccinating their children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Group Health Research Institute in Seattle tried a different approach. Since \u003ca href=\"http://www.researchgate.net/publication/6716211_Association_between_health_care_providers'_influence_on_parents_who_have_concerns_about_vaccine_safety_and_vaccination_coverage\" target=\"_blank\">numerous studies\u003c/a> show that doctors are the most trusted communicators of information about vaccines, researchers tried an intervention aimed at improving how doctors and other providers communicate with vaccine-hesitant mothers about vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The intervention was designed to involve parents and respect where they were coming from, respect that they wanted what was best for their child, and the provider wanted that, too,\" said the study's lead author, Nora Henrikson, Ph.D., a research associate with the institute. The goal, she said, was to help doctors address parents' concerns, but \"still make a strong recommendation for vaccines.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a lofty goal, but the upshot is this: It didn't work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was no sign that what the researchers did in the study helped to reduce vaccine hesitancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that's not the end of this approach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists like to say that finding out something doesn't work can be just as important as finding out when something does. Not only researchers involved with the study -- but also those who had nothing to do with it -- say that's the case here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let's look first at what Group Health Research did in its study, which they say is the first randomized trial to test improving hesitancy about vaccination -- by directly targeting doctors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The centerpiece of the new approach was a 45-minute training of a \"novel communication strategy\" with doctors and providers, It was based on \"best practices in physican-patient communication, adapted to vaccine conversations,\" the authors wrote. Doctors also received written support material, monthly emails and assistance upon request.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The parents themselves did not receive training. The goal was to see if giving doctors better tools in communicating about vaccines would reduce hesitancy in mothers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the study, 347 mothers of healthy newborn babies were randomized into two groups: Some received care in clinics where doctors had received the training, and the rest went to clinics that did not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study lasted six months, and vaccine hesitancy declined somewhat in both groups, but there was no statistically significant difference between the two. During the study period, there was a whooping cough outbreak in Washington, as well as a new law requiring a doctor's note before opting out of vaccines. The decline in vaccine hesitancy may have been related to those events, rather than anything in the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study was published in the journal Pediatrics and was funded by the Group Health Foundation and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Obviously, we were hopeful that it would improve vaccine hesitancy, so we would have preferred to see a different effect,\" Henrikson said, \"but it really raised more questions about what other projects we could do moving forward.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brendan Nyhan, a professor of government at Dartmouth, has been looking at vaccines and testing different approaches of educating parents. He was also positive about the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're headed in the right direction,\" he told State of Health. \"We're starting to ask better questions, and part of real science is that sometimes our experiments don't work out the way we expect.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In any accompanying editorial, Julie Leask, Ph.D., with the University of Sydney's School of Public Health, and Paul Kinnersley, M.D., at the Institute of Medical Education at the University of Cardiff in Wales, said the study \"required careful consideration and should be seen as the start, not the end of the story.\" It pointed to a \"clear need to develop new approaches to vaccine consultation.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of Henrikson's big questions was whether the 45-minute training was \"a big enough dose of the intervention. It's not a bad intervention,\" she said, \"but a more intense version of it might be able to make a difference.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the overwhelming majority of parents do vaccinate their children, Henrikson said another area for future research could be identifying ways to \"help providers make time for parents who do have more questions and need more time.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She pointed out that concerns about vaccines are not an all-or-nothing proposition. It's a continuum, she says. On one end are people who support vaccines and ensure their children receive all recommended vaccinations. On the other end are people who refuse all vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Then there are people in between,\" Henrikson said, \"and we're still understanding that. And at what point do people really have all the information they need?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we want to do is build a body of evidence about how doctors can communicate about vaccines,\" Nyhan said. \"Each time we do this, we'll learn more.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>After years of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/09/11/vaccine-opt-out-rate-doubled-in-7-years-look-up-your-school-online/\" target=\"_blank\">increasing rates\u003c/a> of parents voluntarily choosing to skip vaccinations for their children, public health professionals and researchers have been looking at new ways to ease the concerns of parents who are vaccine hesitant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that turns out to be tough to do. Simply educating parents about the safety and efficacy of vaccines \u003ca href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2014/02/25/peds.2013-2365.abstract?sid=4c82b05f-5ad9-4ab5-b91e-b187e909c237\" target=\"_blank\">doesn't increase \u003c/a>their likelihood of vaccinating their children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Group Health Research Institute in Seattle tried a different approach. Since \u003ca href=\"http://www.researchgate.net/publication/6716211_Association_between_health_care_providers'_influence_on_parents_who_have_concerns_about_vaccine_safety_and_vaccination_coverage\" target=\"_blank\">numerous studies\u003c/a> show that doctors are the most trusted communicators of information about vaccines, researchers tried an intervention aimed at improving how doctors and other providers communicate with vaccine-hesitant mothers about vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The intervention was designed to involve parents and respect where they were coming from, respect that they wanted what was best for their child, and the provider wanted that, too,\" said the study's lead author, Nora Henrikson, Ph.D., a research associate with the institute. The goal, she said, was to help doctors address parents' concerns, but \"still make a strong recommendation for vaccines.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a lofty goal, but the upshot is this: It didn't work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was no sign that what the researchers did in the study helped to reduce vaccine hesitancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that's not the end of this approach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists like to say that finding out something doesn't work can be just as important as finding out when something does. Not only researchers involved with the study -- but also those who had nothing to do with it -- say that's the case here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let's look first at what Group Health Research did in its study, which they say is the first randomized trial to test improving hesitancy about vaccination -- by directly targeting doctors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The centerpiece of the new approach was a 45-minute training of a \"novel communication strategy\" with doctors and providers, It was based on \"best practices in physican-patient communication, adapted to vaccine conversations,\" the authors wrote. Doctors also received written support material, monthly emails and assistance upon request.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The parents themselves did not receive training. The goal was to see if giving doctors better tools in communicating about vaccines would reduce hesitancy in mothers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the study, 347 mothers of healthy newborn babies were randomized into two groups: Some received care in clinics where doctors had received the training, and the rest went to clinics that did not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study lasted six months, and vaccine hesitancy declined somewhat in both groups, but there was no statistically significant difference between the two. During the study period, there was a whooping cough outbreak in Washington, as well as a new law requiring a doctor's note before opting out of vaccines. The decline in vaccine hesitancy may have been related to those events, rather than anything in the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study was published in the journal Pediatrics and was funded by the Group Health Foundation and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Obviously, we were hopeful that it would improve vaccine hesitancy, so we would have preferred to see a different effect,\" Henrikson said, \"but it really raised more questions about what other projects we could do moving forward.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brendan Nyhan, a professor of government at Dartmouth, has been looking at vaccines and testing different approaches of educating parents. He was also positive about the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're headed in the right direction,\" he told State of Health. \"We're starting to ask better questions, and part of real science is that sometimes our experiments don't work out the way we expect.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In any accompanying editorial, Julie Leask, Ph.D., with the University of Sydney's School of Public Health, and Paul Kinnersley, M.D., at the Institute of Medical Education at the University of Cardiff in Wales, said the study \"required careful consideration and should be seen as the start, not the end of the story.\" It pointed to a \"clear need to develop new approaches to vaccine consultation.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of Henrikson's big questions was whether the 45-minute training was \"a big enough dose of the intervention. It's not a bad intervention,\" she said, \"but a more intense version of it might be able to make a difference.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the overwhelming majority of parents do vaccinate their children, Henrikson said another area for future research could be identifying ways to \"help providers make time for parents who do have more questions and need more time.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She pointed out that concerns about vaccines are not an all-or-nothing proposition. It's a continuum, she says. On one end are people who support vaccines and ensure their children receive all recommended vaccinations. On the other end are people who refuse all vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Then there are people in between,\" Henrikson said, \"and we're still understanding that. And at what point do people really have all the information they need?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we want to do is build a body of evidence about how doctors can communicate about vaccines,\" Nyhan said. \"Each time we do this, we'll learn more.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Earlier this spring, headlines around the world trumpeted an exciting bit of news that seemed too good to be true: \"Eating that bar of chocolate can HELP you lose weight,\" as Britain's \u003cem>Daily Mail\u003c/em> put it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From India to Australia and Texas to Germany, news organizations shared \u003ca href=\"http://instituteofdiet.com/2015/03/24/international-archives-of-medicine-chocolate-with-high-cocoa-content-as-a-weight-loss-accelerator/\" target=\"_blank\">findings\u003c/a> published in the \u003cem>International Archives of Medicine\u003c/em> in late March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem? The study they were based on was pure junk. And the person behind it, \u003ca href=\"http://www.johnbohannon.org/\">John Bohannon\u003c/a>, would be the first to tell you that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, that's exactly what he did Wednesday, in a \u003ca href=\"http://io9.com/i-fooled-millions-into-thinking-chocolate-helps-weight-1707251800\" target=\"_blank\">story for io9\u003c/a> that's gone viral. Bohannon, a science journalist who also has a Ph.D., lays out how he carried out an elaborate hoax to expose just how easily bad nutrition science gets disseminated in the mainstream media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Diet science, Bohannon stresses, is still science – and reporters need to know how to cover it. \"You have to know how to read a scientific paper — and actually bother to do it,\" he writes. \"For far too long, the people who cover this beat have treated it like gossip, echoing whatever they find in press releases. Hopefully our little experiment will make reporters and readers alike more skeptical.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be clear, the study involved was real — a randomized controlled trial. Bohannon and his partners, a German television reporter and his collaborator, really did recruit 16 people for a study on dieting. And they found that the ones who followed a low-carb diet and also ate a 1.5-ounce bar of dark chocolate daily lost weight faster than the control group that was dieting alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what's the problem, you ask? There are plenty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For starters, as Bohannon explains in great detail, the study design itself was flawed — it had too few subjects, and the research measured too many factors, making it likelier that some random factor would appear to have statistical significance. (Bohannon does an excellent job of explaining the specifics himself.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there's the journal that published it — a so-called pay-for-play publication, which failed to carry out peer review of the findings. As Bohannon himself \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2013/10/03/228859954/some-online-journals-will-publish-fake-science-for-a-fee\" target=\"_blank\">exposed\u003c/a> in another sting for the journal \u003cem>Science\u003c/em> a couple of years ago, there are lots of these publications that will publish bad research for a fee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And finally, none of the reporters who covered it asked an outside expert to weigh in on the research – standard operating procedure in good science journalism. If they had, an astute scientist would have spotted the problems with the study design immediately. Indeed, just this week, our sister blog, Shots, ran a \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/05/27/408767323/did-a-study-overreach-when-it-said-a-vaccine-prevents-leukemia\" target=\"_blank\">great post\u003c/a> by Tara Haelle explaining how this process of tapping independent experts helped steer her from reporting on a flawed study suggesting that a childhood vaccine prevents leukemia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bohannon's full story is long, but worth the read as an explanation of the pitfalls that plague science communication – especially nutrition information – in today's media climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the problem is \u003cem>massive\u003c/em>, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.healthnewsreview.org/about-us/reviewers/gary-schwitzer/\" target=\"_blank\">Gary Schwitzer\u003c/a>, the publisher of \u003ca href=\"http://www.healthnewsreview.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Health News Review\u003c/a>. For the past nine years, the site has been dedicated to critiquing the media's coverage of health in an effort to improve it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He's really only scratching the surface of a much broader, much deeper problem,\" Schwitzer says. \"We have examples of journalists reporting on a study that was never done. We have news releases from medical journals, academic institutions and industry that mislead journalists, who then mislead the public.\" And the pressure to publish or perish, he says, can lead well-intentioned scientists to frame their work in ways that aren't completely accurate or balanced or supported by the facts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We are really mired in a mess, the boundaries of which few people really have a sense for,\" says Schwitzer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schwitzer says it's appropriate that Bohannon chose chocolate for his diet study stunt. From claims that chocolate can \u003ca href=\"http://www.healthnewsreview.org/news-release-review/sweet-nothing-no-evidence-costs-or-quantification-in-release-about-cocoa-and-cognitive-function/\" target=\"_blank\">boost memory\u003c/a> to press releases that \u003ca href=\"http://www.healthnewsreview.org/2011/08/the-bmj-news-release-that-keeps-on-giving-the-gift-of-chocolate-hype/\" target=\"_blank\">oversell its benefit\u003c/a> to heart health, the sweet stuff is the subject of many of the news stories Schwitzer's site criticizes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But does Bohannon's stunt reveal the credibility crisis in nutrition science journalism or add to it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think it's a little of both,\" Schwitzer says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schwitzer is a fan of Bohannon's message – but he \u003ca href=\"http://retractionwatch.com/2015/05/28/should-the-chocolate-diet-sting-study-be-retracted-and-why-the-coverage-doesnt-surprise-a-news-watchdog/\" target=\"_blank\">worries\u003c/a> that it will get lost in our rapid churn, 24-hour news cycle, and the journalists who need to be schooled in proper nutrition science reporting will have already moved on to the next thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there are others who aren't taking kindly to Bohannon's work. On Twitter last night, some scientists raised concerns about the ethics of running a study with human subjects with the ultimate intent to deceive, and whether participants could give informed consent if they didn't know that aim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.med.nyu.edu/pophealth/faculty/caplaa01\">Art Caplan\u003c/a>, a bioethicist with the New York University Langone Medical Center, says Bohannon's experiment straddles the line between journalism and research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm a fan of the study,\" he tells The Salt, \"because I think it shows certain issues in understanding media reports about nutrition.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, he says, participants should have been debriefed at the end of the study period about what Bohannon intended to do with the data. (Note: We've reached out to Bohannon to ask about what participants were told and will post an update if we get more details.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And not everyone agrees that Bohannon's ends justify his means.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's totally not ethical. It's deliberate deception in a way that could harm people,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://about.poynter.org/about-us/our-people/kelly-mcbride\">Kelly McBride\u003c/a>, a media ethicist with the Poynter Institute. She adds: \"There's so much bad information out there, especially around diet and science, that when you make it worse you become part of the problem.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About two months have gone by since the headlines touting Bohannon's study first appeared. By now, as McBride notes, many of the people who read the news stories touting chocolate's weight-loss benefits have moved on – and may not ever come across updates explaining it was all a ruse in the service of better nutrition journalism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the journalists for whom this exercise was intended? McBride doubts they've learned their lesson, either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not a great teaching tool to humiliate people,\" she says, \"because people learn when they have a need to learn something, not when they're embarrassed or fear being embarrassed. That's not how adults learn.\" (Update: Some of the media outlets that covered the chocolate study are starting to post updates to their original stories.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in an environment saturated with news, this kind of extreme measure, Schwitzer argues, might be exactly what's needed to highlight a big problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2015 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Why+A+Journalist+Scammed+The+Media+Into+Spreading+Bad+Chocolate+Science&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Earlier this spring, headlines around the world trumpeted an exciting bit of news that seemed too good to be true: \"Eating that bar of chocolate can HELP you lose weight,\" as Britain's \u003cem>Daily Mail\u003c/em> put it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From India to Australia and Texas to Germany, news organizations shared \u003ca href=\"http://instituteofdiet.com/2015/03/24/international-archives-of-medicine-chocolate-with-high-cocoa-content-as-a-weight-loss-accelerator/\" target=\"_blank\">findings\u003c/a> published in the \u003cem>International Archives of Medicine\u003c/em> in late March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem? The study they were based on was pure junk. And the person behind it, \u003ca href=\"http://www.johnbohannon.org/\">John Bohannon\u003c/a>, would be the first to tell you that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, that's exactly what he did Wednesday, in a \u003ca href=\"http://io9.com/i-fooled-millions-into-thinking-chocolate-helps-weight-1707251800\" target=\"_blank\">story for io9\u003c/a> that's gone viral. Bohannon, a science journalist who also has a Ph.D., lays out how he carried out an elaborate hoax to expose just how easily bad nutrition science gets disseminated in the mainstream media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Diet science, Bohannon stresses, is still science – and reporters need to know how to cover it. \"You have to know how to read a scientific paper — and actually bother to do it,\" he writes. \"For far too long, the people who cover this beat have treated it like gossip, echoing whatever they find in press releases. Hopefully our little experiment will make reporters and readers alike more skeptical.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be clear, the study involved was real — a randomized controlled trial. Bohannon and his partners, a German television reporter and his collaborator, really did recruit 16 people for a study on dieting. And they found that the ones who followed a low-carb diet and also ate a 1.5-ounce bar of dark chocolate daily lost weight faster than the control group that was dieting alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what's the problem, you ask? There are plenty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For starters, as Bohannon explains in great detail, the study design itself was flawed — it had too few subjects, and the research measured too many factors, making it likelier that some random factor would appear to have statistical significance. (Bohannon does an excellent job of explaining the specifics himself.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there's the journal that published it — a so-called pay-for-play publication, which failed to carry out peer review of the findings. As Bohannon himself \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2013/10/03/228859954/some-online-journals-will-publish-fake-science-for-a-fee\" target=\"_blank\">exposed\u003c/a> in another sting for the journal \u003cem>Science\u003c/em> a couple of years ago, there are lots of these publications that will publish bad research for a fee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And finally, none of the reporters who covered it asked an outside expert to weigh in on the research – standard operating procedure in good science journalism. If they had, an astute scientist would have spotted the problems with the study design immediately. Indeed, just this week, our sister blog, Shots, ran a \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/05/27/408767323/did-a-study-overreach-when-it-said-a-vaccine-prevents-leukemia\" target=\"_blank\">great post\u003c/a> by Tara Haelle explaining how this process of tapping independent experts helped steer her from reporting on a flawed study suggesting that a childhood vaccine prevents leukemia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bohannon's full story is long, but worth the read as an explanation of the pitfalls that plague science communication – especially nutrition information – in today's media climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the problem is \u003cem>massive\u003c/em>, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.healthnewsreview.org/about-us/reviewers/gary-schwitzer/\" target=\"_blank\">Gary Schwitzer\u003c/a>, the publisher of \u003ca href=\"http://www.healthnewsreview.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Health News Review\u003c/a>. For the past nine years, the site has been dedicated to critiquing the media's coverage of health in an effort to improve it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He's really only scratching the surface of a much broader, much deeper problem,\" Schwitzer says. \"We have examples of journalists reporting on a study that was never done. We have news releases from medical journals, academic institutions and industry that mislead journalists, who then mislead the public.\" And the pressure to publish or perish, he says, can lead well-intentioned scientists to frame their work in ways that aren't completely accurate or balanced or supported by the facts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We are really mired in a mess, the boundaries of which few people really have a sense for,\" says Schwitzer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schwitzer says it's appropriate that Bohannon chose chocolate for his diet study stunt. From claims that chocolate can \u003ca href=\"http://www.healthnewsreview.org/news-release-review/sweet-nothing-no-evidence-costs-or-quantification-in-release-about-cocoa-and-cognitive-function/\" target=\"_blank\">boost memory\u003c/a> to press releases that \u003ca href=\"http://www.healthnewsreview.org/2011/08/the-bmj-news-release-that-keeps-on-giving-the-gift-of-chocolate-hype/\" target=\"_blank\">oversell its benefit\u003c/a> to heart health, the sweet stuff is the subject of many of the news stories Schwitzer's site criticizes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But does Bohannon's stunt reveal the credibility crisis in nutrition science journalism or add to it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think it's a little of both,\" Schwitzer says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schwitzer is a fan of Bohannon's message – but he \u003ca href=\"http://retractionwatch.com/2015/05/28/should-the-chocolate-diet-sting-study-be-retracted-and-why-the-coverage-doesnt-surprise-a-news-watchdog/\" target=\"_blank\">worries\u003c/a> that it will get lost in our rapid churn, 24-hour news cycle, and the journalists who need to be schooled in proper nutrition science reporting will have already moved on to the next thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there are others who aren't taking kindly to Bohannon's work. On Twitter last night, some scientists raised concerns about the ethics of running a study with human subjects with the ultimate intent to deceive, and whether participants could give informed consent if they didn't know that aim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.med.nyu.edu/pophealth/faculty/caplaa01\">Art Caplan\u003c/a>, a bioethicist with the New York University Langone Medical Center, says Bohannon's experiment straddles the line between journalism and research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm a fan of the study,\" he tells The Salt, \"because I think it shows certain issues in understanding media reports about nutrition.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, he says, participants should have been debriefed at the end of the study period about what Bohannon intended to do with the data. (Note: We've reached out to Bohannon to ask about what participants were told and will post an update if we get more details.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And not everyone agrees that Bohannon's ends justify his means.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's totally not ethical. It's deliberate deception in a way that could harm people,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://about.poynter.org/about-us/our-people/kelly-mcbride\">Kelly McBride\u003c/a>, a media ethicist with the Poynter Institute. She adds: \"There's so much bad information out there, especially around diet and science, that when you make it worse you become part of the problem.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About two months have gone by since the headlines touting Bohannon's study first appeared. By now, as McBride notes, many of the people who read the news stories touting chocolate's weight-loss benefits have moved on – and may not ever come across updates explaining it was all a ruse in the service of better nutrition journalism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the journalists for whom this exercise was intended? McBride doubts they've learned their lesson, either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not a great teaching tool to humiliate people,\" she says, \"because people learn when they have a need to learn something, not when they're embarrassed or fear being embarrassed. That's not how adults learn.\" (Update: Some of the media outlets that covered the chocolate study are starting to post updates to their original stories.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in an environment saturated with news, this kind of extreme measure, Schwitzer argues, might be exactly what's needed to highlight a big problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2015 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Why+A+Journalist+Scammed+The+Media+Into+Spreading+Bad+Chocolate+Science&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A couple extra minutes attached to the umbilical cord at birth may translate into a small boost in neurodevelopment several years later, a study suggests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Children whose cords were cut more than three minutes after birth had slightly higher social skills and fine motor skills than those whose cords were cut within 10 seconds. The results showed no differences in IQ.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There is growing evidence from a number of studies that all infants, those born at term and those born early, benefit from receiving extra blood from the placenta at birth,\" said \u003ca href=\"http://www.sussex.ac.uk/profiles/197709\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. Heike Rabe\u003c/a>, a neonatologist at Brighton & Sussex Medical School in England. Rabe's editorial accompanied the \u003ca href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.0358\" target=\"_blank\">study\u003c/a> published Tuesday in the journal \u003cem>JAMA Pediatrics\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Delaying the clamping of the cord allows more blood to transfer from the placenta to the infant, sometimes increasing the infant's blood volume by up to a third. The iron in the blood increases infants' iron storage, and iron is essential for healthy brain development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The extra blood at birth helps the baby to cope better with the transition from life in the womb, where everything is provided for them by the placenta and the mother, to the outside world,\" Rabe said. \"Their lungs get more blood so that the exchange of oxygen into the blood can take place smoothly.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Past studies have shown \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25831651\" target=\"_blank\">higher levels of iron\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23843134\" target=\"_blank\">other positive effects\u003c/a> later in infancy among babies whose cords were clamped after several minutes, but few studies have looked at results past infancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this study, researchers randomly assigned half of 263 healthy Swedish full-term newborns to have their cords clamped more than three minutes after birth. The other half were clamped less than 10 seconds after birth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four years later, the children underwent a series of assessments for IQ, motor skills, social skills, problem-solving, communication skills and behavior. Those with delayed cord clamping showed modestly higher scores in social skills and fine motor skills. When separated by sex, only the boys showed statistically significant improvement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We don't know exactly why, but speculate that girls receive extra protection through higher estrogen levels whilst being in the womb,\" Rabe said. \"The results in term infants are consistent with those of follow-up in preterm infants.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Delayed cord clamping has garnered more attention in the past few years for its potential benefits to the newborn. Until recently, clinicians believed early clamping reduced the risk of hemorrhaging in the mother, but \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25404605\" target=\"_blank\">research hasn't borne\u003c/a> that out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of the research has focused on \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25984654\" target=\"_blank\">preterm infants,\u003c/a> who appear to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24901269\" target=\"_blank\">benefit most\u003c/a> from delayed cord clamping, Rabe said. Preemies who had delayed cord clamping tend to have better blood pressure in the days immediately after birth, need fewer drugs to support blood pressure, need fewer blood transfusions, have less bleeding into the brain and have a lower risk of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001148.htm\" target=\"_blank\">necrotizing enterocolitis\u003c/a>, a life-threatening bowel injury, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This study is among the few looking at healthy, full-term infants in a country high in resources, as opposed to developing countries where iron deficiency may be more likely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists has \u003ca href=\"http://www.acog.org/Resources-And-Publications/Committee-Opinions/Committee-on-Obstetric-Practice/Timing-of-Umbilical-Cord-Clamping-After-Birth\" target=\"_blank\">not yet endorsed the practice\u003c/a>, citing \u003ca href=\"http://www.acog.org/About-ACOG/News-Room/News-Releases/2012/Time-to-Clamp-the-Cord\">insufficient\u003c/a> evidence for full-term infants. The World Health Organization \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/elena/titles/full_recommendations/cord_clamping/en/\" target=\"_blank\">recommends delayed cord clamping\u003c/a> of not less than one minute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is unclear if the practice could harm infants' health. Some studies have found a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23843134\" target=\"_blank\">higher risk of jaundice\u003c/a>, a build-up of bilirubin in the blood from the breakdown of red blood cells. Jaundice is treated with blue light therapy and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25831651\" target=\"_blank\">rarely has serious complications\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another potential risk is a condition called polycythemia, a very high red blood cell count, said \u003ca href=\"http://www.chop.edu/doctors/lorch-scott-a#.VWR3YtJVhBc\">Dr. Scott Lorch\u003c/a>, an associate professor of pediatrics at the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Polycythemia can have medical consequences for the infant, including blood clots, respiratory distress and even strokes in the worst case scenario,\" Lorch said. Some studies have found \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17307809\" target=\"_blank\">higher levels of red blood cells\u003c/a> in babies with delayed cord clamping, but there were no complications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lorch also pointed out that this study involved a mostly homogenous population in a country outside the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We should see whether similar effects are seen in higher-risk populations, such as the low socioeconomic population, racial and ethnic minorities and those at higher risk for neurodevelopmental delay,\" Lorch said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, studies on delayed cord clamping have excluded infants born in distress, such as those with breathing difficulties or other problems. But Rabe said these infants may actually benefit most from the practice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These babies often need more blood volume to help with blood pressure, breathing and circulation problems, Rabe said. \"Also, the placental blood is rich with stem cells, which could help to repair any brain damage the baby might have suffered during a difficult birth,\" she added. \"Milking of the cord would be the easiest way to get the extra blood into the baby quickly in an emergency situation.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2015 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Delayed+Umbilical+Cord+Clamping+May+Benefit+Children+Years+Later&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A couple extra minutes attached to the umbilical cord at birth may translate into a small boost in neurodevelopment several years later, a study suggests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Children whose cords were cut more than three minutes after birth had slightly higher social skills and fine motor skills than those whose cords were cut within 10 seconds. The results showed no differences in IQ.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There is growing evidence from a number of studies that all infants, those born at term and those born early, benefit from receiving extra blood from the placenta at birth,\" said \u003ca href=\"http://www.sussex.ac.uk/profiles/197709\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. Heike Rabe\u003c/a>, a neonatologist at Brighton & Sussex Medical School in England. Rabe's editorial accompanied the \u003ca href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.0358\" target=\"_blank\">study\u003c/a> published Tuesday in the journal \u003cem>JAMA Pediatrics\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Delaying the clamping of the cord allows more blood to transfer from the placenta to the infant, sometimes increasing the infant's blood volume by up to a third. The iron in the blood increases infants' iron storage, and iron is essential for healthy brain development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The extra blood at birth helps the baby to cope better with the transition from life in the womb, where everything is provided for them by the placenta and the mother, to the outside world,\" Rabe said. \"Their lungs get more blood so that the exchange of oxygen into the blood can take place smoothly.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Past studies have shown \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25831651\" target=\"_blank\">higher levels of iron\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23843134\" target=\"_blank\">other positive effects\u003c/a> later in infancy among babies whose cords were clamped after several minutes, but few studies have looked at results past infancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this study, researchers randomly assigned half of 263 healthy Swedish full-term newborns to have their cords clamped more than three minutes after birth. The other half were clamped less than 10 seconds after birth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four years later, the children underwent a series of assessments for IQ, motor skills, social skills, problem-solving, communication skills and behavior. Those with delayed cord clamping showed modestly higher scores in social skills and fine motor skills. When separated by sex, only the boys showed statistically significant improvement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We don't know exactly why, but speculate that girls receive extra protection through higher estrogen levels whilst being in the womb,\" Rabe said. \"The results in term infants are consistent with those of follow-up in preterm infants.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Delayed cord clamping has garnered more attention in the past few years for its potential benefits to the newborn. Until recently, clinicians believed early clamping reduced the risk of hemorrhaging in the mother, but \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25404605\" target=\"_blank\">research hasn't borne\u003c/a> that out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of the research has focused on \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25984654\" target=\"_blank\">preterm infants,\u003c/a> who appear to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24901269\" target=\"_blank\">benefit most\u003c/a> from delayed cord clamping, Rabe said. Preemies who had delayed cord clamping tend to have better blood pressure in the days immediately after birth, need fewer drugs to support blood pressure, need fewer blood transfusions, have less bleeding into the brain and have a lower risk of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001148.htm\" target=\"_blank\">necrotizing enterocolitis\u003c/a>, a life-threatening bowel injury, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This study is among the few looking at healthy, full-term infants in a country high in resources, as opposed to developing countries where iron deficiency may be more likely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists has \u003ca href=\"http://www.acog.org/Resources-And-Publications/Committee-Opinions/Committee-on-Obstetric-Practice/Timing-of-Umbilical-Cord-Clamping-After-Birth\" target=\"_blank\">not yet endorsed the practice\u003c/a>, citing \u003ca href=\"http://www.acog.org/About-ACOG/News-Room/News-Releases/2012/Time-to-Clamp-the-Cord\">insufficient\u003c/a> evidence for full-term infants. The World Health Organization \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/elena/titles/full_recommendations/cord_clamping/en/\" target=\"_blank\">recommends delayed cord clamping\u003c/a> of not less than one minute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is unclear if the practice could harm infants' health. Some studies have found a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23843134\" target=\"_blank\">higher risk of jaundice\u003c/a>, a build-up of bilirubin in the blood from the breakdown of red blood cells. Jaundice is treated with blue light therapy and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25831651\" target=\"_blank\">rarely has serious complications\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another potential risk is a condition called polycythemia, a very high red blood cell count, said \u003ca href=\"http://www.chop.edu/doctors/lorch-scott-a#.VWR3YtJVhBc\">Dr. Scott Lorch\u003c/a>, an associate professor of pediatrics at the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Polycythemia can have medical consequences for the infant, including blood clots, respiratory distress and even strokes in the worst case scenario,\" Lorch said. Some studies have found \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17307809\" target=\"_blank\">higher levels of red blood cells\u003c/a> in babies with delayed cord clamping, but there were no complications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lorch also pointed out that this study involved a mostly homogenous population in a country outside the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We should see whether similar effects are seen in higher-risk populations, such as the low socioeconomic population, racial and ethnic minorities and those at higher risk for neurodevelopmental delay,\" Lorch said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, studies on delayed cord clamping have excluded infants born in distress, such as those with breathing difficulties or other problems. But Rabe said these infants may actually benefit most from the practice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These babies often need more blood volume to help with blood pressure, breathing and circulation problems, Rabe said. \"Also, the placental blood is rich with stem cells, which could help to repair any brain damage the baby might have suffered during a difficult birth,\" she added. \"Milking of the cord would be the easiest way to get the extra blood into the baby quickly in an emergency situation.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2015 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Delayed+Umbilical+Cord+Clamping+May+Benefit+Children+Years+Later&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
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"link": "/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"freakonomics-radio": {
"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
}
},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"meta": {
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id73801135",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"
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},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/money/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/M4f5",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Business--Economics-Podcasts/Planet-Money-p164680/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"
}
},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
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"requestOutcomesReducer": {
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